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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 Economic crisis in Iran 1.2 Comparison to previous protests 1.1 Economic crisis in Iran 1.2 Comparison to previous protests 2 Protests Toggle Protests subsection 2.1 Initial bazaar 2.1.1 28 December 2025 2.1.2 29 December 2.2 Spread across Iran 2.2.1 30 December 2.2.2 31 December 2.3 2026 2.3.1 1 January 2.3.2 2 January 2.3.3 3 January 2.3.4 4 January 2.3.5 5 January 2.3.6 6 January 2.3.7 7 January 2.3.8 8 January 2.3.9 9 January 2.3.10 10 January 2.3.11 11 January 2.3.12 12 January 2.3.13 13 January 2.3.14 14 January 2.3.15 15 January 2.1 Initial bazaar 2.1.1 28 December 2025 2.1.2 29 December 2.1.1 28 December 2025 2.1.2 29 December 2.2 Spread across Iran 2.2.1 30 December 2.2.2 31 December 2.2.1 30 December 2.2.2 31 December 2.3 2026 2.3.1 1 January 2.3.2 2 January 2.3.3 3 January 2.3.4 4 January 2.3.5 5 January 2.3.6 6 January 2.3.7 7 January 2.3.8 8 January 2.3.9 9 January 2.3.10 10 January 2.3.11 11 January 2.3.12 12 January 2.3.13 13 January 2.3.14 14 January 2.3.15 15 January 2.3.1 1 January 2.3.2 2 January 2.3.3 3 January 2.3.4 4 January 2.3.5 5 January 2.3.6 6 January 2.3.7 7 January 2.3.8 8 January 2.3.9 9 January 2.3.10 10 January 2.3.11 11 January 2.3.12 12 January 2.3.13 13 January 2.3.14 14 January 2.3.15 15 January 3 Methods Toggle Methods subsection 3.1 Protesters 3.1.1 National strikes 3.1.2 Demonstrations 3.1.3 Slogans and symbols 3.1.4 Organisation 3.1.5 Territorial control 3.1 Protesters 3.1.1 National strikes 3.1.2 Demonstrations 3.1.3 Slogans and symbols 3.1.4 Organisation 3.1.5 Territorial control 3.1.1 National strikes 3.1.2 Demonstrations 3.1.3 Slogans and symbols 3.1.4 Organisation 3.1.5 Territorial control 4 Suppression, persecution and executions Toggle Suppression, persecution and executions subsection 4.1 Internet blackouts 4.2 Recruitment of foreign militias 4.3 Internal propaganda and coercion 4.4 Direct order for live fire on protesters 4.5 Persecution 4.5.1 Erfan Soltani 4.1 Internet blackouts 4.2 Recruitment of foreign militias 4.3 Internal propaganda and coercion 4.4 Direct order for live fire on protesters 4.5 Persecution 4.5.1 Erfan Soltani 4.5.1 Erfan Soltani 5 Casualties Toggle Casualties subsection 5.1 Casualties, arrests, executions, and injured protesters 5.1.1 31 December 5.1.2 1 January 5.1.3 2 January 5.1.4 3 January 5.1.5 4 January 5.1.6 5 January 5.1.7 6 January 5.1.8 7 January 5.1.9 8 January 5.1.10 9 January 5.1.11 10 January 5.1.12 11 January 5.1.13 12 January 5.1.14 13 January 5.1.15 15 January 5.1.16 Executions 5.2 Government forces 5.3 Notable victims 5.4 Foreign victims 5.1 Casualties, arrests, executions, and injured protesters 5.1.1 31 December 5.1.2 1 January 5.1.3 2 January 5.1.4 3 January 5.1.5 4 January 5.1.6 5 January 5.1.7 6 January 5.1.8 7 January 5.1.9 8 January 5.1.10 9 January 5.1.11 10 January 5.1.12 11 January 5.1.13 12 January 5.1.14 13 January 5.1.15 15 January 5.1.16 Executions 5.1.1 31 December 5.1.2 1 January 5.1.3 2 January 5.1.4 3 January 5.1.5 4 January 5.1.6 5 January 5.1.7 6 January 5.1.8 7 January 5.1.9 8 January 5.1.10 9 January 5.1.11 10 January 5.1.12 11 January 5.1.13 12 January 5.1.14 13 January 5.1.15 15 January 5.1.16 Executions 5.2 Government forces 5.3 Notable victims 5.4 Foreign victims 6 Reactions Toggle Reactions subsection 6.1 Domestic 6.2 International 6.2.1 Sovereign states 6.2.2 Intergovernmental and international organisations 6.2.3 Political parties and organisations 6.2.4 Corporate organisations 6.2.5 International travel advisories 6.2.6 Polling 6.1 Domestic 6.2 International 6.2.1 Sovereign states 6.2.2 Intergovernmental and international organisations 6.2.3 Political parties and organisations 6.2.4 Corporate organisations 6.2.5 International travel advisories 6.2.6 Polling 6.2.1 Sovereign states 6.2.2 Intergovernmental and international organisations 6.2.3 Political parties and organisations 6.2.4 Corporate organisations 6.2.5 International travel advisories 6.2.6 Polling 7 Analysis Toggle Analysis subsection 7.1 View of the protests as an uprising 7.1 View of the protests as an uprising 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 2025–2026 Iranian protests العربية Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kurdî Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Português Română Русский Саха тыла Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF 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Please update outdated or incomplete information with citations to reliable sources . ( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) 2025–2026 Iranian protests Part of the protests against the government of Iran and the Iranian economic crisis and Gen Z protests Cities in Iran where protests have been reported as of 8 January 2026. (Click to zoom in.) Date 28 December 2025 – present (19 days) Location 512 locations across 180 cities in all 31 provinces of Iran . [ 1 ] The protests are recorded in multiple cities across Iran , primarily Tehran ( Grand Bazaar and commercial districts), Ahvaz , Arak , Dargahan , Farsan , Fasa , Fuladshahr , Hamadan , Isfahan , Izeh , Kermanshah , Mashhad , Marlik , Najafabad , Nurabad , Qeshm , Qom , Shiraz , Sari and others. [ a ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Caused by Political issues Authoritarianism Human rights abuses Political corruption Internet censorship and blackouts Systemic/ideological issues Foreign proxy involvement Mandatory hijab enforcement Ethnic-based discrimination Religious persecution Economic issues Economic mismanagement International sanctions Rising price of food and essential goods Currency crisis – Severe depreciation of the Iranian rial Water and energy shortages Authoritarianism Human rights abuses Political corruption Internet censorship and blackouts Systemic/ideological issues Foreign proxy involvement Mandatory hijab enforcement Ethnic-based discrimination Religious persecution Economic issues Economic mismanagement International sanctions Rising price of food and essential goods Currency crisis – Severe depreciation of the Iranian rial Water and energy shortages Goals Overthrow of the Islamic Republic government [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Return of Reza Pahlavi to lead a transitional government (some factions) [ 6 ] End of economic mismanagement Stabilisation of exchange rates Addressing of civilians' and merchants' hardships Overthrow of the Islamic Republic government [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Return of Reza Pahlavi to lead a transitional government (some factions) [ 6 ] End of economic mismanagement Stabilisation of exchange rates Addressing of civilians' and merchants' hardships Stabilisation of exchange rates Addressing of civilians' and merchants' hardships Methods Street protests, marches, arsons , and rooftop demonstrations Chants and slogans Strikes and shop closures (led by bazaar merchants and shopkeepers) Online activism Student activism Riots Rebellion Insurgency Street protests, marches, arsons , and rooftop demonstrations Chants and slogans Strikes and shop closures (led by bazaar merchants and shopkeepers) Online activism Student activism Riots Rebellion Insurgency Status Ongoing Protests suppressed by force Nationwide internet and mobile networks shut down Protests suppressed by force Nationwide internet and mobile networks shut down Parties Iranian opposition Anti-government demonstrators Student demonstrators [ 7 ] Police and military defectors Supported by: Political groups: Iran National Council for Free Elections (INC) [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (MEK) [ 10 ] .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Solidarity for a Secular Democratic Republic in Iran [ 10 ] Separatist groups: Kurdish separatists Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Freedom Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Free Life Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Organisation of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Revolutionary Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan National Guard Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Baloch separatists People's Fighters Front [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Balochistan People's Party [ 20 ] [ 21 ] South Azerbaijani separatists South Azerbaijan Organizations Cooperation Council [ 22 ] [ bare URL ] Coordination Council of Azerbaijani Parties in Iran [ 23 ] Labour, civil, and retiree groups: Free Workers Union of Iran [ 24 ] Iranian Writers Association [ 24 ] Coordination Council of Iranian Teachers Trade Associations [ 24 ] Haft Tappeh Sugarcane Workers Syndicate [ 24 ] Coordination Committee to Help Form Independent Labour Organisations [ 24 ] Khuzestan Retired Workers [ 24 ] Union of Retirees Group [ 24 ] Kurdish Women's Organisations [ 24 ] Retirees Union [ 25 ] Kermanshah Electricity and Metal Association [ 25 ] "Stop Executions" [ 25 ] "Justice Seekers" [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Contract Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Non-Formal Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council of Nurses Protests [ 25 ] "Neday-e Zanan-e Iran" [ 25 ] World Iranian Christian Alliance [ 26 ] Government of Iran Armed Forces Islamic Republic of Iran Army [ 16 ] Police Command Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Pro-government counterprotesters [ 29 ] and plainclothesmen Pro-Government foreign Shia militias [ 21 ] Popular Mobilisation Forces Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Iranian opposition Anti-government demonstrators Student demonstrators [ 7 ] Police and military defectors Supported by: Political groups: Iran National Council for Free Elections (INC) [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (MEK) [ 10 ] .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Solidarity for a Secular Democratic Republic in Iran [ 10 ] Separatist groups: Kurdish separatists Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Freedom Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Free Life Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Organisation of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Revolutionary Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan National Guard Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Baloch separatists People's Fighters Front [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Balochistan People's Party [ 20 ] [ 21 ] South Azerbaijani separatists South Azerbaijan Organizations Cooperation Council [ 22 ] [ bare URL ] Coordination Council of Azerbaijani Parties in Iran [ 23 ] Labour, civil, and retiree groups: Free Workers Union of Iran [ 24 ] Iranian Writers Association [ 24 ] Coordination Council of Iranian Teachers Trade Associations [ 24 ] Haft Tappeh Sugarcane Workers Syndicate [ 24 ] Coordination Committee to Help Form Independent Labour Organisations [ 24 ] Khuzestan Retired Workers [ 24 ] Union of Retirees Group [ 24 ] Kurdish Women's Organisations [ 24 ] Retirees Union [ 25 ] Kermanshah Electricity and Metal Association [ 25 ] "Stop Executions" [ 25 ] "Justice Seekers" [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Contract Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Non-Formal Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council of Nurses Protests [ 25 ] "Neday-e Zanan-e Iran" [ 25 ] World Iranian Christian Alliance [ 26 ] Iranian opposition Anti-government demonstrators Student demonstrators [ 7 ] Police and military defectors Iran National Council for Free Elections (INC) [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (MEK) [ 10 ] .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Solidarity for a Secular Democratic Republic in Iran [ 10 ] Kurdish separatists Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Freedom Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Free Life Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Organisation of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Revolutionary Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan National Guard Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Kurdish separatists Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Freedom Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Free Life Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Organisation of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Revolutionary Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan National Guard Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Freedom Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Free Life Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Organisation of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Revolutionary Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan National Guard Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Baloch separatists People's Fighters Front [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Balochistan People's Party [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Baloch separatists People's Fighters Front [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Balochistan People's Party [ 20 ] [ 21 ] People's Fighters Front [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Balochistan People's Party [ 20 ] [ 21 ] South Azerbaijani separatists South Azerbaijan Organizations Cooperation Council [ 22 ] [ bare URL ] Coordination Council of Azerbaijani Parties in Iran [ 23 ] South Azerbaijani separatists South Azerbaijan Organizations Cooperation Council [ 22 ] [ bare URL ] Coordination Council of Azerbaijani Parties in Iran [ 23 ] South Azerbaijan Organizations Cooperation Council [ 22 ] [ bare URL ] Coordination Council of Azerbaijani Parties in Iran [ 23 ] Free Workers Union of Iran [ 24 ] Iranian Writers Association [ 24 ] Coordination Council of Iranian Teachers Trade Associations [ 24 ] Haft Tappeh Sugarcane Workers Syndicate [ 24 ] Coordination Committee to Help Form Independent Labour Organisations [ 24 ] Khuzestan Retired Workers [ 24 ] Union of Retirees Group [ 24 ] Kurdish Women's Organisations [ 24 ] Retirees Union [ 25 ] Kermanshah Electricity and Metal Association [ 25 ] "Stop Executions" [ 25 ] "Justice Seekers" [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Contract Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Non-Formal Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council of Nurses Protests [ 25 ] "Neday-e Zanan-e Iran" [ 25 ] World Iranian Christian Alliance [ 26 ] Government of Iran Armed Forces Islamic Republic of Iran Army [ 16 ] Police Command Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Pro-government counterprotesters [ 29 ] and plainclothesmen Pro-Government foreign Shia militias [ 21 ] Popular Mobilisation Forces Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Government of Iran Armed Forces Islamic Republic of Iran Army [ 16 ] Police Command Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Pro-government counterprotesters [ 29 ] and plainclothesmen Pro-Government foreign Shia militias [ 21 ] Popular Mobilisation Forces Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Armed Forces Islamic Republic of Iran Army [ 16 ] Police Command Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Islamic Republic of Iran Army [ 16 ] Police Command Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Pro-government counterprotesters [ 29 ] and plainclothesmen Pro-Government foreign Shia militias [ 21 ] Popular Mobilisation Forces Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Popular Mobilisation Forces Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Lead figures .mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px} .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} "Broadly leaderless" [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] Reza Pahlavi [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Ali Khamenei ( Supreme Leader of Iran ) Masoud Pezeshkian ( President of Iran ) Others: Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i ( Chief Justice of Iran ) Mohammad Bagher Qalibaf ( Speaker of the Parliament of the Islamic Republic Iran ) Ali Larijani ( Supreme National Security Council ) Abbas Araghchi ( Minister of Foreign Affairs ) Abdolrahim Mousavi ( General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran ) Amir Hatami ( Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Army ) Ahmad-Reza Radan (Chief Commander of the Police Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran Mohammad Pakpour (Commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces Gholamreza Soleimani (Commander of the Basij ) "Broadly leaderless" [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] Reza Pahlavi [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Ali Khamenei ( Supreme Leader of Iran ) Masoud Pezeshkian ( President of Iran ) Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i ( Chief Justice of Iran ) Mohammad Bagher Qalibaf ( Speaker of the Parliament of the Islamic Republic Iran ) Ali Larijani ( Supreme National Security Council ) Abbas Araghchi ( Minister of Foreign Affairs ) Abdolrahim Mousavi ( General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran ) Amir Hatami ( Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Army ) Ahmad-Reza Radan (Chief Commander of the Police Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran Mohammad Pakpour (Commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces Gholamreza Soleimani (Commander of the Basij ) Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i ( Chief Justice of Iran ) Mohammad Bagher Qalibaf ( Speaker of the Parliament of the Islamic Republic Iran ) Ali Larijani ( Supreme National Security Council ) Abbas Araghchi ( Minister of Foreign Affairs ) Abdolrahim Mousavi ( General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran ) Amir Hatami ( Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Army ) Ahmad-Reza Radan (Chief Commander of the Police Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran Mohammad Pakpour (Commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces Gholamreza Soleimani (Commander of the Basij ) Number Millions (per Iran International) [ 36 ] Widespread deployment 800 Iranian-backed Iraqi militiamen (per Iranian opposition) [ 21 ] Tens of thousands of counter-protesters in Tehran [ 37 ] Millions (per Iran International) [ 36 ] Widespread deployment 800 Iranian-backed Iraqi militiamen (per Iranian opposition) [ 21 ] Tens of thousands of counter-protesters in Tehran [ 37 ] Casualties Deaths ~2,000–3,000 overall (per Iranian government officials) [ b ] >4,370 overall (per HRANA ) [ c ] 12,000 protesters (per Iran International ) [ 42 ] 12,000–20,000 protesters (per activist groups) [ 43 ] Arrested 19,097 [ d ] Precise casualties uncertain due to Internet and telephone blackout imposed by the government since 8 January 2026 Beginning on 28 December 2025, demonstrations erupted across multiple cities in Iran amid nationwide unrest against the Islamic Republic government and a deepening economic crisis . The events have been described as the largest uprising since the 1979 Islamic Revolution . [ e ] The ensuing crackdown, carried out under Ali Khamenei's direct order for live fire on protesters, resulted in massacres that left tens of thousands of protesters dead , making them some of the largest massacres in modern Iranian history . [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 49 ] Initially sparked by frustration over record-high inflation , food prices, and currency depreciation, the protests quickly evolved into a broader movement demanding an end to the current regime. [ 50 ] Beginning with the bazaari (shopkeepers and merchants) in Tehran's Grand Bazaar and later university students, the demonstrations soon spread not only to major cities but also small settlements chanting anti-government slogans [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 53 ] and destroying symbols of the government and the IRGC . [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Although largely leaderless, the protests escalated on 8 January following the call for unified protests by Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran and the subsequent call for a general strike by the Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan . [ 56 ] [ 57 ] Many demonstrators have been calling for Pahlavi's return to Iran; [ 58 ] he has called for a peaceful transition and a referendum to decide Iran's future political system. [ 6 ] The Iranian government has cut off Internet access and telephone services in an attempt to prevent protesters from organising. [ 58 ] It has accused the United States and Israel of fuelling the protests, [ 54 ] which analysts suggest may be a tactic to increase security forces' willingness to kill protesters. [ 21 ] As of 9 January, millions took to the streets in protests across all 31 provinces. By 10 January 2026, Iran International reported that at least 2,000 protesters had been killed nationwide over the previous 48 hours amid the internet blackout, as Iranian security forces escalated their use of live ammunition against demonstrators. [ 59 ] Hospitals in Tehran and Shiraz were reported to be overwhelmed by injured protesters, many suffering gunshot wounds. [ 60 ] Iran's foreign ministry spokesperson confirmed security forces fired on protesters, raising international concern over human rights. [ 61 ] In addition, thousands were arrested during the violent crackdown. [ 62 ] Despite the blackout, on 10 January 2026, The Guardian documented multiple reports of security forces opening fire on demonstrations, with one eyewitness stating they saw " hundreds of bodies " across Tehran. [ 63 ] On 11 January, Time reported that an expatriate group of academics and professionals estimated the death toll at 6,000, based on reports from hospitals, without including bodies taken directly to morgues rather than hospitals. [ 64 ] On 13 January, Iran International reported that at least 12,000 had been killed; CBS News reported on the same day that activist groups in Iran estimated at least 12,000 deaths and possibly as many as 20,000. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Background Economic crisis in Iran Beginning in 2024, Iran's economy experienced sharp inflation, a devalued currency, and an energy deficit, culminating in repeated electricity and gas disruptions and apologies from Iranian president Masoud Pezeshkian . Iran had also suffered from major declines in global influence such as with the fall of the Assad regime in Syria, a major ally. [ 65 ] In the final months of 2025, Iran's economy experienced an unprecedented surge in exchange rates , a sharp depreciation of the Iranian rial with the US dollar reaching approximately 145,000 Iranian tomans . [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Additionally, the country's state statistics centre reported an inflation rate of 42.2% in December 2025, an increase of 1.8% compared to November. [ 44 ] Food prices rose by 72%, while health and medical goods increased by 50% year-on-year. [ 44 ] Iran is experiencing a mismanaged water crisis . [ 45 ] Reports in Iranian media also indicated that the government planned to raise taxes with the start of the Iranian new year on 21 March, fuelling further concern among citizens. [ 44 ] Some protest messaging linked economic hardship to criticism of the government's foreign policy priorities; during the December 2025 demonstrations, some participants chanted " Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran ". [ 68 ] Discontent in Iran has also been alleged to have been due to political corruption, with protesters accusing the Iranian government of authoritarianism and prioritising proxies such as Hezbollah and Hamas over domestic needs. [ 46 ] Additionally, Iran faces challenges from ethnic secessionist movements from the Kurds , Azerbaijanis , Khuzestani Arabs , and Balochs and from major powers like the United States and Israel. [ 69 ] Inflation had surged to 48.6% in October 2025 and 42.2% in December, straining household budgets. [ 44 ] On 29 December, the Iranian rial reached its lowest value (1.45 million to the US dollar), then by 3 January, the government increased the value of the rial to 1.38 million in an attempt to control the people. This had no effect, and on 6 January, the rial broke its record low again (reaching 1.5 million to the US dollar), causing a sharp increase in prices, including food and other essential goods. [ 70 ] [ 44 ] The economic crisis, which had been developing over several years, is accompanied by fears of renewed conflict following the 2025 Twelve-Day War with Israel and renewed UN nuclear -related sanctions imposed through the "snapback" mechanism . [ 71 ] [ 44 ] Economic analysts cited government monetary and fiscal policies, economic mismanagement, chronic budget deficits, and the continuation of international sanctions as key contributing factors. These conditions directly affected trade guilds, particularly businesses dependent on imports. Severe exchange-rate volatility left many merchants unable to price goods, secure supplies, or continue economic activity. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] [ 74 ] [ 70 ] Economic uncertainty grew in Iran throughout 2025. In June 2025, Iran was involved in an armed conflict with Israel , during which Iran's nuclear programme was targeted, and its nuclear facilities were also struck by the United States . [ 75 ] [ 44 ] In September 2025, the United Nations reimposed sanctions on Iran through the snapback mechanism, freezing Iranian assets abroad, halting arms transactions, and imposing penalties related to the country's ballistic missile programme . [ 71 ] [ 44 ] Many Iranians fear a broader confrontation involving the United States , which contributed to market instability. [ 44 ] According to The Guardian , the economic crisis was the catalyst for the protests; however, they had expanded into an expression of grievances against government corruption. [ 50 ] It further reported of voices calling for the overthrow of the government, and distrust in the government's calls for dialogue, seeing them as self-serving and deceptive. [ 50 ] NPR reported that months before the protests, public anger and frustration had been mounting due to severe energy shortages, civil rights abuses and widespread corruption, and that the protests sparked concerns that they could deteriorate into something much more serious. [ 76 ] According to The Atlantic , the political character of the protests was manifested by protesters chanting " Death to the Dictator " in reference to Supreme leader of Iran Ali Khamenei , [ 77 ] and their loss of faith in Pezeshkian, who was elected in 2024 on the platform and promises of good governance, but had overseen water and electricity cuts, while failing to deliver on the promise of lifting internet censorship . [ 77 ] Pezeshkian also promised to meet with protest representatives, and recognised "the constitutional right of peaceful protest", [ 77 ] although he lacks control over Iranian security forces. By 1 January 2026, dozens of protesters had been arrested and there were several documented cases of security forces firing live ammunition at protesters, including students, pensioners, and members of Gen Z . [ 77 ] Students at Shahid Beheshti University released a statement declaring that "This criminal system has taken our future hostage for 47 years. It won't be changed with reform or with false promises". [ 77 ] Comparison to previous protests Part of a series on Liberalism in Iran Ideologies Conservative Monarchism Islamic Reformist National Religious Progressivism Radical Mosaddeghism Secular Social Conservative Monarchism Monarchism Islamic Reformist Reformist National Religious Religious Progressivism Radical Mosaddeghism Mosaddeghism Secular Social Principles Civil and political rights Equality Free trade Human rights Liberal democracy Social justice Reformist groups Anti-imperialism Zionist Islamic democracy Islamic modernism Moderate conservatism Realpolitik Republicanism Sovereigntism Mosaddeghist groups Anti-clericalism Anti-communism Anti-imperialism Freedom of the press Iranian nationalism Popular sovereignty Secular state Social democracy Sovereigntism Monarchist groups (post-1979) Anti-clericalism Anti-communism Economic freedom Iranian nationalism Persian Royalism Qajar dynasty Pahlavi dynasty Secular state Westernisation Civil and political rights Equality Free trade Human rights Liberal democracy Social justice Anti-imperialism Zionist Zionist Islamic democracy Islamic modernism Moderate conservatism Realpolitik Republicanism Sovereigntism Anti-clericalism Anti-communism Anti-imperialism Freedom of the press Iranian nationalism Popular sovereignty Secular state Social democracy Sovereigntism Anti-clericalism Anti-communism Economic freedom Iranian nationalism Persian Persian Royalism Qajar dynasty Pahlavi dynasty Qajar dynasty Pahlavi dynasty Secular state Westernisation History Persian Constitutional Revolution Governments of Mohammad Mosaddegh Chain murders of Iran Mohammad Khatami's reforms Woman, Life, Freedom movement Protests 1979 (International Women's Day) 1999 2003 2009 2011–2012 2016 2017–2018 2018–2019 2019–2020 2021–2022 2022–2023 2025–2026 Persian Constitutional Revolution Governments of Mohammad Mosaddegh Chain murders of Iran Mohammad Khatami's reforms Woman, Life, Freedom movement Protests 1979 (International Women's Day) 1999 2003 2009 2011–2012 2016 2017–2018 2018–2019 2019–2020 2021–2022 2022–2023 2025–2026 1979 (International Women's Day) 1999 2003 2009 2011–2012 2016 2017–2018 2018–2019 2019–2020 2021–2022 2022–2023 2025–2026 Intellectuals Jahanbegloo Shariati Shayegan Soroush Reformists Aghajari Malekian Shabestari Tajzadeh Jahanbegloo Shariati Shayegan Soroush Aghajari Malekian Shabestari Tajzadeh Politicians Alam Alijani Bakhtiar Bazargan Ebadi Fatemi Mosaddegh Pahlavi I (early) Sadighi Sanjabi Shariatmadari Yazdi Zaim Reformists Damad Ebtekar Khomeini (Hassan) Khomeini (Hussein) Karroubi Khatami Mohtashami Montazeri Mousavi Nouri Pezeshkian Rafsanjani Rouhani Saanei Shahindokht Zanjani Zarif Exile opposition Bashirtash Boniadi Pahlavi (Reza) Rajavi Alam Alijani Bakhtiar Bazargan Ebadi Fatemi Mosaddegh Pahlavi I (early) Sadighi Sanjabi Shariatmadari Yazdi Zaim Damad Ebtekar Khomeini (Hassan) Khomeini (Hussein) Karroubi Khatami Mohtashami Montazeri Mousavi Nouri Pezeshkian Rafsanjani Rouhani Saanei Shahindokht Zanjani Zarif Bashirtash Boniadi Pahlavi (Reza) Rajavi Commentators Alinejad Baghi Ganji Kar Nafisi Reformists Abdi Hajjarian Zeidabadi Alinejad Baghi Ganji Kar Nafisi Abdi Hajjarian Zeidabadi Parties Active Association of Combatant Clerics Freedom Movement National Front Iran Party Iran National Council Constitutionalist Party Iran-Novin Party National Democratic Front United Republicans Voice of the Nation Defunct Democrat Party Muslim People's Republic Party National Council of Resistance of Iran National Resistance Movement of Iran People's Party People's Mojahedin Organisation of Iran Radical Movement of Iran Revival Party Revolutionary Republican Party of Iran Progressives Social Democratic Party Association of Combatant Clerics Freedom Movement National Front Iran Party Iran National Council Constitutionalist Party Constitutionalist Party Iran-Novin Party National Democratic Front United Republicans Voice of the Nation Democrat Party Muslim People's Republic Party National Council of Resistance of Iran National Resistance Movement of Iran People's Party People's Mojahedin Organisation of Iran Radical Movement of Iran Revival Party Revolutionary Republican Party of Iran Progressives Social Democratic Party Alliances Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front Reformists Front Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front Reformists Front Media Ayandegan Iran International (overseas) Reformists Aftab Yazd Etemaad Shargh Asr-e Maa Asrar Ayande-ye No Bahar Ebtekar Ham-Mihan Hayat-e-No Hambastegi Khordad Salam Yas-e No Zan Ayandegan Iran International (overseas) Aftab Yazd Etemaad Shargh Asr-e Maa Asrar Ayande-ye No Bahar Ebtekar Ham-Mihan Hayat-e-No Hambastegi Khordad Salam Yas-e No Zan Related topics Dialogue Among Civilisations Iranian opposition Islamic feminism Islamo-leftism LGBTQ rights in Iran Transgender rights Secularism in Iran Politics of Iran Anarchism Conservatism Socialism Women's rights in Iran Feminism " Woman, Life, Freedom " Dialogue Among Civilisations Iranian opposition Islamic feminism Islamo-leftism LGBTQ rights in Iran Transgender rights Transgender rights Secularism in Iran Politics of Iran Anarchism Conservatism Socialism Anarchism Conservatism Socialism Women's rights in Iran Feminism Feminism " Woman, Life, Freedom " Liberalism portal Iran portal Liberalism portal Iran portal .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The protests were described as Iran's largest since 2022, when nationwide demonstrations erupted following the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini while in police custody for allegedly wearing her hijab improperly. [ 44 ] On 30 December, Ellie Borhan, a British-Iranian activist, viewed this wave of protests as stronger than previous ones. [ 78 ] Iranian public faith in their government faded since the 2022 crackdown on the Woman, Life, Freedom movement during the Mahsa Amini protests . [ 65 ] Protests were previously held in May 2025 by truck drivers beginning in Bandar Abbas , who blocked roads and ports in Iran due to discontent over low salaries, high insurance rates, and possible hikes in fuel prices in the future. [ 79 ] Protest slogans have shifted ideologically compared to the 2022 protests. Some new chants increasingly reflect monarchist sentiments. [ 80 ] Already in June 2025, during the Iran–Israel war , the exiled crown prince Reza Pahlavi had intensified his political efforts and appealed to the international community to help the Iranian people force out Ali Khamenei 's religious dictatorship offering himself up as interim leader to take over running the country. [ 81 ] In comparison to the Amini protests which were mainly fuelled by girls and women, young men played larger roles in later rounds of the 2025–2026 protests. [ 82 ] Market traders were influential during the 1979 Islamic Revolution , helping to mobilise public support that ultimately led to the overthrow of the monarchy. [ 44 ] The demonstrations were notable in the context of a large-scale government crackdown on dissidents, including arrests of prominent opponents and the highest number of executions in nearly 40 years. [ 75 ] Executions in Iran have reportedly doubled in 2025 compared to 2024; the execution trends were on the rise since 2022, with activists alleging that the Islamic Republic aims to use executions to instil fear in their population and therefore suppress internal opposition. [ 83 ] Kurdish-majority regions in Iran have previously undergone severe repression stemming from the Amini protests in 2022, leading to fears of ethnic crackdowns from the government. This was in part due to Iran's accusing Kurdish opposition groups of having incited the 2022 protests. Despite this, Kurdish opposition groups have continued to call for solidarity in the nationwide protests and strikes. Iran has also repeatedly accused Kurdish militias from Iraq of attempting to incite unrest, including in the protests in 2026. [ 84 ] [ 58 ] [ 28 ] [ 85 ] Likewise, Baloch regions in Iran, long suffering from underdevelopment and political exclusion, have also previously been subject to violent crackdowns in the Amini protests. [ 86 ] On 10 December 2025, Iranian Baloch- Sunni militant groups like the Jaysh al-Adl announced a merge into a united organisation called the Jebhe-ye Mobaarezin-e Mardomi ( People's Fighters Front ). In its coalition video, the union rejected Shia Islam -led clerical rule in the Islamic Republic. The same day, the group carried out an attack on an Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps regional command, killing four of its soldiers and wounding three others; it announced responsibility for the attack the next day. [ 87 ] Protests Initial bazaar 28 December 2025 On 28 December, groups of shopkeepers and merchants at Alaeddin Shopping Centre in Tehran and other commercial centres, including Charsou Mall, went on strike by closing their shops. Simultaneously, protest gatherings formed around these locations, and images and videos of widespread shop closures circulated on social media. [ 73 ] According to reports, protesters cited the rising dollar exchange rate and market instability, warning that continued conditions would lead to the bankruptcy of many small and medium-sized businesses. Some gatherings extended into surrounding streets, including Jomhuri Street . [ 72 ] [ 88 ] [ 89 ] Other people had joined in with the shopkeepers to protest against economic conditions at Jomhuri Street. Elsewhere, iron traders at Iran closed their shops in similar protests of the devalued currency. [ 90 ] Around the time that the protests began, the value of the Iranian rial sunk to a record low of 1.45 million per US dollar before slightly recovering to 1.38 million. [ 91 ] The rial had lost approximately 40 percent of its value since the Iran–Israel war, in part due to the sinking of oil revenue from US sanctions. The year on year inflation rate was up at 42.2 percent. The protests were first started by shopkeepers who sold electronic goods in central Tehran who shut down their stores. [ 70 ] State media revealed blurred footage of initially smaller-scale protests from merchants. [ 91 ] Videos and eyewitness accounts showed groups of merchants chanting slogans against economic mismanagement and in some cases expressing anti-government sentiments. [ 88 ] Protesters also chanted " Law Enforcement , support, support", calling on security forces to back the protests. [ 92 ] The protesters' main demands included stabilising exchange rates, addressing merchants' economic hardships, creating a predictable business environment, and preventing losses caused by market volatility. [ 72 ] [ 88 ] There were no reported clashes with security forces on this day and it remained peaceful. [ 93 ] 29 December The protests continued into their second day on 29 December and expanded across various parts of Tehran, including the Grand Bazaar . Merchants and shopkeepers closed their businesses and gathered in the streets to protest the unprecedented collapse of the rial and sharp increases in currency and gold prices. Protesters voiced opposition to economic conditions and government management, citing declining purchasing power and rising living costs. Videos shared online showed continued gatherings around Lalehzar, Chaharsouq, and Jomhuri Street, with participants largely non-violent while conveying critical messages toward government economic policies. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] [ 96 ] The merchants at the Grand Bazaar in Tehran joined the electronic goods shopkeepers who had started the protests the previous day. [ 70 ] Footage verified by independent sources showed crowds at malls near Tehran's Grand Bazaar chanting "freedom" ( Persian : آزادی , romanised : Âzâdi ). [ 75 ] Law enforcement forces used tear gas to disperse demonstrators outside the Alaeddin Shopping Centre. [ 96 ] Protests also spread to other cities in Iran. [ 97 ] On the night of 29 December 2025, protests were reported in several regions across Iran, including Qeshm in the south, and Zanjan and Hamadan in the north. Demonstrators chanted slogans critical of the supreme leader, including " Death to the Dictator " on Qeshm Island and "Seyyed Ali [Khamenei] will be toppled this year" in Zanjan . [ 98 ] [ 75 ] A video and photo of an unidentified protester went viral, who defiantly sat in the middle of the Jomhuri Eslami Street at Tehran and refused to move for motorbike security forces, but later was beaten and forced to leave. The protester became known as Tehran's Tank Man , a reference to the Tank Man during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre . [ 99 ] [ 100 ] [ 78 ] [ 101 ] Spread across Iran 30 December By the third day of protests, strikes and security measures had expanded, with shops closing in parts of Tehran such as Shoush and Molavi, as well as in Isfahan's Naqsh-e Jahan Square . Heavy security deployments were reported in Tehran, Mashhad, and at Khajeh Nasir University . Government responses included ordering temporary closures in 11 provinces, including Tehran province, due to cold weather and energy constraints. Security forces fired on protesters in Hamadan and deployed tear gas in Tehran and Malard. [ 97 ] [ 102 ] Demonstrations spread to additional cities, including Kermanshah , Shiraz, Yazd , and parts of Tehran such as Shadabad and Shush. Students from universities including Amirkabir , Beheshti , Khajeh Nasir, Sharif , Science and Culture and Tehran Science and Technology as well as Isfahan University of Technology and Yazd University joined rallies, chanting slogans such as "Death to the Dictator", " Death to Khamenei ", " Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran ", "We are all together", and "Seyyed Ali (Khamenei) will be toppled this year". [ 102 ] [ 103 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] [ 106 ] President Masoud Pezeshkian , called on the government to listen to citizens' demands. In response, a government spokesman said a Communication Group would be implemented. [ 107 ] [ 108 ] Pezeshkian's comments do not appear to have appeased the protesters, whose demands go beyond just economic stability. [ 105 ] Furthermore, some Iranians have expressed scepticism in the government's ability to solve the economic problems, citing previous government statements that they are unable to do much about solving the economic problems. [ 109 ] Human rights organisations and Gen Z student groups reported that 11 protesters were arrested in the Shoush Square area in Tehran and that five students were detained and four were later released. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Another news report published that one student was severely injured at Tehran's Amirkabir University during a crackdown on a campus gathering by members of the Basij militia of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps . [ 110 ] Videos on social media appeared to show students chanting slogans critical of the government, removing signs associated with the office of the Supreme Leader's representatives, and confronting security forces at university entrances. [ 110 ] 31 December The people of Isfahan, Kermanshah, and Fasa gathered on the fourth day of protests. In Fasa, people held a large rally in front of the governor's office, and in Kermanshah, the markets went on a complete strike. According to reports, police fired live ammunition and tear gas, at the protesters. [ 113 ] [ 114 ] At the same time, in Shirvan , working and retired teachers gathered in front of the Education Department. In Kermanshah, repressive forces have been deployed from Ferdowsi Square to the garage (about 8 kilometres), and the heavy presence of security forces is noticeable. [ 115 ] One person named Mahdi Samavati was reported to have been killed outside the governor's office protest in Fasa. The semi-official Mehr News Agency quoted the governor of Fasa as denying this report. [ 116 ] Video recordings disseminated online and distributed by the People's Mojahedin Organisation of Iran depict severe confrontations between demonstrators and security forces in several cities, including Tehran , Isfahan , Shiraz , and Kermanshah . [ citation needed ] Protester Amirhesam Khodayarifard was killed by a handgun shot to the head by an Iranian security force member in a protest in Kuhdasht , Lorestan province on 31 December. [ 117 ] The state-run IRNA news agency and Mehr confirmed the death and stated that Khodayarifard was a member of the Basij . [ 118 ] Government authorities pressured Khodayarifard's family to state that he had been a Basij member and called for online social media silence on the topic. [ 117 ] The shooting occurred during clashes with protesters. According to Mehr , 13 police officers and Basij members were injured. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] The government ordered nationwide total business shutdown in most of the country due to "cold weather", [ 120 ] although some analysts say that the real intention is to stifle protests. [ 121 ] The shutdown was applied to 21 out of Iran's 31 provinces. [ 122 ] The government began threatening to crack down on protesters, [ 109 ] and the US State Deparment stated that they were concerned about protesters "facing intimidation, violence, and arrests". [ 123 ] Video footage records protesters like merchants, women's rights activists, and students commonly shouting the slogans "Death to the dictator" and "Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, my life for Iran". [ 46 ] [ 50 ] In response to the ongoing protests, the Iranian government appointed Abdolnasser Hemmati, a former economics minister, as the new governor of the Central Bank of Iran , following Mohammad Reza Farzin's resignation. [ 124 ] 2026 1 January On the fifth day of protests, workers and employees of the central fruit and vegetable market in Tehran stopped working and joined the nationwide uprising by stopping the distribution cycle. Chanting the slogan, "You know with zeal, support support", the protesters called on marketers and the general public to strengthen the national will for change by expanding the strikes. Police officers used tear gas to disperse the demonstrators. [ 125 ] According to reports, Sarira Karimi, secretary of the faculty council of the Faculty of Law and Political Science and a member of the faculty council of the University of Tehran, who had been arrested on 31 December 2025, was released on 1 January 2026. [ 126 ] Protesters were reported to have gathered in Marvdasht and chanted slogans against the Islamic Republic government, such as "This is the year of blood, Seyyed Ali is overthrown". [ 127 ] In Mashhad, protesters gathered at Saadi Metro Station , where riot police attempted to disperse the crowd with force. [ 127 ] In the Sistan and Baluchestan province , a group of Baluch prisoners released a statement calling on locals to join the wider protests and urged for slogans like "Death to the dictator" and "Baluchestan is awake and despises dictatorship". [ 128 ] In Lorestan , home to the Lur minority , protesters were reported lighting fires in the streets while also chanting, "This is the year of blood, Seyyed Ali is overthrown". Additional reports claim officers used live ammunition against protesters. [ 129 ] In Lordegan County , gatherings took place in several parts of Lordegan City , including around the governor's office and the municipality square. According to these reports, as tensions escalated, some individuals attempted to damage government and bank buildings. Police used tear gas to disperse the crowds, and clashes were reported between the two sides. Several people were injured during the unrest, and unconfirmed reports suggested that multiple deaths had occurred. [ 130 ] At least three people, including a boy, were killed in Lordegan. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] There was a heavy presence of government forces in Qom . 2 January On 2 January, according to credible media reports, protests continued in large numbers in Tehran, Qom, Isfahan, Shiraz, Ilam , Mashhad, Karaj, Zanjan, Hamadan , and Qeshm. [ 133 ] In Zahedan and Tehran, protests became active again. Funerals for protesters killed by the security forces were held in Fuladshahr , Kuhdasht , and Marvdasht , during which participants expressed opposition to the government, including chants of "Death to Khamenei". At the Kuhdasht funeral for Khodayarifard, Basij and IRGC forces were chased away from the funeral with stones and chants. Khodayarifard's father confirmed that his son was not a Basij member. [ 134 ] In the Sadaf district of Hamadan province , protesters were seen setting fire to a Quran and attempted to attack a mosque before being stopped by authorities. [ 135 ] 3 January Protests on 3 January were greater in geographic spread and numbers of protesters than on previous days, and the security presence was also greater. [ 136 ] The National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) and Human Rights Activists News Agency (HRANA) named some of the locations of demonstrations, including Kazerun, Malekshahi, Kermanshah, Shiraz, Mashhad, Arkavaz, Isfahan, Tehran, Hafshejan, Karaj, Shahrekord, and Fardis. HRANA reported a cumulative count of 16 fatalities since the beginning of the protests, including one member of government security forces. [ 137 ] [ 136 ] The themes of the protests, as represented by slogans chanted on 3 January, ranged from economic injustice and governance problems to calls for freedom and justice. HRANA viewed the protest aims as having evolved, with "the boundary between trade-related and everyday demands and political demands ha[ving] become blurred, and [the] ongoing protests hav[ing] taken shape on the basis of accumulated, multilayered grievances." [ 136 ] Following statements by US president Donald Trump , where he warns Iran that if they shoot protesters, the United States will come to their rescue, [ 138 ] Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei responded on 3 January by saying "We will not yield to the enemy ", and stating that the "rioters must be put in their place." [ 139 ] [ 140 ] On the same day, the US State Department made a statement condemning suppression on protesters' funerals. [ 141 ] Cloudflare reported a 35% decrease in internet traffic in Iran, with Iranian internet users reporting frequent outages and slow connections . [ 142 ] 4 January There was a heavy presence of security forces in the Grand Bazaar of Tehran. [ 97 ] Protests and strikes took place in at least 20 major cities and small towns throughout Iran. [ 143 ] Donald Trump said that Iranian authorities would be "hit very hard" should additional protesters be killed. [ 144 ] In Shiraz, videos showed the police assaulting and beating a man on the ground. When protesters threw projectiles at the police, officers moved toward them on motorcycles. Moments later, a protester poured gasoline on one officer setting him alight. [ 145 ] 5 January On the ninth day, the protests continued throughout Iran. In Tehran's Bagh-e Sepahsalar neighbourhood, voices echoed chants of "Death to Khamenei". Near Tehran University, special forces stood on high alert, while reports of widespread strikes emerged from cities such as Marvdasht, where resistance pulsed through daily life. [ 146 ] In Yasuj, security forces confronted the families of detainees gathered outside the governor's office. Reports say that the protests have reached the smaller towns of Saman, Sangsar, and Kushk, as part of dissatisfaction of the Iranian people. [ 147 ] In addition to the cities previously mentioned, protests were reported in several other locations across the country, including Saman in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Sangsar in Semnan Province, Zahedan, Fardis in Karaj, Meshkan in Fars Province, and Noorabad in Mamasani. Demonstrations were further documented in Qazvin, Hamedan, Ilam, Mashhad, Neyshabur, Abadeh, Bushehr, Babol, Bojnourd, Kushk in Isfahan Province, Shazand in Markazi Province, as well as the northern cities of Rasht and Sari. According to reports, protesters in these areas gathered in public spaces, chanting slogans and expressing dissatisfaction with the Khamenei government, reflecting the continued spread of nationwide unrest. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] [ 146 ] 6 January In a joint statement, several major Kurdish political groups, including the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI), Komala , the Revolutionary Toilers Association, the Kurdistan Toilers Association, the Khabat Organisation , the Kurdistan Freedom Party (PAK), and the Kurdistan Free Life Party (PJAK), expressed support for the protests and called on Kurds in Iran to carry out strikes and demonstrations. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 150 ] The cities of Abdanan and Malekshahi , both in the Kurdish region of Iran, were abandoned by the country's security forces, leaving control of the cities to the protesters. [ 151 ] A sit-in was conducted by protesters at the Grand Bazaar in Tehran. [ 152 ] Merchants at the market held strikes, in particular with many shops in the corridors of the gold and currency, fabric, and footwear and home appliances markets partially or fully closed. The strikes appeared to be spontaneous, and according to some reports the Bazaar became a "war zone". [ 153 ] [ 154 ] The sit-in was dispersed by security forces using tear gas. [ 152 ] The total number of protest locations over the ten days was estimate by HRANA to be 285 locations in 88 cities [ 155 ] across 27 provinces, with protests having taken place in 22 universities. The slogans of the protests continued to cover a wide range of economic, social and political grievances. [ 153 ] In Yazdan Shahr , locals reported that police used excessive force against protesters, initially deploying tear gas and later firing live ammunition at civilians. [ 154 ] The security forces' raids on the Sina Hospital in Tehran and on the Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ilam , aiming to arrest injured protesters, gained national attention. In Ilam, families and medical staff resisted the security forces. Security forces' methods of attack at the Ilam hospital included firing tear gas inside the buildings and hospital grounds. The Minister of Interior was ordered to investigate the Ilam raid and provide a report. [ 153 ] On 6 January, a total of 15 forced video confessions by arrested protesters had been broadcast on official media. [ 153 ] On online social media , Reza Pahlavi called for chants to take place from homes and in streets at 20:00 (8 pm) IRST on the evenings of 8 and 9 January. He explained the aim as being to "keep [the] demonstrations disciplined, and as large as possible". He promised to "announce the next calls to action" depending on the response to his call. [ 156 ] 7 January According to HRANA , street gatherings, protests and strikes took place in 37 cities in 24 provinces, bring the total since the beginning of the protests to 348 sites across 111 cities in 31 provinces. Ten universities joined the protest on 7 January, making a total of 45. The total number of televised forced confessions by arrestees rose to 40. Artists and teachers published statements supporting the protests and criticising the security forces' repression against protest participants. [ 157 ] HRANA interpreted the continuation of the protests despite arrests and violence by the security forces as showing that "a significant portion of [Iranian] society [had come to view] the cost of protest as lower than the cost of silence and inaction". Key themes continued to be economic and governance grievances, seen as "two facets of a single issue". HRANA interpreted the artists' and teachers' statements as showing that "professional and cultural sectors [we]re increasingly aligning themselves with the protest narrative". [ 157 ] Militants of the Baloch nationalist militant organisation People's Fighters Front (PFF) assassinated Mahmoud Haqiqat, the police chief of Iranshahr . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 150 ] IRGC-affiliated media reported that protesters killed two Law Enforcement Command officers during protests in Lordegan as well as an unspecified security force member in Malekshahi. [ 150 ] In Mashhad , protesters were seen lowering a massive flag of the Islamic Republic and later ripping it in half. [ 158 ] The Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan called for a general strike in Iran, receiving support from six other Iranian Kurdish opposition parties. The authorities attempted to forcibly disperse the existing protests over economic conditions in the cities of western Iran ( Iranian Kurdistan ) ahead of the announced date, reportedly with the use of live ammunition. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] 8 January Protests escalated after 20:00, the time specified in Reza Pahlavi's calls for demonstrations. Immediate telephone line and internet cuts occurred in several cities, following a common government practice before it commits intense crackdowns. [ 30 ] Starlink satellite internet service was unaffected, allowing some users to bypass government-controlled internet blackouts. [ 159 ] Crowds chanting in Tehran appeared to be mainly pro-Pahlavi. CBS News described the protests as reaching "a possible tipping point ", [ 160 ] [ 161 ] [ 162 ] and according to Euronews it represented "a new escalation in the protest movement". [ 30 ] In Qaemiyeh , protesters pulled down a statue of Qasem Soleimani , an IRGC commander who was assassinated by the United States in 2020 and declared a martyr by the Islamic Republic shortly thereafter. [ 163 ] In Mashhad, a group of protesters had taken down and torn up a large flag of the Islamic Republic. [ 164 ] Norway-based human rights organisation Hengaw claimed that two IRGC Ground Forces members were killed during the protests in Kermanshah . [ 28 ] A police officer in Malard County at the Tehran province was killed from a stabbing after attempts to control local unrest. [ 165 ] Human rights groups have also verified a video showing "distressed family members" in Ghadir hospital in Tehran, looking through a body-pile of protesters killed by Islamic Republic security forces. [ 63 ] 9 January Protesters took to the streets of Iran on Friday night, videos and eyewitness reports show. [ 166 ] Pahlavi asked US president Donald Trump to support the Iranian protesters. [ 167 ] The Economist reported that the protests had grown to be the biggest since 2009 , while "some veteran Iran-watchers thought the protests were the biggest since the overthrow of the shah in 1979." [ 168 ] NDTV 24x7 reported a viral protest trend of Iranian women lighting cigarettes to burn pictures of Khamenei in videos, gaining popularity on social media platforms like X , Reddit , Instagram , and Telegram . Because burning Khamenei's image is illegal in Iran, observers have interpreted the videos as deliberate acts of defiance, with the women rejecting state authority over their personal freedoms. [ 169 ] The trend has been recorded by multiple other news outlets, which similarly note rejection of strict religious and governmental standards over women. [ 170 ] [ 171 ] [ 172 ] Khamenei addressed the protests in a brief televised appearance. [ 173 ] [ 174 ] In his address, Khamenei called President Trump "arrogant", saying that his hands were stained with the blood of Iranians, and further stating that Trump would be overthrown like other arrogant leaders. [ 173 ] [ 174 ] He described the protesters as harmful individuals and rioters. [ 175 ] A fire broke out at an Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting office in Isfahan . [ 176 ] Protesters also set fire to buildings in Tehran, including mosques in the Gholhak and Sa'adat Abad neighbourhoods. [ 177 ] Opposition media reported that clashes between protesters and security forces in Kermanshah Province had killed at least 10 IRGC Kermanshah Nabi Akram Corps members. [ 27 ] Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i , Iran's judiciary chief, stated that protesters would face decisive and severe punishment, applied to the fullest extent of the law. [ 178 ] Senior officers of American intelligence told Axios that their evaluation that these protests were not capable of destabilising the regime was "being reassessed". [ 179 ] US president Donald Trump warned Iran's authorities against killing demonstrators while praising Iranians as "brave people" amid nationwide protests on Thursday. [ 166 ] The Twemoji emoji library changed the Iran flag emoji from the flag of the Islamic Republic to the modern design of the Lion and Sun flag . [ 180 ] Airline flights from the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, and Turkey to Iranian cities were cancelled amid the mass protests. [ 181 ] As of 9 January, protests across all 31 provinces left millions in the streets, with at least 217 killed in Tehran alone, while hospitals in Tehran and Shiraz were overwhelmed by injured protesters, many with gunshot wounds. [ 182 ] [ 60 ] In addition, thousands were arrested by the violent crackdown. [ 62 ] Nobel laureate Shirin Ebadi warned that, under the Internet blackout , the Islamic Republic may massacre the protesters. [ 183 ] Despite the internet outage, on 10 January 2026, The Guardian documented multiple reports of Islamic Republic security forces opening fire on demonstrations, causing many casualties among the protesters, with one eyewitness stating they saw "hundreds of bodies" throughout Tehran. [ 63 ] Doctors at hospitals in Tehran and Shiraz reported being overwhelmed by large numbers of injured protesters, with some facilities suspending non-urgent admissions and surgeries due to the influx of patients, many of whom suffered gunshot wounds to the head and eyes. [ 60 ] In an audio message sent to CNN, an Iranian doctor in the city of Nishapur stated that Iranian security forces killed "at least 30 people" and "among them were children", they further stated that "a 5-year-old child was shot while in their mother's arms." [ 184 ] According to the doctor's description, security forces had shot pedestrians and bystanders as well. [ 184 ] They added that "Hospitals are extremely chaotic and patients terrified to admit and be identified, for this reason, we are trying to inform people and treat them privately in clinics." [ 184 ] The Kurdistan National Guard announced that its Zagros Tornado units attacked an IRGC base in Nourabad , Lorestan Province, and injured three IRGC members. [ 16 ] 10 January During the midnight until dawn, Tehran municipality workers were reportedly tasked to clear and collect the cartridge cases off the streets and to deliver them to security forces. [ 185 ] Despite the continued internet shutdown imposed by Islamic Republic authorities, thousands of protesters gathered in Tehran and throughout Iran overnight on 9–10 January, chanting "Death to Khamenei", and "Long live the shah". [ 63 ] This followed a call by Reza Pahlavi for protesters to seize control over the city centres and hoist the pre-regime Lion and Sun flag , with a promise he would return to Iran soon. [ 63 ] The Internet blockade disrupted everyday life, including digital transactions, as well as the functioning of hospitals, pharmacies, banks, and bureaus. Many businesses did not open. [ 185 ] The Internet outage has also prevented proper documentation of the size of the demonstrations, as well as the extent of police brutality against the protesters; [ 63 ] Iranian Nobel peace prize winner Shirin Ebadi had issued a warning on 9 January 2026, about the possibility of a planned "massacre under the cover of a sweeping communications blackout", stating that she had already heard testimonies reporting hundreds of wounded protesters at a single Tehran hospital. [ 63 ] On 10 January 2026, The Guardian received additional reports via Starlink, stating: "We're standing up for a revolution, but we need help. Snipers have been stationed behind the Tajrish Arg area [one of the affluent areas of Tehran]." [ 63 ] Another protester testified that throughout the city, many protesters had been shot, stating, "We saw hundreds of bodies", while a third testimony from a protester confirmed this by saying that they had witnessed a "very high" number of protesters being killed as security forces opened fire on them. [ 63 ] Human Rights activists stated that the testimonies were consistent with the reports they had received. [ 63 ] The Guardian stated that despite the Internet blackout, protesters had requested that international media cover the reports of increasing police brutality, with one activist saying "please make sure to state clearly that they are killing people with live ammunition." [ 63 ] According to The Guardian , much of the international community, including the EU and the US, showed clear support for the protesters. [ 63 ] US Secretary of State Marco Rubio posted on X (formerly Twitter) , "The United States supports the brave people of Iran", [ 63 ] and US president Donald Trump "Iran is looking at FREEDOM, perhaps like never before. The USA stands ready to help!!!" [ 186 ] Mohammad Movahedi-Azad , attorney general of Iran , stated that protesters may be charged as the "enemy of god", or moharebeh , a crime prosecutable by death, according to CBS News , which also reported that state media's reports of order and "no news of any gathering or chaos in Tehran and most provinces" were contradicted by a photo of ongoing demonstrations in Sa'adat Abad , Tehran, obtained by the Associated Press , and a surveillance video from Fars News Agency in which protesters in Isfahan threw petrol bombs and at least one appeared to be firing a long gun . The Young Journalists' Club , associated with state media, reported that protesters killed three members of the volunteer Basij militia of the IRGC in Gachsaran . Reza Pahlavi called for protests to continue through Sunday, while also stating in a social media post that he was "preparing to return to my homeland" and that the goal of the protests should be to seize city centres. [ 187 ] According to an analysis of photos by BBC Persian, the protesters in different cities were engaged in violent conflict with government forces until dawn. [ 188 ] A video from Punak neighbourhood of Tehran shows that as the government turned off the street lights, the protesters set off fireworks and created a sea of light using their smartphones in defiance. [ 188 ] [ 189 ] Deutsche Welle later fact checked and confirmed that the video was fabricated using artificial intelligence technology and old footage, with the aim of misleading people's understanding of the protests in Iran. [ 190 ] Videos published by BBC Persian shows explosions amid protests in Kerman and gunshots in Mashhad . [ 188 ] Unlike previous days, on Saturday mostly IRGC and Basij were mobilised, who use live ammunition, according to witnesses in Tehran and Karaj. [ 191 ] On 10 January, Iran International reported that at least 2,000 protesters had been killed over the previous 48 hours alone amidst the internet blackout , as Iranian security forces escalated their use of lethal force against demonstrators nationwide. [ 59 ] As a result all online service have been shut down too, including ATM machines, international phone calls, credit card transactions and business networks, as well as most news sources and social media. [ 192 ] 11 January Khamenei and senior Iranian officials said they were willing to talk to the protesters about economic issues, but also characterised the unrest as incitement by "rioters" and said the protests were funded by foreign powers (the United States and Israel). Iranian state media reported that President Masoud Pezeshkian gave a speech accusing foreign "terrorists" of inciting the protests; Pezeshkian also mentioned: "We are determined, and have decided, to resolve economic problems by any means possible" [ 193 ] [ 194 ] Parliament speaker Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf gave a speech during a parliament session in which he warned of United States military bases and regional ships and Israel would both be subject to retaliation if Iran is attacked by the United States in reference to Trump's prior threats. In the session, hardliner politicians went at the dais and shouted " Death to America ". Demonstrators rallied in Paris, Vilnius, and London in solidarity with the ongoing protests in Iran and urged Western governments to support the Iranian people seeking freedom. [ 195 ] The New York Times reported that Trump was briefed on military options on Iran but did not yet make a final decision. [ 196 ] Forbes reported that the Iranian government successfully shut down the Starlink internet amidst the internet blackout . [ 197 ] Other sources say Iran has successfully disrupted Starlink network connectivity nationwide, reporting that up to 80% of Starlink traffic was interrupted due to coordinated jamming operations. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] [ 200 ] During a solidarity rally in Los Angeles on 11 January, a U-Haul truck was used to ram into protesters at Westwood . [ 201 ] [ 202 ] In Iran, fighters from the Balochi People's Fighters Front killed one Law Enforcement Command officer and injured another in an attack on an LEC patrol vehicle in Dashtiari County , Sistan and Baluchistan Province. [ 21 ] 12 January In Tehran, tens of thousands of people participated in a pro-government rally after being called by leaders to counter the protests. People are seen flying the Iranian flag and chanting Islamic slogans and figures like Haydar, referring to Ali . [ 29 ] [ 37 ] However, reports from Iran International stated the images and videos were altered . [ 203 ] [ 204 ] President Masoud Pezeshkian was seen taking part in the rally. [ 205 ] US president Donald Trump stated that Iran has reached out to the United States to negotiate its nuclear programme, following his threat to strike the Islamic Republic over its violent crackdown on protesters. [ 206 ] Also Esmail Baghaei , spokesperson for the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs , publicly confirmed that security forces had directly fired on protesting citizens, statements that drew widespread attention and concern both domestically and internationally, highlighting criticism of the Iranian government's handling of the demonstrations, raising questions about the proportionality of its response, and drawing scrutiny from human rights organisations regarding the broader state of civil liberties and fundamental rights in the country. [ 61 ] 13 January On 13 January, Iran International reported that at least 12,000 people had been killed, describing the massacre as the "largest killing in Iranian contemporary history ". [ 42 ] CBS News reported that 12,000 people have been killed, and possibly 20,000, as Iran's phone services were being restored, and new information was being released. [ 43 ] President Trump urged Iranians to keep protesting and stated that help was on the way, with no details. Trump said in a post on Truth Social : [ 207 ] [ 208 ] "Iranian Patriots, KEEP PROTESTING – TAKE OVER YOUR INSTITUTIONS!!! Save the names of the killers and abusers. They will pay a big price. I have cancelled all meetings with Iranian Officials until the senseless killing of protesters STOPS. HELP IS ON ITS WAY. MIGA [ Make Iran Great Again ]!!! PRESIDENT DONALD J. TRUMP" "Iranian Patriots, KEEP PROTESTING – TAKE OVER YOUR INSTITUTIONS!!! Save the names of the killers and abusers. They will pay a big price. I have cancelled all meetings with Iranian Officials until the senseless killing of protesters STOPS. HELP IS ON ITS WAY. MIGA [ Make Iran Great Again ]!!! PRESIDENT DONALD J. TRUMP" When a reporter asked Trump what he meant by "help is on its way", he simply replied, "You're going to have to figure that one out. I'm sorry." [ 209 ] 14 January The Kurdistan Freedom Party assaulted the IRGC's headquarters in Kermanshah and, allegedly, according to the KFP's own claims, succesfully infiltrated the headquarters and caused severe IRGC casualties. [ 210 ] Armed Kurdish groups designated as terrorists by Turkey clashed with the IRGC while seeking to cross the border from Iraq and Turkey into Iran; the IRGC had received warning about their movements from Turkey. [ 211 ] A video, analyzed by BBC Verify and BBC Persian, showed, according to forensic examination, nearly 200 bodies were scattered in the morgue, many with obvious wounds, including one victim who was only 16 years old. [ 212 ] The Iranian Human Rights Organisation (IHR), based in Norway, said that at least 3,428 protesters were killed by Iranian security forces and at least 10,000 protesters were arrested during the peak of the unrest in Iran from January 8 to 12. [ 213 ] The head of Iran's judiciary stated that those arrested during the nationwide protests would be swiftly tried and executed. [ 213 ] [ 214 ] [ 215 ] Washington has threatened military action in response to the crackdown. [ 214 ] [ 216 ] British and American troops are withdrawing from Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar. [ 217 ] [ 218 ] The US stated that the withdrawal was a precautionary measure. [ 218 ] "It's a posture change and not an ordered evacuation," a diplomat told Reuters. [ 217 ] Italy and Poland, among other countries, have been urging their citizens to leave Iran "immediately". [ 219 ] [ 220 ] [ 221 ] [ 222 ] Donald Trump said in the Oval Office that he had been informed that killings in Iran's crackdown on the country's protest was ceased, and he believed that "there are no plans for executions," referring to the death sentence of Erfan Soltani . [ 223 ] According to AFP, Iranian state television broadcast footage of Donald Trump's attempted assassination at the 2024 Butler, Pennsylvania rally , accompanied by the Persian message "This time, [the bullet] won't miss," which angered Texas Republican Senator Ted Cruz and other close allies of President Trump. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] [ 226 ] 15 January The Iranian government imposed a nationwide curfew to prevent any protests. ISW recorded zero protests on 15 January. [ 227 ] Methods Protesters National strikes Nationwide strikes were conducted by businesses, stores, cafes, and workers as well as by online shops and social media influencers. [ 231 ] [ 232 ] [ 233 ] [ 234 ] [ 235 ] Demonstrations Protests are in the form of street demonstrations chanting slogans, car honking , [ 236 ] [ 237 ] lighting fires, [ 236 ] and removing surveillance cameras. [ 238 ] [ 239 ] In order not to be identified and later arrested, many protesters wear masks and dark clothes, reminiscent of V for Vendetta . [ 191 ] As the street lights are turned off by the government, the protesters defiantly set off fireworks and create a sea of light using their smartphones in the darkness of the city. [ 236 ] [ 188 ] [ 189 ] Slogans and symbols During the protests, several notable slogans were chanted by demonstrators, reflecting anti-government sentiments, calls for the restoration of the monarchy, and unity among protesters. These slogans were frequently documented in videos and reports by Persian-language media outlets such as Manoto and Iran International . Many drew on historical references to the Pahlavi dynasty , while others directly targeted Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei or the Islamic Republic's leadership. Symbols associated with the protests included the Lion and Sun flag , which was waved in several demonstrations as a sign of monarchist aspirations and opposition to the government. [ 229 ] [ 53 ] [ 240 ] On 9 January 2026, X changed the Iran flag emoji from the Islamic Republic flag to the modern design of the Lion and Sun flag . [ 180 ] " Death to the Dictator " ( Persian : مرگ بر دیکتاتور , romanised : Marg bar Diktâtor )—a general anti-authoritarian chant targeting the government's leadership, reported in Tehran, Isfahan, Kermanshah, Malard , Nahavand, Noorabad , and Karaj . [ 241 ] [ 242 ] [ 243 ] [ 244 ] [ 245 ] [ 52 ] [ 246 ] [ 247 ] [ 248 ] " Death to Khamenei " ( Persian : مرگ بر خامنهای , romanised : Marg bar Khâmene'i )—direct call against Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, heard in Isfahan, Farsan , Arak, and other protest sites. Previously used during the 2021–2022 and 2022–2023 protests . [ 249 ] [ 250 ] [ 251 ] [ 252 ] " Reza Shah , may your soul be blessed" ( Persian : رضا شاه، روحت شاد , romanised : Rezâ Shâh, ruhat shâd )—a slogan honouring Reza Shah Pahlavi, founder of the Pahlavi dynasty, chanted in Hamadan , Tehran , Isfahan , Kermanshah , and other locations. [ 253 ] [ 250 ] " Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran " ( Persian : نه غزه نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران , romanised : Na Qazze na Lebnan, jânam fadâ-ye Irân )—a chant that expresses the opposition of some Iranians to the Islamic Republic's military, financial, and political support for Palestinian militant groups , neglecting the needs and interests of Iran itself. [ 68 ] [ 254 ] "Don't be afraid, don't be afraid, we are all together" ( Persian : نترسید، نترسید، ما همه با هم هستیم , romanised : Natarsid, natarsid, mâ hame bâ ham hastim )—a chant promoting unity and courage among protesters, chanted during nighttime gatherings in Isfahan. [ 255 ] [ 247 ] "Dishonourable, dishonourable" ( Persian : بیشرف، بیشرف , romanised : Bi-sharaf, bi-sharaf )—directed at security forces or government officials. [ 256 ] "Freedom, freedom, freedom" ( Persian : آزادی، آزادی، آزادی , romanised : Āzādi, āzādi, āzādi ). [ 257 ] [ 252 ] "Long live the Shah " ( Persian : جاوید شاه , romanised : Jâvid Shâh )—repeated chants calling for the return of the monarchy , heard in Hamadan , Arak , Nahavand , Dehloran , and other cities during nighttime protests. [ 53 ] [ 258 ] [ 259 ] [ 260 ] [ 8 ] [ 261 ] [ 262 ] [ 81 ] [ 263 ] "This is the final battle, Pahlavi will return" ( Persian : این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده , romanised : In âkharin nabarde, Pahlavi barmigarde )—a phrase conveying determination for regime change and the return of the Pahlavi family, chanted in Arak, Rasht , Khorramabad , Isfahan, Nahavand, and Dorud . [ 51 ] [ 264 ] [ 265 ] [ 250 ] [ 53 ] [ 247 ] "The Shah is coming home, Zahhak is overthrown" ( Persian : شاه مییاد به خونه، ضحاک سرنگونه , romanised : Shâh mi-yâd be khune, Zahâk sarnegune )—referencing Persian mythology ( Zahhak as a tyrant) to symbolise the overthrow of the current government and return of the Shah. [ 266 ] "Death to the oppressor, whether Shah or Rahbar" ( Persian : مرگ بر ستمگر، چه شاه باشد چه رهبر )—a general anti-Islamic Republic and anti-monarchy chant mainly by expressed by supporters of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI). [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ non-primary source needed ] Organisation As of 7 January, HRANA viewed the protests as being networked. [ 157 ] The Associated Press viewed the first steps of protests as "broadly leaderless" before 8 January, and described Reza Pahlavi's influence after the call for demonstration on 8 January as unclear; however, when the time clocked at 8 p.m., chanting broke out across Tehran, with crowds shouting anti-regime slogans and expressing support for the shah's return. [ 267 ] IranWire viewed Generation Z Iranians as "one of the most visible and active groups" in the 2025–2026 protests, whose political views were strongly impacted by the Mahsa Amini protests of 2022–2023. [ 268 ] Territorial control According to human rights activist Hamid Enayat, Malekshahi and Abdanan effectively came under protesters' control on 6 January when security forces fled from the protesters. [ 269 ] Suppression, persecution and executions Internet blackouts On 8 January 2026, the government imposed significant restrictions on telephone and internet access to limit communication and the dissemination of information. Unlike the Twelve-Day War , there has not been an official internet shut down nationwide. However, connectivity was heavily disrupted in cities experiencing active demonstrations, making it difficult for citizens to send messages, share media, or organise further protests. These measures were widely seen as part of the authorities' efforts to suppress dissent and control the narrative around the unrest. [ 270 ] On 9 January it was reported by multiple media outlets that Iran, in a largely unprecedented measure, had activated military-grade jammers to disrupt civilian Starlink signals. [ 197 ] [ 271 ] [ 272 ] Initially only 30 percent of the media traffic was affected but it rose to 80 percent within several hours. [ 197 ] [ 271 ] However, from the morning after the blackout began, Islamic Republic authorities issued a "white list" which allowed government affiliated institutions and accounts limited access to the internet, included were governmet aligned media and Telegram channels, as well as some universities. [ 271 ] Forbes quoted VPN expert Simon Migliano [ 273 ] as saying that "Iran's current nationwide blackout is a blunt instrument intended to crush dissent." [ 197 ] Migliano also addressed the cost of the internet shutdown, saying "this 'kill switch' approach comes at a staggering price, draining $1.56 million from Iran's economy every single hour the internet is down." [ 197 ] By 11 January, Iran shut down the Starlink internet for the first time. [ 197 ] Recruitment of foreign militias The presence of Iraqi Popular Mobilisation Forces , Arabic-speaking mercenaries, Lebanon's Hezbollah , and the Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun in suppressing protests was reported. [ 274 ] [ 275 ] [ 276 ] [ 277 ] Iran International reported that on 2 January 2026, Iraqi militias affiliated with the Iranian government recruited forces to assist Iranian security forces in suppressing protests in Iran. [ 276 ] On 6 January 2026, it was reported that approximately 800 members of Iraqi Shia militia groups, including Kata'ib Hezbollah , Harakat al-Nujaba , Sayyid al-Shuhada , and the Badr Organisation had been sent to Iran. [ 276 ] The troops were reportedly transported through the border crossings of Shalamcheh , Chazabeh , and Khosravi , officially under the cover of a "pilgrimage to the holy sites of Imam Reza in Mashhad ", while in practice they were gathered at a base in Ahvaz before being dispatched to various regions to assist in suppressing protests. [ 276 ] According to Iran International , "The reason behind this move by the Islamic Republic could be its concern that the Iranian police might not follow orders to attack unarmed, ordinary people, or simply because its forces are insufficient to stop protests in more than 100 cities". [ 278 ] On 9 January 2026 the United States warned Iran against using foreign militias to crush protests. [ 279 ] According to The Media Line , Iraqi Shiite militia members were recruited to help suppress Iranian protesters, receiving $600 each. By 11 January, more than 60 buses, each carrying about 50 people, had crossed the Iraq‑Iran border. [ 280 ] On 15 Jan, an Iraqi source stated to CNN that "nearly 5,000" fighters from Iraqi militias had crossed into Iran over the preceding weeks. [ 281 ] Internal propaganda and coercion The Iranian government has been accused of using footage of protesters' bodies in morgues to demoralise future protests. [ 282 ] Families trying to receive the bodies of their loved ones have often times been forced to pay compensation for the bullets that killed their relatives. [ 282 ] [ 283 ] Reports stated that security forces and Revolutionary Guard members raided and intimidated the families of protesters who were killed, imposed restrictions on the retrieval and burial of bodies, and warned that families would be charged fees. [ 283 ] There have been reports that families were unable to locate the remains of their relatives after authorities buried them in locations far from where the deaths occurred. [ 282 ] Reports have also indicated that the authorities retained the remains until families consented to official accounts describing the deceased as aligned with the government and Basij rather than as protesters. [ 282 ] [ 284 ] Likewise, images and videos from the pro-government rallies were reported to have been altered . [ 203 ] [ 204 ] Direct order for live fire on protesters Sources close to Iran’s Supreme National Security Council and the presidential office report that the killing of protesters was carried out on the direct order of Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, with full approval from senior state officials. The council allegedly authorised live fire, which was executed mainly by the IRGC in what is described as a deliberate, organised operation exceptional in scale and intensity. [ 49 ] On 13 January the Guardian reported that Islamic Republic security forces were documented using shotguns and rifles with live ammunition, [ 285 ] as well as heavy DShK machine guns against protesters, [ 286 ] with a Tehran doctor stating that security forces were "shooting to kill". [ 285 ] A spokesperson from the Abdorrahman Boroumand Center for Human Rights cited evidence that even when using "less lethal" weapons, security forces were deliberately shooting at the heads, eyes, genitals and vital organs of the protesters, so as terrorise protesters by mutilating them and causing them permanent disability, [ 285 ] reusing the tactic employed in the 2022 Mahsa Amini protests. [ 285 ] At least one young girl had been shot in the pelvic area and was in critical condition. [ 285 ] and a medic in Tehran reported that there were "direct shots to the heads of the young people, to their hearts as well." [ 287 ] Additionally, multiple testimonies have revealed Iranian security forces raiding hospitals to arrest, [ 288 ] and in many cases execute, hospitalised protesters. [ 289 ] [ 286 ] On 4 January, according to Namdar Baghaei Yazdi, vice president of the Iranian Medical Society UK, security forces in full riot gear stormed Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ilam, attacked medical personnel with tear gas and shotgun pellets and arrested injured protesters, [ 290 ] with another similar assault being carried out by security forces on 6 January in Sina Hospital in Tehran. [ 290 ] Yazdi was quoted as saying "Hospitals are no longer sacred in Iran, and we are very concerned for our medical colleagues there who are already at risk from the regime." [ 290 ] A doctor from southern Iran reported that security forces had "finished off" protesters who had been hospitalised at the time, [ 286 ] [ 289 ] further stating "they killed many, arrested many, and many are on the run. The situation is very bad." [ 289 ] According to The Times, another doctor from Tehran stated that security forces had "gone into hospitals and forcibly taken the corpses of protesters with them", and some of the wounded protesters treat their injuries at home and avoid being admitted to the hospital out of fear of being arrested. [ 291 ] Persecution On 5 January 2026, Gholamhossein Mohseni Ejei, head of the judiciary in the Islamic Republic, stated that there would be no leniency for "rioters" despite the right to demonstrate, [ 292 ] [ 293 ] and the judiciary's Mizan news agency quoted him saying "I instruct the attorney general and prosecutors across the country to act in accordance with the law and with resolve against the rioters and those who support them (...) and to show no leniency or indulgence," [ 292 ] [ 293 ] and stressing that the penalty would be "decisive" and "maximum". [ 294 ] [ 294 ] Regarding the rapid trials and executions or protesters, Iran state television shared a video in which Mohseni-Ejei said "If we want to do a job, we should do it now. If we want to do something, we have to do it quickly, if it becomes late, two months, three months later, it doesn't have the same effect. If we want to do something, we have to do that fast." [ 295 ] [ 296 ] On 10 January, Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei said that the demands of protesters in the country are "completely fair," but "rioters" should "be put in their place." [ 293 ] On 13 January, in a televised statement from the office of the Tehran prosecutor, the office declared that an undeclared number of protesters would be charged with " moharebeh ", or "waging war against God", an offence punished by death in Iran , and used extensively in the past by the regime's judiciary. [ 297 ] According to the Human Rights Activists News Agency, as of 14 January 2026, over 18,400 people had been arrested. [ 295 ] According to Iran International, on 10 January 2026 the "One Word" lawyers' network, citing the internet shutdown isolating protesters from the outside world, called on the international community and Iranian judges to prevent the show trials and extrajudicial executions of protesters following the orders of Ali Khamenei and senior judicial officials. [ 298 ] In its statement, the network detailed new orders from Khamenei instructing security forces "to deal harshly with protesters in recent gatherings" as well as separate statements from the Head of the Judiciary, the Attorney General of the country, and the Tehran Prosecutor calling for "extraordinary, out-of-order proceedings and the imposition of the most severe punishments in the cases of detained protesters." [ 298 ] Erfan Soltani According to the BBC, on 8 January 2026, clothes shop owner Erfan Soltani was arrested in his home for allegedly being connected with the protests in Fardis, while he was denied a lawyer and his family was not notified of the charges brought against him. [ 299 ] Several days later, Soltani was notified that he was to face execution on 14 January, less that a week after his arrest. [ 299 ] However after US president Donald Trump told reporters that the US would take "very strong action" if the regime were to execute protesters, Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi denied any plan to hang people in a televised interview, and Soltani's family was notified that his execution had been postponed, while the judiciary stated that the charges against him only consisted of "colluding against national security" and "propaganda activities against the establishment" which are not punishable by death in Iran. [ 299 ] The state broadcasting company IRIB claimed that reports of Soltani's pending execution were a "blatant act of news fabrication." [ 299 ] Casualties Casualties, arrests, executions, and injured protesters 31 December On 31 December 2025, during a protest in Fuladshahr , Dariush Ansari Bakhtiariwand was shot with a Kalashnikov rifle by security forces. He died before reaching medical care. [ 300 ] While participating in a protest in Kuhdasht on 31 December, Amirhesam Khodayarifard (reported to be 21, [ 118 ] or 22 years old) [ 117 ] was shot dead with a bullet to the head by a plainclothes retired IRGC agent. [ 301 ] Eyewitness testimony and video evidence showed that Khodayarifard was among the protesters. [ 117 ] Government media stated that protesters had been throwing rocks at security forces, and that Khodayarafid was killed after the rocks had been thrown. [ 302 ] Governmental media, including Mehr News Agency , [ 118 ] claimed that Khodayarifard was a member of the Basij . The governor of Kuhdasht, an Imam of Friday Prayer , and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) members visited Khodayarifard's family. Permission for the family to access Khodayarifard's body and carry out a burial was conditioned on the family making a televised statement stating that Khodayarifard had been a member of the Basij. [ 117 ] Governmental authorities gave warnings on Telegram and Instagram forbidding the publication of information about Khodayarifard's killing. [ 117 ] As of 5 January 2026 [update] , the authorities, who were pressuring Khodayarifard's family to state that he was a Basij member, had not given the body to Khodayarifard's family, according to IranWire . [ 301 ] 1 January Two protesters, Ahmad Jalil, 21, and Sajjad Valamanesh, 28, were killed in Lordegan on 1 January 2026. Both were shot by security forces with live ammunition and died later from their injuries. [ 303 ] [ 304 ] On the evening of 1 January, two men and a teenage boy, Shayan Asadollahi, 30, Vahab Musavi, and Mostafa, 15, residents of Azna (in Lorestan province) were killed by gunfire from security forces. [ 132 ] The IRGC-aligned Fars News Agency stated that the protesters had either tried to attack a police station [ 305 ] or had tried to disarm the security forces. [ 132 ] Ahmadreza Amani, 28, was shot in the chest by security forces at around 18:00 IRST in Azna and died in hospital. [ 306 ] Khodadad Shirvani, 33, a Marvdasht resident, was shot with shotgun pellets by security forces on the same evening in Marvdasht. He died after being transferred to a hospital. [ 307 ] In Nurabad (Lorestan province), Ahad Ebrahimpour Abdoli, 35, was lethally shot the same evening with three bullets (one to his heart) by security forces during a protest in Ba'ath Square in Nurabad. Security forces and the Imam of Friday Prayer pressured Abdoli's family to say that he was a Basij member and that he was shot by "enemy forces". [ 308 ] 2 January On 2 January, a 42-year-old protester, Ali Azizi Jafarabadi, a Kurdish man from Harsin County was shot dead by security forces in Harsin . [ 309 ] 3 January On 3 January, the total number of arrested protesters had increased to 132 according to Hengaw [ 310 ] or 582 according to HRANA . [ 136 ] Iran International estimated the death count of protesters to be at least eight, the number of locations to be 113 locations in 46 cities across 22 provinces, with at least 44 people shot and wounded by live ammunition or pellet guns fired by Iranian security forces. [ 97 ] [ 311 ] Four protesters were shot dead with "military-grade" weapons by IRGC members at protests in Malekshahi County in Ilam province ; forty were injured and many taken to hospital. [ 312 ] 4 January By the early morning of 4 January, Iran International reported the death toll from the protests to have risen to at least 16. [ 313 ] HRANA estimated that since the beginning of the protests there had been 990 arrests and 51 cases of injuries to protesters, mostly from pellet and plastic bullets. [ 143 ] 5 January The total number of arrested protesters rose to 1,200 on 5 January. [ 314 ] Iranian authorities claimed to have arrested a Mossad agent partaking in the protests, with the agent allegedly confessed to being recruited, trained by, and continuing communication with Mossad, and said that Mossad handlers told him to go to people's residences, but was later instructed to move his "operations" to local marketplaces. [ 315 ] 6 January On 6 January, a total of 2,076 protesters had been arrested, and at least 34 protesters and 2 police officers had been killed, according to HRANA . [ 153 ] 7 January HRANA estimated 140 new arrests of protesters or identifications of previously arrested protesters, making a total of 2217, including 165 minors and 46 university students. HRANA counted at total since the beginning of the protests as 38 deaths, including 29 adult protesters, 5 minor protesters, and 4 security officers. [ 157 ] 8 January In response to intensified protests on 8 January 2026, the government initiated a nationwide outage of internet and telephone services, a tactic often used prior to using deadly force against protesters, in order to suppress news and evade scrutiny. According to social media reports, a massacre began in Fardis , where government forces allegedly killed 50 protesters with a machine gun. [ 316 ] 9 January On 9 January, HRANA estimated that a total of 2,311 protesters had been arrested and at least 65 were dead. [ 1 ] Time reported that they were in contact with a Tehran-based doctor who informed them that over 217 protester deaths had been recorded across six hospitals in the city, while Iranian Nobel Peace Prize laureate Shirin Ebadi warned that authorities might carry out a massacre under the cover of the widespread internet blackout . [ 182 ] [ 183 ] Reports from two hospitals in Rasht and Tehran indicate overall 110 dead bodies being transferred to these two hospitals during 8 and 9 January. Some wounded people had military-grade bullets in head and neck, indicating that the shootings were intended to kill. [ 317 ] 10 January Amidst the internet blackout during the protests, Iran International stated their most conservative estimates indicated that at least 2,000 people had been killed by government forces over the past 48 hours alone. [ 59 ] On 10 January, HRANA estimated that 2,638 protesters had been arrested and confirmed that 116 fatalities had occurred. [ 318 ] The Centre for Human Rights in Iran warned that a "massacre is unfolding." It said hundreds of protesters had been killed since the government cut off internet access, and security forces, as in the past, shot people in the eyes with metal pellets and rubber bullets. It reported that hospitals were overwhelmed, and that casualties continue to rise. [ 319 ] 11 January According to a US-based rights group, more than 500 people have been killed in Iran's protests, with 579 additional deaths under investigation (raising the total to 1,123), while over 10,681 people have been arrested. [ 320 ] The People's Mojahedin Organisation of Iran reported that more than 3,000 people had been killed in the protests by 11 January. Their figures, based on local sources, hospitals, and families, show the regime even displayed some bodies on state TV, falsely blaming protesters for their deaths. [ 321 ] [ 322 ] By 11 January, Time reported that, starting with reports from a handful of Tehran hospitals, an informal, expatriate group of academics and professionals calculated that protester deaths could have reached 6,000 through Saturday the 10th. [ 64 ] 12 January On 12 January, CNN reported that given the government's internet shutdown and the slow trickle of information emerging from Iran, the full scale of casualties remains unclear. [ 323 ] 13 January On 13 January, Iran International reported that at least 12,000 people had been killed, describing the massacre as the "largest killing in Iranian contemporary history ". [ 42 ] CBS News reported that activist groups in Iran estimated 12,000 people to have been killed, and possibly 20,000, based on medical reports. [ 43 ] 15 January By 15 January, fatality reports saw a significant increase as internet connectivity was partially restored. [ 324 ] While confirmed figures from the U.S.-based Human Rights Activists News Agency ( HRANA) stood at approximately 2,000-2,500 deaths [ 325 ] [ 324 ] , other rights organisations such as Iran Human Rights (IHR) reported at least 3,428 fatalities. [ 286 ] At the same time, leaked internal documents from the Supreme National Security Council and the presidential office, reported by Iran International , suggested that as many as 12,000 people may have been killed during the peak crackdown between January 8 and 10. [ 326 ] CBS News cited sources within Iran claiming the total death toll could potentially reach 20,000. [ 327 ] [ 328 ] Executions On 12 January 2026, it was reported that 26-year-old protester, Erfan Soltani , was sentenced to be executed on 14 January, making him one of the first of these protesters to be handed an execution sentence . [ 329 ] Soltani was arrested during protests in Fardis on 8 January. [ 329 ] [ 330 ] [ 331 ] Human rights groups and activists report that Soltani was denied access to a lawyer, a fair trial , or any opportunity to appeal. [ 329 ] Government forces Government authorities repeatedly presented fatalities during the protests as members of the security forces killed by protesters, after which evidence from witnesses and family statements showed that the victim had been shot by the security forces. [ 332 ] Government media claimed that Amirhesam Khodayarifard, killed on 31 December, was a member of the Basij . [ 119 ] Eyewitness reports and video evidence, collected by Hengaw , contradicted this claim, in particular showing that he was standing among the protesters and was killed by a shot to the head by a security forces member. [ 117 ] Initially, authorities conditioned family access to Khodayarifard's body on the family making a televised statement that he was a Basij member. [ 117 ] During the funeral, which took place on 2 January, Khodayarifard's father confirmed that his son was not a Basij member. [ 134 ] On 3 January, Agence France-Presse referred to a statement by Mehr that IRGC member Latif Karimi was killed during clashes in Malekshahi County , [ 333 ] during which four protesters were killed by the IRGC. [ 334 ] On 4 January, eyewitnesses and other sources clarified that Karimi was present among the protesters when he was shot by IRGC members, and died in Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ilam . Karimi was a retired brigadier-general by profession. Karimi's son stated on Telegram , "My father's only 'crime' was telling [the government security forces] not to shoot at the people." [ 332 ] On 7 January, militants of the Baloch nationalist militant organisation People's Fighters Front (PFF) assassinated Mahmoud Haqiqat, the police chief of Iranshahr . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 150 ] IRGC-affiliated media reported that protesters killed two Law Enforcement Command officers during protests in Lordegan as well as an unspecified security force member in Malekshahi. [ 150 ] On 8 January, Norway-based human rights organisation Hengaw claimed that two IRGC Ground Forces members were killed during the protests in Kermanshah . [ 28 ] A police officer in Malard County at the Tehran province was killed from a stabbing after attempts to control local unrest. [ 165 ] On 9 January, Opposition media reported that clashes between protesters and security forces in Kermanshah Province killed at least 10 IRGC Ground Forces Nabi Akram Unit members. [ 27 ] On 11 January, fighters from the PFF killed one Law Enforcement Command officer and injured another in an attack on an LEC patrol vehicle in Dashtiari County , Sistan and Baluchistan Province. [ 21 ] Notable victims Shahram Maghsoudi , powerlifting champion [ 335 ] Foreign victims Canadian minister of foreign affairs Anita Anand confirmed that a Canadian citizen was killed by the Islamic Republic forces during the protests. [ 336 ] Reactions Reactions to the protests ranged from calls for dialogue and economic relief to warnings of force. Domestic Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei said officials should talk to protesters, but added that "rioters must be put in their place". [ 337 ] As the unrest continued, President Masoud Pezeshkian announced economic measures including changes to foreign-exchange subsidies intended to shift support directly to consumers. [ 338 ] Vice President Mohammad Reza Aref attempted to resign during the first days of the protests, but it was not accepted by President Pezeshkian. [ 339 ] Mohammad Baqer Qalibaf , Speaker of the Islamic Consultative Assembly , said "Malicious individuals and organised movements want to turn any kind of public demand and protest into chaos and chaos using their trained agents in the square, but the Iranian nation has repeatedly demonstrated its vigilance, awareness, and compassion for the country's security". [ 340 ] On 10 January 2026, the IRGC warned that safeguarding security is a "red line". [ 341 ] Chief Justice Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i , the head of Iran's judiciary, said that the punishment for rioters would "be decisive, maximum and without any legal leniency". [ 342 ] Attorney general Mohammad Movahedi Azad warned that anyone taking part in demonstrations is an " enemy of God ", a crime that carries the death penalty under Iranian law. [ 343 ] International Sovereign states United States – US president Donald Trump warned that the United States would intervene if Iranian authorities violently suppressed "peaceful protests". [ 344 ] On 9 January 2026, Trump stated on Truth Social that the US was "locked and loaded and ready to go" if the Iranian security forces killed protesters. [ 345 ] Trump later said that US is considering "very strong options" as a response to the Iran protests, among them possible military intervention, and he said: "we will hit them at levels that they've never been hit before". [ 346 ] A senior American official told The New York Times that Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu urged President Trump to delay a potential American attack against Iran. [ 347 ] On 15 January, multiple sources reported that Carrier Strike Group 3 was expected to arrive in the Middle East in "about a week", and The New York Times reported that an array of combat and refueling aircraft "were expected to start flowing into the region soon". [ 348 ] [ 349 ] Israel – Netanyahu said Israel "[identifies] with the struggle of the Iranian people for freedom, liberty and justice". He also mentioned the possibility that the people would take their fate into their hands. [ 350 ] Mossad , Israel's intelligence agency , claimed it was "with [the Iranian protesters] in the field". [ 351 ] Israel's former defence minister, Yoav Gallant , stated "At this time, when what matters is the action of the masses on the ground, we need to stay behind and direct things with an invisible hand". [ 352 ] Mossad , Israel's intelligence agency , claimed it was "with [the Iranian protesters] in the field". [ 351 ] Israel's former defence minister, Yoav Gallant , stated "At this time, when what matters is the action of the masses on the ground, we need to stay behind and direct things with an invisible hand". [ 352 ] France , Germany , and the United Kingdom 's leaders released a joint statement on 9 January urging Iran to exercise restraint. [ 62 ] German chancellor Friedrich Merz spoke out against the violent suppression of Iranian protesters, saying, "This violence is not an expression of strength, but rather a sign of weakness. This violence must end", [ 353 ] later saying "If a regime can only keep itself in power by force, then it's effectively at the end. I believe we are now seeing the final days and weeks of this regime. In any case, it has no legitimacy through elections in the population. The population is now rising up against this regime." [ 354 ] [ 355 ] German chancellor Friedrich Merz spoke out against the violent suppression of Iranian protesters, saying, "This violence is not an expression of strength, but rather a sign of weakness. This violence must end", [ 353 ] later saying "If a regime can only keep itself in power by force, then it's effectively at the end. I believe we are now seeing the final days and weeks of this regime. In any case, it has no legitimacy through elections in the population. The population is now rising up against this regime." [ 354 ] [ 355 ] Australia and Canada issued a joint statement condemning Iran's use of force against protesters. [ 356 ] New Zealand – Foreign minister Winston Peters expressed concern about the killing of protesters and described protests as a "fundamental human right." [ 357 ] Poland – On 15 January 2026, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs summoned the Iranian ambassador to express concern over the growing number of casualties and arrests, and called on Iran to cease violence against the protesters and initiate talks. [ 358 ] Turkey – Foreign minister Hakan Fidan stated that the protests in Iran were "being manipulated from abroad by Iran's rivals", including the United States and Israel, expressed a wish for the resolution of the perceived antagonism between Iran and the West through negotiations, and called on Iran to engage in "very genuine reconciliation and cooperation" with other Middle Eastern countries. [ 359 ] Vatican City – Pope Leo XIV expressed concern. [ 360 ] United Kingdom – On 13 January 2026, Foreign Secretary Yvette Cooper summoned the Iranian ambassador over the mass killings. [ 361 ] British Secretary of State for Transport Heidi Alexander told Sky News that the current priority is to "stem the violence" in Iran. She said Iran is a threat to the Middle East and represses its own people. [ 362 ] Intergovernmental and international organisations European Union : The European External Action Service urged Iran's security forces to exercise restraint and called on authorities to uphold rights including freedom of expression and peaceful assembly. [ 363 ] The EU also co-signed the aforementioned joint statement issued by Australia and Canada. [ 356 ] European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen , urged the release of imprisoned Iranian protesters, condemned the violent crackdown, and called for internet access to be restored, saying Europe stands "fully behind" those demonstrating. [ 364 ] European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen , urged the release of imprisoned Iranian protesters, condemned the violent crackdown, and called for internet access to be restored, saying Europe stands "fully behind" those demonstrating. [ 364 ] The United Nations criticised Iran's internet shutdown and violation of civil liberties. [ 365 ] Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch condemned the violent repression and documented indiscriminate killings and arrests. [ 366 ] [ 367 ] Political parties and organisations United Kingdom – Kemi Badenoch , the leader of the United Kingdom's opposition Conservative Party , told the BBC that she would "not have an issue" with Iranian regime change and said she supported the involvement of the US and its allies. She claimed that Iran posed a direct threat to the UK, saying it would "very happily wipe out the UK if it felt it could get away with it". [ 362 ] The Mobarizoun Popular Front, a newly-formed Baloch nationalist organisation, expressed its support for the protests. [ 19 ] The Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order expressed support for the Iranian opposition against the Iranian government in early January, calling the Iranian government a "fraudulent mullah regime." [ 368 ] The Kurdistan Free Life Party (PJAK) co-chair Amir Kerimi stated that the Islamic Republic had lost its social legitimacy and described the situation as an opportunity to build "a democratic and decentralised Iran … that transcends the nation-state , based on the self-governance of the people", while indicating "the construction of a new authoritarian regime through Reza Pahlavi" as his biggest concern. [ 369 ] Corporate organisations From 9 January 2026, multiple international airlines suspended or cancelled flights to and from Iran due to the protests, the internet blackout, and security concerns. Turkish Airlines cancelled flights between Istanbul and Iranian cities including Tehran, Tabriz and Mashhad, while AJet and Pegasus Airlines suspended all services to Iran. UAE carriers flydubai and Emirates halted flights to Iranian destinations, and Qatar Airways cancelled several flights from Doha to Iran. In Europe, Austrian Airlines cancelled its Vienna-Tehran flight on 9 January. Lufthansa , which had planned to resume flights on 16 January after it suspended them due to regional security concerns, delayed its plans to resume services due to the protests. [ 370 ] [ 371 ] [ 372 ] [ 181 ] [ 373 ] International travel advisories Since the outbreak of the protests, several countries have issued travel advisories or warnings for Iran and have advised their citizens to leave the country. These advisories cite security concerns and potential disruptions to transportation and communications. Countries that have issued such advisories include the United States, [ 374 ] the United Kingdom, [ 375 ] Canada, [ 376 ] Australia, [ 377 ] Germany, [ 378 ] France, [ 379 ] New Zealand, [ 380 ] Ireland, [ 381 ] and India. [ 382 ] Polling A January 2026 Quinnipiac poll, found that 70% oppose U.S. military involvement in Iran, 79% of Democrats, 80% of independents and 53% of Republicans opposed military involvement. [ 383 ] [ 384 ] [ 385 ] Analysis On 30 December, Iran International suggested that the protests were a "historic break" of Iranian bazaar merchants, historically a critical and old ally of the Islamic Republic, from the Iranian government. Such breaks, the news agency suggested, were fuelled by the Islamic Republic's blame towards the merchants as "price gougers" for rejecting state-standardised pricing and being unable to restock market inventories if they complied to their demands. Anger towards the government by merchants were also caused by the proposed 2025–26 Iranian budget , which would prioritise deficit spending and large tax increases to make up for a decline in oil revenues for government funding. [ 386 ] On 2 January, Iran International cited the opinion of analysts, including intelligence analysts and journalists, who suggested that Iran might have entered the early stages of regime collapse. [ 387 ] On 4 January, according to the New York Times , Iranian officials, including foreign minister Abbas Araghchi , described the government as being in a "survival mode", with difficulties in either reversing economic problems or handling the military threat of attack by the United States or Israel. Pezeshkian held two emergency meetings following the start of the protests. Some of his advisers recommended that he publicly criticise the role of Khamenei as supreme leader. [ 252 ] A 5 January analysis in Foreign Policy argues that the 2025–2026 protests differ from the Mahsa Amini protests in that the 2025–2026 protests are more geographically widespread, including small towns rather than just major cities, and involve a broader range of groups, including students, workers, women, and ethnic minorities. The analysis also saw differences in the international context as significant, with Trump's unpredictability and overt willingness to violate international law as a factor differing from Biden's approach, and the fall of the Assad regime as a weakening of Iran's regional support. The authors also saw the focus of the 2025–2026 protests as shifting from social reform to regime change. [ 7 ] In early January 2026, The Times referred to intelligence reports stating that Khamenei had an escape plan, for him and about twenty close associates and family members, including Khamenei's son Mojtaba Khamenei , ready to flee to Moscow in case security forces defected to the side of the protesters. Beni Sabti, a former Israeli intelligence officer, stated that he expected Moscow to be Khamenei's preferred location of exile if he fled. [ 254 ] Social scientist Mali Rezaei viewed the protests as showing a "deepening rupture between society and the ideological foundations of the state". She argued that one of the factors behind the protests was the context of Iran's multi-millenial history and ethnic and cultural diversity, in which the seventh century CE Muslim conquest of Persia left in place "a persistent resistance to absolutism". She pointed to a 2020 GAMAAN study that found that irreligion in Iran and support for secularism was growing. In addition to economic factors, Rezaei saw environmental crises such as the disappearance of Lake Urmia as playing a role. She viewed the Iranian government's destruction of some elements of Persian culture and a "passivity in defending [cultural] legacy" as a weakening of the government's protection of "the nation". Rezaei saw the Mahsa Amini protests and the Woman, Life, Freedom slogan as a key turning point in which the protest movement evolved to avoid cooptation by either the government and individual celebrities. She viewed the pro-Pahlavi slogans as mainly representing a desire for a secular democracy, not absolute monarchy, that would recover national agency . [ 388 ] View of the protests as an uprising On 10 January, human rights activist Hamid Enayat suggested that "dozens of instances" of disarmament of security forces during the protests, and the "breakdown of the deterrent function" of the Iranian state's monopoly of violence indicated a transition to a new phase , that of an uprising . Enayat cited cases of protesters stopping security forces on buses, disarming them and tying their hands, and a case of a stun gun being taken from a security forces member and used against him. He argued that Malekshahi County effectively came under insurgent control on 6 January when security forces fled from the protesters. He saw the protests as having shifted to a phase in which the Iranian state had lost its power to frighten citizens into obedience. [ 269 ] On 11 January, historian Mark Almond disagreed with comparison of the Iranian protests to the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989. He argued that it would be more like the Storming of the Bastille , because, if successful, the overthrow of the Islamic Republic would be a rebellion against an internally developed regime, rather than one imposed internationally. He argued that the protests already qualified for the term "revolution". [ 389 ] In contradistinction most Israeli analysts believed that the conditions for successful revolution had not yet been met, the existential threat to the regime notwithstanding. [ 390 ] [ 391 ] A minority view, such as held by retired Brigadier General Amir Avivi , chairman of the Israel Defence and Security Forum (IDSF),is that the Iranian regime faces imminent collapse. [ 392 ] See also Iran portal Middle East portal Politics portal 2025 Iran internal crisis 2025–26 Iranian budget Deaths during the Mahsa Amini protests Iran Prosperity Project Iranian energy crisis Iranian opposition Killing of Saghar Etemadi Political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran Notes ^ Protests reported in over 145 locations, including Abadan , Abdanan , Ahvaz , Aligudarz , Alvand , Amlash , Amol , Arak , Arakvaz , Arsanjan , Asadabad , Asaluyeh , Ashkhaneh , Astara , Lorestan , Babaheydar , Babol , Bagh-e Malek , Bandar Abbas , Bandar Ganaveh , Bandar-e Anzali , Bandar Kangan , Baneh , Borazjan , Borujerd , Chaboksar , Chaharbagh , Chenar Shahijan , Dargahan , Dehloran , Delijan , Dezful , Dogonbadan , Dorud , Eqlid , Esfarayen , Eslamabad-e Gharb , Eslamshahr , Falavarjan , Fariman , Farsan , Fasa , Firuzabad , Firuzkuh , Fuladshahr , Garmdarreh , Garmsar , Gilan-e Gharb , Gonabad , Gorgan , Hafshejan , Hamadan , Harsin , Holeylan County , Ilam , Isfahan , Izeh , Jahrom , Junqan , Juyabad , Karaj , Kashan , Kavar , Kazerun , Kerend-e Gharb , Kerman , Kermanshah , Khash , Khomeyni Shahr , Khorramabad , Kish Island , Kuhchenar County , Kuhdasht , Lahijan , Lali , Lordegan , Lumar , Mahabad , Mahallat , Malard , Malayer , Maragheh , Marivan , Marvdasht , Mashhad , Meshkan , Murmuri , Nahavand , Najafabad , Neqab , Neyriz , Nishapur , Nurabad , Pardis , Paveh , Qaen , Qasr-e Shirin , Qazvin , Qeydar , Qom , Qorveh , Ramhormoz , Rasht , Robat Karim , Rudsar , Sabzevar , Safashahr , Sahneh , Salehabad, Ilam , Saman, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari , Saqqez , Sarpol-e Zahab , Sarvestan , Sari , Saveh , Semnan , Shahin Shahr , Shahrekord , Shahrud , Shalamzar , Shazand , Shiraz , Shirvan , Shush , Sonqor , Tabriz , Tehran , Tonekabon , Torbat-e Heydarieh , Tuyserkan , Urmia , Vahdatiyeh , Varamin , Varzaneh , Yasuj , Yazd , Yazdan Shahr , Zabol , Zahedan , Zanjan , Zarqan , Zarrinshahr and Zibashahr . ^ Lower estimate per an official speaking to Reuters , upper estimate per an official speaking to The New York Times . [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Including 121 security forces, per Iranian state media. [ 40 ] ^ Including 2,478 protestors, 163 government affiliated individuals, 20 non-protesting civilians, 16 minors and 1,693 other unidentified deaths. [ 41 ] ^ Including 800 individuals who received death sentences. [ 41 ] ^ Attributed to multiple sources: [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] [ 48 ] [ 10 ] References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Day Thirteen of the Protests: Nighttime Demonstrations Continue Amid Internet Shutdown" . 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Mr. Netanyahu spoke to Mr. Trump on Wednesday, the same day the American president said he had received information from "very important sources on the other side" that Iran had stopped killing protesters and was not going forward with executions. That appeared to signal that Mr. Trump was backing away from a potential U.S. attack on Iran, which he has been weighing for days. However, Mr. Trump sent a similar ambiguous signal last June even after he had largely made up his mind to order an attack on Iran. ^ Mitchell, Ellen. "Pentagon moving carrier strike group toward Middle East amid tensions with Iran" . The Hill . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ Wong, Edward; Pager, Tyler; Schmitt, Eric. "Israel and Arab Nations Ask Trump to Refrain From Attacking Iran" . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 January 2026 . {{ cite web }} : Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= ( help ) ^ "Netanyahu: Now could be moment when Iranians 'take their fate into their own hands' " . 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Archived from the original on 12 January 2026 . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ Dobrzyński, Łukasz (15 January 2026). "Polska reaguje na protesty w Iranie. MSZ wzywa ambasadora w Warszawie" . Gazeta Prawna (in Polish). Archived from the original on 16 January 2026. ^ "Bakan Fidan: Halep'te paralel yapı ortadan kalkacak" . TRT Haber (in Turkish). 9 January 2026. Archived from the original on 9 January 2026 . Retrieved 16 January 2026 . ^ "Iranischer Präsident warnt "Aufrührer" vor weiteren Protesten" . Morgenpost (in German). 11 January 2026 . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ "UK summons Iranian ambassador over 'brutal' killings" . www.bbc.com . 13 January 2026 . Retrieved 13 January 2026 . ^ a b Mason, Rowena (11 January 2026). "UK wants peaceful transition of power in Iran, says minister" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ "Iran: Statement by the spokesperson on developments across the country" . European External Action Service . 3 January 2026 . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . ^ "Von der Leyen condemns violent crackdown on Iranian protesters" . POLITICO . 10 January 2026 . Retrieved 12 January 2026 . ^ "International community increases pressure on Iran as its population is incommunicado – EFE" . EFE Noticias . 9 January 2026 . Retrieved 10 January 2026 . ^ "Iranian Authorities Brutally Repressing Protests" . Human Rights Watch. 6 January 2026 . Retrieved 10 January 2026 . ^ "Iran: Zahl der Toten und Verletzten steigt bei Massenprotesten" . Amnesty International (in German) . Retrieved 10 January 2026 . ^ "بيان جيش رجال الطريقة النقشبندية بتأييد ودعم ثورة الشعوب الإيرانية المباركة لإسقاط نظام ملالي الدجل والشعوذة في طهران – الموقع الرسمي لجيش رجال الطريقة النقشبندية" . ^ Kerimi, Amir (12 January 2026). "İran İslam Cumhuriyeti çökmüş durumda" . ANF News (Interview) (in Turkish). Interviewed by Majeed, Rebaz. Archived from the original on 13 January 2026 . Retrieved 13 January 2026 . ^ "Nearly 20 flights between Dubai and Iranian cities cancelled" . Reuters . 9 January 2026. ^ "Some Dubai and Turkish Airlines Temporarily Suspend Flights to Iran" . iranwire.com . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ "Iran Protests: Major Airlines Suspend Flights Amid Demonstrations And Trump's Threats — Check Full List" . Times Now . 11 January 2026 . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ "India closely following developments in Iran, says MEA" . The Hindu . 9 January 2026 . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ "Iran Travel Advisory | Travel.State.gov" . travel.state.gov . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Iran travel advice" . GOV.UK . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ Canada, Global Affairs (16 November 2012). "Travel advice and advisories for Iran" . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Iran: Do not travel" . ^ Amt, Auswärtiges. "Iran: Reise- und Sicherheitshinweise" . Auswärtiges Amt (in German) . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ étrangères, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires (11 January 2026). "Iran- Sécurité" . France Diplomatie - Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (in French) . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Iran" . www.safetravel.govt.nz . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Iran | Travel Advice | Department Of Foreign Affairs | Ireland.ie | Ireland.ie" . www.ireland.ie . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Travel Advisory for Iran" . ^ "New poll reveals majority of voters oppose US strike on Iran, say Trump has gone too far abroad" . POLITICO . 14 January 2026. ^ Flax, Debra (14 January 2026). "Majority of US voters say Washington should stay out of Iran, Quinnipiac poll suggests" . ^ Mancini, Ryan (14 January 2026). "7 in 10 say US should not take military action over deadly Iran protest crackdown: Survey" . ^ Machine-Chian, Mohamad (30 December 2025). "The bazaar finally breaks with the Islamic Republic" . Iran International . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . ^ Mojtahedi, Negar (2 January 2026). "Iran protests expose a system sliding toward collapse, experts say" . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ Iran on the edge: What the outside world misunderstands about a nation in revolt , Australian Broadcasting Corporation , 11 January 2026, Wikidata Q137760700 , archived from the original on 7 January 2026 ^ Mark Almond (11 January 2026). "This Iranian uprising could be as pivotal as the French Revolution" . The Independent . ISSN 1741-9743 . Wikidata Q137760437 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2026. ^ "What's holding Iran's defiant, fragile regime together – for now" . Haaretz . ^ "Iran Protests, Explained: How Real Is the Danger to the Regime, and How Might Trump Intervene? - Iran" . ^ "Live - Iran closes airspace as US moves carrier strike group to Mideast" . www.iranintl.com . 15 January 2026. v t e 2025–2026 Iranian protests v t e Overview General Timeline [ fa ] Reactions Geographical scope [ fa ] Map Background Corruption Ethnic-based discrimination Inflation [ fa ] Food International sanctions Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Economic crisis Internal crisis Twelve-Day War United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites Mahsa Amini protests Sex segregation Energy crisis Water scarcity General Timeline [ fa ] Reactions Geographical scope [ fa ] Map Timeline [ fa ] Reactions Geographical scope [ fa ] Map Map Background Corruption Ethnic-based discrimination Inflation [ fa ] Food International sanctions Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Economic crisis Internal crisis Twelve-Day War United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites Mahsa Amini protests Sex segregation Energy crisis Water scarcity Corruption Ethnic-based discrimination Inflation [ fa ] Food Food International sanctions Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Economic crisis Internal crisis Twelve-Day War United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites Mahsa Amini protests Sex segregation Energy crisis Water scarcity People Deaths Saghar Etemadi Amirhesam Khodayarifard Shayan Asadollahi Reza Ghanbari Mohammad Nouri Reza Moradi Abdolvand Latif Karimi Kadyvrian brothers Death sentences Erfan Soltani Diaspora Reza Pahlavi Deaths Saghar Etemadi Amirhesam Khodayarifard Shayan Asadollahi Reza Ghanbari Mohammad Nouri Reza Moradi Abdolvand Latif Karimi Kadyvrian brothers Saghar Etemadi Amirhesam Khodayarifard Shayan Asadollahi Reza Ghanbari Mohammad Nouri Reza Moradi Abdolvand Latif Karimi Kadyvrian brothers Death sentences Erfan Soltani Erfan Soltani Diaspora Reza Pahlavi Reza Pahlavi Armed forces IRGC Cyber Command Basij Iranian police Special Units State-sponsored foreign militia [ fa ] IRGC Cyber Command Basij Cyber Command Basij Iranian police Special Units Special Units State-sponsored foreign militia [ fa ] Events Tehran's Tank Man Massacres Fardis Malekshahi Internet blackout Los Angeles ramming attack Tehran's Tank Man Massacres Fardis Malekshahi Fardis Malekshahi Internet blackout Los Angeles ramming attack Slogans " Death to Khamenei " " Death to the Dictator " " Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran " " This is the final battle, Pahlavi will return " " Javid Shah [ fa ] " " Death to Khamenei " " Death to the Dictator " " Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran " " This is the final battle, Pahlavi will return " " Javid Shah [ fa ] " Related PMOI/MEK NCRI Kurdish separatism in Iran Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency People's Fighters Front Iranian opposition Political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran Lion and Sun flag Lion and Sun Pahlavi dynasty Iran International PMOI/MEK NCRI NCRI Kurdish separatism in Iran Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency People's Fighters Front People's Fighters Front Iranian opposition Political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran Lion and Sun flag Lion and Sun Lion and Sun Pahlavi dynasty Iran International v t e Protests in Iran v t e 19th century Tobacco Protest (1890–1892) Tobacco Protest (1890–1892) 20th century 1906 revolution 1952 riots 1963 riots Iranian Revolution 1978 Qom protest 1978 Tabriz protests Black Friday (1978) 1979 Women Day protests 1981 protests 1999 student protests 1906 revolution 1952 riots 1963 riots Iranian Revolution 1978 Qom protest 1978 Tabriz protests Black Friday (1978) 1978 Qom protest 1978 Tabriz protests Black Friday (1978) 1979 Women Day protests 1981 protests 1999 student protests 21st century 2003 student protests 2005 Ahvaz unrest Green Movement 2009 presidential election protests 2009 Ashura protests 2011–2012 protests 2011 Khuzestan protests 2015 Mahabad riots 2015 Fitilieh programme protests 2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt 2017–2018 protests Iranian protests against compulsory hijab 2018 Dervish protests 2018 protests 2018–2019 general strikes and protests 2018 water protests August 2018 uprising 2018 protest movement 2018 university protests 2019 protests 2019–2020 protests Mahshahr massacre 2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests 2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 2021–2022 protests 2021 water protests 2022 food protests Mahsa Amini protests May 2025 Iranian protests 2025–2026 Iranian protests 2003 student protests 2005 Ahvaz unrest Green Movement 2009 presidential election protests 2009 Ashura protests 2009 presidential election protests 2009 Ashura protests 2009 Ashura protests 2011–2012 protests 2011 Khuzestan protests 2011 Khuzestan protests 2015 Mahabad riots 2015 Fitilieh programme protests 2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt 2017–2018 protests Iranian protests against compulsory hijab 2018 Dervish protests 2018 protests 2018–2019 general strikes and protests 2018 water protests August 2018 uprising 2018 protest movement 2018 university protests 2019 protests 2019–2020 protests Mahshahr massacre Mahshahr massacre 2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests 2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 2021–2022 protests 2021 water protests 2022 food protests 2021 water protests 2022 food protests Mahsa Amini protests May 2025 Iranian protests 2025–2026 Iranian protests v t e Ali Khamenei v t e Politics Ahl Al-Bayt World Assembly Assassination attempt October 1981 Iranian presidential election 1985 Iranian presidential election Supreme Leader of Iran Statement of 14 Political Activists Executive Order 13876 Mahsa Amini protests 2025–2026 Iranian protests Ahl Al-Bayt World Assembly Assassination attempt October 1981 Iranian presidential election 1985 Iranian presidential election Supreme Leader of Iran Statement of 14 Political Activists Executive Order 13876 Mahsa Amini protests 2025–2026 Iranian protests Policies Fatwa against nuclear weapons Islamic clerics in politics Iran Slogan of the Year Second Phase of the Revolution Sex segregation Anti-Zionism 8-Article Command to the Chiefs of Branches Fatwa against nuclear weapons Islamic clerics in politics Iran Slogan of the Year Second Phase of the Revolution Sex segregation Anti-Zionism 8-Article Command to the Chiefs of Branches Books and messages A 250 Years Old Person An Outline of Islamic Thought in the Quran Four main books of Biographical-Evaluation Ghena Palestine Ruhe-Tawhid, Nafye Obudiate GheireKhoda Sharh-e Esm Fatwa against insulting revered Sunni figures To the Youth in Europe and North America To the Youth in Western Countries Israel won't exist in 25 years A 250 Years Old Person An Outline of Islamic Thought in the Quran Four main books of Biographical-Evaluation Ghena Palestine Ruhe-Tawhid, Nafye Obudiate GheireKhoda Sharh-e Esm Fatwa against insulting revered Sunni figures To the Youth in Europe and North America To the Youth in Western Countries Israel won't exist in 25 years Family Mansoureh Khojasteh Bagherzadeh (wife) Mostafa (son) Mojtaba (son) Masoud (son) Javad (father) Mohammad (brother) Hadi (brother) Badri (sister) Ali Tehrani (brother-in-law) Farideh Moradkhani (niece) Mahmoud Moradkhani (nephew) Co-fathers-in-law : Azizollah Khoshvaght Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel Mohsen Kharazi Mohammad Mohammadi Golpayegani Mansoureh Khojasteh Bagherzadeh (wife) Mostafa (son) Mojtaba (son) Masoud (son) Javad (father) Mohammad (brother) Hadi (brother) Badri (sister) Ali Tehrani (brother-in-law) Farideh Moradkhani (niece) Mahmoud Moradkhani (nephew) Co-fathers-in-law : Azizollah Khoshvaght Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel Mohsen Kharazi Mohammad Mohammadi Golpayegani Economy Wealth of Khamenei family Wealth of Khamenei family Category 2025–2026 Iranian protests 2020s internet outages 2025 labor disputes and strikes 2025 protests 2026 in Iran 2026 labor disputes and strikes 2026 protests Ali Khamenei Arson in 2026 Arson in Iran Civil rights protests Conflicts involving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran December 2025 in Iran Economic history of Iran Food riots Food security Gen Z protests in Asia History of civil rights and liberties in Iran History of the Islamic Republic of Iran Human rights abuses in Iran Internet censorship in Iran Iran–United States relations Iranian democracy movements Iranian nationalism Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps January 2026 in Iran Labour disputes in Iran Law enforcement in Iran Massacres in Iran Monarchism in Iran Movements for civil rights Opposition to the Islamic Republic of Iran Police brutality in Iran Police brutality in the 2020s Police misconduct in Iran Presidency of Masoud Pezeshkian Protest marches in Iran Protests in Iran Rebellions in Iran Reform movements Riots and civil disorder in Iran Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present) CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 uses Persian-language script (fa) CS1 Persian-language sources (fa) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list CS1 errors: generic name CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list CS1 errors: markup CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr) CS1 French-language sources (fr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Current events from January 2026 Wikipedia move-protected pages Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2026 Use British English from January 2026 All Wikipedia articles written in British English All articles with bare URLs for citations Articles with bare URLs for citations from January 2026 Articles containing Persian-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2026 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2026 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2026 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with excerpts Pages using the Kartographer extension This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 11:14 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design and effects 3.6 Post-production 3.7 Music 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design and effects 3.6 Post-production 3.7 Music 4 Release Toggle Release subsection 4.1 Context 4.2 Marketing 4.3 Box office 4.1 Context 4.2 Marketing 4.3 Box office 5 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 After release Toggle After release subsection 6.1 Performance analysis and aftermath 6.2 Home media 6.3 Other media 6.1 Performance analysis and aftermath 6.2 Home media 6.3 Other media 7 Thematic analysis Toggle Thematic analysis subsection 7.1 Duality and fragmented identity 7.2 The carnivalesque and social critique 7.3 Sexuality and repression 7.4 Power, politics, and ideology 7.5 Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique 7.1 Duality and fragmented identity 7.2 The carnivalesque and social critique 7.3 Sexuality and repression 7.4 Power, politics, and ideology 7.5 Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique 8 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 8.1 Retrospective reception 8.2 Cultural influence 8.1 Retrospective reception 8.2 Cultural influence 9 Sequels 10 Footnotes 11 Notes 12 References Toggle References subsection 12.1 Citations 12.2 Works cited 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 12.1 Citations 12.2 Works cited 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 13 External links Batman Returns العربية Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Batman Returns Theatrical release poster by John Alvin Directed by Tim Burton Screenplay by Daniel Waters Story by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Daniel Waters Sam Hamm Daniel Waters Sam Hamm Based on Batman characters created by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] and published by DC Comics Batman characters created by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] and published by DC Comics Produced by Denise Di Novi Tim Burton Denise Di Novi Tim Burton Starring Michael Keaton Danny DeVito Michelle Pfeiffer Christopher Walken Michael Gough Pat Hingle Michael Murphy Michael Keaton Danny DeVito Michelle Pfeiffer Christopher Walken Michael Gough Pat Hingle Michael Murphy Cinematography Stefan Czapsky Edited by Chris Lebenzon Music by Danny Elfman Production companies Warner Bros. PolyGram Pictures Warner Bros. PolyGram Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Release dates June 16, 1992 ( 1992-06-16 ) (Hollywood, California) June 19, 1992 ( 1992-06-19 ) (United States) June 16, 1992 ( 1992-06-16 ) (Hollywood, California) June 19, 1992 ( 1992-06-19 ) (United States) Running time 126 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50–80 million Box office $266.8 million Batman Returns is a 1992 American superhero film directed by Tim Burton and written by Daniel Waters . Based on the DC Comics character Batman , it is the sequel to Batman (1989), also directed by Burton, and the second installment in the Batman film series (1989–1997). The cast includes Michael Keaton , Danny DeVito , Michelle Pfeiffer , Christopher Walken , Michael Gough , Pat Hingle , and Michael Murphy . Set during Christmas in Gotham City , the film follows Batman (Keaton) as he confronts corrupt businessman Max Shreck (Walken) and deformed crime boss Oswald Cobblepot / the Penguin (DeVito), whose bid for power threatens the city. Their schemes are further complicated by Shreck's former secretary Selina Kyle (Pfeiffer), who seeks revenge against him as Catwoman. Burton was initially uninterested in directing a sequel to Batman , feeling creatively constrained by Warner Bros. ' expectations. He agreed to return only after being granted greater creative control, which included replacing original writer Sam Hamm with Daniel Waters and reuniting with many of his previous collaborators. Waters's script emphasized characterization over plot, and Wesley Strick was later hired for an uncredited rewrite that added, among other elements, a master plan for the Penguin. Filming took place from September 1991 to February 1992 on a budget of $50–80 million, primarily on sets and soundstages at Warner Bros. Studios and the Universal Studios Lot in California. The film's special effects relied mainly on practical techniques and makeup, supplemented with animatronics, limited computer-generated imagery (CGI), and dozens of live penguins. The film's marketing campaign was extensive, featuring brand tie-ins and merchandise intended to replicate the financial success of Batman . Released on June 19, 1992, Batman Returns broke several box-office records and grossed $266.8 million worldwide, becoming the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1992 , but fell short of Batman in overall success and longevity. The darker tone, along with violent and sexual content, was cited as alienating family audiences and prompted backlash against marketing partners for promoting the film to children. Critical reception was polarized, though most reviewers praised the principal cast. Following the mixed reception of Batman Returns , Burton was replaced as director for its sequel, Batman Forever (1995), which was developed with a more family-friendly tone. Keaton also declined to return. In the years since its release, Batman Returns has been reappraised as one of the strongest Batman films and a pivotal early example of auteur -driven superhero cinema that helped shape the genre's darker, more ambitious direction. The film is also recognized as an alternative Christmas classic due to its winter setting, festive imagery, and themes of loneliness and isolation. Its story was revisited in the comic series Batman '89 (2021), and Keaton later reprised his version of Batman in The Flash (2023). Plot In Gotham City , two wealthy socialites , horrified by the birth of their malformed and feral son Oswald , abandon him in the sewers, where he is taken in by a colony of penguins. Thirty-three years later, during the Christmas season, wealthy industrialist Max Shreck is abducted by the Red Triangle Gang—former circus performers implicated in child disappearances across the country—and taken to their hideout in the abandoned Arctic exhibit at Gotham Zoo. Their leader, Oswald, now known as the Penguin, blackmails Max with evidence of his corruption and murders, coercing him into helping Oswald re-enter Gotham's high society. Max stages the kidnapping of the mayor's infant child, allowing Oswald to "rescue" the child and become a public hero. In return, Oswald requests access to the city's birth records, claiming he seeks to uncover his true identity by investigating Gotham's first-born sons. Max attempts to kill his timid secretary, Selina Kyle , by pushing her out of a window after she discovers his plan to build a power plant that would secretly drain and store Gotham's electricity. Selina survives, returns home, crafts a costume, and adopts the persona of Catwoman . To Max's surprise, she reappears at work with newfound confidence and assertiveness, immediately attracting the attention of visiting billionaire Bruce Wayne . As the vigilante Batman , Bruce begins investigating Oswald, suspecting his ties to the Red Triangle Gang. Seeking to remove opposition to his power plant, Max convinces Oswald to run for mayor and discredit the incumbent by unleashing the gang on Gotham. Batman's efforts to quell the violence bring him into conflict with Catwoman, while in their civilian lives Selina and Bruce begin a romance. Meanwhile, Catwoman allies with Oswald to smear Batman's reputation. During Gotham's Christmas-tree lighting, Oswald and Catwoman kidnap Gotham's beauty queen, the Ice Princess, and lure Batman to a rooftop above the ceremony. Oswald pushes the Ice Princess to her death with a swarm of bats, effectively framing Batman. When Catwoman objects to the murder and rebuffs Oswald's sexual advances, he attacks her, sending her crashing through a glasshouse. Batman escapes in the Batmobile , unaware that the Red Triangle gang has sabotaged it, allowing Oswald to control the vehicle, causing what appears to be a case of road rage . Before regaining control, Batman records Oswald's insulting tirade against Gotham's citizens and later plays it during Oswald's mayoral rally, destroying his public image and forcing him to retreat to Gotham Zoo. There, Oswald renounces his humanity, fully embracing his identity as the Penguin, and sets his plan in motion to abduct and kill Gotham's first-born sons as revenge for his own abandonment and problems. Selina attempts to kill Max at his charity ball, but Bruce intervenes, and the two inadvertently discover each other's secret identities. Penguin crashes the event intending to kidnap Max's son, Chip, but Max offers himself instead. Batman disrupts the Red Triangle gang and halts the kidnappings, prompting the Penguin to unleash his missile-equipped penguin army to destroy Gotham. Batman's ally, Alfred Pennyworth , overrides the control signal, redirecting the penguins back to Gotham Zoo. As the missiles obliterate the zoo, Batman unleashes a swarm of bats, causing the Penguin to fall into the toxic waters of the Arctic exhibit. Catwoman confronts Max, rejecting Batman's plea to abandon her revenge and leave with him. Max shoots Batman, incapacitating him, and then shoots Catwoman multiple times, but she survives, claiming she has two of her nine lives left. Catwoman electrocutes Max with a live cable, causing a power surge that appears to kill them both; however, Batman finds only Max's remains. The Penguin emerges one last time but succumbs to his injuries, with his penguins carrying his body into the water. Sometime later, while traveling home, Bruce spots Selina's silhouette but finds only a cat, which he takes with him. The Bat-Signal shines above the city as Catwoman gazes up at it. Cast Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman : A billionaire businessman who operates as Gotham's vigilante protector [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Danny DeVito as Oswald Cobblepot / Penguin : A malformed crime boss [ 6 ] Michelle Pfeiffer as Selina Kyle / Catwoman : A meek assistant turned vengeful villainess [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Christopher Walken as Max Shreck: A ruthless industrialist [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth : Wayne's butler and surrogate father [ 10 ] Pat Hingle as James Gordon : The Gotham City police commissioner and Batman's ally [ 11 ] Michael Murphy as the Mayor: The city's incumbent mayor [ 5 ] [ 12 ] The cast of Batman Returns includes Andrew Bryniarski as Max's son Charles "Chip" Schreck and Cristi Conaway as the Ice Princess, Gotham's beauty queen-elect. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Paul Reubens and Diane Salinger appear as Tucker and Esther Cobblepot, Oswald's wealthy, elite parents. [ 16 ] Sean Whalen appears as a paperboy; [ 15 ] Jan Hooks and Steve Witting play Jen and Josh, Oswald's mayoral image consultants . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] The Red Triangle gang includes the monkey-toting Organ Grinder ( Vincent Schiavelli ), the Poodle Lady ( Anna Katarina ), the Tattooed Strongman ( Rick Zumwalt ), the Sword Swallower (John Strong), the Knifethrower Dame (Erika Andersch), the Acrobatic Thug (Gregory Scott Cummins), the Terrifying Clown ( Branscombe Richmond ), the Fat Clown (Travis Mckenna), and the Thin Clown ( Doug Jones ). [ 15 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Production Development Following the success of Batman (1989), which became the fifth-highest-grossing film of its time, a sequel was considered inevitable. Warner Bros. Pictures began discussing a follow-up by late 1989, with plans to start filming the next May. [ a ] The studio wanted Robin Williams and Danny DeVito to portray the Riddler and Penguin, respectively, [ 23 ] and invested $2 million in acquiring the Gotham City sets at Pinewood Studios in England, intending to reuse them for at least two sequels. The sets were placed under 24-hour surveillance, as maintaining them was more cost-effective than rebuilding. [ 23 ] Despite Warner Bros.' pressure to secure a script and begin production, director Tim Burton was hesitant to return. [ 23 ] [ 9 ] [ 25 ] He described the idea of a sequel as "dumbfounded", particularly before the first film's box-office performance could be assessed. [ 23 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Burton was skeptical of sequels in general, believing they were only worthwhile if they offered something new and different. [ 23 ] [ 26 ] Batman writer Sam Hamm 's initial story treatment expanded on district attorney Harvey Dent —played by Billy Dee Williams in Batman —and charted his transformation into the supervillain Two-Face . Warner Bros., however, pushed for the Penguin as the primary antagonist, whom Hamm believed the studio regarded as Batman's most recognizable foe after the Joker . Catwoman was also added because Burton and Hamm were interested in the character. [ 25 ] Hamm's drafts followed directly from Batman , continuing Bruce Wayne's relationship with Vicki Vale ( Kim Basinger ) and leading to their engagement. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] His Penguin was depicted as an avian-themed criminal who weaponized birds, while Catwoman was portrayed as more overtly sexual, clad in " bondage " attire, and casually murdering groups of men. [ 25 ] The story paired Penguin and Catwoman in a plot to frame Batman for the murders of Gotham's wealthiest citizens while pursuing a hidden treasure, which ultimately drew them to Wayne Manor and uncovered the Wayne family's secret past. Hamm also introduced the Christmastime setting and included Robin , Batman's sidekick, though his idea of assault rifle -wielding Santas was discarded. In Hamm's drafts, Batman avoided killing and concentrated on protecting Gotham's homeless. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] Ultimately, his two scripts failed to reignite Burton's interest, [ 25 ] [ 26 ] and the director instead focused on Edward Scissorhands (1990) and co-writing The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993). [ 9 ] Burton was confirmed to direct the sequel in January 1991, with filming planned to begin later that year for a 1992 release. [ 27 ] His decision was influenced by the 1989 departure of Batman producers Peter Guber and Jon Peters to Columbia Pictures , as Burton had been frustrated by the level of creative control they exercised over the first film. [ 28 ] He agreed to return only after securing greater creative authority, later admitting that Batman was his least favorite of his films, describing it as "occasionally boring". [ 9 ] [ 25 ] [ 29 ] According to long-time collaborator Denise Di Novi , "Only about 50% of Batman was [Burton]", and Warner Bros. wanted Batman Returns to be "more of a Tim Burton movie ... [a] weirder movie but also more hip and fun". [ 29 ] Burton brought in several long-time collaborators to replace key members of the original Batman crew, including cinematographer Stefan Czapsky , production designer Bo Welch , creature-effects supervisor Stan Winston , makeup artist Ve Neill , and art directors Tom Duffield and Rick Henrichs. [ 30 ] He hired Daniel Waters to replace Hamm, preferring a writer with no emotional attachment to Batman . Burton admired Waters's script for the dark comedy Heathers (1988), which reflected the darker tone and creative direction he envisioned for the sequel. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 29 ] Burton reportedly clashed with Peters, demoting him to executive producer and largely excluding him from the set. [ 9 ] Warner Bros. served as the production company and distributor, with additional support from executive producer Guber and Peters's Polygram Pictures . [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Writing Waters began work on his first draft in mid-1990. [ 33 ] Burton's only guidance was that the script should avoid connections to the previous Batman , aside from a brief reference to Vale as Wayne's former partner, and that Catwoman should be developed with more depth than the typical sexy vixen archetype. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Waters, who disliked the 1989 film, ignored its narrative threads and comic-book history, focusing instead on artistic expression. [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Unlike Hamm, Waters did not object to Batman killing , arguing that the character should reflect darker contemporary sensibilities and that relying on authorities to handle captured villains felt outdated. [ 25 ] Even so, he limited Batman's lethal actions to moments that served the story. He also expressed dissatisfaction with unscripted additions, such as the scene where Batman blows up a Red Triangle gang member. [ 8 ] Keaton had Waters remove jabs at the 1989 film's merchandising, including an opening on a merchandise store, saying, "[This] is very clever. Cut it". [ 36 ] Waters's dialogue for Batman, which he described as "bitter and cynical"—including lines suggesting Gotham City was unworthy of protection—was pared back because Keaton felt Batman should speak as little as possible in costume, and Burton preferred to portray the character as motivated by trauma rather than nihilism . [ 8 ] [ 34 ] [ 37 ] As a result, the script focused on the villains . Burton said he initially struggled to understand the appeal of the Penguin's comic-book counterpart; Batman, Catwoman, and the Joker had clear psychological profiles, but the Penguin was "just this guy with a cigarette and a top hat". [ 25 ] The initial draft portrayed him as a stereotypical DeVito character—an abrasive gangster—but Waters and Burton agreed to make him more "animalistic". [ 33 ] They decided to present the Penguin as a tragic figure, abandoned as an infant by his parents, mirroring Batman's childhood trauma of losing his own parents. [ 25 ] Political and social satire was incorporated, influenced by two episodes of the 1960s television series Batman ("Hizzoner the Penguin" and "Dizhonner the Penguin"), in which the Penguin runs for mayor. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] Waters reimagined Hamm's Catwoman, shifting her from a "fetishy sexual fantasy" femme fatale to a working-class, disenchanted secretary, writing her as an allegory of contemporary feminism. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Waters created Max Shreck—an original character named after actor Max Schreck —to replace Harvey Dent/Two-Face. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Shreck was written satirically, an evil industrialist who orchestrates the Penguin's mayoral campaign, to show that true villains do not always wear costumes. In one draft, he was depicted as the Penguin's favored brother. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] With four central characters to develop, Waters and Burton removed Robin, a garage mechanic who aids Batman after the Penguin crashes the Batmobile, describing the character as "worthless". [ 25 ] [ 30 ] The Red Triangle gang, initially conceived as a troupe of performance artists, was changed to circus clowns at Burton's request. [ 38 ] Waters said his 160-page first draft was too outlandish and would have cost $400 million to produce, prompting him to adopt a more restrained approach. [ 33 ] His fifth and final draft focused on characterization and interactions rather than plot. [ b ] Burton and Waters eventually fell out over disagreements about the script, particularly Waters's refusal to make requested changes. Burton hired Wesley Strick to streamline Waters's lengthy script, condense dialogue, and lighten the tone. [ 37 ] Warner Bros. executives required Strick to include a master plan for the Penguin, leading to the addition of a plot involving the kidnapping of Gotham's first-born sons and the threat of missile attacks. [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 40 ] Strick delivered his draft in August 1991. [ 28 ] Waters described the changes as relatively minor but expressed confusion over the Penguin's master plan. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 37 ] He made a final revision to Strick's shooting script, and although Strick was on set for months and involved in agreed-upon rewrites, Waters was the sole credited screenwriter. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 41 ] Casting Michael Keaton reprised his role as Bruce Wayne / Batman for $10 million, double his salary for Batman . [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 42 ] Burton initially wanted Marlon Brando to play the Penguin, but Warner Bros. preferred Dustin Hoffman . Christopher Lloyd and Robert De Niro were also considered, with Danny DeVito emerging as the frontrunner after Waters reimagined the character as a deformed human-bird hybrid. [ 22 ] [ 26 ] [ 43 ] DeVito was initially hesitant to accept the role until persuaded by his close friend Jack Nicholson , who had portrayed the Joker in Batman . [ 26 ] [ 43 ] To communicate his vision, Burton showed DeVito a painting he had created of a small character sitting on a red-and-white striped ball, captioned: "my name is Jimmy, but my friends call me the hideous penguin boy". [ 8 ] [ 25 ] [ 40 ] Casting Selina Kyle / Catwoman proved challenging. [ 25 ] [ 40 ] Annette Bening was initially cast in the role but had to withdraw due to pregnancy. Other actresses considered included Ellen Barkin , Cher , Bridget Fonda , Jennifer Jason Leigh , Madonna , Julie Newmar , Lena Olin , Susan Sarandon , Raquel Welch , and Kim Basinger. The most notable contender was Sean Young , who had been cast as Vale in Batman before an injury prevented her from performing. [ c ] Young reportedly visited the Warner Bros. lot in a homemade Catwoman costume for an impromptu audition with Burton, who allegedly hid under his desk while Keaton and producer Mark Canton briefly met with her. She also showcased her costume on Entertainment Tonight and pitched it on The Joan Rivers Show . Warner Bros. ultimately decided that Young did not align with their vision for Catwoman. [ d ] The role went to Michelle Pfeiffer , who was regarded as a proven actress and someone who worked well with Burton, although some publications suggested the role would challenge her acting range. [ 8 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] Pfeiffer had also been considered for the role of Vale in Batman , but Keaton vetoed her casting due to their previous romantic relationship, believing her presence could interfere with attempts to reconcile with his wife. [ 47 ] She received a $3 million salary—$2 million more than Bening—plus a share of the film's gross profits. [ e ] Pfeiffer trained for several months in kickboxing with her stunt double, Kathy Long , mastering the whip and becoming skilled enough to perform many of her own stunts with it. [ f ] Shreck's appearance was modeled on Vincent Price in an unspecified older film, while Walken based his performance on moguls such as Sol Hurok and Samuel Goldwyn . [ 5 ] [ 8 ] Walken said, "I tend to play mostly villains and twisted people. Unsavory guys. I think it's my face, the way I look". [ 51 ] Burgess Meredith , who portrayed the Penguin in the 1960s TV series, was originally scheduled to cameo as Penguin's father, Tucker Cobblepot, but became ill during filming. He was replaced by Paul Reubens, while Diane Salinger played Tucker's wife, Esther. Both had previously appeared in Burton's feature-film debut, Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985). [ 9 ] [ 26 ] [ 52 ] Although Robin was removed from the final screenplay, the character's development had progressed far enough that Marlon Wayans had already been cast (Burton had specifically wanted an African-American Robin), and costumes, sets, and action figures were created. In a 1998 interview, Wayans said that he continued to receive residual checks under the two-film contract he had signed. [ g ] Early reports suggested that Nicholson had been asked to return as the Joker, but he allegedly declined to film in England due to foreign salary taxes. Nicholson, however, denied being asked, believing that Warner Bros. would not want to replicate the generous compensation he had received for Batman . [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Filming Principal photography began on September 3, 1991. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 57 ] Burton wanted to film in the United States with American actors, believing that Batman , which had been shot in the United Kingdom, had "suffered from a British subtext". [ h ] Changes in the economics of filming in the UK also made it more cost-effective to remain in the U.S. [ 30 ] This decision required abandoning the Pinewood Studios sets in favor of Burton's new designs. Batman Returns was filmed almost entirely on up to eight soundstages at Warner Bros. Studios, Burbank , California, including Stage 16, which housed the expansive Gotham Plaza set. [ i ] Stage 12 at the Universal Studios Lot was used for the Penguin's Arctic-exhibit lair. [ j ] Warner Bros. maintained a high level of security to avoid details leaking for Batman Returns . Cast and crew wore ID badges branded with the film's working title , Dictel , a word coined by Welch and Burton meaning "dictatorial", as they were unhappy with the studio's "ridiculous gestapo " measures. [ 59 ] Some sets were kept very cold for the live Emperor , black-footed , and King penguins. [ 8 ] [ 22 ] [ 26 ] The birds were transported in a refrigerated airplane for filming, and housed in a chilled waiting area with a swimming pool stocked daily with half a ton of ice and fresh fish. [ 8 ] [ 26 ] DeVito stated that, although he generally enjoyed being on set, he disliked the cold conditions and was the only cast member somewhat comfortable due to the heavy padding in his costume. [ 8 ] The penguin army was created using live penguins supplemented by puppets, forty Emperor-penguin suits worn by little people, and computer-generated imagery (CGI). [ 8 ] [ 22 ] People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) protested the use of real penguins, citing concerns over moving the birds from their natural environment. While the organization later acknowledged that the penguins were not mistreated, it criticized the lack of fresh drinking water, noting they were confined to a small chlorinated pool. [ 22 ] [ 60 ] PETA also objected to the penguins being fitted with prop weapons and gadgets, which Warner Bros. stated were lightweight plastic. [ 61 ] Burton himself expressed a reluctance to use live animals, emphasizing his care and concern for their treatment. [ 62 ] Walken described the filming process as highly collaborative, recalling that his suggestion to add a blueprint for Shreck's power plant led to a model being constructed within hours. [ 8 ] The scene in which Catwoman places a live bird in her mouth was performed live, with no CGI, and Pfeiffer later remarked that she would not perform the stunt again, given the potential risks of injury or disease. [ 8 ] For a sewer scene, handlers positioned above and below guided an organ-grinder monkey carrying a note for the Penguin. When the monkey saw DeVito in full costume and makeup, it lunged at him. DeVito recalled, "The monkey looked at me, froze, and then leapt right at my balls ... Thank god it was a padded costume". [ 63 ] A scene depicting the explosion of Shreck's superstore resulted in minor injuries to four stuntmen. [ 22 ] Principal photography concluded on February 20, 1992, after 170 days. [ 22 ] Design and effects Batman Returns ' production design and visual style were reimagined by Bo Welch, replacing the late Anton Furst and bringing a darker, expressionist aesthetic after collaborating with Burton on Beetlejuice (1988) and Edward Scissorhands . [ 5 ] [ 26 ] [ 35 ] Welch designed key props such as the Batskiboat and Penguin's umbrellas, introduced a "Batmissile" mode for the Batmobile, and oversaw large-scale sets including Gotham Plaza and Penguin's lair. [ 35 ] [ 64 ] Influenced by German Expressionism —a 1920s cinematic style characterized by harsh shadows, distorted architecture, and psychological intensity—Welch also drew from neo-fascist architecture (including Nazi Germany-era styles ), American Precisionist painting, and street-level imagery of homelessness amid affluence. He employed miniatures and exaggerated verticality to evoke a decaying, alienating Gotham. [ 22 ] [ 35 ] [ 65 ] Welch, a trained architect, structured the city on a grid of strong vertical lines, emphasizing huge skyscrapers that transform streets into dark canyons to evoke a sense of victimization and oppression. [ 35 ] [ 66 ] He researched the look by studying fascist architecture from the Third Reich and world's fairs , styles he felt were "evocative of oppressive bureaucracies and dictatorships", to design the monolithic Gotham Plaza. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Welch further drew upon Precisionism, a movement known for using hard outlines, solid shadows, and slick, impersonal surfaces to lend industrial subjects an epic character, citing the work of Charles Sheeler and Georgia O'Keeffe as specific influences. [ 66 ] He also incorporated Burton's early sketch of Catwoman, with a "very S&M kind of look", by integrating steel and chain elements into the set, creating the impression of a city collapsing in on itself. [ 35 ] [ 22 ] Costume designers Bob Ringwood and Mary Vogt updated the Batsuit with a mechanical look and created a fragile latex Catwoman suit requiring numerous backups. [ 22 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] DeVito's Penguin relied on extensive prosthetics by Stan Winston Studio , including black saliva for grotesque effect, and the team built thirty animatronic penguins supplemented with actors and digital effects. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 22 ] Post-production was intense, with some effects shots conceived just weeks before the June 19, 1992 release. [ 72 ] The visual effects workload ultimately encompassed around 115 shots, employing matte paintings, miniatures, CGI, makeup, puppets, and pyrotechnics, handled by six major effects houses including Stan Winston Studio, Boss Film Studios , and Matte World Digital . [ 72 ] [ 31 ] Post-production Chris Lebenzon edited the 126-minute theatrical cut of Batman Returns . [ 7 ] [ 17 ] [ 73 ] The post-production period was rushed, forcing Burton to present a cut to studio executives only four weeks after filming wrapped—far shorter than his typical editing timelines. [ 74 ] The final scene of Catwoman looking up at the Bat-Signal was filmed during post-production, just two weeks before release. Warner Bros. mandated the scene—showing that Catwoman survived—after test audiences responded positively to Pfeiffer's performance. Pfeiffer was unavailable, so a stand-in was used. [ k ] Although the character draws on feline mythology—such as cats having nine lives—Waters and Burton never intended the supernatural elements to be taken literally, and Catwoman was planned to definitively die alongside Shreck. [ 8 ] [ 78 ] A scene showing Penguin's gang destroying a store filled with Batman merchandise was also removed. [ 25 ] Warner Bros. provided a final budget of $55 million for Batman Returns , though other sources have cited estimates of $50 million, $65 million, $75 million, or $80 million. [ l ] [ ii ] Music Danny Elfman was initially reluctant to score Batman Returns because he was unhappy that his Batman score was supplemented with pop music by Prince . [ 8 ] Elfman built on many of his Batman themes, and said that he enjoyed working on the Penguin's themes the most because of the character's sympathetic aspects, such as his abandonment and death. [ 8 ] [ 83 ] Recorded with a studio orchestra on the Sony Scoring Stage in Los Angeles, Elfman's score includes vocals, harps, bells, xylophones, flutes, pianos, and chimes. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Burton and Elfman fell out during production due to the stress of finishing Batman Returns on time, but reconciled shortly afterward. [ 86 ] The song " Face to Face ", played during the costume-ball scene, was co-written and performed by the British rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees . [ 85 ] Release Context By the summer theatrical season of 1992 (starting the last week of May), the film industry faced low ticket sales, rising production costs, and several box-office failures from the previous year. [ 87 ] Eighty-nine films were scheduled for release, including A League of Their Own , Alien 3 , Encino Man , Far and Away , Patriot Games , and Sister Act . [ 24 ] [ 79 ] [ 87 ] Studios had to carefully plan releases to avoid competition from anticipated blockbusters, such as Lethal Weapon 3 , Batman Returns , and the 1992 Summer Olympics . [ 79 ] Batman Returns was predicted to be the summer's biggest hit, causing other studios to worry about scheduling films even a few weeks from its premiere. [ 79 ] [ 88 ] Paramount Pictures reportedly increased Patriot Games ' budget by $14 million to make it more competitive with Batman Returns and Lethal Weapon 3 . [ 79 ] [ 87 ] Marketing Franchising had not been a major focus for Batman prior to its release, but after merchandise generated roughly $500 million of the film's $1.5 billion total earnings, it became a priority for Batman Returns . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 89 ] A 12-minute promotional reel debuted at WorldCon in September 1991, alongside a black-and-white poster of a silhouetted Batman, which was deemed "mundane" and uninspiring by industry professionals. [ 22 ] [ 65 ] Warner Bros. delayed major promotion until February 1992 to avoid over-saturation and alienating audiences. [ 65 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] A trailer rolled out in 5,000 theaters that month, accompanied by a new poster showing a snow-swept Batman logo. [ 22 ] [ 65 ] The campaign focused on the three central characters—Batman, Penguin, and Catwoman—which Warner Bros. believed would offset the absence of the popular Nicholson. [ 87 ] [ 90 ] Over two-thirds of the 300 public posters were stolen, prompting Warner Bros. to offer 200 limited-edition posters for $250, signed by Keaton, who donated his earnings to charity. [ 22 ] [ 90 ] [ 91 ] Marketing expenditures were expected to exceed $100 million, including $20 million by Warner Bros. for commercials and trailers and $60 million by merchandising partners. These partners—including McDonald's , Ralston Purina , Kmart , Target Corporation , Venture Stores , and Sears —planned roughly 300 in-store Batman shops. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] McDonald's converted 9,000 outlets into Gotham City restaurants, featuring Batman-themed packaging and a cup lid that doubled as a flying disc. [ 89 ] CBS aired the television special The Bat, The Cat, The Penguin ... Batman Returns , while Choice Hotels sponsored the hour-long The Making of Batman Returns . [ 22 ] [ 89 ] TV ads depicted Batman and Catwoman fighting over a can of Diet Coke , with the Penguin (and his penguins) promoting Choice Hotels, and additional advertisements ran on billboards and in print—sometimes across three consecutive newspaper pages—targeting older audiences. [ 90 ] Box office Batman Returns premiered on June 16, 1992, at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. Two blocks of Hollywood Boulevard were closed for more than 3,000 fans, 33 TV film crews, and 100 photographers. A party followed on the Stage 16 Gotham Plaza set, attended by the cast and crew, as well as Arnold Schwarzenegger , Faye Dunaway , James Caan , Mickey Rooney , Harvey Keitel , Christian Slater , and James Woods , among others. [ 58 ] The film had a limited preview release in the U.S. and Canada on Thursday, June 18, grossing $2 million. [ 8 ] [ 24 ] [ 82 ] It expanded widely the following day, playing on an above-average 3,000 screens across 2,644 theaters. [ 8 ] [ 24 ] [ 92 ] Batman Returns grossed $45.7 million in its opening weekend, breaking the record set by Batman ($42.7 million), and debuted as the number-one film, topping Sister Act ($7.8 million in its fourth weekend) and Patriot Games ($7.7 million in its third). [ 24 ] [ 92 ] [ 93 ] Batman Returns was the first feature film released in Dolby Stereo Digital , in select theaters, marking a milestone in cinema audio technology that later became synonymous with surround sound in theaters. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Early analysis suggested Batman Returns could become one of the highest-grossing films of all time. Warner Bros. executive Robert Friedman noted, "We opened it the first real weekend when kids are out of school. The audience is everybody, but the engine that drives the charge are kids under 20". [ 24 ] Patriot Games producer Mace Neufeld observed that other films benefited from overflow audiences who avoided long lines or sold-out screenings of Batman Returns . [ 24 ] Batman Returns grossed $25.4 million in its second weekend—a 44.3 percent drop—yet remained the number-one film ahead of the debuting Unlawful Entry ($10.1 million) and Sister Act ($7.2 million). [ 96 ] [ 97 ] By its third weekend, it became the second-fastest film to reach $100 million (11 days), behind Batman (10 days). [ 98 ] It held the top spot with $13.8 million (a 45.6 percent drop), narrowly edging out the debuts of A League of Their Own ($13.7 million) and Boomerang ($13.6 million). [ 97 ] [ 99 ] The Washington Post described its steep week-to-week declines as concerning, and industry analysts suggested that Batman Returns would struggle to match the theatrical longevity of Batman . [ 97 ] [ 22 ] The film exited the top ten highest-grossing films by its seventh week and concluded its 18-week run in late October with a total U.S. and Canada gross of $162.8 million. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] This made it the third-highest-grossing film of 1992, behind Home Alone 2: Lost in New York ($173.6 million) and Aladdin ($217.3 million). [ 102 ] Outside the U.S. and Canada, Batman Returns grossed $104 million, [ 103 ] setting U.K. records for the highest-grossing opening weekend (£2.5 million) and single-day gross (£1.1 million). [ 97 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] Worldwide, Batman Returns grossed $266.8 million, [ iii ] making it the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1992, ahead of A Few Good Men ($243.2 million) and behind Lethal Weapon 3 ($321.7 million). [ 103 ] Reception Critical response Batman Returns drew a polarized response from critics and audiences, with its darker tone and mature content proving divisive. [ 5 ] [ 22 ] [ 106 ] CinemaScore polling reported an average grade from audiences of B on an A+-to-F scale. [ 107 ] Some reviewers, including Janet Maslin and Desson Howe , compared the sequel favorably to Batman , citing faster pacing, increased humor, and greater character depth, which avoided the original's "dourness" and "tedium". [ m ] Maslin and Dave Kehr emphasized that Burton's creative control made Batman Returns a more personal and "fearlessly" distinctive work. [ 109 ] [ 112 ] Critics such as Kenneth Turan commended the film's visuals but argued that the emphasis on spectacle sometimes made it feel cheerless and claustrophobic, occasionally at the expense of the plot. [ 7 ] [ 81 ] [ 111 ] Owen Gleiberman suggested that Burton's imaginative flourishes were undermined by a lack of grounding in normality. [ 7 ] The narrative received mixed reactions. Howe and Turan praised the film for adding emotional depth to its characters, particularly Catwoman and the Penguin, though Turan noted a lag in pacing midway. [ 108 ] [ 81 ] In contrast, Todd McCarthy found the story cluttered, with too many plotlines diminishing momentum. [ 110 ] Gleiberman similarly argued that the numerous storylines created a sense of disjointedness. [ 7 ] Critics generally agreed that the first two acts were more compelling than the finale, which they believed struggled to resolve multiple character arcs satisfactorily. [ 108 ] [ 81 ] [ 110 ] Others, including Jonathan Rosenbaum , believed the film lacked suspense and clever writing, overwhelmed by characters and near-constant banter. [ 12 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] Maslin observed that Burton prioritized visuals over plot. [ 109 ] Gene Siskel argued that the sympathetic villains diminished narrative satisfaction, leaving viewers wishing Batman might not prevail. [ 115 ] Critics noted that the film devoted more attention to its villains than to Batman himself. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] [ 116 ] Gleiberman remarked that the villain sequences often overshadowed Keaton's performance. [ 7 ] McCarthy described Batman as a symbolic figure rather than a psychologically complex character, while Ebert viewed being Batman as a curse rather than a heroic fantasy. [ 12 ] [ 110 ] [ 116 ] Conversely, Peter Travers praised Keaton's "manic depressive hero" as a fully realized character. [ 117 ] DeVito was acclaimed by Gleiberman, McCarthy, and Maslin for his energetic and distinctive portrayal, effectively conveying pathos and complexity despite heavy prosthetics. [ 7 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] Howe highlighted Burton's focus on the character as indicative of directorial sympathy, [ 108 ] while Maslin and Caryn James praised DeVito's charm, making the Penguin a compelling and memorable presence. [ 109 ] [ 116 ] McCarthy and Travers described him as fascinating and humorously warped. [ 110 ] [ 117 ] Turan and Rosenbaum, however, felt he did not evoke the same fear or energy as Nicholson's Joker. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] [ 113 ] Turan, Kehr, and Maslin praised Pfeiffer for her passionate, intelligent, and fiercely independent performance, providing energy and levity amid the film's dark tone. [ 81 ] [ 109 ] [ 112 ] Rosenbaum felt she did not match Nicholson's villainy, [ 113 ] though Turan called the Batman–Catwoman scenes the most interesting. [ 81 ] Travers noted that when the characters remove their masks, they appear "lost and touchingly human," and Ty Burr described the ballroom scene as more emotionally resonant than anything in Batman . [ 117 ] [ 111 ] Ebert observed that their sexual tension seemed muted for a younger audience. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] Walken's performance was praised for its combination of charm, wit, and understated authority. Maslin emphasized Walken's debonair and engaging performance as one of the film's highlights, while McCarthy noted his understated, composed delivery. Travers also remarked on his clever and amusing take on the character, describing him as a "fiendishly funny" presence. [ 109 ] [ 110 ] [ 117 ] Bo Welch's production design received acclaim for creating a sleeker, brighter, and more authoritarian Gotham than Furst's "brooding" style. [ 81 ] [ 112 ] [ 118 ] McCarthy lauded Welch's realization of Burton's vision, though Siskel dismissed it as "toy shop window decorating" compared to Furst. [ 110 ] [ 115 ] Costume and makeup design were praised, with Maslin noting their lingering visual impact. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 119 ] Stefan Czapsky's cinematography was well received, lending a "lively" quality to the subterranean sets. [ 109 ] Accolades At the 46th British Academy Film Awards , Batman Returns was nominated for Best Makeup (Ve Neill and Stan Winston) and Best Special Visual Effects (Michael Fink, Craig Barron, John Bruno, and Dennis Skotak). [ 120 ] For the 65th Academy Awards , Batman Returns received two nomations: Best Makeup (Neill, Ronnie Specter, and Winston) and Best Visual Effects (Fink, Barron, Bruno, and Skotak). [ 121 ] Neill and Winston received the Best Make-up award at the 19th Saturn Awards . The film received four other Saturn Award nominations for Best Fantasy Film , Best Supporting Actor (DeVito), Best Director (Burton), and Best Costume Design (Bob Ringwood, Mary Vogt, and Vin Burnham ). [ 122 ] DeVito was nominated for Worst Supporting Actor at the 13th Golden Raspberry Awards , and Pfeiffer for Most Desirable Female at the 1993 MTV Movie Awards . [ 123 ] [ 124 ] Batman Returns was nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. [ 125 ] After release Performance analysis and aftermath The U.S. and Canadian box office underperformed in 1992, with admissions down by up to five percent and about 290 million tickets sold (compared to over 300 million in each of the preceding four years). Industry professionals attributed the decline to a combination of uninspired films, rising ticket prices, competition from the Olympics, and an economic recession . Even financially successful films experienced steep week-to-week drops, particularly among younger audiences, who were vital to box office success. [ 126 ] Despite these challenges, Batman Returns and Lethal Weapon 3 gave Warner Bros. the most profitable first half-year in its history, with the studio expecting returns over $200 million . [ 98 ] However, Batman Returns fell $114.8 million short of Batman ' s $411.6 million gross, and was considered a disappointment as a sequel to the fifth-highest-grossing film of its time. [ 42 ] [ 127 ] [ 128 ] By July 1992, anonymous Warner Bros. executives reportedly said about the film, "It's too dark. It's not a lot of fun". [ 5 ] Although it carried a PG-13 rating —warning that it may contain content unsuitable for children—Warner Bros. received thousands of complaint letters from parents who objected to the film's violent and sexualized content. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 126 ] Waters recalled one screening where "It's like kids crying, people acting like they've been punched in the stomach and like they've been mugged". [ 5 ] He anticipated some backlash but admitted that certain elements may have gone too far. [ 129 ] Burton later said that he preferred Batman Returns to Batman and did not view it as darker. [ 130 ] Sam Hamm defended Burton and Waters, stating that, aside from merchandising, the film had never been intended as child-friendly. [ 129 ] McDonald's was also criticized for its child-centered promotion and toy tie-ins. [ n ] The company subsequently changed its practices, requiring extended previews of films before agreeing to promotional partnerships. [ 132 ] Warner Bros.' hopes that the film might mirror Batman ' s lucrative merchandising campaign were similarly undercut, as demand for licensed products proved far weaker than in 1989. A JCPenney representative reported that only about one-third of stock had sold, with the remainder discounted, while another store described sales as barely a tenth of Batman ' s. [ 132 ] In light of the backlash and merchandising decline, Warner Bros. chose to continue the series without Burton, whom they considered "too dark and odd for them", and hired Joel Schumacher to direct the next installment. [ 42 ] A rival studio executive remarked, "If you bring back Burton and Keaton, you're stuck with their vision. You can't expect Honey, I Shrunk the Batman ", referencing the family-friendly Honey, I Shrunk the Kids (1989). [ 131 ] Around the same time, executive producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael Uslan sued Warner Bros., alleging that the studio had denied them their share of profits from Batman and Batman Returns through Hollywood accounting practices—artificially inflating a film's production costs to make it appear unprofitable and limit payouts. A court ruled in Warner Bros.' favor, citing insufficient evidence. [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Home media Batman Returns was released on VHS and LaserDisc on October 21, 1992. [ 22 ] [ 135 ] [ 136 ] The VHS carried a lower-than-average price to encourage sales and rentals. Although the film was expected to sell millions of copies and perform strongly as a rental, commentators suggested its darker tone would limit appeal among children, the demographic most responsible for driving home-video sales. [ 135 ] Danny Elfman's score was issued on compact disc in 1992, with an expanded edition released in 2010. [ 85 ] The film was first released on DVD in 1997, without additional features. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] In October 2005, Warner Bros. issued an anthology DVD box set containing all four films in the Burton–Schumacher Batman series. The Batman Returns disc included a commentary by Burton, the making-of featurette The Bat, The Cat, and The Penguin , the fourth part of the documentary Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight , featurettes on costumes, make-up, and special effects, and the music video for Face to Face . [ 139 ] The anthology set was reissued on Blu-ray in 2009, alongside a standalone Blu-ray edition of Batman Returns . [ 137 ] [ 140 ] A 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray edition, restored from the original 35mm negative, was released in 2019 with previously available special features. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] A 4K collector's edition followed in 2022, packaged in a SteelBook case with original cover art, character cards, a double-sided poster, and the earlier supplements. [ 143 ] Other media About 120 products were marketed with Batman Returns , including action figures and toys by Kenner Products , Catwoman-themed clothing, toothbrushes, roller skates, T-shirts, underwear, sunglasses, towels, beanbags, mugs, weightlifting gloves, throw pillows, cookie cutters, commemorative coins, playing cards, costume jewelry, cereal, a radio-controlled Batmobile, and even tortilla chips shaped like the Batman logo. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] Although a similar number of products had been marketed for Batman (1989), Warner Bros. used fewer licensees this time to allow greater oversight. To combat counterfeiting, holographic labels developed by American Bank Note Holographics were attached to licensed merchandise. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] The concurrent release of Batman: The Animated Series later in 1992 was expected to extend merchandising success beyond the film's theatrical run. [ 89 ] Other tie-ins included a novelization by Craig Shaw Gardner , published in July 1992, [ 144 ] [ 145 ] and the roller coaster Batman: The Ride at Six Flags Great America , built at a cost of $8 million and later replicated at additional Six Flags parks alongside a Batman stunt show. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] Several video-game adaptations titled Batman Returns were released across nearly all available platforms; [ 146 ] [ 147 ] [ 148 ] the Super Nintendo Entertainment System version was the most successful. [ 149 ] The film's legacy continued in later media. To celebrate the Penguin's 80th anniversary, DeVito wrote the 2021 comic story "Bird Cat Love", in which Penguin and Catwoman fall in love and end the COVID-19 pandemic . [ 150 ] [ 151 ] In 2022, DC Comics launched Batman '89 , a series written by Sam Hamm with art by Joe Quinones, which continues the Burton continuity, following up on Batman Returns by depicting Harvey Dent's transformation into Two-Face and introducing Robin. [ 152 ] The Red Triangle Gang made their first appearance outside the film in Robin #15 (2022). [ 153 ] [ 154 ] That same year, a holiday tie-in book was released, Batman Returns: One Dark Christmas Eve: The Illustrated Holiday Classic , by Ivan Cohen. [ 155 ] In 2023, LEGO released a near 4,000-piece Batcave set inspired by Batman Returns . [ 156 ] Thematic analysis Duality and fragmented identity Critic David Crow identifies duality as a central motif in Batman Returns , noting that Catwoman, Penguin, and Shreck each reflect warped aspects of Batman. [ 157 ] [ 25 ] [ 114 ] English and American studies professor Carol Siegel contends that the film is a neo-gothic fairy tale exploring bodily transformation and fragmented identity, often through the lens of rage against oppressive social structures. [ 158 ] Siegel argues that the film is unique within the Batman mythos because it is "more concerned with Bruce Wayne than his alter ego", resulting in an "almost complete abandonment of the action-adventure aspect of the comic tradition". [ 159 ] The divided selves of Bruce and Selina are central to the narrative, and themes of fractured identity are especially evident in Catwoman's transformation. [ 159 ] [ 160 ] According to author Simon Born, the dual identities constrain both characters, and their fleeting recognition at the masquerade ball is undermined by what he terms their "advanced schizophrenia". [ 161 ] Like Bruce, Selina is driven by trauma and inner conflict; unlike Batman, who seeks justice, she seeks vengeance. [ 6 ] [ 112 ] Although Catwoman acknowledges Batman's assertion that they are "the same, split right down the center", their differences prevent reconciliation. [ 25 ] Critics Darren Mooney and Betsy Sharkey argue that Penguin mirrors Batman's origin, as both lost their parents at an early age. Shreck even notes that, if not for his abandonment, Oswald Cobblepot and Bruce Wayne might have shared social circles. While Batman accepts his solitude, the Penguin craves acceptance, love, and respect, despite his destructive impulses. [ 5 ] [ 35 ] Mooney suggests Batman's conflicts with Penguin are personal rather than moral: Batman, quietly proud of being a "freak", resents the Penguin for mirroring his own abnormality. [ 5 ] Shreck, meanwhile, embodies Bruce's public persona taken to extremes—an industrialist whose greed and populism are masked by cheap gestures toward the public. [ 25 ] Born describes Batman Returns as a highly stylized neo-gothic work in which identity, social critique, and psychological trauma are externalized through an opulent design. [ 157 ] He refers to Gotham as an "insurrection of signs", where established symbols are inverted and notions of good and evil destabilized. [ 162 ] Born further argues that Batman has lost his personal identity to his alter ego: "Bruce Wayne is the mask of Batman". Batman uses this monstrous persona to shield himself from the world. Born notes that the hero's violence is depicted with a "casualness and malice" that is intended to unsettle the audience. [ 160 ] This portrayal implies that Batman is not far removed from the "relentless methods" of the fascistic powers he once opposed in earlier comics. [ 163 ] The carnivalesque and social critique Writer Catherine Mettler describes Batman Returns as a cinematic application of Mikhail Bakhtin 's theory of the carnivalesque , which posits that carnival can invert existing power hierarchies and enable popular renewal. Burton's work is characterized by elements that are "exuberantly colorful, gay, hallucinogenic, childlike, and chaotic", which he applies to films such as Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005). [ 164 ] The Penguin is a key embodiment of the carnivalesque, particularly through the concept of the grotesque body. [ 165 ] Mettler highlights his deformed physicality and excessive appetites as representations of the "unbounded" and "materially linked" body of the common people. [ 165 ] His sewer lair is described as a circus, further emphasizing the visual chaos of his character. [ 166 ] Living among the city's waste, the Penguin's existence underscores the stark divide between the elite and the masses he represents. [ 167 ] As the "least obvious carnivalesque character," Catwoman embodies the theme on a personal level. [ 168 ] Her transformation aligns with Bakhtin's notion of a carnival spirit that liberates a person from "conventions and established truths" and offers entry into "a completely new order of things". [ 168 ] Selina, a victim of a "sexist macho society", is pushed out a window by her boss. [ 169 ] Born argues that Selina empowers herself by adapting the 'symbol of her oppression—the cat—' and reframing it as a 'furious panther' in opposition to the chauvinistic business world. [ 160 ] Her rebellion reflects post-feminist theories linking sexuality, power, and identity. [ 160 ] However, Born argues that her struggle against masculine authority ultimately fails, as her autonomy is continually challenged by male characters, reflecting Hollywood's patriarchal system. [ 160 ] Sexuality and repression Batman Returns is noted for its exploration of sexuality, particularly the relationship between Batman and Catwoman, with critics often citing its S&M undertones and the use of leather fetish suits. [ 170 ] Siegel described the film as an "S&M art film" marketed as a children's summer blockbuster. [ 171 ] She argues that the film's exploration of fetishism, perversity, and eroticism is central to its neo-gothic themes. [ 158 ] According to Siegel, a central theme in Burton's work, including Batman Returns , is the "shared exhilaration and anxiety concerning bodily transformation". [ 172 ] This is most evident in Catwoman, whose transformation is marked by prominent stitches on her homemade patent-leather suit. [ 173 ] These stitches are both literal and symbolic, testifying to her reanimation after her death and revival by alley cats. [ 172 ] Siegel posits that the act of sewing her own suit functions as an ironic mimicry of the oppressive feminine social roles that had previously terrorized her. [ 174 ] Siegel suggests that their consensual S&M-coded relationship is mitigated by their heroic actions, which allow them to channel "both their rage and their perverse desires into their ongoing fight against destructive evil". [ 175 ] She contends this portrayal suggests that S&M can be regarded as "nearly wholesome so long as it is manifested with control and proper purpose". [ 175 ] Other critics interpret Batman and Catwoman's attraction less as sexual perversity and more as a "romance between two schizophrenics," rooted in shared anger and emotional wounds. [ 175 ] Critic Tom Breihan described Catwoman's vinyl catsuit as "pure BDSM ", complete with the whip she wields as a weapon. [ 25 ] [ 176 ] In the climax, she rejects Batman's offer of a happy ending and abandoning her revenge against Shreck; accepting Batman's will would mean allowing another man to control her. [ 25 ] Selina's arc from timid secretary to dominant Catwoman represents liberation from social conventions and established truths. [ 168 ] For Siegel, her stitched-together "Frankensteinean" catsuit is an artistic embodiment of her rage against patriarchal and repressive roles that once defined her. [ 177 ] Her story is one of personal empowerment against male hegemony, culminating in her showdown with Shreck. [ 178 ] Catwoman's overt embrace of sexuality contrasts with Batman's repression, presenting sexuality as dangerous, destabilizing, and incompatible with their vigilante roles. [ 179 ] Her sexuality functions both as empowerment and as a threat to patriarchal structures embodied by Shreck, Batman, and Penguin. [ 179 ] Alongside Catwoman's sexualized persona, Batman Returns continues a tradition in Batman media in which the hero's power stems from sublimating sexuality into violence. [ 179 ] Criminal justice scholar Graeme Newman said that, historically, Batman has been portrayed as asexual, reinforcing his obsessive focus on crime-fighting and echoing a moral stance that renounces "the medieval evil itself: sex". [ 180 ] His "tremendous force" of sexuality is redirected into "unrestrained lust: violence", presenting a distinctly male response to desire. [ 181 ] In Batman , his sexual encounter with Vicki Vale leaves him restless and disturbed, suggesting intimacy conflicts with his crime-fighting obsession. [ 182 ] The avoidance of homosexual themes—such as omitting Robin from the film or killing him in comics—was partly driven by fears that such portrayals would "contradict and divert attention away from the single-minded pursuit of justice". [ 182 ] The dynamic between Batman and Catwoman underscores this tension; both recognize that if they were to be together, they would no longer need to pursue their respective justice obsessions. [ 181 ] Mettler notes that while Catwoman achieves independence from social constraints and male control, she never achieves sexual liberation, observing that despite their attraction, she and Batman never consummate their relationship. [ 183 ] Film analyst Arthur Taussig argues that Catwoman's final decision in Batman Returns to reject the heroic Batman and choose "total freedom, total independence from all men" is a "revolutionary statement" and a "political breakthrough for popular cinema," as it subverts the traditional Hollywood formula of female characters finding fulfillment only through a male partner. [ 184 ] Power, politics, and ideology These tensions between sexuality and repression feed directly into the film's broader exploration of power and ideology, most clearly embodied in the Penguin's mayoral campaign, which Shreck masterminds. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Selina gains agency by donning the Catwoman costume and embracing her anger and sexuality. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] By contrast, according to Newman, Batman sublimates sexuality into violence, aligning him with a conservative ideology: order requires the denial of personal desire, and strength must be expressed through "good violence" in service of justice. [ 185 ] The film's political themes are interwoven with the machinations of Shreck, a figure who wields wealth to secure influence, declaring, "There's no such thing as too much power; if my life has a meaning that's the meaning". [ 25 ] Born argues that Shreck is arguably the film's only purely evil character; he is more frightening than the "freaks and monsters" because he operates "behind a façade of normalcy" while manipulating, corrupting, and killing others. Born contends that Burton's work suggests the true source of fear is not "the Other" (the outsider) but the "ordinary". [ 186 ] He further explains that Burton portrays the film's "freaks and monsters" as victimized individuals: the Penguin, abandoned by wealthy parents, lashes out at the consumer society that rejected him; Catwoman emerges from a chauvinistic world; and even Batman is a "traumatized individual". [ 187 ] Born concludes that the film ultimately destabilizes the binaries of good and evil, framing them as subjective narrative constructs. [ 188 ] Shreck convinces Penguin to run for mayor to advance his own interests, while Penguin seeks the legitimacy and respect that recognition would bring, echoing Catwoman's struggle. [ 116 ] [ 189 ] Critic Caryn James observed that Batman Returns delivers "sharp political jabs", suggesting that money and image matter more than substance. [ 116 ] Whereas the Joker in Batman won support by throwing money into the crowd, Shreck and Penguin rely on spectacle, pandering, and corporate showmanship. Penguin notes that both he and Shreck are monsters, but only Shreck is "well-respected". James remarked that Penguin does not seek to become lovable, only accepted. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] [ 116 ] When voters turn on him, he retaliates with a plan to kill infants, symbols of the opportunities he never had. Critic John Crow argued that Burton shows greatest sympathy for Penguin, devoting more screen time to his development. [ 25 ] The narrative aligns with Newman's interpretation of the film as delivering a "deeply conservative message". [ 185 ] The ineffectual liberal mayor is outmaneuvered by Shreck, the "evil capitalist", while Gotham's "fickle masses" nearly elect Penguin. [ 185 ] In this reading, "the moral weakness of liberalism is eclipsed by the moral strength of evil", leaving Batman's "good violence" as the only force capable of restoring order. [ 185 ] The interplay of sexuality and politics completes this logic: Catwoman's sexuality threatens male control, Batman's repression channels desire into violence, and Gotham's citizens, manipulated by spectacle, require a morally certain, if brutal, hero to save them from themselves. [ 190 ] These artistic and political strands are closely tied to Burton's personal rebellious impulses. He admitted a desire to vent anger "on such a grand scale," claiming he was "pretty much against society from the beginning". [ 191 ] This resistance to class hierarchy and patriarchy recurs throughout his work. [ 191 ] Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique Crow and Mooney saw Batman Returns as a critique of Batman's real-world cultural popularity and merchandising, particularly following the success of the previous film. Notably, a scene of a store filled with Batman merchandise being destroyed was removed from the final cut. [ 25 ] The film is "saturated with Christmas energy", but rejects conventional holiday norms to function as an anti- Christmas film that critiques commercialism and the absence of true goodwill. Shreck cynically exploits Christmas tropes, falsely portraying himself as selfless and benevolent, while the perversions of Penguin's Red Triangle gang represent a more overt rejection of the holiday. [ 5 ] [ 25 ] Born describes Christmas as a central motif in the film, but it is portrayed as a symbol of "commercial mass deception" and the "tyranny of department stores". [ 162 ] Both Penguin and Catwoman use the festive season to challenge Gotham's established power structures with carnivalesque traits. [ 192 ] Gotham City is dominated by Shreck. [ 193 ] Shreck embodies ruthless capitalism concealed behind the "friendly face of a cartoon animal", a subtle critique by Burton of his own experiences with corporate entities like The Walt Disney Company . [ 193 ] Batman Returns has been described as a neo-gothic fairy tale that is "more Burton than Batman". [ 194 ] Its content was deemed unsuitable for young children, prompting backlash from parents and critics. [ 132 ] An editorial in The New York Times warned that the film was "violent, sexually suggestive", featuring scenes where "kids are abandoned, kidnapped, and threatened with death". [ 132 ] The film includes racy dialogue, such as "just the pussy I've been looking for" and "I'd like to fill her void", which angered many parents. This controversy extended to merchandising, with McDonald's receiving numerous complaints about licensed toys and promotional items tied to the film. The resulting outcry over the film's tone and violence highlighted a clash between its dark themes and its marketing to a younger audience. [ 132 ] The film emphasizes loneliness and isolation during Christmastime: Bruce is first shown sitting alone in his vast mansion, inert until the Bat-Signal shines in the sky. While he forms a connection with Kyle, their differences remain insurmountable, and he ends the film as he began it; alone. [ 5 ] Critic Todd McCarthy noted that isolation is a recurring theme in much of Burton's work, emphasized in the film's three main characters. [ 110 ] Some contemporary critics argue that while the film is not explicitly antisemitic , it utilizes visual and thematic elements associated with historical Jewish stereotypes. [ 195 ] They suggest the Penguin embodies traits such as a "hooked nose, pale face and lust for herring" and is "unathletic and seemingly unthreatening but who, in fact, wants to murder every firstborn child of the gentile community". [ 195 ] The character teams with Shreck (a name the critics describe as 'Jewish-sounding') to disrupt Christmas and Christian traditions. [ 195 ] According to LAist , the Penguin's exaggerated caricature, assault on holiday customs, and overt biblical symbolism create a "perfect storm" of imagery evoking antisemitic tropes. [ 196 ] These critics contend that Burton, in drawing inspiration from the German Expressionist aesthetic, unintentionally referenced a problematic lineage, as some art critics view the Nosferatu (1922) character Count Orlok (portrayed by actor Max Shreck) as an example of a bizarre and monstrous characterization of Jews as the predatory, parasitic "other". [ 195 ] [ 196 ] [ 193 ] Conversely, Melvin Salberg and Abraham H. Foxman of the Anti-Defamation League argued that reading the film as antisemitic is a misinterpretation that overlooks the filmmakers' intent and distracts from real-world antisemitism. [ 197 ] Furthermore, Taussig noted the biblical resonance of the Penguin's infancy, with a baby carriage floating in a river recalling the story of Moses . [ 184 ] Visual effects supervisor Robert Skotak explained that the sequence was conceived as a visual descent into the underworld, portraying a sinister baptism, symbolically paralleling the biblical narrative. [ 198 ] Legacy Retrospective reception Despite a mixed initial reception from critics and audiences, Batman Returns has undergone a critical reappraisal in the years since its release and is now considered a classic of the superhero genre. Several publications, such as Variety and The Hollywood Reporter , now rank it among the best Batman and superhero films, with some calling it "the greatest Batman movie ever made". [ o ] The film is seen as "underrated" and a "series peaking early," with subsequent films failing to live up to its vision. [ 9 ] [ 201 ] Burton's artistic choices, which were criticized at the time, are now seen as prescient and ahead of their time. [ 9 ] The "darker" and more "bleak" aspects of the film have been re-evaluated in the wake of later, more serious superhero films. Burton noted the irony of the film being deemed 'too dark,' given that later films—including The Dark Knight trilogy (2005–2012) and The Batman (2022)—went even darker. [ p ] Burton said that while Batman Returns was seen by some as bleak, for him it was a mixture of gothic, playful, kinky, and experimental tones. [ 202 ] The Hollywood Reporter notes that the film was "truer to Tim Burton's dark vision than its predecessor". [ 205 ] [ 203 ] According to The Ringer , the very "fatalistic and noir elements" that Roger Ebert criticized in 1992 are now "the going currency of event movies". [ 9 ] Critic Brian Tallerico said that the elements which originally upset critics and audiences are what makes it still "revelatory... It's one of the best and strangest movies of its kind ever made". [ 141 ] Writer Daniel Waters recalled being told that Batman Returns was a "great movie for people who don't like Batman". [ 34 ] [ 206 ] While the film received criticism for its depiction of Batman killing, Waters defended the choice, arguing that in a film like The Dark Knight (2008), it was not practical for Batman to let the Joker live, knowing he could escape and cause more harm. [ 8 ] [ 25 ] He believed that the reception to Batman Returns was improving with time, especially after the release of The Batman . [ 34 ] Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes has an 82% approval rating from reviews by 93 critics, with an average score of 6.9/10. According to the website's critical consensus, "Director Tim Burton's dark, brooding atmosphere, Michael Keaton's work as the tormented hero, and the flawless casting of Danny DeVito as The Penguin and Christopher Walken as, well, Christopher Walken make the sequel better than the first". [ 207 ] The film has a score of 68 out of 100 on Metacritic (based on 23 critics), indicating "generally favorable" reviews. [ 208 ] Cultural influence The film is widely regarded as an exemplar of the superhero genre's potential for artistic expression. Variety credits the film with helping to legitimize the genre by pairing Keaton's Batman with Burton's distinct and vivid world-building. [ 199 ] The Burton Batman films are also credited with establishing the darker, more serious tone that would later define the modern superhero genre of the early 21st century. [ 94 ] Publications like Empire and Polygon describe the film as a deeply personal and "unmistakably Burton" work, infused with the same gothic and satirical sensibilities as his earlier films like Beetlejuice and Edward Scissorhands . [ 77 ] [ 202 ] This approach made the film a "bold, auteur-driven detour" in Batman's cinematic history, contrasting sharply with the camp of the 1960s and the later, more grounded style of The Dark Knight trilogy. [ 202 ] Author Jeff Bond called Batman Returns the "first auteur superhero movie" because it allowed Burton to make a film that was his "weird experiment" rather than a strict adaptation. [ 95 ] [ 202 ] This willingness to ignore traditional comic book elements and sequel hooks in favor of his unique vision helped pave the way for other creative directors, such as Christopher Nolan , Peter Jackson , and Sam Raimi , to helm major franchises. [ 9 ] [ 77 ] Director of The Batman Matt Reeves and that film's star Robert Pattinson both called Batman Returns their favorite Batman film. [ 209 ] [ 210 ] Additionally, director Robert Eggers said that it visually inspired his film Nosferatu (2024). [ 211 ] Pfeiffer's portrayal of Catwoman is widely regarded as a definitive big-screen interpretation of the character, praised not only for her iconic costume but for a performance that brought a unique blend of sexuality, danger, outrageousness, and pathos to the role. [ q ] Burton called it one of his favorite performances he has ever worked on. [ 212 ] While initially hailed as the film's "bright spot" amid a mixed critical reception, the performance is now considered one of the greatest in the superhero genre, credited with taking a comic book character and turning her into a complex, contradictory figure that served as a commentary on the portrayal of women in genre fiction. [ r ] The role is seen as a "career-making" one that helped audiences forget previous portrayals and cemented Pfeiffer's as the "definitive big-screen Catwoman". [ 8 ] [ 199 ] [ 205 ] Variety argued that Pfeiffer deserved an Academy Award nomination for her performance, and set a benchmark for future portrayals. [ s ] Burton recalled that by the time of Batman Returns , studios had begun to talk in terms of "franchises" and marketing, concepts that were still relatively new during production of the 1989 film. The Hollywood Reporter notes that while Batman launched the modern superhero movie, Batman Returns marked a more complex stage in that evolution. With its darker tone, bold characterizations, and extensive marketing tie-ins, the film helped pave the way for the genre's later dominance, even if Burton's approach made that progression a more uneven one. [ 8 ] The film's tone and clash with corporate partners like McDonald's, which objected to darker content, prompted Warner Bros. to pivot to the more lighthearted and "campy" style of the Joel Schumacher films. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] While this was an attempt to create films with more broad, family-friendly appeal, The Ringer wrote that the Schumacher films are now seen as "borderline unwatchable", while Batman Returns is seen as a superior and more enduring cinematic work. [ 9 ] [ 224 ] In January 2017, one of the iconic Batsuits worn by Keaton in the film sold at auction for $41,250. [ 225 ] Although a summer blockbuster upon its release, Batman Returns has become a holiday film staple due to its winter setting and Christmas iconography. Several publications have listed it among the best alternative Christmas films, noting its themes of loneliness and isolation. [ t ] It is also identified as the centerpiece of Burton's unofficial Christmas trilogy, bookended by Edward Scissorhands and The Nightmare Before Christmas . [ 5 ] [ 9 ] Sequels Following the reception of Batman Returns , Warner Bros. sought to continue the series without Burton. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 129 ] Although Burton considered making a third film, the studio encouraged him to pursue other projects and he realized they did not want him to return. He was replaced with Joel Schumacher, who was seen as better suited to delivering a more family- and merchandise-friendly sequel. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 129 ] Keaton initially supported the change but eventually left the role, later saying the proposed third film "just wasn't any good, man". [ 42 ] [ 131 ] [ 229 ] Industry reports suggested he also sought a $15 million salary and profit share, though his producing partner Harry Colomby denied money was the issue. [ 129 ] Schumacher's Batman Forever (1995) was financially successful but less well received critically than Batman Returns . [ 230 ] Its sequel, Batman & Robin (1997), was a critical and commercial disappointment, often cited as one of the worst blockbuster films ever made, [ 230 ] [ 231 ] and led to the franchise being placed on hiatus until the reboot Batman Begins (2005). [ 129 ] [ 231 ] [ 131 ] By the mid-1990s, Burton and Waters were attached to a planned Catwoman film starring Pfeiffer. [ 232 ] [ 233 ] Burton and Waters held competing visions for the project: Burton wanted to make an intimate black-and-white drama in homage to Cat People (1942), while Waters's script followed Catwoman, suffering from amnesia after the events of Batman Returns , in the Las Vegas -like Oasisburg, where she confronted corrupt male superheroes. [ 234 ] [ 235 ] The project stalled as Burton and Pfeiffer moved on to other work, and Warner Bros. eventually produced Catwoman (2004), starring Halle Berry , which was widely panned. [ 234 ] [ 236 ] Keaton later reprised his Batman in The Flash (2023), [ 231 ] [ 237 ] and had also filmed scenes for the cancelled Batgirl (2022). [ 238 ] [ 239 ] Footnotes ^ Although Bob Kane received sole credit for Batman and his associated characters in Batman Returns , it was established in 2015 that writer Bill Finger was jointly involved in the creation of Batman as well as The Penguin and Catwoman, among others. He received equal credit to Kane in future adaptations of the Batman comic books. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] ^ The 1992 budget of $50–$80 million is equivalent to $112 million–$202 million in 2024. ^ The 1992 theatrical box office gross of $266.8 million is equivalent to $598 million in 2024. Notes ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 39 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] [ 48 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 22 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 42 ] [ 53 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ 77 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 24 ] [ 35 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] [ 82 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] [ 111 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 5 ] [ 9 ] [ 26 ] [ 131 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 199 ] [ 200 ] [ 201 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 94 ] [ 202 ] [ 203 ] [ 204 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 9 ] [ 212 ] [ 213 ] [ 214 ] [ 215 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 212 ] [ 216 ] [ 217 ] [ 218 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 219 ] [ 220 ] [ 221 ] [ 222 ] [ 223 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 5 ] [ 226 ] [ 227 ] [ 228 ] References Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Meenan, Devin (January 24, 2022). 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London : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 195– 258. doi : 10.1007/978-3-031-40912-7_6 . ISBN 978-3-031-40911-0 . Reinhart, Mark S. (2013). "10: Batman Returns ". The Batman Filmography - Second Edition . Jefferson, North Carolina : McFarland & Company . pp. 123– 138. ISBN 978-0-7864-6891-1 . Salisbury, Mark; Burton, Tim (2006). "Batman Returns". Burton on Burton . London : Faber and Faber . pp. 102– 114. ISBN 0-571-22926-3 . Siegel, Carol (2013). "Tim Burton's Popularization of Perversity: Edward Scissorhands , Batman Returns , Sleepy Hollow , and Corpse Bride ". In Weinstock, J.A. (ed.). The Works of Tim Burton - Margins to Mainstream . New York City : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 197– 216. doi : 10.1057/9781137370839_12 . Journals Born, Simon Philipp (2017). "Shadows of the Bat: Constructions of Good and Evil in the Batman Movies of Tim Burton and Christopher Nolan" . Journal for Religion, Film, and Media . 3 (1). Marburg, Germany: Schüren Publishing House. doi : 10.25364/05.3:2017.1.5 . Retrieved August 12, 2025 . Mettler, Catarina (2012). "The Carnevalesque in Tim Burton's Batman and Batman Returns ". Werkstücke . 2 (2): 109– 133. doi : 10.60135/werkstuecke.02.2012.6 . Newman, Graeme (1993). "Batman and Justice: The True Story". Humanity & Society . 17 (3): 297– 320. doi : 10.1177/016059769301700304 . Magazines Cotta Vaz, Mark (August 1992). "A Knight At The Zoo". Cinefex . No. 51. United States. pp. 22– 69. Fennell, Tim (August 1992). "Schwing!". Empire . London . p. 40. Groves, Don (August 2, 1993). " Park Keeps Stomping On World B.O.". Variety . Los Angeles , California. p. 18. Jones, Alan (November 1989). "Batman" . Cinefantastique . Vol. 20, no. 1– 2. Forest Park, Illinois : Fourth Castle Micromedia. pp. 48– 63 . Retrieved July 2, 2022 . McBride, Joseph (July 14, 1992). "Socko Batsequel Rolls To Record B.O. In U.K.". Daily Variety . Los Angeles , California. p. 20. Resner, Jeffrey (August 1992). "Three Go Mad in Gotham". Empire . London . pp. 39– 46. Shapiro, Marc (July 1992). "Darker Knights When Batman Returns". Fangoria . No. 114. Atlanta, Georgia : Fangoria Publishing, LLC. pp. 30– 33. White, Taylor L. (August 1992). "Batman Returns" . Cinefantastique . Vol. 23, no. 1. Forest Park, Illinois : Fourth Castle Micromedia. pp. 8– 11 . Retrieved July 3, 2022 . External links Official website (Warner Bros.) Official website (DC Comics) Batman Returns at IMDb Batman Returns at the TCM Movie Database (archived version) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade 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characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Batwoman episodes characters episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Live-action films Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of 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(1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Writer Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) TV series created Beetlejuice (1989–91) Beetlejuice (1989–91) v t e Catwoman v t e Bob Kane Bill Finger Bob Kane Bill Finger Incarnations Selina Kyle Holly Robinson Eiko Hasigawa Selina Kyle Holly Robinson Eiko Hasigawa Supporting characters Batgirl Batman Slam Bradley Gotham City Sirens Dick Grayson Huntress Justice League Outsiders Alfred Pennyworth Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Madame Zodiac Leslie Thompkins Wildcat Batgirl Batman Slam Bradley Gotham City Sirens Dick Grayson Huntress Justice League Outsiders Alfred Pennyworth Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Madame Zodiac Leslie Thompkins Wildcat Antagonists Angle Man Bane Black Mask Clayface Film Freak Hush Joker Penguin Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Riddler Scarecrow Snowflame Hugo Strange Two-Face Zeiss Angle Man Bane Black Mask Clayface Film Freak Hush Joker Penguin Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Riddler Scarecrow Snowflame Hugo Strange Two-Face Zeiss Publications Catwoman Catwoman: When in Rome Gotham City Sirens Nine Lives Catwoman Catwoman: When in Rome Gotham City Sirens Nine Lives In other media Catwoman (film) Chase Me DC Showcase: Catwoman Catwoman (video game) Selina Kyle ( Gotham character) "Selina Kyle" ( Gotham episode) Selina Kyle ( Batman Returns ) " The Cat and the Fiddle " " The Cat and the Claw " Catwoman: Soulstealer Catwoman: Hunted Catwoman (film) Chase Me DC Showcase: Catwoman Catwoman (video game) Selina Kyle ( Gotham character) "Selina Kyle" ( Gotham episode) Selina Kyle ( Batman Returns ) " The Cat and the Fiddle " " The Cat and the Claw " Catwoman: Soulstealer Catwoman: Hunted Category Category 1990s Film United States Speculative fiction Media from Commons Data from Wikidata Authority control databases International VIAF VIAF Other MusicBrainz work Yale LUX MusicBrainz work Yale LUX 1992 films 1990s Christmas films 1990s political satire films 1990s superhero films Batman (1989 film series) American Christmas films American films about revenge American neo-noir films American political satire films American sequel films American superhero films Catwoman in other media Films about elections Films adapted into comics Films directed by Tim Burton Films produced by Denise Di Novi Films produced by Tim Burton Films scored by Danny Elfman Films set in zoos Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Los Angeles Films with screenplays by Daniel Waters (screenwriter) Films with screenplays by Sam Hamm Gothic films Penguin (character) in other media Saturn Award–winning films PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films Warner Bros. films 1990s English-language films 1992 American films Rating controversies in film English-language action films English-language Christmas films Dolby Cinema films Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use list-defined references from July 2022 Use American English from July 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2021 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Template film date with 2 release dates Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:27 (UTC) . 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 5,084 results for author: Wang, W Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 3 4 5 … arXiv:2601.10657 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.NE cs.LG PACEvolve: Enabling Long-Horizon Progress-Aware Consistent Evolution Authors: Minghao Yan , Bo Peng , Benjamin Coleman , Ziqi Chen , Zhouhang Xie , Zhankui He , Noveen Sachdeva , Isabella Ye , Weili Wang , Chi Wang , Ed H. Chi , Wang-Cheng Kang , Derek Zhiyuan Cheng , Beidou Wang Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful operators for evolutionary search, yet the design of efficient search scaffolds remains ad hoc. While promising, current LLM-in-the-loop systems lack a systematic approach to managing the evolutionary process. We identify three distinct failure modes: Context Pollution, where experiment history biases future candidate generation; Mode Collapse,… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful operators for evolutionary search, yet the design of efficient search scaffolds remains ad hoc. While promising, current LLM-in-the-loop systems lack a systematic approach to managing the evolutionary process. We identify three distinct failure modes: Context Pollution, where experiment history biases future candidate generation; Mode Collapse, where agents stagnate in local minima due to poor exploration-exploitation balance; and Weak Collaboration, where rigid crossover strategies fail to leverage parallel search trajectories effectively. We introduce Progress-Aware Consistent Evolution (PACEvolve), a framework designed to robustly govern the agent's context and search dynamics, to address these challenges. PACEvolve combines hierarchical context management (HCM) with pruning to address context pollution; momentum-based backtracking (MBB) to escape local minima; and a self-adaptive sampling policy that unifies backtracking and crossover for dynamic search coordination (CE), allowing agents to balance internal refinement with cross-trajectory collaboration. We demonstrate that PACEvolve provides a systematic path to consistent, long-horizon self-improvement, achieving state-of-the-art results on LLM-SR and KernelBench, while discovering solutions surpassing the record on Modded NanoGPT. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10657 [ pdf , ps , other ] PACEvolve: Enabling Long-Horizon Progress-Aware Consistent Evolution Authors: Minghao Yan , Bo Peng , Benjamin Coleman , Ziqi Chen , Zhouhang Xie , Zhankui He , Noveen Sachdeva , Isabella Ye , Weili Wang , Chi Wang , Ed H. Chi , Wang-Cheng Kang , Derek Zhiyuan Cheng , Beidou Wang Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful operators for evolutionary search, yet the design of efficient search scaffolds remains ad hoc. While promising, current LLM-in-the-loop systems lack a systematic approach to managing the evolutionary process. We identify three distinct failure modes: Context Pollution, where experiment history biases future candidate generation; Mode Collapse,… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful operators for evolutionary search, yet the design of efficient search scaffolds remains ad hoc. While promising, current LLM-in-the-loop systems lack a systematic approach to managing the evolutionary process. We identify three distinct failure modes: Context Pollution, where experiment history biases future candidate generation; Mode Collapse, where agents stagnate in local minima due to poor exploration-exploitation balance; and Weak Collaboration, where rigid crossover strategies fail to leverage parallel search trajectories effectively. We introduce Progress-Aware Consistent Evolution (PACEvolve), a framework designed to robustly govern the agent's context and search dynamics, to address these challenges. PACEvolve combines hierarchical context management (HCM) with pruning to address context pollution; momentum-based backtracking (MBB) to escape local minima; and a self-adaptive sampling policy that unifies backtracking and crossover for dynamic search coordination (CE), allowing agents to balance internal refinement with cross-trajectory collaboration. We demonstrate that PACEvolve provides a systematic path to consistent, long-horizon self-improvement, achieving state-of-the-art results on LLM-SR and KernelBench, while discovering solutions surpassing the record on Modded NanoGPT. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10532 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL PERM: Psychology-grounded Empathetic Reward Modeling for Large Language Models Authors: Chengbing Wang , Wuqiang Zheng , Yang Zhang , Fengbin Zhu , Junyi Cheng , Yi Xie , Wenjie Wang , Fuli Feng Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in human-centric applications, yet they often fail to provide substantive emotional support. While Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been utilized to enhance empathy of LLMs, existing reward models typically evaluate empathy from a single perspective, overlooking the inherently bidirectional interaction nature of empathy between the supporter an… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in human-centric applications, yet they often fail to provide substantive emotional support. While Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been utilized to enhance empathy of LLMs, existing reward models typically evaluate empathy from a single perspective, overlooking the inherently bidirectional interaction nature of empathy between the supporter and seeker as defined by Empathy Cycle theory. To address this limitation, we propose Psychology-grounded Empathetic Reward Modeling (PERM). PERM operationalizes empathy evaluation through a bidirectional decomposition: 1) Supporter perspective, assessing internal resonation and communicative expression; 2) Seeker perspective, evaluating emotional reception. Additionally, it incorporates a bystander perspective to monitor overall interaction quality. Extensive experiments on a widely-used emotional intelligence benchmark and an industrial daily conversation dataset demonstrate that PERM outperforms state-of-the-art baselines by over 10\%. Furthermore, a blinded user study reveals a 70\% preference for our approach, highlighting its efficacy in generating more empathetic responses. Our code, dataset, and models are available at △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10532 [ pdf , ps , other ] PERM: Psychology-grounded Empathetic Reward Modeling for Large Language Models Authors: Chengbing Wang , Wuqiang Zheng , Yang Zhang , Fengbin Zhu , Junyi Cheng , Yi Xie , Wenjie Wang , Fuli Feng Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in human-centric applications, yet they often fail to provide substantive emotional support. While Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been utilized to enhance empathy of LLMs, existing reward models typically evaluate empathy from a single perspective, overlooking the inherently bidirectional interaction nature of empathy between the supporter an… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in human-centric applications, yet they often fail to provide substantive emotional support. While Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been utilized to enhance empathy of LLMs, existing reward models typically evaluate empathy from a single perspective, overlooking the inherently bidirectional interaction nature of empathy between the supporter and seeker as defined by Empathy Cycle theory. To address this limitation, we propose Psychology-grounded Empathetic Reward Modeling (PERM). PERM operationalizes empathy evaluation through a bidirectional decomposition: 1) Supporter perspective, assessing internal resonation and communicative expression; 2) Seeker perspective, evaluating emotional reception. Additionally, it incorporates a bystander perspective to monitor overall interaction quality. Extensive experiments on a widely-used emotional intelligence benchmark and an industrial daily conversation dataset demonstrate that PERM outperforms state-of-the-art baselines by over 10\%. Furthermore, a blinded user study reveals a 70\% preference for our approach, highlighting its efficacy in generating more empathetic responses. Our code, dataset, and models are available at △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10497 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV mergetune: Continued fine-tuning of vision-language models Authors: Wenqing Wang , Da Li , Xiatian Zhu , Josef Kittler Abstract : Fine-tuning vision-language models (VLMs) such as CLIP often leads to catastrophic forgetting of pretrained knowledge. Prior work primarily aims to mitigate forgetting during adaptation; however, forgetting often remains inevitable during this process. We introduce a novel paradigm, \emph{continued fine-tuning (CFT)}, which seeks to recover pretrained knowledge after a zero-shot model has already… ▽ More Fine-tuning vision-language models (VLMs) such as CLIP often leads to catastrophic forgetting of pretrained knowledge. Prior work primarily aims to mitigate forgetting during adaptation; however, forgetting often remains inevitable during this process. We introduce a novel paradigm, \emph{continued fine-tuning (CFT)}, which seeks to recover pretrained knowledge after a zero-shot model has already been adapted. We propose a simple, model-agnostic CFT strategy (named MERGETUNE) guided by linear mode connectivity (LMC), which can be applied post hoc to existing fine-tuned models without requiring architectural changes. Given a fine-tuned model, we continue fine-tuning its trainable parameters (e.g., soft prompts or linear heads) to search for a continued model which has two low-loss paths to the zero-shot (e.g., CLIP) and the fine-tuned (e.g., CoOp) solutions. By exploiting the geometry of the loss landscape, the continued model implicitly merges the two solutions, restoring pretrained knowledge lost in the fine-tuned counterpart. A challenge is that the vanilla LMC constraint requires data replay from the pretraining task. We approximate this constraint for the zero-shot model via a second-order surrogate, eliminating the need for large-scale data replay. Experiments show that MERGETUNE improves the harmonic mean of CoOp by +5.6\% on base-novel generalisation without adding parameters. % We show \emph{the first time} superior performance than CLIP on both DTD and EuroSAT, on cross-dataset transfer. On robust fine-tuning evaluations, the LMC-merged model from MERGETUNE surpasses ensemble baselines with lower inference cost, achieving further gains and state-of-the-art results when ensembled with the zero-shot model. Our code is available at \href{ △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 20 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2601.10497 [ pdf , ps , other ] mergetune: Continued fine-tuning of vision-language models Authors: Wenqing Wang , Da Li , Xiatian Zhu , Josef Kittler Abstract : Fine-tuning vision-language models (VLMs) such as CLIP often leads to catastrophic forgetting of pretrained knowledge. Prior work primarily aims to mitigate forgetting during adaptation; however, forgetting often remains inevitable during this process. We introduce a novel paradigm, \emph{continued fine-tuning (CFT)}, which seeks to recover pretrained knowledge after a zero-shot model has already… ▽ More Fine-tuning vision-language models (VLMs) such as CLIP often leads to catastrophic forgetting of pretrained knowledge. Prior work primarily aims to mitigate forgetting during adaptation; however, forgetting often remains inevitable during this process. We introduce a novel paradigm, \emph{continued fine-tuning (CFT)}, which seeks to recover pretrained knowledge after a zero-shot model has already been adapted. We propose a simple, model-agnostic CFT strategy (named MERGETUNE) guided by linear mode connectivity (LMC), which can be applied post hoc to existing fine-tuned models without requiring architectural changes. Given a fine-tuned model, we continue fine-tuning its trainable parameters (e.g., soft prompts or linear heads) to search for a continued model which has two low-loss paths to the zero-shot (e.g., CLIP) and the fine-tuned (e.g., CoOp) solutions. By exploiting the geometry of the loss landscape, the continued model implicitly merges the two solutions, restoring pretrained knowledge lost in the fine-tuned counterpart. A challenge is that the vanilla LMC constraint requires data replay from the pretraining task. We approximate this constraint for the zero-shot model via a second-order surrogate, eliminating the need for large-scale data replay. Experiments show that MERGETUNE improves the harmonic mean of CoOp by +5.6\% on base-novel generalisation without adding parameters. % We show \emph{the first time} superior performance than CLIP on both DTD and EuroSAT, on cross-dataset transfer. On robust fine-tuning evaluations, the LMC-merged model from MERGETUNE surpasses ensemble baselines with lower inference cost, achieving further gains and state-of-the-art results when ensembled with the zero-shot model. Our code is available at \href{ △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 20 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2601.10402 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Toward Ultra-Long-Horizon Agentic Science: Cognitive Accumulation for Machine Learning Engineering Authors: Xinyu Zhu , Yuzhu Cai , Zexi Liu , Bingyang Zheng , Cheng Wang , Rui Ye , Jiaao Chen , Hanrui Wang , Wei-Chen Wang , Yuzhi Zhang , Linfeng Zhang , Weinan E , Di Jin , Siheng Chen Abstract : The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles spanning days or weeks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in short-horizon reasoning, they are easily overwhelmed by execution details in t… ▽ More The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles spanning days or weeks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in short-horizon reasoning, they are easily overwhelmed by execution details in the high-dimensional, delayed-feedback environments of real-world research, failing to consolidate sparse feedback into coherent long-term guidance. Here, we present ML-Master 2.0, an autonomous agent that masters ultra-long-horizon machine learning engineering (MLE) which is a representative microcosm of scientific discovery. By reframing context management as a process of cognitive accumulation, our approach introduces Hierarchical Cognitive Caching (HCC), a multi-tiered architecture inspired by computer systems that enables the structural differentiation of experience over time. By dynamically distilling transient execution traces into stable knowledge and cross-task wisdom, HCC allows agents to decouple immediate execution from long-term experimental strategy, effectively overcoming the scaling limits of static context windows. In evaluations on OpenAI's MLE-Bench under 24-hour budgets, ML-Master 2.0 achieves a state-of-the-art medal rate of 56.44%. Our findings demonstrate that ultra-long-horizon autonomy provides a scalable blueprint for AI capable of autonomous exploration beyond human-precedent complexities. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 26 pages. 5 figures arXiv:2601.10402 [ pdf , ps , other ] Toward Ultra-Long-Horizon Agentic Science: Cognitive Accumulation for Machine Learning Engineering Authors: Xinyu Zhu , Yuzhu Cai , Zexi Liu , Bingyang Zheng , Cheng Wang , Rui Ye , Jiaao Chen , Hanrui Wang , Wei-Chen Wang , Yuzhi Zhang , Linfeng Zhang , Weinan E , Di Jin , Siheng Chen Abstract : The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles spanning days or weeks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in short-horizon reasoning, they are easily overwhelmed by execution details in t… ▽ More The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles spanning days or weeks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in short-horizon reasoning, they are easily overwhelmed by execution details in the high-dimensional, delayed-feedback environments of real-world research, failing to consolidate sparse feedback into coherent long-term guidance. Here, we present ML-Master 2.0, an autonomous agent that masters ultra-long-horizon machine learning engineering (MLE) which is a representative microcosm of scientific discovery. By reframing context management as a process of cognitive accumulation, our approach introduces Hierarchical Cognitive Caching (HCC), a multi-tiered architecture inspired by computer systems that enables the structural differentiation of experience over time. By dynamically distilling transient execution traces into stable knowledge and cross-task wisdom, HCC allows agents to decouple immediate execution from long-term experimental strategy, effectively overcoming the scaling limits of static context windows. In evaluations on OpenAI's MLE-Bench under 24-hour budgets, ML-Master 2.0 achieves a state-of-the-art medal rate of 56.44%. Our findings demonstrate that ultra-long-horizon autonomy provides a scalable blueprint for AI capable of autonomous exploration beyond human-precedent complexities. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 26 pages. 5 figures arXiv:2601.10338 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.AI cs.CL cs.SE Agent Skills in the Wild: An Empirical Study of Security Vulnerabilities at Scale Authors: Yi Liu , Weizhe Wang , Ruitao Feng , Yao Zhang , Guangquan Xu , Gelei Deng , Yuekang Li , Leo Zhang Abstract : The rise of AI agent frameworks has introduced agent skills, modular packages containing instructions and executable code that dynamically extend agent capabilities. While this architecture enables powerful customization, skills execute with implicit trust and minimal vetting, creating a significant yet uncharacterized attack surface. We conduct the first large-scale empirical security analysis of… ▽ More The rise of AI agent frameworks has introduced agent skills, modular packages containing instructions and executable code that dynamically extend agent capabilities. While this architecture enables powerful customization, skills execute with implicit trust and minimal vetting, creating a significant yet uncharacterized attack surface. We conduct the first large-scale empirical security analysis of this emerging ecosystem, collecting 42,447 skills from two major marketplaces and systematically analyzing 31,132 using SkillScan, a multi-stage detection framework integrating static analysis with LLM-based semantic classification. Our findings reveal pervasive security risks: 26.1% of skills contain at least one vulnerability, spanning 14 distinct patterns across four categories: prompt injection, data exfiltration, privilege escalation, and supply chain risks. Data exfiltration (13.3%) and privilege escalation (11.8%) are most prevalent, while 5.2% of skills exhibit high-severity patterns strongly suggesting malicious intent. We find that skills bundling executable scripts are 2.12x more likely to contain vulnerabilities than instruction-only skills (OR=2.12, p<0.001). Our contributions include: (1) a grounded vulnerability taxonomy derived from 8,126 vulnerable skills, (2) a validated detection methodology achieving 86.7% precision and 82.5% recall, and (3) an open dataset and detection toolkit to support future research. These results demonstrate an urgent need for capability-based permission systems and mandatory security vetting before this attack vector is further exploited. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10338 [ pdf , ps , other ] Agent Skills in the Wild: An Empirical Study of Security Vulnerabilities at Scale Authors: Yi Liu , Weizhe Wang , Ruitao Feng , Yao Zhang , Guangquan Xu , Gelei Deng , Yuekang Li , Leo Zhang Abstract : The rise of AI agent frameworks has introduced agent skills, modular packages containing instructions and executable code that dynamically extend agent capabilities. While this architecture enables powerful customization, skills execute with implicit trust and minimal vetting, creating a significant yet uncharacterized attack surface. We conduct the first large-scale empirical security analysis of… ▽ More The rise of AI agent frameworks has introduced agent skills, modular packages containing instructions and executable code that dynamically extend agent capabilities. While this architecture enables powerful customization, skills execute with implicit trust and minimal vetting, creating a significant yet uncharacterized attack surface. We conduct the first large-scale empirical security analysis of this emerging ecosystem, collecting 42,447 skills from two major marketplaces and systematically analyzing 31,132 using SkillScan, a multi-stage detection framework integrating static analysis with LLM-based semantic classification. Our findings reveal pervasive security risks: 26.1% of skills contain at least one vulnerability, spanning 14 distinct patterns across four categories: prompt injection, data exfiltration, privilege escalation, and supply chain risks. Data exfiltration (13.3%) and privilege escalation (11.8%) are most prevalent, while 5.2% of skills exhibit high-severity patterns strongly suggesting malicious intent. We find that skills bundling executable scripts are 2.12x more likely to contain vulnerabilities than instruction-only skills (OR=2.12, p<0.001). Our contributions include: (1) a grounded vulnerability taxonomy derived from 8,126 vulnerable skills, (2) a validated detection methodology achieving 86.7% precision and 82.5% recall, and (3) an open dataset and detection toolkit to support future research. These results demonstrate an urgent need for capability-based permission systems and mandatory security vetting before this attack vector is further exploited. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10165 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Advancing Adaptive Multi-Stage Video Anomaly Reasoning: A Benchmark Dataset and Method Authors: Chao Huang , Benfeng Wang , Wei Wang , Jie Wen , Li Shen , Wenqi Ren , Yong Xu , Xiaochun Cao Abstract : Recent progress in reasoning capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models(MLLMs) has highlighted their potential for performing complex video understanding tasks. However, in the domain of Video Anomaly Detection and Understanding (VAD&U), existing MLLM-based methods are largely limited to anomaly localization or post-hoc description, lacking explicit reasoning processes, risk awareness, and d… ▽ More Recent progress in reasoning capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models(MLLMs) has highlighted their potential for performing complex video understanding tasks. However, in the domain of Video Anomaly Detection and Understanding (VAD&U), existing MLLM-based methods are largely limited to anomaly localization or post-hoc description, lacking explicit reasoning processes, risk awareness, and decision-oriented interpretation. To address this gap, we define a new task termed Video Anomaly Reasoning (VAR), which elevates video anomaly analysis from descriptive understanding to structured, multi-stage reasoning. VAR explicitly requires models to perform progressive reasoning over anomalous events before answering anomaly-related questions, encompassing visual perception, causal interpretation, and risk-aware decision making. To support this task, we present a new dataset with 8,641 videos, where each video is annotated with diverse question types corresponding to different reasoning depths, totaling more than 50,000 samples, making it one of the largest datasets for video anomaly. The annotations are based on a structured Perception-Cognition-Action Chain-of-Thought (PerCoAct-CoT), which formalizes domain-specific reasoning priors for video anomaly understanding. This design enables systematic evaluation of multi-stage and adaptive anomaly reasoning. In addition, we propose Anomaly-Aware Group Relative Policy Optimization to further enhance reasoning reliability under weak supervision. Building upon the proposed task and dataset, we develop an end-to-end MLLM-based VAR model termed Vad-R1-Plus, which supports adaptive hierarchical reasoning and risk-aware decision making. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed benchmark and method effectively advance the reasoning capabilities of MLLMs on VAR tasks, outperforming both open-source and proprietary baselines. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10165 [ pdf , ps , other ] Advancing Adaptive Multi-Stage Video Anomaly Reasoning: A Benchmark Dataset and Method Authors: Chao Huang , Benfeng Wang , Wei Wang , Jie Wen , Li Shen , Wenqi Ren , Yong Xu , Xiaochun Cao Abstract : Recent progress in reasoning capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models(MLLMs) has highlighted their potential for performing complex video understanding tasks. However, in the domain of Video Anomaly Detection and Understanding (VAD&U), existing MLLM-based methods are largely limited to anomaly localization or post-hoc description, lacking explicit reasoning processes, risk awareness, and d… ▽ More Recent progress in reasoning capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models(MLLMs) has highlighted their potential for performing complex video understanding tasks. However, in the domain of Video Anomaly Detection and Understanding (VAD&U), existing MLLM-based methods are largely limited to anomaly localization or post-hoc description, lacking explicit reasoning processes, risk awareness, and decision-oriented interpretation. To address this gap, we define a new task termed Video Anomaly Reasoning (VAR), which elevates video anomaly analysis from descriptive understanding to structured, multi-stage reasoning. VAR explicitly requires models to perform progressive reasoning over anomalous events before answering anomaly-related questions, encompassing visual perception, causal interpretation, and risk-aware decision making. To support this task, we present a new dataset with 8,641 videos, where each video is annotated with diverse question types corresponding to different reasoning depths, totaling more than 50,000 samples, making it one of the largest datasets for video anomaly. The annotations are based on a structured Perception-Cognition-Action Chain-of-Thought (PerCoAct-CoT), which formalizes domain-specific reasoning priors for video anomaly understanding. This design enables systematic evaluation of multi-stage and adaptive anomaly reasoning. In addition, we propose Anomaly-Aware Group Relative Policy Optimization to further enhance reasoning reliability under weak supervision. Building upon the proposed task and dataset, we develop an end-to-end MLLM-based VAR model termed Vad-R1-Plus, which supports adaptive hierarchical reasoning and risk-aware decision making. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed benchmark and method effectively advance the reasoning capabilities of MLLMs on VAR tasks, outperforming both open-source and proprietary baselines. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10011 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Memo-SQL: Structured Decomposition and Experience-Driven Self-Correction for Training-Free NL2SQL Authors: Zerui Yang , Weichuan Wang , Yanwei Xu , Linqi Song , Yudai Matsuda , Wei Han , Bo Bai Abstract : Existing NL2SQL systems face two critical limitations: (1) they rely on in-context learning with only correct examples, overlooking the rich signal in historical error-fix pairs that could guide more robust self-correction; and (2) test-time scaling approaches often decompose questions arbitrarily, producing near-identical SQL candidates across runs and diminishing ensemble gains. Moreover, these… ▽ More Existing NL2SQL systems face two critical limitations: (1) they rely on in-context learning with only correct examples, overlooking the rich signal in historical error-fix pairs that could guide more robust self-correction; and (2) test-time scaling approaches often decompose questions arbitrarily, producing near-identical SQL candidates across runs and diminishing ensemble gains. Moreover, these methods suffer from a stark accuracy-efficiency trade-off: high performance demands excessive computation, while fast variants compromise quality. We present Memo-SQL, a training-free framework that addresses these issues through two simple ideas: structured decomposition and experience-aware self-correction. Instead of leaving decomposition to chance, we apply three clear strategies, entity-wise, hierarchical, and atomic sequential, to encourage diverse reasoning. For correction, we build a dynamic memory of both successful queries and historical error-fix pairs, and use retrieval-augmented prompting to bring relevant examples into context at inference time, no fine-tuning or external APIs required. On BIRD, Memo-SQL achieves 68.5% execution accuracy, setting a new state of the art among open, zero-fine-tuning methods, while using over 10 times fewer resources than prior TTS approaches. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10011 [ pdf , ps , other ] Memo-SQL: Structured Decomposition and Experience-Driven Self-Correction for Training-Free NL2SQL Authors: Zerui Yang , Weichuan Wang , Yanwei Xu , Linqi Song , Yudai Matsuda , Wei Han , Bo Bai Abstract : Existing NL2SQL systems face two critical limitations: (1) they rely on in-context learning with only correct examples, overlooking the rich signal in historical error-fix pairs that could guide more robust self-correction; and (2) test-time scaling approaches often decompose questions arbitrarily, producing near-identical SQL candidates across runs and diminishing ensemble gains. Moreover, these… ▽ More Existing NL2SQL systems face two critical limitations: (1) they rely on in-context learning with only correct examples, overlooking the rich signal in historical error-fix pairs that could guide more robust self-correction; and (2) test-time scaling approaches often decompose questions arbitrarily, producing near-identical SQL candidates across runs and diminishing ensemble gains. Moreover, these methods suffer from a stark accuracy-efficiency trade-off: high performance demands excessive computation, while fast variants compromise quality. We present Memo-SQL, a training-free framework that addresses these issues through two simple ideas: structured decomposition and experience-aware self-correction. Instead of leaving decomposition to chance, we apply three clear strategies, entity-wise, hierarchical, and atomic sequential, to encourage diverse reasoning. For correction, we build a dynamic memory of both successful queries and historical error-fix pairs, and use retrieval-augmented prompting to bring relevant examples into context at inference time, no fine-tuning or external APIs required. On BIRD, Memo-SQL achieves 68.5% execution accuracy, setting a new state of the art among open, zero-fine-tuning methods, while using over 10 times fewer resources than prior TTS approaches. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09723 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI SagaScale: A Realistic, Scalable, and High-Quality Long-Context Benchmark Built from Full-Length Novels Authors: Guancheng Du , Yong Hu , Wenqing Wang , Yaming Yang , Jiaheng Gao Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant progress, but understanding long and complex documents remains challenging. Many long-context benchmarks have been proposed, but they face several limitations, including task realism, data scalability, and data quality. To this end, we introduce SagaScale, a realistic, scalable, and high-quality long-context benchmark built from full-length novel… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant progress, but understanding long and complex documents remains challenging. Many long-context benchmarks have been proposed, but they face several limitations, including task realism, data scalability, and data quality. To this end, we introduce SagaScale, a realistic, scalable, and high-quality long-context benchmark built from full-length novels. The entire benchmark is constructed using an automated data collection pipeline that utilizes external resources (e.g., Wikipedia pages) to curate question-answer pairs. Critically, these external resources are provided only for benchmark construction and not during evaluation, which allows LLMs to curate complex questions that go beyond what they can answer during evaluation. SagaScale is also bilingual and offers the largest context length to date, with average token counts exceeding 250K for English novels and 320K for Chinese novels. Our evaluation across 12 frontier LLMs and three long-context methods -- Naïve RAG, Agentic RAG, and Long Context -- yields key insights, including: (1) Directly supplying the full context to the LLM can outperform other methods by a large margin; (2) Most LLMs still struggle with lengthy contexts, but Gemini-2.5-Pro stands out as an exception; and (3) Agentic RAG effectively addresses the retrieval bottleneck in Naïve RAG. Finally, we publicly release the SagaScale benchmark and our data collection codebase to facilitate future research. △ Less Submitted 27 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09723 [ pdf , ps , other ] SagaScale: A Realistic, Scalable, and High-Quality Long-Context Benchmark Built from Full-Length Novels Authors: Guancheng Du , Yong Hu , Wenqing Wang , Yaming Yang , Jiaheng Gao Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant progress, but understanding long and complex documents remains challenging. Many long-context benchmarks have been proposed, but they face several limitations, including task realism, data scalability, and data quality. To this end, we introduce SagaScale, a realistic, scalable, and high-quality long-context benchmark built from full-length novel… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant progress, but understanding long and complex documents remains challenging. Many long-context benchmarks have been proposed, but they face several limitations, including task realism, data scalability, and data quality. To this end, we introduce SagaScale, a realistic, scalable, and high-quality long-context benchmark built from full-length novels. The entire benchmark is constructed using an automated data collection pipeline that utilizes external resources (e.g., Wikipedia pages) to curate question-answer pairs. Critically, these external resources are provided only for benchmark construction and not during evaluation, which allows LLMs to curate complex questions that go beyond what they can answer during evaluation. SagaScale is also bilingual and offers the largest context length to date, with average token counts exceeding 250K for English novels and 320K for Chinese novels. Our evaluation across 12 frontier LLMs and three long-context methods -- Naïve RAG, Agentic RAG, and Long Context -- yields key insights, including: (1) Directly supplying the full context to the LLM can outperform other methods by a large margin; (2) Most LLMs still struggle with lengthy contexts, but Gemini-2.5-Pro stands out as an exception; and (3) Agentic RAG effectively addresses the retrieval bottleneck in Naïve RAG. Finally, we publicly release the SagaScale benchmark and our data collection codebase to facilitate future research. △ Less Submitted 27 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09536 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Omni-R1: Towards the Unified Generative Paradigm for Multimodal Reasoning Authors: Dongjie Cheng , Yongqi Li , Zhixin Ma , Hongru Cai , Yupeng Hu , Wenjie Wang , Liqiang Nie , Wenjie Li Abstract : Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are making significant progress in multimodal reasoning. Early approaches focus on pure text-based reasoning. More recent studies have incorporated multimodal information into the reasoning steps; however, they often follow a single task-specific reasoning pattern, which limits their generalizability across various multimodal tasks. In fact, there are numer… ▽ More Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are making significant progress in multimodal reasoning. Early approaches focus on pure text-based reasoning. More recent studies have incorporated multimodal information into the reasoning steps; however, they often follow a single task-specific reasoning pattern, which limits their generalizability across various multimodal tasks. In fact, there are numerous multimodal tasks requiring diverse reasoning skills, such as zooming in on a specific region or marking an object within an image. To address this, we propose unified generative multimodal reasoning, which unifies diverse multimodal reasoning skills by generating intermediate images during the reasoning process. We instantiate this paradigm with Omni-R1, a two-stage SFT+RL framework featuring perception alignment loss and perception reward, thereby enabling functional image generation. Additionally, we introduce Omni-R1-Zero, which eliminates the need for multimodal annotations by bootstrapping step-wise visualizations from text-only reasoning data. Empirical results show that Omni-R1 achieves unified generative reasoning across a wide range of multimodal tasks, and Omni-R1-Zero can match or even surpass Omni-R1 on average, suggesting a promising direction for generative multimodal reasoning. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09536 [ pdf , ps , other ] Omni-R1: Towards the Unified Generative Paradigm for Multimodal Reasoning Authors: Dongjie Cheng , Yongqi Li , Zhixin Ma , Hongru Cai , Yupeng Hu , Wenjie Wang , Liqiang Nie , Wenjie Li Abstract : Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are making significant progress in multimodal reasoning. Early approaches focus on pure text-based reasoning. More recent studies have incorporated multimodal information into the reasoning steps; however, they often follow a single task-specific reasoning pattern, which limits their generalizability across various multimodal tasks. In fact, there are numer… ▽ More Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are making significant progress in multimodal reasoning. Early approaches focus on pure text-based reasoning. More recent studies have incorporated multimodal information into the reasoning steps; however, they often follow a single task-specific reasoning pattern, which limits their generalizability across various multimodal tasks. In fact, there are numerous multimodal tasks requiring diverse reasoning skills, such as zooming in on a specific region or marking an object within an image. To address this, we propose unified generative multimodal reasoning, which unifies diverse multimodal reasoning skills by generating intermediate images during the reasoning process. We instantiate this paradigm with Omni-R1, a two-stage SFT+RL framework featuring perception alignment loss and perception reward, thereby enabling functional image generation. Additionally, we introduce Omni-R1-Zero, which eliminates the need for multimodal annotations by bootstrapping step-wise visualizations from text-only reasoning data. Empirical results show that Omni-R1 achieves unified generative reasoning across a wide range of multimodal tasks, and Omni-R1-Zero can match or even surpass Omni-R1 on average, suggesting a promising direction for generative multimodal reasoning. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09467 [ pdf ] cs.LG cs.AI physics.ao-ph Searth Transformer: A Transformer Architecture Incorporating Earth's Geospheric Physical Priors for Global Mid-Range Weather Forecasting Authors: Tianye Li , Qi Liu , Hao Li , Lei Chen , Wencong Cheng , Fei Zheng , Xiangao Xia , Ya Wang , Gang Huang , Weiwei Wang , Xuan Tong , Ziqing Zu , Yi Fang , Shenming Fu , Jiang Jiang , Haochen Li , Mingxing Li , Jiangjiang Xia Abstract : Accurate global medium-range weather forecasting is fundamental to Earth system science. Most existing Transformer-based forecasting models adopt vision-centric architectures that neglect the Earth's spherical geometry and zonal periodicity. In addition, conventional autoregressive training is computationally expensive and limits forecast horizons due to error accumulation. To address these challe… ▽ More Accurate global medium-range weather forecasting is fundamental to Earth system science. Most existing Transformer-based forecasting models adopt vision-centric architectures that neglect the Earth's spherical geometry and zonal periodicity. In addition, conventional autoregressive training is computationally expensive and limits forecast horizons due to error accumulation. To address these challenges, we propose the Shifted Earth Transformer (Searth Transformer), a physics-informed architecture that incorporates zonal periodicity and meridional boundaries into window-based self-attention for physically consistent global information exchange. We further introduce a Relay Autoregressive (RAR) fine-tuning strategy that enables learning long-range atmospheric evolution under constrained memory and computational budgets. Based on these methods, we develop YanTian, a global medium-range weather forecasting model. YanTian achieves higher accuracy than the high-resolution forecast of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts and performs competitively with state-of-the-art AI models at one-degree resolution, while requiring roughly 200 times lower computational cost than standard autoregressive fine-tuning. Furthermore, YanTian attains a longer skillful forecast lead time for Z500 (10.3 days) than HRES (9 days). Beyond weather forecasting, this work establishes a robust algorithmic foundation for predictive modeling of complex global-scale geophysical circulation systems, offering new pathways for Earth system science. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09467 [ pdf ] Searth Transformer: A Transformer Architecture Incorporating Earth's Geospheric Physical Priors for Global Mid-Range Weather Forecasting Authors: Tianye Li , Qi Liu , Hao Li , Lei Chen , Wencong Cheng , Fei Zheng , Xiangao Xia , Ya Wang , Gang Huang , Weiwei Wang , Xuan Tong , Ziqing Zu , Yi Fang , Shenming Fu , Jiang Jiang , Haochen Li , Mingxing Li , Jiangjiang Xia Abstract : Accurate global medium-range weather forecasting is fundamental to Earth system science. Most existing Transformer-based forecasting models adopt vision-centric architectures that neglect the Earth's spherical geometry and zonal periodicity. In addition, conventional autoregressive training is computationally expensive and limits forecast horizons due to error accumulation. To address these challe… ▽ More Accurate global medium-range weather forecasting is fundamental to Earth system science. Most existing Transformer-based forecasting models adopt vision-centric architectures that neglect the Earth's spherical geometry and zonal periodicity. In addition, conventional autoregressive training is computationally expensive and limits forecast horizons due to error accumulation. To address these challenges, we propose the Shifted Earth Transformer (Searth Transformer), a physics-informed architecture that incorporates zonal periodicity and meridional boundaries into window-based self-attention for physically consistent global information exchange. We further introduce a Relay Autoregressive (RAR) fine-tuning strategy that enables learning long-range atmospheric evolution under constrained memory and computational budgets. Based on these methods, we develop YanTian, a global medium-range weather forecasting model. YanTian achieves higher accuracy than the high-resolution forecast of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts and performs competitively with state-of-the-art AI models at one-degree resolution, while requiring roughly 200 times lower computational cost than standard autoregressive fine-tuning. Furthermore, YanTian attains a longer skillful forecast lead time for Z500 (10.3 days) than HRES (9 days). Beyond weather forecasting, this work establishes a robust algorithmic foundation for predictive modeling of complex global-scale geophysical circulation systems, offering new pathways for Earth system science. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09097 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Programming over Thinking: Efficient and Robust Multi-Constraint Planning Authors: Derrick Goh Xin Deik , Quanyu Long , Zhengyuan Liu , Nancy F. Chen , Wenya Wang Abstract : Multi-constraint planning involves identifying, evaluating, and refining candidate plans while satisfying multiple, potentially conflicting constraints. Existing large language model (LLM) approaches face fundamental limitations in this domain. Pure reasoning paradigms, which rely on long natural language chains, are prone to inconsistency, error accumulation, and prohibitive cost as constraints c… ▽ More Multi-constraint planning involves identifying, evaluating, and refining candidate plans while satisfying multiple, potentially conflicting constraints. Existing large language model (LLM) approaches face fundamental limitations in this domain. Pure reasoning paradigms, which rely on long natural language chains, are prone to inconsistency, error accumulation, and prohibitive cost as constraints compound. Conversely, LLMs combined with coding- or solver-based strategies lack flexibility: they often generate problem-specific code from scratch or depend on fixed solvers, failing to capture generalizable logic across diverse problems. To address these challenges, we introduce the Scalable COde Planning Engine (SCOPE), a framework that disentangles query-specific reasoning from generic code execution. By separating reasoning from execution, SCOPE produces solver functions that are consistent, deterministic, and reusable across queries while requiring only minimal changes to input parameters. SCOPE achieves state-of-the-art performance while lowering cost and latency. For example, with GPT-4o, it reaches 93.1% success on TravelPlanner, a 61.6% gain over the best baseline (CoT) while cutting inference cost by 1.4x and time by ~4.67x. Code is available at △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 8 pages of main text, 2 pages of references and and limitations, 37 pages of appendices arXiv:2601.09097 [ pdf , ps , other ] Programming over Thinking: Efficient and Robust Multi-Constraint Planning Authors: Derrick Goh Xin Deik , Quanyu Long , Zhengyuan Liu , Nancy F. Chen , Wenya Wang Abstract : Multi-constraint planning involves identifying, evaluating, and refining candidate plans while satisfying multiple, potentially conflicting constraints. Existing large language model (LLM) approaches face fundamental limitations in this domain. Pure reasoning paradigms, which rely on long natural language chains, are prone to inconsistency, error accumulation, and prohibitive cost as constraints c… ▽ More Multi-constraint planning involves identifying, evaluating, and refining candidate plans while satisfying multiple, potentially conflicting constraints. Existing large language model (LLM) approaches face fundamental limitations in this domain. Pure reasoning paradigms, which rely on long natural language chains, are prone to inconsistency, error accumulation, and prohibitive cost as constraints compound. Conversely, LLMs combined with coding- or solver-based strategies lack flexibility: they often generate problem-specific code from scratch or depend on fixed solvers, failing to capture generalizable logic across diverse problems. To address these challenges, we introduce the Scalable COde Planning Engine (SCOPE), a framework that disentangles query-specific reasoning from generic code execution. By separating reasoning from execution, SCOPE produces solver functions that are consistent, deterministic, and reusable across queries while requiring only minimal changes to input parameters. SCOPE achieves state-of-the-art performance while lowering cost and latency. For example, with GPT-4o, it reaches 93.1% success on TravelPlanner, a 61.6% gain over the best baseline (CoT) while cutting inference cost by 1.4x and time by ~4.67x. Code is available at △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 8 pages of main text, 2 pages of references and and limitations, 37 pages of appendices arXiv:2601.08418 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Taxon: Hierarchical Tax Code Prediction with Semantically Aligned LLM Expert Guidance Authors: Jihang Li , Qing Liu , Zulong Chen , Jing Wang , Wei Wang , Chuanfei Xu , Zeyi Wen Abstract : Tax code prediction is a crucial yet underexplored task in automating invoicing and compliance management for large-scale e-commerce platforms. Each product must be accurately mapped to a node within a multi-level taxonomic hierarchy defined by national standards, where errors lead to financial inconsistencies and regulatory risks. This paper presents Taxon, a semantically aligned and expert-guide… ▽ More Tax code prediction is a crucial yet underexplored task in automating invoicing and compliance management for large-scale e-commerce platforms. Each product must be accurately mapped to a node within a multi-level taxonomic hierarchy defined by national standards, where errors lead to financial inconsistencies and regulatory risks. This paper presents Taxon, a semantically aligned and expert-guided framework for hierarchical tax code prediction. Taxon integrates (i) a feature-gating mixture-of-experts architecture that adaptively routes multi-modal features across taxonomy levels, and (ii) a semantic consistency model distilled from large language models acting as domain experts to verify alignment between product titles and official tax definitions. To address noisy supervision in real business records, we design a multi-source training pipeline that combines curated tax databases, invoice validation logs, and merchant registration data to provide both structural and semantic supervision. Extensive experiments on the proprietary TaxCode dataset and public benchmarks demonstrate that Taxon achieves state-of-the-art performance, outperforming strong baselines. Further, an additional full hierarchical paths reconstruction procedure significantly improves structural consistency, yielding the highest overall F1 scores. Taxon has been deployed in production within Alibaba's tax service system, handling an average of over 500,000 tax code queries per day and reaching peak volumes above five million requests during business event with improved accuracy, interpretability, and robustness. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08418 [ pdf , ps , other ] Taxon: Hierarchical Tax Code Prediction with Semantically Aligned LLM Expert Guidance Authors: Jihang Li , Qing Liu , Zulong Chen , Jing Wang , Wei Wang , Chuanfei Xu , Zeyi Wen Abstract : Tax code prediction is a crucial yet underexplored task in automating invoicing and compliance management for large-scale e-commerce platforms. Each product must be accurately mapped to a node within a multi-level taxonomic hierarchy defined by national standards, where errors lead to financial inconsistencies and regulatory risks. This paper presents Taxon, a semantically aligned and expert-guide… ▽ More Tax code prediction is a crucial yet underexplored task in automating invoicing and compliance management for large-scale e-commerce platforms. Each product must be accurately mapped to a node within a multi-level taxonomic hierarchy defined by national standards, where errors lead to financial inconsistencies and regulatory risks. This paper presents Taxon, a semantically aligned and expert-guided framework for hierarchical tax code prediction. Taxon integrates (i) a feature-gating mixture-of-experts architecture that adaptively routes multi-modal features across taxonomy levels, and (ii) a semantic consistency model distilled from large language models acting as domain experts to verify alignment between product titles and official tax definitions. To address noisy supervision in real business records, we design a multi-source training pipeline that combines curated tax databases, invoice validation logs, and merchant registration data to provide both structural and semantic supervision. Extensive experiments on the proprietary TaxCode dataset and public benchmarks demonstrate that Taxon achieves state-of-the-art performance, outperforming strong baselines. Further, an additional full hierarchical paths reconstruction procedure significantly improves structural consistency, yielding the highest overall F1 scores. Taxon has been deployed in production within Alibaba's tax service system, handling an average of over 500,000 tax code queries per day and reaching peak volumes above five million requests during business event with improved accuracy, interpretability, and robustness. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08125 [ pdf ] cs.AI How vehicles change lanes after encountering crashes: Empirical analysis and modeling Authors: Kequan Chen , Yuxuan Wang , Pan Liu , Victor L. Knoop , David Z. W. Wang , Yu Han Abstract : When a traffic crash occurs, following vehicles need to change lanes to bypass the obstruction. We define these maneuvers as post crash lane changes. In such scenarios, vehicles in the target lane may refuse to yield even after the lane change has already begun, increasing the complexity and crash risk of post crash LCs. However, the behavioral characteristics and motion patterns of post crash LCs… ▽ More When a traffic crash occurs, following vehicles need to change lanes to bypass the obstruction. We define these maneuvers as post crash lane changes. In such scenarios, vehicles in the target lane may refuse to yield even after the lane change has already begun, increasing the complexity and crash risk of post crash LCs. However, the behavioral characteristics and motion patterns of post crash LCs remain unknown. To address this gap, we construct a post crash LC dataset by extracting vehicle trajectories from drone videos captured after crashes. Our empirical analysis reveals that, compared to mandatory LCs (MLCs) and discretionary LCs (DLCs), post crash LCs exhibit longer durations, lower insertion speeds, and higher crash risks. Notably, 79.4% of post crash LCs involve at least one instance of non yielding behavior from the new follower, compared to 21.7% for DLCs and 28.6% for MLCs. Building on these findings, we develop a novel trajectory prediction framework for post crash LCs. At its core is a graph based attention module that explicitly models yielding behavior as an auxiliary interaction aware task. This module is designed to guide both a conditional variational autoencoder and a Transformer based decoder to predict the lane changer's trajectory. By incorporating the interaction aware module, our model outperforms existing baselines in trajectory prediction performance by more than 10% in both average displacement error and final displacement error across different prediction horizons. Moreover, our model provides more reliable crash risk analysis by reducing false crash rates and improving conflict prediction accuracy. Finally, we validate the model's transferability using additional post crash LC datasets collected from different sites. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08125 [ pdf ] How vehicles change lanes after encountering crashes: Empirical analysis and modeling Authors: Kequan Chen , Yuxuan Wang , Pan Liu , Victor L. Knoop , David Z. W. Wang , Yu Han Abstract : When a traffic crash occurs, following vehicles need to change lanes to bypass the obstruction. We define these maneuvers as post crash lane changes. In such scenarios, vehicles in the target lane may refuse to yield even after the lane change has already begun, increasing the complexity and crash risk of post crash LCs. However, the behavioral characteristics and motion patterns of post crash LCs… ▽ More When a traffic crash occurs, following vehicles need to change lanes to bypass the obstruction. We define these maneuvers as post crash lane changes. In such scenarios, vehicles in the target lane may refuse to yield even after the lane change has already begun, increasing the complexity and crash risk of post crash LCs. However, the behavioral characteristics and motion patterns of post crash LCs remain unknown. To address this gap, we construct a post crash LC dataset by extracting vehicle trajectories from drone videos captured after crashes. Our empirical analysis reveals that, compared to mandatory LCs (MLCs) and discretionary LCs (DLCs), post crash LCs exhibit longer durations, lower insertion speeds, and higher crash risks. Notably, 79.4% of post crash LCs involve at least one instance of non yielding behavior from the new follower, compared to 21.7% for DLCs and 28.6% for MLCs. Building on these findings, we develop a novel trajectory prediction framework for post crash LCs. At its core is a graph based attention module that explicitly models yielding behavior as an auxiliary interaction aware task. This module is designed to guide both a conditional variational autoencoder and a Transformer based decoder to predict the lane changer's trajectory. By incorporating the interaction aware module, our model outperforms existing baselines in trajectory prediction performance by more than 10% in both average displacement error and final displacement error across different prediction horizons. Moreover, our model provides more reliable crash risk analysis by reducing false crash rates and improving conflict prediction accuracy. Finally, we validate the model's transferability using additional post crash LC datasets collected from different sites. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07632 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI GeoMotionGPT: Geometry-Aligned Motion Understanding with Large Language Models Authors: Zhankai Ye , Bofan Li , Yukai Jin , Shuoqiu Li , Wei Wang , Yanfu Zhang , Shangqian Gao , Xin Liu Abstract : Discrete motion tokenization has recently enabled Large Language Models (LLMs) to serve as versatile backbones for motion understanding and motion-language reasoning. However, existing pipelines typically decouple motion quantization from semantic embedding learning, linking them solely via token IDs. This approach fails to effectively align the intrinsic geometry of the motion space with the embe… ▽ More Discrete motion tokenization has recently enabled Large Language Models (LLMs) to serve as versatile backbones for motion understanding and motion-language reasoning. However, existing pipelines typically decouple motion quantization from semantic embedding learning, linking them solely via token IDs. This approach fails to effectively align the intrinsic geometry of the motion space with the embedding space, thereby hindering the LLM's capacity for nuanced motion reasoning. We argue that alignment is most effective when both modalities share a unified geometric basis. Therefore, instead of forcing the LLM to reconstruct the complex geometry among motion tokens from scratch, we present a novel framework that explicitly enforces orthogonality on both the motion codebook and the LLM embedding space, ensuring that their relational structures naturally mirror each other. Specifically, we employ a decoder-only quantizer with Gumbel-Softmax for differentiable training and balanced codebook usage. To bridge the modalities, we use a sparse projection that maps motion codes into the LLM embedding space while preserving orthogonality. Finally, a two-stage orthonormal regularization schedule enforces soft constraints during tokenizer training and LLM fine-tuning to maintain geometric alignment without hindering semantic adaptation. Extensive experiments on HumanML3D demonstrate that our framework achieves a 20% performance improvement over current state-of-the-art methods, validating that a unified geometric basis effectively empowers the LLM for nuanced motion reasoning. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07632 [ pdf , ps , other ] GeoMotionGPT: Geometry-Aligned Motion Understanding with Large Language Models Authors: Zhankai Ye , Bofan Li , Yukai Jin , Shuoqiu Li , Wei Wang , Yanfu Zhang , Shangqian Gao , Xin Liu Abstract : Discrete motion tokenization has recently enabled Large Language Models (LLMs) to serve as versatile backbones for motion understanding and motion-language reasoning. However, existing pipelines typically decouple motion quantization from semantic embedding learning, linking them solely via token IDs. This approach fails to effectively align the intrinsic geometry of the motion space with the embe… ▽ More Discrete motion tokenization has recently enabled Large Language Models (LLMs) to serve as versatile backbones for motion understanding and motion-language reasoning. However, existing pipelines typically decouple motion quantization from semantic embedding learning, linking them solely via token IDs. This approach fails to effectively align the intrinsic geometry of the motion space with the embedding space, thereby hindering the LLM's capacity for nuanced motion reasoning. We argue that alignment is most effective when both modalities share a unified geometric basis. Therefore, instead of forcing the LLM to reconstruct the complex geometry among motion tokens from scratch, we present a novel framework that explicitly enforces orthogonality on both the motion codebook and the LLM embedding space, ensuring that their relational structures naturally mirror each other. Specifically, we employ a decoder-only quantizer with Gumbel-Softmax for differentiable training and balanced codebook usage. To bridge the modalities, we use a sparse projection that maps motion codes into the LLM embedding space while preserving orthogonality. Finally, a two-stage orthonormal regularization schedule enforces soft constraints during tokenizer training and LLM fine-tuning to maintain geometric alignment without hindering semantic adaptation. Extensive experiments on HumanML3D demonstrate that our framework achieves a 20% performance improvement over current state-of-the-art methods, validating that a unified geometric basis effectively empowers the LLM for nuanced motion reasoning. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07351 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI Beyond Hard Masks: Progressive Token Evolution for Diffusion Language Models Authors: Linhao Zhong , Linyu Wu , Bozhen Fang , Tianjian Feng , Chenchen Jing , Wen Wang , Jiaheng Zhang , Hao Chen , Chunhua Shen Abstract : Diffusion Language Models (DLMs) offer a promising alternative for language modeling by enabling parallel decoding through iterative refinement. However, most DLMs rely on hard binary masking and discrete token assignments, which hinder the revision of early decisions and underutilize intermediate probabilistic representations. In this paper, we propose EvoToken-DLM, a novel diffusion-based langua… ▽ More Diffusion Language Models (DLMs) offer a promising alternative for language modeling by enabling parallel decoding through iterative refinement. However, most DLMs rely on hard binary masking and discrete token assignments, which hinder the revision of early decisions and underutilize intermediate probabilistic representations. In this paper, we propose EvoToken-DLM, a novel diffusion-based language modeling approach that replaces hard binary masks with evolving soft token distributions. EvoToken-DLM enables a progressive transition from masked states to discrete outputs, supporting revisable decoding. To effectively support this evolution, we introduce continuous trajectory supervision, which aligns training objectives with iterative probabilistic updates. Extensive experiments across multiple benchmarks show that EvoToken-DLM consistently achieves superior performance, outperforming strong diffusion-based and masked DLM baselines. Project webpage: △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project webpage: arXiv:2601.07351 [ pdf , ps , other ] Beyond Hard Masks: Progressive Token Evolution for Diffusion Language Models Authors: Linhao Zhong , Linyu Wu , Bozhen Fang , Tianjian Feng , Chenchen Jing , Wen Wang , Jiaheng Zhang , Hao Chen , Chunhua Shen Abstract : Diffusion Language Models (DLMs) offer a promising alternative for language modeling by enabling parallel decoding through iterative refinement. However, most DLMs rely on hard binary masking and discrete token assignments, which hinder the revision of early decisions and underutilize intermediate probabilistic representations. In this paper, we propose EvoToken-DLM, a novel diffusion-based langua… ▽ More Diffusion Language Models (DLMs) offer a promising alternative for language modeling by enabling parallel decoding through iterative refinement. However, most DLMs rely on hard binary masking and discrete token assignments, which hinder the revision of early decisions and underutilize intermediate probabilistic representations. In this paper, we propose EvoToken-DLM, a novel diffusion-based language modeling approach that replaces hard binary masks with evolving soft token distributions. EvoToken-DLM enables a progressive transition from masked states to discrete outputs, supporting revisable decoding. To effectively support this evolution, we introduce continuous trajectory supervision, which aligns training objectives with iterative probabilistic updates. Extensive experiments across multiple benchmarks show that EvoToken-DLM consistently achieves superior performance, outperforming strong diffusion-based and masked DLM baselines. Project webpage: △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project webpage: arXiv:2601.07214 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.AI cs.CV BlindU: Blind Machine Unlearning without Revealing Erasing Data Authors: Weiqi Wang , Zhiyi Tian , Chenhan Zhang , Shui Yu Abstract : Machine unlearning enables data holders to remove the contribution of their specified samples from trained models to protect their privacy. However, it is paradoxical that most unlearning methods require the unlearning requesters to firstly upload their data to the server as a prerequisite for unlearning. These methods are infeasible in many privacy-preserving scenarios where servers are prohibite… ▽ More Machine unlearning enables data holders to remove the contribution of their specified samples from trained models to protect their privacy. However, it is paradoxical that most unlearning methods require the unlearning requesters to firstly upload their data to the server as a prerequisite for unlearning. These methods are infeasible in many privacy-preserving scenarios where servers are prohibited from accessing users' data, such as federated learning (FL). In this paper, we explore how to implement unlearning under the condition of not uncovering the erasing data to the server. We propose \textbf{Blind Unlearning (BlindU)}, which carries out unlearning using compressed representations instead of original inputs. BlindU only involves the server and the unlearning user: the user locally generates privacy-preserving representations, and the server performs unlearning solely on these representations and their labels. For the FL model training, we employ the information bottleneck (IB) mechanism. The encoder of the IB-based FL model learns representations that distort maximum task-irrelevant information from inputs, allowing FL users to generate compressed representations locally. For effective unlearning using compressed representation, BlindU integrates two dedicated unlearning modules tailored explicitly for IB-based models and uses a multiple gradient descent algorithm to balance forgetting and utility retaining. While IB compression already provides protection for task-irrelevant information of inputs, to further enhance the privacy protection, we introduce a noise-free differential privacy (DP) masking method to deal with the raw erasing data before compressing. Theoretical analysis and extensive experimental results illustrate the superiority of BlindU in privacy protection and unlearning effectiveness compared with the best existing privacy-preserving unlearning benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07214 [ pdf , ps , other ] BlindU: Blind Machine Unlearning without Revealing Erasing Data Authors: Weiqi Wang , Zhiyi Tian , Chenhan Zhang , Shui Yu Abstract : Machine unlearning enables data holders to remove the contribution of their specified samples from trained models to protect their privacy. However, it is paradoxical that most unlearning methods require the unlearning requesters to firstly upload their data to the server as a prerequisite for unlearning. These methods are infeasible in many privacy-preserving scenarios where servers are prohibite… ▽ More Machine unlearning enables data holders to remove the contribution of their specified samples from trained models to protect their privacy. However, it is paradoxical that most unlearning methods require the unlearning requesters to firstly upload their data to the server as a prerequisite for unlearning. These methods are infeasible in many privacy-preserving scenarios where servers are prohibited from accessing users' data, such as federated learning (FL). In this paper, we explore how to implement unlearning under the condition of not uncovering the erasing data to the server. We propose \textbf{Blind Unlearning (BlindU)}, which carries out unlearning using compressed representations instead of original inputs. BlindU only involves the server and the unlearning user: the user locally generates privacy-preserving representations, and the server performs unlearning solely on these representations and their labels. For the FL model training, we employ the information bottleneck (IB) mechanism. The encoder of the IB-based FL model learns representations that distort maximum task-irrelevant information from inputs, allowing FL users to generate compressed representations locally. For effective unlearning using compressed representation, BlindU integrates two dedicated unlearning modules tailored explicitly for IB-based models and uses a multiple gradient descent algorithm to balance forgetting and utility retaining. While IB compression already provides protection for task-irrelevant information of inputs, to further enhance the privacy protection, we introduce a noise-free differential privacy (DP) masking method to deal with the raw erasing data before compressing. Theoretical analysis and extensive experimental results illustrate the superiority of BlindU in privacy protection and unlearning effectiveness compared with the best existing privacy-preserving unlearning benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07005 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SE cs.AI MicLog: Towards Accurate and Efficient LLM-based Log Parsing via Progressive Meta In-Context Learning Authors: Jianbo Yu , Yixuan Li , Hai Xu , Kang Xu , Junjielong Xu , Zhijing Li , Pinjia He , Wanyuan Wang Abstract : Log parsing converts semi-structured logs into structured templates, forming a critical foundation for downstream analysis. Traditional syntax and semantic-based parsers often struggle with semantic variations in evolving logs and data scarcity stemming from their limited domain coverage. Recent large language model (LLM)-based parsers leverage in-context learning (ICL) to extract semantics from e… ▽ More Log parsing converts semi-structured logs into structured templates, forming a critical foundation for downstream analysis. Traditional syntax and semantic-based parsers often struggle with semantic variations in evolving logs and data scarcity stemming from their limited domain coverage. Recent large language model (LLM)-based parsers leverage in-context learning (ICL) to extract semantics from examples, demonstrating superior accuracy. However, LLM-based parsers face two main challenges: 1) underutilization of ICL capabilities, particularly in dynamic example selection and cross-domain generalization, leading to inconsistent performance; 2) time-consuming and costly LLM querying. To address these challenges, we present MicLog, the first progressive meta in-context learning (ProgMeta-ICL) log parsing framework that combines meta-learning with ICL on small open-source LLMs (i.e., Qwen-2.5-3B). Specifically, MicLog: i) enhances LLMs' ICL capability through a zero-shot to k-shot ProgMeta-ICL paradigm, employing weighted DBSCAN candidate sampling and enhanced BM25 demonstration selection; ii) accelerates parsing via a multi-level pre-query cache that dynamically matches and refines recently parsed templates. Evaluated on Loghub-2.0, MicLog achieves 10.3% higher parsing accuracy than the state-of-the-art parser while reducing parsing time by 42.4%. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07005 [ pdf , ps , other ] MicLog: Towards Accurate and Efficient LLM-based Log Parsing via Progressive Meta In-Context Learning Authors: Jianbo Yu , Yixuan Li , Hai Xu , Kang Xu , Junjielong Xu , Zhijing Li , Pinjia He , Wanyuan Wang Abstract : Log parsing converts semi-structured logs into structured templates, forming a critical foundation for downstream analysis. Traditional syntax and semantic-based parsers often struggle with semantic variations in evolving logs and data scarcity stemming from their limited domain coverage. Recent large language model (LLM)-based parsers leverage in-context learning (ICL) to extract semantics from e… ▽ More Log parsing converts semi-structured logs into structured templates, forming a critical foundation for downstream analysis. Traditional syntax and semantic-based parsers often struggle with semantic variations in evolving logs and data scarcity stemming from their limited domain coverage. Recent large language model (LLM)-based parsers leverage in-context learning (ICL) to extract semantics from examples, demonstrating superior accuracy. However, LLM-based parsers face two main challenges: 1) underutilization of ICL capabilities, particularly in dynamic example selection and cross-domain generalization, leading to inconsistent performance; 2) time-consuming and costly LLM querying. To address these challenges, we present MicLog, the first progressive meta in-context learning (ProgMeta-ICL) log parsing framework that combines meta-learning with ICL on small open-source LLMs (i.e., Qwen-2.5-3B). Specifically, MicLog: i) enhances LLMs' ICL capability through a zero-shot to k-shot ProgMeta-ICL paradigm, employing weighted DBSCAN candidate sampling and enhanced BM25 demonstration selection; ii) accelerates parsing via a multi-level pre-query cache that dynamically matches and refines recently parsed templates. Evaluated on Loghub-2.0, MicLog achieves 10.3% higher parsing accuracy than the state-of-the-art parser while reducing parsing time by 42.4%. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06636 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI MedEinst: Benchmarking the Einstellung Effect in Medical LLMs through Counterfactual Differential Diagnosis Authors: Wenting Chen , Zhongrui Zhu , Guolin Huang , Wenxuan Wang Abstract : Despite achieving high accuracy on medical benchmarks, LLMs exhibit the Einstellung Effect in clinical diagnosis--relying on statistical shortcuts rather than patient-specific evidence, causing misdiagnosis in atypical cases. Existing benchmarks fail to detect this critical failure mode. We introduce MedEinst, a counterfactual benchmark with 5,383 paired clinical cases across 49 diseases. Each pai… ▽ More Despite achieving high accuracy on medical benchmarks, LLMs exhibit the Einstellung Effect in clinical diagnosis--relying on statistical shortcuts rather than patient-specific evidence, causing misdiagnosis in atypical cases. Existing benchmarks fail to detect this critical failure mode. We introduce MedEinst, a counterfactual benchmark with 5,383 paired clinical cases across 49 diseases. Each pair contains a control case and a "trap" case with altered discriminative evidence that flips the diagnosis. We measure susceptibility via Bias Trap Rate--probability of misdiagnosing traps despite correctly diagnosing controls. Extensive Evaluation of 17 LLMs shows frontier models achieve high baseline accuracy but severe bias trap rates. Thus, we propose ECR-Agent, aligning LLM reasoning with Evidence-Based Medicine standard via two components: (1) Dynamic Causal Inference (DCI) performs structured reasoning through dual-pathway perception, dynamic causal graph reasoning across three levels (association, intervention, counterfactual), and evidence audit for final diagnosis; (2) Critic-Driven Graph and Memory Evolution (CGME) iteratively refines the system by storing validated reasoning paths in an exemplar base and consolidating disease-specific knowledge into evolving illness graphs. Source code is to be released. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 19 pages, 7 figures arXiv:2601.06636 [ pdf , ps , other ] MedEinst: Benchmarking the Einstellung Effect in Medical LLMs through Counterfactual Differential Diagnosis Authors: Wenting Chen , Zhongrui Zhu , Guolin Huang , Wenxuan Wang Abstract : Despite achieving high accuracy on medical benchmarks, LLMs exhibit the Einstellung Effect in clinical diagnosis--relying on statistical shortcuts rather than patient-specific evidence, causing misdiagnosis in atypical cases. Existing benchmarks fail to detect this critical failure mode. We introduce MedEinst, a counterfactual benchmark with 5,383 paired clinical cases across 49 diseases. Each pai… ▽ More Despite achieving high accuracy on medical benchmarks, LLMs exhibit the Einstellung Effect in clinical diagnosis--relying on statistical shortcuts rather than patient-specific evidence, causing misdiagnosis in atypical cases. Existing benchmarks fail to detect this critical failure mode. We introduce MedEinst, a counterfactual benchmark with 5,383 paired clinical cases across 49 diseases. Each pair contains a control case and a "trap" case with altered discriminative evidence that flips the diagnosis. We measure susceptibility via Bias Trap Rate--probability of misdiagnosing traps despite correctly diagnosing controls. Extensive Evaluation of 17 LLMs shows frontier models achieve high baseline accuracy but severe bias trap rates. Thus, we propose ECR-Agent, aligning LLM reasoning with Evidence-Based Medicine standard via two components: (1) Dynamic Causal Inference (DCI) performs structured reasoning through dual-pathway perception, dynamic causal graph reasoning across three levels (association, intervention, counterfactual), and evidence audit for final diagnosis; (2) Critic-Driven Graph and Memory Evolution (CGME) iteratively refines the system by storing validated reasoning paths in an exemplar base and consolidating disease-specific knowledge into evolving illness graphs. Source code is to be released. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 19 pages, 7 figures arXiv:2601.06600 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Probing Multimodal Large Language Models on Cognitive Biases in Chinese Short-Video Misinformation Authors: Jen-tse Huang , Chang Chen , Shiyang Lai , Wenxuan Wang , Michelle R. Kaufman , Mark Dredze Abstract : Short-video platforms have become major channels for misinformation, where deceptive claims frequently leverage visual experiments and social cues. While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated impressive reasoning capabilities, their robustness against misinformation entangled with cognitive biases remains under-explored. In this paper, we introduce a comprehensive evaluation f… ▽ More Short-video platforms have become major channels for misinformation, where deceptive claims frequently leverage visual experiments and social cues. While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated impressive reasoning capabilities, their robustness against misinformation entangled with cognitive biases remains under-explored. In this paper, we introduce a comprehensive evaluation framework using a high-quality, manually annotated dataset of 200 short videos spanning four health domains. This dataset provides fine-grained annotations for three deceptive patterns, experimental errors, logical fallacies, and fabricated claims, each verified by evidence such as national standards and academic literature. We evaluate eight frontier MLLMs across five modality settings. Experimental results demonstrate that Gemini-2.5-Pro achieves the highest performance in the multimodal setting with a belief score of 71.5/100, while o3 performs the worst at 35.2. Furthermore, we investigate social cues that induce false beliefs in videos and find that models are susceptible to biases like authoritative channel IDs. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 9 pages, 6 figures, 9 tables arXiv:2601.06600 [ pdf , ps , other ] Probing Multimodal Large Language Models on Cognitive Biases in Chinese Short-Video Misinformation Authors: Jen-tse Huang , Chang Chen , Shiyang Lai , Wenxuan Wang , Michelle R. Kaufman , Mark Dredze Abstract : Short-video platforms have become major channels for misinformation, where deceptive claims frequently leverage visual experiments and social cues. While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated impressive reasoning capabilities, their robustness against misinformation entangled with cognitive biases remains under-explored. In this paper, we introduce a comprehensive evaluation f… ▽ More Short-video platforms have become major channels for misinformation, where deceptive claims frequently leverage visual experiments and social cues. While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated impressive reasoning capabilities, their robustness against misinformation entangled with cognitive biases remains under-explored. In this paper, we introduce a comprehensive evaluation framework using a high-quality, manually annotated dataset of 200 short videos spanning four health domains. This dataset provides fine-grained annotations for three deceptive patterns, experimental errors, logical fallacies, and fabricated claims, each verified by evidence such as national standards and academic literature. We evaluate eight frontier MLLMs across five modality settings. Experimental results demonstrate that Gemini-2.5-Pro achieves the highest performance in the multimodal setting with a belief score of 71.5/100, while o3 performs the worst at 35.2. Furthermore, we investigate social cues that induce false beliefs in videos and find that models are susceptible to biases like authoritative channel IDs. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 9 pages, 6 figures, 9 tables arXiv:2601.06377 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI HiMem: Hierarchical Long-Term Memory for LLM Long-Horizon Agents Authors: Ningning Zhang , Xingxing Yang , Zhizhong Tan , Weiping Deng , Wenyong Wang Abstract : Although long-term memory systems have made substantial progress in recent years, they still exhibit clear limitations in adaptability, scalability, and self-evolution under continuous interaction settings. Inspired by cognitive theories, we propose HiMem, a hierarchical long-term memory framework for long-horizon dialogues, designed to support memory construction, retrieval, and dynamic updating… ▽ More Although long-term memory systems have made substantial progress in recent years, they still exhibit clear limitations in adaptability, scalability, and self-evolution under continuous interaction settings. Inspired by cognitive theories, we propose HiMem, a hierarchical long-term memory framework for long-horizon dialogues, designed to support memory construction, retrieval, and dynamic updating during sustained interactions. HiMem constructs cognitively consistent Episode Memory via a Topic-Aware Event--Surprise Dual-Channel Segmentation strategy, and builds Note Memory that captures stable knowledge through a multi-stage information extraction pipeline. These two memory types are semantically linked to form a hierarchical structure that bridges concrete interaction events and abstract knowledge, enabling efficient retrieval without sacrificing information fidelity. HiMem supports both hybrid and best-effort retrieval strategies to balance accuracy and efficiency, and incorporates conflict-aware Memory Reconsolidation to revise and supplement stored knowledge based on retrieval feedback. This design enables continual memory self-evolution over long-term use. Experimental results on long-horizon dialogue benchmarks demonstrate that HiMem consistently outperforms representative baselines in accuracy, consistency, and long-term reasoning, while maintaining favorable efficiency. Overall, HiMem provides a principled and scalable design paradigm for building adaptive and self-evolving LLM-based conversational agents. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06377 [ pdf , ps , other ] HiMem: Hierarchical Long-Term Memory for LLM Long-Horizon Agents Authors: Ningning Zhang , Xingxing Yang , Zhizhong Tan , Weiping Deng , Wenyong Wang Abstract : Although long-term memory systems have made substantial progress in recent years, they still exhibit clear limitations in adaptability, scalability, and self-evolution under continuous interaction settings. Inspired by cognitive theories, we propose HiMem, a hierarchical long-term memory framework for long-horizon dialogues, designed to support memory construction, retrieval, and dynamic updating… ▽ More Although long-term memory systems have made substantial progress in recent years, they still exhibit clear limitations in adaptability, scalability, and self-evolution under continuous interaction settings. Inspired by cognitive theories, we propose HiMem, a hierarchical long-term memory framework for long-horizon dialogues, designed to support memory construction, retrieval, and dynamic updating during sustained interactions. HiMem constructs cognitively consistent Episode Memory via a Topic-Aware Event--Surprise Dual-Channel Segmentation strategy, and builds Note Memory that captures stable knowledge through a multi-stage information extraction pipeline. These two memory types are semantically linked to form a hierarchical structure that bridges concrete interaction events and abstract knowledge, enabling efficient retrieval without sacrificing information fidelity. HiMem supports both hybrid and best-effort retrieval strategies to balance accuracy and efficiency, and incorporates conflict-aware Memory Reconsolidation to revise and supplement stored knowledge based on retrieval feedback. This design enables continual memory self-evolution over long-term use. Experimental results on long-horizon dialogue benchmarks demonstrate that HiMem consistently outperforms representative baselines in accuracy, consistency, and long-term reasoning, while maintaining favorable efficiency. Overall, HiMem provides a principled and scalable design paradigm for building adaptive and self-evolving LLM-based conversational agents. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05839 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV GeoSurDepth: Spatial Geometry-Consistent Self-Supervised Depth Estimation for Surround-View Cameras Authors: Weimin Liu , Wenjun Wang , Joshua H. Meng Abstract : Accurate surround-view depth estimation provides a competitive alternative to laser-based sensors and is essential for 3D scene understanding in autonomous driving. While prior studies have proposed various approaches that primarily focus on enforcing cross-view constraints at the photometric level, few explicitly exploit the rich geometric structure inherent in both monocular and surround-view se… ▽ More Accurate surround-view depth estimation provides a competitive alternative to laser-based sensors and is essential for 3D scene understanding in autonomous driving. While prior studies have proposed various approaches that primarily focus on enforcing cross-view constraints at the photometric level, few explicitly exploit the rich geometric structure inherent in both monocular and surround-view setting. In this work, we propose GeoSurDepth, a framework that leverages geometry consistency as the primary cue for surround-view depth estimation. Concretely, we utilize foundation models as a pseudo geometry prior and feature representation enhancement tool to guide the network to maintain surface normal consistency in spatial 3D space and regularize object- and texture-consistent depth estimation in 2D. In addition, we introduce a novel view synthesis pipeline where 2D-3D lifting is achieved with dense depth reconstructed via spatial warping, encouraging additional photometric supervision across temporal, spatial, and spatial-temporal contexts, and compensating for the limitations of single-view image reconstruction. Finally, a newly-proposed adaptive joint motion learning strategy enables the network to adaptively emphasize informative spatial geometry cues for improved motion reasoning. Extensive experiments on DDAD and nuScenes demonstrate that GeoSurDepth achieves state-of-the-art performance, validating the effectiveness of our approach. Our framework highlights the importance of exploiting geometry coherence and consistency for robust self-supervised multi-view depth estimation. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05839 [ pdf , ps , other ] GeoSurDepth: Spatial Geometry-Consistent Self-Supervised Depth Estimation for Surround-View Cameras Authors: Weimin Liu , Wenjun Wang , Joshua H. Meng Abstract : Accurate surround-view depth estimation provides a competitive alternative to laser-based sensors and is essential for 3D scene understanding in autonomous driving. While prior studies have proposed various approaches that primarily focus on enforcing cross-view constraints at the photometric level, few explicitly exploit the rich geometric structure inherent in both monocular and surround-view se… ▽ More Accurate surround-view depth estimation provides a competitive alternative to laser-based sensors and is essential for 3D scene understanding in autonomous driving. While prior studies have proposed various approaches that primarily focus on enforcing cross-view constraints at the photometric level, few explicitly exploit the rich geometric structure inherent in both monocular and surround-view setting. In this work, we propose GeoSurDepth, a framework that leverages geometry consistency as the primary cue for surround-view depth estimation. Concretely, we utilize foundation models as a pseudo geometry prior and feature representation enhancement tool to guide the network to maintain surface normal consistency in spatial 3D space and regularize object- and texture-consistent depth estimation in 2D. In addition, we introduce a novel view synthesis pipeline where 2D-3D lifting is achieved with dense depth reconstructed via spatial warping, encouraging additional photometric supervision across temporal, spatial, and spatial-temporal contexts, and compensating for the limitations of single-view image reconstruction. Finally, a newly-proposed adaptive joint motion learning strategy enables the network to adaptively emphasize informative spatial geometry cues for improved motion reasoning. Extensive experiments on DDAD and nuScenes demonstrate that GeoSurDepth achieves state-of-the-art performance, validating the effectiveness of our approach. Our framework highlights the importance of exploiting geometry coherence and consistency for robust self-supervised multi-view depth estimation. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05752 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.SE AutoMonitor-Bench: Evaluating the Reliability of LLM-Based Misbehavior Monitor Authors: Shu Yang , Jingyu Hu , Tong Li , Hanqi Yan , Wenxuan Wang , Di Wang Abstract : We introduce AutoMonitor-Bench, the first benchmark designed to systematically evaluate the reliability of LLM-based misbehavior monitors across diverse tasks and failure modes. AutoMonitor-Bench consists of 3,010 carefully annotated test samples spanning question answering, code generation, and reasoning, with paired misbehavior and benign instances. We evaluate monitors using two complementary m… ▽ More We introduce AutoMonitor-Bench, the first benchmark designed to systematically evaluate the reliability of LLM-based misbehavior monitors across diverse tasks and failure modes. AutoMonitor-Bench consists of 3,010 carefully annotated test samples spanning question answering, code generation, and reasoning, with paired misbehavior and benign instances. We evaluate monitors using two complementary metrics: Miss Rate (MR) and False Alarm Rate (FAR), capturing failures to detect misbehavior and oversensitivity to benign behavior, respectively. Evaluating 12 proprietary and 10 open-source LLMs, we observe substantial variability in monitoring performance and a consistent trade-off between MR and FAR, revealing an inherent safety-utility tension. To further explore the limits of monitor reliability, we construct a large-scale training corpus of 153,581 samples and fine-tune Qwen3-4B-Instruction to investigate whether training on known, relatively easy-to-construct misbehavior datasets improves monitoring performance on unseen and more implicit misbehaviors. Our results highlight the challenges of reliable, scalable misbehavior monitoring and motivate future work on task-aware designing and training strategies for LLM-based monitors. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05752 [ pdf , ps , other ] AutoMonitor-Bench: Evaluating the Reliability of LLM-Based Misbehavior Monitor Authors: Shu Yang , Jingyu Hu , Tong Li , Hanqi Yan , Wenxuan Wang , Di Wang Abstract : We introduce AutoMonitor-Bench, the first benchmark designed to systematically evaluate the reliability of LLM-based misbehavior monitors across diverse tasks and failure modes. AutoMonitor-Bench consists of 3,010 carefully annotated test samples spanning question answering, code generation, and reasoning, with paired misbehavior and benign instances. We evaluate monitors using two complementary m… ▽ More We introduce AutoMonitor-Bench, the first benchmark designed to systematically evaluate the reliability of LLM-based misbehavior monitors across diverse tasks and failure modes. AutoMonitor-Bench consists of 3,010 carefully annotated test samples spanning question answering, code generation, and reasoning, with paired misbehavior and benign instances. We evaluate monitors using two complementary metrics: Miss Rate (MR) and False Alarm Rate (FAR), capturing failures to detect misbehavior and oversensitivity to benign behavior, respectively. Evaluating 12 proprietary and 10 open-source LLMs, we observe substantial variability in monitoring performance and a consistent trade-off between MR and FAR, revealing an inherent safety-utility tension. To further explore the limits of monitor reliability, we construct a large-scale training corpus of 153,581 samples and fine-tune Qwen3-4B-Instruction to investigate whether training on known, relatively easy-to-construct misbehavior datasets improves monitoring performance on unseen and more implicit misbehaviors. Our results highlight the challenges of reliable, scalable misbehavior monitoring and motivate future work on task-aware designing and training strategies for LLM-based monitors. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05580 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Generalizable and Adaptive Continual Learning Framework for AI-generated Image Detection Authors: Hanyi Wang , Jun Lan , Yaoyu Kang , Huijia Zhu , Weiqiang Wang , Zhuosheng Zhang , Shilin Wang Abstract : The malicious misuse and widespread dissemination of AI-generated images pose a significant threat to the authenticity of online information. Current detection methods often struggle to generalize to unseen generative models, and the rapid evolution of generative techniques continuously exacerbates this challenge. Without adaptability, detection models risk becoming ineffective in real-world appli… ▽ More The malicious misuse and widespread dissemination of AI-generated images pose a significant threat to the authenticity of online information. Current detection methods often struggle to generalize to unseen generative models, and the rapid evolution of generative techniques continuously exacerbates this challenge. Without adaptability, detection models risk becoming ineffective in real-world applications. To address this critical issue, we propose a novel three-stage domain continual learning framework designed for continuous adaptation to evolving generative models. In the first stage, we employ a strategic parameter-efficient fine-tuning approach to develop a transferable offline detection model with strong generalization capabilities. Building upon this foundation, the second stage integrates unseen data streams into a continual learning process. To efficiently learn from limited samples of novel generated models and mitigate overfitting, we design a data augmentation chain with progressively increasing complexity. Furthermore, we leverage the Kronecker-Factored Approximate Curvature (K-FAC) method to approximate the Hessian and alleviate catastrophic forgetting. Finally, the third stage utilizes a linear interpolation strategy based on Linear Mode Connectivity, effectively capturing commonalities across diverse generative models and further enhancing overall performance. We establish a comprehensive benchmark of 27 generative models, including GANs, deepfakes, and diffusion models, chronologically structured up to August 2024 to simulate real-world scenarios. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our initial offline detectors surpass the leading baseline by +5.51% in terms of mean average precision. Our continual learning strategy achieves an average accuracy of 92.20%, outperforming state-of-the-art methods. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by TMM 2025 arXiv:2601.05580 [ pdf , ps , other ] Generalizable and Adaptive Continual Learning Framework for AI-generated Image Detection Authors: Hanyi Wang , Jun Lan , Yaoyu Kang , Huijia Zhu , Weiqiang Wang , Zhuosheng Zhang , Shilin Wang Abstract : The malicious misuse and widespread dissemination of AI-generated images pose a significant threat to the authenticity of online information. Current detection methods often struggle to generalize to unseen generative models, and the rapid evolution of generative techniques continuously exacerbates this challenge. Without adaptability, detection models risk becoming ineffective in real-world appli… ▽ More The malicious misuse and widespread dissemination of AI-generated images pose a significant threat to the authenticity of online information. Current detection methods often struggle to generalize to unseen generative models, and the rapid evolution of generative techniques continuously exacerbates this challenge. Without adaptability, detection models risk becoming ineffective in real-world applications. To address this critical issue, we propose a novel three-stage domain continual learning framework designed for continuous adaptation to evolving generative models. In the first stage, we employ a strategic parameter-efficient fine-tuning approach to develop a transferable offline detection model with strong generalization capabilities. Building upon this foundation, the second stage integrates unseen data streams into a continual learning process. To efficiently learn from limited samples of novel generated models and mitigate overfitting, we design a data augmentation chain with progressively increasing complexity. Furthermore, we leverage the Kronecker-Factored Approximate Curvature (K-FAC) method to approximate the Hessian and alleviate catastrophic forgetting. Finally, the third stage utilizes a linear interpolation strategy based on Linear Mode Connectivity, effectively capturing commonalities across diverse generative models and further enhancing overall performance. We establish a comprehensive benchmark of 27 generative models, including GANs, deepfakes, and diffusion models, chronologically structured up to August 2024 to simulate real-world scenarios. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our initial offline detectors surpass the leading baseline by +5.51% in terms of mean average precision. Our continual learning strategy achieves an average accuracy of 92.20%, outperforming state-of-the-art methods. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by TMM 2025 arXiv:2601.05567 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL WildSci: Advancing Scientific Reasoning from In-the-Wild Literature Authors: Tengxiao Liu , Deepak Nathani , Zekun Li , Kevin Yang , William Yang Wang Abstract : Recent progress in large language model (LLM) reasoning has focused on domains like mathematics and coding, where abundant high-quality data and objective evaluation metrics are readily available. In contrast, progress in LLM reasoning models remains limited in scientific domains such as medicine and materials science due to limited dataset coverage and the inherent complexity of open-ended scient… ▽ More Recent progress in large language model (LLM) reasoning has focused on domains like mathematics and coding, where abundant high-quality data and objective evaluation metrics are readily available. In contrast, progress in LLM reasoning models remains limited in scientific domains such as medicine and materials science due to limited dataset coverage and the inherent complexity of open-ended scientific questions. To address these challenges, we introduce WildSci, a new dataset of domain-specific science questions automatically synthesized from peer-reviewed literature, covering 9 scientific disciplines and 26 subdomains. By framing complex scientific reasoning tasks in a multiple-choice format, we enable scalable training with well-defined reward signals. We further apply reinforcement learning to finetune models on these data and analyze the resulting training dynamics, including domain-specific performance changes, response behaviors, and generalization trends. Experiments on a suite of scientific benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our dataset and approach. We release WildSci to enable scalable and sustainable research in scientific reasoning, available at △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05567 [ pdf , ps , other ] WildSci: Advancing Scientific Reasoning from In-the-Wild Literature Authors: Tengxiao Liu , Deepak Nathani , Zekun Li , Kevin Yang , William Yang Wang Abstract : Recent progress in large language model (LLM) reasoning has focused on domains like mathematics and coding, where abundant high-quality data and objective evaluation metrics are readily available. In contrast, progress in LLM reasoning models remains limited in scientific domains such as medicine and materials science due to limited dataset coverage and the inherent complexity of open-ended scient… ▽ More Recent progress in large language model (LLM) reasoning has focused on domains like mathematics and coding, where abundant high-quality data and objective evaluation metrics are readily available. In contrast, progress in LLM reasoning models remains limited in scientific domains such as medicine and materials science due to limited dataset coverage and the inherent complexity of open-ended scientific questions. To address these challenges, we introduce WildSci, a new dataset of domain-specific science questions automatically synthesized from peer-reviewed literature, covering 9 scientific disciplines and 26 subdomains. By framing complex scientific reasoning tasks in a multiple-choice format, we enable scalable training with well-defined reward signals. We further apply reinforcement learning to finetune models on these data and analyze the resulting training dynamics, including domain-specific performance changes, response behaviors, and generalization trends. Experiments on a suite of scientific benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our dataset and approach. We release WildSci to enable scalable and sustainable research in scientific reasoning, available at △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05549 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IR Efficient Temporal-aware Matryoshka Adaptation for Temporal Information Retrieval Authors: Tuan-Luc Huynh , Weiqing Wang , Trung Le , Thuy-Trang Vu , Dragan Gašević , Yuan-Fang Li , Thanh-Toan Do Abstract : Retrievers are a key bottleneck in Temporal Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems: failing to retrieve temporally relevant context can degrade downstream generation, regardless of LLM reasoning. We propose Temporal-aware Matryoshka Representation Learning (TMRL), an efficient method that equips retrievers with temporal-aware Matryoshka embeddings. TMRL leverages the nested structure of Matr… ▽ More Retrievers are a key bottleneck in Temporal Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems: failing to retrieve temporally relevant context can degrade downstream generation, regardless of LLM reasoning. We propose Temporal-aware Matryoshka Representation Learning (TMRL), an efficient method that equips retrievers with temporal-aware Matryoshka embeddings. TMRL leverages the nested structure of Matryoshka embeddings to introduce a temporal subspace, enhancing temporal encoding while preserving general semantic representations. Experiments show that TMRL efficiently adapts diverse text embedding models, achieving competitive temporal retrieval and temporal RAG performance compared to prior Matryoshka-based non-temporal methods and prior temporal methods, while enabling flexible accuracy-efficiency trade-offs. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 18 pages arXiv:2601.05549 [ pdf , ps , other ] Efficient Temporal-aware Matryoshka Adaptation for Temporal Information Retrieval Authors: Tuan-Luc Huynh , Weiqing Wang , Trung Le , Thuy-Trang Vu , Dragan Gašević , Yuan-Fang Li , Thanh-Toan Do Abstract : Retrievers are a key bottleneck in Temporal Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems: failing to retrieve temporally relevant context can degrade downstream generation, regardless of LLM reasoning. We propose Temporal-aware Matryoshka Representation Learning (TMRL), an efficient method that equips retrievers with temporal-aware Matryoshka embeddings. TMRL leverages the nested structure of Matr… ▽ More Retrievers are a key bottleneck in Temporal Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems: failing to retrieve temporally relevant context can degrade downstream generation, regardless of LLM reasoning. We propose Temporal-aware Matryoshka Representation Learning (TMRL), an efficient method that equips retrievers with temporal-aware Matryoshka embeddings. TMRL leverages the nested structure of Matryoshka embeddings to introduce a temporal subspace, enhancing temporal encoding while preserving general semantic representations. Experiments show that TMRL efficiently adapts diverse text embedding models, achieving competitive temporal retrieval and temporal RAG performance compared to prior Matryoshka-based non-temporal methods and prior temporal methods, while enabling flexible accuracy-efficiency trade-offs. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 18 pages arXiv:2601.05511 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV GaussianSwap: Animatable Video Face Swapping with 3D Gaussian Splatting Authors: Xuan Cheng , Jiahao Rao , Chengyang Li , Wenhao Wang , Weilin Chen , Lvqing Yang Abstract : We introduce GaussianSwap, a novel video face swapping framework that constructs a 3D Gaussian Splatting based face avatar from a target video while transferring identity from a source image to the avatar. Conventional video swapping frameworks are limited to generating facial representations in pixel-based formats. The resulting swapped faces exist merely as a set of unstructured pixels without a… ▽ More We introduce GaussianSwap, a novel video face swapping framework that constructs a 3D Gaussian Splatting based face avatar from a target video while transferring identity from a source image to the avatar. Conventional video swapping frameworks are limited to generating facial representations in pixel-based formats. The resulting swapped faces exist merely as a set of unstructured pixels without any capacity for animation or interactive manipulation. Our work introduces a paradigm shift from conventional pixel-based video generation to the creation of high-fidelity avatar with swapped faces. The framework first preprocesses target video to extract FLAME parameters, camera poses and segmentation masks, and then rigs 3D Gaussian splats to the FLAME model across frames, enabling dynamic facial control. To ensure identity preserving, we propose an compound identity embedding constructed from three state-of-the-art face recognition models for avatar finetuning. Finally, we render the face-swapped avatar on the background frames to obtain the face-swapped video. Experimental results demonstrate that GaussianSwap achieves superior identity preservation, visual clarity and temporal consistency, while enabling previously unattainable interactive applications. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05511 [ pdf , ps , other ] GaussianSwap: Animatable Video Face Swapping with 3D Gaussian Splatting Authors: Xuan Cheng , Jiahao Rao , Chengyang Li , Wenhao Wang , Weilin Chen , Lvqing Yang Abstract : We introduce GaussianSwap, a novel video face swapping framework that constructs a 3D Gaussian Splatting based face avatar from a target video while transferring identity from a source image to the avatar. Conventional video swapping frameworks are limited to generating facial representations in pixel-based formats. The resulting swapped faces exist merely as a set of unstructured pixels without a… ▽ More We introduce GaussianSwap, a novel video face swapping framework that constructs a 3D Gaussian Splatting based face avatar from a target video while transferring identity from a source image to the avatar. Conventional video swapping frameworks are limited to generating facial representations in pixel-based formats. The resulting swapped faces exist merely as a set of unstructured pixels without any capacity for animation or interactive manipulation. Our work introduces a paradigm shift from conventional pixel-based video generation to the creation of high-fidelity avatar with swapped faces. The framework first preprocesses target video to extract FLAME parameters, camera poses and segmentation masks, and then rigs 3D Gaussian splats to the FLAME model across frames, enabling dynamic facial control. To ensure identity preserving, we propose an compound identity embedding constructed from three state-of-the-art face recognition models for avatar finetuning. Finally, we render the face-swapped avatar on the background frames to obtain the face-swapped video. Experimental results demonstrate that GaussianSwap achieves superior identity preservation, visual clarity and temporal consistency, while enabling previously unattainable interactive applications. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05172 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI CoV: Chain-of-View Prompting for Spatial Reasoning Authors: Haoyu Zhao , Akide Liu , Zeyu Zhang , Weijie Wang , Feng Chen , Ruihan Zhu , Gholamreza Haffari , Bohan Zhuang Abstract : Embodied question answering (EQA) in 3D environments often requires collecting context that is distributed across multiple viewpoints and partially occluded. However, most recent vision--language models (VLMs) are constrained to a fixed and finite set of input views, which limits their ability to acquire question-relevant context at inference time and hinders complex spatial reasoning. We propose… ▽ More Embodied question answering (EQA) in 3D environments often requires collecting context that is distributed across multiple viewpoints and partially occluded. However, most recent vision--language models (VLMs) are constrained to a fixed and finite set of input views, which limits their ability to acquire question-relevant context at inference time and hinders complex spatial reasoning. We propose Chain-of-View (CoV) prompting, a training-free, test-time reasoning framework that transforms a VLM into an active viewpoint reasoner through a coarse-to-fine exploration process. CoV first employs a View Selection agent to filter redundant frames and identify question-aligned anchor views. It then performs fine-grained view adjustment by interleaving iterative reasoning with discrete camera actions, obtaining new observations from the underlying 3D scene representation until sufficient context is gathered or a step budget is reached. We evaluate CoV on OpenEQA across four mainstream VLMs and obtain an average +11.56% improvement in LLM-Match, with a maximum gain of +13.62% on Qwen3-VL-Flash. CoV further exhibits test-time scaling: increasing the minimum action budget yields an additional +2.51% average improvement, peaking at +3.73% on Gemini-2.5-Flash. On ScanQA and SQA3D, CoV delivers strong performance (e.g., 116 CIDEr / 31.9 EM@1 on ScanQA and 51.1 EM@1 on SQA3D). Overall, these results suggest that question-aligned view selection coupled with open-view search is an effective, model-agnostic strategy for improving spatial reasoning in 3D EQA without additional training. Code is available on . △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; v1 submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Code link arXiv:2601.05172 [ pdf , ps , other ] CoV: Chain-of-View Prompting for Spatial Reasoning Authors: Haoyu Zhao , Akide Liu , Zeyu Zhang , Weijie Wang , Feng Chen , Ruihan Zhu , Gholamreza Haffari , Bohan Zhuang Abstract : Embodied question answering (EQA) in 3D environments often requires collecting context that is distributed across multiple viewpoints and partially occluded. However, most recent vision--language models (VLMs) are constrained to a fixed and finite set of input views, which limits their ability to acquire question-relevant context at inference time and hinders complex spatial reasoning. We propose… ▽ More Embodied question answering (EQA) in 3D environments often requires collecting context that is distributed across multiple viewpoints and partially occluded. However, most recent vision--language models (VLMs) are constrained to a fixed and finite set of input views, which limits their ability to acquire question-relevant context at inference time and hinders complex spatial reasoning. We propose Chain-of-View (CoV) prompting, a training-free, test-time reasoning framework that transforms a VLM into an active viewpoint reasoner through a coarse-to-fine exploration process. CoV first employs a View Selection agent to filter redundant frames and identify question-aligned anchor views. It then performs fine-grained view adjustment by interleaving iterative reasoning with discrete camera actions, obtaining new observations from the underlying 3D scene representation until sufficient context is gathered or a step budget is reached. We evaluate CoV on OpenEQA across four mainstream VLMs and obtain an average +11.56% improvement in LLM-Match, with a maximum gain of +13.62% on Qwen3-VL-Flash. CoV further exhibits test-time scaling: increasing the minimum action budget yields an additional +2.51% average improvement, peaking at +3.73% on Gemini-2.5-Flash. On ScanQA and SQA3D, CoV delivers strong performance (e.g., 116 CIDEr / 31.9 EM@1 on ScanQA and 51.1 EM@1 on SQA3D). Overall, these results suggest that question-aligned view selection coupled with open-view search is an effective, model-agnostic strategy for improving spatial reasoning in 3D EQA without additional training. Code is available on . △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; v1 submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Code link arXiv:2601.05075 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL SemPA: Improving Sentence Embeddings of Large Language Models through Semantic Preference Alignment Authors: Ziyang Chen , Zhenxuan Huang , Yile Wang , Weiqin Wang , Lu Yin , Hui Huang Abstract : Traditional sentence embedding methods employ token-level contrastive learning on non-generative pre-trained models. Recently, there have emerged embedding methods based on generative large language models (LLMs). These methods either rely on fixed prompt templates or involve modifications to the model architecture. The former lacks further optimization of the model and results in limited performa… ▽ More Traditional sentence embedding methods employ token-level contrastive learning on non-generative pre-trained models. Recently, there have emerged embedding methods based on generative large language models (LLMs). These methods either rely on fixed prompt templates or involve modifications to the model architecture. The former lacks further optimization of the model and results in limited performance, while the latter alters the internal computational mechanisms of the model, thereby compromising its generative capabilities. We propose SemPA, a novel approach that boosts the sentence representations while preserving the generative ability of LLMs via semantic preference alignment. We leverage sentence-level Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) to efficiently optimize LLMs on a paraphrase generation task, where the model learns to discriminate semantically equivalent sentences while preserving inherent generative capacity. Theoretically, we establish a formal connection between DPO and contrastive learning under the Plackett-Luce model framework. Empirically, experimental results on both semantic textual similarity tasks and various benchmarks for LLMs show that SemPA achieves better semantic representations without sacrificing the inherent generation capability of LLMs. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05075 [ pdf , ps , other ] SemPA: Improving Sentence Embeddings of Large Language Models through Semantic Preference Alignment Authors: Ziyang Chen , Zhenxuan Huang , Yile Wang , Weiqin Wang , Lu Yin , Hui Huang Abstract : Traditional sentence embedding methods employ token-level contrastive learning on non-generative pre-trained models. Recently, there have emerged embedding methods based on generative large language models (LLMs). These methods either rely on fixed prompt templates or involve modifications to the model architecture. The former lacks further optimization of the model and results in limited performa… ▽ More Traditional sentence embedding methods employ token-level contrastive learning on non-generative pre-trained models. Recently, there have emerged embedding methods based on generative large language models (LLMs). These methods either rely on fixed prompt templates or involve modifications to the model architecture. The former lacks further optimization of the model and results in limited performance, while the latter alters the internal computational mechanisms of the model, thereby compromising its generative capabilities. We propose SemPA, a novel approach that boosts the sentence representations while preserving the generative ability of LLMs via semantic preference alignment. We leverage sentence-level Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) to efficiently optimize LLMs on a paraphrase generation task, where the model learns to discriminate semantically equivalent sentences while preserving inherent generative capacity. Theoretically, we establish a formal connection between DPO and contrastive learning under the Plackett-Luce model framework. Empirically, experimental results on both semantic textual similarity tasks and various benchmarks for LLMs show that SemPA achieves better semantic representations without sacrificing the inherent generation capability of LLMs. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05039 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.MA FinDeepForecast: A Live Multi-Agent System for Benchmarking Deep Research Agents in Financial Forecasting Authors: Xiangyu Li , Xuan Yao , Guohao Qi , Fengbin Zhu , Kelvin J. L. Koa , Xiang Yao Ng , Ziyang Liu , Xingyu Ni , Chang Liu , Yonghui Yang , Yang Zhang , Wenjie Wang , Fuli Feng , Chao Wang , Huanbo Luan , Xiaofen Xing , Xiangmin Xu , Tat-Seng Chua , Ke-Wei Huang Abstract : Deep Research (DR) Agents powered by advanced Large Language Models (LLMs) have fundamentally shifted the paradigm for completing complex research tasks. Yet, a comprehensive and live evaluation of their forecasting performance on real-world, research-oriented tasks in high-stakes domains (e.g., finance) remains underexplored. We introduce FinDeepForecast, the first live, end-to-end multi-agent sy… ▽ More Deep Research (DR) Agents powered by advanced Large Language Models (LLMs) have fundamentally shifted the paradigm for completing complex research tasks. Yet, a comprehensive and live evaluation of their forecasting performance on real-world, research-oriented tasks in high-stakes domains (e.g., finance) remains underexplored. We introduce FinDeepForecast, the first live, end-to-end multi-agent system for automatically evaluating DR agents by continuously generating research-oriented financial forecasting tasks. This system is equipped with a dual-track taxonomy, enabling the dynamic generation of recurrent and non-recurrent forecasting tasks at both corporate and macro levels. With this system, we generate FinDeepForecastBench, a weekly evaluation benchmark over a ten-week horizon, encompassing 8 global economies and 1,314 listed companies, and evaluate 13 representative methods. Extensive experiments show that, while DR agents consistently outperform strong baselines, their performance still falls short of genuine forward-looking financial reasoning. We expect the proposed FinDeepForecast system to consistently facilitate future advancements of DR agents in research-oriented financial forecasting tasks. The benchmark and leaderboard are publicly available on the OpenFinArena Platform. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05039 [ pdf , ps , other ] FinDeepForecast: A Live Multi-Agent System for Benchmarking Deep Research Agents in Financial Forecasting Authors: Xiangyu Li , Xuan Yao , Guohao Qi , Fengbin Zhu , Kelvin J. L. Koa , Xiang Yao Ng , Ziyang Liu , Xingyu Ni , Chang Liu , Yonghui Yang , Yang Zhang , Wenjie Wang , Fuli Feng , Chao Wang , Huanbo Luan , Xiaofen Xing , Xiangmin Xu , Tat-Seng Chua , Ke-Wei Huang Abstract : Deep Research (DR) Agents powered by advanced Large Language Models (LLMs) have fundamentally shifted the paradigm for completing complex research tasks. Yet, a comprehensive and live evaluation of their forecasting performance on real-world, research-oriented tasks in high-stakes domains (e.g., finance) remains underexplored. We introduce FinDeepForecast, the first live, end-to-end multi-agent sy… ▽ More Deep Research (DR) Agents powered by advanced Large Language Models (LLMs) have fundamentally shifted the paradigm for completing complex research tasks. Yet, a comprehensive and live evaluation of their forecasting performance on real-world, research-oriented tasks in high-stakes domains (e.g., finance) remains underexplored. We introduce FinDeepForecast, the first live, end-to-end multi-agent system for automatically evaluating DR agents by continuously generating research-oriented financial forecasting tasks. This system is equipped with a dual-track taxonomy, enabling the dynamic generation of recurrent and non-recurrent forecasting tasks at both corporate and macro levels. With this system, we generate FinDeepForecastBench, a weekly evaluation benchmark over a ten-week horizon, encompassing 8 global economies and 1,314 listed companies, and evaluate 13 representative methods. Extensive experiments show that, while DR agents consistently outperform strong baselines, their performance still falls short of genuine forward-looking financial reasoning. We expect the proposed FinDeepForecast system to consistently facilitate future advancements of DR agents in research-oriented financial forecasting tasks. The benchmark and leaderboard are publicly available on the OpenFinArena Platform. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04208 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI LLMs for Explainable Business Decision-Making: A Reinforcement Learning Fine-Tuning Approach Authors: Xiang Cheng , Wen Wang , Anindya Ghose Abstract : Artificial Intelligence (AI) models increasingly drive high-stakes consumer interactions, yet their decision logic often remains opaque. Prevailing explainable AI techniques rely on post hoc numerical feature attributions, which fail to provide coherent narratives behind model decisions. Large language models (LLMs) present an opportunity to generate natural-language explanations, but three design… ▽ More Artificial Intelligence (AI) models increasingly drive high-stakes consumer interactions, yet their decision logic often remains opaque. Prevailing explainable AI techniques rely on post hoc numerical feature attributions, which fail to provide coherent narratives behind model decisions. Large language models (LLMs) present an opportunity to generate natural-language explanations, but three design challenges remain unresolved: explanations must be both decision-correct and faithful to the factors that drive the prediction; they should be able to serve multiple audiences without shifting the underlying decision rule; and they should be trained in a label-efficient way that does not depend on large corpora of human-scored explanations. To address these challenges, we introduce LEXMA (LLM-based EXplanations for Multi-Audience decisions), a reinforcement-learning-based fine-tuning framework that produces narrative-driven, audience-appropriate explanations. LEXMA combines reflection-augmented supervised fine-tuning with two stages of Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO). Specifically, it fine-tunes two separate parameter sets to improve decision correctness and satisfy stylistic requirements for different audiences, using reward signals that do not rely on human-annotated explanations. We instantiate LEXMA in the context of mortgage approval decisions. Results demonstrate that LEXMA yields significant improvements in predictive performance compared with other LLM baselines. Moreover, human evaluations show that expert-facing explanations generated by our approach are more risk-focused, and consumer-facing explanations are clearer, more actionable, and more polite. Our study contributes a cost-efficient, systematic LLM fine-tuning approach to enhance explanation quality for business decisions, offering strong potential for scalable deployment of transparent AI systems. △ Less Submitted 9 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04208 [ pdf , ps , other ] LLMs for Explainable Business Decision-Making: A Reinforcement Learning Fine-Tuning Approach Authors: Xiang Cheng , Wen Wang , Anindya Ghose Abstract : Artificial Intelligence (AI) models increasingly drive high-stakes consumer interactions, yet their decision logic often remains opaque. Prevailing explainable AI techniques rely on post hoc numerical feature attributions, which fail to provide coherent narratives behind model decisions. Large language models (LLMs) present an opportunity to generate natural-language explanations, but three design… ▽ More Artificial Intelligence (AI) models increasingly drive high-stakes consumer interactions, yet their decision logic often remains opaque. Prevailing explainable AI techniques rely on post hoc numerical feature attributions, which fail to provide coherent narratives behind model decisions. Large language models (LLMs) present an opportunity to generate natural-language explanations, but three design challenges remain unresolved: explanations must be both decision-correct and faithful to the factors that drive the prediction; they should be able to serve multiple audiences without shifting the underlying decision rule; and they should be trained in a label-efficient way that does not depend on large corpora of human-scored explanations. To address these challenges, we introduce LEXMA (LLM-based EXplanations for Multi-Audience decisions), a reinforcement-learning-based fine-tuning framework that produces narrative-driven, audience-appropriate explanations. LEXMA combines reflection-augmented supervised fine-tuning with two stages of Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO). Specifically, it fine-tunes two separate parameter sets to improve decision correctness and satisfy stylistic requirements for different audiences, using reward signals that do not rely on human-annotated explanations. We instantiate LEXMA in the context of mortgage approval decisions. Results demonstrate that LEXMA yields significant improvements in predictive performance compared with other LLM baselines. Moreover, human evaluations show that expert-facing explanations generated by our approach are more risk-focused, and consumer-facing explanations are clearer, more actionable, and more polite. Our study contributes a cost-efficient, systematic LLM fine-tuning approach to enhance explanation quality for business decisions, offering strong potential for scalable deployment of transparent AI systems. △ Less Submitted 9 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03783 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL HearSay Benchmark: Do Audio LLMs Leak What They Hear? Authors: Jin Wang , Liang Lin , Kaiwen Luo , Weiliu Wang , Yitian Chen , Moayad Aloqaily , Xuehai Tang , Zhenhong Zhou , Kun Wang , Li Sun , Qingsong Wen Abstract : While Audio Large Language Models (ALLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in understanding and generation, their potential privacy implications remain largely unexplored. This paper takes the first step to investigate whether ALLMs inadvertently leak user privacy solely through acoustic voiceprints and introduces $\textit{HearSay}$, a comprehensive benchmark constructed from over 22,000 real-wor… ▽ More While Audio Large Language Models (ALLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in understanding and generation, their potential privacy implications remain largely unexplored. This paper takes the first step to investigate whether ALLMs inadvertently leak user privacy solely through acoustic voiceprints and introduces $\textit{HearSay}$, a comprehensive benchmark constructed from over 22,000 real-world audio clips. To ensure data quality, the benchmark is meticulously curated through a rigorous pipeline involving automated profiling and human verification, guaranteeing that all privacy labels are grounded in factual records. Extensive experiments on $\textit{HearSay}$ yield three critical findings: $\textbf{Significant Privacy Leakage}$: ALLMs inherently extract private attributes from voiceprints, reaching 92.89% accuracy on gender and effectively profiling social attributes. $\textbf{Insufficient Safety Mechanisms}$: Alarmingly, existing safeguards are severely inadequate; most models fail to refuse privacy-intruding requests, exhibiting near-zero refusal rates for physiological traits. $\textbf{Reasoning Amplifies Risk}$: Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning exacerbates privacy risks in capable models by uncovering deeper acoustic correlations. These findings expose critical vulnerabilities in ALLMs, underscoring the urgent need for targeted privacy alignment. The codes and dataset are available at △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03783 [ pdf , ps , other ] HearSay Benchmark: Do Audio LLMs Leak What They Hear? Authors: Jin Wang , Liang Lin , Kaiwen Luo , Weiliu Wang , Yitian Chen , Moayad Aloqaily , Xuehai Tang , Zhenhong Zhou , Kun Wang , Li Sun , Qingsong Wen Abstract : While Audio Large Language Models (ALLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in understanding and generation, their potential privacy implications remain largely unexplored. This paper takes the first step to investigate whether ALLMs inadvertently leak user privacy solely through acoustic voiceprints and introduces $\textit{HearSay}$, a comprehensive benchmark constructed from over 22,000 real-wor… ▽ More While Audio Large Language Models (ALLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in understanding and generation, their potential privacy implications remain largely unexplored. This paper takes the first step to investigate whether ALLMs inadvertently leak user privacy solely through acoustic voiceprints and introduces $\textit{HearSay}$, a comprehensive benchmark constructed from over 22,000 real-world audio clips. To ensure data quality, the benchmark is meticulously curated through a rigorous pipeline involving automated profiling and human verification, guaranteeing that all privacy labels are grounded in factual records. Extensive experiments on $\textit{HearSay}$ yield three critical findings: $\textbf{Significant Privacy Leakage}$: ALLMs inherently extract private attributes from voiceprints, reaching 92.89% accuracy on gender and effectively profiling social attributes. $\textbf{Insufficient Safety Mechanisms}$: Alarmingly, existing safeguards are severely inadequate; most models fail to refuse privacy-intruding requests, exhibiting near-zero refusal rates for physiological traits. $\textbf{Reasoning Amplifies Risk}$: Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning exacerbates privacy risks in capable models by uncovering deeper acoustic correlations. These findings expose critical vulnerabilities in ALLMs, underscoring the urgent need for targeted privacy alignment. The codes and dataset are available at △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03607 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO Locomotion Beyond Feet Authors: Tae Hoon Yang , Haochen Shi , Jiacheng Hu , Zhicong Zhang , Daniel Jiang , Weizhuo Wang , Yao He , Zhen Wu , Yuming Chen , Yifan Hou , Monroe Kennedy III , Shuran Song , C. Karen Liu Abstract : Most locomotion methods for humanoid robots focus on leg-based gaits, yet natural bipeds frequently rely on hands, knees, and elbows to establish additional contacts for stability and support in complex environments. This paper introduces Locomotion Beyond Feet, a comprehensive system for whole-body humanoid locomotion across extremely challenging terrains, including low-clearance spaces under cha… ▽ More Most locomotion methods for humanoid robots focus on leg-based gaits, yet natural bipeds frequently rely on hands, knees, and elbows to establish additional contacts for stability and support in complex environments. This paper introduces Locomotion Beyond Feet, a comprehensive system for whole-body humanoid locomotion across extremely challenging terrains, including low-clearance spaces under chairs, knee-high walls, knee-high platforms, and steep ascending and descending stairs. Our approach addresses two key challenges: contact-rich motion planning and generalization across diverse terrains. To this end, we combine physics-grounded keyframe animation with reinforcement learning. Keyframes encode human knowledge of motor skills, are embodiment-specific, and can be readily validated in simulation or on hardware, while reinforcement learning transforms these references into robust, physically accurate motions. We further employ a hierarchical framework consisting of terrain-specific motion-tracking policies, failure recovery mechanisms, and a vision-based skill planner. Real-world experiments demonstrate that Locomotion Beyond Feet achieves robust whole-body locomotion and generalizes across obstacle sizes, obstacle instances, and terrain sequences. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project website: arXiv:2601.03607 [ pdf , ps , other ] Locomotion Beyond Feet Authors: Tae Hoon Yang , Haochen Shi , Jiacheng Hu , Zhicong Zhang , Daniel Jiang , Weizhuo Wang , Yao He , Zhen Wu , Yuming Chen , Yifan Hou , Monroe Kennedy III , Shuran Song , C. Karen Liu Abstract : Most locomotion methods for humanoid robots focus on leg-based gaits, yet natural bipeds frequently rely on hands, knees, and elbows to establish additional contacts for stability and support in complex environments. This paper introduces Locomotion Beyond Feet, a comprehensive system for whole-body humanoid locomotion across extremely challenging terrains, including low-clearance spaces under cha… ▽ More Most locomotion methods for humanoid robots focus on leg-based gaits, yet natural bipeds frequently rely on hands, knees, and elbows to establish additional contacts for stability and support in complex environments. This paper introduces Locomotion Beyond Feet, a comprehensive system for whole-body humanoid locomotion across extremely challenging terrains, including low-clearance spaces under chairs, knee-high walls, knee-high platforms, and steep ascending and descending stairs. Our approach addresses two key challenges: contact-rich motion planning and generalization across diverse terrains. To this end, we combine physics-grounded keyframe animation with reinforcement learning. Keyframes encode human knowledge of motor skills, are embodiment-specific, and can be readily validated in simulation or on hardware, while reinforcement learning transforms these references into robust, physically accurate motions. We further employ a hierarchical framework consisting of terrain-specific motion-tracking policies, failure recovery mechanisms, and a vision-based skill planner. Real-world experiments demonstrate that Locomotion Beyond Feet achieves robust whole-body locomotion and generalizes across obstacle sizes, obstacle instances, and terrain sequences. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project website: arXiv:2601.03595 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL Controllable LLM Reasoning via Sparse Autoencoder-Based Steering Authors: Yi Fang , Wenjie Wang , Mingfeng Xue , Boyi Deng , Fengli Xu , Dayiheng Liu , Fuli Feng Abstract : Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) exhibit human-like cognitive reasoning strategies (e.g. backtracking, cross-verification) during reasoning process, which improves their performance on complex tasks. Currently, reasoning strategies are autonomously selected by LRMs themselves. However, such autonomous selection often produces inefficient or even erroneous reasoning paths. To make reasoning more relia… ▽ More Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) exhibit human-like cognitive reasoning strategies (e.g. backtracking, cross-verification) during reasoning process, which improves their performance on complex tasks. Currently, reasoning strategies are autonomously selected by LRMs themselves. However, such autonomous selection often produces inefficient or even erroneous reasoning paths. To make reasoning more reliable and flexible, it is important to develop methods for controlling reasoning strategies. Existing methods struggle to control fine-grained reasoning strategies due to conceptual entanglement in LRMs' hidden states. To address this, we leverage Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) to decompose strategy-entangled hidden states into a disentangled feature space. To identify the few strategy-specific features from the vast pool of SAE features, we propose SAE-Steering, an efficient two-stage feature identification pipeline. SAE-Steering first recalls features that amplify the logits of strategy-specific keywords, filtering out over 99\% of features, and then ranks the remaining features by their control effectiveness. Using the identified strategy-specific features as control vectors, SAE-Steering outperforms existing methods by over 15\% in control effectiveness. Furthermore, controlling reasoning strategies can redirect LRMs from erroneous paths to correct ones, achieving a 7\% absolute accuracy improvement. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Under Review arXiv:2601.03595 [ pdf , ps , other ] Controllable LLM Reasoning via Sparse Autoencoder-Based Steering Authors: Yi Fang , Wenjie Wang , Mingfeng Xue , Boyi Deng , Fengli Xu , Dayiheng Liu , Fuli Feng Abstract : Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) exhibit human-like cognitive reasoning strategies (e.g. backtracking, cross-verification) during reasoning process, which improves their performance on complex tasks. Currently, reasoning strategies are autonomously selected by LRMs themselves. However, such autonomous selection often produces inefficient or even erroneous reasoning paths. To make reasoning more relia… ▽ More Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) exhibit human-like cognitive reasoning strategies (e.g. backtracking, cross-verification) during reasoning process, which improves their performance on complex tasks. Currently, reasoning strategies are autonomously selected by LRMs themselves. However, such autonomous selection often produces inefficient or even erroneous reasoning paths. To make reasoning more reliable and flexible, it is important to develop methods for controlling reasoning strategies. Existing methods struggle to control fine-grained reasoning strategies due to conceptual entanglement in LRMs' hidden states. To address this, we leverage Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) to decompose strategy-entangled hidden states into a disentangled feature space. To identify the few strategy-specific features from the vast pool of SAE features, we propose SAE-Steering, an efficient two-stage feature identification pipeline. SAE-Steering first recalls features that amplify the logits of strategy-specific keywords, filtering out over 99\% of features, and then ranks the remaining features by their control effectiveness. Using the identified strategy-specific features as control vectors, SAE-Steering outperforms existing methods by over 15\% in control effectiveness. Furthermore, controlling reasoning strategies can redirect LRMs from erroneous paths to correct ones, achieving a 7\% absolute accuracy improvement. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Under Review arXiv:2601.03111 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.CL One Sample to Rule Them All: Extreme Data Efficiency in RL Scaling Authors: Yiyuan Li , Zhen Huang , Yanan Wu , Weixun Wang , Xuefeng Li , Yijia Luo , Wenbo Su , Bo Zheng , Pengfei Liu Abstract : The reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs) can be unleashed with reinforcement learning (RL) (OpenAI, 2024; DeepSeek-AI et al., 2025a; Zeng et al., 2025). The success of existing RL attempts in LLMs usually relies on high-quality samples of thousands or beyond. In this paper, we challenge fundamental assumptions about data requirements in RL for LLMs by demonstrating the remarkable effe… ▽ More The reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs) can be unleashed with reinforcement learning (RL) (OpenAI, 2024; DeepSeek-AI et al., 2025a; Zeng et al., 2025). The success of existing RL attempts in LLMs usually relies on high-quality samples of thousands or beyond. In this paper, we challenge fundamental assumptions about data requirements in RL for LLMs by demonstrating the remarkable effectiveness of one-shot learning. Specifically, we introduce polymath learning, a framework for designing one training sample that elicits multidisciplinary impact. We present three key findings: (1) A single, strategically selected math reasoning sample can produce significant performance improvements across multiple domains, including physics, chemistry, and biology with RL; (2) The math skills salient to reasoning suggest the characteristics of the optimal polymath sample; and (3) An engineered synthetic sample that integrates multidiscipline elements outperforms training with individual samples that naturally occur. Our approach achieves superior performance to training with larger datasets across various reasoning benchmarks, demonstrating that sample quality and design, rather than quantity, may be the key to unlock enhanced reasoning capabilities in language models. Our results suggest a shift, dubbed as sample engineering, toward precision engineering of training samples rather than simply increasing data volume. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03111 [ pdf , ps , other ] One Sample to Rule Them All: Extreme Data Efficiency in RL Scaling Authors: Yiyuan Li , Zhen Huang , Yanan Wu , Weixun Wang , Xuefeng Li , Yijia Luo , Wenbo Su , Bo Zheng , Pengfei Liu Abstract : The reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs) can be unleashed with reinforcement learning (RL) (OpenAI, 2024; DeepSeek-AI et al., 2025a; Zeng et al., 2025). The success of existing RL attempts in LLMs usually relies on high-quality samples of thousands or beyond. In this paper, we challenge fundamental assumptions about data requirements in RL for LLMs by demonstrating the remarkable effe… ▽ More The reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs) can be unleashed with reinforcement learning (RL) (OpenAI, 2024; DeepSeek-AI et al., 2025a; Zeng et al., 2025). The success of existing RL attempts in LLMs usually relies on high-quality samples of thousands or beyond. In this paper, we challenge fundamental assumptions about data requirements in RL for LLMs by demonstrating the remarkable effectiveness of one-shot learning. Specifically, we introduce polymath learning, a framework for designing one training sample that elicits multidisciplinary impact. We present three key findings: (1) A single, strategically selected math reasoning sample can produce significant performance improvements across multiple domains, including physics, chemistry, and biology with RL; (2) The math skills salient to reasoning suggest the characteristics of the optimal polymath sample; and (3) An engineered synthetic sample that integrates multidiscipline elements outperforms training with individual samples that naturally occur. Our approach achieves superior performance to training with larger datasets across various reasoning benchmarks, demonstrating that sample quality and design, rather than quantity, may be the key to unlock enhanced reasoning capabilities in language models. Our results suggest a shift, dubbed as sample engineering, toward precision engineering of training samples rather than simply increasing data volume. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02780 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI MiMo-V2-Flash Technical Report Authors: Xiaomi LLM-Core Team , : , Bangjun Xiao , Bingquan Xia , Bo Yang , Bofei Gao , Bowen Shen , Chen Zhang , Chenhong He , Chiheng Lou , Fuli Luo , Gang Wang , Gang Xie , Hailin Zhang , Hanglong Lv , Hanyu Li , Heyu Chen , Hongshen Xu , Houbin Zhang , Huaqiu Liu , Jiangshan Duo , Jianyu Wei , Jiebao Xiao , Jinhao Dong , Jun Shi , et al. (102 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present MiMo-V2-Flash, a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model with 309B total parameters and 15B active parameters, designed for fast, strong reasoning and agentic capabilities. MiMo-V2-Flash adopts a hybrid attention architecture that interleaves Sliding Window Attention (SWA) with global attention, with a 128-token sliding window under a 5:1 hybrid ratio. The model is pre-trained on 27 trillion tok… ▽ More We present MiMo-V2-Flash, a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model with 309B total parameters and 15B active parameters, designed for fast, strong reasoning and agentic capabilities. MiMo-V2-Flash adopts a hybrid attention architecture that interleaves Sliding Window Attention (SWA) with global attention, with a 128-token sliding window under a 5:1 hybrid ratio. The model is pre-trained on 27 trillion tokens with Multi-Token Prediction (MTP), employing a native 32k context length and subsequently extended to 256k. To efficiently scale post-training compute, MiMo-V2-Flash introduces a novel Multi-Teacher On-Policy Distillation (MOPD) paradigm. In this framework, domain-specialized teachers (e.g., trained via large-scale reinforcement learning) provide dense and token-level reward, enabling the student model to perfectly master teacher expertise. MiMo-V2-Flash rivals top-tier open-weight models such as DeepSeek-V3.2 and Kimi-K2, despite using only 1/2 and 1/3 of their total parameters, respectively. During inference, by repurposing MTP as a draft model for speculative decoding, MiMo-V2-Flash achieves up to 3.6 acceptance length and 2.6x decoding speedup with three MTP layers. We open-source both the model weights and the three-layer MTP weights to foster open research and community collaboration. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 31 pages, technical report arXiv:2601.02780 [ pdf , ps , other ] MiMo-V2-Flash Technical Report Authors: Xiaomi LLM-Core Team , : , Bangjun Xiao , Bingquan Xia , Bo Yang , Bofei Gao , Bowen Shen , Chen Zhang , Chenhong He , Chiheng Lou , Fuli Luo , Gang Wang , Gang Xie , Hailin Zhang , Hanglong Lv , Hanyu Li , Heyu Chen , Hongshen Xu , Houbin Zhang , Huaqiu Liu , Jiangshan Duo , Jianyu Wei , Jiebao Xiao , Jinhao Dong , Jun Shi , et al. (102 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present MiMo-V2-Flash, a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model with 309B total parameters and 15B active parameters, designed for fast, strong reasoning and agentic capabilities. MiMo-V2-Flash adopts a hybrid attention architecture that interleaves Sliding Window Attention (SWA) with global attention, with a 128-token sliding window under a 5:1 hybrid ratio. The model is pre-trained on 27 trillion tok… ▽ More We present MiMo-V2-Flash, a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model with 309B total parameters and 15B active parameters, designed for fast, strong reasoning and agentic capabilities. MiMo-V2-Flash adopts a hybrid attention architecture that interleaves Sliding Window Attention (SWA) with global attention, with a 128-token sliding window under a 5:1 hybrid ratio. The model is pre-trained on 27 trillion tokens with Multi-Token Prediction (MTP), employing a native 32k context length and subsequently extended to 256k. To efficiently scale post-training compute, MiMo-V2-Flash introduces a novel Multi-Teacher On-Policy Distillation (MOPD) paradigm. In this framework, domain-specialized teachers (e.g., trained via large-scale reinforcement learning) provide dense and token-level reward, enabling the student model to perfectly master teacher expertise. MiMo-V2-Flash rivals top-tier open-weight models such as DeepSeek-V3.2 and Kimi-K2, despite using only 1/2 and 1/3 of their total parameters, respectively. During inference, by repurposing MTP as a draft model for speculative decoding, MiMo-V2-Flash achieves up to 3.6 acceptance length and 2.6x decoding speedup with three MTP layers. We open-source both the model weights and the three-layer MTP weights to foster open research and community collaboration. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 31 pages, technical report arXiv:2601.01562 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Logics-STEM: Empowering LLM Reasoning via Failure-Driven Post-Training and Document Knowledge Enhancement Authors: Mingyu Xu , Cheng Fang , Keyue Jiang , Yuqian Zheng , Yanghua Xiao , Baojian Zhou , Qifang Zhao , Suhang Zheng , Xiuwen Zhu , Jiyang Tang , Yongchi Zhao , Yijia Luo , Zhiqi Bai , Yuchi Xu , Wenbo Su , Wei Wang , Bing Zhao , Lin Qu , Xiaoxiao Xu Abstract : We present Logics-STEM, a state-of-the-art reasoning model fine-tuned on Logics-STEM-SFT-Dataset, a high-quality and diverse dataset at 10M scale that represents one of the largest-scale open-source long chain-of-thought corpora. Logics-STEM targets reasoning tasks in the domains of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), and exhibits exceptional performance on STEM-related bench… ▽ More We present Logics-STEM, a state-of-the-art reasoning model fine-tuned on Logics-STEM-SFT-Dataset, a high-quality and diverse dataset at 10M scale that represents one of the largest-scale open-source long chain-of-thought corpora. Logics-STEM targets reasoning tasks in the domains of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), and exhibits exceptional performance on STEM-related benchmarks with an average improvement of 4.68% over the next-best model at 8B scale. We attribute the gains to our data-algorithm co-design engine, where they are jointly optimized to fit a gold-standard distribution behind reasoning. Data-wise, the Logics-STEM-SFT-Dataset is constructed from a meticulously designed data curation engine with 5 stages to ensure the quality, diversity, and scalability, including annotation, deduplication, decontamination, distillation, and stratified sampling. Algorithm-wise, our failure-driven post-training framework leverages targeted knowledge retrieval and data synthesis around model failure regions in the Supervised Fine-tuning (SFT) stage to effectively guide the second-stage SFT or the reinforcement learning (RL) for better fitting the target distribution. The superior empirical performance of Logics-STEM reveals the vast potential of combining large-scale open-source data with carefully designed synthetic data, underscoring the critical role of data-algorithm co-design in enhancing reasoning capabilities through post-training. We make both the Logics-STEM models (8B and 32B) and the Logics-STEM-SFT-Dataset (10M and downsampled 2.2M versions) publicly available to support future research in the open-source community. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01562 [ pdf , ps , other ] Logics-STEM: Empowering LLM Reasoning via Failure-Driven Post-Training and Document Knowledge Enhancement Authors: Mingyu Xu , Cheng Fang , Keyue Jiang , Yuqian Zheng , Yanghua Xiao , Baojian Zhou , Qifang Zhao , Suhang Zheng , Xiuwen Zhu , Jiyang Tang , Yongchi Zhao , Yijia Luo , Zhiqi Bai , Yuchi Xu , Wenbo Su , Wei Wang , Bing Zhao , Lin Qu , Xiaoxiao Xu Abstract : We present Logics-STEM, a state-of-the-art reasoning model fine-tuned on Logics-STEM-SFT-Dataset, a high-quality and diverse dataset at 10M scale that represents one of the largest-scale open-source long chain-of-thought corpora. Logics-STEM targets reasoning tasks in the domains of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), and exhibits exceptional performance on STEM-related bench… ▽ More We present Logics-STEM, a state-of-the-art reasoning model fine-tuned on Logics-STEM-SFT-Dataset, a high-quality and diverse dataset at 10M scale that represents one of the largest-scale open-source long chain-of-thought corpora. Logics-STEM targets reasoning tasks in the domains of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), and exhibits exceptional performance on STEM-related benchmarks with an average improvement of 4.68% over the next-best model at 8B scale. We attribute the gains to our data-algorithm co-design engine, where they are jointly optimized to fit a gold-standard distribution behind reasoning. Data-wise, the Logics-STEM-SFT-Dataset is constructed from a meticulously designed data curation engine with 5 stages to ensure the quality, diversity, and scalability, including annotation, deduplication, decontamination, distillation, and stratified sampling. Algorithm-wise, our failure-driven post-training framework leverages targeted knowledge retrieval and data synthesis around model failure regions in the Supervised Fine-tuning (SFT) stage to effectively guide the second-stage SFT or the reinforcement learning (RL) for better fitting the target distribution. The superior empirical performance of Logics-STEM reveals the vast potential of combining large-scale open-source data with carefully designed synthetic data, underscoring the critical role of data-algorithm co-design in enhancing reasoning capabilities through post-training. We make both the Logics-STEM models (8B and 32B) and the Logics-STEM-SFT-Dataset (10M and downsampled 2.2M versions) publicly available to support future research in the open-source community. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01554 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD cs.AI eess.AS MOSS Transcribe Diarize: Accurate Transcription with Speaker Diarization Authors: MOSI. AI , : , Donghua Yu , Zhengyuan Lin , Chen Yang , Yiyang Zhang , Hanfu Chen , Jingqi Chen , Ke Chen , Liwei Fan , Yi Jiang , Jie Zhu , Muchen Li , Wenxuan Wang , Yang Wang , Zhe Xu , Yitian Gong , Yuqian Zhang , Wenbo Zhang , Zhaoye Fei , Songlin Wang , Zhiyu Wu , Qinyuan Cheng , Shimin Li , Xipeng Qiu Abstract : Speaker-Attributed, Time-Stamped Transcription (SATS) aims to transcribe what is said and to precisely determine the timing of each speaker, which is particularly valuable for meeting transcription. Existing SATS systems rarely adopt an end-to-end formulation and are further constrained by limited context windows, weak long-range speaker memory, and the inability to output timestamps. To address t… ▽ More Speaker-Attributed, Time-Stamped Transcription (SATS) aims to transcribe what is said and to precisely determine the timing of each speaker, which is particularly valuable for meeting transcription. Existing SATS systems rarely adopt an end-to-end formulation and are further constrained by limited context windows, weak long-range speaker memory, and the inability to output timestamps. To address these limitations, we present MOSS Transcribe Diarize, a unified multimodal large language model that jointly performs Speaker-Attributed, Time-Stamped Transcription in an end-to-end paradigm. Trained on extensive real wild data and equipped with a 128k context window for up to 90-minute inputs, MOSS Transcribe Diarize scales well and generalizes robustly. Across comprehensive evaluations, it outperforms state-of-the-art commercial systems on multiple public and in-house benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01554 [ pdf , ps , other ] MOSS Transcribe Diarize: Accurate Transcription with Speaker Diarization Authors: MOSI. AI , : , Donghua Yu , Zhengyuan Lin , Chen Yang , Yiyang Zhang , Hanfu Chen , Jingqi Chen , Ke Chen , Liwei Fan , Yi Jiang , Jie Zhu , Muchen Li , Wenxuan Wang , Yang Wang , Zhe Xu , Yitian Gong , Yuqian Zhang , Wenbo Zhang , Zhaoye Fei , Songlin Wang , Zhiyu Wu , Qinyuan Cheng , Shimin Li , Xipeng Qiu Abstract : Speaker-Attributed, Time-Stamped Transcription (SATS) aims to transcribe what is said and to precisely determine the timing of each speaker, which is particularly valuable for meeting transcription. Existing SATS systems rarely adopt an end-to-end formulation and are further constrained by limited context windows, weak long-range speaker memory, and the inability to output timestamps. To address t… ▽ More Speaker-Attributed, Time-Stamped Transcription (SATS) aims to transcribe what is said and to precisely determine the timing of each speaker, which is particularly valuable for meeting transcription. Existing SATS systems rarely adopt an end-to-end formulation and are further constrained by limited context windows, weak long-range speaker memory, and the inability to output timestamps. To address these limitations, we present MOSS Transcribe Diarize, a unified multimodal large language model that jointly performs Speaker-Attributed, Time-Stamped Transcription in an end-to-end paradigm. Trained on extensive real wild data and equipped with a 128k context window for up to 90-minute inputs, MOSS Transcribe Diarize scales well and generalizes robustly. Across comprehensive evaluations, it outperforms state-of-the-art commercial systems on multiple public and in-house benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01439 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV In defense of the two-stage framework for open-set domain adaptive semantic segmentation Authors: Wenqi Ren , Weijie Wang , Meng Zheng , Ziyan Wu , Yang Tang , Zhun Zhong , Nicu Sebe Abstract : Open-Set Domain Adaptation for Semantic Segmentation (OSDA-SS) presents a significant challenge, as it requires both domain adaptation for known classes and the distinction of unknowns. Existing methods attempt to address both tasks within a single unified stage. We question this design, as the annotation imbalance between known and unknown classes often leads to negative transfer of known classes… ▽ More Open-Set Domain Adaptation for Semantic Segmentation (OSDA-SS) presents a significant challenge, as it requires both domain adaptation for known classes and the distinction of unknowns. Existing methods attempt to address both tasks within a single unified stage. We question this design, as the annotation imbalance between known and unknown classes often leads to negative transfer of known classes and underfitting for unknowns. To overcome these issues, we propose SATS, a Separating-then-Adapting Training Strategy, which addresses OSDA-SS through two sequential steps: known/unknown separation and unknown-aware domain adaptation. By providing the model with more accurate and well-aligned unknown classes, our method ensures a balanced learning of discriminative features for both known and unknown classes, steering the model toward discovering truly unknown objects. Additionally, we present hard unknown exploration, an innovative data augmentation method that exposes the model to more challenging unknowns, strengthening its ability to capture more comprehensive understanding of target unknowns. We evaluate our method on public OSDA-SS benchmarks. Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves a substantial advancement, with a +3.85% H-Score improvement for GTA5-to-Cityscapes and +18.64% for SYNTHIA-to-Cityscapes, outperforming previous state-of-the-art methods. △ Less Submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01439 [ pdf , ps , other ] In defense of the two-stage framework for open-set domain adaptive semantic segmentation Authors: Wenqi Ren , Weijie Wang , Meng Zheng , Ziyan Wu , Yang Tang , Zhun Zhong , Nicu Sebe Abstract : Open-Set Domain Adaptation for Semantic Segmentation (OSDA-SS) presents a significant challenge, as it requires both domain adaptation for known classes and the distinction of unknowns. Existing methods attempt to address both tasks within a single unified stage. We question this design, as the annotation imbalance between known and unknown classes often leads to negative transfer of known classes… ▽ More Open-Set Domain Adaptation for Semantic Segmentation (OSDA-SS) presents a significant challenge, as it requires both domain adaptation for known classes and the distinction of unknowns. Existing methods attempt to address both tasks within a single unified stage. We question this design, as the annotation imbalance between known and unknown classes often leads to negative transfer of known classes and underfitting for unknowns. To overcome these issues, we propose SATS, a Separating-then-Adapting Training Strategy, which addresses OSDA-SS through two sequential steps: known/unknown separation and unknown-aware domain adaptation. By providing the model with more accurate and well-aligned unknown classes, our method ensures a balanced learning of discriminative features for both known and unknown classes, steering the model toward discovering truly unknown objects. Additionally, we present hard unknown exploration, an innovative data augmentation method that exposes the model to more challenging unknowns, strengthening its ability to capture more comprehensive understanding of target unknowns. We evaluate our method on public OSDA-SS benchmarks. Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves a substantial advancement, with a +3.85% H-Score improvement for GTA5-to-Cityscapes and +18.64% for SYNTHIA-to-Cityscapes, outperforming previous state-of-the-art methods. △ Less Submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01050 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI cs.GR EgoGrasp: World-Space Hand-Object Interaction Estimation from Egocentric Videos Authors: Hongming Fu , Wenjia Wang , Xiaozhen Qiao , Shuo Yang , Zheng Liu , Bo Zhao Abstract : We propose EgoGrasp, the first method to reconstruct world-space hand-object interactions (W-HOI) from egocentric monocular videos with dynamic cameras in the wild. Accurate W-HOI reconstruction is critical for understanding human behavior and enabling applications in embodied intelligence and virtual reality. However, existing hand-object interactions (HOI) methods are limited to single images or… ▽ More We propose EgoGrasp, the first method to reconstruct world-space hand-object interactions (W-HOI) from egocentric monocular videos with dynamic cameras in the wild. Accurate W-HOI reconstruction is critical for understanding human behavior and enabling applications in embodied intelligence and virtual reality. However, existing hand-object interactions (HOI) methods are limited to single images or camera coordinates, failing to model temporal dynamics or consistent global trajectories. Some recent approaches attempt world-space hand estimation but overlook object poses and HOI constraints. Their performance also suffers under severe camera motion and frequent occlusions common in egocentric in-the-wild videos. To address these challenges, we introduce a multi-stage framework with a robust pre-process pipeline built on newly developed spatial intelligence models, a whole-body HOI prior model based on decoupled diffusion models, and a multi-objective test-time optimization paradigm. Our HOI prior model is template-free and scalable to multiple objects. In experiments, we prove our method achieving state-of-the-art performance in W-HOI reconstruction. △ Less Submitted 2 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01050 [ pdf , ps , other ] EgoGrasp: World-Space Hand-Object Interaction Estimation from Egocentric Videos Authors: Hongming Fu , Wenjia Wang , Xiaozhen Qiao , Shuo Yang , Zheng Liu , Bo Zhao Abstract : We propose EgoGrasp, the first method to reconstruct world-space hand-object interactions (W-HOI) from egocentric monocular videos with dynamic cameras in the wild. Accurate W-HOI reconstruction is critical for understanding human behavior and enabling applications in embodied intelligence and virtual reality. However, existing hand-object interactions (HOI) methods are limited to single images or… ▽ More We propose EgoGrasp, the first method to reconstruct world-space hand-object interactions (W-HOI) from egocentric monocular videos with dynamic cameras in the wild. Accurate W-HOI reconstruction is critical for understanding human behavior and enabling applications in embodied intelligence and virtual reality. However, existing hand-object interactions (HOI) methods are limited to single images or camera coordinates, failing to model temporal dynamics or consistent global trajectories. Some recent approaches attempt world-space hand estimation but overlook object poses and HOI constraints. Their performance also suffers under severe camera motion and frequent occlusions common in egocentric in-the-wild videos. To address these challenges, we introduce a multi-stage framework with a robust pre-process pipeline built on newly developed spatial intelligence models, a whole-body HOI prior model based on decoupled diffusion models, and a multi-objective test-time optimization paradigm. Our HOI prior model is template-free and scalable to multiple objects. In experiments, we prove our method achieving state-of-the-art performance in W-HOI reconstruction. △ Less Submitted 2 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.00274 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR Making Theft Useless: Adulteration-Based Protection of Proprietary Knowledge Graphs in GraphRAG Systems Authors: Weijie Wang , Peizhuo Lv , Yan Wang , Rujie Dai , Guokun Xu , Qiujian Lv , Hangcheng Liu , Weiqing Huang , Wei Dong , Jiaheng Zhang Abstract : Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation (GraphRAG) has emerged as a key technique for enhancing Large Language Models (LLMs) with proprietary Knowledge Graphs (KGs) in knowledge-intensive applications. As these KGs often represent an organization's highly valuable intellectual property (IP), they face a significant risk of theft for private use. In this scenario, attackers operate in isolated environ… ▽ More Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation (GraphRAG) has emerged as a key technique for enhancing Large Language Models (LLMs) with proprietary Knowledge Graphs (KGs) in knowledge-intensive applications. As these KGs often represent an organization's highly valuable intellectual property (IP), they face a significant risk of theft for private use. In this scenario, attackers operate in isolated environments. This private-use threat renders passive defenses like watermarking ineffective, as they require output access for detection. Simultaneously, the low-latency demands of GraphRAG make strong encryption which incurs prohibitive overhead impractical. To address these challenges, we propose AURA, a novel framework based on Data Adulteration designed to make any stolen KG unusable to an adversary. Our framework pre-emptively injects plausible but false adulterants into the KG. For an attacker, these adulterants deteriorate the retrieved context and lead to factually incorrect responses. Conversely, for authorized users, a secret key enables the efficient filtering of all adulterants via encrypted metadata tags before they are passed to the LLM, ensuring query results remain completely accurate. Our evaluation demonstrates the effectiveness of this approach: AURA degrades the performance of unauthorized systems to an accuracy of just 5.3%, while maintaining 100% fidelity for authorized users with negligible overhead. Furthermore, AURA proves robust against various sanitization attempts, retaining 80.2% of its adulterants. △ Less Submitted 1 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.00274 [ pdf , ps , other ] Making Theft Useless: Adulteration-Based Protection of Proprietary Knowledge Graphs in GraphRAG Systems Authors: Weijie Wang , Peizhuo Lv , Yan Wang , Rujie Dai , Guokun Xu , Qiujian Lv , Hangcheng Liu , Weiqing Huang , Wei Dong , Jiaheng Zhang Abstract : Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation (GraphRAG) has emerged as a key technique for enhancing Large Language Models (LLMs) with proprietary Knowledge Graphs (KGs) in knowledge-intensive applications. As these KGs often represent an organization's highly valuable intellectual property (IP), they face a significant risk of theft for private use. In this scenario, attackers operate in isolated environ… ▽ More Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation (GraphRAG) has emerged as a key technique for enhancing Large Language Models (LLMs) with proprietary Knowledge Graphs (KGs) in knowledge-intensive applications. As these KGs often represent an organization's highly valuable intellectual property (IP), they face a significant risk of theft for private use. In this scenario, attackers operate in isolated environments. This private-use threat renders passive defenses like watermarking ineffective, as they require output access for detection. Simultaneously, the low-latency demands of GraphRAG make strong encryption which incurs prohibitive overhead impractical. To address these challenges, we propose AURA, a novel framework based on Data Adulteration designed to make any stolen KG unusable to an adversary. Our framework pre-emptively injects plausible but false adulterants into the KG. For an attacker, these adulterants deteriorate the retrieved context and lead to factually incorrect responses. Conversely, for authorized users, a secret key enables the efficient filtering of all adulterants via encrypted metadata tags before they are passed to the LLM, ensuring query results remain completely accurate. Our evaluation demonstrates the effectiveness of this approach: AURA degrades the performance of unauthorized systems to an accuracy of just 5.3%, while maintaining 100% fidelity for authorized users with negligible overhead. Furthermore, AURA proves robust against various sanitization attempts, retaining 80.2% of its adulterants. △ Less Submitted 1 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2512.25059 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DC cs.LG cs.NI Reliable and Resilient Collective Communication Library for LLM Training and Serving Authors: Wei Wang , Nengneng Yu , Sixian Xiong , Zaoxing Liu Abstract : Modern ML training and inference now span tens to tens of thousands of GPUs, where network faults can waste 10--15\% of GPU hours due to slow recovery. Common network errors and link fluctuations trigger timeouts that often terminate entire jobs, forcing expensive checkpoint rollback during training and request reprocessing during inference. We present R$^2$CCL, a fault-tolerant communication libr… ▽ More Modern ML training and inference now span tens to tens of thousands of GPUs, where network faults can waste 10--15\% of GPU hours due to slow recovery. Common network errors and link fluctuations trigger timeouts that often terminate entire jobs, forcing expensive checkpoint rollback during training and request reprocessing during inference. We present R$^2$CCL, a fault-tolerant communication library that provides lossless, low-overhead failover by exploiting multi-NIC hardware. R$^2$CCL performs rapid connection migration, bandwidth-aware load redistribution, and resilient collective algorithms to maintain progress under failures. We evaluate R$^2$CCL on two 8-GPU H100 InfiniBand servers and via large-scale ML simulators modeling hundreds of GPUs with diverse failure patterns. Experiments show that R$^2$CCL is highly robust to NIC failures, incurring less than 1\% training and less than 3\% inference overheads. R$^2$CCL outperforms baselines AdapCC and DejaVu by 12.18$\times$ and 47$\times$, respectively. △ Less Submitted 31 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.25059 [ pdf , ps , other ] Reliable and Resilient Collective Communication Library for LLM Training and Serving Authors: Wei Wang , Nengneng Yu , Sixian Xiong , Zaoxing Liu Abstract : Modern ML training and inference now span tens to tens of thousands of GPUs, where network faults can waste 10--15\% of GPU hours due to slow recovery. Common network errors and link fluctuations trigger timeouts that often terminate entire jobs, forcing expensive checkpoint rollback during training and request reprocessing during inference. We present R$^2$CCL, a fault-tolerant communication libr… ▽ More Modern ML training and inference now span tens to tens of thousands of GPUs, where network faults can waste 10--15\% of GPU hours due to slow recovery. Common network errors and link fluctuations trigger timeouts that often terminate entire jobs, forcing expensive checkpoint rollback during training and request reprocessing during inference. We present R$^2$CCL, a fault-tolerant communication library that provides lossless, low-overhead failover by exploiting multi-NIC hardware. R$^2$CCL performs rapid connection migration, bandwidth-aware load redistribution, and resilient collective algorithms to maintain progress under failures. We evaluate R$^2$CCL on two 8-GPU H100 InfiniBand servers and via large-scale ML simulators modeling hundreds of GPUs with diverse failure patterns. Experiments show that R$^2$CCL is highly robust to NIC failures, incurring less than 1\% training and less than 3\% inference overheads. R$^2$CCL outperforms baselines AdapCC and DejaVu by 12.18$\times$ and 47$\times$, respectively. △ Less Submitted 31 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.24873 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL Let It Flow: Agentic Crafting on Rock and Roll, Building the ROME Model within an Open Agentic Learning Ecosystem Authors: Weixun Wang , XiaoXiao Xu , Wanhe An , Fangwen Dai , Wei Gao , Yancheng He , Ju Huang , Qiang Ji , Hanqi Jin , Xiaoyang Li , Yang Li , Zhongwen Li , Shirong Lin , Jiashun Liu , Zenan Liu , Tao Luo , Dilxat Muhtar , Yuanbin Qu , Jiaqiang Shi , Qinghui Sun , Yingshui Tan , Hao Tang , Runze Wang , Yi Wang , Zhaoguo Wang , et al. (65 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Agentic crafting requires LLMs to operate in real-world environments over multiple turns by taking actions, observing outcomes, and iteratively refining artifacts. Despite its importance, the open-source community lacks a principled, end-to-end ecosystem to streamline agent development. We introduce the Agentic Learning Ecosystem (ALE), a foundational infrastructure that optimizes the production p… ▽ More Agentic crafting requires LLMs to operate in real-world environments over multiple turns by taking actions, observing outcomes, and iteratively refining artifacts. Despite its importance, the open-source community lacks a principled, end-to-end ecosystem to streamline agent development. We introduce the Agentic Learning Ecosystem (ALE), a foundational infrastructure that optimizes the production pipeline for agentic model. ALE consists of three components: ROLL, a post-training framework for weight optimization; ROCK, a sandbox environment manager for trajectory generation; and iFlow CLI, an agent framework for efficient context engineering. We release ROME, an open-source agent grounded by ALE and trained on over one million trajectories. Our approach includes data composition protocols for synthesizing complex behaviors and a novel policy optimization algorithm, Interaction-Perceptive Agentic Policy Optimization (IPA), which assigns credit over semantic interaction chunks rather than individual tokens to improve long-horizon training stability. Empirically, we evaluate ROME within a structured setting and introduce Terminal Bench Pro, a benchmark with improved scale and contamination control. ROME demonstrates strong performance across benchmarks like SWE-bench Verified and Terminal Bench, proving the effectiveness of ALE. △ Less Submitted 4 January, 2026; v1 submitted 31 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 36 pages, 15 figures arXiv:2512.24873 [ pdf , ps , other ] Let It Flow: Agentic Crafting on Rock and Roll, Building the ROME Model within an Open Agentic Learning Ecosystem Authors: Weixun Wang , XiaoXiao Xu , Wanhe An , Fangwen Dai , Wei Gao , Yancheng He , Ju Huang , Qiang Ji , Hanqi Jin , Xiaoyang Li , Yang Li , Zhongwen Li , Shirong Lin , Jiashun Liu , Zenan Liu , Tao Luo , Dilxat Muhtar , Yuanbin Qu , Jiaqiang Shi , Qinghui Sun , Yingshui Tan , Hao Tang , Runze Wang , Yi Wang , Zhaoguo Wang , et al. (65 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Agentic crafting requires LLMs to operate in real-world environments over multiple turns by taking actions, observing outcomes, and iteratively refining artifacts. Despite its importance, the open-source community lacks a principled, end-to-end ecosystem to streamline agent development. We introduce the Agentic Learning Ecosystem (ALE), a foundational infrastructure that optimizes the production p… ▽ More Agentic crafting requires LLMs to operate in real-world environments over multiple turns by taking actions, observing outcomes, and iteratively refining artifacts. Despite its importance, the open-source community lacks a principled, end-to-end ecosystem to streamline agent development. We introduce the Agentic Learning Ecosystem (ALE), a foundational infrastructure that optimizes the production pipeline for agentic model. ALE consists of three components: ROLL, a post-training framework for weight optimization; ROCK, a sandbox environment manager for trajectory generation; and iFlow CLI, an agent framework for efficient context engineering. We release ROME, an open-source agent grounded by ALE and trained on over one million trajectories. Our approach includes data composition protocols for synthesizing complex behaviors and a novel policy optimization algorithm, Interaction-Perceptive Agentic Policy Optimization (IPA), which assigns credit over semantic interaction chunks rather than individual tokens to improve long-horizon training stability. Empirically, we evaluate ROME within a structured setting and introduce Terminal Bench Pro, a benchmark with improved scale and contamination control. ROME demonstrates strong performance across benchmarks like SWE-bench Verified and Terminal Bench, proving the effectiveness of ALE. △ Less Submitted 4 January, 2026; v1 submitted 31 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 36 pages, 15 figures arXiv:2512.24663 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI Renormalization Group Guided Tensor Network Structure Search Authors: Maolin Wang , Bowen Yu , Sheng Zhang , Linjie Mi , Wanyu Wang , Yiqi Wang , Pengyue Jia , Xuetao Wei , Zenglin Xu , Ruocheng Guo , Xiangyu Zhao Abstract : Tensor network structure search (TN-SS) aims to automatically discover optimal network topologies and rank configurations for efficient tensor decomposition in high-dimensional data representation. Despite recent advances, existing TN-SS methods face significant limitations in computational tractability, structure adaptivity, and optimization robustness across diverse tensor characteristics. They… ▽ More Tensor network structure search (TN-SS) aims to automatically discover optimal network topologies and rank configurations for efficient tensor decomposition in high-dimensional data representation. Despite recent advances, existing TN-SS methods face significant limitations in computational tractability, structure adaptivity, and optimization robustness across diverse tensor characteristics. They struggle with three key challenges: single-scale optimization missing multi-scale structures, discrete search spaces hindering smooth structure evolution, and separated structure-parameter optimization causing computational inefficiency. We propose RGTN (Renormalization Group guided Tensor Network search), a physics-inspired framework transforming TN-SS via multi-scale renormalization group flows. Unlike fixed-scale discrete search methods, RGTN uses dynamic scale-transformation for continuous structure evolution across resolutions. Its core innovation includes learnable edge gates for optimization-stage topology modification and intelligent proposals based on physical quantities like node tension measuring local stress and edge information flow quantifying connectivity importance. Starting from low-complexity coarse scales and refining to finer ones, RGTN finds compact structures while escaping local minima via scale-induced perturbations. Extensive experiments on light field data, high-order synthetic tensors, and video completion tasks show RGTN achieves state-of-the-art compression ratios and runs 4-600$\times$ faster than existing methods, validating the effectiveness of our physics-inspired approach. △ Less Submitted 31 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Accepted to AAAI 2026 arXiv:2512.24663 [ pdf , ps , other ] Renormalization Group Guided Tensor Network Structure Search Authors: Maolin Wang , Bowen Yu , Sheng Zhang , Linjie Mi , Wanyu Wang , Yiqi Wang , Pengyue Jia , Xuetao Wei , Zenglin Xu , Ruocheng Guo , Xiangyu Zhao Abstract : Tensor network structure search (TN-SS) aims to automatically discover optimal network topologies and rank configurations for efficient tensor decomposition in high-dimensional data representation. Despite recent advances, existing TN-SS methods face significant limitations in computational tractability, structure adaptivity, and optimization robustness across diverse tensor characteristics. They… ▽ More Tensor network structure search (TN-SS) aims to automatically discover optimal network topologies and rank configurations for efficient tensor decomposition in high-dimensional data representation. Despite recent advances, existing TN-SS methods face significant limitations in computational tractability, structure adaptivity, and optimization robustness across diverse tensor characteristics. They struggle with three key challenges: single-scale optimization missing multi-scale structures, discrete search spaces hindering smooth structure evolution, and separated structure-parameter optimization causing computational inefficiency. We propose RGTN (Renormalization Group guided Tensor Network search), a physics-inspired framework transforming TN-SS via multi-scale renormalization group flows. Unlike fixed-scale discrete search methods, RGTN uses dynamic scale-transformation for continuous structure evolution across resolutions. Its core innovation includes learnable edge gates for optimization-stage topology modification and intelligent proposals based on physical quantities like node tension measuring local stress and edge information flow quantifying connectivity importance. Starting from low-complexity coarse scales and refining to finer ones, RGTN finds compact structures while escaping local minima via scale-induced perturbations. Extensive experiments on light field data, high-order synthetic tensors, and video completion tasks show RGTN achieves state-of-the-art compression ratios and runs 4-600$\times$ faster than existing methods, validating the effectiveness of our physics-inspired approach. △ Less Submitted 31 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Accepted to AAAI 2026 arXiv:2512.24015 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV On Exact Editing of Flow-Based Diffusion Models Authors: Zixiang Li , Yue Song , Jianing Peng , Ting Liu , Jun Huang , Xiaochao Qu , Luoqi Liu , Wei Wang , Yao Zhao , Yunchao Wei Abstract : Recent methods in flow-based diffusion editing have enabled direct transformations between source and target image distribution without explicit inversion. However, the latent trajectories in these methods often exhibit accumulated velocity errors, leading to semantic inconsistency and loss of structural fidelity. We propose Conditioned Velocity Correction (CVC), a principled framework that reform… ▽ More Recent methods in flow-based diffusion editing have enabled direct transformations between source and target image distribution without explicit inversion. However, the latent trajectories in these methods often exhibit accumulated velocity errors, leading to semantic inconsistency and loss of structural fidelity. We propose Conditioned Velocity Correction (CVC), a principled framework that reformulates flow-based editing as a distribution transformation problem driven by a known source prior. CVC rethinks the role of velocity in inter-distribution transformation by introducing a dual-perspective velocity conversion mechanism. This mechanism explicitly decomposes the latent evolution into two components: a structure-preserving branch that remains consistent with the source trajectory, and a semantically-guided branch that drives a controlled deviation toward the target distribution. The conditional velocity field exhibits an absolute velocity error relative to the true underlying distribution trajectory, which inherently introduces potential instability and trajectory drift in the latent space. To address this quantifiable deviation and maintain fidelity to the true flow, we apply a posterior-consistent update to the resulting conditional velocity field. This update is derived from Empirical Bayes Inference and Tweedie correction, which ensures a mathematically grounded error compensation over time. Our method yields stable and interpretable latent dynamics, achieving faithful reconstruction alongside smooth local semantic conversion. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that CVC consistently achieves superior fidelity, better semantic alignment, and more reliable editing behavior across diverse tasks. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; v1 submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.24015 [ pdf , ps , other ] On Exact Editing of Flow-Based Diffusion Models Authors: Zixiang Li , Yue Song , Jianing Peng , Ting Liu , Jun Huang , Xiaochao Qu , Luoqi Liu , Wei Wang , Yao Zhao , Yunchao Wei Abstract : Recent methods in flow-based diffusion editing have enabled direct transformations between source and target image distribution without explicit inversion. However, the latent trajectories in these methods often exhibit accumulated velocity errors, leading to semantic inconsistency and loss of structural fidelity. We propose Conditioned Velocity Correction (CVC), a principled framework that reform… ▽ More Recent methods in flow-based diffusion editing have enabled direct transformations between source and target image distribution without explicit inversion. However, the latent trajectories in these methods often exhibit accumulated velocity errors, leading to semantic inconsistency and loss of structural fidelity. We propose Conditioned Velocity Correction (CVC), a principled framework that reformulates flow-based editing as a distribution transformation problem driven by a known source prior. CVC rethinks the role of velocity in inter-distribution transformation by introducing a dual-perspective velocity conversion mechanism. This mechanism explicitly decomposes the latent evolution into two components: a structure-preserving branch that remains consistent with the source trajectory, and a semantically-guided branch that drives a controlled deviation toward the target distribution. The conditional velocity field exhibits an absolute velocity error relative to the true underlying distribution trajectory, which inherently introduces potential instability and trajectory drift in the latent space. To address this quantifiable deviation and maintain fidelity to the true flow, we apply a posterior-consistent update to the resulting conditional velocity field. This update is derived from Empirical Bayes Inference and Tweedie correction, which ensures a mathematically grounded error compensation over time. Our method yields stable and interpretable latent dynamics, achieving faithful reconstruction alongside smooth local semantic conversion. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that CVC consistently achieves superior fidelity, better semantic alignment, and more reliable editing behavior across diverse tasks. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; v1 submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23995 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.LG RepetitionCurse: Measuring and Understanding Router Imbalance in Mixture-of-Experts LLMs under DoS Stress Authors: Ruixuan Huang , Qingyue Wang , Hantao Huang , Yudong Gao , Dong Chen , Shuai Wang , Wei Wang Abstract : Mixture-of-Experts architectures have become the standard for scaling large language models due to their superior parameter efficiency. To accommodate the growing number of experts in practice, modern inference systems commonly adopt expert parallelism to distribute experts across devices. However, the absence of explicit load balancing constraints during inference allows adversarial inputs to tri… ▽ More Mixture-of-Experts architectures have become the standard for scaling large language models due to their superior parameter efficiency. To accommodate the growing number of experts in practice, modern inference systems commonly adopt expert parallelism to distribute experts across devices. However, the absence of explicit load balancing constraints during inference allows adversarial inputs to trigger severe routing concentration. We demonstrate that out-of-distribution prompts can manipulate the routing strategy such that all tokens are consistently routed to the same set of top-$k$ experts, which creates computational bottlenecks on certain devices while forcing others to idle. This converts an efficiency mechanism into a denial-of-service attack vector, leading to violations of service-level agreements for time to first token. We propose RepetitionCurse, a low-cost black-box strategy to exploit this vulnerability. By identifying a universal flaw in MoE router behavior, RepetitionCurse constructs adversarial prompts using simple repetitive token patterns in a model-agnostic manner. On widely deployed MoE models like Mixtral-8x7B, our method increases end-to-end inference latency by 3.063x, degrading service availability significantly. △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23995 [ pdf , ps , other ] RepetitionCurse: Measuring and Understanding Router Imbalance in Mixture-of-Experts LLMs under DoS Stress Authors: Ruixuan Huang , Qingyue Wang , Hantao Huang , Yudong Gao , Dong Chen , Shuai Wang , Wei Wang Abstract : Mixture-of-Experts architectures have become the standard for scaling large language models due to their superior parameter efficiency. To accommodate the growing number of experts in practice, modern inference systems commonly adopt expert parallelism to distribute experts across devices. However, the absence of explicit load balancing constraints during inference allows adversarial inputs to tri… ▽ More Mixture-of-Experts architectures have become the standard for scaling large language models due to their superior parameter efficiency. To accommodate the growing number of experts in practice, modern inference systems commonly adopt expert parallelism to distribute experts across devices. However, the absence of explicit load balancing constraints during inference allows adversarial inputs to trigger severe routing concentration. We demonstrate that out-of-distribution prompts can manipulate the routing strategy such that all tokens are consistently routed to the same set of top-$k$ experts, which creates computational bottlenecks on certain devices while forcing others to idle. This converts an efficiency mechanism into a denial-of-service attack vector, leading to violations of service-level agreements for time to first token. We propose RepetitionCurse, a low-cost black-box strategy to exploit this vulnerability. By identifying a universal flaw in MoE router behavior, RepetitionCurse constructs adversarial prompts using simple repetitive token patterns in a model-agnostic manner. On widely deployed MoE models like Mixtral-8x7B, our method increases end-to-end inference latency by 3.063x, degrading service availability significantly. △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23994 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD cs.AI PhyAVBench: A Challenging Audio Physics-Sensitivity Benchmark for Physically Grounded Text-to-Audio-Video Generation Authors: Tianxin Xie , Wentao Lei , Guanjie Huang , Pengfei Zhang , Kai Jiang , Chunhui Zhang , Fengji Ma , Haoyu He , Han Zhang , Jiangshan He , Jinting Wang , Linghan Fang , Lufei Gao , Orkesh Ablet , Peihua Zhang , Ruolin Hu , Shengyu Li , Weilin Lin , Xiaoyang Feng , Xinyue Yang , Yan Rong , Yanyun Wang , Zihang Shao , Zelin Zhao , Chenxing Li , et al. (5 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Text-to-audio-video (T2AV) generation underpins a wide range of applications demanding realistic audio-visual content, including virtual reality, world modeling, gaming, and filmmaking. However, existing T2AV models remain incapable of generating physically plausible sounds, primarily due to their limited understanding of physical principles. To situate current research progress, we present PhyAVB… ▽ More Text-to-audio-video (T2AV) generation underpins a wide range of applications demanding realistic audio-visual content, including virtual reality, world modeling, gaming, and filmmaking. However, existing T2AV models remain incapable of generating physically plausible sounds, primarily due to their limited understanding of physical principles. To situate current research progress, we present PhyAVBench, a challenging audio physics-sensitivity benchmark designed to systematically evaluate the audio physics grounding capabilities of existing T2AV models. PhyAVBench comprises 1,000 groups of paired text prompts with controlled physical variables that implicitly induce sound variations, enabling a fine-grained assessment of models' sensitivity to changes in underlying acoustic conditions. We term this evaluation paradigm the Audio-Physics Sensitivity Test (APST). Unlike prior benchmarks that primarily focus on audio-video synchronization, PhyAVBench explicitly evaluates models' understanding of the physical mechanisms underlying sound generation, covering 6 major audio physics dimensions, 4 daily scenarios (music, sound effects, speech, and their mix), and 50 fine-grained test points, ranging from fundamental aspects such as sound diffraction to more complex phenomena, e.g., Helmholtz resonance. Each test point consists of multiple groups of paired prompts, where each prompt is grounded by at least 20 newly recorded or collected real-world videos, thereby minimizing the risk of data leakage during model pre-training. Both prompts and videos are iteratively refined through rigorous human-involved error correction and quality control to ensure high quality. We argue that only models with a genuine grasp of audio-related physical principles can generate physically consistent audio-visual content. We hope PhyAVBench will stimulate future progress in this critical yet largely unexplored domain. △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 6 major physical dimensions, 50 fine-grained test points, 1,000 groups of variable-controlled test samples arXiv:2512.23994 [ pdf , ps , other ] PhyAVBench: A Challenging Audio Physics-Sensitivity Benchmark for Physically Grounded Text-to-Audio-Video Generation Authors: Tianxin Xie , Wentao Lei , Guanjie Huang , Pengfei Zhang , Kai Jiang , Chunhui Zhang , Fengji Ma , Haoyu He , Han Zhang , Jiangshan He , Jinting Wang , Linghan Fang , Lufei Gao , Orkesh Ablet , Peihua Zhang , Ruolin Hu , Shengyu Li , Weilin Lin , Xiaoyang Feng , Xinyue Yang , Yan Rong , Yanyun Wang , Zihang Shao , Zelin Zhao , Chenxing Li , et al. (5 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Text-to-audio-video (T2AV) generation underpins a wide range of applications demanding realistic audio-visual content, including virtual reality, world modeling, gaming, and filmmaking. However, existing T2AV models remain incapable of generating physically plausible sounds, primarily due to their limited understanding of physical principles. To situate current research progress, we present PhyAVB… ▽ More Text-to-audio-video (T2AV) generation underpins a wide range of applications demanding realistic audio-visual content, including virtual reality, world modeling, gaming, and filmmaking. However, existing T2AV models remain incapable of generating physically plausible sounds, primarily due to their limited understanding of physical principles. To situate current research progress, we present PhyAVBench, a challenging audio physics-sensitivity benchmark designed to systematically evaluate the audio physics grounding capabilities of existing T2AV models. PhyAVBench comprises 1,000 groups of paired text prompts with controlled physical variables that implicitly induce sound variations, enabling a fine-grained assessment of models' sensitivity to changes in underlying acoustic conditions. We term this evaluation paradigm the Audio-Physics Sensitivity Test (APST). Unlike prior benchmarks that primarily focus on audio-video synchronization, PhyAVBench explicitly evaluates models' understanding of the physical mechanisms underlying sound generation, covering 6 major audio physics dimensions, 4 daily scenarios (music, sound effects, speech, and their mix), and 50 fine-grained test points, ranging from fundamental aspects such as sound diffraction to more complex phenomena, e.g., Helmholtz resonance. Each test point consists of multiple groups of paired prompts, where each prompt is grounded by at least 20 newly recorded or collected real-world videos, thereby minimizing the risk of data leakage during model pre-training. Both prompts and videos are iteratively refined through rigorous human-involved error correction and quality control to ensure high quality. We argue that only models with a genuine grasp of audio-related physical principles can generate physically consistent audio-visual content. We hope PhyAVBench will stimulate future progress in this critical yet largely unexplored domain. △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 6 major physical dimensions, 50 fine-grained test points, 1,000 groups of variable-controlled test samples arXiv:2512.23808 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.SD eess.AS MiMo-Audio: Audio Language Models are Few-Shot Learners Authors: Xiaomi LLM-Core Team , : , Dong Zhang , Gang Wang , Jinlong Xue , Kai Fang , Liang Zhao , Rui Ma , Shuhuai Ren , Shuo Liu , Tao Guo , Weiji Zhuang , Xin Zhang , Xingchen Song , Yihan Yan , Yongzhe He , Cici , Bowen Shen , Chengxuan Zhu , Chong Ma , Chun Chen , Heyu Chen , Jiawei Li , Lei Li , Menghang Zhu , et al. (76 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Existing audio language models typically rely on task-specific fine-tuning to accomplish particular audio tasks. In contrast, humans are able to generalize to new audio tasks with only a few examples or simple instructions. GPT-3 has shown that scaling next-token prediction pretraining enables strong generalization capabilities in text, and we believe this paradigm is equally applicable to the aud… ▽ More Existing audio language models typically rely on task-specific fine-tuning to accomplish particular audio tasks. In contrast, humans are able to generalize to new audio tasks with only a few examples or simple instructions. GPT-3 has shown that scaling next-token prediction pretraining enables strong generalization capabilities in text, and we believe this paradigm is equally applicable to the audio domain. By scaling MiMo-Audio's pretraining data to over one hundred million of hours, we observe the emergence of few-shot learning capabilities across a diverse set of audio tasks. We develop a systematic evaluation of these capabilities and find that MiMo-Audio-7B-Base achieves SOTA performance on both speech intelligence and audio understanding benchmarks among open-source models. Beyond standard metrics, MiMo-Audio-7B-Base generalizes to tasks absent from its training data, such as voice conversion, style transfer, and speech editing. MiMo-Audio-7B-Base also demonstrates powerful speech continuation capabilities, capable of generating highly realistic talk shows, recitations, livestreaming and debates. At the post-training stage, we curate a diverse instruction-tuning corpus and introduce thinking mechanisms into both audio understanding and generation. MiMo-Audio-7B-Instruct achieves open-source SOTA on audio understanding benchmarks (MMSU, MMAU, MMAR, MMAU-Pro), spoken dialogue benchmarks (Big Bench Audio, MultiChallenge Audio) and instruct-TTS evaluations, approaching or surpassing closed-source models. Model checkpoints and full evaluation suite are available at △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23808 [ pdf , ps , other ] MiMo-Audio: Audio Language Models are Few-Shot Learners Authors: Xiaomi LLM-Core Team , : , Dong Zhang , Gang Wang , Jinlong Xue , Kai Fang , Liang Zhao , Rui Ma , Shuhuai Ren , Shuo Liu , Tao Guo , Weiji Zhuang , Xin Zhang , Xingchen Song , Yihan Yan , Yongzhe He , Cici , Bowen Shen , Chengxuan Zhu , Chong Ma , Chun Chen , Heyu Chen , Jiawei Li , Lei Li , Menghang Zhu , et al. (76 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Existing audio language models typically rely on task-specific fine-tuning to accomplish particular audio tasks. In contrast, humans are able to generalize to new audio tasks with only a few examples or simple instructions. GPT-3 has shown that scaling next-token prediction pretraining enables strong generalization capabilities in text, and we believe this paradigm is equally applicable to the aud… ▽ More Existing audio language models typically rely on task-specific fine-tuning to accomplish particular audio tasks. In contrast, humans are able to generalize to new audio tasks with only a few examples or simple instructions. GPT-3 has shown that scaling next-token prediction pretraining enables strong generalization capabilities in text, and we believe this paradigm is equally applicable to the audio domain. By scaling MiMo-Audio's pretraining data to over one hundred million of hours, we observe the emergence of few-shot learning capabilities across a diverse set of audio tasks. We develop a systematic evaluation of these capabilities and find that MiMo-Audio-7B-Base achieves SOTA performance on both speech intelligence and audio understanding benchmarks among open-source models. Beyond standard metrics, MiMo-Audio-7B-Base generalizes to tasks absent from its training data, such as voice conversion, style transfer, and speech editing. MiMo-Audio-7B-Base also demonstrates powerful speech continuation capabilities, capable of generating highly realistic talk shows, recitations, livestreaming and debates. At the post-training stage, we curate a diverse instruction-tuning corpus and introduce thinking mechanisms into both audio understanding and generation. MiMo-Audio-7B-Instruct achieves open-source SOTA on audio understanding benchmarks (MMSU, MMAU, MMAR, MMAU-Pro), spoken dialogue benchmarks (Big Bench Audio, MultiChallenge Audio) and instruct-TTS evaluations, approaching or surpassing closed-source models. Model checkpoints and full evaluation suite are available at △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23646 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV OmniAgent: Audio-Guided Active Perception Agent for Omnimodal Audio-Video Understanding Authors: Keda Tao , Wenjie Du , Bohan Yu , Weiqiang Wang , Jian Liu , Huan Wang Abstract : Omnimodal large language models have made significant strides in unifying audio and visual modalities; however, they often lack the fine-grained cross-modal understanding and have difficulty with multimodal alignment. To address these limitations, we introduce OmniAgent, a fully audio-guided active perception agent that dynamically orchestrates specialized tools to achieve more fine-grained audio-… ▽ More Omnimodal large language models have made significant strides in unifying audio and visual modalities; however, they often lack the fine-grained cross-modal understanding and have difficulty with multimodal alignment. To address these limitations, we introduce OmniAgent, a fully audio-guided active perception agent that dynamically orchestrates specialized tools to achieve more fine-grained audio-visual reasoning. Unlike previous works that rely on rigid, static workflows and dense frame-captioning, this paper demonstrates a paradigm shift from passive response generation to active multimodal inquiry. OmniAgent employs dynamic planning to autonomously orchestrate tool invocation on demand, strategically concentrating perceptual attention on task-relevant cues. Central to our approach is a novel coarse-to-fine audio-guided perception paradigm, which leverages audio cues to localize temporal events and guide subsequent reasoning. Extensive empirical evaluations on three audio-video understanding benchmarks demonstrate that OmniAgent achieves state-of-the-art performance, surpassing leading open-source and proprietary models by substantial margins of 10% - 20% accuracy. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Website: arXiv:2512.23646 [ pdf , ps , other ] OmniAgent: Audio-Guided Active Perception Agent for Omnimodal Audio-Video Understanding Authors: Keda Tao , Wenjie Du , Bohan Yu , Weiqiang Wang , Jian Liu , Huan Wang Abstract : Omnimodal large language models have made significant strides in unifying audio and visual modalities; however, they often lack the fine-grained cross-modal understanding and have difficulty with multimodal alignment. To address these limitations, we introduce OmniAgent, a fully audio-guided active perception agent that dynamically orchestrates specialized tools to achieve more fine-grained audio-… ▽ More Omnimodal large language models have made significant strides in unifying audio and visual modalities; however, they often lack the fine-grained cross-modal understanding and have difficulty with multimodal alignment. To address these limitations, we introduce OmniAgent, a fully audio-guided active perception agent that dynamically orchestrates specialized tools to achieve more fine-grained audio-visual reasoning. Unlike previous works that rely on rigid, static workflows and dense frame-captioning, this paper demonstrates a paradigm shift from passive response generation to active multimodal inquiry. OmniAgent employs dynamic planning to autonomously orchestrate tool invocation on demand, strategically concentrating perceptual attention on task-relevant cues. Central to our approach is a novel coarse-to-fine audio-guided perception paradigm, which leverages audio cues to localize temporal events and guide subsequent reasoning. Extensive empirical evaluations on three audio-video understanding benchmarks demonstrate that OmniAgent achieves state-of-the-art performance, surpassing leading open-source and proprietary models by substantial margins of 10% - 20% accuracy. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Website: arXiv:2512.23412 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI MindWatcher: Toward Smarter Multimodal Tool-Integrated Reasoning Authors: Jiawei Chen , Xintian Shen , Lihao Zheng , Zhenwei Shao , Handong Cui , Chaoqun Du , Li Gong , Feng Gu , Xuefeng Hao , Wei He , Jiabang He , Yi Hu , Bin Huang , Shanshan Li , Qizhen Li , Jing Luo , Zide Liu , Xiaobo Liu , Ning Mao , Lifu Mu , Xuhao Pan , Zhiheng Qu , Chang Ren , Xudong Rao , Haoyi Sun , et al. (21 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Traditional workflow-based agents exhibit limited intelligence when addressing real-world problems requiring tool invocation. Tool-integrated reasoning (TIR) agents capable of autonomous reasoning and tool invocation are rapidly emerging as a powerful approach for complex decision-making tasks involving multi-step interactions with external environments. In this work, we introduce MindWatcher, a T… ▽ More Traditional workflow-based agents exhibit limited intelligence when addressing real-world problems requiring tool invocation. Tool-integrated reasoning (TIR) agents capable of autonomous reasoning and tool invocation are rapidly emerging as a powerful approach for complex decision-making tasks involving multi-step interactions with external environments. In this work, we introduce MindWatcher, a TIR agent integrating interleaved thinking and multimodal chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning. MindWatcher can autonomously decide whether and how to invoke diverse tools and coordinate their use, without relying on human prompts or workflows. The interleaved thinking paradigm enables the model to switch between thinking and tool calling at any intermediate stage, while its multimodal CoT capability allows manipulation of images during reasoning to yield more precise search results. We implement automated data auditing and evaluation pipelines, complemented by manually curated high-quality datasets for training, and we construct a benchmark, called MindWatcher-Evaluate Bench (MWE-Bench), to evaluate its performance. MindWatcher is equipped with a comprehensive suite of auxiliary reasoning tools, enabling it to address broad-domain multimodal problems. A large-scale, high-quality local image retrieval database, covering eight categories including cars, animals, and plants, endows model with robust object recognition despite its small size. Finally, we design a more efficient training infrastructure for MindWatcher, enhancing training speed and hardware utilization. Experiments not only demonstrate that MindWatcher matches or exceeds the performance of larger or more recent models through superior tool invocation, but also uncover critical insights for agent training, such as the genetic inheritance phenomenon in agentic RL. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; v1 submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Technique Report arXiv:2512.23412 [ pdf , ps , other ] MindWatcher: Toward Smarter Multimodal Tool-Integrated Reasoning Authors: Jiawei Chen , Xintian Shen , Lihao Zheng , Zhenwei Shao , Handong Cui , Chaoqun Du , Li Gong , Feng Gu , Xuefeng Hao , Wei He , Jiabang He , Yi Hu , Bin Huang , Shanshan Li , Qizhen Li , Jing Luo , Zide Liu , Xiaobo Liu , Ning Mao , Lifu Mu , Xuhao Pan , Zhiheng Qu , Chang Ren , Xudong Rao , Haoyi Sun , et al. (21 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Traditional workflow-based agents exhibit limited intelligence when addressing real-world problems requiring tool invocation. Tool-integrated reasoning (TIR) agents capable of autonomous reasoning and tool invocation are rapidly emerging as a powerful approach for complex decision-making tasks involving multi-step interactions with external environments. In this work, we introduce MindWatcher, a T… ▽ More Traditional workflow-based agents exhibit limited intelligence when addressing real-world problems requiring tool invocation. Tool-integrated reasoning (TIR) agents capable of autonomous reasoning and tool invocation are rapidly emerging as a powerful approach for complex decision-making tasks involving multi-step interactions with external environments. In this work, we introduce MindWatcher, a TIR agent integrating interleaved thinking and multimodal chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning. MindWatcher can autonomously decide whether and how to invoke diverse tools and coordinate their use, without relying on human prompts or workflows. The interleaved thinking paradigm enables the model to switch between thinking and tool calling at any intermediate stage, while its multimodal CoT capability allows manipulation of images during reasoning to yield more precise search results. We implement automated data auditing and evaluation pipelines, complemented by manually curated high-quality datasets for training, and we construct a benchmark, called MindWatcher-Evaluate Bench (MWE-Bench), to evaluate its performance. MindWatcher is equipped with a comprehensive suite of auxiliary reasoning tools, enabling it to address broad-domain multimodal problems. A large-scale, high-quality local image retrieval database, covering eight categories including cars, animals, and plants, endows model with robust object recognition despite its small size. Finally, we design a more efficient training infrastructure for MindWatcher, enhancing training speed and hardware utilization. Experiments not only demonstrate that MindWatcher matches or exceeds the performance of larger or more recent models through superior tool invocation, but also uncover critical insights for agent training, such as the genetic inheritance phenomenon in agentic RL. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; v1 submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Technique Report arXiv:2512.23295 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG physics.comp-ph Spectral Analysis of Hard-Constraint PINNs: The Spatial Modulation Mechanism of Boundary Functions Authors: Yuchen Xie , Honghang Chi , Haopeng Quan , Yahui Wang , Wei Wang , Yu Ma Abstract : Physics-Informed Neural Networks with hard constraints (HC-PINNs) are increasingly favored for their ability to strictly enforce boundary conditions via a trial function ansatz $\tilde{u} = A + B \cdot N$, yet the theoretical mechanisms governing their training dynamics have remained unexplored. Unlike soft-constrained formulations where boundary terms act as additive penalties, this work reveal… ▽ More Physics-Informed Neural Networks with hard constraints (HC-PINNs) are increasingly favored for their ability to strictly enforce boundary conditions via a trial function ansatz $\tilde{u} = A + B \cdot N$, yet the theoretical mechanisms governing their training dynamics have remained unexplored. Unlike soft-constrained formulations where boundary terms act as additive penalties, this work reveals that the boundary function $B$ introduces a multiplicative spatial modulation that fundamentally alters the learning landscape. A rigorous Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) framework for HC-PINNs is established, deriving the explicit kernel composition law. This relationship demonstrates that the boundary function $B(\vec{x})$ functions as a spectral filter, reshaping the eigenspectrum of the neural network's native kernel. Through spectral analysis, the effective rank of the residual kernel is identified as a deterministic predictor of training convergence, superior to classical condition numbers. It is shown that widely used boundary functions can inadvertently induce spectral collapse, leading to optimization stagnation despite exact boundary satisfaction. Validated across multi-dimensional benchmarks, this framework transforms the design of boundary functions from a heuristic choice into a principled spectral optimization problem, providing a solid theoretical foundation for geometric hard constraints in scientific machine learning. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23295 [ pdf , ps , other ] Spectral Analysis of Hard-Constraint PINNs: The Spatial Modulation Mechanism of Boundary Functions Authors: Yuchen Xie , Honghang Chi , Haopeng Quan , Yahui Wang , Wei Wang , Yu Ma Abstract : Physics-Informed Neural Networks with hard constraints (HC-PINNs) are increasingly favored for their ability to strictly enforce boundary conditions via a trial function ansatz $\tilde{u} = A + B \cdot N$, yet the theoretical mechanisms governing their training dynamics have remained unexplored. Unlike soft-constrained formulations where boundary terms act as additive penalties, this work reveal… ▽ More Physics-Informed Neural Networks with hard constraints (HC-PINNs) are increasingly favored for their ability to strictly enforce boundary conditions via a trial function ansatz $\tilde{u} = A + B \cdot N$, yet the theoretical mechanisms governing their training dynamics have remained unexplored. Unlike soft-constrained formulations where boundary terms act as additive penalties, this work reveals that the boundary function $B$ introduces a multiplicative spatial modulation that fundamentally alters the learning landscape. A rigorous Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) framework for HC-PINNs is established, deriving the explicit kernel composition law. This relationship demonstrates that the boundary function $B(\vec{x})$ functions as a spectral filter, reshaping the eigenspectrum of the neural network's native kernel. Through spectral analysis, the effective rank of the residual kernel is identified as a deterministic predictor of training convergence, superior to classical condition numbers. It is shown that widely used boundary functions can inadvertently induce spectral collapse, leading to optimization stagnation despite exact boundary satisfaction. Validated across multi-dimensional benchmarks, this framework transforms the design of boundary functions from a heuristic choice into a principled spectral optimization problem, providing a solid theoretical foundation for geometric hard constraints in scientific machine learning. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. 1 2 3 4 5 … About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Mwaisse pådje Inte di nozôtes Dierins candjmints Årtike a l’ astcheyance Aidance Pådjes sipeciåles Ecwårlaedje Ahiver on novea conte S’ elodjî Ecwårlaedje Ahiver on novea conte S’ elodjî Sommaire Début 1 Aprestaedjes del guere 2 Li rhoucaedje des CRABs 3 Egzôde di 1940 4 Walons e l' Almagne Afficher / masquer la sous-section Walons e l' Almagne 4.1 Les prijhnîs d' guere 4.2 Les ovreus al Werbestele 4.3 Les Walons anecsés 4.1 Les prijhnîs d' guere 4.2 Les ovreus al Werbestele 4.3 Les Walons anecsés 5 Sacwantès batreyes et operåcions del guere di 40 6 Lives et racontaedjes sol guere di 40 e walon 7 Hårdêye difoûtrinne 8 Sourdants Deujhinme guere daegnrece Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Ænglisc العربية الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Bikol Central Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български भोजपुरी Bislama ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ বাংলা བོད་ཡིག Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano کوردی Corsu Qırımtatarca Čeština Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Võro Føroyskt Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ ગુજરાતી Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Ilokano Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard ລາວ Lietuvių Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол मराठी Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ مازِرونی Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål ߒߞߏ Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu Picard Deitsch Pälzisch Polski Piemontèis پنجابی پښتو Português Runa Simi Rumantsch Română Tarandíne Русский Русиньскый संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Toki pona Türkçe Татарча / tatarça Тыва дыл ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Winaray Wolof 吴语 მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 Årtike Copene Lére Candjî Candjî l’ côde wiki Vey l’ istwere Lére Candjî Candjî l’ côde wiki Vey l’ istwere Pådjes ki loynut cial Candjmints aloyîs Eberweter on fitchî Hårdêye viè cisse modêye ci Infôrmåcion sol pådje Citer cisse pådje ci Obtenir l'URL raccourcie Télécharger le code QR Utiliser l'ancien analyseur Fé on live Aberweter come PDF Modêye sicrirece-amiståve Wikimedia Commons Cayet di Wikidata Caliguluk, si trovant a Końskowola , po rinde bon dvwer ås cis k' avént morou, tins di l' ocupaedje på Troejhinme Reich e l' Pologne . Li deujhinme guere daegnrece u guere di 1940-1945 , k' on lome eto li guere di cwarante , c' est ene guere k' a cmincî li 1î d' setimbe 1939 cwand l' Almagne a abroké sol Pologne . El Beldjike kiminça adon çou k' on loma "li drole di guere" : on ratindeut k' les Almands arivénxhe, avou l' idêye k' on lzî fotreut ene rude petêye, copurade avou les fôrts do payis d' Lidje. " Ében-Emael : imprenable ! " (" Ebem-Emål , impossibe del prinde !"), end alént i les oficîs. [ 1 ] El Walonreye , elle a cmincî li 10 di may 1940 , on vinrdi d' Pintcosse . C' est l' kiminçmint del campagne des 18 djoûs , ki s' atcheva, dabôrd, li 28 di may . Li Troejhinme Reich a marké cisse guere ci avou les camps d' rashonnaedje, come el ci di Natzweiler-Struthof . Li dierin ratacaedje des Almands Ofinsive da Von Rundstedt , fourit laide pol Walonreye. Li guere di 40 fourit tote fwaite li 9 di may 1945 , cwand l' Almagne sina si rindaedje (mins ezès payis occidintås on fiestixh purade li 8 di may, la ki l' rindaedje a stî siné avou ls aloyîs). Dins ses cåzes, et dins ses bateus, li guere di 1940-1945 est raloyeye al guere 1914-1918 . Inte les deus, c' est çou k' on lome l' Eter-deus-gueres . Li deujhinme guere daegnrece u guere di 1940-1945 , k' on lome eto li guere di cwarante , c' est ene guere k' a cmincî li 1î d' setimbe 1939 cwand l' Almagne a abroké sol Pologne . El Beldjike kiminça adon çou k' on loma "li drole di guere" : on ratindeut k' les Almands arivénxhe, avou l' idêye k' on lzî fotreut ene rude petêye, copurade avou les fôrts do payis d' Lidje. " Ében-Emael : imprenable ! " (" Ebem-Emål , impossibe del prinde !"), end alént i les oficîs. [ 1 ] El Walonreye , elle a cmincî li 10 di may 1940 , on vinrdi d' Pintcosse . C' est l' kiminçmint del campagne des 18 djoûs , ki s' atcheva, dabôrd, li 28 di may . Li Troejhinme Reich a marké cisse guere ci avou les camps d' rashonnaedje, come el ci di Natzweiler-Struthof . Li dierin ratacaedje des Almands Ofinsive da Von Rundstedt , fourit laide pol Walonreye. Li guere di 40 fourit tote fwaite li 9 di may 1945 , cwand l' Almagne sina si rindaedje (mins ezès payis occidintås on fiestixh purade li 8 di may, la ki l' rindaedje a stî siné avou ls aloyîs). Dins ses cåzes, et dins ses bateus, li guere di 1940-1945 est raloyeye al guere 1914-1918 . Inte les deus, c' est çou k' on lome l' Eter-deus-gueres . Aprestaedjes del guere [ candjî | candjî l’ côde wiki ] On fjheut "serer" les voyes (et les tchmins d' fier) avou des grossès bayes d' acî a rôletes. Aprestaedjes del guere On fjheut "serer" les voyes (et les tchmins d' fier) avou des grossès bayes d' acî a rôletes. Li rhoucaedje des CRABs [ candjî | candjî l’ côde wiki ] Loukîz a : CRAB Li rhoucaedje des CRABs Egzôde di 1940 [ candjî | candjî l’ côde wiki ] Loukîz a : Egzôde di 1940 Egzôde di 1940 Walons e l' Almagne [ candjî | candjî l’ côde wiki ] Les prijhnîs d' guere [ candjî | candjî l’ côde wiki ] Gn ourit 70.000 Bedjes prijhnîs d' guere, et ladvins, 67.500 Walons . Les Almands avént-st enondé ene politike raecisse, tot fjhant bebele ås Flaminds k' avént on lingaedje pus addé l' almand. Les ovreus al Werbestele [ candjî | candjî l’ côde wiki ] Loukîz a : Werbestele Bråmint des omes divént aler ovrer dins les oujhenes e l' Almagne, ça s' loméve li Werbestele . Les Walons anecsés [ candjî | candjî l’ côde wiki ] Li 18 di may 1940 , les payis redîmés sont anecsés pa l' Almagne. Les djonnes d' avår la, inte di zels les djins di l' ancyinne Walonreye prûssyinne divèt moussî dins l' årmêye almande. Walons e l' Almagne Les prijhnîs d' guere [ candjî | candjî l’ côde wiki ] Gn ourit 70.000 Bedjes prijhnîs d' guere, et ladvins, 67.500 Walons . Les Almands avént-st enondé ene politike raecisse, tot fjhant bebele ås Flaminds k' avént on lingaedje pus addé l' almand. Les prijhnîs d' guere Gn ourit 70.000 Bedjes prijhnîs d' guere, et ladvins, 67.500 Walons . Les Almands avént-st enondé ene politike raecisse, tot fjhant bebele ås Flaminds k' avént on lingaedje pus addé l' almand. Les ovreus al Werbestele [ candjî | candjî l’ côde wiki ] Loukîz a : Werbestele Bråmint des omes divént aler ovrer dins les oujhenes e l' Almagne, ça s' loméve li Werbestele . Les ovreus al Werbestele Bråmint des omes divént aler ovrer dins les oujhenes e l' Almagne, ça s' loméve li Werbestele . Les Walons anecsés [ candjî | candjî l’ côde wiki ] Li 18 di may 1940 , les payis redîmés sont anecsés pa l' Almagne. Les djonnes d' avår la, inte di zels les djins di l' ancyinne Walonreye prûssyinne divèt moussî dins l' årmêye almande. Les Walons anecsés Li 18 di may 1940 , les payis redîmés sont anecsés pa l' Almagne. Les djonnes d' avår la, inte di zels les djins di l' ancyinne Walonreye prûssyinne divèt moussî dins l' årmêye almande. Sacwantès batreyes et operåcions del guere di 40 [ candjî | candjî l’ côde wiki ] Li Batreye di Djiblou . L' Operåcion Torch . Sacwantès batreyes et operåcions del guere di 40 Li Batreye di Djiblou . L' Operåcion Torch . Lives et racontaedjes sol guere di 40 e walon [ candjî | candjî l’ côde wiki ] Sôdård di 40 ( Louis Sohy ). Tot l' live si passe dins on stalak. Li curé d' Såtô ( Auguste Laloux , passaedje). Èn Årdinwès foû di s' payis , ( Arthur Schmitz , tôme 1, ki s' passe dins ene oujhene e-n Almagne la k' i boutéve pol Werbestele ). Louwis d' emon l' Pitchou ( Henri Matterne , 2012) Lives et racontaedjes sol guere di 40 e walon Sôdård di 40 ( Louis Sohy ). Tot l' live si passe dins on stalak. Li curé d' Såtô ( Auguste Laloux , passaedje). Èn Årdinwès foû di s' payis , ( Arthur Schmitz , tôme 1, ki s' passe dins ene oujhene e-n Almagne la k' i boutéve pol Werbestele ). Louwis d' emon l' Pitchou ( Henri Matterne , 2012) Hårdêye difoûtrinne [ candjî | candjî l’ côde wiki ] Pådje des scrijhaedjes e walon sol guere di 40 Hårdêye difoûtrinne Pådje des scrijhaedjes e walon sol guere di 40 Sourdants [ candjî | candjî l’ côde wiki ] ↑ W. Bal , divins Warum Krieg ? . Commons I gn a so les cmons Wikipedia des imådjes ou fitchîs son a vey avou l' deujhinme guere daegnrece . Sourdants ↑ W. Bal , divins Warum Krieg ? . Guere di 1940-1945 Istwere di l' Urope Istwere del Beldjike Istwere di France Istwere di l' Almagne Cisse pådje ci a stî candjeye pol dierin côp li 4 octôbe 2025 a 09:38. La page a été rendue avec Parsoid . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Events Toggle Events subsection 1.1 Pre-1600 1.2 1601–1900 1.3 1901–present 1.1 Pre-1600 1.2 1601–1900 1.3 1901–present 2 Births Toggle Births subsection 2.1 Pre-1600 2.2 1601–1900 2.3 1901–present 2.1 Pre-1600 2.2 1601–1900 2.3 1901–present 3 Deaths Toggle Deaths subsection 3.1 Pre-1600 3.2 1601–1900 3.3 1901–present 3.1 Pre-1600 3.2 1601–1900 3.3 1901–present 4 Holidays and observances 5 References 6 External links January 15 Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kotava Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala Lombard Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Перем коми Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Batak Mandailing Руски Tolışi ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item Page version status This is an accepted version of this page This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "January 15" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( January 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) << January >> Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2026 January 15 in recent years 2026 (Thursday) 2025 (Wednesday) 2024 (Monday) 2023 (Sunday) 2022 (Saturday) 2021 (Friday) 2020 (Wednesday) 2019 (Tuesday) 2018 (Monday) 2017 (Sunday) January 15 is the 15th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar ; 350 days remain until the end of the year (351 in leap years ). Events Pre-1600 69 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaiming himself Emperor of Rome , [ 1 ] beginning a reign of only three months. 1535 – King Henry VIII issues letters patent incorporating the title Supreme Head of the Church of England into his royal title. [ 2 ] 1541 – King Francis I of France gives Jean-François Roberval a commission to settle the province of New France (Canada) and provide for the spread of the "Holy Catholic faith". [ 3 ] 1559 – Elizabeth I is crowned Queen of England and Ireland in Westminster Abbey , London. [ 4 ] 1582 – Truce of Yam-Zapolsky : Russia cedes Livonia to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . [ 5 ] 1601–1900 1759 – The British Museum opens to the public. [ 6 ] 1777 – American Revolutionary War : New Connecticut (present-day Vermont ) declares its independence. [ 7 ] 1782 – Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris addresses the U.S. Congress to recommend establishment of a national mint and decimal coinage . [ 8 ] 1815 – War of 1812 : American frigate USS President , commanded by Commodore Stephen Decatur , is captured by a squadron of four British frigates. [ 9 ] 1818 – A paper by David Brewster is read to the Royal Society , belatedly announcing his discovery of what we now call the biaxial class of doubly-refracting crystals. [ 10 ] On the same day, Augustin-Jean Fresnel signs a "supplement" (submitted four days later) on reflection of polarized light. 1822 – Greek War of Independence : Demetrios Ypsilantis is elected president of the legislative assembly. 1865 – American Civil War : Fort Fisher in North Carolina falls to the Union , thus cutting off the last major seaport of the Confederacy. [ 11 ] 1867 – Forty people die when ice covering the boating lake at Regent's Park , London , collapses. [ 12 ] 1870 – Thomas Nast publishes a political cartoon symbolizing the Democratic Party with a donkey (" A Live Jackass Kicking a Dead Lion ") for Harper's Weekly . [ 13 ] 1876 – The first newspaper in Afrikaans , Die Afrikaanse Patriot , is published in Paarl . 1889 – The Coca-Cola Company , then known as the Pemberton Medicine Company, is incorporated in Atlanta . 1892 – James Naismith publishes the rules of basketball . [ 14 ] 1901–present 1908 – The Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority becomes the first Greek-letter organization founded and established by African American college women. 1910 – Construction ends on the Buffalo Bill Dam in Wyoming , United States, which was the highest dam in the world at the time, at 99 m (325 ft). 1911 – Palestinian Arabic -language Falastin newspaper founded. [ 15 ] 1919 – Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht , two of the most prominent communists in Germany, are clubbed and then shot to death by members of the Freikorps at the end of the Spartacist uprising . [ 16 ] 1919 – Great Molasses Flood : A wave of molasses released from an exploding storage tank sweeps through Boston , Massachusetts, killing 21 and injuring 150. 1934 – The 8.0 M w Nepal–Bihar earthquake strikes Nepal and Bihar with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI ( Extreme ), killing an estimated 6,000–10,700 people. 1936 – The first building to be completely covered in glass, built for the Owens-Illinois Glass Company , is completed in Toledo, Ohio . 1937 – Spanish Civil War : Nationalists and Republicans both withdraw after suffering heavy losses, ending the Second Battle of the Corunna Road . 1943 – World War II : The Soviet counter-offensive at Voronezh begins. 1943 – The Pentagon is dedicated in Arlington County, Virginia . 1947 – The Black Dahlia murder: The dismembered corpse of Elizabeth Short is found in Los Angeles. 1949 – Chinese Civil War : The Communist forces take over Tianjin from the Nationalist government . 1962 – The Derveni papyrus , Europe's oldest surviving manuscript dating to 340 BC, is found in northern Greece. 1962 – Netherlands New Guinea Conflict: Indonesian Navy fast patrol boat RI Macan Tutul commanded by Commodore Yos Sudarso sunk in Arafura Sea by the Dutch Navy . 1966 – The First Nigerian Republic , led by Abubakar Tafawa Balewa is overthrown in a military coup d'état . 1967 – The first Super Bowl is played in Los Angeles . The Green Bay Packers defeat the Kansas City Chiefs 35–10. 1969 – The Soviet Union launches Soyuz 5 . 1970 – Nigerian Civil War : Biafran rebels surrender following an unsuccessful 32-month fight for independence from Nigeria . 1970 – Muammar Gaddafi is proclaimed premier of Libya . 1973 – Vietnam War : Citing progress in peace negotiations, President Richard Nixon announces the suspension of offensive action in North Vietnam . 1975 – The Alvor Agreement is signed, ending the Angolan War of Independence and giving Angola independence from Portugal. 1976 – Gerald Ford 's would-be assassin, Sara Jane Moore , is sentenced to life in prison . 1977 – Linjeflyg Flight 618 crashes in Kälvesta near Stockholm Bromma Airport in Stockholm , Sweden, killing 22 people. [ 17 ] 1981 – Pope John Paul II receives a delegation from the Polish trade union Solidarity at the Vatican led by Lech Wałęsa . 1991 – The United Nations deadline for the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from occupied Kuwait expires, preparing the way for the start of Operation Desert Storm . 1991 – Elizabeth II , in her capacity as Queen of Australia , signs letters patent allowing Australia to become the first Commonwealth realm to institute its own Victoria Cross in its honours system. [ 18 ] 2001 – Wikipedia , a free wiki content encyclopedia, is launched ( Wikipedia Day ). [ 19 ] 2005 – ESA 's SMART-1 lunar orbiter discovers elements such as calcium , aluminum , silicon , iron , and other surface elements on the Moon. 2009 – US Airways Flight 1549 ditches safely in the Hudson River after the plane collides with birds less than two minutes after take-off. This becomes known as "The Miracle on the Hudson" as all 155 people on board were rescued. 2013 – A train carrying Egyptian Army recruits derails near Giza , Greater Cairo , killing 19 and injuring 120 others. [ 20 ] 2015 – The Swiss National Bank abandons the cap on the Swiss franc 's value relative to the euro , causing turmoil in international financial markets. [ 21 ] 2016 – The Kenyan Army suffers its worst defeat ever in a battle with Al-Shabaab Islamic insurgents in El-Adde , Somalia . An estimated 150 Kenyan soldiers are killed in the battle. [ 22 ] 2018 – British multinational construction and facilities management services company Carillion goes into liquidation [ 23 ] – officially, "the largest ever trading liquidation in the UK". [ 24 ] 2019 – Somali militants attack the DusitD2 hotel in Nairobi , Kenya killing at least 21 people and injuring 19. [ 25 ] 2019 – Theresa May 's UK government suffers the biggest government defeat in modern times , when 432 MPs voting against the proposed European Union withdrawal agreement , giving her opponents a majority of 230. [ 26 ] 2020 – The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare confirms the first case of COVID-19 in Japan . [ 27 ] 2021 – A 6.2-magnitude earthquake strikes Indonesia's Sulawesi island killing at least 105 and injuring 3,369 people. [ 28 ] 2022 – The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai volcano erupts , cutting off communications with Tonga and causing a tsunami across the Pacific. [ 29 ] 2023 – Yeti Airlines Flight 691 crashes near Pokhara International Airport , killing all 72 people on board. [ 30 ] Births Pre-1600 1432 – Afonso V of Portugal (died 1481) [ 31 ] 1462 – Edzard I, Count of East Frisia , German noble (died 1528) 1481 – Ashikaga Yoshizumi , Japanese shōgun (died 1511) [ citation needed ] 1538 – Maeda Toshiie , Japanese general (died 1599) 1595 – Henry Carey, 2nd Earl of Monmouth , English politician (died 1661) 1601–1900 1622 – Molière , French actor and playwright (died 1673) [ 32 ] 1623 – Algernon Sidney , British philosopher (probable) [ 33 ] (died 1683) 1671 – Abraham de la Pryme , English archaeologist and historian (died 1704) 1716 – Philip Livingston , American merchant and politician (died 1778) 1747 – John Aikin , English surgeon and author (died 1822) [ 34 ] 1754 – Richard Martin , Irish activist and politician, co-founded the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (died 1834) 1791 – Franz Grillparzer , Austrian author, poet, and playwright (died 1872) [ 35 ] 1795 – Alexander Griboyedov , Russian playwright, composer, and poet (died 1829) 1803 – Marjorie Fleming , Scottish poet and author (died 1811) 1809 – Pierre-Joseph Proudhon , French economist and politician (died 1865) 1815 – William Bickerton , English-American religious leader, third President of the Church of Jesus Christ (died 1905) 1834 – Samuel Arza Davenport , American lawyer and politician (died 1911) 1840 – Jo Abbott , American judge, politician and Confederate army officer [ 36 ] (died 1908) 1841 – Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby , English captain and politician, sixth Governor General of Canada (died 1908) 1842 – Josef Breuer , Austrian physician and psychiatrist (died 1925) 1842 – Mary MacKillop , Australian nun and saint, co-founded the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart (died 1909) 1850 – Leonard Darwin , English soldier, eugenicist, and politician (died 1943) [ 37 ] 1850 – Mihai Eminescu , Romanian journalist, author, and poet (died 1889) [ 38 ] 1850 – Sofia Kovalevskaya , Russian-Swedish mathematician and physicist (died 1891) [ 39 ] 1855 – Jacques Damala , Greek-French soldier and actor (died 1889) 1858 – Giovanni Segantini , Italian painter (died 1899) 1859 – Archibald Peake , English-Australian politician, 25th Premier of South Australia (died 1920) 1863 – Wilhelm Marx , German lawyer and politician, 17th Chancellor of Germany (died 1946) 1866 – Nathan Söderblom , Swedish archbishop, historian, and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1931) 1869 – Ruby Laffoon , American lawyer and politician, 43rd Governor of Kentucky (died 1941) 1869 – Stanisław Wyspiański , Polish poet, playwright, and painter (died 1907) 1870 – Pierre S. du Pont , American businessman and philanthropist (died 1954) 1872 – Arsen Kotsoyev , Russian author and translator (died 1944) 1875 – Thomas Burke , American sprinter, coach, and journalist (died 1929) 1877 – Lewis Terman , American psychologist, eugenicist, and academic (died 1956) 1878 – Johanna Müller-Hermann , Austrian composer (died 1941) 1879 – Mazo de la Roche , Canadian author and playwright (died 1961) [ 40 ] 1879 – Ernest Thesiger , English actor (died 1961) [ 41 ] 1882 – Henry Burr , Canadian singer, radio performer, and producer (died 1941) 1882 – Princess Margaret of Connaught (died 1920) [ 42 ] 1885 – Lorenz Böhler , Austrian physician and author (died 1973) 1885 – Grover Lowdermilk , American baseball player (died 1968) 1890 – Michiaki Kamada , Japanese admiral (died 1947) 1891 – Ray Chapman , American baseball player (died 1920) 1893 – Rex Ingram , Irish film director, producer, writer, and actor (died 1950) [ 43 ] 1893 – Ivor Novello , Welsh singer-songwriter and actor (died 1951) [ 44 ] 1895 – Artturi Ilmari Virtanen , Finnish chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1973) 1896 – Marjorie Bennett , Australian-American actress (died 1982) 1901–present 1902 – Nâzım Hikmet , Greek-Turkish author, poet, and playwright (died 1963) [ 45 ] 1902 – Saud of Saudi Arabia (died 1969) 1903 – Paul A. Dever , American lieutenant and politician, 58th Governor of Massachusetts (died 1958) 1905 – Torin Thatcher , British actor (died 1981) [ 46 ] 1907 – Janusz Kusociński , Polish runner and soldier (died 1940) 1908 – Edward Teller , Hungarian-American physicist and academic (died 2003) 1909 – Jean Bugatti , German-French engineer (died 1939) 1909 – Gene Krupa , American drummer, composer, and actor (died 1973) [ 47 ] 1912 – Michel Debré , French lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of France (died 1996) 1913 – Eugène Brands , Dutch painter (died 2002) 1913 – Lloyd Bridges , American actor (died 1998) [ 47 ] 1913 – Miriam Hyde , Australian pianist and composer (died 2005) 1913 – Alexander Marinesko , Ukrainian-Russian lieutenant (died 1963) 1914 – Stefan Bałuk , Polish general (died 2014) 1914 – Hugh Trevor-Roper , English historian and academic (died 2003) 1917 – K. A. Thangavelu , Indian film actor and comedian (died 1994) 1918 – João Figueiredo , Brazilian general and politician, 30th President of Brazil (died 1999) 1918 – Édouard Gagnon , Canadian cardinal (died 2007) 1918 – Gamal Abdel Nasser , Egyptian colonel and politician, second President of Egypt (died 1970) [ 47 ] 1919 – Maurice Herzog , French mountaineer and politician, French Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports (died 2012) 1919 – George Cadle Price , Belizean politician, first Prime Minister of Belize (died 2011) 1920 – Bob Davies , American basketball player and coach (died 1990) [ 48 ] 1920 – Steve Gromek , American baseball player (died 2002) 1920 – John O'Connor , American cardinal (died 2000) 1921 – Cliff Barker , American basketball player (died 1998) [ 49 ] 1921 – Babasaheb Bhosale , Indian lawyer and politician, eighth Chief Minister of Maharashtra (died 2007) 1921 – Frank Thornton , English actor (died 2013) [ 50 ] 1922 – Sylvia Lawler , English geneticist (died 1996) 1922 – Eric Willis , Australian sergeant and politician, 34th Premier of New South Wales (died 1999) 1923 – Ivor Cutler , Scottish pianist, songwriter, and poet (died 2006) 1923 – Lee Teng-hui , Taiwanese economist and politician, fourth President of the Republic of China (died 2020) 1924 – George Lowe , New Zealand-English mountaineer and explorer (died 2013) 1925 – Ruth Slenczynska , American pianist and composer 1925 – Ignacio López Tarso , Mexican actor (died 2023) 1926 – Maria Schell , Austrian-Swiss actress (died 2005) 1927 – Phyllis Coates , American actress (died 2023) 1928 – Joanne Linville , American actress (died 2021) [ 51 ] 1928 – W. R. Mitchell , English journalist and author (died 2015) 1929 – Earl Hooker , American guitarist (died 1970) 1929 – Martin Luther King Jr. , American minister and activist, Nobel Prize laureate ( died 1968 ) [ 47 ] 1930 – Eddie Graham , American professional wrestler and promoter (died 1985) 1931 – Lee Bontecou , American painter and sculptor (died 2022) 1931 – Derek Meddings , British special effects designer (died 1995) [ 52 ] 1932 – Lou Jones , American sprinter (died 2006) 1933 – Frank Bough , English journalist and radio host (died 2020) 1933 – Ernest J. Gaines , American author and academic (died 2019) 1933 – Peter Maitlis , English chemist and academic (died 2022) 1934 – V. S. Ramadevi , Indian civil servant and politician, 13th Governor of Karnataka (died 2013) 1935 – Robert Silverberg , American author and editor [ 53 ] 1936 – Richard Franklin , English actor, writer, director and political activist (died 2023) [ 54 ] 1937 – Margaret O'Brien , American actress and singer [ 55 ] 1938 – Ashraf Aman , Pakistani engineer and mountaineer 1938 – Estrella Blanca , Mexican wrestler (died 2021) 1938 – Chuni Goswami , Indian footballer and cricketer (died 2020) [ 56 ] 1939 – Per Ahlmark , Swedish journalist and politician, first Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden (died 2018) 1939 – Tony Bullimore , English sailor (died 2018) 1941 – Captain Beefheart , American singer-songwriter, musician, and artist (died 2010) 1942 – Frank Joseph Polozola , American academic and judge (died 2013) 1943 – George Ambrum , Australian rugby league player (died 1986) 1943 – Margaret Beckett , English metallurgist and politician, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs 1943 – Stuart E. Eizenstat , American lawyer and diplomat, United States Ambassador to the European Union 1943 – Mike Marshall , American baseball player (died 2021) 1944 – Jenny Nimmo , English author 1945 – Ko Chun-hsiung , Taiwanese actor, director, and politician (died 2015) 1945 – Vince Foster , American lawyer and political figure (died 1993) 1945 – William R. Higgins , American colonel (died 1990) 1945 – Princess Michael of Kent 1945 – David Pleat , English footballer, manager, and sportscaster 1946 – Charles Brown , American actor (died 2004) 1947 – Mary Hogg , English lawyer and judge 1947 – Andrea Martin , American-Canadian actress, singer, and screenwriter [ 55 ] 1948 – Ronnie Van Zant , American singer-songwriter (died 1977) [ 47 ] 1949 – Luis Alvarado , Puerto Rican-American baseball player (died 2001) 1949 – Alasdair Liddell , English businessman (died 2012) 1949 – Ian Stewart , Scottish runner 1949 – Howard Twitty , American golfer 1950 – Marius Trésor , French footballer and coach 1951 – Ernie DiGregorio , American basketball player [ 57 ] 1952 – Boris Blank , Swiss singer-songwriter 1952 – Andrzej Fischer , Polish footballer (died 2018) 1952 – Muhammad Wakkas , Bangladeshi teacher and parliamentarian (died 2021) [ 58 ] 1953 – Randy White , American football player 1954 – Jose Dalisay, Jr. , Filipino poet, author, and screenwriter 1955 – Nigel Benson , English author and illustrator 1955 – Andreas Gursky , German photographer 1955 – Khalid Islambouli , Egyptian lieutenant (died 1982) 1956 – Vitaly Kaloyev , Russian architect 1956 – Mayawati , Indian educator and politician, 23rd Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh 1956 – Marc Trestman , American football player and coach 1957 – David Ige , American politician 1957 – Marty Lyons , American football player and sportscaster 1957 – Andrew Tyrie , English journalist and politician 1957 – Mario Van Peebles , Mexican-American actor and director [ 55 ] 1958 – Ken Judge , Australian footballer and coach (died 2016) 1958 – Boris Tadić , Serbian psychologist and politician, 16th President of Serbia 1959 – Greg Dowling , Australian rugby league player 1959 – Pavle Kozjek , Slovenian mountaineer and photographer (died 2008) 1961 – Serhiy N. Morozov , Ukrainian footballer and coach 1961 – Yves Pelletier , Canadian actor and director 1963 – Craig Fairbrass , English actor, producer, and screenwriter [ 59 ] 1964 – Osmo Tapio Räihälä , Finnish composer 1965 – Maurizio Fondriest , Italian cyclist 1965 – Bernard Hopkins , American boxer and coach 1965 – Adam Jones , American musician and songwriter [ 55 ] 1965 – James Nesbitt , Northern Irish actor [ 55 ] 1967 – Ted Tryba , American golfer 1968 – Chad Lowe , American actor, director, and producer [ 55 ] 1969 – Delino DeShields , American baseball player and manager 1970 – Michele Granger , American softball player [ 60 ] 1970 – Shane McMahon , American wrestler and businessman [ 61 ] 1971 – Regina King , American actress [ 55 ] 1972 – Shelia Burrell , American heptathlete 1972 – Christos Kostis , Greek footballer 1972 – Claudia Winkleman , English journalist and critic 1973 – Essam El Hadary , Egyptian footballer 1974 – Séverine Deneulin , international development academic 1975 – Mary Pierce , Canadian-American tennis player and coach 1975 – Martin Štrbák , Slovak ice hockey player [ 62 ] 1976 – Doug Gottlieb , American basketball player and sportscaster 1976 – Alexander Korolyuk , Russian ice hockey player [ 63 ] 1976 – Iryna Lishchynska , Ukrainian runner 1976 – Dorian Missick , American actor [ 55 ] 1976 – Scott Murray , Scottish rugby player 1976 – Florentin Petre , Romanian footballer and manager 1978 – Eddie Cahill , American actor [ 64 ] 1978 – Franco Pellizotti , Italian cyclist 1978 – Ryan Sidebottom , English cricketer 1979 – Drew Brees , American football player [ 47 ] 1979 – Michalis Morfis , Cypriot footballer 1979 – Martin Petrov , Bulgarian footballer 1980 – Matt Holliday , American baseball player [ 65 ] 1981 – Dylan Armstrong , Canadian shot putter and hammer thrower 1981 – Vanessa Henke , German tennis player 1981 – Pitbull , American rapper and producer [ 55 ] 1981 – El Hadji Diouf , Senegalese footballer [ 66 ] 1982 – Armando Galarraga , Venezuelan baseball player [ 67 ] 1982 – Francis Zé , Cameroonian footballer 1983 – Hugo Viana , Portuguese footballer 1983 – Jermaine Pennant , English footballer [ 68 ] 1984 – Ben Shapiro , American author and commentator [ 69 ] 1984 – Victor Rasuk , American actor [ 55 ] 1985 – René Adler , German footballer 1985 – Kenneth Emil Petersen , Danish footballer 1985 – Pavel Podkolzin , Russian basketball player [ 70 ] 1986 – Jessy Schram , American actress and model [ 55 ] 1987 – Greg Inglis , Australian rugby league player [ 71 ] 1987 – Tsegaye Kebede , Ethiopian runner 1987 – Kelly Kelly , American wrestler and model [ 72 ] 1987 – David Knight , English footballer [ 73 ] 1987 – Kelleigh Ryan , Canadian fencer [ 74 ] 1988 – Daniel Caligiuri , German footballer [ 75 ] 1988 – Skrillex , American DJ and producer [ 55 ] 1988 – Donald Sloan , American basketball player [ 76 ] 1988 – Jun. K , South Korean singer [ 77 ] 1989 – Alexei Cherepanov , Russian ice hockey player (died 2008) 1989 – Nicole Ross , American Olympic foil fencer [ 78 ] 1989 – Martin Dúbravka , Slovakian footballer [ 79 ] 1990 – Sidney Franklin , American actor and tap dancer [ 80 ] 1990 – Robert Trznadel , Polish footballer 1990 – Slava Voynov , Russian ice hockey player [ 81 ] 1990 – Chris Warren , American actor [ 47 ] 1991 – Marc Bartra , Spanish footballer [ 82 ] 1991 – Matt Duffy , American baseball player [ 83 ] 1991 – Mitch Garver , American baseball player [ 84 ] 1991 – Nicolai Jørgensen , Danish footballer 1991 – Darya Klishina , Russian long jumper 1991 – James Mitchell , Australian basketball player [ 85 ] 1992 – Joël Veltman , Dutch footballer 1992 – Joshua King , Norwegian footballer [ 86 ] 1993 – Kadeem Allen , American basketball player [ 87 ] 1994 – Eric Dier , English footballer [ 88 ] 1996 – Dove Cameron , American actress and singer [ 89 ] 1996 – Deebo Samuel , American football player [ 90 ] 1998 – Alexandra Eade , Australian artistic gymnast [ 91 ] 1998 – Ben Godfrey , English footballer [ 92 ] 1998 – Chloe Kelly , English footballer [ 93 ] 2000 – Triston Casas , American baseball player [ 94 ] 2002 – Tim Stützle , German ice hockey player [ 95 ] 2004 – Grace VanderWaal , American singer-songwriter [ 96 ] Deaths Pre-1600 69 – Galba , Roman emperor (born 3 BC) 378 – Chak Tok Ich'aak I , Mayan ruler 570 – Íte of Killeedy , Irish nun and saint (born 475) 849 – Theophylact , Byzantine emperor (born 793) 936 – Rudolph of France (born 880) 950 – Wang Jingchong , Chinese general 1149 – Berengaria of Barcelona , queen consort of Castile (born 1116) 1477 – Adriana of Nassau-Siegen , German countess (born 1449) [ 97 ] 1568 – Nicolaus Olahus , Romanian archbishop (born 1493) 1569 – Catherine Carey , lady-in-waiting to Elizabeth I of England (born 1524) 1584 – Martha Leijonhufvud , Swedish noblewoman (born 1520) 1601–1900 1623 – Paolo Sarpi , Italian lawyer, historian, and scholar (born 1552) 1672 – John Cosin , English bishop and academic (born 1594) 1683 – Philip Warwick , English politician (born 1609) 1775 – Giovanni Battista Sammartini , Italian organist and composer (born 1700) 1783 - Lord Stirling , American Revolutionary War Major General (born 1726) [ 98 ] 1790 – John Landen , English mathematician and theorist (born 1719) 1804 – Dru Drury , English entomologist and author (born 1725) 1813 – Anton Bernolák , Slovak linguist and priest (born 1762) 1815 – Emma, Lady Hamilton , English-French mistress of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (born 1761) 1854 – Jiang Zhongyuan , Chinese scholar and soldier (born 1812) [ 99 ] 1855 – Henri Braconnot , French chemist and pharmacist (born 1780) 1864 – Isaac Nathan , English-Australian composer and journalist (born 1792) 1866 – Massimo d'Azeglio , Piedmontese-Italian statesman, novelist and painter (born 1798) 1876 – Eliza McCardle Johnson , American wife of Andrew Johnson , 18th First Lady of the United States (born 1810) 1880 – Carl Georg von Wächter , German jurist (born 1797) [ 100 ] 1893 – Fanny Kemble , English actress (born 1809) 1896 – Mathew Brady , American photographer and journalist (born 1822) 1901–present 1905 – George Thorn , Australian politician, sixth Premier of Queensland (born 1838) 1909 – Arnold Janssen , German priest and missionary (born 1837) 1916 – Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky , Russian playwright and translator (born 1850) 1919 – Karl Liebknecht , German politician (born 1871) 1919 – Rosa Luxemburg , German economist, theorist, and philosopher (born 1871) 1926 – Enrico Toselli , Italian pianist and composer (born 1883) 1929 – George Cope , American painter (born 1855) 1936 – Henry Forster, 1st Baron Forster , English cricketer and politician, seventh Governor-General of Australia (born 1866) 1937 – Anton Holban , Romanian author, theoretician, and educator (born 1902) 1939 – Kullervo Manner , Finnish Speaker of the Parliament , the Prime Minister of the FSWR and the Supreme Commander of the Red Guards (born 1880) [ 101 ] 1945 – Wilhelm Wirtinger , Austrian-German mathematician and theorist (born 1865) 1948 – Josephus Daniels , American publisher and diplomat, 41st United States Secretary of the Navy (born 1862) 1950 – Henry H. Arnold , American general (born 1886) 1951 – Ernest Swinton , British Army officer (born 1868) 1951 – Nikolai Vekšin , Estonian-Russian captain and sailor (born 1887) 1952 – Ned Hanlon , Australian sergeant and politician, 26th Premier of Queensland (born 1887) 1955 – Yves Tanguy , French-American painter (born 1900) 1959 – Regina Margareten , Hungarian businesswoman (born 1863) 1962 – Yos Sudarso , Indonesian naval officer (born 1925) [ 102 ] 1964 – Jack Teagarden , American singer-songwriter and trombonist (born 1905) [ 103 ] 1967 – David Burliuk , Ukrainian author and illustrator (born 1882) 1968 – Bill Masterton , Canadian-American ice hockey player (born 1938) 1970 – Frank Clement , English race car driver (born 1886) 1970 – William T. Piper , American engineer and businessman, founded Piper Aircraft (born 1881) 1972 – Daisy Ashford , English author (born 1881) 1973 – Coleman Francis , American actor, director, and producer (born 1919) 1973 – Ivan Petrovsky , Russian mathematician and academic (born 1901) 1974 – Harold D. Cooley , American lawyer and politician (born 1897) 1981 – Graham Whitehead , English race car driver (born 1922) 1982 – Red Smith , American journalist (born 1905) 1983 – Armin Öpik , Estonian-Australian paleontologist and geologist (born 1898) 1983 – Shepperd Strudwick , American actor (born 1907) 1984 – Fazıl Küçük , Cypriot journalist and politician (born 1906) 1987 – Ray Bolger , American actor, singer, and dancer (born 1904) 1988 – Seán MacBride , Irish republican activist and politician, Minister for External Affairs , Nobel Prize laureate (born 1904) 1990 – Gordon Jackson , Scottish-English actor (born 1923) 1990 – Peggy van Praagh , English ballerina, choreographer, and director (born 1910) 1993 – Sammy Cahn , American songwriter (born 1913) 1994 – Georges Cziffra , Hungarian-French pianist and composer (born 1921) 1994 – Harry Nilsson , American singer-songwriter (born 1941) 1994 – Harilal Upadhyay , Indian author, poet, and astrologist (born 1916) 1996 – Les Baxter , American pianist and composer (born 1922) 1996 – Moshoeshoe II of Lesotho (born 1938) 1998 – Gulzarilal Nanda , Indian economist and politician, Prime Minister of India (born 1898) 1998 – Junior Wells , American singer-songwriter and harmonica player (born 1934) 1999 – Betty Box , English film producer (born 1915) 2000 – Georges-Henri Lévesque , Canadian-Dominican priest and sociologist (born 1903) 2001 – Leo Marks , English cryptographer, playwright, and screenwriter (born 1920) 2002 – Michael Anthony Bilandic , American politician, 49th Mayor of Chicago (born 1923) 2002 – Eugène Brands , Dutch painter (born 1913) 2002 – Jeanne Voltz , American food journalist and cookbook writer (born 1920) [ 104 ] 2003 – Doris Fisher , American singer-songwriter (born 1915) 2004 – Olivia Goldsmith , American author (born 1949) 2005 – Victoria de los Ángeles , Spanish soprano and actress (born 1923) 2005 – Walter Ernsting , German author (born 1920) 2005 – Elizabeth Janeway , American author and critic (born 1913) 2005 – Ruth Warrick , American actress (born 1916) 2006 – Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah , Kuwaiti ruler (born 1926) 2007 – Awad Hamed al-Bandar , Iraqi lawyer and judge (born 1945) 2007 – Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti , Iraqi intelligence officer (born 1951) 2007 – James Hillier , Canadian-American computer scientist and academic, co-invented the electron microscope (born 1915) 2007 – Pura Santillan-Castrence , Filipino educator and diplomat (born 1905) 2007 – Bo Yibo , Chinese commander and politician, Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China (born 1908) 2008 – Robert V. Bruce , American historian, author, and academic (born 1923) 2008 – Brad Renfro , American actor (born 1982) 2009 – Lincoln Verduga Loor , Ecuadorian journalist and politician (born 1917) 2011 – Nat Lofthouse , English footballer and manager (born 1925) 2011 – Pierre Louis-Dreyfus , French soldier, race car driver, and businessman (born 1908) 2011 – Susannah York , English actress and activist (born 1939) 2012 – Ed Derwinski , American soldier and politician, first United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs (born 1926) 2012 – Manuel Fraga Iribarne , Spanish lawyer and politician, third President of the Xunta of Galicia (born 1922) 2012 – Carlo Fruttero , Italian journalist and author (born 1926) 2012 – Samuel Jaskilka , American general (born 1919) 2012 – Ib Spang Olsen , Danish author and illustrator (born 1921) 2012 – Hulett C. Smith , American lieutenant and politician, 27th Governor of West Virginia (born 1918) 2013 – Nagisa Oshima , Japanese director and screenwriter (born 1932) 2013 – John Thomas , American high jumper (born 1941) 2014 – Curtis Bray , American football player and coach (born 1970) 2014 – John Dobson , Chinese-American astronomer and author (born 1915) 2014 – Roger Lloyd-Pack , English actor (born 1944) 2015 – Ervin Drake , American songwriter and composer (born 1919) 2015 – Kim Fowley , American singer-songwriter, producer, and manager (born 1939) 2015 – Ray Nagel , American football player and coach (born 1927) 2016 – Francisco X. Alarcón , American poet and educator (born 1954) 2016 – Ken Judge , Australian footballer and coach (born 1958) 2016 – Manuel Velázquez , Spanish footballer (born 1943) 2017 – Jimmy Snuka , Fijian professional wrestler (born 1943) 2018 – Dolores O'Riordan , Irish pop singer (born 1971) [ 105 ] 2019 – Carol Channing , American actress (born 1921) [ 106 ] 2019 – Ida Kleijnen , Dutch chef (born 1936) [ 107 ] 2020 – Rocky Johnson , Canadian professional wrestler (born 1944) [ 108 ] 2020 – Lloyd Cowan , British athlete and coach (born 1962) [ 109 ] 2022 – Alexa McDonough , first female politician to lead a major provincial political party in Canada, former leader of the federal New Democratic Party. (born 1944) [ 110 ] 2025 – Paul Danan , English actor and television personality (born 1978) [ 111 ] 2025 – David Lynch , American television and film director, visual artist and musician, complications from emphysema (born 1946) [ 112 ] 2025 – Melba Montgomery , American country music singer-songwriter (born 1938) [ 113 ] 2025 – Linda Nolan , Irish singer and actress (born 1959) [ 114 ] Holidays and observances Arbor Day (Egypt) Armed Forces Remembrance Day (Nigeria) Army Day (India) Christian feast day : Abeluzius ( Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church ) Arnold Janssen Francis Ferdinand de Capillas (one of Martyr Saints of China ) Ita Our Lady of the Poor Macarius of Egypt ( Western Christianity ) Maurus and Placidus ( Order of Saint Benedict ) Paul the Hermit January 15 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Abeluzius ( Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church ) Arnold Janssen Francis Ferdinand de Capillas (one of Martyr Saints of China ) Ita Our Lady of the Poor Macarius of Egypt ( Western Christianity ) Maurus and Placidus ( Order of Saint Benedict ) Paul the Hermit January 15 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) John Chilembwe Day ( Malawi ) Korean Alphabet Day ( North Korea ) Ocean Duty Day ( Indonesia ) Teacher's Day (Venezuela) References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Fik Meijer; Fredericus Joannes Antonius Maria Meijer (2004). 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Retrieved 15 January 2024 . ^ "FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup France 2018 List of Players" (PDF) . FIFA. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "Triston Casas Bio Information - MLB" . FOX Sports . Retrieved 2023-09-22 . ^ "Tim Stützle" . National Hockey League . Retrieved 14 January 2024 . ^ Carter, Brooke (September 17, 2020). "What Happened to Grace VanderWaal – Now in 2017" . Gazetter Review . ^ Dek, A.W.E. (1970). Genealogie van het Vorstenhuis Nassau (in Dutch). Zaltbommel : Europese Bibliotheek. p. 69. ^ "William Alexander, Lord Stirling" . George Washington's Mount Vernon . Retrieved 2023-01-14 . ^ Těng, Ssǔ-yü (1943). "Chiang Chung-yüan" . In Hummel, Arthur W. Sr. (ed.). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period . United States Government Printing Office. pp. 136– 137. ^ Ritter von Eisenhart, Johann August (1896). "Wächter, Karl Georg von" . Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 40. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 435– 440. ^ "Manner, Kullervo – Svinhufvud" . Finland100.fi . Retrieved October 26, 2020 . ^ Media, Kompas Cyber (2021-06-04). "Yos Sudarso: Kiprah, Peran, dan Akhir Hidupnya Halaman all - Kompas.com" . KOMPAS.com . Archived from the original on 2021-12-24 . Retrieved 2025-01-19 . ^ Ross Russell (1 January 1983). Jazz Style in Kansas City and the Southwest . University of California Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-520-04785-3 . ^ Archives, L.A. Times (2002-01-16). "Jeanne Voltz, 81; Past Editor of Times' Food Section" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2024-05-11 . ^ "Obituary: Dolores O'Riordan, troubled lead singer for Irish rock band The Cranberries" . www.scotsman.com . 17 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 May 2020 . ^ Wild, Stephi. "The Legendary Carol Channing Dies at 97" . BroadwayWorld.com . ^ "IN MEMORIAM Ida Kleijnen (1936-2019)" . Chapeau Magazine (in Dutch). 17 January 2019 . Retrieved 12 May 2020 . ^ "Rocky Johnson, wrestling legend and father of Dwayne Johnson, dies at 75" . EW.com . Retrieved 2021-02-10 . ^ Parkes, Jarred (2018). Coach as performer: coach emotion, coping, and the coach-athlete-performance relationship (Thesis). University of Queensland Library. doi : 10.14264/uql.2018.687 . ^ Larouche, Jean (2022-01-15). "Alexa McDonough, former NDP leader and trailblazer for women in politics, has died" . Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. ^ Minelle, Bethany (January 16, 2025). "Hollyoaks star Paul Danan dies aged 46" . Sky News . Retrieved January 25, 2025 . ^ David Lynch, Visionary Director of ‘Twin Peaks’ and ‘Blue Velvet,’ Dies at 78 ^ Friskics-Warren, Bill (January 19, 2025). "Melba Montgomery, Country Singer Known for Her Duets, Dies at 86" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved February 5, 2025 . ^ McIntosh, Steven (January 15, 2025). "Linda Nolan: Singer dies aged 65, two decades after cancer diagnosis" . BBC . Retrieved January 25, 2025 . External links BBC: On This Day The New York Times : On This Day Historical Events on January 15 .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Months and days of the year v t e Today: January 16 , 2026 [refresh] January 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 February 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 March 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 April 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 May 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 June 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 July 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 September 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 October 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 November 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 December 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Related: List of non-standard dates Related: List of non-standard dates Days of January CS1 German-language sources (de) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2025 CS1 Bengali-language sources (bn) Articles with German-language sources (de) CS1 Korean-language sources (ko) CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl) Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles needing additional references from January 2024 All articles needing additional references Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles using Mw magnitude scale All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020 Commons link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 00:03 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life and education 2 Career Toggle Career subsection 2.1 Acting 2.2 Directing 2.3 Producing 2.1 Acting 2.2 Directing 2.3 Producing 3 Personal life 4 Acting credits and accolades 5 References 6 External links Danny DeVito Afrikaans العربية Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Malagasy მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Danny DeVito DeVito in 2013 Born Daniel Michael DeVito Jr. ( 1944-11-17 ) November 17, 1944 (age 81) Neptune, New Jersey , U.S. Education American Academy of Dramatic Arts ( AOS ) Occupations .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Actor comedian filmmaker Actor comedian filmmaker Years active 1969–present Works Full list Height 5 ft 0 in (1.52 m) [ 1 ] Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Rhea Perlman ( m. .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} 1982 ; sep. 2012 ) Children 3, including Lucy Signature Daniel Michael DeVito Jr. (born November 17, 1944) is an American actor and filmmaker. Known for his short stature, raspy voice, distinct accent, and energetic comedy roles, he gained prominence for his portrayal of the taxi dispatcher Louie De Palma in the television series Taxi (1978–1983), which won him a Golden Globe Award and an Emmy Award . Since 2006, he has played Frank Reynolds on the FXX sitcom It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia . DeVito is known for his film roles in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), Terms of Endearment (1983), Romancing the Stone (1984), The Jewel of the Nile (1985), Ruthless People (1986), Throw Momma from the Train (1987), Twins (1988), The War of the Roses (1989), Batman Returns (1992), Jack the Bear (1993), Junior (1994), Matilda (1996), L.A. Confidential (1997), The Big Kahuna (1999), Big Fish (2003), Deck the Halls (2006), When in Rome (2010), Wiener-Dog (2016) and Jumanji: The Next Level (2019). He has voiced roles in such films as Hercules (1997), The Lorax (2012), Smallfoot (2018) and Migration (2023). DeVito and Michael Shamberg founded Jersey Films. Soon afterwards, Stacey Sher became an equal partner. The production company is known for films such as Pulp Fiction (1994), Garden State (2004) and Freedom Writers (2007). DeVito also owned Jersey Television, which produced the Comedy Central series Reno 911! . DeVito and wife Rhea Perlman starred together in his 1996 film Matilda , based on Roald Dahl 's children's novel. DeVito was also one of the producers nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture for Erin Brockovich (2000). From 2012 to 2013, DeVito played Willie Clark in the West End revival of Neil Simon 's The Sunshine Boys . He made his Broadway debut as Gregory Solomon in the revival of Arthur Miller 's The Price (2017), earning a Tony Award nomination for his performance. He returned to Broadway in the Theresa Rebeck play I Need That (2023). Early life and education DeVito was born at Raleigh Fitkin-Paul Morgan Memorial Hospital in Neptune Township, New Jersey , the son of Daniel DeVito Sr., a small business owner and Julia DeVito ( née Moccello). [ 2 ] [ 3 ] He grew up in a family of five, with his parents and two older sisters. [ 4 ] He is of Italo-Albanian descent; his family is originally from San Fele , Basilicata, [ 5 ] as well as from the Arbëresh Albanian community of Calabria . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] He was raised in Asbury Park, New Jersey . He lived a few miles away from the original Jersey Mike's location and would eat there frequently, which would inspire him to become the sub shop's first celebrity spokesman in a line of commercials that began to air in September 2022. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] DeVito was raised as a Catholic. When he was 14, he persuaded his father to send him to boarding school to "keep him out of trouble", [ 4 ] and graduated from Oratory Preparatory School in Summit, New Jersey , in 1962. While working as a beautician at his sister's salon, his search for a professional makeup instructor led him to the American Academy of Dramatic Arts , [ 10 ] where he graduated in 1966. In his early theater days, he performed with the Colonnades Theater Lab at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center in Waterford, Connecticut . Along with his future wife Rhea Perlman , he appeared in plays produced by the Westbeth Playwrights Feminist Collective . Career Acting Before he became an actor, Danny DeVito worked in a morgue as a cosmetologist, styling the hair of the deceased. He began this after a client of his died where he worked as a beautician at his sister's salon in New Jersey, and her family asked him to do her hair for her funeral. [ 11 ] DeVito started his career acting off-Broadway in the plays Shoot Anything With Hair That Moves and The Man with the Flower in His Mouth both in 1969. DeVito played Martini in the 1975 film One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest directed by Milos Forman , reprising his role from the 1971 off-Broadway play of the same title. He had his feature film debut in the drama Dreams of Glass (1970). Early film roles include Lady Liberty (1971), Hurry Up, or I'll Be 30 (1973) and Deadly Hero (1975). In 1977, DeVito played the role of John "John John the Apple" DeAppoliso in the Starsky & Hutch episode "The Collector". [ 12 ] DeVito gained fame in 1978 playing Louie De Palma, the short but domineering dispatcher for the fictional Sunshine Cab Company, on the hit TV show Taxi . For his performance he received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film . He got the role by astonishing the show's creators during the audition when asking them "Who wrote this shit?" then throwing the script on the table. [ 13 ] After his breakthrough on the sitcom Taxi , DeVito devoted more effort to a growing successful film career. He took a supporting role as Vernon Dalhart in the James L. Brooks directed comedy-drama Terms of Endearment (1983) acting alongside Shirley MacLaine , Debra Winger and Jack Nicholson . The film earned critical acclaim as well as the Academy Award for Best Picture . The following year, he acted in the crime comedy Johnny Dangerously (1984) and took the role as the comic rogue Ralph in the romantic adventure Romancing the Stone (1984), starring Michael Douglas and Kathleen Turner ; and its sequel, The Jewel of the Nile (1985). In 1986, DeVito starred in Ruthless People with Bette Midler and Judge Reinhold and also voiced the character Grundle King in My Little Pony: The Movie . In 1987, he acted in director Barry Levinson 's Tin Men , as a rival salesman to Richard Dreyfuss ' character. DeVito also acted opposite Arnold Schwarzenegger in the comedies Twins (1988) and Junior (1994). In 1990, he and Rhea Perlman played the couple Vic & Paula, commenting on the state of the environment in The Earth Day Special . The following year, he acted in Other People's Money (1991) with Gregory Peck . In 1991 and 1992, DeVito voiced Herb Powell in The Simpsons episodes " Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes? " and " Oh Brother, Where Art Thou? ". [ 14 ] [ 15 ] In 1992, he portrayed the villain Oswald Cobblepot / The Penguin in director Tim Burton 's Batman Returns acting opposite Michael Keaton , Michelle Pfeiffer and Christopher Walken . That same year he directed and produced the biographical drama film Hoffa starring Jack Nicholson . He also acted in the film portraying Bobby Ciaro. In 1993, he played a single father in the comedy-drama film Jack the Bear . In 1995, DeVito appeared in the gangster comedy Get Shorty . In 1996, he took supporting roles as Swackhammer in the Looney Tunes live-action / animated sports comedy Space Jam and reunited with Tim Burton 's science fiction comedy Mars Attacks! starring Jack Nicholson , Glenn Close , Annette Bening , Pierce Brosnan , Martin Short and Natalie Portman . In 1997, he played Deck Shifflet in the legal thriller The Rainmaker starring Matt Damon and Claire Danes as well as Sid Hudgens, editor of a sleazy tabloid called Hush-Hush , who gets tips ahead of time of celebrity arrests in the neo-noir thriller L.A. Confidential with Russell Crowe , Guy Pearce and Kevin Spacey , the latter of which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture . That same year he also voiced Phil in the Walt Disney Animated film Hercules (1997). Leonard Klady of Variety praised the voice performances writing, "As in Aladdin , the melding of character animation with the screen personae of the actors voicing the roles provides forceful and amusing entertainment, particularly in DeVito's turn as a physical trainer and the acid wit James Woods brings to his villainous role." [ 16 ] He starred in Living Out Loud (1998) alongside Helen Hunt and Queen Latifah , reunited with Kevin Spacey in The Big Kahuna (1999) and hosted the last Saturday Night Live episode before the year 2000. In 1999, he produced and co-starred in the biographical drama film Man on the Moon , a film about the unusual life of his former Taxi co-star Andy Kaufman , played in the film by Jim Carrey . He also played Dr. Hornicker in the Sofia Coppola directed The Virgin Suicides (1999) starring Kirsten Dunst . He continued to take roles in comedy films such as Drowning Mona (2000), Screwed (2000), What's the Worst That Could Happen? (2001), Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002), Anything Else (2003) and Be Cool (2005). [ 17 ] He also acted in the drama films Heist (2001) and Big Fish (2003). He earned a 2004 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series nomination for his role of a stripper in the NBC sitcom Friends , [ 18 ] In 2006, he joined the cast of the FX / FXX sitcom It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia as Frank Reynolds . DeVito stars opposite Glenn Howerton , Rob McElhenney , Kaitlin Olson and Charlie Day . The character of Frank Reynolds is introduced at the beginning of Season 2 . He received a nomination for the Satellite Award for Best Actor – Musical or Comedy Series . DeVito said of the show "I loved it. It was fucking outrageous just the way they are. I immediately said, 'Yeah, this is an amazing show. ' " [ 19 ] Also in 2006 he starred opposite Matthew Broderick in the Christmas comedy film Deck the Halls . DeVito has an interest in documentaries. In 2006 he began a partnership with Morgan Freeman 's company ClickStar , for whom he hosts the documentary channel Jersey Docs. He was also interviewed in the documentary Revenge of the Electric Car , discussing his interest in and ownership of electric vehicles . DeVito has directed eight short films between 1973 and 2016, five of which were released across 2010 and 2011. These are The Sound Sleeper (1973), Minestrone (1975), Oh Those Lips (2010), Evil Eye (2010), Poison Tongue (2011), Skin Deep (2011), Nest of Vipers (2011) and Curmudgeons (2016). In 2010, DeVito appeared in the romantic comedy When in Rome . In 2011, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work in television. [ 20 ] In 2012, he voiced the title character in the animated version of Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax . He appeared in the Angry Birds Friends "Champions for Earth" tournament advertisement in September 2015. Following the Japanese release of the Nintendo 3DS game Detective Pikachu , dedicated Pokémon fans submitted a 40,000-signature petition requesting that DeVito be the English voice actor for the title character. However, he declined to audition for the role, commenting that he was unfamiliar with the franchise. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] In April 2012, DeVito made his West End acting debut in a revival of the Neil Simon play The Sunshine Boys as Willie Clark, alongside Richard Griffiths . [ 12 ] It previewed at the Savoy Theatre in London from April 27, 2012, opened on May 17 and played a limited 12-week season until July 28. [ 23 ] DeVito played a fictional version of himself in the music video of One Direction 's song " Steal My Girl " (2014). [ 24 ] [ 25 ] He also appeared in the short film Curmudgeons , [ 26 ] which he also produced and directed. In 2013, he would voice Herb for a third time in the episode " The Changing of the Guardian ". [ citation needed ] DeVito made his Broadway debut in a Roundabout Theatre Company revival of the Arthur Miller play The Price as Gregory Solomon. He acted opposite Mark Ruffalo and Tony Shalhoub . Marilyn Stasio of Variety praised DeVito's performance writing, "DeVito, who holds the audience in the palm of his hand, tends to favor the comic side, making an extended meal out of an egg-eating visual gag. But he also draws on down-to-earth Jewish wisdom to keep family hostilities from boiling over and spoiling the financial negotiations". [ 27 ] He went on to be nominated for a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play . The production began preview performances at the American Airlines Theatre on February 16, 2017, and opened on March 16 for a limited run-through on May 7. In 2016, DeVito appeared as part of the ensemble cast of Todd Solondz 's anthology film Wiener-Dog . [ 28 ] In 2018, he had a guest starring role in the Netflix comedy series The Kominsky Method acting opposite Michael Douglas and Alan Arkin . He also voiced Dorgle in the Warner Bros. animated film Smallfoot (2018). The following year in 2019 he reunited with Tim Burton playing Max Medici in the live action Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Dumbo , a remake of the 1941 animated film . He acted alongside Colin Farrell , Michael Keaton and Eva Green . He also played Eddie Gilpin in the action comedy film Jumanji: The Next Level starring Dwayne Johnson , Kevin Hart , Jack Black and Karen Gillan . The film was a box office and critical success. In 2020 he voiced Bob, a stray dog in The One and Only Ivan . In 2021 he played Charlie Goldman the biographical HBO drama film The Survivor . That same year DeVito wrote a 12-page story centered on the Penguin and Catwoman for the anthology comic Gotham City Villains . [ 29 ] In 2023 he acted in the Disney horror comedy Haunted Mansion , Chris Pine 's directorial film debut Poolman and the Illumination animated film Migration . Also in 2023 he returned to Broadway in the Theresa Rebeck play I Need That . Directing DeVito made his directorial debut in 1984 with The Ratings Game . In 1986, he directed and starred in the black comedy "The Wedding Ring", a season 2 episode of Steven Spielberg 's anthology series Amazing Stories , where his character acquires an engagement ring for his wife (played by DeVito's real-life wife, actress Rhea Perlman ). When the ring is slipped on his wife's finger, she is possessed by the ring's former owner, a murderous black widow. In 1987 he made his feature-directing debut with the dark comedy Throw Momma from the Train , in which he starred with Billy Crystal and Anne Ramsey . [ 30 ] For his performance he earned a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy nomination. [ 31 ] DeVito reunited with Jewel of the Nile co-stars Michael Douglas and Kathleen Turner in 1989 when he directed and starred alongside them in The War of the Roses . In 1996 he directed Matilda (1996), a film adaptation of Roald Dahl 's 1988 classic children's novel of the same name . Critic Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun-Times wrote, "There is never a moment (except toward the happy ending) that we sense DeVito is anything other than quite serious about this material. He goes with Dahl's macabre vision." [ 32 ] He also served as the Narrator and played the villainous used-car dealer father Harry Wormwood opposite his wife Rhea Perlman . The following year, he was in talks to direct the crime drama The Little Things with Robert De Niro at that time set to star, [ 33 ] and The Crowded Room with Leonardo DiCaprio . [ 34 ] Both projects were eventually realized in the 2020s, but without DeVito's involvement. In 1997, DeVito was in talks for a $13-million deal to both star in and direct Mystery Men , but negotiations broke down over who would produce the soundtrack. "It was a big deal for me," DeVito said. "I really wanted it, so I walked away from the project." [ 35 ] In 1998, he committed to star in and direct both the sci-fi film Barthe for TriStar , about an alien who falls in love, [ 36 ] [ 33 ] and a remake of The Man Who Came to Dinner for DreamWorks . [ 37 ] In 1999, DeVito was attached to star, direct and produce Jason Keller 's spec script Sugar's Sweet Science of Bruising for New Line Cinema . [ 38 ] [ 33 ] For the next two years, DeVito was attached to film Michael Petroni 's Revelations , a "supernatural religious thriller" that was to have starred George Clooney . The project was delayed due to rewrites however. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] DeVito was also at one time attached to direct How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days . [ 41 ] He instead resurfaced with Death to Smoochy (2002) and Duplex (2003), which were made back-to-back. Before the release of the latter, DeVito agreed to direct a remake of 1942's I Married a Witch for Tom Cruise and Columbia Pictures , announcing to Variety that he hoped to begin production by the end of the year. [ 42 ] Instead of I Married a Witch , he sought to make Trump vs. Wynn as his next directorial project after receiving an offer from HBO . Written by Rick Cleveland , the script chronicles business tycoons Donald Trump and Steve Wynn 's competition to build a casino in Atlantic City . [ 43 ] DeVito was expected to direct, produce and star in an unspecified role, but he dropped out after meeting with both figures, who protested the film's production. [ 33 ] He directed the pilot episode for a proposed 2005 Imagine TV sitcom Queen B , [ 44 ] which was not picked up by the network for series. In 2009, it was reported that DeVito would direct and produce the biopic Crazy Eddie , based on the life of consumer electronics king Eddie Antar , from a script by Peter Steinfeld . [ 45 ] However the film could not be made due to a life rights deal that was made with Antar. [ 46 ] Instead, he pivoted to making the apocalyptic horror thriller St. Sebastian , [ 47 ] which completed post-production in 2012 but to this day has not been released. [ 48 ] DeVito also worked on the independently financed Honeymoon with Dad , a comedy which never went into production. [ 49 ] DeVito has written a film adaptation of and been, since 2008, attached to direct The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle with Morgan Freeman , Pierce Brosnan and Saoirse Ronan starring. [ 50 ] The production was halted when Freeman was seriously injured in a car accident two weeks before filming was scheduled to commence. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] DeVito returned to the subject in February 2013, saying he was looking for another young actress to star in the title role and scouting movie locations in Ireland. Production was expected to restart in July 2014. [ 51 ] [ 53 ] The release date is still classified as "TBD" without any new information as to whether it will be shot. [ 54 ] Producing DeVito founded Jersey Films in 1991, [ 55 ] producing films like Pulp Fiction (1994), Get Shorty (1995), Erin Brockovich (2000) (for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture), Gattaca (1997) and Garden State (2004). DeVito also produced the Comedy Central series Reno 911! , the film spin-off Reno 911!: Miami and the revival on Quibi . [ 56 ] [ 57 ] In 2019, his company Jersey Films optioned the screen rights to make a film of Toms River: A Story of Science and Salvation , by Dan Fagin. [ 58 ] Personal life DeVito stands 5 ft 0 in (1.52 m) tall. [ 1 ] His short stature is the result of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (Fairbank's disease), a rare genetic disorder that affects bone growth. [ 59 ] [ 60 ] On January 17, 1971, DeVito met Rhea Perlman when she went to see a friend in the single performance of the play The Shrinking Bride , which featured DeVito. [ 61 ] They moved in together two weeks later [ 62 ] and married on January 28, 1982. [ 63 ] They have three children: Lucy , Grace and Jacob. [ 64 ] Perlman and DeVito have acted alongside each other several times, including in the television show Taxi and the feature film Matilda (where they played Matilda's parents). [ 64 ] They separated in October 2012, after 30 years of marriage and over 40 years together, [ 64 ] then reconciled in March 2013. [ 65 ] They separated for a second time in March 2017, but remained on amicable terms and Perlman stated they had no intent of filing for divorce. [ 66 ] In 2019, Perlman told interviewer Andy Cohen that she and DeVito have become closer friends after their separation than they were in their final years as a couple. [ 67 ] Before their separation, DeVito and Perlman resided in a 14,579-square-foot (1,354 m 2 ) house in Beverly Hills, California , that they purchased in 1994; they sold the property for US$24 million in April 2015. They still own a bungalow near Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills and a multi-residence compound on Broad Beach in Malibu . [ 68 ] [ 69 ] They also frequented a home they owned in Interlaken, New Jersey , to get away from Los Angeles. [ 70 ] DeVito has mentioned being a big fan of singer Mike Patton 's various musical projects, being introduced to his work through his son Jacob in 2005. [ 71 ] DeVito collaborated with Patton on a music video and has attended several of his concerts, with Perlman contributing an introductory voiceover to an album by Mr. Bungle , one of Patton's bands. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] In 2016, DeVito also included music from Patton's band Faith No More on It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia. [ 74 ] Acting credits and accolades DeVito has an extensive film career , dating back to the early 1970s. Selected work: One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) Taxi (1978–1983) Terms of Endearment (1983) Romancing the Stone (1984) The Jewel of the Nile (1985) Tin Men (1987) Throw Momma from the Train (1987) Twins (1988) The War of the Roses (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Hoffa (1992) Jack the Bear (1993) Reality Bites (1994) Junior (1994) Renaissance Man (1994) Get Shorty (1995) Sunset Park (1996) Matilda (1996) Space Jam (1996) Mars Attacks! (1996) The Rainmaker (1997) L.A. Confidential (1997) Hercules (1997) Gattaca (1997) Out of Sight (1998) Living Out Loud (1998) Man on the Moon (1999) The Virgin Suicides (1999) Drowning Mona (2000) Erin Brockovich (2000) How High (2001) Death to Smoochy (2002) Anything Else (2003) Big Fish (2003) Be Cool (2005) Deck the Halls (2006) It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (2006–present) Solitary Man (2009) The Lorax (2012) Wiener-Dog (2016) Dumbo (2019) Jumanji: The Next Level (2019) References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} McMahon, Danny (November 22, 2024). Danny DeVito: Hollywood's Unlikely Giant . Event occurs at 2:34–2:39. You're exactly five feet?" "Mhm. ^ Mikle, Jean. "Jack Nicholson, Danny DeVito childhood homes: see where they grew up at the Shore" . Asbury Park Press . Retrieved August 29, 2022 . ^ "Biography - Yahoo! Movies" . movies.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on March 3, 2012 . Retrieved February 10, 2010 . ^ a b Ellen, Barbara (April 14, 2012). "Danny DeVito: 'It all worked out for me. Life is good' " . The Guardian . ^ Shapiro, Dani (June 29, 2010). "My favorite place: Danny DeVito" . CNN . Archived from the original on November 11, 2010 . Retrieved May 31, 2012 . ^ "Daniel Michael DeVito of Arbëresh descent born on November 17" . Oculus News . November 17, 2019 . Retrieved December 20, 2022 . ^ "American actor Danny DeVito returns to his Albanian origins and shows how much he adored his grandmother's Georgian dialect" . Vox News . Retrieved December 20, 2022 . ^ Shaw, David. "DeVito! Although He Has a Penchant for Dark Comedies, Actor-Director Danny DeVito Is Serious About His Craft, His Family and His Cigars" Archived April 4, 2007, at the Wayback Machine , Cigar Aficionado profile, accessed May 2, 2007. "Danny DeVito was born in 1944 in the shore town of Neptune, New Jersey—hence the name of his production company—and raised in neighboring Asbury Park, the youngest of five children (two of whom died before he was born)." ^ "Campaign Trail: Jersey Mike's Subs serves up authenticity with Danny DeVito" . Marketing Dive . ^ Danny DeVito on how beauty school led him to acting - EMMYTVLEGENDS.ORG , archived from the original on December 11, 2021 , retrieved March 26, 2021 ^ "Danny DeVito reveals he was a 'part-time mortician' for his dead hairdressing clients" . uk.style.yahoo.com . December 22, 2022 . Retrieved September 20, 2025 . ^ a b Raab, Scott (January 31, 2014). "The Serene Beauty of the Five-Foot Fury of Asbury Park" . Esquire . ^ Rosen, Lisa (December 2024 – January 2025). "Danny DeVito: 'You Gotta Tamp Me Down in the Joy Department!' " . AARP: The Magazine . ^ "Danny DeVito lends his voice to 'The Simpsons' " . Observer-Reporter . February 11, 1991 . Retrieved April 25, 2014 . ^ " "The Simpsons" guests stars over the years" . CBS . February 17, 2012 . Retrieved April 25, 2014 . ^ "Hercules" . Variety . June 16, 1997 . Retrieved November 13, 2023 . ^ "Danny DeVito Movie Box Office Results" . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 10, 2010 . ^ "Danny DeVito" . Emmy Award . Archived from the original on May 15, 2013 . Retrieved December 27, 2011 . ^ "The story of how Danny DeVito joined 'It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia' " . Far Out . December 22, 2022 . Retrieved November 13, 2023 . ^ "Danny DeVito gets star on Hollywood Walk" . KTAR.com . Bonneville International. Associated Press . August 18, 2011. Archived from the original on October 1, 2011 . Retrieved August 19, 2011 . ^ "Pokémon Fans Petitioning to Make Danny DeVito the Voice of Pikachu (He'd Be Perfect)" . Yahoo! . February 2, 2016 . Retrieved February 12, 2016 . ^ @paleycenter (April 2, 2016). "Paley Center on Twitter: "Audience Q:Will Danny DeVito voice the Detective Pikachu videogame? Danny says "No" and asks what it is, "What the F is Pokemon?" #PaleyLive" ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 2, 2016 – via Twitter . ^ "The Sunshine Boys – Reviews" . What's On Stage. May 18, 2012 . Retrieved April 25, 2014 . ^ "One Direction's 'Steal My Girl' Video Features Danny DeVito... What!?" . MTV News . Archived from the original on October 14, 2014 . Retrieved May 7, 2016 . ^ "One Direction's New 'Steal My Girl' Video Will Feature Danny DeVito" . Billboard . October 11, 2014 . Retrieved October 19, 2014 . ^ "Curmudgeons" . Curmudgeons . Archived from the original on October 13, 2016. ^ "Broadway Review: 'The Price' Starring Mark Ruffalo, Tony Shalhoub, Danny DeVito" . Variety . March 17, 2017 . Retrieved November 13, 2023 . ^ Setoodeh, Ramin; Lang, Brent (January 26, 2016). "Sundance: Amazon Lands Todd Solondz Comedy Wiener-Dog (EXCLUSIVE)" . Variety . Archived from the original on July 13, 2023 . Retrieved January 28, 2025 . ^ Christian Holub (November 30, 2021). "Danny DeVito on why he returned to the Penguin for new Batman comic 'Gotham City Villains' " . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Maslin, Janet (December 1, 1987). "Throw Momma from the Train" . The New York Times . ^ "1988 Golden Globe Awards" . Golden Globe Awards . Retrieved November 13, 2023 . ^ "Matilda movie review" . Rogerebert.com . Retrieved November 13, 2023 . ^ a b c d Bradford, Evans (September 15, 2011). "The Lost Roles of Danny DeVito" . Vulture . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Fleming, Michael Fleming (December 8, 1997). "DeVito checks into 'Room' " . Variety . Retrieved May 22, 2024 . ^ Los Angeles Times , November 16, 1997: CAL, 5:1. ^ Variety Staff (January 14, 1998). "DeVito does double duty; Love troubles" . Variety . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Hindes, Andrew; Petrikin, Chris (October 12, 1998). "D'works, DeVito make 'Dinner' reservations" . Variety . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Cox, Dan (May 6, 1999). "NL offers 'Sweet' pic deal to Keller" . Variety . Retrieved May 22, 2024 . ^ Jones, Oliver; Moerk, Christian (November 22, 1999). " 'Revelations' comes to DeVito & Warners" . Variety . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Fleming, Michael (October 10, 2000). "Salerno tries on Jersey deal" . Variety . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Swanson, Tim; Dunkley, Cathy (October 14, 2001). "Romantic laffer 'Lose' loses Jersey Films" . Variety . Retrieved April 2, 2025 . ^ Harris, Dana (February 24, 2003). "Embarrassment of witches at Col" . Variety . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Fleming, Michael (December 4, 2003). "DeVito plays Trump card for Wynn gig" . Variety . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Schneider, Michael (March 9, 2005). "DeVito king of 'Queen B' " . Variety . Retrieved April 25, 2014 . ^ Fleming, Michael (March 10, 2009). "Danny Devito crazy for 'Eddie' " . Variety . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (April 26, 2010). "Why Rights Wrangling Is Crazy Business" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ @DannyDeVito (December 14, 2011). "last five days on St. Sebastian. Having a blast. William Fichtner,Lance Reddick, Constance Zimmer, David Margulies. Fun peeps to work with" ( Tweet ) – via Twitter . ^ The Deadline Team (May 11, 2012). "Locomotive Selling Danny DeVito-Directed Thriller At Cannes" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Sneider, Jeff (October 10, 2012). "Danny DeVito to direct 'Honeymoon' (EXCLUSIVE)" . Variety . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ Fleming, Michael (July 15, 2008). "DeVito to direct 'Charlotte Doyle' " . Variety . Retrieved June 25, 2024 . ^ a b "Danny DeVito wants to cast rising star actress" . Contactmusic.com. February 24, 2013 . Retrieved February 6, 2014 . ^ Avi (September 9, 2014). "Movie option" . Wordcraft . Retrieved November 6, 2015 . ^ "Danny DeVito on scouting movie locations in Ireland | Late Late Show" . YouTube . February 24, 2013 . Retrieved August 27, 2013 . ^ "The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle - ComingSoon.net" . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on August 18, 2018 . Retrieved April 13, 2018 . ^ Guttarado, Andrew (September 25, 2019). "Danny DeVito, Never Retire (Bitch)" . The Ringer . Retrieved September 26, 2019 . ^ Petski, Denise (December 6, 2019). " 'Reno 911!' Revival Gets Green Light At Quibi" . Deadline . Retrieved December 7, 2019 . ^ Newman, Melinda (September 13, 2010). "Danny DeVito Reminisces About Growing Up In New Jersey-www.njmonthly.com" . New Jersey Monthly . Retrieved December 7, 2019 . ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (June 5, 2019). "Danny DeVito's Jersey 2nd Avenue Options Dan Fagin's Pulitzer-Winning Book 'Toms River: A Story Of Science And Salvation' " . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 14, 2024 . ^ Jenkins, Mark (September 26, 2013). "For Richer And For Poorer, But What Of That Vanishing Middle?" . NPR . Retrieved October 5, 2015 . ^ Joseph, Pat (September 10, 2013). "Lights, Camera, Economics Robert Reich brings his message to the big screen" . Berkeley . Retrieved October 5, 2015 . ^ Lovece, Frank ; with Franco, Jules (1988). Hailing Taxi: The Official Book of the Show . New York: Simon & Schuster / Prentice Hall Press . pp. 53, 286. ISBN 978-0-13-372103-4 . ^ Lovece, pp. 53, 80 ^ Wallace, Carol (December 12, 1983). "Chalk Up a Successful Marriage for TV's Tart-Tongued Twosome, Danny De Vito and Rhea Perlman" . People . Archived from the original on November 20, 2012 . Retrieved October 8, 2012 . ^ a b c "Exclusive: Danny DeVito and Rhea Perlman Separate" . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on October 10, 2012 . Retrieved October 8, 2012 . ^ Leonard, Elizabeth (March 15, 2013). "Danny DeVito and Rhea Perlman Are Back Together" . People . Archived from the original on March 17, 2013 . Retrieved March 16, 2013 . ^ Hoffman, Barbara (March 8, 2018). "Why Rhea Perlman won't divorce Danny DeVito" . New York Post . Retrieved July 9, 2018 . ^ Squires, Bethy (May 10, 2019). "Rhea Perlman and Danny DeVito May Be Separated, but They're Still Bros" . Vulture . Retrieved May 26, 2019 . ^ David, Mark (April 21, 2015). "Danny DeVito and Rhea Perlman Quietly List BevHills Estate" . Variety . ^ Beale, Lauren (April 30, 2015). "Danny DeVito, Rhea Perlman sell estate in Beverly Hills" . Los Angeles Times . ^ Boon, Jon. "Single In The City! Danny DeVito Moving To New York: He Misses The Big Apple!" , RadarOnline , October 15, 2012. Accessed January 24, 2023. "Danny and Rhea used to stay at his vacation home in Interlaken, New Jersey whenever they wanted a break away from Los Angeles. He never really felt an affinity to California and lived there purely for work reasons." ^ "Music News: Danny DeVito is big buds with Mike Patton and the Always Sunny podcast" . AudioPhix . September 27, 2023. ^ "Rhea Perlman Will Provide Narration on Upcoming Re-Recording of Mr. Bungle's "Anarchy Up Your Anus" -" . September 25, 2020. ^ DiVita, Joe (February 8, 2020). "Danny DeVito Gave Mike Patton Acting Tips at Mr. Bungle Reunion Show" . Loudwire . ^ Fowler, Matt (February 11, 2016). "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia: "Being Frank" Review" . IGN . External links Danny DeVito on Twitter Danny DeVito at IMDb Danny DeVito at the Internet Broadway Database Danny DeVito at the Internet Off-Broadway Database (archived) Danny DeVito at Emmys.com Danny DeVito at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television Danny DeVito on Charlie Rose Danny DeVito's Guest DJ Set on KCRW Danny DeVito interviewed by KVUE's Roy Faires in 1971 about "Throw Momma From The Train" from Texas Archive of the Moving Image .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Danny DeVito v t e Films directed The Selling of Vince D'Angelo (1982, short) The Ratings Game (1984) Throw Momma from the Train (1987) The War of the Roses (1989) Hoffa (1992) Matilda (1996) Death to Smoochy (2002) Duplex (2003) St. Sebastian (2012, unreleased) Curmudgeons (2016, short) The Selling of Vince D'Angelo (1982, short) The Ratings Game (1984) Throw Momma from the Train (1987) The War of the Roses (1989) Hoffa (1992) Matilda (1996) Death to Smoochy (2002) Duplex (2003) St. Sebastian (2012, unreleased) Curmudgeons (2016, short) Films produced Reality Bites (1994) 8 Seconds (1994) Get Shorty (1995) Sunset Park (1996) Feeling Minnesota (1996) Gattaca (1997) Out of Sight (1998) Living Out Loud (1998) Man on the Moon (1999) Erin Brockovich (2000) The Caveman's Valentine (2001) How High (2001) Camp (2003) Along Came Polly (2004) Be Cool (2005) Even Money (2006) Relative Strangers (2006) Freedom Writers (2007) Reno 911!: Miami (2007) A Walk Among the Tombstones (2014) Reality Bites (1994) 8 Seconds (1994) Get Shorty (1995) Sunset Park (1996) Feeling Minnesota (1996) Gattaca (1997) Out of Sight (1998) Living Out Loud (1998) Man on the Moon (1999) Erin Brockovich (2000) The Caveman's Valentine (2001) How High (2001) Camp (2003) Along Came Polly (2004) Be Cool (2005) Even Money (2006) Relative Strangers (2006) Freedom Writers (2007) Reno 911!: Miami (2007) A Walk Among the Tombstones (2014) Awards for Danny DeVito v t e Donostia Award Lifetime Achievement Award at the San Sebastián International Film Festival 1986: Gregory Peck / Gene Tierney 1987: Glenn Ford 1988: Vittorio Gassman 1989: Bette Davis 1990: Claudette Colbert 1991: Anthony Perkins 1992: Lauren Bacall 1993: Robert Mitchum 1994: Lana Turner 1995: Susan Sarandon / Catherine Deneuve 1996: Al Pacino 1997: Michael Douglas / Jeremy Irons 1998: Jeanne Moreau / Anthony Hopkins / John Malkovich 1999: Anjelica Huston / Fernando Fernán Gómez / Vanessa Redgrave 2000: Michael Caine / Robert De Niro 2001: Julie Andrews / Warren Beatty / Francisco Rabal 2002: Jessica Lange / Bob Hoskins / Dennis Hopper / Francis Ford Coppola 2003: Robert Duvall / Sean Penn / Isabelle Huppert 2004: Annette Bening / Jeff Bridges / Woody Allen 2005: Willem Dafoe / Ben Gazzara 2006: Max von Sydow / Matt Dillon 2007: Liv Ullmann / Richard Gere 2008: Meryl Streep / Antonio Banderas 2009: Ian McKellen 2010: Julia Roberts 2011: Glenn Close 2012: Oliver Stone / Ewan McGregor / Tommy Lee Jones / John Travolta / Dustin Hoffman 2013: Carmen Maura / Hugh Jackman 2014: Denzel Washington / Benicio del Toro 2015: Emily Watson 2016: Sigourney Weaver / Ethan Hawke 2017: Ricardo Darín / Monica Bellucci / Agnès Varda 2018: Hirokazu Kore-eda / Danny DeVito / Judi Dench 2019: Penélope Cruz / Costa-Gavras / Donald Sutherland 2020: Viggo Mortensen 2021: Johnny Depp / Marion Cotillard 2022: Juliette Binoche / David Cronenberg 2023: Javier Bardem / Víctor Erice / Hayao Miyazaki 2024: Pedro Almodóvar / Cate Blanchett 2025: Esther García / Jennifer Lawrence v t e Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play 1975–2000 Frank Langella (1975) Judd Hirsch (1976) Bob Dishy (1977) Morgan Freeman (1978) George Rose (1979) David Rounds (1980) Brian Backer (1981) Željko Ivanek / Adolph Caesar (1982) Alan Feinstein (1983) John Malkovich (1984) Barry Miller / Charles S. Dutton (1985) Joseph Maher (1986) John Randolph (1987) BD Wong (1988) Peter Frechette (1989) Charles Durning (1990) Kevin Spacey (1991) Laurence Fishburne (1992) Joe Mantello / Stephen Spinella (1993) Jeffrey Wright (1994) Nathan Lane (1995) Martin Shaw (1996) Brian Murray (1997) Alfred Molina (1998) Kevin Anderson (1999) Roy Dotrice (2000) 2001–2022 Charles Brown (2001) Frank Langella (2002) Denis O'Hare (2003) Ned Beatty (2004) Michael Stuhlbarg (2005) Samuel Barnett (2006) Boyd Gaines (2007) Conleth Hill (2008) Pablo Schreiber (2009) Santino Fontana (2010) Brian Bedford (2011) Tom Edden (2012) Richard Kind (2013) Reed Birney (2014) K. Todd Freeman (2015) Michael Shannon (2016) Danny DeVito (2017) Nathan Lane (2018) Tom Glynn-Carney (2019) Paul Hilton (2020) No Award (2021) Ron Cephas Jones (2022) v t e Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series 1954–1975 Art Carney (1954) Art Carney (1955) Art Carney (1956) Carl Reiner (1957) Carl Reiner (1958) Tom Poston (1959) Don Knotts (1961) Don Knotts (1962) Don Knotts (1963) Don Knotts (1966) Don Knotts (1967) Werner Klemperer (1968) Werner Klemperer (1969) Michael Constantine (1970) Ed Asner (1971) Ed Asner (1972) Ted Knight (1973) Rob Reiner (1974) Ed Asner (1975) 1976–2000 Ted Knight (1976) Gary Burghoff (1977) Rob Reiner (1978) Robert Guillaume (1979) Harry Morgan (1980) Danny DeVito (1981) Christopher Lloyd (1982) Christopher Lloyd (1983) Pat Harrington Jr. (1984) John Larroquette (1985) John Larroquette (1986) John Larroquette (1987) John Larroquette (1988) Woody Harrelson (1989) Alex Rocco (1990) Jonathan Winters (1991) Michael Jeter (1992) Michael Richards (1993) Michael Richards (1994) David Hyde Pierce (1995) Rip Torn (1996) Michael Richards (1997) David Hyde Pierce (1998) David Hyde Pierce (1999) Sean Hayes (2000) 2001–present Peter MacNicol (2001) Brad Garrett (2002) Brad Garrett (2003) David Hyde Pierce (2004) Brad Garrett (2005) Jeremy Piven (2006) Jeremy Piven (2007) Jeremy Piven (2008) Jon Cryer (2009) Eric Stonestreet (2010) Ty Burrell (2011) Eric Stonestreet (2012) Tony Hale (2013) Ty Burrell (2014) Tony Hale (2015) Louie Anderson (2016) Alec Baldwin (2017) Henry Winkler (2018) Tony Shalhoub (2019) Dan Levy (2020) Brett Goldstein (2021) Brett Goldstein (2022) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2023) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2024) Jeff Hiller (2025) v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Television James Brolin (1970) Ed Asner (1971) James Brolin (1972) McLean Stevenson (1973) Harvey Korman (1974) Ed Asner / Tim Conway (1975) Ed Asner (1976) No Award (1977) Norman Fell (1978) Danny DeVito / Vic Tayback (1979) Pat Harrington Jr. / Vic Tayback (1980) John Hillerman (1981) Lionel Stander (1982) Richard Kiley (1983) Paul Le Mat (1984) Edward James Olmos (1985) Jan Niklas (1986) Rutger Hauer (1987) Barry Bostwick / John Gielgud (1988) Dean Stockwell (1989) Charles Durning (1990) Louis Gossett Jr. (1991) Maximilian Schell (1992) Beau Bridges (1993) Edward James Olmos (1994) Donald Sutherland (1995) Ian McKellen (1996) George C. Scott (1997) Don Cheadle / Gregory Peck (1998) Peter Fonda (1999) Robert Downey Jr. (2000) Stanley Tucci (2001) Donald Sutherland (2002) Jeffrey Wright (2003) William Shatner (2004) Paul Newman (2005) Jeremy Irons (2006) Jeremy Piven (2007) Tom Wilkinson (2008) John Lithgow (2009) Chris Colfer (2010) Peter Dinklage (2011) Ed Harris (2012) Jon Voight (2013) Matt Bomer (2014) Christian Slater (2015) Hugh Laurie (2016) Alexander Skarsgård (2017) Ben Whishaw (2018) Stellan Skarsgård (2019) John Boyega (2020) O Yeong-su (2021) Paul Walter Hauser / Tyler James Williams (2022) Matthew Macfadyen (2023) Tadanobu Asano (2024) Owen Cooper (2025) v t e Donostia Award v t e Lifetime Achievement Award at the San Sebastián International Film Festival 1986: Gregory Peck / Gene Tierney 1987: Glenn Ford 1988: Vittorio Gassman 1989: Bette Davis 1990: Claudette Colbert 1991: Anthony Perkins 1992: Lauren Bacall 1993: Robert Mitchum 1994: Lana Turner 1995: Susan Sarandon / Catherine Deneuve 1996: Al Pacino 1997: Michael Douglas / Jeremy Irons 1998: Jeanne Moreau / Anthony Hopkins / John Malkovich 1999: Anjelica Huston / Fernando Fernán Gómez / Vanessa Redgrave 2000: Michael Caine / Robert De Niro 2001: Julie Andrews / Warren Beatty / Francisco Rabal 2002: Jessica Lange / Bob Hoskins / Dennis Hopper / Francis Ford Coppola 2003: Robert Duvall / Sean Penn / Isabelle Huppert 2004: Annette Bening / Jeff Bridges / Woody Allen 2005: Willem Dafoe / Ben Gazzara 2006: Max von Sydow / Matt Dillon 2007: Liv Ullmann / Richard Gere 2008: Meryl Streep / Antonio Banderas 2009: Ian McKellen 2010: Julia Roberts 2011: Glenn Close 2012: Oliver Stone / Ewan McGregor / Tommy Lee Jones / John Travolta / Dustin Hoffman 2013: Carmen Maura / Hugh Jackman 2014: Denzel Washington / Benicio del Toro 2015: Emily Watson 2016: Sigourney Weaver / Ethan Hawke 2017: Ricardo Darín / Monica Bellucci / Agnès Varda 2018: Hirokazu Kore-eda / Danny DeVito / Judi Dench 2019: Penélope Cruz / Costa-Gavras / Donald Sutherland 2020: Viggo Mortensen 2021: Johnny Depp / Marion Cotillard 2022: Juliette Binoche / David Cronenberg 2023: Javier Bardem / Víctor Erice / Hayao Miyazaki 2024: Pedro Almodóvar / Cate Blanchett 2025: Esther García / Jennifer Lawrence 1986: Gregory Peck / Gene Tierney 1987: Glenn Ford 1988: Vittorio Gassman 1989: Bette Davis 1990: Claudette Colbert 1991: Anthony Perkins 1992: Lauren Bacall 1993: Robert Mitchum 1994: Lana Turner 1995: Susan Sarandon / Catherine Deneuve 1996: Al Pacino 1997: Michael Douglas / Jeremy Irons 1998: Jeanne Moreau / Anthony Hopkins / John Malkovich 1999: Anjelica Huston / Fernando Fernán Gómez / Vanessa Redgrave 2000: Michael Caine / Robert De Niro 2001: Julie Andrews / Warren Beatty / Francisco Rabal 2002: Jessica Lange / Bob Hoskins / Dennis Hopper / Francis Ford Coppola 2003: Robert Duvall / Sean Penn / Isabelle Huppert 2004: Annette Bening / Jeff Bridges / Woody Allen 2005: Willem Dafoe / Ben Gazzara 2006: Max von Sydow / Matt Dillon 2007: Liv Ullmann / Richard Gere 2008: Meryl Streep / Antonio Banderas 2009: Ian McKellen 2010: Julia Roberts 2011: Glenn Close 2012: Oliver Stone / Ewan McGregor / Tommy Lee Jones / John Travolta / Dustin Hoffman 2013: Carmen Maura / Hugh Jackman 2014: Denzel Washington / Benicio del Toro 2015: Emily Watson 2016: Sigourney Weaver / Ethan Hawke 2017: Ricardo Darín / Monica Bellucci / Agnès Varda 2018: Hirokazu Kore-eda / Danny DeVito / Judi Dench 2019: Penélope Cruz / Costa-Gavras / Donald Sutherland 2020: Viggo Mortensen 2021: Johnny Depp / Marion Cotillard 2022: Juliette Binoche / David Cronenberg 2023: Javier Bardem / Víctor Erice / Hayao Miyazaki 2024: Pedro Almodóvar / Cate Blanchett 2025: Esther García / Jennifer Lawrence v t e Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play v t e 1975–2000 Frank Langella (1975) Judd Hirsch (1976) Bob Dishy (1977) Morgan Freeman (1978) George Rose (1979) David Rounds (1980) Brian Backer (1981) Željko Ivanek / Adolph Caesar (1982) Alan Feinstein (1983) John Malkovich (1984) Barry Miller / Charles S. Dutton (1985) Joseph Maher (1986) John Randolph (1987) BD Wong (1988) Peter Frechette (1989) Charles Durning (1990) Kevin Spacey (1991) Laurence Fishburne (1992) Joe Mantello / Stephen Spinella (1993) Jeffrey Wright (1994) Nathan Lane (1995) Martin Shaw (1996) Brian Murray (1997) Alfred Molina (1998) Kevin Anderson (1999) Roy Dotrice (2000) Frank Langella (1975) Judd Hirsch (1976) Bob Dishy (1977) Morgan Freeman (1978) George Rose (1979) David Rounds (1980) Brian Backer (1981) Željko Ivanek / Adolph Caesar (1982) Alan Feinstein (1983) John Malkovich (1984) Barry Miller / Charles S. Dutton (1985) Joseph Maher (1986) John Randolph (1987) BD Wong (1988) Peter Frechette (1989) Charles Durning (1990) Kevin Spacey (1991) Laurence Fishburne (1992) Joe Mantello / Stephen Spinella (1993) Jeffrey Wright (1994) Nathan Lane (1995) Martin Shaw (1996) Brian Murray (1997) Alfred Molina (1998) Kevin Anderson (1999) Roy Dotrice (2000) 2001–2022 Charles Brown (2001) Frank Langella (2002) Denis O'Hare (2003) Ned Beatty (2004) Michael Stuhlbarg (2005) Samuel Barnett (2006) Boyd Gaines (2007) Conleth Hill (2008) Pablo Schreiber (2009) Santino Fontana (2010) Brian Bedford (2011) Tom Edden (2012) Richard Kind (2013) Reed Birney (2014) K. Todd Freeman (2015) Michael Shannon (2016) Danny DeVito (2017) Nathan Lane (2018) Tom Glynn-Carney (2019) Paul Hilton (2020) No Award (2021) Ron Cephas Jones (2022) Charles Brown (2001) Frank Langella (2002) Denis O'Hare (2003) Ned Beatty (2004) Michael Stuhlbarg (2005) Samuel Barnett (2006) Boyd Gaines (2007) Conleth Hill (2008) Pablo Schreiber (2009) Santino Fontana (2010) Brian Bedford (2011) Tom Edden (2012) Richard Kind (2013) Reed Birney (2014) K. Todd Freeman (2015) Michael Shannon (2016) Danny DeVito (2017) Nathan Lane (2018) Tom Glynn-Carney (2019) Paul Hilton (2020) No Award (2021) Ron Cephas Jones (2022) v t e Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series v t e 1954–1975 Art Carney (1954) Art Carney (1955) Art Carney (1956) Carl Reiner (1957) Carl Reiner (1958) Tom Poston (1959) Don Knotts (1961) Don Knotts (1962) Don Knotts (1963) Don Knotts (1966) Don Knotts (1967) Werner Klemperer (1968) Werner Klemperer (1969) Michael Constantine (1970) Ed Asner (1971) Ed Asner (1972) Ted Knight (1973) Rob Reiner (1974) Ed Asner (1975) Art Carney (1954) Art Carney (1955) Art Carney (1956) Carl Reiner (1957) Carl Reiner (1958) Tom Poston (1959) Don Knotts (1961) Don Knotts (1962) Don Knotts (1963) Don Knotts (1966) Don Knotts (1967) Werner Klemperer (1968) Werner Klemperer (1969) Michael Constantine (1970) Ed Asner (1971) Ed Asner (1972) Ted Knight (1973) Rob Reiner (1974) Ed Asner (1975) 1976–2000 Ted Knight (1976) Gary Burghoff (1977) Rob Reiner (1978) Robert Guillaume (1979) Harry Morgan (1980) Danny DeVito (1981) Christopher Lloyd (1982) Christopher Lloyd (1983) Pat Harrington Jr. (1984) John Larroquette (1985) John Larroquette (1986) John Larroquette (1987) John Larroquette (1988) Woody Harrelson (1989) Alex Rocco (1990) Jonathan Winters (1991) Michael Jeter (1992) Michael Richards (1993) Michael Richards (1994) David Hyde Pierce (1995) Rip Torn (1996) Michael Richards (1997) David Hyde Pierce (1998) David Hyde Pierce (1999) Sean Hayes (2000) Ted Knight (1976) Gary Burghoff (1977) Rob Reiner (1978) Robert Guillaume (1979) Harry Morgan (1980) Danny DeVito (1981) Christopher Lloyd (1982) Christopher Lloyd (1983) Pat Harrington Jr. (1984) John Larroquette (1985) John Larroquette (1986) John Larroquette (1987) John Larroquette (1988) Woody Harrelson (1989) Alex Rocco (1990) Jonathan Winters (1991) Michael Jeter (1992) Michael Richards (1993) Michael Richards (1994) David Hyde Pierce (1995) Rip Torn (1996) Michael Richards (1997) David Hyde Pierce (1998) David Hyde Pierce (1999) Sean Hayes (2000) 2001–present Peter MacNicol (2001) Brad Garrett (2002) Brad Garrett (2003) David Hyde Pierce (2004) Brad Garrett (2005) Jeremy Piven (2006) Jeremy Piven (2007) Jeremy Piven (2008) Jon Cryer (2009) Eric Stonestreet (2010) Ty Burrell (2011) Eric Stonestreet (2012) Tony Hale (2013) Ty Burrell (2014) Tony Hale (2015) Louie Anderson (2016) Alec Baldwin (2017) Henry Winkler (2018) Tony Shalhoub (2019) Dan Levy (2020) Brett Goldstein (2021) Brett Goldstein (2022) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2023) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2024) Jeff Hiller (2025) Peter MacNicol (2001) Brad Garrett (2002) Brad Garrett (2003) David Hyde Pierce (2004) Brad Garrett (2005) Jeremy Piven (2006) Jeremy Piven (2007) Jeremy Piven (2008) Jon Cryer (2009) Eric Stonestreet (2010) Ty Burrell (2011) Eric Stonestreet (2012) Tony Hale (2013) Ty Burrell (2014) Tony Hale (2015) Louie Anderson (2016) Alec Baldwin (2017) Henry Winkler (2018) Tony Shalhoub (2019) Dan Levy (2020) Brett Goldstein (2021) Brett Goldstein (2022) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2023) Ebon Moss-Bachrach (2024) Jeff Hiller (2025) v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Television v t e James Brolin (1970) Ed Asner (1971) James Brolin (1972) McLean Stevenson (1973) Harvey Korman (1974) Ed Asner / Tim Conway (1975) Ed Asner (1976) No Award (1977) Norman Fell (1978) Danny DeVito / Vic Tayback (1979) Pat Harrington Jr. / Vic Tayback (1980) John Hillerman (1981) Lionel Stander (1982) Richard Kiley (1983) Paul Le Mat (1984) Edward James Olmos (1985) Jan Niklas (1986) Rutger Hauer (1987) Barry Bostwick / John Gielgud (1988) Dean Stockwell (1989) Charles Durning (1990) Louis Gossett Jr. (1991) Maximilian Schell (1992) Beau Bridges (1993) Edward James Olmos (1994) Donald Sutherland (1995) Ian McKellen (1996) George C. Scott (1997) Don Cheadle / Gregory Peck (1998) Peter Fonda (1999) Robert Downey Jr. (2000) Stanley Tucci (2001) Donald Sutherland (2002) Jeffrey Wright (2003) William Shatner (2004) Paul Newman (2005) Jeremy Irons (2006) Jeremy Piven (2007) Tom Wilkinson (2008) John Lithgow (2009) Chris Colfer (2010) Peter Dinklage (2011) Ed Harris (2012) Jon Voight (2013) Matt Bomer (2014) Christian Slater (2015) Hugh Laurie (2016) Alexander Skarsgård (2017) Ben Whishaw (2018) Stellan Skarsgård (2019) John Boyega (2020) O Yeong-su (2021) Paul Walter Hauser / Tyler James Williams (2022) Matthew Macfadyen (2023) Tadanobu Asano (2024) Owen Cooper (2025) James Brolin (1970) Ed Asner (1971) James Brolin (1972) McLean Stevenson (1973) Harvey Korman (1974) Ed Asner / Tim Conway (1975) Ed Asner (1976) No Award (1977) Norman Fell (1978) Danny DeVito / Vic Tayback (1979) Pat Harrington Jr. / Vic Tayback (1980) John Hillerman (1981) Lionel Stander (1982) Richard Kiley (1983) Paul Le Mat (1984) Edward James Olmos (1985) Jan Niklas (1986) Rutger Hauer (1987) Barry Bostwick / John Gielgud (1988) Dean Stockwell (1989) Charles Durning (1990) Louis Gossett Jr. (1991) Maximilian Schell (1992) Beau Bridges (1993) Edward James Olmos (1994) Donald Sutherland (1995) Ian McKellen (1996) George C. Scott (1997) Don Cheadle / Gregory Peck (1998) Peter Fonda (1999) Robert Downey Jr. (2000) Stanley Tucci (2001) Donald Sutherland (2002) Jeffrey Wright (2003) William Shatner (2004) Paul Newman (2005) Jeremy Irons (2006) Jeremy Piven (2007) Tom Wilkinson (2008) John Lithgow (2009) Chris Colfer (2010) Peter Dinklage (2011) Ed Harris (2012) Jon Voight (2013) Matt Bomer (2014) Christian Slater (2015) Hugh Laurie (2016) Alexander Skarsgård (2017) Ben Whishaw (2018) Stellan Skarsgård (2019) John Boyega (2020) O Yeong-su (2021) Paul Walter Hauser / Tyler James Williams (2022) Matthew Macfadyen (2023) Tadanobu Asano (2024) Owen Cooper (2025) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Italy Czech Republic Spain Netherlands Norway 2 Korea Poland Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Italy Czech Republic Spain Netherlands Norway 2 2 Korea Poland Israel Catalonia Academics CiNii CiNii Artists MusicBrainz Emmy Awards MusicBrainz Emmy Awards People Trove Deutsche Biographie Deutsche Synchronkartei Trove Deutsche Biographie Deutsche Synchronkartei Other IdRef SNAC Yale LUX IdRef SNAC Yale LUX 1944 births Living people 20th-century American comedians 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American comedians 21st-century American male actors American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni American actors with dwarfism American comedy film directors American people of Italian descent American male comedians American male film actors American male stage actors American male television actors American male voice actors American people of Albanian descent American people of Arbëreshë descent American social democrats Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (television) winners Comedians from Monmouth County, New Jersey Film directors from New Jersey Film producers from New Jersey Male actors from Malibu, California Male actors from Monmouth County, New Jersey Mass media people from Malibu, California Oratory Preparatory School alumni Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners People from Asbury Park, New Jersey People from Interlaken, New Jersey People from Neptune Township, New Jersey People with genetic disorders Television producers from New Jersey Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use American English from October 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from November 2025 Biography with signature Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024 Commons category link is on Wikidata IBDB name template using Wikidata The Interviews name ID same as Wikidata This page was last edited on 23 December 2025, at 23:34 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Events Toggle Events subsection 1.1 January 1.2 February 1.3 March 1.4 April 1.5 May 1.6 June 1.7 July 1.8 August 1.9 September 1.10 October 1.11 November 1.12 December 1.1 January 1.2 February 1.3 March 1.4 April 1.5 May 1.6 June 1.7 July 1.8 August 1.9 September 1.10 October 1.11 November 1.12 December 2 Births and deaths 3 Nobel Prizes 4 See also 5 References 2017 Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай 贛語 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай-малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kotava Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Ladin Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. 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Stephen Paddock shot and killed 60 and injured more than 400 attending a music festival from the 32nd floor of the Mandalay Bay hotel, making it the deadliest mass shooting in American history; images of the solar eclipse of August 21, 2017 , dubbed the Great American Eclipse; an earthquake on the Iran-Iraq border kills 630; satellite image of Hurricane Harvey , which devastated Texas , killed 107, and is tied for the costliest hurricane in history; the 2017 Mocoa landslide , a catastrophic event that occurred in the town of Mocoa , Colombia that killed 336; an earthquake in Puebla was a 7.1 that struck central Mexico , devastated Mexico City , and killed 370; the Parliament of Catalonia declares the independence from Spain following Catalonia's referendum on independence, which is not recognized by any country and produced no legal effect South Asian floods kill over a thousand people and affect over 40 million people; The Glade of Light , the memorial to a bombing following a Ariana 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[ 1 ] .mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none} Events January January 1 – Istanbul nightclub shooting : A gunman dressed as Santa Claus opens fire at the Reina nightclub in Istanbul , Turkey, killing 39 people and injuring 79 others. [ 2 ] January 8 – 2017 Jerusalem truck attack : A Palestinian assailant entered the road where the Israeli defense forces were located with a truck, killing 4 people and injuring 15 others. January 16 – Turkish Airlines Flight 6491 , a cargo flight en route from Hong Kong to Istanbul via Bishkek , Kyrgyzstan, crashes in a residential area while attempting to land at Manas International Airport , Bishkek, killing all four crew members on board and 35 people on the ground. [ 3 ] January 19 – 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis : The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) launches a military intervention in the Gambia after Yahya Jammeh refuses to cede power following the 2016 presidential elections . [ 4 ] January 21 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis : Following the military intervention of ECOWAS , President Yahya Jammeh resigns from office after 23 years in power and flees into exile to Equatorial Guinea ; the democratically elected Adama Barrow assumes office as President of The Gambia. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Millions of people worldwide join the Women's March following the inauguration of Donald Trump as President of the United States . 420 marches were reported in the U.S. and 168 in other countries, becoming the largest single-day protest in American history. [ 7 ] 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis : Following the military intervention of ECOWAS , President Yahya Jammeh resigns from office after 23 years in power and flees into exile to Equatorial Guinea ; the democratically elected Adama Barrow assumes office as President of The Gambia. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Millions of people worldwide join the Women's March following the inauguration of Donald Trump as President of the United States . 420 marches were reported in the U.S. and 168 in other countries, becoming the largest single-day protest in American history. [ 7 ] January 27 – U.S. President Donald Trump issues executive order banning travel and immigration from seven Muslim-majority nations . Protests against the immigration order erupt nationwide for about two weeks . January 29 – A gunman opens fire at a mosque in Quebec City , Canada , killing 6 and injuring 19 others. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] January 30 – Morocco rejoins the African Union . [ 10 ] February February 11 – North Korea prompts international condemnation by test firing a ballistic missile across the Sea of Japan . [ 11 ] February 13 – Assassination of Kim Jong-nam : Kim Jong-nam , the eldest son of deceased North Korean leader Kim Jong-il and the half-brother of current North Korean leader Kim Jong-un , is killed after being attacked by two women with VX nerve agent at Kuala Lumpur International Airport in Malaysia. [ 12 ] February 26 – An annular solar eclipse is visible from Pacific, Chile, Argentina, Atlantic, Africa. It is the 29th eclipse of the 140th saros cycle (descending node) , which started with a partial solar eclipse visible in the Southern Hemisphere on April 16, 1512, and will conclude with another partial solar eclipse visible in the Northern Hemisphere on June 1, 2774. [ 13 ] March March 3 – Nintendo releases the Switch worldwide. [ 14 ] March 10 – The UN warns that the world is facing the largest humanitarian crisis since World War II, with up to 20 million people at risk of starvation and famine in Yemen , Somalia , South Sudan and Nigeria . [ 15 ] March 14 – March 2017 North American blizzard : A major late-season blizzard affects the Northeastern United States, New England and Canada , dumping up to three feet of snow in the hardest hit areas. [ 16 ] March 29 – The United Kingdom triggers Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty , starting the Brexit negotiations, the talks for the United Kingdom to leave the European Union . [ 17 ] March 30 – SpaceX conducts the world's first reflight of an orbital-class rocket. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] March 31 – Horacio Cartes presents to Congress his plans of allowing the re-election of the president of Paraguay for a second term, going against the Constitution of Paraguay , leading to a political crisis which ended in the storm of Congress by liberal activists and in the assassination of Rodrigo Quintana by the police. After this, the Congress votes against the re-election project. [ 20 ] April April 7 – In response to a suspected chemical weapons attack on a rebel-held town, the U.S. military launches 59 Tomahawk cruise missiles at an air base in Syria . Russia describes the strikes as an "aggression", adding they significantly damage U.S.–Russia ties. [ 21 ] April 13 – In the 2017 Nangarhar airstrike , the U.S. drops the GBU-43/B MOAB , the world's largest non-nuclear weapon, at an ISIL base in the Nangarhar Province of eastern Afghanistan. [ 22 ] April 15 – Emma Morano , an Italian supercentenarian, becomes the last known person born in the 19th century to die. April 27 – The 2017 storming of the Macedonian Parliament occurs. May May 9 – 13 – The Eurovision Song Contest takes place in Kyiv , Ukraine, and is won by Portuguese entrant Salvador Sobral with the song " Amar Pelos Dois ". [ 23 ] May 12 – WannaCry ransomware attack : Computers around the world are hit by a large-scale ransomware cyberattack, which goes on to affect at least 150 countries. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] May 22 – An ISIL terrorist bombing attack at an Ariana Grande concert in Manchester, England , kills 22 people and injures more than 500 others. [ 26 ] June June 1 – Amidst widespread criticism, the U.S. government announces its decision to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement in due time. [ 27 ] June 3 London Bridge attack : Eight people are murdered and dozens of civilians are wounded by Islamist terrorists. Three of the attackers are shot dead by the police. ISIS claims responsibility for the attack. [ 28 ] 2017 Turin stampede : During a screening of the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final , pepper spray is discharged by individuals attempting to rob soccer fans in the square, causing the crowd to panic. There are 3 deaths and 1,672 people wounded. [ 29 ] London Bridge attack : Eight people are murdered and dozens of civilians are wounded by Islamist terrorists. Three of the attackers are shot dead by the police. ISIS claims responsibility for the attack. [ 28 ] 2017 Turin stampede : During a screening of the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final , pepper spray is discharged by individuals attempting to rob soccer fans in the square, causing the crowd to panic. There are 3 deaths and 1,672 people wounded. [ 29 ] June 5 Montenegro joins NATO as the 29th member. [ 30 ] The Qatar diplomatic crisis of 2017–18 starts, as Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , the United Arab Emirates and other Arab countries block Qatari access to their seas and air. [ 31 ] Montenegro joins NATO as the 29th member. [ 30 ] The Qatar diplomatic crisis of 2017–18 starts, as Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , the United Arab Emirates and other Arab countries block Qatari access to their seas and air. [ 31 ] June 7 – Two terrorist attacks are simultaneously carried out by five Islamic State (ISIL) terrorists against the Iranian Parliament building and the Mausoleum of Ruhollah Khomeini , both in Tehran , leaving 17 civilians dead and 43 more wounded. June 8 – A snap general election is held in the United Kingdom, three years before the next was due, resulting in a hung parliament , with the Conservative Party , led by Prime Minister Theresa May , losing their majority in Parliament. The Labour Party , led by Jeremy Corbyn , makes gains for the first time since 1997 . Days later, the Conservative Party , now lacking a majority, enters a confidence-and-supply deal with the Northern Ireland loyalist party DUP . [ 32 ] June 10 – The 2017 World Expo is opened in Astana, Kazakhstan . [ 33 ] June 14 – The Grenfell Tower Fire in West London claims the lives of 72 residents, making it the worst UK residential fire since World War II. June 18 – Iran's Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) fire six surface-to-surface mid-range ballistic missiles from domestic bases targeting ISIL forces in the Syrian Deir ez-Zor Governorate in response to the terrorist attacks in Tehran earlier this month. June 21 – The Great Mosque of al-Nuri in Mosul , Iraq, is destroyed by ISIL . [ 34 ] June 22 – The African and Caribbean War Memorial unveiled in Brixton , London. [ 35 ] June 24 – The Goodwin Fire , a wildfire, starts in Yavapai County , Arizona near Mayer and forces evacuations of more than a hundred people. [ 36 ] June 25 – The World Health Organization estimates that the 2016–17 Yemen cholera outbreak has over 200,000 cases. June 26 – The 2017 America's Cup yacht race, sailed in Bermuda, is won by New Zealand 's Aotearoa . June 27 – 2017 cyberattacks on Ukraine : A series of cyberattacks using the Petya malware begins, affecting organizations in Ukraine . [ 37 ] July July 4 – Russia and China urge North Korea to halt its missile and nuclear programs after it successfully tested its first intercontinental ballistic missile. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] July 7 The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons is voted for by 122 states. [ 40 ] ISIL affiliated insurgents attacked an Egyptian military checkpoint in Northern Sinai's Rafah which resulted in the deaths of 26 Egyptian personnel including colonel Ahmed Mansi and 44 other insurgents. The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons is voted for by 122 states. [ 40 ] ISIL affiliated insurgents attacked an Egyptian military checkpoint in Northern Sinai's Rafah which resulted in the deaths of 26 Egyptian personnel including colonel Ahmed Mansi and 44 other insurgents. July 10 – Iraqi Civil War : Mosul is declared fully liberated from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant . [ 41 ] August August 5 The UN Security Council unanimously approves fresh sanctions on North Korean trade and investment. [ 42 ] Mauritania holds a constitutional referendum for approval of proposed amendments to the constitution. The UN Security Council unanimously approves fresh sanctions on North Korean trade and investment. [ 42 ] Mauritania holds a constitutional referendum for approval of proposed amendments to the constitution. August 12 – The Unite the Right rally is held in Charlottesville, Virginia , United States, by a variety of white nationalist and other far-right groups; Heather Heyer, a counter-protester, is killed after being hit by a car . August 17 The first observation of a collision of two neutron stars ( GW170817 ) [ 43 ] is hailed as a breakthrough in multi-messenger astronomy [ 44 ] when both gravitational and electromagnetic waves from the event are detected. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Data from the event provided confirmatory evidence for the r-process theory of the origin of heavy elements like gold. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] 2017 Barcelona attacks : 22-year-old Younes Abouyaaqoub drives a van into pedestrians on La Rambla in Barcelona , killing 13 people and injuring at least 130 others. The first observation of a collision of two neutron stars ( GW170817 ) [ 43 ] is hailed as a breakthrough in multi-messenger astronomy [ 44 ] when both gravitational and electromagnetic waves from the event are detected. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Data from the event provided confirmatory evidence for the r-process theory of the origin of heavy elements like gold. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] 2017 Barcelona attacks : 22-year-old Younes Abouyaaqoub drives a van into pedestrians on La Rambla in Barcelona , killing 13 people and injuring at least 130 others. August 18 – The first terrorist attack ever sentenced as a crime in Finland kills two people and injures eight others. Islamic terrorist Abderrahman Bouanane, a Moroccan man carried out the ISIS-inspired attack in southwest Finland. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] August 21 – A total solar eclipse (nicknamed " The Great American Eclipse ") [ 51 ] is visible within a band across the entire contiguous United States of America, passing from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts. The moon was just 3 days past perigee , making it relatively large. [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] August 25 –ongoing – A military operation targeting Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar "seems a textbook example of ethnic cleansing", according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . [ 55 ] August 25 – 30 – Hurricane Harvey strikes the United States as a Category 4 hurricane , causing catastrophic damage to the Houston metropolitan area , mostly due to record-breaking floods. At least 108 deaths are recorded, and total damage reaches $125 billion (2017 USD ), making Harvey the costliest natural disaster in United States history, tied with Hurricane Katrina in 2005. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] September September 1 – Russian President Vladimir Putin expels 755 diplomats in response to United States sanctions . [ 58 ] United States Passports become invalid to travel to North Korea , in response to the death of Otto Warmbier . September 3 – North Korea conducts its sixth and most powerful nuclear test . [ 59 ] September 6 – Hurricane Irma , at peak intensity, would make the first of many powerful landfalls along the Caribbean islands and the United States. Damages would total $77.2 billion (2017 USD), and 134 would be killed by the storm. [ 60 ] September 13 – The International Olympic Committee awards Paris and Los Angeles the right to host the 2024 and 2028 Summer Olympics , respectively. [ 61 ] September 15 – Cassini–Huygens ends its 13-year mission by plunging into Saturn , becoming the first spacecraft to enter the planet's atmosphere. [ 62 ] September 19 – Twelve days after another powerful earthquake , and on the 32nd anniversary of the deadly 1985 Mexico City earthquake , a 7.1 M w earthquake strikes central Mexico, killing 370, leaving up to 6,000 injured [ 63 ] and thousands more homeless. [ 64 ] September 19 – 20 – Just two weeks after Hurricane Irma struck the Caribbean, Hurricane Maria strikes similar areas, making landfall on Dominica as a Category 5 hurricane, and Puerto Rico as a Category 4 hurricane. Maria caused over 3,000 deaths and damages estimated in excess of $91.6 billion (2017 USD). [ 57 ] [ 65 ] September 25 – Kurdistan Region votes in a referendum to become an independent state, in defiance of Iraq ; [ 66 ] by October 15, the crisis escalates into a short-lived armed conflict over disputed territories. September 26 – Fortnite Battle Royale releases, becoming one of the biggest video games in the world and a cultural phenomenon. October October 1 – 60 people are killed and 867 more injured when Stephen Paddock opens fire on a crowd in Las Vegas , surpassing the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting as the deadliest mass shooting perpetrated by a lone gunman in U.S. history. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] October 12 – The United States announces its decision to withdraw from UNESCO , [ 69 ] and is immediately followed by Israel . [ 70 ] October 14 – A massive blast caused by a truck bombing in Mogadishu , Somalia kills at least 587 people and injures 316 others. [ 71 ] October 17 – Syrian Civil War : Raqqa is declared fully liberated from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant . October 25 – At the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party , Xi Jinping assumes his second term as General Secretary ( China 's paramount leader ), and the political theory Xi Jinping Thought is written into the party's constitution . [ 72 ] October 26 – At the level crossing of the Hanko–Hyvinkää railway line, a passenger train collided with an off-road truck of the Nyland Brigade in Raseborg , Finland; four people died and 11 were injured. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] October 27 – Based on the results of a previously held referendum , Catalonia declares independence from Spain , [ 75 ] but the Catalan Republic is not recognised by the Spanish government or any other sovereign nation. [ 76 ] November November 2 – A new species of orangutan is identified in Indonesia , becoming the third known species of orangutan as well as the first great ape to be described for almost a century. [ 77 ] November 3 – Syrian Civil War : both Deir ez-Zor in Syria and Al-Qa'im in Iraq are declared liberated from ISIL on the same day. [ 78 ] November 5 The German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung publishes 13.4 million documents leaked from the offshore law firm Appleby , along with business registries in 19 tax jurisdictions that reveal offshore financial activities on behalf of politicians, celebrities, corporate giants and business leaders. The newspaper shared the documents with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists and asked it to lead the investigation. [ 79 ] Sutherland Springs church shooting : A gunman opens fire in a Baptist church in Sutherland Springs, Texas , United States, killing 26 people and injuring 20 more. It was the deadliest shooting in an American place of worship in modern history, surpassing the Charleston church shooting of 2015 [ 80 ] and the Waddell Buddhist temple shooting of 1991. [ 81 ] The German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung publishes 13.4 million documents leaked from the offshore law firm Appleby , along with business registries in 19 tax jurisdictions that reveal offshore financial activities on behalf of politicians, celebrities, corporate giants and business leaders. The newspaper shared the documents with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists and asked it to lead the investigation. [ 79 ] Sutherland Springs church shooting : A gunman opens fire in a Baptist church in Sutherland Springs, Texas , United States, killing 26 people and injuring 20 more. It was the deadliest shooting in an American place of worship in modern history, surpassing the Charleston church shooting of 2015 [ 80 ] and the Waddell Buddhist temple shooting of 1991. [ 81 ] November 12 – A magnitude 7.3 earthquake strikes the border region between Iraq and Iran leaving at least 530 dead and over 70,000 homeless. [ 82 ] November 15 Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe is placed under house arrest , as the military take control of the country. [ 83 ] He resigns six days later, after 37 years of rule. [ 84 ] A Leonardo da Vinci painting, Salvator Mundi , sells for US$450 million at Christie's in New York, a new record price for any work of art. [ 85 ] The Argentinian submarine ARA San Juan suddenly vanished with 44 crew members on board whilst on a routine patrol in the South Atlantic. It would be found one year later wrecked 907 metres (2,976 ft) below the Atlantic Ocean . [ 86 ] Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe is placed under house arrest , as the military take control of the country. [ 83 ] He resigns six days later, after 37 years of rule. [ 84 ] A Leonardo da Vinci painting, Salvator Mundi , sells for US$450 million at Christie's in New York, a new record price for any work of art. [ 85 ] The Argentinian submarine ARA San Juan suddenly vanished with 44 crew members on board whilst on a routine patrol in the South Atlantic. It would be found one year later wrecked 907 metres (2,976 ft) below the Atlantic Ocean . [ 86 ] November 20 – Nature publishes an article recognising the high-velocity asteroid ʻOumuamua as originating from outside the Solar System , i.e. the first known interstellar object . November 22 – The International Court of Justice finds Ratko Mladić guilty of genocide committed in Srebrenica during the 1990s Bosnian War , the worst massacre in Europe since World War II . He is sentenced to life in prison. [ 87 ] November 24 – A mosque attack in Sinai, Egypt kills 305 worshippers and leaves hundreds more wounded. [ 88 ] November 27 – Start of the Honduran protests . [ 89 ] December December 5 – Russia is banned from the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang by the International Olympic Committee , following an investigation into state-sponsored doping . [ 90 ] December 6 – The United States officially recognizes Jerusalem as Israel 's capital. [ 91 ] December 9 – The Iraqi military announces that it has "fully liberated" all of Iraq's territory from " ISIS terrorist gangs" and retaken full control of the Iraqi-Syrian border. [ 92 ] December 14 – The Walt Disney Company announces that it will acquire most of 21st Century Fox , including the 20th Century Fox film studio, for $66 billion. [ 93 ] December 22 – The UN Security Council votes 15–0 in favor of additional sanctions on North Korea , including measures to slash the country's petroleum imports by up to 90%. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] December 24 – Guatemala follows in the footsteps of the United States by announcing that they will also move their Israeli embassy to Jerusalem , followed by Honduras and Panama two days later. [ 96 ] Births and deaths Nobel Prizes Chemistry – Jacques Dubochet , Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson Economics – Richard Thaler Literature – Sir Kazuo Ishiguro Peace – International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons Physics – Barry Barish , Kip Thorne and Rainer Weiss Physiology or Medicine – Jeffrey C. Hall , Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young See also List of International observances § Years 2010s portal References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "United Nations Observances: International Years" . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Counties 2 Former counties 3 Renamed counties 4 Proposed counties 5 See also 6 Further reading 7 References List of counties in Florida العربية Boarisch Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська اردو 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Counties of Florida Location State of Florida Number 67 Populations 7,955 ( Liberty ) – 2,838,461 ( Miami-Dade ) Areas 240 square miles (620 km 2 ) ( Union ) – 2,034 square miles (5,270 km 2 ) ( Palm Beach ) Government .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} County constitutional officers County constitutional officers Subdivisions Communities Communities There are 67 counties in the U.S. state of Florida , which became a territory of the U.S. in 1821 with two counties complementing the provincial divisions retained as a Spanish territory, Escambia to the west and St. Johns to the east. The two counties were divided by the Suwannee River . All of the other counties were created later from these two original counties. Florida became the 27th U.S. state in 1845, and its last county was created in 1925 with the formation of Gilchrist County from a segment of Alachua County . [ 1 ] Florida's counties are subdivisions of the state government . Florida's most populous county is Miami-Dade County , the seventh most populous county in the nation, with a population of 2,701,767 as of the 2020 census . [ 2 ] In 1968, counties gained the power to develop their own charters . [ 3 ] All but two of Florida's county seats are incorporated municipalities : the exceptions are Crawfordville , county seat of rural Wakulla County , [ 4 ] and East Naples , located outside Naples city limits in Collier County . The names of Florida's counties reflect its cultural heritage. Some are named for Confederate political leaders and Spanish explorers , marking the influence of Spanish sovereignty , while others are named for Christian saints, Native American sites, as well as political leaders of the United States. Natural features of the region, including rivers, lakes and flora, are also commonly used for county names. Florida has counties named for participants on both sides of the Second Seminole War : Miami-Dade County is partially named for Francis L. Dade , a major in the U.S. Army at the time; Osceola County is named for the war's native Muscogee - Seminole resistance leader Osceola . [ 5 ] Population figures are based on the 2024 vintage Census population estimates. The population of Florida is 23,372,215, an increase of 8.5% from 2020. The average population of Florida's counties is 348,839; Miami-Dade County is the most populous (2,838,461) and Liberty County is the least (7,955). The average land area is 805 sq mi (2,085 km 2 ). The largest county is Collier County as per 2020 Census bureau of 1,998.32 sq mi. [1] The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) is used by the U.S. government to uniquely identify counties and is provided for each entry. These codes link to the United States Census Bureau's "quick facts" for each county. Florida's FIPS code of 12 is used to distinguish from counties in other states. For example, Orange County's unique nationwide identifier is 12095. [ 6 ] Under the Florida Constitution the state government has the power to create and abolish counties. Each county in Florida is required to have a county seat under the state constitution. [ 7 ] Counties County FIPS code [ 6 ] County seat [ 8 ] Est. [ 5 ] Formed from [ 9 ] Etymology [ 5 ] Density Population [ 10 ] Area [ 11 ] [ 8 ] Map Alachua County 001 Gainesville 1824 Duval and St. Johns From a Seminole-Creek word meaning "jug", apparently in reference to the sinkholes common in the area [ 12 ] 333.85 291,782 874 sq mi ( 2,264 km 2 ) Baker County 003 Macclenny 1861 New River James McNair Baker (1821–1892), a Confederate senator and later a judge in the fourth judicial district 50.13 29,325 585 sq mi ( 1,515 km 2 ) Bay County 005 Panama City 1913 Calhoun and Washington St. Andrew's Bay , the central geographic feature of the county 261.41 199,718 764 sq mi ( 1,979 km 2 ) Bradford County 007 Starke 1858 Columbia named New River until 1861 Richard Bradford, the first officer from Florida to die in the Civil War ; he was killed during the Battle of Santa Rosa Island 95.82 28,075 293 sq mi ( 759 km 2 ) Brevard County 009 Titusville 1844 Hillsborough and Mosquito named St. Lucie until 1855 [ 13 ] Theodore Washington Brevard , early settler and later state comptroller from 1853 to 1861 [ 13 ] 646.80 658,447 1,018 sq mi ( 2,637 km 2 ) Broward County 011 Fort Lauderdale 1915 Miami-Dade and Palm Beach Napoleon Bonaparte Broward (1857–1910), 19th governor of Florida from 1905 to 1909 1685.25 2,037,472 1,209 sq mi ( 3,131 km 2 ) Calhoun County 013 Blountstown 1838 Franklin , Jackson , and Washington John C. Calhoun (1782–1850) leading Southern politician from South Carolina 23.42 13,278 567 sq mi ( 1,469 km 2 ) Charlotte County 015 Punta Gorda 1921 DeSoto Probably a corruption of the name of the Calusa , a group of Native Americans from the area 305.65 212,122 694 sq mi ( 1,797 km 2 ) Citrus County 017 Inverness 1887 Hernando The county's citrus trees 291.39 170,174 584 sq mi ( 1,513 km 2 ) Clay County 019 Green Cove Springs 1858 Duval Henry Clay (1777–1852), Secretary of State from 1825 to 1829 under John Quincy Adams 393.94 236,760 601 sq mi ( 1,557 km 2 ) Collier County 021 East Naples 1923 Lee Barron Collier (1873–1939), an advertising entrepreneur who developed much of the land in southern Florida 205.45 416,233 2,026 sq mi ( 5,247 km 2 ) Columbia County 023 Lake City 1832 Alachua Christopher Columbus ( c. 1451 –1506), explorer of the Americas 92.82 73,977 797 sq mi ( 2,064 km 2 ) DeSoto County 027 Arcadia 1887 Manatee Hernando de Soto ( c. 1496 /1497–1542), a Spanish explorer and conquistador 57.68 36,744 637 sq mi ( 1,650 km 2 ) Dixie County 029 Cross City 1921 Lafayette Dixie , the common nickname for the Southern United States 25.02 17,614 704 sq mi ( 1,823 km 2 ) Duval County 031 Jacksonville 1822 St. Johns William Pope Duval (1784–1854), the first governor of the Florida Territory 1363.25 1,055,159 774 sq mi ( 2,005 km 2 ) Escambia County 033 Pensacola 1821 One of the two original counties Disputed origin; possibly from the Creek or Choctawword Shambia , meaning "clear water", or from Spanish word "cambiar", meaning to barter 498.91 331,275 664 sq mi ( 1,720 km 2 ) Flagler County 035 Bunnell 1917 St. Johns and Volusia Henry Morrison Flagler (1830–1913), founder of the Florida East Coast Railway 281.95 136,744 485 sq mi ( 1,256 km 2 ) Franklin County 037 Apalachicola 1832 Gadsden and Washington Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790), one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America 24.31 12,979 534 sq mi ( 1,383 km 2 ) Gadsden County 039 Quincy 1823 Jackson James Gadsden (1788–1858), American diplomat and namesake of the Gadsden Purchase 85.56 44,151 516 sq mi ( 1,336 km 2 ) Gilchrist County 041 Trenton 1925 Alachua Albert W. Gilchrist (1858–1926), the 20th governor of Florida 57.97 20,233 349 sq mi ( 904 km 2 ) Glades County 043 Moore Haven 1921 DeSoto The Florida Everglades 16.97 13,132 774 sq mi ( 2,005 km 2 ) Gulf County 045 Port St. Joe 1925 Calhoun The Gulf of Mexico 28.10 15,876 565 sq mi ( 1,463 km 2 ) Hamilton County 047 Jasper 1827 Jefferson Alexander Hamilton (1757–1804), the first United States Secretary of the Treasury and a Founding Father 27.83 14,334 515 sq mi ( 1,334 km 2 ) Hardee County 049 Wauchula 1921 DeSoto Cary A. Hardee (1876–1957), governor of Florida at the time of creation of Hardee County 40.92 26,068 637 sq mi ( 1,650 km 2 ) Hendry County 051 LaBelle 1923 Lee Francis A. Hendry (1833–1917), early Floridian pioneer and politician 40.01 46,130 1,153 sq mi ( 2,986 km 2 ) Hernando County 053 Brooksville 1843 Alachua and Hillsborough named Benton from 1844 to 1850 Hernando de Soto ( c. 1496 /1497–1542), a Spanish explorer and conquistador 456.38 218,150 478 sq mi ( 1,238 km 2 ) Highlands County 055 Sebring 1921 DeSoto Named for the county's hilly terrain 106.79 109,778 1,028 sq mi ( 2,663 km 2 ) Hillsborough County 057 Tampa 1834 Alachua Wills Hill , Earl of Hillsborough (1718–1793), former Secretary of State for the Colonies 1504.69 1,581,426 1,051 sq mi ( 2,722 km 2 ) Holmes County 059 Bonifay 1848 Jackson and Walton Holmes Creek, which forms the eastern boundary of the county 41.24 19,876 482 sq mi ( 1,248 km 2 ) Indian River County 061 Vero Beach 1925 St. Lucie The Indian River Lagoon , which flows through the county 342.22 172,139 503 sq mi ( 1,303 km 2 ) Jackson County 063 Marianna 1822 Escambia Andrew Jackson (1767–1845), the seventh President of the United States 54.56 49,980 916 sq mi ( 2,372 km 2 ) Jefferson County 065 Monticello 1827 Leon Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), the third President of the United States and principal author of the Declaration of Independence 26.62 15,921 598 sq mi ( 1,549 km 2 ) Lafayette County 067 Mayo 1856 Madison Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette (1757–1834), French aristocrat and general in the American Revolutionary War 15.91 8,640 543 sq mi ( 1,406 km 2 ) Lake County 069 Tavares 1887 Orange and Sumter Named for the many lakes in the region 466.11 444,204 953 sq mi ( 2,468 km 2 ) Lee County 071 Fort Myers 1887 Monroe Robert E. Lee (1807–1870), commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War 1070.84 860,959 804 sq mi ( 2,082 km 2 ) Leon County 073 Tallahassee 1824 Gadsden Juan Ponce de León (1474–1521), Spanish explorer who named Florida 450.51 300,488 667 sq mi ( 1,728 km 2 ) Levy County 075 Bronson 1845 Alachua David Levy Yulee (1810–1886), one of the state's original United States Senators 42.72 47,765 1,118 sq mi ( 2,896 km 2 ) Liberty County 077 Bristol 1855 Gadsden The patriotic ideal of liberty 9.52 7,955 836 sq mi ( 2,165 km 2 ) Madison County 079 Madison 1827 Jefferson James Madison (1751–1836), fourth President of the United States 26.54 18,364 692 sq mi ( 1,792 km 2 ) Manatee County 081 Bradenton 1855 Hillsborough The manatee , or sea cow, is native to Florida waters. 618.56 458,352 741 sq mi ( 1,919 km 2 ) Marion County 083 Ocala 1844 Alachua , Hillsborough , and Mosquito Francis Marion ( c. 1732 –1795), military officer during the American Revolution 271.63 428,905 1,579 sq mi ( 4,090 km 2 ) Martin County 085 Stuart 1925 Palm Beach John W. Martin (1884–1958), governor of Florida at time of creation of the county 297.96 165,666 556 sq mi ( 1,440 km 2 ) Miami-Dade County 086 Miami 1836 Monroe named Dade until 1997 City of Miami and Francis L. Dade ( c. 1793 –1835), Major in the United States Army during the Second Seminole War 1458.61 2,838,461 1,946 sq mi ( 5,040 km 2 ) Monroe County 087 Key West 1823 St. Johns James Monroe (1758–1831), fifth President of the United States 81.15 80,908 997 sq mi ( 2,582 km 2 ) Nassau County 089 Fernandina Beach 1824 Duval Duchy of Nassau in Germany 160.09 104,376 652 sq mi ( 1,689 km 2 ) Okaloosa County 091 Crestview 1915 Santa Rosa and Walton A Choctaw word meaning "a pleasant place", "black water", or "beautiful place" 235.56 220,483 936 sq mi ( 2,424 km 2 ) Okeechobee County 093 Okeechobee 1917 Osceola and St. Lucie Lake Okeechobee , which was in turn is from the Hitchiti words for "big water" 54.74 42,369 774 sq mi ( 2,005 km 2 ) Orange County 095 Orlando 1824 St. Johns named Mosquito until 1845 The fruit that was the county's main product 1689.04 1,533,646 908 sq mi ( 2,352 km 2 ) Osceola County 097 Kissimmee 1887 Brevard and Orange Osceola (1804–1838), a leader of the Seminole during the Second Seminole War 354.05 468,058 1,322 sq mi ( 3,424 km 2 ) Palm Beach County 099 West Palm Beach 1909 Miami Dade County The county's large amounts of palm trees 777.80 1,582,055 2,034 sq mi ( 5,268 km 2 ) Pasco County 101 Dade City 1887 Hernando Samuel Pasco (1834–1917), United States Senator at the time of creation of the county 884.72 659,114 745 sq mi ( 1,930 km 2 ) Pinellas County 103 Clearwater 1912 Hillsborough From the Spanish Punta Piñal , or "Point of Pines" 3449.54 965,870 280 sq mi ( 725 km 2 ) Polk County 105 Bartow 1861 Brevard and Hillsborough James K. Polk (1795–1849), the 11th President of the United States 454.87 852,878 1,875 sq mi ( 4,856 km 2 ) Putnam County 107 Palatka 1849 Alachua and St. Johns Benjamin A. Putnam (1801–1869), soldier during the Second Seminole War and Floridian legislator 107.07 77,301 722 sq mi ( 1,870 km 2 ) St. Johns County 109 St. Augustine 1821 One of the two original counties Name derived from the St. Johns River , which in turn derives its name from San Juan del Puerto 549.96 334,928 609 sq mi ( 1,577 km 2 ) St. Lucie County 111 Fort Pierce 1905 Brevard Saint Lucy (283–304), the Christian martyr 682.99 390,670 572 sq mi ( 1,481 km 2 ) Santa Rosa County 113 Milton 1842 Escambia Santa Rosa Island , which is in turn named for Saint Rosa de Viterbo (1235–1252), a saint born in Viterbo , Italy 204.38 207,653 1,016 sq mi ( 2,631 km 2 ) Sarasota County 115 Sarasota 1921 Manatee Native American word, of uncertain meaning, for the area 833.22 476,604 572 sq mi ( 1,481 km 2 ) Seminole County 117 Sanford 1913 Orange The Seminole Native American tribe 1605.86 494,605 308 sq mi ( 798 km 2 ) Sumter County 119 Bushnell 1853 Marion Thomas Sumter (1734–1832), general in the American Revolution 283.32 154,693 546 sq mi ( 1,414 km 2 ) Suwannee County 121 Live Oak 1858 Columbia The Suwannee River , a 266-mile long river in northern Florida 69.09 47,536 688 sq mi ( 1,782 km 2 ) Taylor County 123 Perry 1856 Madison Zachary Taylor (1784–1850), 12th President of the United States 20.96 21,843 1,042 sq mi ( 2,699 km 2 ) Union County 125 Lake Butler 1921 Bradford Named for the area's residents united desire to split into a separate county 65.58 15,738 240 sq mi ( 622 km 2 ) Volusia County 127 DeLand 1854 Orange The port of Volusia , whose etymology is uncertain; possibly derived from the Native American word for "Land of the Euchees ", the term for the area's native inhabitants 545.00 602,772 1,106 sq mi ( 2,865 km 2 ) Wakulla County 129 Crawfordville 1843 Leon The Wakulla River , itself named for a Spanish corruption of a Timucuan word used to describe the body of water, but that is of uncertain meaning 61.14 37,115 607 sq mi ( 1,572 km 2 ) Walton County 131 DeFuniak Springs 1824 Escambia and Jackson George Walton, first Secretary of Florida Territory 84.75 89,666 1,058 sq mi ( 2,740 km 2 ) Washington County 133 Chipley 1825 Jackson and Walton George Washington (1732–1799), first President of the United States 45.69 26,503 580 sq mi ( 1,502 km 2 ) Former counties Fayette County was created in 1832 from the portion of Jackson County east of the Chipola River , with its county seat at Ochesee (now in Calhoun County east of Altha ). [ 14 ] [ 15 ] In 1834, it was merged back into Jackson County. [ 16 ] Renamed counties Five counties in Florida have been renamed. Most renamings occurred between 1845 and 1861, during the first sixteen years of Florida's statehood. One occurred in 1997, when Dade County changed its name to Miami-Dade County . County [ 5 ] Dates [ 5 ] Etymology [ 5 ] Fate [ 5 ] Benton County 1844–1850 Thomas Benton (1782–1858), U.S. Senator from Missouri who supported the Armed Occupation Act of 1842 that many Floridians wanted in order to evict Native Americans Original name of county was Hernando County , and the name was changed back to that in 1850 Dade County 1836–1997 Francis L. Dade ( c. 1793 –1835), Major in the United States Army during the Second Seminole War Changed to Miami-Dade County in 1997, in order to benefit from the City of Miami's internationally recognizable name Mosquito County 1824–1845 Taken from the name the Spanish had given the entire coast, "Los Mosquitos" Mosquito had already repeatedly ceded land to other counties by 1845, when it was renamed Orange County New River County 1858–1861 The New River Renamed to Bradford County in 1861 St. Lucie County 1844–1855 Saint Lucy (283–304), the Christian martyr Renamed Brevard County in 1855 Proposed counties County Proposal date Etymology Notes Leigh Read County 1842 Leigh Read (1809–1841), Florida legislator Proposed renaming of Mosquito County Ward County 1870 George Taliaferro Ward (1810–1862), Colonel in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War and Floridian legislator Proposal to split Hillsborough County roughly along modern Hillsborough-Pinellas boundaries [ 17 ] Gulf County 1887 Gulf of Mexico Proposal to split Hillsborough County roughly along modern Hillsborough-Pinellas boundaries [ 18 ] Plant County 1911 Henry B. Plant (1819–1899), businessman, industrialist, and railroad magnate Proposal to split Hillsborough County west of Valrico , with its county seat at Plant City [ 19 ] Santa Fe County 1915 Santa Fe River Proposal to combine parts of Putnam County, Alachua County, Clay County, and Bradford County, with its county seat at Melrose [ 20 ] Sumatra County 1913 Sumatra tobacco in the area Proposal to split Gadsden County along Attapulgus Creek, with its county seat at Havana [ 21 ] Bloxham County 1915 William D. Bloxham (1835–1911), 13th and 17th governor of Florida Proposal to combine parts of Levy County and Marion County, with its county seat at Williston [ 22 ] Wilson County 1917 Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924), 28th president of the United States Proposal to combine parts of Pinellas County north of Dunedin and the western half of Pasco County, with its county seat at Tarpon Springs [ 23 ] Prosperity County 1919 The idea of prosperity Proposal to combine parts of Lee County, DeSoto County, and Palm Beach County, with its county seat at Moore Haven [ 24 ] Miami County 1947 City of Miami Consolidated city-county [ 25 ] Ocean County 1981 Atlantic Ocean Proposal for barrier island beach communities from Cape Canaveral to Sebastian Inlet to secede from Brevard County [ 26 ] Ocean County 1993 Atlantic Ocean Proposal for the Jacksonville Beaches communities to secede from Duval County [ 27 ] [ 28 ] Springs County 2020 City of High Springs Proposal to split Alachua County along 34th Street in Gainesville [ 29 ] [ 30 ] See also List of municipalities in Florida List of former municipalities in Florida List of places in Florida List of county seats in Florida List of census-designated places in Florida Further reading .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Utley, Geo. B. (1908). "Origin of the County Names in Florida" . Florida Historical Society Quarterly . 1 (3): 29– 35 . Retrieved May 25, 2018 . "FLORIDA COUNTY GOVERNMENT OVERVIEW" (PDF) . ce.naco.org . National Association of Counties (NACo). 2022 . Retrieved January 3, 2025 . References ^ "A Guide to Alachua County's History" . Alachua County Florida . Archived from the original on October 6, 2006 . Retrieved March 24, 2010 . ^ "Explore Census Data" . data.census.gov . Retrieved 2021-12-07 . ^ "About Florida's Counties" . Florida Association of Counties. Archived from the original on October 4, 2012 . Retrieved January 20, 2010 . ^ "Demographics" . Wakulla County Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved 2012-01-30 . ^ a b c d e f g "Florida County Maps" . Florida Center for Instructional Technology – University of South Florida . Retrieved January 16, 2010 . ^ a b "United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) County FIPS Code Listing" . United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on October 8, 2012 . Retrieved April 24, 2008 . ^ "Article 8 LOCAL GOVERNMENT - Section 1 Counties". Florida Constitution . Retrieved January 28, 2025 . ^ a b "NACo – Find a county" . National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on October 25, 2007 . Retrieved April 24, 2008 . ^ Newberry Library , Atlas of Historical County Boundaries: Florida , accessed May 2014 ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Florida" . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved March 15, 2025 . ^ "Florida QuickFacts" . U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2013 . Retrieved April 23, 2008 . (2008 Census estimates) ^ Morris, Allen, Florida Place Names ^ a b Eriksen, John M., Brevard County, Florida...A Short History to 1955 ^ An Act to organise a county to be called the County of Fayette (53). 1832. ^ An Act, more accurately to define the boundaries of Fayette County, and for other purposes (31 (Chapter 688)). 1833. ^ An Act to repeal certain acts organizing the County of Fayette (26 (Chapter 765)). 1834. ^ "The Senate Fails to Pass" . The Florida Peninsular; Tampa, Florida . 1870-01-26 . Retrieved 2025-12-02 . ^ "The Senate Fails to Pass" . The Palatka Daily News; Palatka, Florida . 1887-05-31 . Retrieved 2025-04-28 . ^ "Division Not Likely" . The Tampa Tribune; Tampa, Florida . 1911-04-20 . Retrieved 2025-12-03 . ^ "Makes Fight For New County" . The Palatka News and Advertiser; Palatka, Florida . 1913-04-11 . Retrieved 2025-12-02 . ^ "Havana People Want New County Out Of Gadsden" . Tallahassee Democrat; Tallahassee, Florida . 1913-04-13 . Retrieved 2025-12-02 . ^ An Act Providing for the Creation of Bloxham County in the State of Florida, and for the Organization and the Government Thereof (130 (Chapter 6936)). 1915. ^ "Would Have Wilson County" . The Pensacola Journal; Pensacola, Florida . 1917-01-26 . Retrieved 2025-04-28 . ^ "Would Have Prosperity County" . Florida Times-Union; Jacksonville, Florida . 1919-04-21 . Retrieved 2025-12-03 . ^ An Act Providing the Manner, Method and Means of the Election and Creation of a Charter Board in the Territory now Comprising Dade County; Providing for the Drafting and Adopting of the Charter Prepared by Said Board for Said Territory; Providing for the Election of Commissioners of a New Political Subdivision in the Territory now Comprising Dade County to be Known as the County of Miami; Providing the Effective Date of Said Charter and the Time the Board of Commissioners Shall Take Office; and Providing that This Act Shall not Become Effective Until the Joint Resolution No. 407 has Been Approved by the Qualified Electors of Dade County and of the State of Florida as a Whole (853 (Chapter 24467)). 1947. ^ Larson, Peter (1981-02-25). "Brevard man wants to form Ocean County" . Sentinel Star; Orlando, Florida . Retrieved 2025-04-28 . ^ "Rebel residents propose new county" . The Miami Herald; Miami, Florida . 1993-04-19 . Retrieved 2025-04-28 . ^ Griffin, Laura (1993-11-14). "A beach aches to break away" . St. Petersburg Times; St. Petersburg, Florida . Retrieved 2025-04-28 . ^ "Why Springs County? | Springs County" . springscounty.com . Retrieved 2024-04-01 . ^ "Springs County: Is there a feasible way to redraw county lines?" . www.mainstreetdailynews.com . 2020-06-16 . Retrieved 2024-04-01 . Atlas of Florida , revised edition. Edward A. Fernald & Elizabeth D. Purdum, editors (University Press of Florida, 1996). "Evolution of Counties", pp. 98–99. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Lists of United States counties and county equivalents v t e States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut ( equiv. ) Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut ( equiv. ) Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district District of Columbia District of Columbia Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying Islands United States Minor Outlying Islands United States Minor Outlying Islands v t e Geography of Florida v t e Natural features Beaches Caves Everglades ( drainage and development ) Islands Keys Lakes Lake Okeechobee Reef Rivers Sinkholes Springs Straits Swamps Beaches Caves Everglades ( drainage and development ) Islands Keys Lakes Lake Okeechobee Lake Okeechobee Reef Rivers Sinkholes Springs Straits Swamps Regions Big Bend region coast Central Florida Emerald Coast Everglades First Coast Forgotten Coast Gold Coast Halifax area Heartland Keys Nature Coast North central Florida North Florida Panhandle South Florida Southwest Florida Space Coast Suncoast Tampa Bay Area Treasure Coast Big Bend region coast region coast Central Florida Emerald Coast Everglades First Coast Forgotten Coast Gold Coast Halifax area Heartland Keys Nature Coast North central Florida North Florida Panhandle South Florida Southwest Florida Space Coast Suncoast Tampa Bay Area Treasure Coast Metro areas Cape Coral–Fort Myers Crestview-Fort Walton Beach-Destin Deltona–Daytona Beach–Ormond Beach Gainesville Homosassa Springs Jacksonville Lakeland–Winter Haven Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton Ocala Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville Panama City Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent Port St. Lucie Punta Gorda Sebastian-Vero Beach Sebring Tallahassee Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater The Villages Cape Coral–Fort Myers Crestview-Fort Walton Beach-Destin Deltona–Daytona Beach–Ormond Beach Gainesville Homosassa Springs Jacksonville Lakeland–Winter Haven Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton Ocala Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville Panama City Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent Port St. Lucie Punta Gorda Sebastian-Vero Beach Sebring Tallahassee Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater The Villages Largest cities Jacksonville Miami Tampa Orlando St. Petersburg Hialeah Port St. Lucie Tallahassee Cape Coral Fort Lauderdale Pembroke Pines Hollywood Gainesville Miramar Coral Springs Palm Bay West Palm Beach Clearwater Lakeland Pompano Beach Miami Gardens Davie Jacksonville Miami Tampa Orlando St. Petersburg Hialeah Port St. Lucie Tallahassee Cape Coral Fort Lauderdale Pembroke Pines Hollywood Gainesville Miramar Coral Springs Palm Bay West Palm Beach Clearwater Lakeland Pompano Beach Miami Gardens Davie Counties Alachua Baker Bay Bradford Brevard Broward Calhoun Charlotte Citrus Clay Collier Columbia DeSoto Dixie Duval Escambia Flagler Franklin Gadsden Gilchrist Glades Gulf Hamilton Hardee Hendry Hernando Highlands Hillsborough Holmes Indian River Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Lake Lee Leon Levy Liberty Madison Manatee Marion Martin Miami‑Dade Monroe Mosquito (former county) Nassau Okaloosa Okeechobee Orange Osceola Palm Beach Pasco Pinellas Polk Putnam Santa Rosa Sarasota Seminole St. Johns St. Lucie Sumter Suwannee Taylor Union Volusia Wakulla Walton Washington Alachua Baker Bay Bradford Brevard Broward Calhoun Charlotte Citrus Clay Collier Columbia DeSoto Dixie Duval Escambia Flagler Franklin Gadsden Gilchrist Glades Gulf Hamilton Hardee Hendry Hernando Highlands Hillsborough Holmes Indian River Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Lake Lee Leon Levy Liberty Madison Manatee Marion Martin Miami‑Dade Monroe Mosquito (former county) Nassau Okaloosa Okeechobee Orange Osceola Palm Beach Pasco Pinellas Polk Putnam Santa Rosa Sarasota Seminole St. Johns St. Lucie Sumter Suwannee Taylor Union Volusia Wakulla Walton Washington Other State forests State parks Highest points Wakulla Volcano State forests State parks Highest points Wakulla Volcano Geography of Florida Lists of counties of the United States by state Florida counties Florida geography-related lists Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use American English from June 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Featured lists This page was last edited on 4 December 2025, at 03:11 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Wikipedia : Contents/Culture and the arts বাংলা Español Bahasa Indonesia မြန်မာဘာသာ Українська Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .contentsPage__title{border-bottom:2px solid #333;font-size:1.8em;padding:0.5em 0;text-align:center;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__toc{padding:1em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__intro{position:relative;padding:1.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__section{padding:1.5em 1em;margin-bottom:20px;border:1px solid #ddd;background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__heading{position:relative;border-bottom:2px solid #333;text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__heading h2{font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:1.3em;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__xlink{font-size:0.9em;white-space:nowrap;display:block;margin-top:10px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__xlink{display:inline}}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__sectionlinks{position:absolute;top:10px;right:20px;font-size:0.85em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__notes{padding:1em;border-top:1px solid #ddd}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__notes:empty{display:none}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type{background-color:#f5fffa;border:1px solid #a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title{background-color:#cef2e0;border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro{background-color:#e6fff2}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:#cef2e0;border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__notes{border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:#f5faff;border:1px solid #a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__title{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);border-color:#a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:#e6f2ff}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:#cee0f2;border-color:#a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__notes{border-color:#a3b1bf}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:hsl(150,100%,2%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(150,58.06%,13%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:hsl(148.8,100%,5%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(210,58.06%,13%)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:hsl(150,100%,2%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(150,58.06%,13%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:hsl(148.8,100%,5%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(210,58.06%,13%)}} Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Vital articles Featured content Good content Indices Index Reference Culture Geography Health History Human activities Mathematics Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Wikipedia's contents: Culture and the arts Culture and the arts The arts are a vast subdivision of culture , composed of many creative endeavors and disciplines. It is a broader term than " art ," which as a description of a field usually means only the visual arts . The arts encompasses visual arts , literary arts and the performing arts – music , theatre , dance , spoken word and film , among others. Art , in its broadest meaning, is the expression of creativity or imagination. The word art comes from the Latin word ars , which, loosely translated, means "arrangement". Art is commonly understood as the act of making works (or artworks ) which use the human creative impulse and which have meaning beyond simple description. Art is often distinguished from crafts and recreational hobby activities. The term creative arts denotes a collection of disciplines whose principal purpose is the output of material for the viewer or audience to interpret. As such, art may be taken to include forms as diverse as prose writing , poetry , dance , acting or drama , film , music , sculpture , photography , illustration , architecture , collage , painting , craft and fashion . Art may also be understood as relating to creativity , æsthetics and the generation of emotion . The Arts Portal More about culture , the arts , and art ... More about culture , the arts , and art ... Overview Outlines The arts – vast subdivision of culture, composed of many creative endeavors and disciplines. The arts encompasses visual arts, literary arts and the performing arts. Literature – the art of written works. Fiction – any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s). Poetry – literary art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning. Critical theory – examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities. Visual arts – art forms that create works which are primarily visual in nature. Animation – The visual art of displaying images in quick succession to create an optical illusion of movement. Architecture – The art and science of designing and erecting buildings and other physical structures. Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity and later architectural styles influenced by it. Crafts – recreational activities and hobbies that involve making things with one's hands and skill. Drawing – visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium. Design – the process for planning the overall look of an object. Film – motion pictures. Painting – practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface with a brush or other object. History of painting Photography – art, science, and practice of creating pictures by recording radiation on a radiation-sensitive medium, such as a photographic film, or electronic image sensors. Sculpture – three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials – typically stone such as marble – or metal, glass, or wood. Performing arts – those forms of art that use the artist's own body, face, and presence as a medium. Acting – is an activity in which a story is told by means of its enactment by an actor who adopts a character—in theatre, television, film, radio, print or any other medium that makes use of the mimetic mode. Dance – art form of movement of the body. Film – moving pictures, the art form that records performances visually. Magic Stage illusion Theatre – collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place. Music – art form, the medium of which is sound and silence. Music genres Classical music – art music of the Western world, considered to be distinct from Western folk music or popular music traditions. Jazz – musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States, mixing African and European music traditions. Opera – art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score. Musical instruments – devices created or adapted for the purpose of making musical sounds. Guitars – the guitar is a plucked string instrument, usually played with fingers or a pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck to which the strings, generally six in number, are attached. Guitars are traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut or, more recently, with either nylon or steel strings. Stagecraft – technical aspects of theatrical, film, and video production. It includes, but is not limited to, constructing and rigging scenery, hanging and focusing of lighting, design and procurement of costumes, makeup, procurement of props, stage management, and recording and mixing of sound. Literature – the art of written works. Fiction – any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s). Poetry – literary art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning. Critical theory – examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities. Fiction – any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s). Poetry – literary art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning. Critical theory – examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities. Visual arts – art forms that create works which are primarily visual in nature. Animation – The visual art of displaying images in quick succession to create an optical illusion of movement. Architecture – The art and science of designing and erecting buildings and other physical structures. Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity and later architectural styles influenced by it. Crafts – recreational activities and hobbies that involve making things with one's hands and skill. Drawing – visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium. Design – the process for planning the overall look of an object. Film – motion pictures. Painting – practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface with a brush or other object. History of painting Photography – art, science, and practice of creating pictures by recording radiation on a radiation-sensitive medium, such as a photographic film, or electronic image sensors. Sculpture – three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials – typically stone such as marble – or metal, glass, or wood. Animation – The visual art of displaying images in quick succession to create an optical illusion of movement. Architecture – The art and science of designing and erecting buildings and other physical structures. Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity and later architectural styles influenced by it. Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity and later architectural styles influenced by it. Crafts – recreational activities and hobbies that involve making things with one's hands and skill. Drawing – visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium. Design – the process for planning the overall look of an object. Film – motion pictures. Painting – practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface with a brush or other object. History of painting History of painting Photography – art, science, and practice of creating pictures by recording radiation on a radiation-sensitive medium, such as a photographic film, or electronic image sensors. Sculpture – three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials – typically stone such as marble – or metal, glass, or wood. Performing arts – those forms of art that use the artist's own body, face, and presence as a medium. Acting – is an activity in which a story is told by means of its enactment by an actor who adopts a character—in theatre, television, film, radio, print or any other medium that makes use of the mimetic mode. Dance – art form of movement of the body. Film – moving pictures, the art form that records performances visually. Magic Stage illusion Theatre – collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place. Music – art form, the medium of which is sound and silence. Music genres Classical music – art music of the Western world, considered to be distinct from Western folk music or popular music traditions. Jazz – musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States, mixing African and European music traditions. Opera – art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score. Musical instruments – devices created or adapted for the purpose of making musical sounds. Guitars – the guitar is a plucked string instrument, usually played with fingers or a pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck to which the strings, generally six in number, are attached. Guitars are traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut or, more recently, with either nylon or steel strings. Stagecraft – technical aspects of theatrical, film, and video production. It includes, but is not limited to, constructing and rigging scenery, hanging and focusing of lighting, design and procurement of costumes, makeup, procurement of props, stage management, and recording and mixing of sound. Acting – is an activity in which a story is told by means of its enactment by an actor who adopts a character—in theatre, television, film, radio, print or any other medium that makes use of the mimetic mode. Dance – art form of movement of the body. Film – moving pictures, the art form that records performances visually. Magic Stage illusion Stage illusion Theatre – collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place. Music – art form, the medium of which is sound and silence. Music genres Classical music – art music of the Western world, considered to be distinct from Western folk music or popular music traditions. Jazz – musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States, mixing African and European music traditions. Opera – art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score. Musical instruments – devices created or adapted for the purpose of making musical sounds. Guitars – the guitar is a plucked string instrument, usually played with fingers or a pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck to which the strings, generally six in number, are attached. Guitars are traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut or, more recently, with either nylon or steel strings. Music genres Classical music – art music of the Western world, considered to be distinct from Western folk music or popular music traditions. Jazz – musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States, mixing African and European music traditions. Opera – art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score. Classical music – art music of the Western world, considered to be distinct from Western folk music or popular music traditions. Jazz – musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States, mixing African and European music traditions. Opera – art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score. Musical instruments – devices created or adapted for the purpose of making musical sounds. Guitars – the guitar is a plucked string instrument, usually played with fingers or a pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck to which the strings, generally six in number, are attached. Guitars are traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut or, more recently, with either nylon or steel strings. Guitars – the guitar is a plucked string instrument, usually played with fingers or a pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck to which the strings, generally six in number, are attached. Guitars are traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut or, more recently, with either nylon or steel strings. Stagecraft – technical aspects of theatrical, film, and video production. It includes, but is not limited to, constructing and rigging scenery, hanging and focusing of lighting, design and procurement of costumes, makeup, procurement of props, stage management, and recording and mixing of sound. Gastronomy – the art and science of good eating, including the study of food and culture. Food preparation – act of preparing foodstuffs for eating. It encompasses a vast range of methods, tools, and combinations of ingredients to improve the flavour and digestibility of food. Includes but is not limited to cooking. Cuisines – styles of cooking characterized by distinctive ingredients, techniques and dishes, each usually associated with a specific culture or geographic region. Meals – eating occasions that take place at a certain time and includes specific prepared food. Food , human food and drink Chocolate – raw or processed food produced from the seed of the tropical Theobroma cacao tree. Dairy products – milk, and foods made from or with milk, such as cheese, cream, ice cream and yogurt. Herbs – leaves, flowers, or stems used for food, flavoring, medicine, or fragrances. Herbs are typically valued for their savory or aromatic properties. Kadayif – variety of Turkish pastry desserts. Spices – seeds, fruits, roots, bark, or other plant substances primarily used for flavoring, coloring or preserving food. Strawberries – fruit widely appreciated for its characteristic aroma, bright red color, juicy texture, and sweetness. Wine – alcoholic beverage made from fermented fruit juice (typically from grapes). Whisky – distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain mash. Food preparation – act of preparing foodstuffs for eating. It encompasses a vast range of methods, tools, and combinations of ingredients to improve the flavour and digestibility of food. Includes but is not limited to cooking. Cuisines – styles of cooking characterized by distinctive ingredients, techniques and dishes, each usually associated with a specific culture or geographic region. Meals – eating occasions that take place at a certain time and includes specific prepared food. Food , human food and drink Chocolate – raw or processed food produced from the seed of the tropical Theobroma cacao tree. Dairy products – milk, and foods made from or with milk, such as cheese, cream, ice cream and yogurt. Herbs – leaves, flowers, or stems used for food, flavoring, medicine, or fragrances. Herbs are typically valued for their savory or aromatic properties. Kadayif – variety of Turkish pastry desserts. Spices – seeds, fruits, roots, bark, or other plant substances primarily used for flavoring, coloring or preserving food. Strawberries – fruit widely appreciated for its characteristic aroma, bright red color, juicy texture, and sweetness. Wine – alcoholic beverage made from fermented fruit juice (typically from grapes). Whisky – distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain mash. Chocolate – raw or processed food produced from the seed of the tropical Theobroma cacao tree. Dairy products – milk, and foods made from or with milk, such as cheese, cream, ice cream and yogurt. Herbs – leaves, flowers, or stems used for food, flavoring, medicine, or fragrances. Herbs are typically valued for their savory or aromatic properties. Kadayif – variety of Turkish pastry desserts. Spices – seeds, fruits, roots, bark, or other plant substances primarily used for flavoring, coloring or preserving food. Strawberries – fruit widely appreciated for its characteristic aroma, bright red color, juicy texture, and sweetness. Wine – alcoholic beverage made from fermented fruit juice (typically from grapes). Whisky – distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain mash. Recreation and Entertainment – any activity which provides a diversion or permits people to amuse themselves in their leisure time. Entertainment is generally passive, such as watching opera or a movie. Drugs, recreational Cannabis Festivals – entertainment events centering on and celebrating a unique aspect of a community, usually staged by that community. Tourism – travel for pleasure or business and the structures that support this travel. Fiction – any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s). Spy fiction – genre of fiction concerning forms of espionage. James Bond – fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming. Since then, the character has grown to icon status, featured in many novels, movies, video games and other media. Fantasy – genre of fiction using magic and the supernatural as primary elements of plot, theme or setting, often in imaginary worlds, generally avoiding the technical/scientific content typical of Science fiction, but overlapping with it. A Song of Ice and Fire franchise ( Game of Thrones ) – fantasy series and setting by writer George R. R. Martin, home to dragons, White Walkers, and feuding noble houses. Harry Potter – stories, setting, and media franchise revolving around the character Harry Potter, including books and movies. Marvel Cinematic Universe – fictional universe, the setting of movies and shows produced by Marvel Studios . Middle-earth – fantasy setting by writer J.R.R. Tolkien, home to hobbits, orcs, and many other mystical races and creatures. Narnia – fantasy setting by C.S. Lewis, home to talking animals, centaurs, witches, and many other mythical creatures and characters. Science fiction – a genre of fiction dealing with imaginary but more or less plausible (or at least nonsupernatural) content such as future settings, futuristic science and technology, space travel, aliens, giant monsters (Kaiju), and paranormal abilities. Exploring the consequences of scientific innovations is one purpose of science fiction, making it a "literature of ideas". Star Trek – sci-fi setting created by Gene Roddenberry, focused mostly upon the adventures of the personnel of Star Fleet of the United Federation of Planets and their exploration and interaction with the regions of space within and beyond their borders. Games – structured playing, usually undertaken for enjoyment, involving goals, rules, challenge, and interaction. Board games – tabletop games that involve counters or pieces moved or placed on a pre-marked surface or "board", according to a set of rules. Chess – two-player board game played on a chessboard, a square-checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. Each player begins the game with sixteen pieces: One king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. Card games – game using playing cards as the primary device with which the game is played, be they traditional or game-specific. Poker – family of card games that share betting rules and usually (but not always) hand rankings. Video games – electronic games that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. Sports – organized, competitive, entertaining, and skillful activity requiring commitment, strategy, and fair play, in which a winner can be defined by objective means. Generally speaking, a sport is a game based in physical athleticism. Ball games Association football (soccer) – sport played between two teams of 11 players who primarily use their feet to propel the ball around a rectangular field called a pitch, to score more goals than the opposition by moving the ball beyond the goal line into a rectangular framed goal defended by the opposing side. Baseball – bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each where the aim is to score runs by hitting a thrown ball with a bat and touching a series of four bases arranged at the corners of a ninety-foot diamond. Basketball – team sport in which two teams of five players try to score points by throwing or "shooting" a ball through the top of a basketball hoop while following a set of rules. Golf – club and ball sport in which players use various clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as possible. Tennis – sport usually played between two players (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles), using specialized racquets to strike a felt-covered hollow rubber ball over a net into the opponent's court. Combat sports Fencing – family of combat sports using bladed weapons. Martial arts – extensive systems of codified practices and traditions of combat practiced for a variety of reasons including self-defense, competition, physical health and fitness as well as mental and spiritual development. Traveling / racing sports Auto racing – sport involving the racing of automobiles for competition. Boating Canoeing and kayaking – two closely related forms of watercraft paddling, involving manually propelling and navigating specialized boats called canoes and kayaks using a blade that is joined to a shaft, known as a paddle, in the water. Sailing – using sailboats for sporting purposes. It can be recreational or competitive. Competitive sailing is in the form of races. Cycling – use of bicycles or other non-motorized cycles for transport, recreation, or for sport. Also called bicycling or biking. Motorcycling – riding a motorcycle. A variety of subcultures and lifestyles have been built up around motorcycling and motorcycle racing. Running – moving rapidly on foot, during which both feet are off the ground at regular intervals. Skiing – mode of transport, recreational activity and competitive winter sport in which the participant uses skis to glide on snow. Many types of competitive skiing events are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and the International Ski Federation (FIS). Drugs, recreational Cannabis Cannabis Festivals – entertainment events centering on and celebrating a unique aspect of a community, usually staged by that community. Tourism – travel for pleasure or business and the structures that support this travel. Fiction – any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s). Spy fiction – genre of fiction concerning forms of espionage. James Bond – fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming. Since then, the character has grown to icon status, featured in many novels, movies, video games and other media. Fantasy – genre of fiction using magic and the supernatural as primary elements of plot, theme or setting, often in imaginary worlds, generally avoiding the technical/scientific content typical of Science fiction, but overlapping with it. A Song of Ice and Fire franchise ( Game of Thrones ) – fantasy series and setting by writer George R. R. Martin, home to dragons, White Walkers, and feuding noble houses. Harry Potter – stories, setting, and media franchise revolving around the character Harry Potter, including books and movies. Marvel Cinematic Universe – fictional universe, the setting of movies and shows produced by Marvel Studios . Middle-earth – fantasy setting by writer J.R.R. Tolkien, home to hobbits, orcs, and many other mystical races and creatures. Narnia – fantasy setting by C.S. Lewis, home to talking animals, centaurs, witches, and many other mythical creatures and characters. Science fiction – a genre of fiction dealing with imaginary but more or less plausible (or at least nonsupernatural) content such as future settings, futuristic science and technology, space travel, aliens, giant monsters (Kaiju), and paranormal abilities. Exploring the consequences of scientific innovations is one purpose of science fiction, making it a "literature of ideas". Star Trek – sci-fi setting created by Gene Roddenberry, focused mostly upon the adventures of the personnel of Star Fleet of the United Federation of Planets and their exploration and interaction with the regions of space within and beyond their borders. Spy fiction – genre of fiction concerning forms of espionage. James Bond – fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming. Since then, the character has grown to icon status, featured in many novels, movies, video games and other media. James Bond – fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming. Since then, the character has grown to icon status, featured in many novels, movies, video games and other media. Fantasy – genre of fiction using magic and the supernatural as primary elements of plot, theme or setting, often in imaginary worlds, generally avoiding the technical/scientific content typical of Science fiction, but overlapping with it. A Song of Ice and Fire franchise ( Game of Thrones ) – fantasy series and setting by writer George R. R. Martin, home to dragons, White Walkers, and feuding noble houses. Harry Potter – stories, setting, and media franchise revolving around the character Harry Potter, including books and movies. Marvel Cinematic Universe – fictional universe, the setting of movies and shows produced by Marvel Studios . Middle-earth – fantasy setting by writer J.R.R. Tolkien, home to hobbits, orcs, and many other mystical races and creatures. Narnia – fantasy setting by C.S. Lewis, home to talking animals, centaurs, witches, and many other mythical creatures and characters. A Song of Ice and Fire franchise ( Game of Thrones ) – fantasy series and setting by writer George R. R. Martin, home to dragons, White Walkers, and feuding noble houses. Harry Potter – stories, setting, and media franchise revolving around the character Harry Potter, including books and movies. Marvel Cinematic Universe – fictional universe, the setting of movies and shows produced by Marvel Studios . Middle-earth – fantasy setting by writer J.R.R. Tolkien, home to hobbits, orcs, and many other mystical races and creatures. Narnia – fantasy setting by C.S. Lewis, home to talking animals, centaurs, witches, and many other mythical creatures and characters. Science fiction – a genre of fiction dealing with imaginary but more or less plausible (or at least nonsupernatural) content such as future settings, futuristic science and technology, space travel, aliens, giant monsters (Kaiju), and paranormal abilities. Exploring the consequences of scientific innovations is one purpose of science fiction, making it a "literature of ideas". Star Trek – sci-fi setting created by Gene Roddenberry, focused mostly upon the adventures of the personnel of Star Fleet of the United Federation of Planets and their exploration and interaction with the regions of space within and beyond their borders. Star Trek – sci-fi setting created by Gene Roddenberry, focused mostly upon the adventures of the personnel of Star Fleet of the United Federation of Planets and their exploration and interaction with the regions of space within and beyond their borders. Games – structured playing, usually undertaken for enjoyment, involving goals, rules, challenge, and interaction. Board games – tabletop games that involve counters or pieces moved or placed on a pre-marked surface or "board", according to a set of rules. Chess – two-player board game played on a chessboard, a square-checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. Each player begins the game with sixteen pieces: One king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. Card games – game using playing cards as the primary device with which the game is played, be they traditional or game-specific. Poker – family of card games that share betting rules and usually (but not always) hand rankings. Video games – electronic games that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. Board games – tabletop games that involve counters or pieces moved or placed on a pre-marked surface or "board", according to a set of rules. Chess – two-player board game played on a chessboard, a square-checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. Each player begins the game with sixteen pieces: One king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. Chess – two-player board game played on a chessboard, a square-checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. Each player begins the game with sixteen pieces: One king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. Card games – game using playing cards as the primary device with which the game is played, be they traditional or game-specific. Poker – family of card games that share betting rules and usually (but not always) hand rankings. Poker – family of card games that share betting rules and usually (but not always) hand rankings. Video games – electronic games that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. Sports – organized, competitive, entertaining, and skillful activity requiring commitment, strategy, and fair play, in which a winner can be defined by objective means. Generally speaking, a sport is a game based in physical athleticism. Ball games Association football (soccer) – sport played between two teams of 11 players who primarily use their feet to propel the ball around a rectangular field called a pitch, to score more goals than the opposition by moving the ball beyond the goal line into a rectangular framed goal defended by the opposing side. Baseball – bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each where the aim is to score runs by hitting a thrown ball with a bat and touching a series of four bases arranged at the corners of a ninety-foot diamond. Basketball – team sport in which two teams of five players try to score points by throwing or "shooting" a ball through the top of a basketball hoop while following a set of rules. Golf – club and ball sport in which players use various clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as possible. Tennis – sport usually played between two players (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles), using specialized racquets to strike a felt-covered hollow rubber ball over a net into the opponent's court. Combat sports Fencing – family of combat sports using bladed weapons. Martial arts – extensive systems of codified practices and traditions of combat practiced for a variety of reasons including self-defense, competition, physical health and fitness as well as mental and spiritual development. Traveling / racing sports Auto racing – sport involving the racing of automobiles for competition. Boating Canoeing and kayaking – two closely related forms of watercraft paddling, involving manually propelling and navigating specialized boats called canoes and kayaks using a blade that is joined to a shaft, known as a paddle, in the water. Sailing – using sailboats for sporting purposes. It can be recreational or competitive. Competitive sailing is in the form of races. Cycling – use of bicycles or other non-motorized cycles for transport, recreation, or for sport. Also called bicycling or biking. Motorcycling – riding a motorcycle. A variety of subcultures and lifestyles have been built up around motorcycling and motorcycle racing. Running – moving rapidly on foot, during which both feet are off the ground at regular intervals. Skiing – mode of transport, recreational activity and competitive winter sport in which the participant uses skis to glide on snow. Many types of competitive skiing events are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and the International Ski Federation (FIS). Ball games Association football (soccer) – sport played between two teams of 11 players who primarily use their feet to propel the ball around a rectangular field called a pitch, to score more goals than the opposition by moving the ball beyond the goal line into a rectangular framed goal defended by the opposing side. Baseball – bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each where the aim is to score runs by hitting a thrown ball with a bat and touching a series of four bases arranged at the corners of a ninety-foot diamond. Basketball – team sport in which two teams of five players try to score points by throwing or "shooting" a ball through the top of a basketball hoop while following a set of rules. Golf – club and ball sport in which players use various clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as possible. Tennis – sport usually played between two players (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles), using specialized racquets to strike a felt-covered hollow rubber ball over a net into the opponent's court. Association football (soccer) – sport played between two teams of 11 players who primarily use their feet to propel the ball around a rectangular field called a pitch, to score more goals than the opposition by moving the ball beyond the goal line into a rectangular framed goal defended by the opposing side. Baseball – bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each where the aim is to score runs by hitting a thrown ball with a bat and touching a series of four bases arranged at the corners of a ninety-foot diamond. Basketball – team sport in which two teams of five players try to score points by throwing or "shooting" a ball through the top of a basketball hoop while following a set of rules. Golf – club and ball sport in which players use various clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a course in as few strokes as possible. Tennis – sport usually played between two players (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles), using specialized racquets to strike a felt-covered hollow rubber ball over a net into the opponent's court. Combat sports Fencing – family of combat sports using bladed weapons. Martial arts – extensive systems of codified practices and traditions of combat practiced for a variety of reasons including self-defense, competition, physical health and fitness as well as mental and spiritual development. Fencing – family of combat sports using bladed weapons. Martial arts – extensive systems of codified practices and traditions of combat practiced for a variety of reasons including self-defense, competition, physical health and fitness as well as mental and spiritual development. Traveling / racing sports Auto racing – sport involving the racing of automobiles for competition. Boating Canoeing and kayaking – two closely related forms of watercraft paddling, involving manually propelling and navigating specialized boats called canoes and kayaks using a blade that is joined to a shaft, known as a paddle, in the water. Sailing – using sailboats for sporting purposes. It can be recreational or competitive. Competitive sailing is in the form of races. Cycling – use of bicycles or other non-motorized cycles for transport, recreation, or for sport. Also called bicycling or biking. Motorcycling – riding a motorcycle. A variety of subcultures and lifestyles have been built up around motorcycling and motorcycle racing. Running – moving rapidly on foot, during which both feet are off the ground at regular intervals. Skiing – mode of transport, recreational activity and competitive winter sport in which the participant uses skis to glide on snow. Many types of competitive skiing events are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and the International Ski Federation (FIS). Auto racing – sport involving the racing of automobiles for competition. Boating Canoeing and kayaking – two closely related forms of watercraft paddling, involving manually propelling and navigating specialized boats called canoes and kayaks using a blade that is joined to a shaft, known as a paddle, in the water. Sailing – using sailboats for sporting purposes. It can be recreational or competitive. Competitive sailing is in the form of races. Canoeing and kayaking – two closely related forms of watercraft paddling, involving manually propelling and navigating specialized boats called canoes and kayaks using a blade that is joined to a shaft, known as a paddle, in the water. Sailing – using sailboats for sporting purposes. It can be recreational or competitive. Competitive sailing is in the form of races. Cycling – use of bicycles or other non-motorized cycles for transport, recreation, or for sport. Also called bicycling or biking. Motorcycling – riding a motorcycle. A variety of subcultures and lifestyles have been built up around motorcycling and motorcycle racing. Running – moving rapidly on foot, during which both feet are off the ground at regular intervals. Skiing – mode of transport, recreational activity and competitive winter sport in which the participant uses skis to glide on snow. Many types of competitive skiing events are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and the International Ski Federation (FIS). Humanities – academic disciplines that study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytical, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences. Area studies – comprehensive interdisciplinary research and academic study of the people and communities of particular regions. Disciplines applied include history, political science, sociology, cultural studies, languages, geography, literature, and related disciplines. Sinology – study of China and things related to China, such as its classical language and literature. Classical studies – branch of the Humanities comprising the languages, literature, philosophy, history, art, archaeology and all other cultural elements of the ancient Mediterranean world (Bronze Age ca. BC 3000 – Late Antiquity ca. AD 300–600); especially Ancient Greece and Rome. Area studies – comprehensive interdisciplinary research and academic study of the people and communities of particular regions. Disciplines applied include history, political science, sociology, cultural studies, languages, geography, literature, and related disciplines. Sinology – study of China and things related to China, such as its classical language and literature. Sinology – study of China and things related to China, such as its classical language and literature. Classical studies – branch of the Humanities comprising the languages, literature, philosophy, history, art, archaeology and all other cultural elements of the ancient Mediterranean world (Bronze Age ca. BC 3000 – Late Antiquity ca. AD 300–600); especially Ancient Greece and Rome. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life and education 2 Career Toggle Career subsection 2.1 1993–1997: Beginnings 2.2 1998–2004: Hollywood breakthrough 2.3 2005–2010: Historical films and Star Trek 2.4 2011–present: Career progression 2.1 1993–1997: Beginnings 2.2 1998–2004: Hollywood breakthrough 2.3 2005–2010: Historical films and Star Trek 2.4 2011–present: Career progression 3 Personal life Toggle Personal life subsection 3.1 Interests and hobbies 3.1 Interests and hobbies 4 Filmography Toggle Filmography subsection 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Eric Bana Afrikaans العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська 吴语 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Eric Bana AM Bana in 2009 Born Eric Banadinović ( 1968-08-09 ) 9 August 1968 (age 57) Melbourne , Victoria, Australia Occupation Actor • producer Years active 1993–present Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Rebecca Gleeson ( m. 1997) Children 2 Relatives Murray Gleeson (father-in-law) Jacqueline Gleeson (sister-in-law) Signature Eric Banadinović AM (born 9 August 1968), known professionally as Eric Bana ( / ˈ b æ n ə / ⓘ ), is an Australian actor and producer. He began his career in the sketch-comedy series Full Frontal before gaining notice in the comedy drama The Castle (1997) and the biographical crime film Chopper (2000) for which he won the AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role . After a decade of roles in Australian television shows and films, Bana gained Hollywood's attention for his performance in the war film Black Hawk Down (2001) and for playing Bruce Banner in the superhero film Hulk (2003). He played Hector in the war epic Troy (2004), and took a leading role in Steven Spielberg 's historical thriller Munich (2005). In 2009, he played the villain Nero in the science-fiction film Star Trek , which was a critical and commercial success. Bana continued to work steadily in the 2010s, portraying Lieutenant Commander Erik S. Kristensen in Lone Survivor (2013), and playing police Sergeant Ralph Sarchie in the horror film Deliver Us from Evil (2014). In 2018, Bana played the title role in a true crime miniseries, Dirty John . In 2020, he returned to Australia to star in outback thriller The Dry . Bana is the recipient of several Australian Film Institute awards and has performed distinctive lead and character roles across a wide spectrum of genres—from epics, to science fiction and action thrillers. In addition to acting, Bana is a motor-racing enthusiast, and has participated in various racing competitions in Australia. Bana was appointed Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in the 2019 Birthday Honours for his services to drama. Early life and education Bana was born on 9 August 1968 in Melbourne , Victoria . His father Ivan was Croatian , born in Zagreb , and worked as a logistics manager for Caterpillar Inc. , and his German mother, Eleanor, was a hairdresser, originally from near Mannheim in Germany. He has one older brother, Anthony. [ 1 ] He has stated: "I have always been proud of my origin, which had a big influence on my upbringing. I have always been in the company of people of European origin." [ 2 ] He was raised Catholic . [ 3 ] Bana was raised in the Melbourne suburbs of Broadmeadows [ 4 ] and Tullamarine , and attended Penleigh and Essendon Grammar School . [ 5 ] Showing acting skill early in life, Bana began doing impressions of family members at the age of six or seven, first mimicking his grandfather's walk, voice, and mannerisms. In school, he mimicked his teachers as a means to get out of trouble. [ 6 ] As a teen, he watched the Mel Gibson film Mad Max , and decided he wanted to become an actor. [ 5 ] He did not seriously consider a career in the performing arts until 1991, though, when he was persuaded to try comedy while working as a barman at Melbourne's Castle Hotel. His stand-up gigs in inner-city pubs did not provide him with enough income to support himself, however, so he continued his work as a barman and waiting on tables. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Career 1993–1997: Beginnings In 1993, Bana made his television debut on Steve Vizard 's late-night talk show, Tonight Live . [ 5 ] His performance gained the attention of producers from the sketch-comedy series, Full Frontal , who invited him to join the show as a writer and performer. During his four years on the show, Bana wrote much of his own material, and based some of his characters on members of his family. His impressions of Columbo , Arnold Schwarzenegger , Sylvester Stallone , Tom Cruise , and Australian TV personality Ray Martin made Bana popular with the show's audience. [ 9 ] This success led him to record the comedy album Out of Bounds in 1994 and to host his own television special, titled Eric , in 1996. The show, a collection of sketches featuring everyday characters, prompted him to launch a sketch comedy series The Eric Bana Show . The series, written and performed by Bana, featured skits, stand-up, and celebrity guests, but failed to attract a substantial audience and was cancelled after only eight episodes due to low ratings. [ 10 ] Even so, in 1997, he received a Logie Award for "Most Popular Comedy Personality" for his work on the show. [ 11 ] In that same year, Bana made his film debut in the Australian film The Castle , which tells the story of a Melbourne-based family's struggles to keep their home by Melbourne's airport, as the airport authority force them to move. He was featured in a supporting role as Con Petropoulous, a kickboxing accountant who is the householder's son-in-law. The Castle was a surprise critical and financial success, earning A$ 10,326,428 at the box office in Australia. [ 5 ] 1998–2004: Hollywood breakthrough In 1997, despite his inexperience with dramatic roles, Bana was approached by director Andrew Dominik to appear in the film Chopper (2000), a biographical film based on the life of infamous Australian criminal Chopper Read . Dominik had been working on the project for five years, but was unable to find an actor to portray Read. Only after Read himself suggested Bana, having seen him perform a skit on television, did Dominik consider him for the part. [ 12 ] For the role, Bana shaved his head, gained 14 kilograms (30 lb), and spent two days with Read to perfect his mimicry. During filming, he arrived on set at 4 am and spent five hours being covered in Read's trademark tattoos. [ 13 ] In spite of the film's limited release outside of Australia, Bana's performance received positive reviews. American film critic Roger Ebert complimented Bana, stating that "in a comedian named Eric Bana the filmmakers have found, I think, a future star [...] He has a quality no acting school can teach you and few actors can match. You cannot look away from him". [ 5 ] [ 14 ] Chopper was a critical and financial success in Australia, and was nominated for Best Film at the Australian Film Institute Awards in 2001. Bana's performance won the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actor. [ 11 ] In 2001, director Ridley Scott cast Bana as an American soldier in the film Black Hawk Down (2001). Scott, with a recommendation from Russell Crowe and impressed by Bana's performance in Chopper , did not require him to audition. [ 15 ] In the film, he played Sergeant First Class Norm "Hoot" Hooten, an elite Delta Force soldier, who fights his way out of a battle in Mogadishu , Somalia, after a mission to capture two top lieutenants of a renegade warlord goes awry. Bana shed the weight he had gained for Chopper and began an exercise regimen months before filming began. He also trained with Delta Force operators at Fort Bragg , learning to fire weapons and clear rooms. [ 16 ] Between 2000 and 2001, Bana played Joe Sabatini in Something in the Air , an Australian soap opera set in a small town. After two seasons, Bana left the show to focus on his Hollywood career. [ 17 ] Bana's next project was 2002's low-budget Australian film The Nugget . A comedy, the film portrays the effect of instant wealth on three working-class men, and was released with moderate success in Australia. Bana read the script after filming Chopper in 2000, and was drawn to it because it reminded him of his childhood, and because he found its characters amusing and likeable. [ 18 ] While filming The Nugget , Bana was offered the lead role of Bruce Banner in the film adaptation of the popular Marvel comic book series The Incredible Hulk . Only after learning of director Ang Lee 's involvement in the project did he consider the role. [ 16 ] Bana admired Lee for his work on the film The Ice Storm and agreed to work on the film before the final script was complete. [ 19 ] He said he was drawn to the film because "the character of Bruce Banner had dramatic potential", and was "a fairly non-traditional superhero". [ 19 ] Although Hulk (2003) received mixed reviews and was a moderate success at the box office, Bana's performance was highly praised: Jack Matthews of New York Daily News felt that Bana played the role of Bruce Banner "with great conviction". [ 20 ] In 2003, he voiced hammerhead shark Anchor in the critically and commercially acclaimed animated Pixar film Finding Nemo . [ 21 ] In 2004, Bana co-starred with Brad Pitt and Orlando Bloom in the war epic Troy . He portrayed Prince Hector , leader of the Trojan forces battling against the Greek warrior Achilles . When he read the script, he was drawn to Hector because, "I really felt a lot for him. I felt he was just a wonderful character [...] Orlando I love to death, and we've worked together before and when he was cast as my younger brother, it was just a great feel and I hope that shows in the film." [ 22 ] Bana also had prepared for the role by taking lessons in sword training and learning to ride horseback . Although Troy ' s critical reaction was mixed, [ 23 ] the film was a financial success, grossing US$497 million. [ 24 ] Bana's portrayal was well received; Stella Papamichael of the BBC thought he was "magnetic", [ 25 ] and The Washington Post ' s Desson Thomson believed his "touching" performance. [ 26 ] 2005–2010: Historical films and Star Trek After the varied reception of Hulk and Troy , film critics questioned Bana's bankability in big-budget films. He responded in Empire : "It's not like it [ Hulk ] was a flop. When you're on a long shoot, it is a long personal investment. If I wasn't happy with the end result, I'd be bloody upset, but in every case so far, I've been happy. Troy could take $50 and I wouldn't regret it." [ 27 ] He co-starred with Daniel Craig and Geoffrey Rush in Steven Spielberg 's controversial thriller Munich following year. He played Avner, a Mossad agent, who is ordered to track down and kill the Black September terrorists thought to be responsible for the massacre of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics . [ 28 ] The film garnered praise from critics, [ 29 ] and grossed $131 million worldwide. It was nominated for five Academy Awards in 2006. [ 30 ] The Los Angeles Times wrote that Bana as Avner "projects a combination of sensitivity and ruthlessness and [...] knows how to present a face for which worry is a new experience." [ 31 ] The Telegraph was equally impressed with Bana's emotional and "sublimely convincing" portrayal. [ 32 ] In 2006, Bana was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . [ 33 ] Lucky You , a romantic comedy on which Bana worked before filming Munich , was released in early 2007. In the film, he played Huck Cheever, a professional poker player who must overcome his personal problems to win a high-stakes tournament in Las Vegas . Lucky You was negatively received; [ 34 ] one critic opined that Bana's performance "simply isn't appealing enough to make us care if he succeeds or fails." [ 35 ] His next film was the Australian drama Romulus, My Father (2007). The film, based on Raimond Gaita 's memoir of the same title , portrays a couple and their struggle in the face of adversity to raise their son. Upon release, the film was a critical success, and Bana's performance earned him a second Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actor. [ 36 ] Bana's next project was the historical drama The Other Boleyn Girl (2008). In this feature, he played Henry VIII of England opposite Scarlett Johansson and Natalie Portman . Bana was surprised to be offered the role and admitted that he "probably would have just passed it on without even opening it" if it had been presented to him under a different title. [ 37 ] The following year, he co-starred with Chris Pine and Zachary Quinto in the science fiction film Star Trek . In the film, Bana played Nero , a Romulan mining ship captain who attempts to exact revenge on Spock , whom he blames for the destruction of his homeworld and its inhabitants. To prepare for the role, Bana shaved his head, and donned face tattoos; director J. J. Abrams was impressed with his villainous appearance. [ 38 ] The film was positively received, [ 39 ] and grossed over US$380 million worldwide. [ 40 ] Bana later recalled, "It was an unbelievable experience, and it's such a great group of actors", but he did not reprise his role in the 2013 sequel , saying "It was just a one-time for me." [ 41 ] In 2009, he also appeared in the science fiction The Time Traveller's Wife , [ 42 ] based on Audrey Niffenegger 's 2003 novel of the same title . Directed by Robert Schwentke , the film stars Rachel McAdams and Ron Livingston . The story follows Henry DeTamble (Bana), a Chicago librarian with a paranormal genetic disorder that causes him to randomly time travel as he tries to build a romantic relationship with Clare Abshire (McAdams), who would become his wife. While the film garnered mostly negative reviews, [ 43 ] the critic from The Sydney Morning Herald complimented the chemistry between Bana and McAdams: "Together they achieve an intimacy which does its best to distract you from the flaws in the script". [ 44 ] Bana co-starred with Adam Sandler and Seth Rogen in Judd Apatow 's 2009 feature about a famous comedian, Funny People , marking Bana's first appearance in an American mainstream comedy. [ 45 ] Rogen had cast Bana because he was a fan of his early television work, and impressed by his performance in Munich. [ 46 ] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone magazine gave the film 3½ out of 4 stars, and opined that Bana's performance showed "real comic flair". [ 47 ] Also in 2009 Bana directed and starred in the documentary Love the Beast . It details his personal relationship with his first car, a Ford GT Falcon Coupe , and follows his progression as a car lover. [ 48 ] Along the way, he seeks guidance and wisdom from his three lifelong friends, as well as celebrities Jay Leno , Jeremy Clarkson and Dr. Phil . [ 49 ] Lastly, Bana provided the voice of Damien, a Greek Australian, in the animation Mary and Max (2009). [ 50 ] 2011–present: Career progression In 2011, Bana played ex- CIA operative Erik Heller in the action thriller Hanna , starring alongside Saoirse Ronan and Cate Blanchett . [ 51 ] The film became a success for Bana as it opened at number two at the United States box office. [ 52 ] Several media outlets praised Bana's performance, with one critic describing it as having "a note of haunted soulfulness". [ 53 ] [ 54 ] A year later, Bana starred in the Deadfall , a crime drama that follows two siblings who decide to fend for themselves after a failed casino heist. According to Metacritic , the film gained "mixed or average reviews, [ 55 ] but Andrew O'Hehir of Salon magazine enjoyed Bana's "charismatic stone-cold killer character". [ 56 ] Bana portrayed Lieutenant Commander Erik S. Kristensen in Lone Survivor (2013). [ 57 ] He said, " Pete Berg [the director] and I nearly worked together many, many years ago before anyone knew who I was and we stayed in contact [...] he called me and told me he was making the film and would like me to play the mission commander Kristensen, I just jumped at the chance. I love the story. I thought it could potentially make a compelling movie and I knew that Pete was the right person for the job". [ 58 ] Upon release, Lone Survivor grossed US$154.8 million at the worldwide box office. [ 59 ] Variety magazine thought that Bana was well cast, [ 60 ] and critic Mick LaSelle praised the actors for being "convincing in their humanity, agony and ferocity". [ 61 ] Bana then appeared in the thriller Closed Circuit (2013), alongside Rebecca Hall , as a lawyer, defending a Turkish man accused of planning a terrorist attack in London. Upon release, the Chicago Reader critic thought Bana and Hall lacked chemistry. [ 62 ] The following year, Bana starred as Ralph Sarchie , a police sergeant who investigates paranormal cases, in the supernatural horror Deliver Us from Evil . [ 63 ] The film was released on 2 July 2014 and grossed US$87.9 million worldwide. [ 64 ] Several critics disliked the film, including Donald Clarke of The Irish Times who thought Bana was miscast. [ 65 ] [ 66 ] In 2016, he played Frank Bonneville, a struggling radio journalist in Ricky Gervais 's Special Correspondents . [ 67 ] It premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival , and Netflix bought the rights to stream the film on its platform. [ 68 ] Although reviews were largely negative, [ 69 ] one reviewer thought Bana "upstaged" Gervais and gave a watchable performance. [ 70 ] Bana also had a role in Disney 's The Finest Hours (2016), playing Coast Guard warrant officer David Cluff. [ 71 ] In that same year, Bana played doctor Stephen Grene in The Secret Scripture , based on the novel of the same title by Sebastian Barry . Although the film was poorly received, [ 72 ] Sandra Hall from The Sydney Morning Herald thought Bana's character showed "quiet intensity". [ 73 ] In 2017, Bana took the role of Uther Pendragon , king of Britain and father of future King Arthur , in Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur: Legend of the Sword (2017). [ 74 ] In the same year, Bana starred in a British drama, The Forgiven , playing the murderer Piet Blomfield. [ 75 ] The Forgiven gained a mixed reception; [ 76 ] The Village Voice critic praised the acting but opined that the film was unfocused. [ 77 ] In 2018, Bana played John in the Bravo miniseries Dirty John , based on the true crime podcast of the same name by Christopher Goffard . [ 78 ] Creator Alexandra Cunningham said that Bana was her first choice for the lead role; Bana is very selective about picking the "right" characters. He said, "It doesn't matter what. Every film I've done, that's always been the guiding decision-making thing, for sure." [ 79 ] David Sexton of the Evening Standard thought he was perfect: "Bana is terrific as Dirty John, so sexy and appealing yet creepy too." [ 80 ] In 2021, Bana starred in a mystery drama, The Dry , based on the book of the same name by Jane Harper . [ 81 ] In that same year, Bana provided the voice of zookeeper Chaz in the animation Back to the Outback . [ 82 ] In 2022, he voiced Monterey Jack in the animation Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers , and appeared in the drama Blueback ; it premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival . [ 83 ] In 2025, Bana starred in Netflix 's Untamed , [ 84 ] a mystery miniseries set in Yosemite National Park with co-stars including Lily Santiago , Rosemarie DeWitt and Sam Neill . [ 85 ] Personal life On official identity documents he still has his birth surname, Banadinović. [ 2 ] In 1995 while working on the television series Full Frontal , Bana began dating Rebecca Gleeson, a publicist with the Seven Network and daughter of then Chief Justice of New South Wales , and later Chief Justice of Australia , Murray Gleeson . [ 10 ] They married in 1997, after Bana proposed to her on a trip to the United States, which he won from Cleo Magazine after being named their "Bachelor of the Year" in 1996. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] Bana and Gleeson have two children together; Klaus (born 1999) and Sophia (born 2002). Klaus has graduated from VCA studying film while Sophia completed 2 years of full-time dance and continues to pursue a degree part-time at University of Melbourne. [ 11 ] His sister-in-law is current High Court of Australia Judge Jacqueline Gleeson . [ 88 ] Bana was appointed Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in the 2019 Birthday Honours for his services to drama. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] Interests and hobbies Bana is a motor racing enthusiast, and participates in various racing competitions in Australia. At the age of 14, he wanted to leave school to focus full-time on becoming a motor mechanic, but his father convinced him to complete school, advising him to avoid making his hobby a job. [ 91 ] Bana purchased his first car, a 1974 XB Ford Falcon coupé, at the age of 15 for A$1,100 and, [ 92 ] driving it, made his motor sport racing debut in Targa Tasmania 1996, a week-long race around Tasmania . [ 93 ] [ 94 ] In 2004, Bana purchased a Porsche 944 to compete in Australia's Porsche Challenge. Competing throughout 2004 he often finished in the top ten and in November, finished fourth at the Sandown event, a personal best. [ 95 ] On 21 April 2007, Bana crashed his 1974 XB Falcon Coupe in the 2007 Targa Tasmania rally; he and his co-driver were uninjured. [ 96 ] Bana appeared on the British motoring show Top Gear on 15 November 2009 as a guest for its "Star in a Reasonably Priced Car" segment. [ 97 ] Bana is a prominent fan of Australian rules football . His love of the sport began at a young age when his godfather took him to games to see the St Kilda Football Club , his favourite team in the Australian Football League (AFL). Bana has been seen at AFL games when he is back in Australia. [ 98 ] [ 99 ] His love for St Kilda FC resulted in the club being featured in the film Funny People and in Bana's promotion of the film in 2009, notably on NBC's Late Night with Jimmy Fallon . [ 100 ] In 2010, Bana was named the "Saints Number One Ticket Holder". [ 1 ] [ 101 ] Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes Ref 1997 The Castle Con Petropoulous Film debut [ 102 ] 2000 Chopper Mark "Chopper" Read [ 14 ] 2001 Black Hawk Down Norm "Hoot" Gibson [ 15 ] 2002 The Nugget Lotto [ 18 ] 2003 Finding Nemo Anchor Voice role [ 21 ] Hulk Bruce Banner / Hulk [ 20 ] 2004 Troy Hector [ 23 ] 2005 Munich Avner Kaufman [ 31 ] 2007 Lucky You Huck Cheever [ 35 ] Romulus, My Father Romulus Gaita Also associate producer [ 36 ] 2008 The Other Boleyn Girl Henry Tudor [ 37 ] 2009 Mary and Max Damien Popodopolous Voice role [ 50 ] Love the Beast Himself Documentary ; also producer and director [ 48 ] Star Trek Nero [ 39 ] The Time Traveller's Wife Henry DeTamble [ 43 ] Funny People Clarke [ 47 ] 2011 Hanna Erik Heller [ 51 ] 2012 Deadfall Addison [ 56 ] 2013 Closed Circuit Martin Rose [ 103 ] Lone Survivor Erik S. Kristensen [ 57 ] 2014 Paper Planes — .mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap} N/a Executive producer [ 104 ] Deliver Us from Evil Ralph Sarchie [ 63 ] 2016 The Finest Hours Daniel Cluff [ 71 ] Special Correspondents Frank Bonneville [ 67 ] The Secret Scripture Dr. William Grene [ 73 ] 2017 King Arthur: Legend of the Sword Uther Pendragon [ 74 ] The Forgiven Piet Blomfeld [ 75 ] 2021 The Dry Aaron Falk Also producer [ 105 ] Back to the Outback Chaz Hunt Voice role [ 82 ] 2022 Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers Monterey Jack [ 106 ] Blueback Mad Macka Also executive producer [ 107 ] 2024 Force of Nature: The Dry 2 Aaron Falk Also producer [ 108 ] A Sacrifice Ben Monroe Also executive producer [ 109 ] [ 110 ] [ 111 ] Memoir of a Snail James The Magistrate Voice role [ 112 ] 2026 Apex TBA Post-production [ 113 ] Television Year Title Role Notes Ref 1993–1996 Full Frontal Various 66 episodes [ 9 ] 1997 The Eric Bana Show Live 8 episodes; also writer [ 10 ] 1999–2000 All Saints Rob Biletsky 3 episodes [ 114 ] 2000–2001 Something in the Air Joe Sabatini 202 episodes [ 115 ] 2007 Kath & Kim Himself S4: Ep. 2 [ 116 ] 2009 Top Gear S14: Ep. 1 [ 97 ] 2018 The Joel McHale Show With Joel McHale Episode: "Roller Coaster?" [ 117 ] Dirty John John Meehan 8 episodes; also executive producer [ 80 ] 2025 Untamed Kyle Turner 6 episodes; also executive producer [ 118 ] Video games Year Title Voice role Notes Ref 2003 Hulk Bruce Banner / Hulk / Gray Hulk [ 119 ] Awards and nominations Year Association Category Nominated work Result Ref. 1997 Logie Awards Most Popular Comedy Personality Full Frontal Won [ 120 ] 2000 Australian Film Institute Best Actor in a Leading Role Chopper Won [ 121 ] 2005 MTV Movie Awards Best Fight (with Brad Pitt ) Troy Nominated [ 122 ] 2007 Australian Film Institute Best Actor in a Leading Role Romulus, My Father Won [ 123 ] 2009 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Villain Star Trek Nominated [ 124 ] References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Wills, Dominic. 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External links Eric Bana at IMDb Eric Bana at the TCM Movie Database .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role v t e 1972–2000 Bruce Spence (1972) Robert McDarra (1973) Jack Thompson (1974) Martin Vaughan (1975) Simon Burke / Nick Tate (1976) John Meillon (1977) Bill Hunter (1978) Mel Gibson (1979) Jack Thompson (1980) Mel Gibson (1981) Ray Barrett (1982) Norman Kaye (1983) John Hargreaves (1984) Chris Haywood (1985) Colin Friels (1986) Leo McKern (1987) John Waters (1988) Sam Neill (1989) Max von Sydow (1990) Hugo Weaving (1991) Russell Crowe (1992) Harvey Keitel (1993) Nicholas Hope (1994) John Lynch (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Richard Roxburgh (1997) Hugo Weaving (1998) Russell Dykstra (1999) Eric Bana (2000) Bruce Spence (1972) Robert McDarra (1973) Jack Thompson (1974) Martin Vaughan (1975) Simon Burke / Nick Tate (1976) John Meillon (1977) Bill Hunter (1978) Mel Gibson (1979) Jack Thompson (1980) Mel Gibson (1981) Ray Barrett (1982) Norman Kaye (1983) John Hargreaves (1984) Chris Haywood (1985) Colin Friels (1986) Leo McKern (1987) John Waters (1988) Sam Neill (1989) Max von Sydow (1990) Hugo Weaving (1991) Russell Crowe (1992) Harvey Keitel (1993) Nicholas Hope (1994) John Lynch (1995) Geoffrey Rush (1996) Richard Roxburgh (1997) Hugo Weaving (1998) Russell Dykstra (1999) Eric Bana (2000) 2001–present Anthony LaPaglia (2001) David Gulpilil (2002) David Wenham (2003) Sam Worthington (2004) Hugo Weaving (2005) Shane Jacobson (2006) Eric Bana (2007) William McInnes (2008) Anthony LaPaglia (2009) Ben Mendelsohn (2010) Daniel Henshall (2011) Chris O'Dowd (2012) Leonardo DiCaprio (2013) David Gulpilil (2014) Michael Caton (2015) Andrew Garfield (2016) Sunny Pawar (2017) Hamilton Morris (2018) Damon Herriman (2019) Toby Wallace (2020) Caleb Landry Jones (2021) Austin Butler (2022) Aswan Reid (2023) Jonno Davies (2024) Anthony LaPaglia (2001) David Gulpilil (2002) David Wenham (2003) Sam Worthington (2004) Hugo Weaving (2005) Shane Jacobson (2006) Eric Bana (2007) William McInnes (2008) Anthony LaPaglia (2009) Ben Mendelsohn (2010) Daniel Henshall (2011) Chris O'Dowd (2012) Leonardo DiCaprio (2013) David Gulpilil (2014) Michael Caton (2015) Andrew Garfield (2016) Sunny Pawar (2017) Hamilton Morris (2018) Damon Herriman (2019) Toby Wallace (2020) Caleb Landry Jones (2021) Austin Butler (2022) Aswan Reid (2023) Jonno Davies (2024) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Spain Netherlands Norway Poland Israel United States France BnF data Czech Republic Spain Netherlands Norway Poland Israel Artists MusicBrainz MusicBrainz People Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Yale LUX IdRef Yale LUX 1968 births Living people Australian 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Related fields 2 Calendar and era Toggle Calendar and era subsection 2.1 Ab Urbe condita era 2.2 Astronomical era 2.1 Ab Urbe condita era 2.2 Astronomical era 3 Prehistory 4 Synchronism 5 See also Toggle See also subsection 5.1 Examples 5.2 Christian chronology 5.3 General 5.4 Fiction writing 5.1 Examples 5.2 Christian chronology 5.3 General 5.4 Fiction writing 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 8.1 Published in the 18th–19th centuries 8.2 Published in the 20th century 8.3 Published in the 21st century 8.1 Published in the 18th–19th centuries 8.2 Published in the 20th century 8.3 Published in the 21st century 9 External links Chronology Alemannisch العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Livvinkarjala Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Мокшень Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Chronology" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( January 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Chronology (from Latin chronologia , from Ancient Greek χρόνος , chrónos , ' time ' ; and -λογία , -logia ) [ 2 ] is the science of arranging events in their order of occurrence in time , such as in a timeline or other sequence of events . It is also "the determination of the actual temporal sequence of past events". [ 3 ] Chronology is a part of periodization . It is also a part of the discipline of history including earth history , the earth sciences , and study of the geologic time scale . Related fields Chronology is the science of locating historical events in time. It relies mostly upon chronometry , which is also known as timekeeping, and historiography , which examines the writing of history and the use of historical methods. Radiocarbon dating estimates the age of formerly living things by measuring the proportion of carbon-14 isotope in their carbon content. Dendrochronology estimates the age of trees by correlation of the various growth rings in their wood to known year-by-year reference sequences in the region to reflect year-to-year climatic variation. Dendrochronology is used in turn as a calibration reference for radiocarbon dating curves. Calendar and era The familiar terms calendar and era (within the meaning of a coherent system of numbered calendar years) concern two complementary fundamental concepts of chronology. For example, during eight centuries the calendar belonging to the Christian era , which era was taken in use in the 8th century by Bede , was the Julian calendar, but after the year 1582 it was the Gregorian calendar. Dionysius Exiguus (about the year 500) was the founder of that era, which is nowadays the most widespread dating system on earth. An epoch is the date (year usually) when an era begins. Ab Urbe condita era Ab Urbe condita is Latin for "from the founding of the City ( Rome )", [ 4 ] traditionally set in 753 BC. It was used to identify the Roman year by a few Roman historians. Modern historians use it much more frequently than the Romans themselves did; the dominant method of identifying Roman years was to name the two consuls who held office that year. Before the advent of the modern critical edition of historical Roman works, AUC was indiscriminately added to them by earlier editors, making it appear more widely used than it actually was. It was used systematically for the first time only about the year 400, by the Iberian historian Orosius . Pope Boniface IV , in about the year 600, seems to have been the first who made a connection between this era and Anno Domini . (AD 1 = AUC 754.) Astronomical era Dionysius Exiguus' Anno Domini era (which contains only calendar years AD ) was extended by Bede to the complete Christian era (which contains, in addition all calendar years BC , but no year zero ). Ten centuries after Bede, the French astronomers Philippe de la Hire (in the year 1702) and Jacques Cassini (in the year 1740), purely to simplify certain calculations, put the Julian Dating System (proposed in the year 1583 by Joseph Scaliger ) and with it an astronomical era into use, which contains a leap year zero, which precedes the year 1 (AD). [ 5 ] Prehistory While of critical importance to the historian, methods of determining chronology are used in most disciplines of science, especially astronomy , geology , paleontology and archaeology . In the absence of written history , with its chronicles and king lists , late 19th century archaeologists found that they could develop relative chronologies based on pottery techniques and styles. In the field of Egyptology , William Flinders Petrie pioneered sequence dating to penetrate pre-dynastic Neolithic times, using groups of contemporary artefacts deposited together at a single time in graves and working backwards methodically from the earliest historical phases of Egypt. This method of dating is known as seriation . Known wares discovered at strata in sometimes quite distant sites, the product of trade, helped extend the network of chronologies. Some cultures have retained the name applied to them in reference to characteristic forms, for lack of an idea of what they called themselves: "The Beaker People " in northern Europe during the 3rd millennium BCE, for example. The study of the means of placing pottery and other cultural artifacts into some kind of order proceeds in two phases, classification and typology: Classification creates categories for the purposes of description, and typology seeks to identify and analyse changes that allow artifacts to be placed into sequences. [ 6 ] Laboratory techniques developed particularly after mid-20th century helped constantly revise and refine the chronologies developed for specific cultural areas. Unrelated dating methods help reinforce a chronology, an axiom of corroborative evidence . Ideally, archaeological materials used for dating a site should complement each other and provide a means of cross-checking. Conclusions drawn from just one unsupported technique are usually regarded as unreliable. Synchronism The fundamental problem of chronology is to synchronize events. By synchronizing an event it becomes possible to relate it to the current time and to compare the event to other events. Among historians, a typical need is to synchronize the reigns of kings and leaders in order to relate the history of one country or region to that of another. For example, the Chronicon of Eusebius (325 A.D.) is one of the major works of historical synchronism. This work has two sections. The first contains narrative chronicles of nine different kingdoms: Chaldean, Assyrian, Median, Lydian, Persian, Hebrew, Greek, Peloponnesian, Asian, and Roman. The second part is a long table synchronizing the events from each of the nine kingdoms in parallel columns. By comparing the parallel columns, the reader can determine which events were contemporaneous, or how many years separated two different events. To place all the events on the same time scale, Eusebius used an Anno Mundi (A.M.) era, meaning that events were dated from the supposed beginning of the world as computed from the Book of Genesis in the Hebrew Pentateuch . According to the computation Eusebius used, this occurred in 5199 B.C. The Chronicon of Eusebius was widely used in the medieval world to establish the dates and times of historical events. Subsequent chronographers, such as George Syncellus (died circa 811), analyzed and elaborated on the Chronicon by comparing with other chronologies. The last great chronographer was Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609) who reconstructed the lost Chronicon and synchronized all of ancient history in his two major works, De emendatione temporum (1583) and Thesaurus temporum (1606). Much of modern historical datings and chronology of the ancient world ultimately derives from these two works. [ 7 ] Scaliger invented the concept of the Julian Day which is still used as the standard unified scale of time for both historians and astronomers. [ citation needed ] In addition to the literary methods of synchronism used by traditional chronographers such as Eusebius, Syncellus and Scaliger, it is possible to synchronize events by archaeological or astronomical means. For example, the Eclipse of Thales , described in the first book of Herodotus can potentially be used to date the Lydian War because the eclipse took place during the middle of an important battle in that war. Likewise, various eclipses and other astronomical events described in ancient records can be used to astronomically synchronize historical events. [ 8 ] Another method to synchronize events is the use of archaeological findings, such as pottery, to do sequence dating . See also Examples [ edit ] Parian Chronicle List of timelines – specific chronologies Timelines of world history – overall historical chronology Christian chronology [ edit ] Dionysius Exiguus' Easter table Easter Lunar cycle Millennium question Paschal full moon Solar cycle Examples Parian Chronicle List of timelines – specific chronologies Timelines of world history – overall historical chronology Christian chronology Dionysius Exiguus' Easter table Easter Lunar cycle Millennium question Paschal full moon Solar cycle General [ edit ] Annals French revolutionary era Hispanic era Historiography Traditional Jewish chronology Fiction writing [ edit ] Aspects and examples of non-chronological story-telling: Flashback Flashforward Linearity (writing) Reverse chronology General Annals French revolutionary era Hispanic era Historiography Traditional Jewish chronology Fiction writing Aspects and examples of non-chronological story-telling: Flashback Flashforward Linearity (writing) Reverse chronology Notes ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Richards, E. G. (1998). Mapping Time: The Calendar and History . Oxford: Oxford University Press . pp. 12–13 . ISBN 0-19-286205-7 . ^ Cates, William Leist Readwin (1911). "Chronology" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 6 (11th ed.). pp. 305– 318. ^ Memidex/WordNet, "chronology," memidex.com Archived 2019-12-15 at the Wayback Machine (accessed September 25, 2010). ^ Literally translated as "From the city having been founded". ^ Richards 2013, pp. 591-592. (Incomplete reference). ^ Greene, Kevin (November 2007). Archaeology : An Introduction . University of Newcastle Upon Tyne. Chapter 4. Archived from the original on 2005-03-29 . Retrieved 2008-01-04 . ^ Grafton, Anthony (1994). Joseph Scaliger: A Study in the History of Classical Scholarship . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ^ Kelley, David H. (2011). Exploring Ancient Skies: A Survey of Ancient and Cultural Astronomy . Springer. pp. 614 . ISBN 978-1441976239 . References Hegewisch, D. H., & Marsh, J. (1837). Introduction to historical chronology . Burlington [Vt.]: C. Goodrich. B. E. Tumanian, "Measurement of Time in Ancient and Medieval Armenia," Journal for the History of Astronomy 5, 1974, pp. 91–98. Kazarian, K. A., "History of Chronology by B. E. Tumanian," Journal for the History of Astronomy, 4, 1973, p. 137 Porter, T. M., "The Dynamics of Progress: Time, Method, and Measure". The American Historical Review, 1991. Further reading Published in the 18th–19th centuries Weeks, J. E. (1701). The gentleman's hour glass; or, An introduction to chronology; being a plain and compendious analysis of time. Dublin: James Hoey. Hodgson, J., Hinton, J., & Wallis, J. (1747). An introduction to chronology:: containing an account of time; also of the most remarkable cycles, epoch's, era's, periods, and moveable feasts. To which is added, a brief account of the several methods proposed for the alteration of the style, the reforming the calendar, and fixing the true time of the celebration of Easter . London: Printed for J. Hinton, at the King's Arms in St Paul's Church-yard. Smith, T. (1818). An introduction to chronology. New York: Samuel Wood. Published in the 20th century Keller, H. R. (1934). The dictionary of dates . New York: The Macmillan company. Poole, R. L., & Poole, A. L. (1934). Studies in chronology and history. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Langer, W. L., & Gatzke, H. W. (1963). An encyclopedia of world history, ancient, medieval and modern, chronologically arranged . Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Momigliano, A. "Pagan and Christian historiography in the Fourth Century A.D." in A. Momigliano, ed., The conflict between paganism and Christianity in the Fourth Century, The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1963, pp. 79–99 Williams, N., & Storey, R. L. (1966). Chronology of the modern world: 1763 to the present time. London: Barrie & Rockliffe. Steinberg, S. H. (1967). Historical tables: 58 B.C.-A.D. 1965. London: Macmillan. Freeman-Grenville, G. S. P. (1975). Chronology of world history: a calendar of principal events from 3000 BC to AD 1973 . London: Collings. Neugebauer, O. (1975). A history of ancient mathematical astronomy Springer-Verlag. Bickerman, E. J. (1980). The chronology of the ancient world . London: Thames and Hudson. Whitrow, G. J. (1990). Time in history: views of time from prehistory to the present day . Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. Aitken, M. (1990). Science-based dating in archaeology . London: Thames and Hudson. Richards, E. G. (1998). Mapping time: the calendar and history . Oxford University Press. Published in the 21st century Koselleck, R. "Time and history." The practice of conceptual history: timing history, spacing concepts. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2002. Ronald H. Fritze; et al. (2004). "Chronologies, calendars, and lists of rulers" . Reference sources in history: an introductory guide (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. 4+ . ISBN 978-0-87436-883-3 . Olena V. Smyntyna (2009). "Chronology" . In H. James Birx (ed.). Encyclopedia of time: science, philosophy, theology, & culture . Sage. ISBN 978-1-4129-4164-8 . Daniel Rosenberg; Anthony Grafton (2009). Cartographies of time: a history of the timeline . New York: Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 9781568987637 . External links Dating the Past (archived 29 May 2005) Pragmatic Bayesians: a decade of integrating radiocarbon dates in chronological models (archived 5 April 2005) from the University of Sheffield at the Internet Archive . Accessed 2008-01-04. Open Library. Works related to chronology Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "General Chronology" . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. Chattopadhyay, Subhasis. Chronicity and Temporality: A Revisionary Hermeneutics of Time in Prabuddha Bharata or Awakened India 120 (10):606–609 (2015). 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Time v t e Key concepts Past Present Future Eternity Past Present Future Eternity Measurement and standards Chronometry UTC Universal Time TAI Unit of time Orders of magnitude (time) Measurement systems Italian six-hour clock Thai six-hour clock 12-hour clock 24-hour clock Relative hour Daylight saving time Chinese Decimal Hexadecimal Hindu Jain Metric Roman Sidereal Solar Time zone Calendars Main types Solar Lunar Lunisolar Gregorian Julian Hebrew Islamic Solar Hijri Chinese Hindu Panchang Maya List Clocks Main types astronomical astrarium atomic quantum hourglass marine sundial watch 24-hour wristwatch mechanical stopwatch water-based Cuckoo clock Digital clock Grandfather clock History Timeline Chronometry UTC Universal Time TAI Unit of time Orders of magnitude (time) UTC Universal Time TAI Unit of time Orders of magnitude (time) Measurement systems Italian six-hour clock Thai six-hour clock 12-hour clock 24-hour clock Relative hour Daylight saving time Chinese Decimal Hexadecimal Hindu Jain Metric Roman Sidereal Solar Time zone Italian six-hour clock Thai six-hour clock 12-hour clock 24-hour clock Relative hour Daylight saving time Chinese Decimal Hexadecimal Hindu Jain Metric Roman Sidereal Solar Time zone Calendars Main types Solar Lunar Lunisolar Gregorian Julian Hebrew Islamic Solar Hijri Chinese Hindu Panchang Maya List Main types Solar Lunar Lunisolar Solar Lunar Lunisolar Gregorian Julian Hebrew Islamic Solar Hijri Chinese Hindu Panchang Maya List Clocks Main types astronomical astrarium atomic quantum hourglass marine sundial watch 24-hour wristwatch mechanical stopwatch water-based Cuckoo clock Digital clock Grandfather clock History Timeline Main types astronomical astrarium atomic quantum hourglass marine sundial watch 24-hour wristwatch mechanical stopwatch water-based astronomical astrarium astrarium atomic quantum quantum hourglass marine sundial watch 24-hour wristwatch mechanical stopwatch 24-hour wristwatch mechanical stopwatch water-based Cuckoo clock Digital clock Grandfather clock History Timeline Timeline Chronology History Chronology History Astronomical chronology Big History Calendar era Deep time Periodization Regnal year Timeline Astronomical chronology Big History Calendar era Deep time Periodization Regnal year Timeline Philosophy of time A series and B series B-theory of time Chronocentrism Duration Endurantism Eternal return Eternalism Event Moving spotlight theory Perdurantism Presentism Temporal finitism Temporal parts The Unreality of Time A series and B series B-theory of time Chronocentrism Duration Endurantism Eternal return Eternalism Event Moving spotlight theory Perdurantism Presentism Temporal finitism Temporal parts The Unreality of Time Religion Mythology Religion Mythology Ages of Man Destiny Immortality Dreamtime Kāla Time and fate deities Father Time Wheel of time Kalachakra Ages of Man Destiny Immortality Dreamtime Kāla Time and fate deities Father Time Father Time Wheel of time Kalachakra Kalachakra Human experience and use of time Chronemics Generation time Mental chronometry Music tempo time signature Rosy retrospection Tense–aspect–mood Time management Yesterday – Today – Tomorrow Chronemics Generation time Mental chronometry Music tempo time signature tempo time signature Rosy retrospection Tense–aspect–mood Time management Yesterday – Today – Tomorrow Time in science Geology Geological time age chron eon epoch era period Geochronology Geological history of Earth Physics Absolute space and time Arrow of time Chronon Coordinate time Instant Proper time Spacetime Theory of relativity Time domain Time translation symmetry Time reversal symmetry Other fields Chronological dating Chronobiology Circadian rhythms Clock reaction Glottochronology Time geography Geology Geological time age chron eon epoch era period Geochronology Geological history of Earth Geological time age chron eon epoch era period age chron eon epoch era period Geochronology Geological history of Earth Physics Absolute space and time Arrow of time Chronon Coordinate time Instant Proper time Spacetime Theory of relativity Time domain Time translation symmetry Time reversal symmetry Absolute space and time Arrow of time Chronon Coordinate time Instant Proper time Spacetime Theory of relativity Time domain Time translation symmetry Time reversal symmetry Other fields Chronological dating Chronobiology Circadian rhythms Clock reaction Glottochronology Time geography Chronological dating Chronobiology Circadian rhythms Circadian rhythms Clock reaction Glottochronology Time geography Related Leap year Memory Moment Six-hour day Space System time Tempus fugit Time capsule Time immemorial Time travel Time value of money Leap year Memory Moment Six-hour day Space System time Tempus fugit Time capsule Time immemorial Time travel Time value of money Category Commons Category Commons v t e Chronology v t e Key topics Archaeology Astronomy Geology History Big History Paleontology Time Archaeology Astronomy Geology History Big History Big History Paleontology Time Periods Eras Epochs Periods Eras Epochs Calendar eras Human Era Ab urbe condita Anno Domini / Common Era Anno Mundi Bosporan era Bostran era Byzantine era Seleucid era Era of Caesar (Iberia) Before Present Hijri Egyptian Sothic cycle Hindu units of time ( Yuga ) Jain units of time ( Avasarpiṇī ) Mesoamerican Long Count Short Count Tzolkʼin Haabʼ Regnal year Anka year Canon of Kings English and British regnal year Lists of kings Limmu Era names Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese Calendar eras Human Era Ab urbe condita Anno Domini / Common Era Anno Mundi Bosporan era Bostran era Byzantine era Seleucid era Era of Caesar (Iberia) Before Present Hijri Egyptian Sothic cycle Hindu units of time ( Yuga ) Jain units of time ( Avasarpiṇī ) Mesoamerican Long Count Short Count Tzolkʼin Haabʼ Human Era Ab urbe condita Anno Domini / Common Era Anno Mundi Bosporan era Bostran era Byzantine era Seleucid era Era of Caesar (Iberia) Before Present Hijri Egyptian Sothic cycle Hindu units of time ( Yuga ) Jain units of time ( Avasarpiṇī ) Mesoamerican Long Count Short Count Tzolkʼin Haabʼ Long Count Short Count Tzolkʼin Haabʼ Regnal year Anka year Canon of Kings English and British regnal year Lists of kings Limmu Anka year Canon of Kings English and British regnal year Lists of kings Limmu Era names Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese Calendars Pre-Julian / Julian Pre-Julian Roman Original Julian Proleptic Julian Revised Julian Gregorian Gregorian Proleptic Gregorian Old Style and New Style dates Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Dual dating Astronomical Lunisolar ( Hebrew , Hindu ) Solar Lunar ( Islamic ) Astronomical year numbering Others Chinese sexagenary cycle Geologic Calendar Iranian ISO week date Mesoamerican Maya Aztec Winter count New Earth Time Pre-Julian / Julian Pre-Julian Roman Original Julian Proleptic Julian Revised Julian Pre-Julian Roman Original Julian Proleptic Julian Revised Julian Gregorian Gregorian Proleptic Gregorian Old Style and New Style dates Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Dual dating Gregorian Proleptic Gregorian Old Style and New Style dates Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Dual dating Astronomical Lunisolar ( Hebrew , Hindu ) Solar Lunar ( Islamic ) Astronomical year numbering Lunisolar ( Hebrew , Hindu ) Solar Lunar ( Islamic ) Astronomical year numbering Others Chinese sexagenary cycle Geologic Calendar Iranian ISO week date Mesoamerican Maya Aztec Winter count New Earth Time Chinese sexagenary cycle Geologic Calendar Iranian ISO week date Mesoamerican Maya Aztec Maya Aztec Winter count New Earth Time Astronomic time Cosmic Calendar Ephemeris Galactic year Metonic cycle Milankovitch cycles Cosmic Calendar Ephemeris Galactic year Metonic cycle Milankovitch cycles Geologic time Concepts Deep time Geological history of Earth Geological time units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope geochemistry Law of superposition Luminescence dating Samarium–neodymium dating Concepts Deep time Geological history of Earth Geological time units Deep time Geological history of Earth Geological time units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope geochemistry Law of superposition Luminescence dating Samarium–neodymium dating Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope geochemistry Law of superposition Luminescence dating Samarium–neodymium dating Chronological dating Absolute dating Amino acid racemisation Archaeomagnetic dating Dendrochronology Ice core Incremental dating Lichenometry Paleomagnetism Radiometric dating Lead–lead Potassium–argon Radiocarbon Uranium–lead Tephrochronology Luminescence dating Thermoluminescence dating Relative dating Fluorine absorption Nitrogen dating Obsidian hydration Seriation Stratigraphy Absolute dating Amino acid racemisation Archaeomagnetic dating Dendrochronology Ice core Incremental dating Lichenometry Paleomagnetism Radiometric dating Lead–lead Potassium–argon Radiocarbon Uranium–lead Tephrochronology Luminescence dating Thermoluminescence dating Amino acid racemisation Archaeomagnetic dating Dendrochronology Ice core Incremental dating Lichenometry Paleomagnetism Radiometric dating Lead–lead Potassium–argon Radiocarbon Uranium–lead Lead–lead Potassium–argon Radiocarbon Uranium–lead Tephrochronology Luminescence dating Thermoluminescence dating Relative dating Fluorine absorption Nitrogen dating Obsidian hydration Seriation Stratigraphy Fluorine absorption Nitrogen dating Obsidian hydration Seriation Stratigraphy Genetic methods Molecular clock Molecular clock Linguistic methods Glottochronology Glottochronology Related topics Chronicle New Chronology Synchronoptic view Timeline Year zero Floruit Terminus post quem ASPRO chronology Chronicle New Chronology Synchronoptic view Timeline Year zero Floruit Terminus post quem ASPRO chronology v t e Historiography v t e Historians list / by area of study History historians historicity history theories of history Historians list / by area of study list / by area of study History historians historicity history theories of history Historical sources Types Primary sources Secondary sources Tertiary sources Sources Annals Archives Artifacts Archaeological site Chronicles Codices Deeds Facsimiles Features Hieroglyphs Historical documents Logbooks Manuscripts Cartulary Illuminated Rotulus Oral tradition Palimpsest Papyri Religious texts Scrolls War diaries Service records Historical sources Types Primary sources Secondary sources Tertiary sources Sources Annals Archives Artifacts Archaeological site Chronicles Codices Deeds Facsimiles Features Hieroglyphs Historical documents Logbooks Manuscripts Cartulary Illuminated Rotulus Oral tradition Palimpsest Papyri Religious texts Scrolls War diaries Service records Types Primary sources Secondary sources Tertiary sources Primary sources Secondary sources Tertiary sources Sources Annals Archives Artifacts Archaeological site Chronicles Codices Deeds Facsimiles Features Hieroglyphs Historical documents Logbooks Manuscripts Cartulary Illuminated Rotulus Oral tradition Palimpsest Papyri Religious texts Scrolls War diaries Service records Annals Archives Artifacts Archaeological site Chronicles Codices Deeds Facsimiles Features Hieroglyphs Historical documents Logbooks Manuscripts Cartulary Illuminated Rotulus Cartulary Illuminated Rotulus Oral tradition Palimpsest Papyri Religious texts Scrolls War diaries Service records Service records Fields of study By scale Big History World history Human history Local history Microhistory By source Archival science / Library and information science ( template ) Books / Writing systems Chorography Chronology dating Diplomatics Encyclopaedistics Epigraphy Genealogy Heraldry Numismatics (Money) Onomastics Oral history preservation Phaleristics Philology Postage stamps Prosopography Sigillography Toponymy Vexillology By topic Anthropology / Paleoanthropology Cultural Ecology / Environment / Geography Economic Business Capitalism Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought Thought Intellectual Geistesgeschichte Linguistics Maritime Medieval churches Military Political Constitutional Diplomatic Social Feminism Gender Indigenous Labour LGBTQ Rural Quantitative Urban Women Fields of study By scale Big History World history Human history Local history Microhistory By source Archival science / Library and information science ( template ) Books / Writing systems Chorography Chronology dating Diplomatics Encyclopaedistics Epigraphy Genealogy Heraldry Numismatics (Money) Onomastics Oral history preservation Phaleristics Philology Postage stamps Prosopography Sigillography Toponymy Vexillology By topic Anthropology / Paleoanthropology Cultural Ecology / Environment / Geography Economic Business Capitalism Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought Thought Intellectual Geistesgeschichte Linguistics Maritime Medieval churches Military Political Constitutional Diplomatic Social Feminism Gender Indigenous Labour LGBTQ Rural Quantitative Urban Women By scale Big History World history Human history Local history Microhistory Big History World history Human history Human history Local history Microhistory By source Archival science / Library and information science ( template ) Books / Writing systems Chorography Chronology dating Diplomatics Encyclopaedistics Epigraphy Genealogy Heraldry Numismatics (Money) Onomastics Oral history preservation Phaleristics Philology Postage stamps Prosopography Sigillography Toponymy Vexillology Archival science / Library and information science ( template ) Books / Writing systems Chorography Chronology dating dating Diplomatics Encyclopaedistics Epigraphy Genealogy Heraldry Numismatics (Money) Onomastics Oral history preservation preservation Phaleristics Philology Postage stamps Prosopography Sigillography Toponymy Vexillology By topic Anthropology / Paleoanthropology Cultural Ecology / Environment / Geography Economic Business Capitalism Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought Thought Intellectual Geistesgeschichte Linguistics Maritime Medieval churches Military Political Constitutional Diplomatic Social Feminism Gender Indigenous Labour LGBTQ Rural Quantitative Urban Women Anthropology / Paleoanthropology Cultural Ecology / Environment / Geography Economic Business Capitalism Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought Thought Business Capitalism Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought Thought Intellectual Geistesgeschichte Geistesgeschichte Linguistics Maritime Medieval churches Military Political Constitutional Diplomatic Constitutional Diplomatic Social Feminism Gender Indigenous Labour LGBTQ Rural Quantitative Urban Women Feminism Gender Indigenous Labour LGBTQ Rural Quantitative Quantitative Urban Women Methodology Case study Periodization Historical eras Tarikh Three-age system Approaches, schools Annales school History of mentalities Nouvelle histoire Historiometry / Cliometrics Comparative historical research Critical Decoloniality Feminist Historical anthropology Historical determinism Historism Historical-critical method Humanistic Indiscipline of history [ pt ] Leninist Marxist Historical materialism Nationalist Ancestral civilisation Nationalization of history People's history Subaltern Studies Pop history Quantitative history Revisionist Transnational Whig Great Man theory Methodology Case study Periodization Historical eras Tarikh Three-age system Approaches, schools Annales school History of mentalities Nouvelle histoire Historiometry / Cliometrics Comparative historical research Critical Decoloniality Feminist Historical anthropology Historical determinism Historism Historical-critical method Humanistic Indiscipline of history [ pt ] Leninist Marxist Historical materialism Nationalist Ancestral civilisation Nationalization of history People's history Subaltern Studies Pop history Quantitative history Revisionist Transnational Whig Great Man theory Case study Periodization Historical eras Tarikh Three-age system Historical eras Tarikh Three-age system Approaches, schools Annales school History of mentalities Nouvelle histoire Historiometry / Cliometrics Comparative historical research Critical Decoloniality Feminist Historical anthropology Historical determinism Historism Historical-critical method Humanistic Indiscipline of history [ pt ] Leninist Marxist Historical materialism Nationalist Ancestral civilisation Nationalization of history People's history Subaltern Studies Pop history Quantitative history Revisionist Transnational Whig Great Man theory Annales school History of mentalities Nouvelle histoire History of mentalities Nouvelle histoire Historiometry / Cliometrics Comparative historical research Critical Decoloniality Decoloniality Feminist Historical anthropology Historical determinism Historism Historical-critical method Humanistic Indiscipline of history [ pt ] Leninist Marxist Historical materialism Historical materialism Nationalist Ancestral civilisation Nationalization of history Ancestral civilisation Nationalization of history People's history Subaltern Studies Subaltern Studies Pop history Quantitative history Revisionist Transnational Whig Great Man theory Great Man theory Concepts General Change and continuity Historic preservation Historical recurrence Historical significance Historicity Historiology [ es ] Theory of history [ de ] Philosophy Specific Black legend Coloniality and decolonization of knowledge Dark Ages Historical negationism Historian's fallacy / Presentism Invented tradition Modernisation theory Narratives Paradigm shift Pax list Thirty-year rule Transhistoricity Translatio imperii / Translatio studii Vaticinium ex eventu Periodization of modern history Age of Discovery Age of Enlightenment European Civil War / Second Thirty Years' War Long 18th / 19th century Renaissance Continuity thesis Concepts General Change and continuity Historic preservation Historical recurrence Historical significance Historicity Historiology [ es ] Theory of history [ de ] Philosophy Specific Black legend Coloniality and decolonization of knowledge Dark Ages Historical negationism Historian's fallacy / Presentism Invented tradition Modernisation theory Narratives Paradigm shift Pax list Thirty-year rule Transhistoricity Translatio imperii / Translatio studii Vaticinium ex eventu Periodization of modern history Age of Discovery Age of Enlightenment European Civil War / Second Thirty Years' War Long 18th / 19th century Renaissance Continuity thesis General Change and continuity Historic preservation Historical recurrence Historical significance Historicity Historiology [ es ] Theory of history [ de ] Philosophy Change and continuity Historic preservation Historical recurrence Historical significance Historicity Historiology [ es ] Theory of history [ de ] Theory of history [ de ] Philosophy Specific Black legend Coloniality and decolonization of knowledge Dark Ages Historical negationism Historian's fallacy / Presentism Invented tradition Modernisation theory Narratives Paradigm shift Pax list Thirty-year rule Transhistoricity Translatio imperii / Translatio studii Vaticinium ex eventu Periodization of modern history Age of Discovery Age of Enlightenment European Civil War / Second Thirty Years' War Long 18th / 19th century Renaissance Continuity thesis Black legend Coloniality and decolonization of knowledge Dark Ages Historical negationism Historian's fallacy / Presentism Invented tradition Modernisation theory Narratives Paradigm shift Pax list list Thirty-year rule Transhistoricity Translatio imperii / Translatio studii Vaticinium ex eventu Periodization of modern history Age of Discovery Age of Enlightenment European Civil War / Second Thirty Years' War Long 18th / 19th century Renaissance Continuity thesis Age of Discovery Age of Enlightenment European Civil War / Second Thirty Years' War Long 18th / 19th century Renaissance Continuity thesis Continuity thesis By country or region Africa African historiography Egypt Pyramid construction techniques Black Egypt Thesis [ es ] Ethiopia Morocco Greater Morocco Rwanda Double genocide theory Maafa Americas Canada Metropolitan-hinterland thesis Residential schools Staples thesis Indigenous population history Latin America Argentina May Revolution / Causes Revisionist [ es ] Peru Iquicha Royalism Colonial Spanish America Casta United States African-American history Nadir of American race relations Neoabolitionism Reconstruction era Consensus history Cyclical theory Frontier thesis Political history Eras Progressive-era historians Eurasia Albania Dealbanisation Austria Habsburg myth Balhae Belarus Bulgaria Byzantine Empire [ de ] Early [ ru ] Croatia Europe Ancient [ ru ] Medieval [ ru ] New Age [ ru ] Georgia Aryan Kartli Greek Ages of Man Iran 2,500-year celebration Japan Korea Nationalist Goguryeo controversies North Macedonia Philippines Early settlements Portugal [ pt ] Lusotropicalism Romania Great Union Serbia Kosovo Myth Sweden Götaland theory Switzerland Taiwan Ukraine Executed Renaissance Vietnam Nam tiến Trưng sisters Ancient Rome Catilinarian conspiracy Christianization Constantinian shift Expansion Fall of Western Rome Prosopography Succession Byzantine succession Moscow, third Rome Ottoman claim Problem of two emperors China 5000-year civilization assertion Archaeology Wunu School [ zh ] Century of humiliation Conquest dynasty "Chineseness" debate New Qing History Golden ages Hua–Yi distinction Four Barbarians Sinocentrism Self-Strengthening Movement Sprouts of capitalism Tibetan sovereignty debate France Cordon sanitaire Frankish Interregnum [ fr ] Grand Siècle Legendary Saracen [ fr ] Location of Alésia [ fr ] Lyon [ fr ] Historiography of Vichy France Germany Alltagsgeschichte Borussian myth Historikerstreit Sonderweg Strukturgeschichte [ de ] Sybel-Ficker controversy Vergangenheitsbewältigung India Greater Magadha Indocentrism Indigenous Aryanism Ireland Great Famine " More Irish than the Irish themselves " Revisionism Revolutionary period Italy Fascist Italy Fourth Italian War of Independence Historiae Patriae Monumenta Historical Series of the Bank of Italy Italians, the good people Rerum italicarum scriptores Revisionism of Risorgimento Southern question Neo-Bourbonism Poland Golden Liberty Sarmatism Deluge Partitions Polish People's Republic [ pl ] Russia Anti-Normanism Pre-Revolutionary Russia [ ru ] Skeptic School [ ru ] Soviet Union October Revolution Soviet famine of 1930–1933 Causes of the Holodomor Holodomor genocide question Holodomor in modern politics Spain Black legend / White legend Hispanism Carlism in the Francoist era Convivencia Inquisition Limpieza de sangre controversy [ es ] Reconquista Islamic revolution of Spain [ es ] Revisionist Colonies or Provinces Spanish decline [ es ] Ser de España [ es ] Turkey Kemalist Ottoman Empire Ghaza thesis Decline thesis United Kingdom Poor Laws Scotland Kingdom of Alba Westminster Stone Storm over the gentry Suffragette Campaign Tudor myth Ricardians Winter of Discontent British Empire Cambridge School Porter–MacKenzie debate Second colonial occupation Oceania Colonial Australia By country or region Africa African historiography Egypt Pyramid construction techniques Black Egypt Thesis [ es ] Ethiopia Morocco Greater Morocco Rwanda Double genocide theory Maafa Americas Canada Metropolitan-hinterland thesis Residential schools Staples thesis Indigenous population history Latin America Argentina May Revolution / Causes Revisionist [ es ] Peru Iquicha Royalism Colonial Spanish America Casta United States African-American history Nadir of American race relations Neoabolitionism Reconstruction era Consensus history Cyclical theory Frontier thesis Political history Eras Progressive-era historians Eurasia Albania Dealbanisation Austria Habsburg myth Balhae Belarus Bulgaria Byzantine Empire [ de ] Early [ ru ] Croatia Europe Ancient [ ru ] Medieval [ ru ] New Age [ ru ] Georgia Aryan Kartli Greek Ages of Man Iran 2,500-year celebration Japan Korea Nationalist Goguryeo controversies North Macedonia Philippines Early settlements Portugal [ pt ] Lusotropicalism Romania Great Union Serbia Kosovo Myth Sweden Götaland theory Switzerland Taiwan Ukraine Executed Renaissance Vietnam Nam tiến Trưng sisters Ancient Rome Catilinarian conspiracy Christianization Constantinian shift Expansion Fall of Western Rome Prosopography Succession Byzantine succession Moscow, third Rome Ottoman claim Problem of two emperors China 5000-year civilization assertion Archaeology Wunu School [ zh ] Century of humiliation Conquest dynasty "Chineseness" debate New Qing History Golden ages Hua–Yi distinction Four Barbarians Sinocentrism Self-Strengthening Movement Sprouts of capitalism Tibetan sovereignty debate France Cordon sanitaire Frankish Interregnum [ fr ] Grand Siècle Legendary Saracen [ fr ] Location of Alésia [ fr ] Lyon [ fr ] Historiography of Vichy France Germany Alltagsgeschichte Borussian myth Historikerstreit Sonderweg Strukturgeschichte [ de ] Sybel-Ficker controversy Vergangenheitsbewältigung India Greater Magadha Indocentrism Indigenous Aryanism Ireland Great Famine " More Irish than the Irish themselves " Revisionism Revolutionary period Italy Fascist Italy Fourth Italian War of Independence Historiae Patriae Monumenta Historical Series of the Bank of Italy Italians, the good people Rerum italicarum scriptores Revisionism of Risorgimento Southern question Neo-Bourbonism Poland Golden Liberty Sarmatism Deluge Partitions Polish People's Republic [ pl ] Russia Anti-Normanism Pre-Revolutionary Russia [ ru ] Skeptic School [ ru ] Soviet Union October Revolution Soviet famine of 1930–1933 Causes of the Holodomor Holodomor genocide question Holodomor in modern politics Spain Black legend / White legend Hispanism Carlism in the Francoist era Convivencia Inquisition Limpieza de sangre controversy [ es ] Reconquista Islamic revolution of Spain [ es ] Revisionist Colonies or Provinces Spanish decline [ es ] Ser de España [ es ] Turkey Kemalist Ottoman Empire Ghaza thesis Decline thesis United Kingdom Poor Laws Scotland Kingdom of Alba Westminster Stone Storm over the gentry Suffragette Campaign Tudor myth Ricardians Winter of Discontent British Empire Cambridge School Porter–MacKenzie debate Second colonial occupation Oceania Colonial Australia Africa African historiography Egypt Pyramid construction techniques Black Egypt Thesis [ es ] Ethiopia Morocco Greater Morocco Rwanda Double genocide theory Maafa African historiography Egypt Pyramid construction techniques Black Egypt Thesis [ es ] Pyramid construction techniques Black Egypt Thesis [ es ] Ethiopia Morocco Greater Morocco Greater Morocco Rwanda Double genocide theory Double genocide theory Maafa Americas Canada Metropolitan-hinterland thesis Residential schools Staples thesis Indigenous population history Latin America Argentina May Revolution / Causes Revisionist [ es ] Peru Iquicha Royalism Colonial Spanish America Casta United States African-American history Nadir of American race relations Neoabolitionism Reconstruction era Consensus history Cyclical theory Frontier thesis Political history Eras Progressive-era historians Canada Metropolitan-hinterland thesis Residential schools Staples thesis Metropolitan-hinterland thesis Residential schools Staples thesis Indigenous population history Latin America Argentina May Revolution / Causes Revisionist [ es ] Peru Iquicha Royalism Colonial Spanish America Casta Argentina May Revolution / Causes Revisionist [ es ] May Revolution / Causes Revisionist [ es ] Peru Iquicha Royalism Iquicha Royalism Colonial Spanish America Casta Casta United States African-American history Nadir of American race relations Neoabolitionism Reconstruction era Consensus history Cyclical theory Frontier thesis Political history Eras Progressive-era historians African-American history Nadir of American race relations Neoabolitionism Reconstruction era Nadir of American race relations Neoabolitionism Reconstruction era Consensus history Cyclical theory Frontier thesis Political history Eras Eras Progressive-era historians Eurasia Albania Dealbanisation Austria Habsburg myth Balhae Belarus Bulgaria Byzantine Empire [ de ] Early [ ru ] Croatia Europe Ancient [ ru ] Medieval [ ru ] New Age [ ru ] Georgia Aryan Kartli Greek Ages of Man Iran 2,500-year celebration Japan Korea Nationalist Goguryeo controversies North Macedonia Philippines Early settlements Portugal [ pt ] Lusotropicalism Romania Great Union Serbia Kosovo Myth Sweden Götaland theory Switzerland Taiwan Ukraine Executed Renaissance Vietnam Nam tiến Trưng sisters Ancient Rome Catilinarian conspiracy Christianization Constantinian shift Expansion Fall of Western Rome Prosopography Succession Byzantine succession Moscow, third Rome Ottoman claim Problem of two emperors China 5000-year civilization assertion Archaeology Wunu School [ zh ] Century of humiliation Conquest dynasty "Chineseness" debate New Qing History Golden ages Hua–Yi distinction Four Barbarians Sinocentrism Self-Strengthening Movement Sprouts of capitalism Tibetan sovereignty debate France Cordon sanitaire Frankish Interregnum [ fr ] Grand Siècle Legendary Saracen [ fr ] Location of Alésia [ fr ] Lyon [ fr ] Historiography of Vichy France Germany Alltagsgeschichte Borussian myth Historikerstreit Sonderweg Strukturgeschichte [ de ] Sybel-Ficker controversy Vergangenheitsbewältigung India Greater Magadha Indocentrism Indigenous Aryanism Ireland Great Famine " More Irish than the Irish themselves " Revisionism Revolutionary period Italy Fascist Italy Fourth Italian War of Independence Historiae Patriae Monumenta Historical Series of the Bank of Italy Italians, the good people Rerum italicarum scriptores Revisionism of Risorgimento Southern question Neo-Bourbonism Poland Golden Liberty Sarmatism Deluge Partitions Polish People's Republic [ pl ] Russia Anti-Normanism Pre-Revolutionary Russia [ ru ] Skeptic School [ ru ] Soviet Union October Revolution Soviet famine of 1930–1933 Causes of the Holodomor Holodomor genocide question Holodomor in modern politics Spain Black legend / White legend Hispanism Carlism in the Francoist era Convivencia Inquisition Limpieza de sangre controversy [ es ] Reconquista Islamic revolution of Spain [ es ] Revisionist Colonies or Provinces Spanish decline [ es ] Ser de España [ es ] Turkey Kemalist Ottoman Empire Ghaza thesis Decline thesis United Kingdom Poor Laws Scotland Kingdom of Alba Westminster Stone Storm over the gentry Suffragette Campaign Tudor myth Ricardians Winter of Discontent British Empire Cambridge School Porter–MacKenzie debate Second colonial occupation Albania Dealbanisation Dealbanisation Austria Habsburg myth Habsburg myth Balhae Belarus Bulgaria Byzantine Empire [ de ] Early [ ru ] Early [ ru ] Croatia Europe Ancient [ ru ] Medieval [ ru ] New Age [ ru ] Ancient [ ru ] Medieval [ ru ] New Age [ ru ] Georgia Aryan Kartli Aryan Kartli Greek Ages of Man Ages of Man Iran 2,500-year celebration 2,500-year celebration Japan Korea Nationalist Goguryeo controversies Nationalist Goguryeo controversies North Macedonia Philippines Early settlements Early settlements Portugal [ pt ] Lusotropicalism Lusotropicalism Romania Great Union Great Union Serbia Kosovo Myth Kosovo Myth Sweden Götaland theory Götaland theory Switzerland Taiwan Ukraine Executed Renaissance Executed Renaissance Vietnam Nam tiến Trưng sisters Nam tiến Trưng sisters Ancient Rome Catilinarian conspiracy Christianization Constantinian shift Expansion Fall of Western Rome Prosopography Succession Byzantine succession Moscow, third Rome Ottoman claim Problem of two emperors Catilinarian conspiracy Christianization Constantinian shift Constantinian shift Expansion Fall of Western Rome Prosopography Succession Byzantine succession Moscow, third Rome Ottoman claim Problem of two emperors Byzantine succession Moscow, third Rome Ottoman claim Problem of two emperors China 5000-year civilization assertion Archaeology Wunu School [ zh ] Century of humiliation Conquest dynasty "Chineseness" debate New Qing History Golden ages Hua–Yi distinction Four Barbarians Sinocentrism Self-Strengthening Movement Sprouts of capitalism Tibetan sovereignty debate 5000-year civilization assertion Archaeology Wunu School [ zh ] Century of humiliation Conquest dynasty "Chineseness" debate "Chineseness" debate New Qing History Golden ages Hua–Yi distinction Four Barbarians Sinocentrism Four Barbarians Sinocentrism Self-Strengthening Movement Sprouts of capitalism Tibetan sovereignty debate France Cordon sanitaire Frankish Interregnum [ fr ] Grand Siècle Legendary Saracen [ fr ] Location of Alésia [ fr ] Lyon [ fr ] Historiography of Vichy France Cordon sanitaire Frankish Interregnum [ fr ] Grand Siècle Legendary Saracen [ fr ] Location of Alésia [ fr ] Lyon [ fr ] Historiography of Vichy France Germany Alltagsgeschichte Borussian myth Historikerstreit Sonderweg Strukturgeschichte [ de ] Sybel-Ficker controversy Vergangenheitsbewältigung Alltagsgeschichte Borussian myth Historikerstreit Sonderweg Strukturgeschichte [ de ] Sybel-Ficker controversy Vergangenheitsbewältigung India Greater Magadha Indocentrism Indigenous Aryanism Greater Magadha Indocentrism Indigenous Aryanism Ireland Great Famine " More Irish than the Irish themselves " Revisionism Revolutionary period Great Famine " More Irish than the Irish themselves " Revisionism Revolutionary period Italy Fascist Italy Fourth Italian War of Independence Historiae Patriae Monumenta Historical Series of the Bank of Italy Italians, the good people Rerum italicarum scriptores Revisionism of Risorgimento Southern question Neo-Bourbonism Fascist Italy Fourth Italian War of Independence Historiae Patriae Monumenta Historical Series of the Bank of Italy Italians, the good people Rerum italicarum scriptores Revisionism of Risorgimento Southern question Neo-Bourbonism Neo-Bourbonism Poland Golden Liberty Sarmatism Deluge Partitions Polish People's Republic [ pl ] Golden Liberty Sarmatism Deluge Partitions Polish People's Republic [ pl ] Russia Anti-Normanism Pre-Revolutionary Russia [ ru ] Skeptic School [ ru ] Soviet Union October Revolution Soviet famine of 1930–1933 Causes of the Holodomor Holodomor genocide question Holodomor in modern politics Anti-Normanism Pre-Revolutionary Russia [ ru ] Skeptic School [ ru ] Skeptic School [ ru ] Soviet Union October Revolution October Revolution Soviet famine of 1930–1933 Causes of the Holodomor Holodomor genocide question Holodomor in modern politics Causes of the Holodomor Holodomor genocide question Holodomor in modern politics Spain Black legend / White legend Hispanism Carlism in the Francoist era Convivencia Inquisition Limpieza de sangre controversy [ es ] Reconquista Islamic revolution of Spain [ es ] Revisionist Colonies or Provinces Spanish decline [ es ] Ser de España [ es ] Black legend / White legend Hispanism Carlism in the Francoist era Convivencia Inquisition Limpieza de sangre controversy [ es ] Reconquista Islamic revolution of Spain [ es ] Islamic revolution of Spain [ es ] Revisionist Colonies or Provinces Spanish decline [ es ] Ser de España [ es ] Turkey Kemalist Ottoman Empire Ghaza thesis Decline thesis Kemalist Ottoman Empire Ghaza thesis Decline thesis Ghaza thesis Decline thesis United Kingdom Poor Laws Scotland Kingdom of Alba Westminster Stone Storm over the gentry Suffragette Campaign Tudor myth Ricardians Winter of Discontent British Empire Cambridge School Porter–MacKenzie debate Second colonial occupation Poor Laws Scotland Kingdom of Alba Westminster Stone Kingdom of Alba Westminster Stone Storm over the gentry Suffragette Campaign Tudor myth Ricardians Ricardians Winter of Discontent British Empire Cambridge School Porter–MacKenzie debate Second colonial occupation Cambridge School Porter–MacKenzie debate Second colonial occupation Oceania Colonial Australia Colonial Australia By war, conflict v t e Military historiography Military history List of military museums Pre-18th century conflicts Albigensian Crusade Catharism debate Crusades Islamic views Eighty Years' War Origins Fall of Babylon Gallic Wars Late Bronze Age collapse Dorian invasion Sea Peoples Peloponnesian War 18th and 19th century conflicts Coalition Wars (1792–1815) French Revolution Causes War in the Vendée Napoleonic era Invasion of Russia Waterloo American Civil War Origins Turning point Franco-Prussian War Causes Paris Commune Great Game Indian Rebellion of 1857 Causes Paraguayan War War of 1812 Origins War of the Pacific Causes World War I Causes ( Color books / Fischer thesis ) Late Ottoman genocides ( Causes of the Armenian genocide ) Patriotic consent Persian famine of 1917–1919 Powder keg of Europe Schlieffen Plan Spirit of 1914 / 1917 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk , Germany imposed this on Russia in 1918 Treaty of Versailles Reparations War guilt question Article 231 Reichstag inquiry Interwar period Burning of Smyrna Polish–Soviet War Causes Spanish Civil War Background World War II Causes "Blitzkrieg" concept Broad vs. narrow front German resistance to Nazism Nazi foreign policy debate Eastern Front Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact Soviet offensive plans Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia Winter War Background Spirit The Holocaust Auschwitz bombing debate Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe Functionalism–intentionalism debate In relation to the Armenian genocide / Nakba Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust Pius Wars "Polish death camp" Responsibility Slovakia Uniqueness Pacific War Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki "Battle for Australia" Bengal famine Second Sino-Japanese War Nanjing Massacre Western Front Battle of France Guilty Men Résistancialisme Vichy France Cold War Origins 1948 Palestine war Palestinian expulsion and flight / Ongoing Nakba Zionism as settler colonialism New Historians Malayan Emergency Causes Algerian War Six-Day War Origins Iranian revolution Causes Iran–Iraq War Falklands War Sovereignty dispute Sri Lankan civil war Origins Post-Cold War Russo-Georgian War Background Responsibility Syrian revolution Causes Related Conflict thesis Gunpowder and gun transmission War and genocide Category By war, conflict v t e Military historiography Military history List of military museums Pre-18th century conflicts Albigensian Crusade Catharism debate Crusades Islamic views Eighty Years' War Origins Fall of Babylon Gallic Wars Late Bronze Age collapse Dorian invasion Sea Peoples Peloponnesian War 18th and 19th century conflicts Coalition Wars (1792–1815) French Revolution Causes War in the Vendée Napoleonic era Invasion of Russia Waterloo American Civil War Origins Turning point Franco-Prussian War Causes Paris Commune Great Game Indian Rebellion of 1857 Causes Paraguayan War War of 1812 Origins War of the Pacific Causes World War I Causes ( Color books / Fischer thesis ) Late Ottoman genocides ( Causes of the Armenian genocide ) Patriotic consent Persian famine of 1917–1919 Powder keg of Europe Schlieffen Plan Spirit of 1914 / 1917 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk , Germany imposed this on Russia in 1918 Treaty of Versailles Reparations War guilt question Article 231 Reichstag inquiry Interwar period Burning of Smyrna Polish–Soviet War Causes Spanish Civil War Background World War II Causes "Blitzkrieg" concept Broad vs. narrow front German resistance to Nazism Nazi foreign policy debate Eastern Front Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact Soviet offensive plans Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia Winter War Background Spirit The Holocaust Auschwitz bombing debate Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe Functionalism–intentionalism debate In relation to the Armenian genocide / Nakba Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust Pius Wars "Polish death camp" Responsibility Slovakia Uniqueness Pacific War Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki "Battle for Australia" Bengal famine Second Sino-Japanese War Nanjing Massacre Western Front Battle of France Guilty Men Résistancialisme Vichy France Cold War Origins 1948 Palestine war Palestinian expulsion and flight / Ongoing Nakba Zionism as settler colonialism New Historians Malayan Emergency Causes Algerian War Six-Day War Origins Iranian revolution Causes Iran–Iraq War Falklands War Sovereignty dispute Sri Lankan civil war Origins Post-Cold War Russo-Georgian War Background Responsibility Syrian revolution Causes Related Conflict thesis Gunpowder and gun transmission War and genocide Category v t e Military historiography v t e Military history List of military museums Military history List of military museums Pre-18th century conflicts Albigensian Crusade Catharism debate Crusades Islamic views Eighty Years' War Origins Fall of Babylon Gallic Wars Late Bronze Age collapse Dorian invasion Sea Peoples Peloponnesian War Albigensian Crusade Catharism debate Catharism debate Crusades Islamic views Islamic views Eighty Years' War Origins Origins Fall of Babylon Gallic Wars Late Bronze Age collapse Dorian invasion Sea Peoples Dorian invasion Sea Peoples Peloponnesian War 18th and 19th century conflicts Coalition Wars (1792–1815) French Revolution Causes War in the Vendée Napoleonic era Invasion of Russia Waterloo American Civil War Origins Turning point Franco-Prussian War Causes Paris Commune Great Game Indian Rebellion of 1857 Causes Paraguayan War War of 1812 Origins War of the Pacific Causes Coalition Wars (1792–1815) French Revolution Causes War in the Vendée Napoleonic era Invasion of Russia Waterloo French Revolution Causes Causes War in the Vendée Napoleonic era Invasion of Russia Waterloo Invasion of Russia Waterloo American Civil War Origins Turning point Origins Turning point Franco-Prussian War Causes Paris Commune Causes Paris Commune Great Game Indian Rebellion of 1857 Causes Causes Paraguayan War War of 1812 Origins Origins War of the Pacific Causes Causes World War I Causes ( Color books / Fischer thesis ) Late Ottoman genocides ( Causes of the Armenian genocide ) Patriotic consent Persian famine of 1917–1919 Powder keg of Europe Schlieffen Plan Spirit of 1914 / 1917 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk , Germany imposed this on Russia in 1918 Treaty of Versailles Reparations War guilt question Article 231 Reichstag inquiry Causes ( Color books / Fischer thesis ) Late Ottoman genocides ( Causes of the Armenian genocide ) Patriotic consent Persian famine of 1917–1919 Powder keg of Europe Schlieffen Plan Spirit of 1914 / 1917 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk , Germany imposed this on Russia in 1918 Treaty of Versailles Reparations War guilt question Article 231 Reichstag inquiry Reparations War guilt question Article 231 Reichstag inquiry Article 231 Reichstag inquiry Interwar period Burning of Smyrna Polish–Soviet War Causes Spanish Civil War Background Burning of Smyrna Polish–Soviet War Causes Causes Spanish Civil War Background Background World War II Causes "Blitzkrieg" concept Broad vs. narrow front German resistance to Nazism Nazi foreign policy debate Eastern Front Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact Soviet offensive plans Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia Winter War Background Spirit The Holocaust Auschwitz bombing debate Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe Functionalism–intentionalism debate In relation to the Armenian genocide / Nakba Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust Pius Wars "Polish death camp" Responsibility Slovakia Uniqueness Pacific War Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki "Battle for Australia" Bengal famine Second Sino-Japanese War Nanjing Massacre Western Front Battle of France Guilty Men Résistancialisme Vichy France Causes "Blitzkrieg" concept Broad vs. narrow front German resistance to Nazism Nazi foreign policy debate Eastern Front Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact Soviet offensive plans Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia Winter War Background Spirit Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact Soviet offensive plans Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia Winter War Background Spirit Background Spirit The Holocaust Auschwitz bombing debate Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe Functionalism–intentionalism debate In relation to the Armenian genocide / Nakba Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust Pius Wars "Polish death camp" Responsibility Slovakia Uniqueness Auschwitz bombing debate Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe Functionalism–intentionalism debate In relation to the Armenian genocide / Nakba Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust Pius Wars Pius Wars "Polish death camp" Responsibility Slovakia Uniqueness Pacific War Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki "Battle for Australia" Bengal famine Second Sino-Japanese War Nanjing Massacre Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki "Battle for Australia" Bengal famine Second Sino-Japanese War Nanjing Massacre Nanjing Massacre Western Front Battle of France Guilty Men Résistancialisme Vichy France Battle of France Guilty Men Résistancialisme Vichy France Cold War Origins 1948 Palestine war Palestinian expulsion and flight / Ongoing Nakba Zionism as settler colonialism New Historians Malayan Emergency Causes Algerian War Six-Day War Origins Iranian revolution Causes Iran–Iraq War Falklands War Sovereignty dispute Sri Lankan civil war Origins Origins 1948 Palestine war Palestinian expulsion and flight / Ongoing Nakba Zionism as settler colonialism New Historians Palestinian expulsion and flight / Ongoing Nakba Zionism as settler colonialism New Historians Malayan Emergency Causes Causes Algerian War Six-Day War Origins Origins Iranian revolution Causes Causes Iran–Iraq War Falklands War Sovereignty dispute Sovereignty dispute Sri Lankan civil war Origins Origins Post-Cold War Russo-Georgian War Background Responsibility Syrian revolution Causes Russo-Georgian War Background Responsibility Background Responsibility Syrian revolution Causes Causes Related Conflict thesis Gunpowder and gun transmission War and genocide Conflict thesis Gunpowder and gun transmission War and genocide Category Category By person Political leaders Adolf Hitler Alexander the Great Amin al-Husseini Aurangzeb Cato the Younger Che Guevara Chiang Ching-kuo [ zh ] Chiang Kai Shek [ zh ] Constantine the Great Gregory Palamas Horatio Nelson Hypatia Jiang Zemin [ zh ] Joseph Stalin [ ru ] José de San Martín Juan Manuel de Rosas Klemens von Metternich Leonid Brezhnev Louis Riel Mao Zedong [ zh ] Muammar Gaddafi Napoleon Neville Chamberlain Pedro II of Brazil Simon Bolivar Cult of personality [ es ] Bolivarianism Saladin Sun Yat-sen [ zh ] Thomas Aquinas Thomas Jefferson Ulysses S. Grant Warren G. Harding Yuan Shikai [ zh ] Zhou Enlai [ zh ] Zhuge Liang [ zh ] Historical rankings Australia Canada Modern Germany Netherlands United Kingdom United States Others The Beatles Charles Darwin Friedrich Nietzsche H. P. Lovecraft Jane Austen Muhammed Historicity Judaism Medieval Christian Jesus Historicity Resurrection Religious perspectives Christianity Judaism Islam J. R. R. Tolkien The Lord of the Rings Madonna Robert Falcon Scott Socrates Søren Kierkegaard William Shakespeare By person Political leaders Adolf Hitler Alexander the Great Amin al-Husseini Aurangzeb Cato the Younger Che Guevara Chiang Ching-kuo [ zh ] Chiang Kai Shek [ zh ] Constantine the Great Gregory Palamas Horatio Nelson Hypatia Jiang Zemin [ zh ] Joseph Stalin [ ru ] José de San Martín Juan Manuel de Rosas Klemens von Metternich Leonid Brezhnev Louis Riel Mao Zedong [ zh ] Muammar Gaddafi Napoleon Neville Chamberlain Pedro II of Brazil Simon Bolivar Cult of personality [ es ] Bolivarianism Saladin Sun Yat-sen [ zh ] Thomas Aquinas Thomas Jefferson Ulysses S. Grant Warren G. Harding Yuan Shikai [ zh ] Zhou Enlai [ zh ] Zhuge Liang [ zh ] Historical rankings Australia Canada Modern Germany Netherlands United Kingdom United States Others The Beatles Charles Darwin Friedrich Nietzsche H. P. Lovecraft Jane Austen Muhammed Historicity Judaism Medieval Christian Jesus Historicity Resurrection Religious perspectives Christianity Judaism Islam J. R. R. Tolkien The Lord of the Rings Madonna Robert Falcon Scott Socrates Søren Kierkegaard William Shakespeare Political leaders Adolf Hitler Alexander the Great Amin al-Husseini Aurangzeb Cato the Younger Che Guevara Chiang Ching-kuo [ zh ] Chiang Kai Shek [ zh ] Constantine the Great Gregory Palamas Horatio Nelson Hypatia Jiang Zemin [ zh ] Joseph Stalin [ ru ] José de San Martín Juan Manuel de Rosas Klemens von Metternich Leonid Brezhnev Louis Riel Mao Zedong [ zh ] Muammar Gaddafi Napoleon Neville Chamberlain Pedro II of Brazil Simon Bolivar Cult of personality [ es ] Bolivarianism Saladin Sun Yat-sen [ zh ] Thomas Aquinas Thomas Jefferson Ulysses S. Grant Warren G. Harding Yuan Shikai [ zh ] Zhou Enlai [ zh ] Zhuge Liang [ zh ] Historical rankings Australia Canada Modern Germany Netherlands United Kingdom United States Adolf Hitler Alexander the Great Amin al-Husseini Aurangzeb Cato the Younger Che Guevara Chiang Ching-kuo [ zh ] Chiang Kai Shek [ zh ] Constantine the Great Gregory Palamas Horatio Nelson Hypatia Jiang Zemin [ zh ] Joseph Stalin [ ru ] José de San Martín Juan Manuel de Rosas Klemens von Metternich Leonid Brezhnev Louis Riel Mao Zedong [ zh ] Muammar Gaddafi Napoleon Neville Chamberlain Pedro II of Brazil Simon Bolivar Cult of personality [ es ] Bolivarianism Cult of personality [ es ] Bolivarianism Saladin Sun Yat-sen [ zh ] Thomas Aquinas Thomas Jefferson Ulysses S. Grant Warren G. Harding Yuan Shikai [ zh ] Zhou Enlai [ zh ] Zhuge Liang [ zh ] Historical rankings Australia Canada Modern Germany Netherlands United Kingdom United States Australia Canada Modern Germany Netherlands United Kingdom United States Others The Beatles Charles Darwin Friedrich Nietzsche H. P. Lovecraft Jane Austen Muhammed Historicity Judaism Medieval Christian Jesus Historicity Resurrection Religious perspectives Christianity Judaism Islam J. R. R. Tolkien The Lord of the Rings Madonna Robert Falcon Scott Socrates Søren Kierkegaard William Shakespeare The Beatles Charles Darwin Friedrich Nietzsche H. P. Lovecraft Jane Austen Muhammed Historicity Judaism Medieval Christian Historicity Judaism Medieval Christian Jesus Historicity Resurrection Religious perspectives Christianity Judaism Islam Historicity Resurrection Religious perspectives Christianity Judaism Islam Christianity Judaism Islam J. R. R. Tolkien The Lord of the Rings The Lord of the Rings Madonna Robert Falcon Scott Socrates Søren Kierkegaard William Shakespeare Other topics Bears in antiquity Crisis of historiography [ pt ] Feudalism Library of Alexandria Nationalism in the Middle Ages Professionalization and institutionalization of history Salons Western European colonialism and colonization Desacralization of knowledge Economics Industrial Revolution Great Recession Great Depression School of Thoughts Historical school of economics English historical school of economics Religion Avestan geography Early Christianity Background Historical reliability of the Gospels Primacy of Peter Opposition to Papal supremacy Proto-orthodox Christianity Early Islam Criticism of the Quran Succession to Muhammad Islamic golden age Kharijites Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church Second Vatican Council Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II [ it ] Hesychast controversy Protestant Reformation Proto-Protestantism Criticism of Protestantism Protestant work ethic Jesuit historiography Modern Jewish history Wissenschaft des Judentums Schools of thought Biblical criticism Catholic theology Panbabylonism Urreligion Perennial Religionsgeschichtliche Schule Roman Revisionist school of Islamic studies Science / Technology Merton thesis Protestant Ethic and Capitalism Heroic theory of invention and scientific development Gunpowder and gun transmission Torsion mangonel myth Other topics Bears in antiquity Crisis of historiography [ pt ] Feudalism Library of Alexandria Nationalism in the Middle Ages Professionalization and institutionalization of history Salons Western European colonialism and colonization Desacralization of knowledge Economics Industrial Revolution Great Recession Great Depression School of Thoughts Historical school of economics English historical school of economics Religion Avestan geography Early Christianity Background Historical reliability of the Gospels Primacy of Peter Opposition to Papal supremacy Proto-orthodox Christianity Early Islam Criticism of the Quran Succession to Muhammad Islamic golden age Kharijites Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church Second Vatican Council Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II [ it ] Hesychast controversy Protestant Reformation Proto-Protestantism Criticism of Protestantism Protestant work ethic Jesuit historiography Modern Jewish history Wissenschaft des Judentums Schools of thought Biblical criticism Catholic theology Panbabylonism Urreligion Perennial Religionsgeschichtliche Schule Roman Revisionist school of Islamic studies Science / Technology Merton thesis Protestant Ethic and Capitalism Heroic theory of invention and scientific development Gunpowder and gun transmission Torsion mangonel myth Bears in antiquity Crisis of historiography [ pt ] Feudalism Library of Alexandria Nationalism in the Middle Ages Professionalization and institutionalization of history Salons Western European colonialism and colonization Desacralization of knowledge Economics Industrial Revolution Great Recession Great Depression School of Thoughts Historical school of economics English historical school of economics Industrial Revolution Great Recession Great Depression School of Thoughts Historical school of economics English historical school of economics Historical school of economics English historical school of economics Religion Avestan geography Early Christianity Background Historical reliability of the Gospels Primacy of Peter Opposition to Papal supremacy Proto-orthodox Christianity Early Islam Criticism of the Quran Succession to Muhammad Islamic golden age Kharijites Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church Second Vatican Council Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II [ it ] Hesychast controversy Protestant Reformation Proto-Protestantism Criticism of Protestantism Protestant work ethic Jesuit historiography Modern Jewish history Wissenschaft des Judentums Schools of thought Biblical criticism Catholic theology Panbabylonism Urreligion Perennial Religionsgeschichtliche Schule Roman Revisionist school of Islamic studies Avestan geography Early Christianity Background Historical reliability of the Gospels Primacy of Peter Opposition to Papal supremacy Proto-orthodox Christianity Background Historical reliability of the Gospels Primacy of Peter Opposition to Papal supremacy Opposition to Papal supremacy Proto-orthodox Christianity Early Islam Criticism of the Quran Succession to Muhammad Islamic golden age Kharijites Criticism of the Quran Succession to Muhammad Islamic golden age Kharijites Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church Second Vatican Council Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II [ it ] Second Vatican Council Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II [ it ] Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II [ it ] Hesychast controversy Protestant Reformation Proto-Protestantism Criticism of Protestantism Protestant work ethic Proto-Protestantism Criticism of Protestantism Protestant work ethic Jesuit historiography Modern Jewish history Wissenschaft des Judentums Wissenschaft des Judentums Schools of thought Biblical criticism Catholic theology Panbabylonism Urreligion Perennial Religionsgeschichtliche Schule Roman Revisionist school of Islamic studies Biblical criticism Catholic theology Panbabylonism Urreligion Perennial Religionsgeschichtliche Schule Roman Revisionist school of Islamic studies Science / Technology Merton thesis Protestant Ethic and Capitalism Heroic theory of invention and scientific development Gunpowder and gun transmission Torsion mangonel myth Merton thesis Protestant Ethic and Capitalism Heroic theory of invention and scientific development Gunpowder and gun transmission Torsion mangonel myth Organizations, publications Heritage registers Historical society ( list ) History institutes History journals template Organizations, publications Heritage registers Historical society ( list ) History institutes History journals template Heritage registers Historical society ( list ) History institutes History journals template template Related Commemorative plaque Documentary film Hagiography Historical fiction Historical realism Historiographic metafiction Historical geographic information system Related Commemorative plaque Documentary film Hagiography Historical fiction Historical realism Historiographic metafiction Historical geographic information system Commemorative plaque Documentary film Hagiography Historical fiction Historical realism Historiographic metafiction Historical realism Historiographic metafiction Historical geographic information system Category Multimedia Category Multimedia Authority control databases International GND GND National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Spain Israel United States France BnF data Czech Republic Spain Israel Other NARA Yale LUX NARA Yale LUX Chronology Earth sciences Time Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference 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For the guideline on the use of abbreviations in articles, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations . 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Two-letter tables See also 0–9 3D ( WP:3D ) – No 3D illustrations 3RR ( WP:3RR ) – Three-revert rule 5P ( WP:5P ) – Five pillars of Wikipedia . If there is a number after the P, e.g. 5P1 , then it refers to that pillar. 5C ( WP:5C ) – The "five C's" of copyediting . A A ( WP:A ) – Attribution AA ( WP:AA ) – Article alerts AB ( WP:AB ) – Autobiography ABC ( WP:ABC ) – Wikipedia abbreviations AC ( WP:AC ) – Arbitration Committee AD ( WP:AD ) – Accuracy dispute AE ( WP:AE ) – Administrators' noticeboard/Arbitration enforcement AFC ( WP:AFC ) – Articles for creation AfD ( WP:AfD ) – Articles for deletion AFI ( WP:AFI ) – Articles for improvement AGF ( WP:AGF ) – Assume good faith AI ( WP:AI ) – Artificial intelligence AIV ( WP:AIV ) – Administrator intervention against vandalism AN ( WP:AN ) – Administrators' noticeboard ANI, AN/I ( WP:ANI ) – Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents ANRFC, AN/RFC – Administrators' noticeboard/Requests for closure AO ( WP:AO ) – As of AP ( WP:AP ) – Arbitration policy APB ( WP:APB ) – Wikipedia:Appealing a block AP2 ( WP:AP2 ) – American politics 2 , post-1992 American politics. Topic area subject to discretionary sanctions. ARBCOM ( WP:ARBCOM ) – Arbitration Committee AS ( WP:AS ) – Article size ATP ( WP:ATP ) – Attack page ATP – Article talk page ATT ( WP:ATT ) – Attribution B B ( WP:B ) – Bots BA ( WP:BA ) – List of bad article ideas BAD ( WP:BAD ) – List of bad article ideas (formerly linked to Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense ) BB ( WP:BB ) – Be bold BEANS ( WP:BEANS ) – Don't stuff beans up your nose BF ( WP:BF ) – Assume good faith#Dealing with bad faith BK ( WP:BK ) – Notability (books) BITE ( WP:BITE ) – Don't bite the newcomers BJAODN ( WP:BJAODN ) – Silly things (Formerly titled “Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense”, before the BJAODN page was moved to a different website. That title now redirects here.) BLP ( WP:BLP ) – Biographies of living persons BM ( WP:BM ) – Blank maps BN ( WP:BN ) – Bureaucrats' noticeboard BNA ( WP:BNA ) – British Newspaper Archive BOLD ( WP:BOLD ) – Be bold BOTREQ ( WP:BOTREQ ) – Bot requests BP ( WP:BP ) – Blocking policy BRD ( WP:BRD ) – BOLD, revert, discuss cycle BRFA ( WP:BRFA ) – Bots/Requests for approval BS ( WP:BS ) – Barnstars BTW ( WP:BTW ) – Build the web BURO ( WP:BURO ) – Wikipedia is not a bureaucracy C C ( WP:C ) – Copyrights CAT ( WP:CAT ) – Categories CB ( WP:CB ) – Complete bollocks CBALL ( WP:CBALL ) – Wikipedia is not a crystal ball CC ( WP:CC ) – Course coordinator, instructor, online and campus volunteer CCC ( WP:CCC ) – Consensus can change CCI ( WP:CCI ) – Contributor copyright investigations CD ( WP:CD ) – Centralized discussion CDT ( WP:CDT ) – Current date and time CE ( WP:CE ) – Copyediting CfD ( WP:CfD ) – Category for deletion CfM ( WP:CfM ) – Category for merging CfR ( WP:CfR ) – Category for renaming CHK ( WP:CHK ) – CheckUser CI ( WP:CI ) – Category intersection CIR ( WP:CIR ) – Competence is required CIV ( WP:CIV ) – Civility CIVIL ( WP:CIVIL ) – Civility CITELEAD ( WP:CITELEAD ) - Citations in the lead CK ( WP:CK ) – Common knowledge CLS ( WP:CLS ) – Categories, lists, and navboxes Cmt. – Comment; often used in edit summaries for comments at RfCs , etc. COI ( WP:COI ) – Conflict of interest CON ( WP:CON ) – Consensus COPYVIO ( WP:COPYVIO ) – Copyright violations CP ( WP:CP ) – Copyright problems CR ( WP:CR ) – Cleanup resources CRAT ( WP:CRAT ) – Bureaucrats CS ( WP:CS ) – Citing sources CSD ( WP:CSD ) – Criteria for speedy deletion CU ( WP:CU ) – CheckUser (use WP:CHK or WP:CHECK instead; previously used for Cleanup ; sometimes used for Changing username ) CV ( WP:CV ) – Copyright problems CW ( WP:CW ) – Citing Wikipedia D D ( WP:D ) – Disambiguation DAB ( WP:DAB ), DISAMBIG – Disambiguation DABLINK – Disambiguated link (i.e., fixed a link to a disambiguation page to point to a specific article) DAFT ( WP:DAFT ) – Deleted articles with freaky titles DD ( WP:DD ) – Database download DE ( WP:DE ) – Disruptive editing DEL ( WP:DEL ) – Deletion policy DELREV ( WP:DELREV ) – Deletion review DF ( WP:DF ) – Department of Fun DG ( WP:DG ) – Username policy#Using multiple accounts DGAF ( WP:DGAF ) – Don't-give-a-fuckism DI ( WP:DI ) – Criteria for speedy deletion#Files DP ( WP:DP ) – Deletion policy DR ( WP:DR ) – Resolving disputes DRN ( WP:DRN ) – Dispute resolution noticeboard DRV ( WP:DRV ) – Deletion review DT ( WP:DT ) – Dispute templates DYK ( WP:DYK ) – Did you know E EA ( WP:EA ) – Editor assistance EC ( WP:EC ) – Edit count EC ( WP:EDC ) – Edit conflict ED ( WP:ED ) – Experimental deletion EF ( WP:EF ) – Edit filter EG ( WP:EG ) – Editing policy EI ( WP:EI ) – Editing the interface EL ( WP:EL ) – External links EM ( WP:EM ) – Editors matter EN ( WP:EN ) – Naming conventions (use English) EP ( WP:EP ) – Editing policy EQ ( WP:EQ ) – Etiquette ER ( WP:ER ) – Editor review ERRORS ( WP:ERRORS ) – Main Page/Errors ES ( WP:ES ) – Edit summary ET ( WP:ET ) – Editor tags EW ( WP:EW ) – Edit war EX ( WP:EX ) – Expert editors EXP ( WP:EXP ) – Requests for expansion F FA ( WP:FA ) – Featured articles FAC ( WP:FAC ) – Featured article candidates FAR ( WP:FAR ) – Featured article review FB ( WP:FB ) – Facebook FEED ( WP:FEED ) – Article feedback FfD ( WP:FfD ) – Files for discussion FI ( WP:FI ) – Featured pictures FL ( WP:FL ) – Featured lists FN ( WP:FN ) – Footnotes FORUM ( WP:FORUM ) – Wikipedia is not a publisher of original thought FP ( WP:FP ) – Featured pictures FPO ( WP:FPO ) – Featured portals FS ( WP:FS ) – Featured sounds FT ( WP:FT ) – Featured topics FUTURE ( WP:FUTURE ) – Wikipedia is not a crystal ball G GA ( WP:GA ) – Good articles GAME ( WP:GAME ) – Don't game the system GAMEGUIDE ( WP:GAMEGUIDE ) – NOT:Wikipedia is not a manual, guidebook, or textbook GAN ( WP:GAN ) – Good article nominations GAR ( WP:GAR ) – Wikipedia:Good article reassessment GB ( WP:GB ) – GlobalBlocking GD ( WP:GD ) – Guide to deletion GDPR (not specific to Wikipedia) – General Data Protection Regulation – EU regulation on information privacy GF ( WP:GF ) – Assume good faith GFDL ( WP:GFDL ) – GNU Free Documentation License GL ( WP:GL ) – Graphics Lab GOCE ( WP:GOCE ) – Guild of Copy Editors GOCER ( WP:GOCER ) – Guild of Copy Editors request GNG ( WP:GNG ) – General notability guideline GT ( WP:GT ) – Good topics GUS ( WP:GUS ) – German userbox solution GW ( WP:GW ) – Gnome Week H HA ( WP:HA ) – Harassment HAT ( WP:HAT ) – Hatnote HAU ( WP:HAU ) – Highly Active Users HD ( WP:HD ) – Help desk HG ( WP:HG ) – Huggle HMB ( WP:HMB ) – Huge message boxes HOAX ( WP:HOAX ) – Don't create hoaxes HS ( WP:HS ) – High Schools HW ( WP:HW ) – Do your own homework I IAR ( WP:IAR ) – Ignore all rules IC ( WP:IC ) – Inline citation IFD ( WP:IFD ) – Images for deletion (Now called "Files for discussion" (FfD)) IL ( WP:ILL ) – Interlanguage links IGNORE ( WP:IGNORE ) – Ignore all rules IINFO ( WP:IINFO ) – Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information IM ( WP:IM ) – WikiProject Images and Media IP ( WP:IP ) – Anonymous users (IP users) IPBE ( WP:IPBE ) – IP block exemption IRC ( WP:IRC ) – Internet Relay Chat IS ( WP:IS ) – Independent sources IT ( WP:IT ) – Image copyrighttags ITN ( WP:ITN ) – In the news IU ( WP:IU ) – Inappropriate usernames IW ( WP:IW ) – InterWikimedia links J JI ( WP:JI ) – Join in K KC ( WP:KC ) – Kindness Campaign KS ( WP:KS ) – Keyboard shortcuts L L ( WP:L ) – Lists LA ( WP:LA ) – List of administrators LC ( WP:LC ) – Listcruft LD ( WP:LD ) – Legal disclaimer LEGAL ( WP:LEGAL ) – No legal threats LF ( WP:LF ) – Laissez-faire LGL ( WP:LGL ) – List of guidelines LI ( WP:LI ) – Link intersection LOP ( WP:LOP ) – List of policies LQ ( WP:LQ ) – Logical quotation LS ( WP:LS ) – Lead section LTA ( WP:LTA ) – Long-term abuse LW ( WP:LW ) – Legal warnings M M ( WP:M ) – Mediation MC ( WP:MC ) – Mediation Committee ME ( WP:ME ) – Minor edit MEDRS ( WP:MEDRS ) – Reliable sources for medical articles MF ( WP:MF ) – Mirrors and forks MfD ( WP:MfD ) – Miscellany for deletion MH ( WP:MH ) – Media help MI ( WP:MI ) – Multilingual coordination ML ( WP:ML ) – Mailing lists MoS or MOS ( WP:MOS ) – Manual of Style MP ( WP:MP ) – Mediation Committee/Policy (formerly Million pool ) MS ( WP:MS ) – Music samples MT ( WP:MT ) – Template messages MU ( WP:MU ) – Meetup MV ( WP:MV ) – Moving a page MW ( WP:MW ) – Missing Wikipedians N N ( WP:N ) – Notability NC ( WP:NC ) – Naming conventions NFCC ( WP:NFCC ) – Non-free content criteria NLT ( WP:NLT ) – No legal threats NOCITE ( WP:NOCITE ) – No citation given NOPRICES ( WP:NOPRICES ) – Wikipedia is not a directory NOR ( WP:NOR ) – No original research NOT ( WP:NOT ) – What Wikipedia is not NOT PAPER ( WP:NOT PAPER ) – Wikipedia is not a manual, guidebook, or textbook NOT PAPERS ( WP:NOT PAPERS ) – Wikipedia is not a manual, guidebook, or textbook NOT#CHAT ( WP:NOT#CHAT ) – Wikipedia is not a publisher of original thought NOT#DEM ( WP:NOT#DEM ) – Wikipedia is not a democracy NOT#FAQ ( WP:NOT#FAQ ) – Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information NOT#HOST ( WP:NOT#HOST ) – Wikipedia is not your web host NOT#JOURNALISM ( WP:NOT#JOURNALISM ) – Wikipedia is not a publisher of original thought NOT#LYRICS ( WP:NOT#LYRICS ) – Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information NOT#NEWS ( WP:NOT#NEWS ) – Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information NOT#OR ( WP:NOT#OR ) – Wikipedia is not a publisher of original thought NOT#STATS ( WP:NOT#STATS ) – Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information NOT#USER ( WP:NOT#USER ) – Wikipedia is not your web host NOT#WEBHOST ( WP:NOT#WEBHOST ) – Wikipedia is not your web host NOTADVERTISING ( WP:NOTADVERTISING ) – Wikipedia is not a soapbox NOTADVOCATE ( WP:NOTADVOCATE ) – Wikipedia is not a soapbox NOTANARCHY ( WP:NOTANARCHY ) – Wikipedia is not an anarchy NOTBATTLEGROUND ( WP:NOTBATTLEGROUND ) – Wikipedia is not a battleground NOTBLOG ( WP:NOTBLOG ) – Wikipedia is not a blog, webspace provider, social networking, or memorial site NOTBUREAUCRACY ( WP:NOTBUREAUCRACY ) – Wikipedia is not a bureaucracy NOTCASE ( WP:NOTCASE ) – Wikipedia is not a manual, guidebook, or textbook NOTCATALOG ( WP:NOTCATALOG ) – Wikipedia is not a directory NOTCENSORED ( WP:NOTCENSORED ) – Wikipedia is not censored NOTCRYSTAL ( WP:NOTCRYSTAL ) – Wikipedia is not a crystal ball NOTDEMOCRACY ( WP:NOTDEMOCRACY ) – Wikipedia is not a democracy NOTDICDEF ( WP:NOTDICDEF ) – Wikipedia is not a dictionary NOTDIR ( WP:NOTDIR ) – Wikipedia is not a directory NOTDIRECTORY ( WP:NOTDIRECTORY ) – Wikipedia is not a directory NOTFORUM ( WP:NOTFORUM ) – Wikipedia is not a publisher of original thought NOTGUIDE ( WP:NOTGUIDE ) – Wikipedia is not a manual, guidebook, or textbook NOTHOWTO ( WP:NOTHOWTO ) – Wikipedia is not a manual, guidebook, or textbook NOTLAW ( WP:NOTLAW ) – Wikipedia is not governed by statute NOTLINK ( WP:NOTLINK ) – Wikipedia is not a mirror or a repository of links, images, or media files NOTMANUAL ( WP:NOTMANUAL ) – Wikipedia is not a manual, guidebook, or textbook NOTMEMORIAL ( WP:NOTMEMORIAL ) – Wikipedia is not a blog, webspace provider, social networking, or memorial site NOTMIRROR ( WP:NOTMIRROR ) – Wikipedia is not a mirror or a repository of links, images, or media files NOTMYSPACE ( WP:NOTMYSPACE ) – Wikipedia is not a blog, webspace provider, social networking, or memorial site NOTNOW ( WP:NOTNOW – Now is not the right time to run for adminship NOTOPINION ( WP:NOTOPINION ) – Wikipedia is not a soapbox NOTPAPER ( WP:NOTPAPER ) – Wikipedia is not a paper encyclopedia NOTREPOSITORY ( WP:NOTREPOSITORY ) – Wikipedia is not a mirror or a repository of links, images, or media files NOTSOAPBOX ( WP:NOTSOAPBOX ) – Wikipedia is not a soapbox NOTSTATUTE ( WP:NOTSTATUTE ) – Wikipedia is not governed by statute NOTSTUPID ( WP:NOTSTUPID ) – And finally... NOTTEXTBOOK ( WP:NOTTEXTBOOK ) – Wikipedia is not a manual, guidebook, or textbook NOTTRAVEL ( WP:NOTTRAVEL ) – Wikipedia is not a manual, guidebook, or textbook NOTWEBHOST ( WP:NOTWEBHOST ) – Wikipedia is not a blog, webspace provider, social networking, or memorial site NOW ( WP:NOW ) – The deadline is now NPA ( WP:NPA ) – No personal attacks NPOV ( WP:NPOV ) – Neutral point of view NPS ( WP:NPS ) – Don't include copies of primary sources O OA ( WP:OA ) – Office actions OC ( WP:OC ) – Overcategorization OI ( WP:OI ) – Original images OL ( WP:OL ) – Overlinking OP – Original post, or original poster. The first comment starting a discussion, or the author of that comment. Opp. – Oppose/opposing (used in edit summaries pertaining to RfCs and the like) OM ( WP:OM ) – Ombudsman OR ( WP:OR ) – Original research OS ( WP:OS ) – Oversight OTRS ( WP:OTRS ) – Open-source Ticket Request System OV ( WP:OV ) – Oversight OWN ( WP:OWN ) – Ownership of articles P PA ( WP:PA ) – No personal attacks PAG, PAGs ( WP:PAG ) – Policies and guidelines PAPER ( WP:PAPER ) – Wikipedia is not a paper encyclopedia PC ( WP:PC ) – Pending changes PD ( WP:PD ) – Public domain PERTINENCE ( WP:PERTINENCE ) – Pertinence and encyclopedic nature of images PF ( WP:PF ) – Parser functions PG ( WP:PG , WP:PAG ) – Policies and guidelines PI ( WP:PI ) – Process is important PL ( WP:PL ) – Proseline PM ( WP:PM ) – Proposed mergers PN ( WP:PN ) – Patent nonsense PLOT ( WP:PLOT ) – Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information POINT ( WP:POINT ) – Don't disrupt Wikipedia to make a point POL ( WP:POL ) – Policies and guidelines POV ( WP:POV ) – Describing points of view PP ( WP:PP ) – Protection policy PR ( WP:PR ) – Peer review PROD ( WP:PROD ) – Proposed deletion PS ( WP:PS ) – either Policy shopping or Primary sources PT ( WP:PT ) – Protected titles PU ( WP:PU ) – Protected Userpage Q Q ( WP:Q ) – Questions QA ( WP:QA ) – Quality articles QD ( WP:QD ) – Quick directory QP ( WP:QP ) – Quickpolls QS ( WP:QS ) – Verifiability#Questionable sources R R ( WP:R ) – Redirect ; in edit summaries at talk pages and noticeboards it may mean "reply". RA ( WP:RA ) – Requested articles RANT ( WP:RANT ) – Wikipedia is not a soapbox RB ( WP:RB ) – Reward board RC ( WP:RC ) – Recent changes RD ( WP:RD ) – Reference desk RE – used on Talk pages for a reply to another post RF ( WP:RF ) – Readers First RFA ( WP:RFA ) – Requests for adminship RFAR ( WP:RFAR ) – Requests for arbitration RFB ( WP:RFB ) – Requests for bureaucratship RFC ( WP:RFC ) – Requests for comment RFCU – Now-defunct process for examination of user behavior; merged into WP:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents ( WP:ANI ) RFD ( WP:RFD ) – Redirects for discussion RFE ( WP:RFE ) – Requests for expansion RFI ( WP:RFI ) – Requests for investigation RFX ( WP:RFX ) – Requests for expansion RM ( WP:RM ) – Requested moves RN ( WP:RN ) – Regional notice boards RP ( WP:RP ) – Requested pictures RQ ( WP:RQ ) – Requests RRFA ( WP:RRFA ) – Re-request for adminship RS ( WP:RS ) – Reliable sources RT ( WP:RT ) – Requested templates RV ( WP:RV ) – Reverting RVV – Reverting vandalism RW ( WP:RW ) – RedWarn (previously Researching Wikipedia ) RY ( WP:RY ) – Recent years S SA – various meanings, depending on context: "See also" section , WP:Selected anniversaries , WP:Service awards , WP:Spoken articles , WP:Stress alerts , WP:Student assignments , WP:WikiProject Saudi Arabia , WP:WikiProject South Africa , WP:WikiProject South America , WP:WikiProject South Australia SB ( WP:SB ) – Sandbox SC ( WP:SC ) – Shortcut SD ( WP:SD ) – Criteria for speedy deletion SI ( WP:SI ) – Sockpuppet investigations SIG ( WP:SIG ) – Sign on talk pages SILLY ( WP:SILLY ) – Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense SIZE ( WP:SIZE ) – Article size SK ( WP:SK ) – Speedy keep SL ( WP:SL ) – Spotlight SN ( WP:SN ) – Survey notification SO ( WP:SO ) – Standard offer SOAP ( WP:SOAP ) – Wikipedia is not a soapbox SOCK ( WP:SOCK ) Sock-puppetry SP ( WP:SP ) – Subpages SPA ( WP:SPA ) – Single-purpose account SPI ( WP:SPI ) – Sockpuppet investigations SR ( WP:SR ) – Simplified ruleset SS ( WP:SS ) – Summary style SSF ( WP:SSF ) – Specialized-style fallacy STUPID ( WP:STUPID ) – List of really stupid article ideas STYLE ( WP:STYLE ) – Manual of Style Supp. – Support/supporting (used in edit summaries pertaining to RfCs and the like) SUL – Single user login (Unified login) SUS ( WP:SUS ) – Simple userbox solution SV ( WP:SV ) – Stable versions T T ( WP:T ) – Tutorial TALK ( WP:TALK ) – Talk page guidelines TD ( WP:TD ) – Templates for deletion TE ( WP:TE ) – Tendentious editing TFA ( WP:TFA ) – Today's featured article TFAR ( WP:TFAR ) – Today's featured article/requests TfD ( WP:TfD ) – Templates for discussion TG ( WP:TG ) – Template guidelines TH ( WP:TH ) – Teahouse TL ( WP:TL ) – Transwiki log TM ( WP:TM ) – Template messages TMP ( WP:TMP ) – Templates TODAY ( WP:TODAY ) – Current date and time TP ( WP:TP ) – Talk page TPG ( WP:TPG ) – Talk page guidelines TR ( WP:TR ) – Requested templates TS ( WP:TS ) – Template standardisation TW ( WP:TW ) – Twinkle TWWPK ( WP:TWWPK ) – That's why we preview, kids U UA ( WP:UA ) – Unusual articles UAA ( WP:UAA ) – Usernames for Administrator Attention UCR ( WP:UCR ) – Unexplained content removal UD ( WP:UD ) – Usage of diacritics UF ( WP:UF ) – WikiProject Microformats UG ( WP:UG ) – User access levels UI ( WP:UI ) – Untagged images UM ( WP:UM ) – Userbox migration UN ( WP:UN ) – Username policy UP ( WP:UP ) – User page UPE ( WP:UPE ) – Undisclosed paid editor or Undisclosed paid editing UR ( WP:UR ) – Unusual requests USER ( WP:USER ) – User page UTP ( WP:UTP ) – User talk page UV ( WP:UV ) - Ultraviolet V V ( WP:V ) – Verifiability VA ( WP:VA ) – Vital articles VD ( WP:VD ) – Vandalism VI ( WP:VI ) – Vested interest VIP ( WP:VIP ) – Vandalism in progress VL ( WP:VL ) – Victim Lists VOA ( WP:VOA ) - Vandalism-only account VP ( WP:VP ) – Village pump VRT ( WP:VRT ) – Volunteer Response Team VS ( WP:VS ) – Visiting Scholars VT ( WP:VT ) – Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions#Vandal target VU ( WP:VU ) – Indef blocked userpages W W ( WP:W ) – Watchlist help WAWH ( WP:WAWH ) - Wikipedia:We're all Wikipedians here WB ( WP:WB ) – Wikibreak WC ( WP:WC ) – Welcoming committee WF ( WP:WF ) – Wikifun WG ( WP:WG ) – Walled garden WIN ( WP:WIN ) – What Wikipedia is not WL ( WP:WL ) – Wikilawyering WM ( WP:WM ) – Maintenance WMF ( WP:WMF ) – Wikimedia Foundation WOTTA ( WP:WOTTA ) – WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! WP – either Wikipedia , Wikipedia namespace , or WikiProject WQ ( WP:WQ ) – Etiquette WQA ( WP:WQA ) – Wikiquette alerts WR ( WP:WR ) – WikiReader WW ( WP:WW ) – Wheel war X XD ( WP:XD ) – Experimental deletion XfD ( WP:XfD ) – Deletion discussions XRV ( WP:XRV ) – Administrative action review Y YRS ( WP:YRS ) – WikiProject Years YT ( WP:YT ) – YouTube Z Z ( WP:Z ) – WikiProject Zoo Two-letter tables Wikipedia namespace A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A AA BA CA DA EA FA GA HA IA JA KA LA MA NA OA PA QA RA SA TA UA VA WA XA YA ZA B AB BB CB DB EB FB GB HB IB JB KB LB MB NB OB PB QB RB SB TB UB VB WB XB YB ZB C AC BC CC DC EC FC GC HC IC JC KC LC MC NC OC PC QC RC SC TC UC VC WC XC YC ZC D AD BD CD DD ED FD GD HD ID JD KD LD MD ND OD PD QD RD SD TD UD VD WD XD YD ZD E AE BE CE DE EE FE GE HE IE JE KE LE ME NE OE PE QE RE SE TE UE VE WE XE YE ZE F AF BF CF DF EF FF GF HF IF JF KF LF MF NF OF PF QF RF SF TF UF VF WF XF YF ZF G AG BG CG DG EG FG GG HG IG JG KG LG MG NG OG PG QG RG SG TG UG VG WG XG YG ZG H AH BH CH DH EH FH GH HH IH JH KH LH MH NH OH PH QH RH SH TH UH VH WH XH YH ZH I AI BI CI DI EI FI GI HI II JI KI LI MI NI OI PI QI RI SI TI UI VI WI XI YI ZI J AJ BJ CJ DJ EJ FJ GJ HJ IJ JJ KJ LJ MJ NJ OJ PJ QJ RJ SJ TJ UJ VJ WJ XJ YJ ZJ K AK BK CK DK EK FK GK HK IK JK KK LK MK NK OK PK QK RK SK TK UK VK WK XK YK ZK L AL BL CL DL EL FL GL HL IL JL KL LL ML NL OL PL QL RL SL TL UL VL WL XL YL ZL M AM BM CM DM EM FM GM HM IM JM KM LM MM NM OM PM QM RM SM TM UM VM WM XM YM ZM N AN BN CN DN EN FN GN HN IN JN KN LN MN NN ON PN QN RN SN TN UN VN WN XN YN ZN O AO BO CO DO EO FO GO HO IO JO KO LO MO NO OO PO QO RO SO TO UO VO WO XO YO ZO P AP BP CP DP EP FP GP HP IP JP KP LP MP NP OP PP QP RP SP TP UP VP WP XP YP ZP Q AQ BQ CQ DQ EQ FQ GQ HQ IQ JQ KQ LQ MQ NQ OQ PQ QQ RQ SQ TQ UQ VQ WQ XQ YQ ZQ R AR BR CR DR ER FR GR HR IR JR KR LR MR NR OR PR QR RR SR TR UR VR WR XR YR ZR S AS BS CS DS ES FS GS HS IS JS KS LS MS NS OS PS QS RS SS TS US VS WS XS YS ZS T AT BT CT DT ET FT GT HT IT JT KT LT MT NT OT PT QT RT ST TT UT VT WT XT YT ZT U AU BU CU DU EU FU GU HU IU JU KU LU MU NU OU PU QU RU SU TU UU VU WU XU YU ZU V AV BV CV DV EV FV GV HV IV JV KV LV MV NV OV PV QV RV SV TV UV VV WV XV YV ZV W AW BW CW DW EW FW GW HW IW JW KW LW MW NW OW PW QW RW SW TW UW VW WW XW YW ZW X AX BX CX DX EX FX GX HX IX JX KX LX MX NX OX PX QX RX SX TX UX VX WX XX YX ZX Y AY BY CY DY EY FY GY HY IY JY KY LY MY NY OY PY QY RY SY TY UY VY WY XY YY ZY Z AZ BZ CZ DZ EZ FZ GZ HZ IZ JZ KZ LZ MZ NZ OZ PZ QZ RZ SZ TZ UZ VZ WZ XZ YZ ZZ Template namespace A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A AA BA CA DA EA FA GA HA IA JA KA LA MA NA OA PA QA RA SA TA UA VA WA XA YA ZA B AB BB CB DB EB FB GB HB IB JB KB LB MB NB OB PB QB RB SB TB UB VB WB XB YB ZB C AC BC CC DC EC FC GC HC IC JC KC LC MC NC OC PC QC RC SC TC UC VC WC XC YC ZC D AD BD CD DD ED FD GD HD ID JD KD LD MD ND OD PD QD RD SD TD UD VD WD XD YD ZD E AE BE CE DE EE FE GE HE IE JE KE LE ME NE OE PE QE RE SE TE UE VE WE XE YE ZE F AF BF CF DF EF FF GF HF IF JF KF LF MF NF OF PF QF RF SF TF UF VF WF XF YF ZF G AG BG CG DG EG FG GG HG IG JG KG LG MG NG OG PG QG RG SG TG UG VG WG XG YG ZG H AH BH CH DH EH FH GH HH IH JH KH LH MH NH OH PH QH RH SH TH UH VH WH XH YH ZH I AI BI CI DI EI FI GI HI II JI KI LI MI NI OI PI QI RI SI TI UI VI WI XI YI ZI J AJ BJ CJ DJ EJ FJ GJ HJ IJ JJ KJ LJ MJ NJ OJ PJ QJ RJ SJ TJ UJ VJ WJ XJ YJ ZJ K AK BK CK DK EK FK GK HK IK JK KK LK MK NK OK PK QK RK SK TK UK VK WK XK YK ZK L AL BL CL DL EL FL GL HL IL JL KL LL ML NL OL PL QL RL SL TL UL VL WL XL YL ZL M AM BM CM DM EM FM GM HM IM JM KM LM MM NM OM PM QM RM SM TM UM VM WM XM YM ZM N AN BN CN DN EN FN GN HN IN JN KN LN MN NN ON PN QN RN SN TN UN VN WN XN YN ZN O AO BO CO DO EO FO GO HO IO JO KO LO MO NO OO PO QO RO SO TO UO VO WO XO YO ZO P AP BP CP DP EP FP GP HP IP JP KP LP MP NP OP PP QP RP SP TP UP VP WP XP YP ZP Q AQ BQ CQ DQ EQ FQ GQ HQ IQ JQ KQ LQ MQ NQ OQ PQ QQ RQ SQ TQ UQ VQ WQ XQ YQ ZQ R AR BR CR DR ER FR GR HR IR JR KR LR MR NR OR PR QR RR SR TR UR VR WR XR YR ZR S AS BS CS DS ES FS GS HS IS JS KS LS MS NS OS PS QS RS SS TS US VS WS XS YS ZS T AT BT CT DT ET FT GT HT IT JT KT LT MT NT OT PT QT RT ST TT UT VT WT XT YT ZT U AU BU CU DU EU FU GU HU IU JU KU LU MU NU OU PU QU RU SU TU UU VU WU XU YU ZU V AV BV CV DV EV FV GV HV IV JV KV LV MV NV OV PV QV RV SV TV UV VV WV XV YV ZV W AW BW CW DW EW FW GW HW IW JW KW LW MW NW OW PW QW RW SW TW UW VW WW XW YW ZW X AX BX CX DX EX FX GX HX IX JX KX LX MX NX OX PX QX RX SX TX UX VX WX XX YX ZX Y AY BY CY DY EY FY GY HY IY JY KY LY MY NY OY PY QY RY SY TY UY VY WY XY YY ZY Z AZ BZ CZ DZ EZ FZ GZ HZ IZ JZ KZ LZ MZ NZ OZ PZ QZ RZ SZ TZ UZ VZ WZ XZ YZ ZZ See also Wikipedia:Glossary – the main (not just abbreviations) index of Wikipedia-internal jargon Wikipedia:Edit summary legend – supplemental glossary of formulaic edit summaries Wikipedia:Guide to deletion § Shorthands – jargon specific to page-deletion discussions Wikipedia:WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. 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Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! 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Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? 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Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? 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P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs LLMs Conduct (?) P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Signatures Deletion (?) P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Enforcement (?) P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Editing (?) P Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace P Editing policy Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Article size Summary style Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Manual of Style Contents Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Project content (?) G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages Project namespace WikiProjects WikiProjects User pages User boxes User boxes Shortcuts Subpages WMF (?) P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ v t e Manual of Style v t e Overview Contents Tips Overview Contents Tips Content Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Formatting Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Layout Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists By topic area Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Cue sports Snooker Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Related guidelines Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Search Category Category v t e Wikipedia accounts and governance v t e Unregistered users Why create an account? 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Reward board Contests A nice cup of tea and a sit down Charitableness WikiLove Compliment before criticism Kindness Campaign Compliment before criticism Kindness Campaign Thanks! Maintenance tasks Task Center Open tasks Backlog Category Admin category Edit requests Category Database reports Category tracker Dusty articles Special pages New pages Recent changes Controversial issues Task Center Open tasks Open tasks Backlog Category Admin category Category Admin category Edit requests Category Category Database reports Category tracker Dusty articles Special pages New pages Recent changes New pages Recent changes Controversial issues Administrators and noticeboards Administrators' noticeboard Incidents Edit warring Vandalism Admin dashboard Admin requests Closure Page protection User permissions Sockpuppets Open proxies Revision deletion Oversight Request Usernames Changing Title blacklist OTRS Bureaucrats' Requests for adminship and bureaucratship Arbitration Committee Requests Enforcement Administrators' noticeboard Incidents Edit warring Vandalism Incidents Edit warring Vandalism Admin dashboard Admin requests Closure Page protection User permissions 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Templates Media Category Templates v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard v t e Wikipedia help pages v t e Visit the Teahouse or the Help desk for an interactive Q & A forum. 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General technical help Bypass cache Keyboard shortcuts Editing CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting How to create a page IRC Tutorial Mobile access Multilingual support Page history Page information Page name Help Printing Software notices Editnotice Special characters Entering User access levels VisualEditor Help Bypass cache Keyboard shortcuts Editing CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting How to create a page IRC Tutorial Tutorial Mobile access Multilingual support Page history Page information Page name Help Help Printing Software notices Editnotice Editnotice Special characters Entering Entering User access levels VisualEditor Help Help Special page -related Special page help AllPages Edit filter Emailing users Logging in Reset passwords Logs Moving a page History merging Non-admin and admin-only page moves Notifications/Echo FAQ Page Curation Page import Pending changes Random pages Recent changes Related changes 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requests TimedMediaHandler extension Module Special Namespaces Main/Article Category Draft File File description page File description page Help Portal Project/Wikipedia Talk Archiving Simple Archiving Simple Simple Template User User page design User page design MediaWiki Bug reports and feature requests TimedMediaHandler extension Bug reports and feature requests TimedMediaHandler extension Module Special HTML and CSS Cascading Style Sheets HTML in wikitext Catalogue of CSS classes Common.js and common.css Classes in microformats Markup validation Span tags Useful styles Cascading Style Sheets HTML in wikitext Catalogue of CSS classes Common.js and common.css Classes in microformats Markup validation Span tags Useful styles Customisation and tools Preferences Gadgets Skins Citation tools Cleaning up vandalism tools Customizing watchlists Hide pages IRC Scripts User scripts Guide List Techniques Safe mode User style Tools Alternative browsing Browser tools Editing tools Navigation 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Administrators Accessibility Accounts Bots Referencing Citation metadata Templates User scripts See also: Category:Wikipedia how-to Category:Wikipedia information pages Further navigation at: Help pages Administrators Administrators Accessibility Accounts Bots Referencing Citation metadata Citation metadata Templates User scripts v t e Wikipedia templates v t e Main namespace General Cleanup Verifiability and sources Disputes Hatnotes Infoboxes Links External link templates Linking country articles Lists Main page Section Sources of articles Quick reference Standard boxes Stub types Translation General Cleanup Verifiability and sources Verifiability and sources Disputes Hatnotes Infoboxes Links External link templates Linking country articles External link templates Linking country articles Lists Main page Section Sources of articles Quick reference Quick reference Standard boxes Stub types Translation Other namespaces Compact TOC Category File Talk Template User Userboxes User talk 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Premise 2 Production Toggle Production subsection 2.1 Development 2.2 Casting 2.3 Animation 2.4 Music and title sequence 2.5 Broadcast 2.1 Development 2.2 Casting 2.3 Animation 2.4 Music and title sequence 2.5 Broadcast 3 Episodes Toggle Episodes subsection 3.1 Specials 3.1 Specials 4 Appearances in other series or works 5 Reception and achievements Toggle Reception and achievements subsection 5.1 Ratings and run length achievements 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Accolades 5.1 Ratings and run length achievements 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Accolades 6 Other media Toggle Other media subsection 6.1 Film 6.2 Home media 6.3 Publications 6.4 Shorts 6.5 Video games 6.1 Film 6.2 Home media 6.3 Publications 6.4 Shorts 6.5 Video games 7 References 8 External links Ed, Edd n Eddy العربية Български Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe اردو ייִדיש 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Ed, Edd n Eddy Genre .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Comedy [ 1 ] Slapstick Comedy [ 1 ] Slapstick Created by Danny Antonucci Directed by Danny Antonucci Scott Underwood ("Smile for the Ed") Danny Antonucci Scott Underwood ("Smile for the Ed") Voices of Matt Hill Samuel Vincent Tony Sampson David Paul Grove Kathleen Barr Peter Kelamis Erin Fitzgerald Janyse Jaud Keenan Christensen Jenn Forgie Tabitha St. Germain Matt Hill Samuel Vincent Tony Sampson David Paul Grove Kathleen Barr Peter Kelamis Erin Fitzgerald Janyse Jaud Keenan Christensen Jenn Forgie Tabitha St. Germain Theme music composer Patric Caird Country of origin Canada United States Canada United States Original language English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 69 (130 segments) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer Danny Antonucci Producers Daniel Sioui Ruth Vincent Christine L. Danzo Daniel Sioui Ruth Vincent Christine L. Danzo Editor Ken Cathro Running time 22 minutes Production company a.k.a. Cartoon Original release Network Cartoon Network Release January 4, 1999 ( 1999-01-04 ) – November 8, 2009 ( 2009-11-08 ) Ed, Edd n Eddy is an animated television series created by Danny Antonucci for Cartoon Network . The series revolves around three friends named Ed, Edd (nicknamed "Double D" to avoid confusion with Ed), and Eddy—collectively known as "the Eds"—who are voiced by Matt Hill , Sam Vincent and Tony Sampson respectively. They live in a suburban cul-de-sac in the fictional town of Peach Creek along with fellow neighbourhood children Kevin, Nazz, Sarah, Jimmy, Rolf, Jonny, and the Eds' female adversaries, the Kanker Sisters, Lee, Marie and May. Under the unofficial leadership of Eddy, the trio frequently invents schemes to make money from their peers to purchase their favourite confection, jawbreakers . Their plans usually fail, leaving them in various, often humiliating and painful, predicaments. [ 2 ] Antonucci, an adult cartoonist , was dared to create a children's cartoon. While designing a commercial, he conceived Ed, Edd n Eddy , designing it to resemble classic cartoons from the 1940s–1970s. When pitching the series to Nickelodeon , the network declined to give him creative control , a deal to which Antonucci did not agree. He then pitched the series to Cartoon Network. A deal was made with the network to commission the series under his control. Produced by Antonucci's studio a.k.a. Cartoon , it premiered on January 4, 1999. During the show's run, several specials and shorts were produced in addition to the regular television series. The series concluded with a television film , Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show , on November 8, 2009. Ed, Edd n Eddy became one of Cartoon Network's most successful original series. It won a Reuben Award , two Leo Awards and a SOCAN Award , and was also nominated for another four Leo Awards , an Annie Award and two Kids' Choice Awards . The show attracted an audience of 31 million households, was broadcast in 120 countries, [ 3 ] and proved to be popular among children, teenagers, and adults. The series has also included spin-off media such as video games, DVD releases, and a series of books and comic books featuring characters from the series. With over a 10-year run, Ed, Edd n Eddy became the longest running singular series to premiere on Cartoon Network, a status held until 2024 when it was surpassed by Teen Titans Go! It is still the longest-running singular Cartoon Network original series. The series also was broadcast on Teletoon in Canada. Premise Ed, Edd n Eddy follows the lives of "the Eds", three scheming boys who all share variations of nicknames of the name Edward , but differ greatly in their personalities: Ed ( Matt Hill ) is the strong and dim-witted yet kind-hearted dogsbody of the group; Edd ( Samuel Vincent ), called Double D, is an inventor, neat freak, and the most intelligent of the Eds; and Eddy ( Tony Sampson ) is a devious, quick-tempered, arrogant con artist, and self-appointed leader of the Eds. The three devise plans to bilk money from the other kids in their cul-de-sac, which they want to use to buy jawbreakers . However, problems always ensue, and the Eds' schemes usually end in failure and humiliation. The cul-de-sac kids do not include the Eds as part of their group, making the trio outcasts. The group of kids are Jonny ( David Paul "Buck" Grove ), a loner whom his peers consider to be a nuisance, and spends most of his time with his imaginary friend, a wooden board named Plank; Jimmy (Keenan Christensen), a weak, insecure, and accident-prone child, who is most often seen spending his time with Sarah ( Janyse Jaud ), Ed's spoiled and ill-tempered younger sister who is attracted to Edd; Rolf ( Peter Kelamis ), an immigrant whose customs often differ from the other children's; Kevin ( Kathleen Barr ), a cynical and sardonic jock who detests the Eds, particularly Eddy; Nazz ( Tabitha St. Germain ; Jenn Forgie ; Erin Fitzgerald ), usually seen with Kevin, is a calm and friendly blonde girl who the Eds, Jonny, and Kevin are infatuated with. All of the cul-de-sac kids share a common fear of the Kanker Sisters, Lee (Janyse Jaud), May (Erin Fitzgerald; Jenn Forgie), and Marie (Kathleen Barr), three bully girls led by Lee who live in a nearby trailer park and romantically harass the Eds. Each Kanker has a preference for who they wish to date and marry among the three, with Lee wanting Eddy, Marie wanting Edd, and May wanting Ed. Aside from the Eds, the other cul-de-sac kids, and the Kanker Sisters, no other characters appeared in the series until Santa Claus had a cameo in "Ed, Edd n Eddy's Jingle Jingle Jangle", flying over Peach Creek to quickly drop off presents. During the fifth season, silhouettes of other people were occasionally shown, and in "Mission Ed-Possible", the arms of Eddy's father and Ed's mother were seen. An arm of Eddy's mother was also shown during "Smile for the Ed". In the series finale, Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show , Eddy's adult brother ( Terry Klassen ) was seen for the first time, making him the only non-main character, and the only adult character to ever fully appear on the show. The series took place mostly within the fictional town of Peach Creek, and new locations were rarely introduced. Its first four seasons are set during a seemingly endless summer vacation, though from the fifth season onwards, the characters are shown attending junior high school in the fall and winter months. Production Development Although cartoonist Danny Antonucci began his career by working as an animator on various children's series for Hanna-Barbera , his later solo works were edgy and aimed at adult audiences. He was an animator on the 1981 film Heavy Metal , and gained notoriety with the 1987 short film Lupo the Butcher and then, after founding his own production studio, a.k.a. Cartoon in 1994, created the series The Brothers Grunt for MTV . It was quickly cancelled, however, upon being met with generally poor reviews. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] On a dare, Antonucci then decided that he would try producing a children's animated series of his own. While designing a commercial, he ended up drawing three characters that he felt particularly pleased with. Growing excited over their potential, he named them Ed, Edd, and Eddy and spent the following months developing a show around them. [ 6 ] In 1996, he faxed a one-page concept sheet and pitched the series to Nickelodeon , [ 6 ] [ 7 ] but the network declined to give him creative control , and Antonucci refused. [ 4 ] He then pitched the series to Cartoon Network . The network agreed to let Antonucci have control of the show, and conversations between him and the studio continued. [ 4 ] Vice president of programming and production of Cartoon Network, Mike Lazzo , showed high interest in the series and requested a show bible , which came through by fax, a few pages at a time, over a period of the next few months. [ 7 ] After an affirmative response from Cartoon Network president Betty Cohen , the legal paperwork and deal-making began, followed by a start-up meeting at the Chateau Marmont hotel in Los Angeles . A deal was made that Antonucci's studio, a.k.a. Cartoon, would produce Ed, Edd n Eddy , making it the first Cartoon Network original series to be produced by an outside production company rather than Cartoon Network's Hanna-Barbera . The series also entered production and bypassed a seven-minute short; this marked the first time that one of the studio's original series had ever done this. [ 7 ] According to Antonucci, he based the characters on real people in his life. The personalities of Ed, Double D, and Eddy are based on his own traits as well as the activities of his two sons, while the cul-de-sac children and the Kanker sisters were all based on children he grew up with. [ 8 ] Rolf is based on Antonucci and his cousins, since he was part of an Italian immigrant family, and grew up in a first-generation foreign household with different customs and ways of living, compared to those born in Canada. [ 8 ] Rolf is me and all of my cousins. My parents were right off the boat so I grew up playing to two worlds, the modern world, and the 1950s Italian world. My parents like Rolf's lived — still live in the past, with strong traditions and strange cooking and having a hard time assimilating to modern life. [ 9 ] Rolf is me and all of my cousins. My parents were right off the boat so I grew up playing to two worlds, the modern world, and the 1950s Italian world. My parents like Rolf's lived — still live in the past, with strong traditions and strange cooking and having a hard time assimilating to modern life. [ 9 ] Jimmy is based on one of his cousins, who was rather feminine and spent most of his time playing with girls rather than with boys. [ 6 ] Jonny and Plank are inspired by one of Antonucci's childhood friends, a loner who spent most of his time outside with his blanket. [ 6 ] He stated that he believed it was important to add Plank, a board of wood, to the show, and that he, "thought it would be really cool to do the show with Plank taking on a character of his own" and to cause Jonny to do things he would usually never do. [ 8 ] Some wanted Plank to be able to talk, smile and blink as if he was alive, but Antonucci insisted that it should be treated as a piece of wood, brought to life by Jonny's imagination. [ 6 ] Casting Matt Hill , Samuel Vincent , and Tony Sampson were respectively cast as Ed, Edd, and Eddy. David Paul "Buck" Grove and Keenan Christensen played the parts of Jonny 2×4 and Jimmy, respectively, while Sarah was voiced by Janyse Jaud . Peter Kelamis voiced Rolf, while Kathleen Barr was cast as Kevin. Nazz was voiced by Tabitha St. Germain in season 1, Jenn Forgie in season 3, and Erin Fitzgerald in seasons 2 and 4–6. Fitzgerald also played the part of May, one of the Kanker Sisters, except in season 3 when she was voiced by Jenn Forgie. The other two Kanker sisters, Marie and Lee, were voiced by Kathleen Barr and Janyse Jaud. Eddy's adult brother is mentioned frequently throughout the series but does not appear until Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show , where he is voiced by series voice director Terry Klassen . [ 10 ] Animation Antonucci, an advocate of hand-drawn animation, wanted to ensure Ed, Edd n Eddy was produced in a way similar to cartoons from the 1940s to 1970s. As a result, the series was the last major animated series to use traditional cel animation , only switching to digital ink and paint in 2004. Cels were shipped to South Korea at Yeson Animation Studios for creating the initial animation, and then later edited back at Antonucci's a.k.a. Cartoon studio. [ 4 ] To give the impression of movement, Ed, Edd n Eddy uses " boiling lines " or shimmering outlines which Antonucci likens to cartoons of the 1930s. [ 4 ] IGN has compared it to Squigglevision , [ 11 ] and Animation World Magazine wrote that the way the line varies and shakes gives the animation a distinctive and spontaneous feeling as if it were drawn by children. [ 12 ] The boiling line is created by tracing off a drawing three times through sheets of paper. [ 6 ] Antonucci explained that he felt it "helps keep the characters alive" and that he wanted to depart from other Cartoon Network series and pay homage to the classic cartoon era. [ 4 ] [ 6 ] All the children have multicoloured tongues; Antonucci said that the idea came after he saw his son and his friends with different-coloured tongues because of eating different candy while he was working on a storyboard. [ 6 ] The characters went through several "walking cycles," a process used to determine how each character should walk or run, turn around, blink, etc. before the crew came up with the final product. [ 6 ] Music and title sequence Antonucci showed the theme song to the studios when first pitching the series, thinking it would be better than only looking at drawings. [ 6 ] It was inspired by the Bob Crosby and The Bob Cats song " Big Noise from Winnetka ," which was whistled, something Antonucci enjoyed doing as a child. [ 6 ] Composed by Patric Caird , who created all the music in the series, Antonucci performed the whistling himself. [ 6 ] Paul Boyd created the show's title sequence. [ 13 ] The music of Ed, Edd, n Eddy is heavily influenced by 1930s and 1940s jazz and jump blues , rockabilly , boogie woogie , and the rock and roll of the 1950s. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Broadcast Although Ed, Edd n Eddy was originally set to premiere on November 16, 1998, at 8:00 PM, [ 16 ] [ 17 ] the pilot, " The Ed-touchables / Nagged to Ed ," aired on January 4, 1999, as the sixth Cartoon Cartoon , due to minor post-production delays. It was the first Cartoon Cartoon to not have been produced by Hanna-Barbera / Cartoon Network Studios . [ 18 ] During the series' original run, episodes often aired as a part of Cartoon Network's weekly programming block "Cartoon Cartoon Fridays." [ 19 ] Cartoon Network ran several marathons for either commercial promotions or special airings of one of their shows. The eight-hour "Boy Girl, Boy Girl" marathon ran on March 7, 1999, airing episodes of Ed, Edd n Eddy and The Powerpuff Girls , which had been Cartoon Network's two newest series at the time. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Later that year, Ed, Edd n Eddy was featured with other original Cartoon Network series in the third annual "Cartoon Cartoon Weekend," a fifty-three-hour marathon, which ran from August 20 to August 22. [ 22 ] In 2002, the show was included in the similar "Cartoon Cartoon Marathon Weekend," which ran from August 23 to August 25. [ 23 ] The six-hour "Ed's Day Off Marathon" aired 22 episodes on January 19, 2004, in celebration of Martin Luther King Jr. Day . [ 24 ] "The Best Day Edder," in which every episode was shown in chronological order, ran from April 27 to April 28, 2007, and ended with the previously unaired season five finale, which was promoted as the "final episode ever." [ 25 ] However, it was quickly followed by "The Eds are Coming" the following month, as part of a special alien-themed event called "Cartoon Network Invaded." [ 26 ] As of May 2, 2007, "The Best Day Edder" provided Cartoon Network their best ratings of the year. [ 27 ] A seven-hour Sunday marathon, which ran before the premiere of Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show , posted double-digit delivery gains among children ages 9–14 (up 14%), boys ages 9–14 (up 16%) and girls ages 6–11 (up 17%), compared to the same time frame last year, highlighting the network's weekend performance. [ 28 ] At the July 2007 San Diego Comic-Con , a cut segment from the season four finale "Take This Ed and Shove It" was screened at the Ed, Edd n Eddy panel. [ 29 ] The series' fourth season was originally ordered as the last, but two additional seasons and four specials, including a movie, were ordered as a result of the series' popularity. [ 11 ] [ 30 ] The series finale is a movie titled Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show , which aired on November 8, 2009. [ 31 ] Episodes Season Episodes Segments Originally released First released Last released 1 13 26 January 4, 1999 ( 1999-01-04 ) June 11, 1999 ( 1999-06-11 ) 2 13 26 November 26, 1999 ( 1999-11-26 ) December 22, 2000 ( 2000-12-22 ) 3 13 25 April 6, 2001 ( 2001-04-06 ) July 12, 2002 ( 2002-07-12 ) 4 13 25 September 27, 2002 ( 2002-09-27 ) November 5, 2004 ( 2004-11-05 ) Specials 3 — .mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap} N/a December 3, 2004 ( 2004-12-03 ) October 28, 2005 ( 2005-10-28 ) 5 13 23 November 4, 2005 ( 2005-11-04 ) May 11, 2007 ( 2007-05-11 ) 6 1 2 June 29, 2008 ( 2008-06-29 ) Television film November 8, 2009 ( 2009-11-08 ) Specials Along with an additional fifth and sixth season, Cartoon Network ordered three holiday specials that originally aired in 2004 and 2005. [ 30 ] "Ed, Edd n Eddy's Jingle Jingle Jangle," the first, is a Christmas special aired on December 3, 2004. [ 32 ] Valentine's Day 's "Ed, Edd n Eddy's Hanky Panky Hullabaloo" originally aired on February 11, 2005. [ 33 ] The final, Halloween special, " Ed, Edd n Eddy's Boo Haw Haw " aired on October 28, 2005. [ 34 ] Antonucci stated that "Boo Haw Haw" was one of his favourite Ed, Edd n Eddy episodes that he worked on. [ 9 ] On May 11, 2007, a fourth special, "The Eds are Coming" aired; however, it was not a holiday special, but an adjunct to other Cartoon Network series Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends , My Gym Partner's a Monkey , Camp Lazlo , and The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy in the alien -themed mini-series Cartoon Network Invaded that aired all five specials from May 4 to May 28, 2007. [ 26 ] Appearances in other series or works Besides their own series, Ed, Double D, and Eddy have also appeared in other cartoon series. They appeared in the Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends episode "Eddie Monster" and were drawn using that series' style of animation, [ 35 ] and made a short cameo in "The Grim Adventures of the KND", a crossover of The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy and Codename: Kids Next Door . They also appeared on a small crossover poster during its credits entitled Ed, Edd n Mandy . [ 36 ] In 2012, Double D made an appearance in the animated sketch comedy Cartoon Network series Mad episode "Once Upon a Toon." [ 37 ] In 2018, Plank appeared in the Robot Chicken episode "3 2 1 2 333, 222, 3...66?" in a segment entitled "Plank: The College Years". [ 38 ] The show was featured in the 2002 edition of Cartoon Network's fictional awards program, The 1st 13th Annual Fancy Anvil Awards Show Program Special: Live in Stereo . It won Best Performance by an Inanimate Object in a Dramatic Role for the character of Plank, and Best Performance by a Team in a Cartoon Series for the characters of Ed, Double D, and Eddy. The character of Sarah was nominated for Best Performance by a Female in a Cartoon Series, but lost to Bubbles from The Powerpuff Girls . [ 39 ] In 2004, the Eds appeared in a short series of basketball commercials with NBA All-Star Steve Francis . [ 40 ] Ed appeared in the "Cartoon Network Elections 2004" with Grim from The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy as a team, and they ended up winning, due to the highest number of votes by viewers. [ 41 ] The fourth single on American rapper JID 's debut album, The Never Story , is titled "EdEddnEddy." In the song, the rapper declares the antics of him and two of his friends are similar to the scams of Ed, Edd, and Eddy. A music video for the song was later released, replicating the series' signature art style. [ 42 ] The video was also planned to debut on Adult Swim , but according to JID legal issues prevented this from panning out. [ 43 ] Reception and achievements Ratings and run length achievements Ed, Edd n Eddy attracted an audience of 31 million households, was broadcast in 120 countries, and was popular among both children and adults. [ 31 ] [ 44 ] According to Cartoon Network executive Linda Simensky , the first season did "remarkably well" in ratings following its premiere, becoming one of the top-rated series on the network. [ 7 ] It was Cartoon Network's most popular show among boys ages 2–11. [ 45 ] In 2005, it was reported that Ed, Edd n Eddy was the number one rated show on Cartoon Network and was known to 79% of children aged 6–11. [ 46 ] The series ran for nearly 11 years, making it the longest-running Cartoon Network original series at the time, and at the time of its finale, the longest-running Canadian-produced animated series. [ 31 ] [ 47 ] Critical reception Ed, Edd n Eddy became one of Cartoon Network's most successful original series. David Cornelius of DVD Talk considered the Eds to be child equivalents of The Three Stooges , believing that "the series revels in the sort of frantic, often gross humour kids love so much, and there's just enough oddball insanity at play to make adults giggle just as easily." [ 48 ] Cornelius also wrote that the "animation is colourful and intentionally bizarre; bold lines forming the characters and backgrounds wiggle and morph in a delirious haze. This is the animation that's, well, really animated." [ 48 ] Despite this, not all reception of the show was positive. Terrence Briggs of Animation World Magazine considered every second of the show "filler" and lamented that the main characters are drawn as "products from the school of acid-trip caricature." [ 49 ] After Briggs' review was published, a large number of letters supportive of the show were sent to the magazine, prompting it to "take a second look" at the show. Different reviewers then gave it a positive review, calling it a "fresh show with very different approaches." [ 12 ] Accolades During its run, Ed, Edd n Eddy was nominated for a Reuben Award, six Leo Awards, an Annie Award, two Kids' Choice Awards and a SOCAN Award, winning the Reuben Award, two Leo Awards and the SOCAN Award. Desi Jedeikin of Smosh .com listed Ed, Edd n Eddy on the website's list of "9 Cartoons That Need a Reboot." [ 50 ] Complex included Eddy's room on their list of "Movie and TV Characters' Bedrooms You Wished Were Yours," [ 51 ] and ranked Jimmy 14th on their list of "15 Artistic Characters We Miss From Our Childhood." [ 52 ] Cracked.com praised the show's high level of violence, stating that it "set the bar on cartoon violence for anything that was played on Cartoon Network, and thus far, none have surpassed them." [ 53 ] Bob Higgins, head of creative at Wild Brain , considered Ed, Edd n Eddy to be a "landmark in animation." [ 54 ] In August 2002, the New York Museum of Television and Radio featured the episode "An Ed Is Born" as part of the special program "Cartoon Power! Celebrating Cartoon Network's 10th Birthday". [ 55 ] Date Award Category Nominee(s) Result May 8, 1999 Reuben Awards Best Television Animation [ 56 ] Danny Antonucci Won May 6, 2000 Leo Awards Best Director in an Animated Production or Series [ 57 ] Won May 11, 2001 Best Musical Score of an Animation Program or Series [ 58 ] Patric Caird for " Ed in a Halfshell " Nominated November 10, 2001 Annie Awards Outstanding Individual Achievement for Storyboarding in an Animated Television Production [ 59 ] James Wootton for " Wish You Were Ed " Nominated May 8, 2004 Leo Awards Best Musical Score of an Animation Program or Series [ 60 ] Patric Caird for " Postcards from the Ed " Nominated May 27, 2005 Best Musical Score of an Animation Program or Series [ 61 ] Patric Caird Won April 1, 2005 Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon [ 62 ] Ed, Edd n Eddy Nominated May 12, 2006 Leo Awards Best Musical Score in an Animation Program [ 63 ] Patric Caird for " Boo Haw Haw " Nominated June 1, 2007 Best Musical Score in an Animation Program [ 64 ] Patric Caird for " This Won't Hurt an Ed " Nominated March 29, 2008 Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon [ 65 ] Ed, Edd n Eddy Nominated November 23, 2009 SOCAN Awards International Television Series Music Award [ 66 ] Patric Caird Won Other media Film The made-for-TV movie Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show serves as the series' finale and premiered in the United States on November 8, 2009; although it had completed production a year earlier and first aired in Scandinavia, Australia, and Southeast Asia. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] The plot focuses on the Eds' search for Eddy's Brother, a character mentioned several times throughout the series, but never seen until the film. He is voiced by series voice director Terry Klassen. [ 10 ] [ 69 ] The film was directed by Antonucci, who also co-wrote the script with Rachel Connor, Jono Howard , Mike Kubat , and Stacy Warnick. [ 69 ] The story was written by Joel Dickie, Steve Garcia, Jim Miller, Raven Molisee, and Scott Underwood, [ 10 ] while the score was written by series composer Patric Caird. [ 69 ] The film achieved broad ratings success for Cartoon Network with high delivery gains. [ 28 ] [ 31 ] [ 68 ] Home media The first two seasons of Ed, Edd n Eddy were released on DVD by Warner Home Video in the US and Madman Entertainment in Australia in 2006 and 2007. The Fools' Par-Ed-Ise DVD, the DVDs of the first two seasons, and several Ed, Edd n Eddy T-shirts were available for purchase on the Cartoon Network Shop. [ 70 ] Selected episodes from the series were also featured on various Cartoon Network compilation DVDs. [ 71 ] All five seasons of the series, as well as Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show , are available for download on the iTunes Store . [ 72 ] The first four seasons were available on Netflix from March 2013 [ 73 ] until March 2015. [ 74 ] The third season can be downloaded at Google Play . The Eds and Sarah have been free toys in children's meals for Subway . [ 75 ] In the United Kingdom the character of Eddy was given away in Kellogg's cereal boxes as one of the Cartoon Network Wobble Heads in 2003. [ 76 ] On January 1, 2021, all six seasons were added to the HBO Max streaming service; the single-episode sixth season was combined into the fifth season. [ 77 ] The show, along with Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends , received a complete series DVD release on October 18, 2022, although it was missing the 3 holiday specials and the movie. Amazon Prime added the complete series to its streaming library in December 2022, including the holiday specials and Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show . Title Episodes Release date Description Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Edifying Ed-Ventures 3 May 10, 2005 [ 78 ] May 15, 2006 [ 79 ] — N/a Contains six segments: "Sir Ed-a-Lot," "Who, What, Where, Ed," "Avast Ye Eds," "Know-It-All Ed," "Mirror, Mirror, on the Ed," and "Hot Buttered Ed." Bonus features include "Club Ed: The Rules and Regulations," "My Best Friend Plank" music video, "Plank's Perspective," and The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy episode "Nursery Crimes." Fools' Par-Ed-Ise 3 March 21, 2006 [ 80 ] — N/a — N/a Contains six segments: "If It Smells Like an Ed," "Take This Ed and Shove It," "One Size Fits Ed," "A Case of Ed," "Here's Mud in Your Ed," and "Fool on the Ed." Bonus features include a studio tour, "The Plank Family Players," and a behind-the-scenes look at Ed, Edd n Eddy: The Mis-Edventures . The Complete First Season 13 October 10, 2006 [ 81 ] — N/a July 18, 2007 [ 82 ] Contains all 26 segments from the first season. Bonus features include an interview with the creator, "How to Make an Ed, Edd n Eddy Cartoon," "How to Draw Eddy," and a Cartoon Network commercial bumper featuring Jimmy and Plank. The Complete Second Season 13 April 24, 2007 [ 83 ] — N/a — N/a Contains all 26 segments from the second season. Bonus features include "Behind the Eds," "The Incredible Shrinking Day" music video, and "How to Draw Ed." The Complete Series 66 October 18, 2022 [ 84 ] — N/a — N/a Contains all episodes from seasons 1-6; does not include holiday specials or Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show . Includes special features from The Complete First Season and The Complete Second Season . Publications Ed, Edd n Eddy was regularly featured in DC Comics ' Cartoon Network Block Party (originally Cartoon Cartoons , the collective name of original Cartoon Network series from 1995 to 2003 ) comic books , along with other Cartoon Network series. [ 85 ] Two books based on the series have been released, both published by Scholastic Inc. in 2005: Ed, Edd n Eddy: Lots of Laughs , written by Jesse Leon McCann, [ 86 ] and Ed, Edd n Eddy: Book of Extreme Excuses , written by Howie Dewin. [ 87 ] Shorts Cartoon Network produced short cartoons involving the Eds which were shown during commercial breaks. A short music video was produced with stylized versions of Ed, Edd, Eddy, and Sarah, entitled "The Incredible Shrinking Day" (listed on the Season 2 DVD as "I'm Not Coming in Anymore"), [ 6 ] which aired on Cartoon Network in 2002 and 2003. In the video, Sarah uses a potion to shrink the Eds to a size capable of playing in her dollhouse, with predictable results. [ 88 ] Plank starred in a similar video called "My Best Friend Plank," which aired in 2002. [ 89 ] Video games Four video games based on the series have been produced. Ed, Edd n Eddy: Jawbreakers! was released on September 15, 2003, for the Game Boy Advance . [ 90 ] Ed, Edd n Eddy: Giant Jawbreakers was released on March 4, 2004, for mobile phones . [ 91 ] Ed, Edd n Eddy: The Mis-Edventures was released in 2005 for the GameCube , PlayStation 2 , Xbox , Game Boy Advance, and Microsoft Windows . [ 92 ] The most recent game, Ed, Edd n Eddy: Scam of the Century , was released for the Nintendo DS on October 26, 2007. [ 93 ] The games were met with generally mixed reception. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] [ 96 ] [ 97 ] Characters and locations from the show appear in other Cartoon Network video games, including 2003's Cartoon Network: Block Party and Cartoon Network Speedway . [ 98 ] [ 99 ] All three main characters, and the Kanker sisters, appear as non-playable "Nano" characters in the massively multiplayer online game Cartoon Network Universe: FusionFall . [ 100 ] [ 101 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Ed, Edd 'n Eddy - TV Show Reviews" . 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External links Ed, Edd n Eddy at IMDb Links to related articles .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Ed, Edd n Eddy Characters Episodes Season 1 " The Ed-touchables" / "Nagged to Ed " Season 2 Big Picture Show (movie) Video games Jawbreakers! The Mis-Edventures Scam of the Century Category v t e Former Cartoon Network original programming 1990s debuts ToonHeads (1992–2003) The Moxy Show (1993–96) Space Ghost Coast to Coast (1994–2001) What a Cartoon! (1995–97) Cartoon Planet (1995–98; 2012–14) Dexter's Laboratory (1996–2003) Big Bag (1996–98) The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest (1996–97) The Tex Avery Show (1996–2002) Johnny Bravo (1997–2004) Cow and Chicken (1997–99) I Am Weasel (1997–2000) The Powerpuff Girls (1998–2005) Ed, Edd n Eddy (1999–2009) Mike, Lu & Og (1999–2001) Courage the Cowardly Dog (1999–2002) 2000s debuts JBVO (2000–01) The Bob Clampett Show (2000–01) Sheep in the Big City (2000–02) Time Squad (2001–03) Samurai Jack (2001–04) Grim & Evil (2001–03) The Popeye Show (2001–03) Baby Looney Tunes (2002–05) Whatever Happened to... Robot Jones? (2002–03) Codename: Kids Next Door (2002–08) The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy (2003–07) Evil Con Carne (2003–04) Teen Titans (2003–06) Duck Dodgers (2003–05) Megas XLR (2004–05) Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends (2004–09) Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi (2004–06) Krypto the Superdog (2005–06) The Life and Times of Juniper Lee (2005–07) Camp Lazlo (2005–08) Firehouse Tales (2005–06) My Gym Partner's a Monkey (2005–08) Ben 10 (2005–08) Squirrel Boy (2006–07) Class of 3000 (2006–08) Out of Jimmy's Head (2007–08) Chowder (2007–10) Ben 10: Alien Force (2008–10) The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack (2008–10) The Secret Saturdays (2008–10) Batman: The Brave and the Bold (2008–11) The Othersiders (2009) BrainRush (2009) Destroy Build Destroy (2009–11) Bobb'e Says (2009) Dude, What Would Happen (2009–11) 2010s debuts Adventure Time (2010–18) Ben 10: Ultimate Alien (2010–12) Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated (2010–13) Generator Rex (2010–13) Unnatural History (2010) Mad (2010–13) Regular Show (2010–17) Sym-Bionic Titan (2010–11) Tower Prep (2010) Robotomy (2010–11) Young Justice (2010–13) The Problem Solverz (2011) The Looney Tunes Show (2011–14) The Amazing World of Gumball (2011–19) ThunderCats (2011–12) Secret Mountain Fort Awesome (2011–12) Level Up (2012–13) Ben 10: Omniverse (2012–14) Incredible Crew (2013) Uncle Grandpa (2013–17) Steven Universe (2013–19) The Tom and Jerry Show (2014–16) Clarence (2014–18) Over the Garden Wall (2014) We Bare Bears (2015–19) New Looney Tunes (2015–16) Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! (2015–16) Long Live the Royals (2015) Bunnicula (2016) The Powerpuff Girls (2016–19) Mighty Magiswords (2016–19) Ben 10 (2017–21) OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes (2017–19) Apple & Onion (2018–21) Craig of the Creek (2018–25) Summer Camp Island (2018–23) DC Super Hero Girls (2019–21) Victor and Valentino (2019–22) Mao Mao: Heroes of Pure Heart (2019–20) Infinity Train (2019–20) Steven Universe Future (2019–20) 2020s debuts ThunderCats Roar (2020) Looney Tunes Cartoons (2021–23) Jellystone! (2021–25) Tig n' Seek (2021) The Fungies! (2021) Tiny Toons Looniversity (2023–25) Jessica's Big Little World (2023–24) See also Current original series Cartoon Network Studios co-productions , films Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe Warner Bros. Animation v t e Cartoon Network co-productions American Current Iyanu (since 2025) Former 1990s debuts Big Bag (1996–98) 2000s debuts Home Movies (2001–04; Adult Swim) He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2002–04) The Venture Bros. (2003–18; Adult Swim) Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003–05) The Boondocks (2005–14; Adult Swim) Ellen's Acres (2006–07) The Land Before Time (2007–08) Transformers: Animated (2007–09) The Secret Saturdays (2008–10) Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008–13) The Super Hero Squad Show (2009–11) 2010s debuts Pink Panther and Pals (2010) The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange (2012–14) DreamWorks Dragons (2012–14) Legends of Chima (2013–14) Mixels (2014–16) Sonic Boom (2014–17; also European ) Transformers: Robots in Disguise (2015–17) Transformers: Cyberverse (2018–20; also European ) Unikitty! (2017–20) Care Bears: Unlock the Magic (2019–24; also Canadian ) European/EMEA Current Kral Şakir (since 2016) Jade Armor (since 2022) The Heroic Quest of the Valiant Prince Ivandoe (since 2022) (full series) Totally Spies! (since 2024, Season 7 onwards; also Canadian ) The Wonderfully Weird World of Gumball (since 2025, outside the USA ) Former 2000s debuts Fat Dog Mendoza (2000–01) The Cramp Twins (2001–04) Spaced Out (2001–05) Code Lyoko (2004–08) Pet Alien (2004–07) Robotboy (2005–08) Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes (2006–07) The Amazing Adrenalini Brothers (2006; also Canadian ) Skatoony (2006–08) My Spy Family (2007–10) Skunk Fu! (2007–08) The Mr. Men Show (2008–09; also American ) Chop Socky Chooks (2007–08; also Canadian ) Casper's Scare School (2009–12) The Garfield Show (2009–12) 2010s debuts Hero: 108 (2010–12) Ninjago (2011–20) The Amazing World of Gumball (2011–19), outside the USA ) My Knight and Me (2016–17) The Heroic Quest of the Valiant Prince Ivandoe (2017) (shorts) Power Players (2019–20) 2020s debuts Elliott from Earth (2021) Beast Boy: Lone Wolf (2024) Upcoming Goat Girl (2025) Canadian Current Lana Longbeard (since 2025) Former 1990s debuts O Canada (1997–2002) Ed, Edd n Eddy (1999–2009) 2000s debuts Atomic Betty (2004–08; also European ) Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs (2005–08; also European ) Gerald McBoing-Boing (2005–06) Storm Hawks (2007–09) Best Ed (2008–09) Total Drama (2008–14; 2024–25) George of the Jungle (Season 1 only, 2007–08) Hot Wheels Battle Force 5 (2009–11) Johnny Test (2009–14) 2010s debuts Almost Naked Animals (2011–13) Grojband (2013–15) Numb Chucks (2014–16) Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race (2015) Supernoobs (2015–16) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (TV series) (2017) Mega Man: Fully Charged (2018–19; also Asia Pacific ) Bakugan: Battle Planet (2018–21; also Asia Pacific ) Total DramaRama (2018–23) Asia Pacific Current Lamput (since 2017) Former 2000s debuts The Big O II (2003) Pecola (2003) Immortal Grand Prix (2003, 2005–06) Powerpuff Girls Z (2006–07) 2010s debuts Roll No 21 (2010) Exchange Student Zero (2015) 2020s debuts Monster Beach (2020) Tom and Jerry (in Singapore) (2023) Latin American Former 2000s debuts Monica and Friends (2004–25) Santo vs The Clones (2004) As Aventuras de Gui & Estopa (2008–21) 2010s debuts Trunk Train (2011–17) YooHoo & Friends (2012) Sítio do Picapau Amarelo (2012–16) La CQ (2012–14) Action Dad (2012) Jorel's Brother (2014–25) Villainous (2017–21) Oswaldo (2017–21) Ninjin (2019–21) 2020s debuts Frankelda's Book of Spooks (2021) v t e Danny Antonucci A.k.a. Cartoon TV series The Brothers Grunt (1994–1995) Cartoon Sushi (1997–1998) Ed, Edd n Eddy (1999–2009) Films Lupo the Butcher (1987) Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show (2009) Video games Ed, Edd n Eddy: Jawbreakers! (2003) Ed, Edd n Eddy: The Mis-Edventures (2005) Ed, Edd n Eddy: Scam of the Century (2007) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Ed, Edd n Eddy v t e Characters Characters Episodes Season 1 " The Ed-touchables" / "Nagged to Ed " Season 2 Big Picture Show (movie) Season 1 " The Ed-touchables" / "Nagged to Ed " " The Ed-touchables" / "Nagged to Ed " Season 2 Big Picture Show (movie) Video games Jawbreakers! The Mis-Edventures Scam of the Century Jawbreakers! The Mis-Edventures Scam of the Century Category Category v t e Former Cartoon Network original programming v t e 1990s debuts ToonHeads (1992–2003) The Moxy Show (1993–96) Space Ghost Coast to Coast (1994–2001) What a Cartoon! (1995–97) Cartoon Planet (1995–98; 2012–14) Dexter's Laboratory (1996–2003) Big Bag (1996–98) The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest (1996–97) The Tex Avery Show (1996–2002) Johnny Bravo (1997–2004) Cow and Chicken (1997–99) I Am Weasel (1997–2000) The Powerpuff Girls (1998–2005) Ed, Edd n Eddy (1999–2009) Mike, Lu & Og (1999–2001) Courage the Cowardly Dog (1999–2002) ToonHeads (1992–2003) The Moxy Show (1993–96) Space Ghost Coast to Coast (1994–2001) What a Cartoon! (1995–97) Cartoon Planet (1995–98; 2012–14) Dexter's Laboratory (1996–2003) Big Bag (1996–98) The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest (1996–97) The Tex Avery Show (1996–2002) Johnny Bravo (1997–2004) Cow and Chicken (1997–99) I Am Weasel (1997–2000) The Powerpuff Girls (1998–2005) Ed, Edd n Eddy (1999–2009) Mike, Lu & Og (1999–2001) Courage the Cowardly Dog (1999–2002) 2000s debuts JBVO (2000–01) The Bob Clampett Show (2000–01) Sheep in the Big City (2000–02) Time Squad (2001–03) Samurai Jack (2001–04) Grim & Evil (2001–03) The Popeye Show (2001–03) Baby Looney Tunes (2002–05) Whatever Happened to... Robot Jones? (2002–03) Codename: Kids Next Door (2002–08) The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy (2003–07) Evil Con Carne (2003–04) Teen Titans (2003–06) Duck Dodgers (2003–05) Megas XLR (2004–05) Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends (2004–09) Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi (2004–06) Krypto the Superdog (2005–06) The Life and Times of Juniper Lee (2005–07) Camp Lazlo (2005–08) Firehouse Tales (2005–06) My Gym Partner's a Monkey (2005–08) Ben 10 (2005–08) Squirrel Boy (2006–07) Class of 3000 (2006–08) Out of Jimmy's Head (2007–08) Chowder (2007–10) Ben 10: Alien Force (2008–10) The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack (2008–10) The Secret Saturdays (2008–10) Batman: The Brave and the Bold (2008–11) The Othersiders (2009) BrainRush (2009) Destroy Build Destroy (2009–11) Bobb'e Says (2009) Dude, What Would Happen (2009–11) JBVO (2000–01) The Bob Clampett Show (2000–01) Sheep in the Big City (2000–02) Time Squad (2001–03) Samurai Jack (2001–04) Grim & Evil (2001–03) The Popeye Show (2001–03) Baby Looney Tunes (2002–05) Whatever Happened to... Robot Jones? (2002–03) Codename: Kids Next Door (2002–08) The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy (2003–07) Evil Con Carne (2003–04) Teen Titans (2003–06) Duck Dodgers (2003–05) Megas XLR (2004–05) Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends (2004–09) Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi (2004–06) Krypto the Superdog (2005–06) The Life and Times of Juniper Lee (2005–07) Camp Lazlo (2005–08) Firehouse Tales (2005–06) My Gym Partner's a Monkey (2005–08) Ben 10 (2005–08) Squirrel Boy (2006–07) Class of 3000 (2006–08) Out of Jimmy's Head (2007–08) Chowder (2007–10) Ben 10: Alien Force (2008–10) The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack (2008–10) The Secret Saturdays (2008–10) Batman: The Brave and the Bold (2008–11) The Othersiders (2009) BrainRush (2009) Destroy Build Destroy (2009–11) Bobb'e Says (2009) Dude, What Would Happen (2009–11) 2010s debuts Adventure Time (2010–18) Ben 10: Ultimate Alien (2010–12) Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated (2010–13) Generator Rex (2010–13) Unnatural History (2010) Mad (2010–13) Regular Show (2010–17) Sym-Bionic Titan (2010–11) Tower Prep (2010) Robotomy (2010–11) Young Justice (2010–13) The Problem Solverz (2011) The Looney Tunes Show (2011–14) The Amazing World of Gumball (2011–19) ThunderCats (2011–12) Secret Mountain Fort Awesome (2011–12) Level Up (2012–13) Ben 10: Omniverse (2012–14) Incredible Crew (2013) Uncle Grandpa (2013–17) Steven Universe (2013–19) The Tom and Jerry Show (2014–16) Clarence (2014–18) Over the Garden Wall (2014) We Bare Bears (2015–19) New Looney Tunes (2015–16) Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! (2015–16) Long Live the Royals (2015) Bunnicula (2016) The Powerpuff Girls (2016–19) Mighty Magiswords (2016–19) Ben 10 (2017–21) OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes (2017–19) Apple & Onion (2018–21) Craig of the Creek (2018–25) Summer Camp Island (2018–23) DC Super Hero Girls (2019–21) Victor and Valentino (2019–22) Mao Mao: Heroes of Pure Heart (2019–20) Infinity Train (2019–20) Steven Universe Future (2019–20) Adventure Time (2010–18) Ben 10: Ultimate Alien (2010–12) Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated (2010–13) Generator Rex (2010–13) Unnatural History (2010) Mad (2010–13) Regular Show (2010–17) Sym-Bionic Titan (2010–11) Tower Prep (2010) Robotomy (2010–11) Young Justice (2010–13) The Problem Solverz (2011) The Looney Tunes Show (2011–14) The Amazing World of Gumball (2011–19) ThunderCats (2011–12) Secret Mountain Fort Awesome (2011–12) Level Up (2012–13) Ben 10: Omniverse (2012–14) Incredible Crew (2013) Uncle Grandpa (2013–17) Steven Universe (2013–19) The Tom and Jerry Show (2014–16) Clarence (2014–18) Over the Garden Wall (2014) We Bare Bears (2015–19) New Looney Tunes (2015–16) Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! (2015–16) Long Live the Royals (2015) Bunnicula (2016) The Powerpuff Girls (2016–19) Mighty Magiswords (2016–19) Ben 10 (2017–21) OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes (2017–19) Apple & Onion (2018–21) Craig of the Creek (2018–25) Summer Camp Island (2018–23) DC Super Hero Girls (2019–21) Victor and Valentino (2019–22) Mao Mao: Heroes of Pure Heart (2019–20) Infinity Train (2019–20) Steven Universe Future (2019–20) 2020s debuts ThunderCats Roar (2020) Looney Tunes Cartoons (2021–23) Jellystone! (2021–25) Tig n' Seek (2021) The Fungies! (2021) Tiny Toons Looniversity (2023–25) Jessica's Big Little World (2023–24) ThunderCats Roar (2020) Looney Tunes Cartoons (2021–23) Jellystone! (2021–25) Tig n' Seek (2021) The Fungies! (2021) Tiny Toons Looniversity (2023–25) Jessica's Big Little World (2023–24) See also Current original series Cartoon Network Studios co-productions , films Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe Warner Bros. Animation Current original series Cartoon Network Studios co-productions , films Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe co-productions , films Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe Warner Bros. Animation v t e Cartoon Network co-productions v t e American Current Iyanu (since 2025) Former 1990s debuts Big Bag (1996–98) 2000s debuts Home Movies (2001–04; Adult Swim) He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2002–04) The Venture Bros. (2003–18; Adult Swim) Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003–05) The Boondocks (2005–14; Adult Swim) Ellen's Acres (2006–07) The Land Before Time (2007–08) Transformers: Animated (2007–09) The Secret Saturdays (2008–10) Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008–13) The Super Hero Squad Show (2009–11) 2010s debuts Pink Panther and Pals (2010) The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange (2012–14) DreamWorks Dragons (2012–14) Legends of Chima (2013–14) Mixels (2014–16) Sonic Boom (2014–17; also European ) Transformers: Robots in Disguise (2015–17) Transformers: Cyberverse (2018–20; also European ) Unikitty! (2017–20) Care Bears: Unlock the Magic (2019–24; also Canadian ) American Current Iyanu (since 2025) Former 1990s debuts Big Bag (1996–98) 2000s debuts Home Movies (2001–04; Adult Swim) He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2002–04) The Venture Bros. (2003–18; Adult Swim) Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003–05) The Boondocks (2005–14; Adult Swim) Ellen's Acres (2006–07) The Land Before Time (2007–08) Transformers: Animated (2007–09) The Secret Saturdays (2008–10) Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008–13) The Super Hero Squad Show (2009–11) 2010s debuts Pink Panther and Pals (2010) The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange (2012–14) DreamWorks Dragons (2012–14) Legends of Chima (2013–14) Mixels (2014–16) Sonic Boom (2014–17; also European ) Transformers: Robots in Disguise (2015–17) Transformers: Cyberverse (2018–20; also European ) Unikitty! (2017–20) Care Bears: Unlock the Magic (2019–24; also Canadian ) Current Iyanu (since 2025) Iyanu (since 2025) Former 1990s debuts Big Bag (1996–98) 2000s debuts Home Movies (2001–04; Adult Swim) He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2002–04) The Venture Bros. (2003–18; Adult Swim) Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003–05) The Boondocks (2005–14; Adult Swim) Ellen's Acres (2006–07) The Land Before Time (2007–08) Transformers: Animated (2007–09) The Secret Saturdays (2008–10) Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008–13) The Super Hero Squad Show (2009–11) 2010s debuts Pink Panther and Pals (2010) The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange (2012–14) DreamWorks Dragons (2012–14) Legends of Chima (2013–14) Mixels (2014–16) Sonic Boom (2014–17; also European ) Transformers: Robots in Disguise (2015–17) Transformers: Cyberverse (2018–20; also European ) Unikitty! (2017–20) Care Bears: Unlock the Magic (2019–24; also Canadian ) 1990s debuts Big Bag (1996–98) Big Bag (1996–98) 2000s debuts Home Movies (2001–04; Adult Swim) He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2002–04) The Venture Bros. (2003–18; Adult Swim) Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003–05) The Boondocks (2005–14; Adult Swim) Ellen's Acres (2006–07) The Land Before Time (2007–08) Transformers: Animated (2007–09) The Secret Saturdays (2008–10) Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008–13) The Super Hero Squad Show (2009–11) Home Movies (2001–04; Adult Swim) He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2002–04) The Venture Bros. (2003–18; Adult Swim) Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003–05) The Boondocks (2005–14; Adult Swim) Ellen's Acres (2006–07) The Land Before Time (2007–08) Transformers: Animated (2007–09) The Secret Saturdays (2008–10) Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008–13) The Super Hero Squad Show (2009–11) 2010s debuts Pink Panther and Pals (2010) The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange (2012–14) DreamWorks Dragons (2012–14) Legends of Chima (2013–14) Mixels (2014–16) Sonic Boom (2014–17; also European ) Transformers: Robots in Disguise (2015–17) Transformers: Cyberverse (2018–20; also European ) Unikitty! (2017–20) Care Bears: Unlock the Magic (2019–24; also Canadian ) Pink Panther and Pals (2010) The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange (2012–14) DreamWorks Dragons (2012–14) Legends of Chima (2013–14) Mixels (2014–16) Sonic Boom (2014–17; also European ) Transformers: Robots in Disguise (2015–17) Transformers: Cyberverse (2018–20; also European ) Unikitty! (2017–20) Care Bears: Unlock the Magic (2019–24; also Canadian ) European/EMEA Current Kral Şakir (since 2016) Jade Armor (since 2022) The Heroic Quest of the Valiant Prince Ivandoe (since 2022) (full series) Totally Spies! (since 2024, Season 7 onwards; also Canadian ) The Wonderfully Weird World of Gumball (since 2025, outside the USA ) Former 2000s debuts Fat Dog Mendoza (2000–01) The Cramp Twins (2001–04) Spaced Out (2001–05) Code Lyoko (2004–08) Pet Alien (2004–07) Robotboy (2005–08) Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes (2006–07) The Amazing Adrenalini Brothers (2006; also Canadian ) Skatoony (2006–08) My Spy Family (2007–10) Skunk Fu! (2007–08) The Mr. Men Show (2008–09; also American ) Chop Socky Chooks (2007–08; also Canadian ) Casper's Scare School (2009–12) The Garfield Show (2009–12) 2010s debuts Hero: 108 (2010–12) Ninjago (2011–20) The Amazing World of Gumball (2011–19), outside the USA ) My Knight and Me (2016–17) The Heroic Quest of the Valiant Prince Ivandoe (2017) (shorts) Power Players (2019–20) 2020s debuts Elliott from Earth (2021) Beast Boy: Lone Wolf (2024) Upcoming Goat Girl (2025) European/EMEA Current Kral Şakir (since 2016) Jade Armor (since 2022) The Heroic Quest of the Valiant Prince Ivandoe (since 2022) (full series) Totally Spies! (since 2024, Season 7 onwards; also Canadian ) The Wonderfully Weird World of Gumball (since 2025, outside the USA ) Former 2000s debuts Fat Dog Mendoza (2000–01) The Cramp Twins (2001–04) Spaced Out (2001–05) Code Lyoko (2004–08) Pet Alien (2004–07) Robotboy (2005–08) Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes (2006–07) The Amazing Adrenalini Brothers (2006; also Canadian ) Skatoony (2006–08) My Spy Family (2007–10) Skunk Fu! (2007–08) The Mr. Men Show (2008–09; also American ) Chop Socky Chooks (2007–08; also Canadian ) Casper's Scare School (2009–12) The Garfield Show (2009–12) 2010s debuts Hero: 108 (2010–12) Ninjago (2011–20) The Amazing World of Gumball (2011–19), outside the USA ) My Knight and Me (2016–17) The Heroic Quest of the Valiant Prince Ivandoe (2017) (shorts) Power Players (2019–20) 2020s debuts Elliott from Earth (2021) Beast Boy: Lone Wolf (2024) Upcoming Goat Girl (2025) Current Kral Şakir (since 2016) Jade Armor (since 2022) The Heroic Quest of the Valiant Prince Ivandoe (since 2022) (full series) Totally Spies! (since 2024, Season 7 onwards; also Canadian ) The Wonderfully Weird World of Gumball (since 2025, outside the USA ) Kral Şakir (since 2016) Jade Armor (since 2022) The Heroic Quest of the Valiant Prince Ivandoe (since 2022) (full series) Totally Spies! (since 2024, Season 7 onwards; also Canadian ) The Wonderfully Weird World of Gumball (since 2025, outside the USA ) Former 2000s debuts Fat Dog Mendoza (2000–01) The Cramp Twins (2001–04) Spaced Out (2001–05) Code Lyoko (2004–08) Pet Alien (2004–07) Robotboy (2005–08) Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes (2006–07) The Amazing Adrenalini Brothers (2006; also Canadian ) Skatoony (2006–08) My Spy Family (2007–10) Skunk Fu! (2007–08) The Mr. Men Show (2008–09; also American ) Chop Socky Chooks (2007–08; also Canadian ) Casper's Scare School (2009–12) The Garfield Show (2009–12) 2010s debuts Hero: 108 (2010–12) Ninjago (2011–20) The Amazing World of Gumball (2011–19), outside the USA ) My Knight and Me (2016–17) The Heroic Quest of the Valiant Prince Ivandoe (2017) (shorts) Power Players (2019–20) 2020s debuts Elliott from Earth (2021) Beast Boy: Lone Wolf (2024) 2000s debuts Fat Dog Mendoza (2000–01) The Cramp Twins (2001–04) Spaced Out (2001–05) Code Lyoko (2004–08) Pet Alien (2004–07) Robotboy (2005–08) Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes (2006–07) The Amazing Adrenalini Brothers (2006; also Canadian ) Skatoony (2006–08) My Spy Family (2007–10) Skunk Fu! (2007–08) The Mr. Men Show (2008–09; also American ) Chop Socky Chooks (2007–08; also Canadian ) Casper's Scare School (2009–12) The Garfield Show (2009–12) Fat Dog Mendoza (2000–01) The Cramp Twins (2001–04) Spaced Out (2001–05) Code Lyoko (2004–08) Pet Alien (2004–07) Robotboy (2005–08) Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes (2006–07) The Amazing Adrenalini Brothers (2006; also Canadian ) Skatoony (2006–08) My Spy Family (2007–10) Skunk Fu! (2007–08) The Mr. Men Show (2008–09; also American ) Chop Socky Chooks (2007–08; also Canadian ) Casper's Scare School (2009–12) The Garfield Show (2009–12) 2010s debuts Hero: 108 (2010–12) Ninjago (2011–20) The Amazing World of Gumball (2011–19), outside the USA ) My Knight and Me (2016–17) The Heroic Quest of the Valiant Prince Ivandoe (2017) (shorts) Power Players (2019–20) Hero: 108 (2010–12) Ninjago (2011–20) The Amazing World of Gumball (2011–19), outside the USA ) My Knight and Me (2016–17) The Heroic Quest of the Valiant Prince Ivandoe (2017) (shorts) Power Players (2019–20) 2020s debuts Elliott from Earth (2021) Beast Boy: Lone Wolf (2024) Elliott from Earth (2021) Beast Boy: Lone Wolf (2024) Upcoming Goat Girl (2025) Canadian Current Lana Longbeard (since 2025) Former 1990s debuts O Canada (1997–2002) Ed, Edd n Eddy (1999–2009) 2000s debuts Atomic Betty (2004–08; also European ) Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs (2005–08; also European ) Gerald McBoing-Boing (2005–06) Storm Hawks (2007–09) Best Ed (2008–09) Total Drama (2008–14; 2024–25) George of the Jungle (Season 1 only, 2007–08) Hot Wheels Battle Force 5 (2009–11) Johnny Test (2009–14) 2010s debuts Almost Naked Animals (2011–13) Grojband (2013–15) Numb Chucks (2014–16) Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race (2015) Supernoobs (2015–16) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (TV series) (2017) Mega Man: Fully Charged (2018–19; also Asia Pacific ) Bakugan: Battle Planet (2018–21; also Asia Pacific ) Total DramaRama (2018–23) Canadian Current Lana Longbeard (since 2025) Former 1990s debuts O Canada (1997–2002) Ed, Edd n Eddy (1999–2009) 2000s debuts Atomic Betty (2004–08; also European ) Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs (2005–08; also European ) Gerald McBoing-Boing (2005–06) Storm Hawks (2007–09) Best Ed (2008–09) Total Drama (2008–14; 2024–25) George of the Jungle (Season 1 only, 2007–08) Hot Wheels Battle Force 5 (2009–11) Johnny Test (2009–14) 2010s debuts Almost Naked Animals (2011–13) Grojband (2013–15) Numb Chucks (2014–16) Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race (2015) Supernoobs (2015–16) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (TV series) (2017) Mega Man: Fully Charged (2018–19; also Asia Pacific ) Bakugan: Battle Planet (2018–21; also Asia Pacific ) Total DramaRama (2018–23) Current Lana Longbeard (since 2025) Former 1990s debuts O Canada (1997–2002) Ed, Edd n Eddy (1999–2009) 2000s debuts Atomic Betty (2004–08; also European ) Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs (2005–08; also European ) Gerald McBoing-Boing (2005–06) Storm Hawks (2007–09) Best Ed (2008–09) Total Drama (2008–14; 2024–25) George of the Jungle (Season 1 only, 2007–08) Hot Wheels Battle Force 5 (2009–11) Johnny Test (2009–14) 2010s debuts Almost Naked Animals (2011–13) Grojband (2013–15) Numb Chucks (2014–16) Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race (2015) Supernoobs (2015–16) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (TV series) (2017) Mega Man: Fully Charged (2018–19; also Asia Pacific ) Bakugan: Battle Planet (2018–21; also Asia Pacific ) Total DramaRama (2018–23) 1990s debuts O Canada (1997–2002) Ed, Edd n Eddy (1999–2009) O Canada (1997–2002) Ed, Edd n Eddy (1999–2009) 2000s debuts Atomic Betty (2004–08; also European ) Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs (2005–08; also European ) Gerald McBoing-Boing (2005–06) Storm Hawks (2007–09) Best Ed (2008–09) Total Drama (2008–14; 2024–25) George of the Jungle (Season 1 only, 2007–08) Hot Wheels Battle Force 5 (2009–11) Johnny Test (2009–14) Atomic Betty (2004–08; also European ) Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs (2005–08; also European ) Gerald McBoing-Boing (2005–06) Storm Hawks (2007–09) Best Ed (2008–09) Total Drama (2008–14; 2024–25) George of the Jungle (Season 1 only, 2007–08) Hot Wheels Battle Force 5 (2009–11) Johnny Test (2009–14) 2010s debuts Almost Naked Animals (2011–13) Grojband (2013–15) Numb Chucks (2014–16) Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race (2015) Supernoobs (2015–16) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (TV series) (2017) Mega Man: Fully Charged (2018–19; also Asia Pacific ) Bakugan: Battle Planet (2018–21; also Asia Pacific ) Total DramaRama (2018–23) Almost Naked Animals (2011–13) Grojband (2013–15) Numb Chucks (2014–16) Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race (2015) Supernoobs (2015–16) Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (TV series) (2017) Mega Man: Fully Charged (2018–19; also Asia Pacific ) Bakugan: Battle Planet (2018–21; also Asia Pacific ) Total DramaRama (2018–23) Asia Pacific Current Lamput (since 2017) Former 2000s debuts The Big O II (2003) Pecola (2003) Immortal Grand Prix (2003, 2005–06) Powerpuff Girls Z (2006–07) 2010s debuts Roll No 21 (2010) Exchange Student Zero (2015) 2020s debuts Monster Beach (2020) Tom and Jerry (in Singapore) (2023) Asia Pacific Current Lamput (since 2017) Former 2000s debuts The Big O II (2003) Pecola (2003) Immortal Grand Prix (2003, 2005–06) Powerpuff Girls Z (2006–07) 2010s debuts Roll No 21 (2010) Exchange Student Zero (2015) 2020s debuts Monster Beach (2020) Tom and Jerry (in Singapore) (2023) Current Lamput (since 2017) Lamput (since 2017) Former 2000s debuts The Big O II (2003) Pecola (2003) Immortal Grand Prix (2003, 2005–06) Powerpuff Girls Z (2006–07) 2010s debuts Roll No 21 (2010) Exchange Student Zero (2015) 2020s debuts Monster Beach (2020) Tom and Jerry (in Singapore) (2023) 2000s debuts The Big O II (2003) Pecola (2003) Immortal Grand Prix (2003, 2005–06) Powerpuff Girls Z (2006–07) The Big O II (2003) Pecola (2003) Immortal Grand Prix (2003, 2005–06) Powerpuff Girls Z (2006–07) 2010s debuts Roll No 21 (2010) Exchange Student Zero (2015) Roll No 21 (2010) Exchange Student Zero (2015) 2020s debuts Monster Beach (2020) Tom and Jerry (in Singapore) (2023) Monster Beach (2020) Tom and Jerry (in Singapore) (2023) Latin American Former 2000s debuts Monica and Friends (2004–25) Santo vs The Clones (2004) As Aventuras de Gui & Estopa (2008–21) 2010s debuts Trunk Train (2011–17) YooHoo & Friends (2012) Sítio do Picapau Amarelo (2012–16) La CQ (2012–14) Action Dad (2012) Jorel's Brother (2014–25) Villainous (2017–21) Oswaldo (2017–21) Ninjin (2019–21) 2020s debuts Frankelda's Book of Spooks (2021) Latin American Former 2000s debuts Monica and Friends (2004–25) Santo vs The Clones (2004) As Aventuras de Gui & Estopa (2008–21) 2010s debuts Trunk Train (2011–17) YooHoo & Friends (2012) Sítio do Picapau Amarelo (2012–16) La CQ (2012–14) Action Dad (2012) Jorel's Brother (2014–25) Villainous (2017–21) Oswaldo (2017–21) Ninjin (2019–21) 2020s debuts Frankelda's Book of Spooks (2021) Former 2000s debuts Monica and Friends (2004–25) Santo vs The Clones (2004) As Aventuras de Gui & Estopa (2008–21) 2010s debuts Trunk Train (2011–17) YooHoo & Friends (2012) Sítio do Picapau Amarelo (2012–16) La CQ (2012–14) Action Dad (2012) Jorel's Brother (2014–25) Villainous (2017–21) Oswaldo (2017–21) Ninjin (2019–21) 2020s debuts Frankelda's Book of Spooks (2021) 2000s debuts Monica and Friends (2004–25) Santo vs The Clones (2004) As Aventuras de Gui & Estopa (2008–21) Monica and Friends (2004–25) Santo vs The Clones (2004) As Aventuras de Gui & Estopa (2008–21) 2010s debuts Trunk Train (2011–17) YooHoo & Friends (2012) Sítio do Picapau Amarelo (2012–16) La CQ (2012–14) Action Dad (2012) Jorel's Brother (2014–25) Villainous (2017–21) Oswaldo (2017–21) Ninjin (2019–21) Trunk Train (2011–17) YooHoo & Friends (2012) Sítio do Picapau Amarelo (2012–16) La CQ (2012–14) Action Dad (2012) Jorel's Brother (2014–25) Villainous (2017–21) Oswaldo (2017–21) Ninjin (2019–21) 2020s debuts Frankelda's Book of Spooks (2021) Frankelda's Book of Spooks (2021) v t e Danny Antonucci v t e A.k.a. Cartoon A.k.a. Cartoon TV series The Brothers Grunt (1994–1995) Cartoon Sushi (1997–1998) Ed, Edd n Eddy (1999–2009) The Brothers Grunt (1994–1995) Cartoon Sushi (1997–1998) Ed, Edd n Eddy (1999–2009) Films Lupo the Butcher (1987) Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show (2009) Lupo the Butcher (1987) Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show (2009) Video games Ed, Edd n Eddy: Jawbreakers! (2003) Ed, Edd n Eddy: The Mis-Edventures (2005) Ed, Edd n Eddy: Scam of the Century (2007) Ed, Edd n Eddy: Jawbreakers! (2003) Ed, Edd n Eddy: The Mis-Edventures (2005) Ed, Edd n Eddy: Scam of the Century (2007) Animation Cartoon Network Television 1990s 2000s Ed, Edd n Eddy A.k.a. Cartoon 1990s American animated comedy television series 2000s American animated comedy television series 1990s American surreal comedy television series 2000s American surreal comedy television series 1990s American children's comedy television series 2000s American children's comedy television series 1999 American animated television series debuts 2009 American television series endings 1990s Canadian animated comedy television series 2000s Canadian animated comedy television series 1990s Canadian children's television series 2000s Canadian children's television series 1999 Canadian television series debuts 2009 Canadian television series endings Cartoon Cartoons American children's animated comedy television series Canadian children's animated comedy television series Cartoon Network original programming Postmodern television Teletoon original programming American English-language television shows Canadian English-language television shows American animated television series about children Surreal comedy television series Fictional trios Middle school television series Television shows adapted into films Metafictional television series Television series created by Danny Antonucci Television shows adapted into video games Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use Canadian English from August 2019 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Use mdy dates from May 2023 This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 13:32 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Overview 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 18th century 2.2 19th century 2.3 20th century 2.4 21st century 2.1 18th century 2.2 19th century 2.3 20th century 2.4 21st century 3 Women in Congress 4 Role Toggle Role subsection 4.1 Powers 4.1.1 Overview 4.1.2 Enumeration 4.1.3 Implicit, commerce clause 4.1.4 Territorial government 4.2 Checks and balances 4.1 Powers 4.1.1 Overview 4.1.2 Enumeration 4.1.3 Implicit, commerce clause 4.1.4 Territorial government 4.1.1 Overview 4.1.2 Enumeration 4.1.3 Implicit, commerce clause 4.1.4 Territorial government 4.2 Checks and balances 5 Structure Toggle Structure subsection 5.1 Committees 5.1.1 Specializations 5.1.2 Power 5.1.3 Officer 5.2 Support services 5.2.1 Library of Congress 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.2 Congressional Budget Office 5.2.3 Government Accountability Office 5.2.4 Architect of the Capitol 5.2.5 United States Capitol Police 5.2.6 Lobbying 5.3 Partisanship versus bipartisanship 5.1 Committees 5.1.1 Specializations 5.1.2 Power 5.1.3 Officer 5.1.1 Specializations 5.1.2 Power 5.1.3 Officer 5.2 Support services 5.2.1 Library of Congress 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.2 Congressional Budget Office 5.2.3 Government Accountability Office 5.2.4 Architect of the Capitol 5.2.5 United States Capitol Police 5.2.6 Lobbying 5.2.1 Library of Congress 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.2 Congressional Budget Office 5.2.3 Government Accountability Office 5.2.4 Architect of the Capitol 5.2.5 United States Capitol Police 5.2.6 Lobbying 5.3 Partisanship versus bipartisanship 6 Procedures Toggle Procedures subsection 6.1 Sessions 6.2 Joint sessions 6.3 Bills and resolutions 6.1 Sessions 6.2 Joint sessions 6.3 Bills and resolutions 7 Public interaction Toggle Public interaction subsection 7.1 Advantage of incumbency 7.1.1 Citizens and representatives 7.1.2 Expensive campaigns 7.1.3 Television and negative advertising 7.1.4 Perceptions 7.2 Smaller states and bigger states 7.3 Members and constituents 7.4 Motivation 7.1 Advantage of incumbency 7.1.1 Citizens and representatives 7.1.2 Expensive campaigns 7.1.3 Television and negative advertising 7.1.4 Perceptions 7.1.1 Citizens and representatives 7.1.2 Expensive campaigns 7.1.3 Television and negative advertising 7.1.4 Perceptions 7.2 Smaller states and bigger states 7.3 Members and constituents 7.4 Motivation 8 Privileges Toggle Privileges subsection 8.1 Outside income and gifts 8.2 Pay 8.3 Postage 8.4 Protection 8.1 Outside income and gifts 8.2 Pay 8.3 Postage 8.4 Protection 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Citations 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links United States Congress Afrikaans Ænglisc العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego Gĩkũyũ 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lombard Magyar Македонски मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikibooks Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikiversity Wikidata item Page version status This is an accepted version of this page This article has multiple issues. 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Find sources: "United States Congress" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) United States Congress 119th Congress Coat of arms of the United States Type Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives History Founded March 4, 1789 (236 years ago) ( 1789-03-04 ) Preceded by Congress of the Confederation Leadership President of the Senate JD Vance ( R ) since January 20, 2025 ( 2025-01-20 ) President pro tempore of the Senate Chuck Grassley ( R ) since January 3, 2025 ( 2025-01-03 ) Speaker of the House Mike Johnson ( R ) since October 25, 2023 ( 2023-10-25 ) Structure Seats .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 535 voting members 100 senators 435 representatives 6 non-voting members 535 voting members 100 senators 435 representatives 100 senators 435 representatives 6 non-voting members Senate political groups Majority (53) .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Republican (53) Minority (47) Democratic (45) Independent (2) [ a ] .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Republican (53) Minority (47) Democratic (45) Independent (2) [ a ] House of Representatives political groups Majority (218) Republican (218) Minority (213) Democratic (213) Vacant (4) Vacant (4) Republican (218) Minority (213) Democratic (213) Vacant (4) Vacant (4) Elections Last Senate election November 5, 2024 Last House of Representatives election November 5, 2024 Next Senate election November 3, 2026 Next House of Representatives election November 3, 2026 Meeting place United States Capitol Washington, D.C. United States of America Website congress .gov Constitution United States Constitution , Article I The United States Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States . It is a bicameral legislature, including a lower body , the U.S. House of Representatives , and an upper body , the U.S. Senate . They both meet in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Members of Congress are chosen through direct election , [ b ] though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a governor 's appointment. Congress has a total of 535 voting members, a figure which includes 100 senators and 435 representatives ; the House of Representatives has 6 additional non-voting members . The vice president of the United States , as president of the Senate, has a vote in the Senate only when there is a tie. [ 2 ] Congress [ c ] convenes for a two-year term (a Congress), commencing every other January. Each Congress is usually split into two sessions, one for each year. Elections are held every even-numbered year on Election Day . The members of the House of Representatives are elected for the two-year term of a Congress. The Reapportionment Act of 1929 established that there be 435 representatives, and the Uniform Congressional District Act requires that they be elected from single-member constituencies or districts . It is also required that the congressional districts be apportioned among states by population every ten years using the U.S. census results, provided that each state has at least one congressional representative. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a six-year term, with terms staggered , so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, so currently, there are 100 senators for the 50 states. Article One of the U.S. Constitution requires that members of Congress be at least 25 years old for the House and at least 30 years old for the U.S. Senate, be a U.S. citizen for seven years for the House and nine years for the Senate, and be an inhabitant of the state which they represent. Members in both chambers may stand for re-election an unlimited number of times. Congress was created by the U.S. Constitution 's First Article and first met in 1789 , replacing the Congress of the Confederation in its legislative function. Although not legally mandated, in practice members of Congress since the late 19th century are typically affiliated with one of the two major parties , the Democratic Party or the Republican Party , and only rarely with a third party or independents affiliated with no party. Members can also switch parties at any time, though this is uncommon. Overview Article One of the United States Constitution states, "All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives." The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process – legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers. The Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue -raising bills. [ citation needed ] The House initiates and decides impeachment while the Senate votes on conviction and removal of office for impeachment cases. [ 4 ] A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before an impeached person can be removed from office. [ 4 ] The term Congress can also refer to a particular meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years; the current one, the 119th Congress , began on January 3, 2025, and will end on January 3, 2027. Since the adoption of the Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution , the Congress has started and ended at noon on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, while members of the House of Representatives are commonly referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. [ citation needed ] Scholar and representative Lee H. Hamilton asserted that the "historic mission of Congress has been to maintain freedom" and insisted it was a "driving force in American government" [ 5 ] and a "remarkably resilient institution". [ 6 ] Congress is the "heart and soul of our democracy", according to this view, even though legislators rarely achieve the prestige or name recognition of presidents or Supreme Court justices ; one wrote that "legislators remain ghosts in America's historical imagination." One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played an active role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. [ 7 ] Several academics described Congress: Congress reflects us in all our strengths and all our weaknesses. It reflects our regional idiosyncrasies, our ethnic, religious, and racial diversity, our multitude of professions, and our shadings of opinion on everything from the value of war to the war over values. Congress is the government's most representative body ... Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the great public policy issues of the day. [ 5 ] Congress reflects us in all our strengths and all our weaknesses. It reflects our regional idiosyncrasies, our ethnic, religious, and racial diversity, our multitude of professions, and our shadings of opinion on everything from the value of war to the war over values. Congress is the government's most representative body ... Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the great public policy issues of the day. [ 5 ] Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux. [ 8 ] In recent times, the American South and West have gained House seats according to demographic changes recorded by the census and includes more women and minorities . [ 8 ] While power balances among the different parts of government continue to change, the internal structure of Congress is important to understand along with its interactions with so-called intermediary institutions such as political parties , civic associations , interest groups , and the mass media . [ 7 ] The Congress of the United States serves two distinct purposes that overlap: local representation to the federal government of a congressional district by representatives and a state's at-large representation to the federal government by senators . [ citation needed ] Most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent. [ 9 ] The historical records of the House of Representatives and the Senate are maintained by the Center for Legislative Archives, which is a part of the National Archives and Records Administration . [ 10 ] Congress is directly responsible for the governing of the District of Columbia , the current seat of the federal government. [ citation needed ] History 18th century The First Continental Congress was a gathering of representatives from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies . [ 11 ] On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence , referring to the new nation as the "United States of America". The Articles of Confederation in 1781 created the Congress of the Confederation , a unicameral body with equal representation among the states in which each state had a veto over most decisions. Congress had executive but not legislative authority, and the federal judiciary was confined to admiralty [ 12 ] and lacked authority to collect taxes, regulate commerce, or enforce laws. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Government powerlessness led to the Convention of 1787 which proposed a revised constitution with a two-chamber or bicameral Congress. [ 15 ] Smaller states argued for equal representation for each state. [ 16 ] The two-chamber structure had functioned well in state governments. [ 17 ] A compromise plan, the Connecticut Compromise , was adopted with representatives chosen by population (benefiting larger states) and exactly two senators chosen by state governments (benefiting smaller states). [ 8 ] [ 18 ] The ratified constitution created a federal structure with two overlapping power centers so that each citizen as an individual is subject to the powers of state government and national government. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] To protect against abuse of power, each branch of government – executive, legislative, and judicial – had a separate sphere of authority and could check other branches according to the principle of the separation of powers . [ 4 ] Furthermore, there were checks and balances within the legislature since there were two separate chambers. [ 22 ] The new government became active in 1789. [ 4 ] [ 23 ] Political scientist Julian E. Zelizer suggested there were four main congressional eras, with considerable overlap, and included the formative era (1780s–1820s), the partisan era (1830s–1900s), the committee era (1910s–1960s), and the contemporary era (1970–present). [ 24 ] Federalists and anti-federalists jostled for power in the early years as political parties became pronounced. With the passage of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights , the anti-federalist movement was exhausted. Some activists joined the Anti-Administration Party that James Madison and Thomas Jefferson were forming about 1790–1791 to oppose policies of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton ; it soon became the Democratic-Republican Party or the Jeffersonian Republican Party [ 25 ] [ 26 ] and thus began the era of the First Party System . [ citation needed ] 19th century In 1800, Thomas Jefferson 's election to the presidency marked a peaceful transition of power between the parties. John Marshall , 4th chief justice of the Supreme Court , empowered the courts by establishing the principle of judicial review in law in the landmark case Marbury v. Madison in 1803, effectively giving the Supreme Court a power to nullify congressional legislation. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] The Civil War , which lasted from 1861 to 1865, resolved the slavery issue and unified the nation under federal authority but weakened the power of states' rights . The Gilded Age (1877–1901) was marked by Republican dominance of Congress. During this time, lobbying activity became more intense, particularly during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant in which influential lobbies advocated for railroad subsidies and tariffs on wool. [ 29 ] Immigration and high birth rates swelled the ranks of citizens and the nation grew at a rapid pace. The Progressive Era was characterized by strong party leadership in both houses of Congress and calls for reform; sometimes reformers said lobbyists corrupted politics. [ 30 ] The position of Speaker of the House became extremely powerful under leaders such as Thomas Reed in 1890 and Joseph Gurney Cannon . [ citation needed ] 20th century By the beginning of the 20th century, party structures and leadership emerged as key organizers of Senate proceedings. [ 32 ] A system of seniority, in which long-time members of Congress gained more and more power, encouraged politicians of both parties to seek long terms. Committee chairmen remained influential in both houses until the reforms of the 1970s. [ 33 ] Important structural changes included the direct popular election of senators according to the Seventeenth Amendment , [ 18 ] ratified on April 8, 1913. Supreme Court decisions based on the Constitution's commerce clause expanded congressional power to regulate the economy. [ 34 ] One effect of popular election of senators was to reduce the difference between the House and Senate in terms of their link to the electorate. [ 35 ] Lame duck reforms according to the Twentieth Amendment reduced the power of defeated and retiring members of Congress to wield influence despite their lack of accountability. [ 36 ] The Great Depression ushered in President Franklin Roosevelt and strong control by Democrats [ 37 ] and historic New Deal policies. Roosevelt 's election in 1932 marked a shift in government power towards the executive branch. Numerous New Deal initiatives came from the White House rather initiated by Congress. [ 38 ] President Roosevelt pushed his agenda in Congress by detailing Executive Branch staff to friendly Senate committees, a practice that ended with the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946. [ 39 ] The Democratic Party controlled both houses of Congress for many years. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ] During this time, Republicans and conservative southern Democrats [ 43 ] formed the Conservative Coalition . [ 42 ] [ 44 ] Democrats maintained control of Congress during World War II . [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Congress struggled with efficiency in the postwar era partly by reducing the number of standing congressional committees. [ 47 ] Southern Democrats became a powerful force in many influential committees although political power alternated between Republicans and Democrats during these years. More complex issues required greater specialization and expertise, such as space flight and atomic energy policy. [ 47 ] Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited the fear of communism during the Second Red Scare and conducted televised hearings. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] In 1960, Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy narrowly won the presidency and power shifted again to the Democrats who dominated both chambers of Congress from 1961 to 1980, and retained a consistent majority in the House from 1955 to 1994. [ 50 ] Congress enacted Johnson's Great Society program to fight poverty and hunger. The Watergate Scandal had a powerful effect of waking up a somewhat dormant Congress which investigated presidential wrongdoing and coverups; the scandal "substantially reshaped" relations between the branches of government, suggested political scientist Bruce J. Schulman . [ 51 ] Partisanship returned, particularly after 1994; one analyst attributes partisan infighting to slim congressional majorities which discouraged friendly social gatherings in meeting rooms such as the Board of Education . [ 7 ] Congress began reasserting its authority. [ 38 ] [ 52 ] Lobbying became a big factor despite the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act . Political action committees or PACs could make substantive donations to congressional candidates via such means as soft money contributions. [ 53 ] While soft money funds were not given to specific campaigns for candidates, the money often benefited candidates substantially in an indirect way and helped reelect candidates. [ 53 ] Reforms such as the 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act limited campaign donations but did not limit soft money contributions. [ 54 ] One source suggests post-Watergate laws amended in 1974 meant to reduce the "influence of wealthy contributors and end payoffs" instead "legitimized PACs" since they "enabled individuals to band together in support of candidates". [ 55 ] From 1974 to 1984, PACs grew from 608 to 3,803 and donations leaped from $12.5 million to $120 million [ 55 ] [ 56 ] [ 57 ] along with concern over PAC influence in Congress. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] In 2009, there were 4,600 business, labor and special-interest PACs [ 60 ] including ones for lawyers , electricians , and real estate brokers . [ 61 ] From 2007 to 2008, 175 members of Congress received "half or more of their campaign cash" from PACs. [ 60 ] [ 62 ] [ 63 ] From 1970 to 2009, the House expanded delegates, along with their powers and privileges representing U.S. citizens in non-state areas, beginning with representation on committees for Puerto Rico's resident commissioner in 1970. In 1971, a delegate for the District of Columbia was authorized, and in 1972 new delegate positions were established for U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam . In 1978, an additional delegate for American Samoa were added. [ citation needed ] In the late 20th century, the media became more important in Congress's work. [ 64 ] Analyst Michael Schudson suggested that greater publicity undermined the power of political parties and caused "more roads to open up in Congress for individual representatives to influence decisions". [ 64 ] Norman Ornstein suggested that media prominence led to a greater emphasis on the negative and sensational side of Congress, and referred to this as the tabloidization of media coverage. [ 8 ] Others saw pressure to squeeze a political position into a thirty-second soundbite. [ 65 ] A report characterized Congress in 2013 as unproductive, gridlocked, and "setting records for futility". [ 66 ] In October 2013, with Congress unable to compromise, the government was shut down for several weeks and risked a serious default on debt payments, causing 60% of the public to say they would "fire every member of Congress" including their own representative. [ 67 ] One report suggested Congress posed the "biggest risk to the U.S. economy" because of its brinksmanship , "down-to-the-wire budget and debt crises" and "indiscriminate spending cuts", resulting in slowed economic activity and keeping up to two million people unemployed. [ 68 ] There has been increasing public dissatisfaction with Congress, [ 69 ] with extremely low approval ratings [ 70 ] [ 71 ] which dropped to 5% in October 2013. [ 72 ] 21st century In 2009, Congress authorized another delegate for the Northern Mariana Islands . These six members of Congress enjoy floor privileges to introduce bills and resolutions, and in recent Congresses they vote in permanent and select committees, in party caucuses and in joint conferences with the Senate. They have Capitol Hill offices, staff and two annual appointments to each of the four military academies. While their votes are constitutional when Congress authorizes their House Committee of the Whole votes, recent Congresses have not allowed for that, and they cannot vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] On January 6, 2021, Congress gathered to confirm the election of Joe Biden, when supporters of the outgoing president Donald Trump attacked the building . The session of Congress ended prematurely, and Congress representatives evacuated. Trump supporters occupied Congress until D.C. police evacuated the area. The event was the first time since the Burning of Washington by the British during the War of 1812 that the United States Congress was forcefully occupied. [ 76 ] Despite the importance of Congress outlined in Article One , Congress has [ when? ] lost power to the executive and judiciary both intentionally and unintentionally. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] Women in Congress Various social and structural barriers have prevented women from gaining seats in Congress. In the early 20th century, women's domestic roles and the inability to vote forestalled opportunities to run for and hold public office. The two party system and the lack of term limits favored incumbent white men, making the widow's succession – in which a woman temporarily took over a seat vacated by the death of her husband – the most common path to Congress for white women. [ 82 ] Women candidates began making substantial inroads in the later 20th century, due in part to new political support mechanisms and public awareness of their underrepresentation in Congress. [ 83 ] Recruitment and financial support for women candidates were rare until the second-wave feminism movement , when activists moved into electoral politics. Beginning in the 1970s, donors and political action committees like EMILY's List began recruiting, training and funding women candidates. Watershed political moments like the confirmation of Clarence Thomas and the 2016 presidential election created momentum for women candidates, resulting in the Year of the Woman and the election of members of The Squad , respectively. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Women of color faced additional challenges that made their ascension to Congress even more difficult. Jim Crow laws , voter suppression and other forms of structural racism made it virtually impossible for women of color to reach Congress prior to 1965. The passage of the Voting Rights Act that year , and the elimination of race-based immigration laws in the 1960s opened the possibility for Black, Asian American, Latina and other non-white women candidates to run for Congress. [ 86 ] Racially polarized voting, racial stereotypes and lack of institutional support still prevent women of color from reaching Congress as easily as white people . Senate elections, which require victories in statewide electorates, have been particularly difficult for women of color. [ 87 ] Carol Moseley Braun became the first woman of color to reach the Senate in 1993. The second, Mazie Hirono , won in 2013. [ citation needed ] In 2021, Kamala Harris became the first female President of the Senate , which came with her role as the first female Vice President of the United States . [ citation needed ] Role Powers Overview Article One of the Constitution creates and sets forth the structure and most of the powers of Congress. Sections One through Six describe how Congress is elected and gives each House the power to create its own structure. Section Seven lays out the process for creating laws, and Section Eight enumerates numerous powers. Section Nine is a list of powers Congress does not have, and Section Ten enumerates powers of the state, some of which may only be granted by Congress. [ 88 ] Constitutional amendments have granted Congress additional powers. Congress also has implied powers derived from the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause . [ citation needed ] Congress has authority over financial and budgetary policy through the enumerated power to "lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States". There is vast authority over budgets, although analyst Eric Patashnik suggested that much of Congress's power to manage the budget has been lost when the welfare state expanded since "entitlements were institutionally detached from Congress's ordinary legislative routine and rhythm." [ 89 ] Another factor leading to less control over the budget was a Keynesian belief that balanced budgets were unnecessary. [ 89 ] The Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 extended congressional power of taxation to include income taxes without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration. [ 90 ] The Constitution also grants Congress the exclusive power to appropriate funds, and this power of the purse is one of Congress's primary checks on the executive branch. [ 90 ] Congress can borrow money on the credit of the United States, regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, and coin money. [ 91 ] Generally, the Senate and the House of Representatives have equal legislative authority, although only the House may originate revenue and appropriation bills . [ 4 ] Congress has an important role in national defense , including the exclusive power to declare war, to raise and maintain the armed forces , and to make rules for the military. [ 92 ] Some critics charge that the executive branch has usurped Congress's constitutionally defined task of declaring war. [ 93 ] While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war, they asked for and received formal war declarations from Congress for the War of 1812 , the Mexican–American War , the Spanish–American War , World War I , and World War II , [ 94 ] although President Theodore Roosevelt 's military move into Panama in 1903 did not get congressional approval. [ 94 ] In the early days after the North Korean invasion of 1950 , President Truman described the American response as a "police action". [ 95 ] According to Time magazine in 1970, "U.S. presidents [had] ordered troops into position or action without a formal congressional declaration a total of 149 times." [ 94 ] In 1993, Michael Kinsley wrote that "Congress's war power has become the most flagrantly disregarded provision in the Constitution," and that the "real erosion [of Congress's war power] began after World War II." [ 96 ] [ 97 ] [ 98 ] Disagreement about the extent of congressional versus presidential power regarding war has been present periodically throughout the nation's history. [ 99 ] Congress can establish post offices and post roads, issue patents and copyrights , fix standards of weights and measures, establish Courts inferior to the Supreme Court , and "make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof". Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union. [ citation needed ] One of Congress's foremost non-legislative functions is the power to investigate and oversee the executive branch. [ 100 ] Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress's subpoena power. [ 101 ] Some critics have charged that Congress has in some instances failed to do an adequate job of overseeing the other branches of government. In the Plame affair , critics including Representative Henry A. Waxman charged that Congress was not doing an adequate job of oversight in this case. [ 102 ] There have been concerns about congressional oversight of executive actions such as warrantless wiretapping , although others respond that Congress did investigate the legality of presidential decisions. [ 103 ] Political scientists Ornstein and Mann suggested that oversight functions do not help members of Congress win reelection. Congress also has the exclusive power of removal , allowing impeachment and removal of the president, federal judges and other federal officers. [ 104 ] There have been charges that presidents acting under the doctrine of the unitary executive have assumed important legislative and budgetary powers that should belong to Congress. [ 105 ] So-called signing statements are one way in which a president can "tip the balance of power between Congress and the White House a little more in favor of the executive branch", according to one account. [ 106 ] Past presidents, including Ronald Reagan , George H. W. Bush , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush , [ 107 ] have made public statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it, and commentators, including the American Bar Association , have described this practice as against the spirit of the Constitution. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] There have been concerns that presidential authority to cope with financial crises is eclipsing the power of Congress. [ 110 ] In 2008, George F. Will called the Capitol building a "tomb for the antiquated idea that the legislative branch matters". [ 111 ] Enumeration The Constitution enumerates the powers of Congress in detail. In addition, other congressional powers have been granted, or confirmed, by constitutional amendments. The Thirteenth (1865), Fourteenth (1868), and Fifteenth Amendments (1870) gave Congress authority to enact legislation to enforce rights of African Americans, including voting rights , due process , and equal protection under the law. [ 112 ] Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments, not Congress. [ 113 ] Implicit, commerce clause Congress also has implied powers deriving from the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause which permit Congress to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof". [ 114 ] Broad interpretations of this clause and of the Commerce Clause , the enumerated power to regulate commerce, in rulings such as McCulloch v. Maryland , have effectively widened the scope of Congress's legislative authority far beyond that prescribed in Section Eight. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] Territorial government Constitutional responsibility for the oversight of Washington, D.C. , the federal district and national capital, and the U.S. territories of Guam , American Samoa , Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the Northern Mariana Islands rests with Congress. [ 117 ] The republican form of government in territories is devolved by congressional statute to the respective territories including direct election of governors, the D.C. mayor and locally elective territorial legislatures. [ 118 ] Each territory and Washington, D.C., elects a non-voting delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives as they have throughout congressional history. They "possess the same powers as other members of the House, except that they may not vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives". They are assigned offices and allowances for staff, participate in debate, and appoint constituents to the four military service academies for the Army, Navy, Air Force and Coast Guard. [ 119 ] Washington, D.C., citizens alone among U.S. territories have the right to directly vote for the President of the United States, although the Democratic and Republican political parties nominate their presidential candidates at national conventions which include delegates from the five major territories. [ 120 ] Checks and balances Representative Lee H. Hamilton explained how Congress functions within the federal government: To me the key to understanding it is balance. The founders went to great lengths to balance institutions against each other – balancing powers among the three branches: Congress, the president, and the Supreme Court; between the House of Representatives and the Senate; between the federal government and the states; among states of different sizes and regions with different interests; between the powers of government and the rights of citizens, as spelled out in the Bill of Rights ... No one part of government dominates the other. [ 5 ] : 6 To me the key to understanding it is balance. The founders went to great lengths to balance institutions against each other – balancing powers among the three branches: Congress, the president, and the Supreme Court; between the House of Representatives and the Senate; between the federal government and the states; among states of different sizes and regions with different interests; between the powers of government and the rights of citizens, as spelled out in the Bill of Rights ... No one part of government dominates the other. [ 5 ] : 6 The Constitution provides checks and balances among the three branches of the federal government. Its authors expected the greater power to lie with Congress as described in Article One. [ 5 ] [ 121 ] The influence of Congress on the presidency has varied from period to period depending on factors such as congressional leadership, presidential political influence, historical circumstances such as war, and individual initiative by members of Congress. The impeachment of Andrew Johnson made the presidency less powerful than Congress for a considerable period afterwards. [ 122 ] The 20th and 21st centuries have seen the rise of presidential power under politicians such as Theodore Roosevelt , Woodrow Wilson , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Richard Nixon , Ronald Reagan , and George W. Bush . [ 123 ] Congress restricted presidential power with laws such as the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 and the War Powers Resolution . The presidency remains considerably more powerful today than during the 19th century. [ 5 ] [ 123 ] Executive branch officials are often loath to reveal sensitive information to members of Congress because of concern that information could not be kept secret; in return, knowing they may be in the dark about executive branch activity, congressional officials are more likely to distrust their counterparts in executive agencies. [ 124 ] Many government actions require fast coordinated effort by many agencies, and this is a task that Congress is ill-suited for. Congress is slow, open, divided, and not well matched to handle more rapid executive action or do a good job of overseeing such activity, according to one analysis. [ 125 ] The Constitution concentrates removal powers in the Congress by empowering and obligating the House of Representatives to impeach executive or judicial officials for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors". Impeachment is a formal accusation of unlawful activity by a civil officer or government official. The Senate is constitutionally empowered and obligated to try all impeachments. A simple majority in the House is required to impeach an official; a two-thirds majority in the Senate is required for conviction. A convicted official is automatically removed from office; in addition, the Senate may stipulate that the defendant be banned from holding office in the future. Impeachment proceedings may not inflict more than this. A convicted party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law. In the history of the United States, the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials, of whom seven were convicted. Another resigned before the Senate could complete the trial. Only three presidents have ever been impeached: Andrew Johnson in 1868, Bill Clinton in 1999, Donald Trump in 2019 and 2021. The trials of Johnson, Clinton, and the 2019 trial of Trump all ended in acquittal; in Johnson's case, the Senate fell one vote short of the two-thirds majority required for conviction . In 1974, Richard Nixon resigned from office after impeachment proceedings in the House Judiciary Committee indicated his removal from office. [ citation needed ] The Senate has an important check on the executive power by confirming Cabinet officials, judges, and other high officers "by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate". It confirms most presidential nominees, but rejections are not uncommon. Furthermore, treaties negotiated by the President must be ratified by a two-thirds majority vote in the Senate to take effect. As a result, presidential arm-twisting of senators can happen before a key vote; for example, President Obama's secretary of state, Hillary Clinton , urged her former senate colleagues to approve a nuclear arms treaty with Russia in 2010. [ 126 ] The House of Representatives has no formal role in either the ratification of treaties or the appointment of federal officials, other than in filling a vacancy in the office of the vice president; in such a case, a majority vote in each House is required to confirm a president's nomination of a vice president. [ 4 ] In 1803, the Supreme Court established judicial review of federal legislation in Marbury v. Madison , holding that Congress could not grant unconstitutional power to the Court itself. The Constitution did not explicitly state that the courts may exercise judicial review. The notion that courts could declare laws unconstitutional was envisioned by the founding fathers . Alexander Hamilton , for example, mentioned and expounded upon the doctrine in Federalist No. 78 . Originalists on the Supreme Court have argued that if the constitution does not say something explicitly it is unconstitutional to infer what it should, might, or could have said. [ 127 ] Judicial review means that the Supreme Court can nullify a congressional law. It is a huge check by the courts on the legislative authority and limits congressional power substantially. In 1857, for example, the Supreme Court struck down provisions of a congressional act of 1820 in its Dred Scott decision. [ 128 ] At the same time, the Supreme Court can extend congressional power through its constitutional interpretations. [ citation needed ] The congressional inquiry into St. Clair's Defeat of 1791 was the first congressional investigation of the executive branch. [ 129 ] Investigations are conducted to gather information on the need for future legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed, and to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members and officials of the other branches. Committees may hold hearings, and, if necessary, subpoena people to testify when investigating issues over which it has the power to legislate. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] Witnesses who refuse to testify may be cited for contempt of Congress , and those who testify falsely may be charged with perjury . Most committee hearings are open to the public (the House and Senate intelligence committees are the exception); important hearings are widely reported in the mass media and transcripts published a few months afterwards. [ 131 ] Congress, in the course of studying possible laws and investigating matters, generates an incredible amount of information in various forms, and can be described as a publisher. [ 132 ] Indeed, it publishes House and Senate reports [ 132 ] and maintains databases which are updated irregularly with publications in a variety of electronic formats. [ 132 ] Congress also plays a role in presidential elections. Both Houses meet in joint session on the sixth day of January following a presidential election to count the electoral votes, and there are procedures to follow if no candidate wins a majority. [ 4 ] The main result of congressional activity is the creation of laws, [ 133 ] most of which are contained in the United States Code, arranged by subject matter alphabetically under fifty title headings to present the laws "in a concise and usable form". [ 4 ] Structure Congress is split into two chambers – House and Senate – and manages the task of writing national legislation by dividing work into separate committees which specialize in different areas. Some members of Congress are elected by their peers to be officers of these committees. Further, Congress has ancillary organizations such as the Government Accountability Office and the Library of Congress to help provide it with information, and members of Congress have staff and offices to assist them as well. In addition, a vast industry of lobbyists helps members write legislation on behalf of diverse corporate and labor interests. Committees Specializations The committee structure permits members of Congress to study a particular subject intensely. It is neither expected nor possible that a member be an expert on all subject areas before Congress. [ 134 ] As time goes by, members develop expertise in particular subjects and their legal aspects. Committees investigate specialized subjects and advise the entire Congress about choices and trade-offs. The choice of specialty may be influenced by the member's constituency, important regional issues, prior background and experience. [ 135 ] Senators often choose a different specialty from that of the other senator from their state to prevent overlap. [ 136 ] Some committees specialize in running the business of other committees and exert a powerful influence over all legislation; for example, the House Ways and Means Committee has considerable influence over House affairs. [ 137 ] Power Committees write legislation. While procedures, such as the House discharge petition process, can introduce bills to the House floor and effectively bypass committee input, they are exceedingly difficult to implement without committee action. Committees have power and have been called independent fiefdoms . Legislative, oversight, and internal administrative tasks are divided among about two hundred committees and subcommittees which gather information, evaluate alternatives, and identify problems. [ 138 ] They propose solutions for consideration by the full chamber. [ 138 ] In addition, they perform the function of oversight by monitoring the executive branch and investigating wrongdoing. [ 138 ] Officer At the start of each two-year session, the House elects a speaker who does not normally preside over debates but serves as the majority party's leader. In the Senate, the vice president is the ex officio president of the Senate. In addition, the Senate elects an officer called the president pro tempore . Pro tempore means for the time being and this office is usually held by the most senior member of the Senate's majority party and customarily keeps this position until there is a change in party control. Accordingly, the Senate does not necessarily elect a new president pro tempore at the beginning of a new Congress. In the House and Senate, the actual presiding officer is generally a junior member of the majority party who is appointed so that new members become acquainted with the rules of the chamber. [ citation needed ] Support services Library of Congress The Library of Congress (LOC) was established by an act of Congress in 1800. It is primarily housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill , but also includes several other sites: the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped in Washington, D.C.; the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center in Culpeper, Virginia ; a large book storage facility located in Fort Meade, Maryland ; and multiple overseas offices. The Library had mostly law books when it was burnt by British forces in 1814 during the War of 1812 , but the library's collections were restored and expanded when Congress authorized the purchase of Thomas Jefferson 's private library. One of the library's missions is to serve Congress and its staff as well as the American public. It is the largest library in the world with nearly 150 million items including books, films, maps, photographs, music, manuscripts, graphics, and materials in 470 languages. [ 139 ] Congressional Research Service The Congressional Research Service (CRS), part of the Library of Congress, provides detailed, up-to-date and non-partisan research for senators, representatives, and their staff to help them carry out their official duties. It provides ideas for legislation, helps members analyze a bill, facilitates public hearings, makes reports, consults on matters such as parliamentary procedure, and helps the two chambers resolve disagreements. It has been called the "House's think tank" and has a staff of about 900 employees. [ 140 ] Congressional Budget Office The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) is a federal agency which provides economic data to Congress. [ 141 ] It was created as an independent non-partisan agency by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 . It helps Congress estimate revenue inflows from taxes and helps the budgeting process. It makes projections about such matters as the national debt [ 142 ] as well as likely costs of legislation. It prepares an annual Economic and Budget Outlook with a mid-year update and writes An Analysis of the President's Budgetary Proposals for the Senate's Appropriations Committee . The speaker of the House and the Senate's president pro tempore jointly appoint the CBO director for a four-year term. [ citation needed ] Government Accountability Office The Government Accountability Office (GAO), is a federal agency within the legislative branch that provides auditing , evaluative , and investigative services for the United States Congress in an independent and nonpartisan capacity. [ 143 ] The GAO is the supreme audit institution of the federal government of the United States . It identifies its core "mission values" as: accountability, integrity, and reliability. [ 144 ] It is also known as the "congressional watchdog". [ 145 ] Architect of the Capitol The Architect of the Capitol (AOC) is a federal agency within the legislative branch that is responsible for the maintenance , operation, development, construction , building preservation , and property management of the United States Capitol Complex [ 146 ] and is accountable directly to the United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States . [ 147 ] United States Capitol Police Lobbying Lobbyists represent diverse interests and often seek to influence congressional decisions to reflect their clients' needs. Lobby groups and their members sometimes write legislation and whip bills. In 2007, there were approximately 17,000 federal lobbyists in Washington, D.C. [ 148 ] They explain to legislators the goals of their organizations. Some lobbyists represent non-profit organizations and work pro bono for issues in which they are personally interested. [ citation needed ] Partisanship versus bipartisanship Congress has alternated between periods of constructive cooperation and compromise between parties, known as bipartisanship , and periods of deep political polarization and fierce infighting, known as partisanship . The period after the Civil War was marked by partisanship, as is the case today. It is generally easier for committees to reach accord on issues when compromise is possible. Some political scientists speculate that a prolonged period marked by narrow majorities in both chambers of Congress has intensified partisanship in the last few decades, but that an alternation of control of Congress between Democrats and Republicans may lead to greater flexibility in policies, as well as pragmatism and civility within the institution. [ 149 ] Procedures Sessions A term of Congress is divided into two " sessions ", one for each year; Congress has occasionally been called into an extra or special session . A new session commences on January 3 each year unless Congress decides differently. The Constitution requires Congress to meet at least once each year and forbids either house from meeting outside the Capitol without the consent of the other house. Joint sessions Joint sessions of the United States Congress occur on special occasions that require a concurrent resolution from House and Senate. These sessions include counting electoral votes after a presidential election and the president's State of the Union address. The constitutionally mandated report , normally given as an annual speech, is modeled on Britain's Speech from the Throne , was written by most presidents after Jefferson but personally delivered as a spoken oration beginning with Wilson in 1913. Joint Sessions and Joint Meetings are traditionally presided over by the speaker of the House, except when counting presidential electoral votes when the vice president (acting as the president of the Senate) presides. [ citation needed ] Bills and resolutions Ideas for legislation can come from members, lobbyists, state legislatures, constituents, legislative counsel, or executive agencies. Anyone can write a bill, but only members of Congress may introduce bills. Most bills are not written by Congress members, but originate from the Executive branch; interest groups often draft bills as well. The usual next step is for the proposal to be passed to a committee for review. [ 4 ] A proposal is usually in one of these forms: Bills are laws in the making. A House-originated bill begins with the letters "H.R." for "House of Representatives", followed by a number kept as it progresses. [ 133 ] Joint resolutions. There is little difference between a bill and a joint resolution since both are treated similarly; a joint resolution originating from the House, for example, begins "H.J.Res." followed by its number. [ 133 ] Concurrent Resolutions affect only the House and Senate and accordingly are not presented to the president. In the House, they begin with "H.Con.Res." [ 133 ] Simple resolutions concern only the House or only the Senate and begin with "H.Res." or "S.Res." [ 133 ] Representatives introduce a bill while the House is in session by placing it in the hopper on the Clerk's desk. [ 133 ] It is assigned a number and referred to a committee which studies each bill intensely at this stage. [ 133 ] Drafting statutes requires "great skill, knowledge, and experience" and sometimes take a year or more. [ 4 ] Sometimes lobbyists write legislation and submit it to a member for introduction. Joint resolutions are the normal way to propose a constitutional amendment or declare war. On the other hand, concurrent resolutions (passed by both houses) and simple resolutions (passed by only one house) do not have the force of law but express the opinion of Congress or regulate procedure . Bills may be introduced by any member of either house. The Constitution states: "All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives." While the Senate cannot originate revenue and appropriation bills , it has the power to amend or reject them. Congress has sought ways to establish appropriate spending levels. [ 4 ] Each chamber determines its own internal rules of operation unless specified in the Constitution or prescribed by law. In the House, a Rules Committee guides legislation; in the Senate, a Standing Rules committee is in charge. Each branch has its own traditions; for example, the Senate relies heavily on the practice of getting "unanimous consent" for noncontroversial matters. [ 4 ] House and Senate rules can be complex, sometimes requiring a hundred specific steps before a bill can become a law. [ 5 ] Members sometimes turn to outside experts to learn about proper congressional procedures. [ 150 ] Each bill goes through several stages in each house including consideration by a committee and advice from the Government Accountability Office . [ 4 ] Most legislation is considered by standing committees which have jurisdiction over a particular subject such as Agriculture or Appropriations. The House has twenty standing committees; the Senate has sixteen. Standing committees meet at least once each month. [ 4 ] Almost all standing committee meetings for transacting business must be open to the public unless the committee votes, publicly, to close the meeting. [ 4 ] A committee might call for public hearings on important bills. [ 4 ] Each committee is led by a chair who belongs to the majority party and a ranking member of the minority party. Witnesses and experts can present their case for or against a bill. [ 133 ] Then, a bill may go to what is called a mark-up session, where committee members debate the bill's merits and may offer amendments or revisions. [ 133 ] Committees may also amend the bill, but the full house holds the power to accept or reject committee amendments. After debate, the committee votes whether it wishes to report the measure to the full house. If a bill is tabled then it is rejected. If amendments are extensive, sometimes a new bill with amendments built in will be submitted as a so-called clean bill with a new number. [ 133 ] Both houses have procedures under which committees can be bypassed or overruled but they are rarely used. Generally, members who have been in Congress longer have greater seniority and therefore greater power. [ 151 ] A bill which reaches the floor of the full house can be simple or complex [ 133 ] and begins with an enacting formula such as "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled ..." Consideration of a bill requires, itself, a rule which is a simple resolution specifying the particulars of debate – time limits, possibility of further amendments, and such. [ 133 ] Each side has equal time and members can yield to other members who wish to speak. [ 133 ] Sometimes opponents seek to recommit a bill which means to change part of it. [ 133 ] Generally, discussion requires a quorum , usually half of the total number of representatives, before discussion can begin, although there are exceptions. [ 152 ] The house may debate and amend the bill; the precise procedures used by the House and Senate differ. A final vote on the bill follows. Once a bill is approved by one house, it is sent to the other which may pass, reject, or amend it. For the bill to become law, both houses must agree to identical versions of the bill. [ 133 ] If the second house amends the bill, then the differences between the two versions must be reconciled in a conference committee , an ad hoc committee that includes senators and representatives [ 133 ] sometimes by using a reconciliation process to limit budget bills. [ 4 ] Both houses use a budget enforcement mechanism informally known as pay-as-you-go or paygo which discourages members from considering acts that increase budget deficits. [ 4 ] If both houses agree to the version reported by the conference committee, the bill passes, otherwise it fails. [ citation needed ] The Constitution specifies that a majority of members (a quorum ) be present before doing business in each house. The rules of each house assume that a quorum is present unless a quorum call demonstrates the contrary and debate often continues despite the lack of a majority. [ citation needed ] Voting within Congress can take many forms, including systems using lights and bells and electronic voting. [ 4 ] Both houses use voice voting to decide most matters in which members shout "aye" or "no" and the presiding officer announces the result. The Constitution requires a recorded vote if demanded by one-fifth of the members present or when voting to override a presidential veto. If the voice vote is unclear or if the matter is controversial, a recorded vote usually happens. The Senate uses roll-call voting , in which a clerk calls out the names of all the senators, each senator stating "aye" or "no" when their name is announced. In the Senate, the Vice President may cast the tie-breaking vote if present when the senators are equally divided. [ citation needed ] The House reserves roll-call votes for the most formal matters, as a roll call of all 435 representatives takes quite some time; normally, members vote by using an electronic device. In the case of a tie, the motion in question fails. Most votes in the House are done electronically, allowing members to vote yea or nay or present or open . [ 4 ] Members insert a voting ID card and can change their votes during the last five minutes if they choose; in addition, paper ballots are used occasionally ( yea indicated by green and nay by red). [ 4 ] One member cannot cast a proxy vote for another. [ 4 ] Congressional votes are recorded on an online database. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] After passage by both houses, a bill is enrolled and sent to the president for approval. [ 133 ] The president may sign it making it law or veto it, perhaps returning it to Congress with the president's objections. A vetoed bill can still become law if each house of Congress votes to override the veto with a two-thirds majority. Finally, the president may do nothing neither signing nor vetoing the bill and then the bill becomes law automatically after ten days (not counting Sundays) according to the Constitution. But if Congress is adjourned during this period, presidents may veto legislation passed at the end of a congressional session simply by ignoring it; the maneuver is known as a pocket veto , and cannot be overridden by the adjourned Congress. [ citation needed ] Public interaction Advantage of incumbency Citizens and representatives Senators face reelection every six years, and representatives every two. Reelections encourage candidates to focus their publicity efforts at their home states or districts. [ 64 ] Running for reelection can be a grueling process of distant travel and fund-raising which distracts senators and representatives from paying attention to governing, according to some critics. [ 155 ] Although others respond that the process is necessary to keep members of Congress in touch with voters. [ citation needed ] Incumbent members of Congress running for reelection have strong advantages over challengers. [ 53 ] They raise more money [ 58 ] because donors fund incumbents over challengers, perceiving the former as more likely to win, [ 56 ] [ 156 ] and donations are vital for winning elections. [ 157 ] One critic compared election to Congress to receiving life tenure at a university. [ 156 ] Another advantage for representatives is the practice of gerrymandering . [ 158 ] [ 159 ] After each ten-year census, states are allocated representatives based on population, and officials in power can choose how to draw the congressional district boundaries to support candidates from their party. As a result, reelection rates of members of Congress hover around 90 percent, [ 9 ] causing some critics to call them a privileged class. [ 8 ] Academics such as Princeton's Stephen Macedo have proposed solutions to fix gerrymandering in the U.S. Senators and representatives enjoy free mailing privileges, called franking privileges ; while these are not intended for electioneering, this rule is often skirted by borderline election-related mailings during campaigns. [ citation needed ] Expensive campaigns In 1971, the cost of running for Congress in Utah was $70,000 [ 160 ] but costs have climbed. [ 161 ] The biggest expense is television advertisements. [ 57 ] [ 156 ] [ 160 ] [ 162 ] [ 163 ] Today's races cost more than a million dollars for a House seat, and six million or more for a Senate seat. [ 8 ] [ 57 ] [ 162 ] [ 164 ] [ 165 ] Since fundraising is vital, "members of Congress are forced to spend ever-increasing hours raising money for their re-election", according to the Fair Elections Now coalition. [ 166 ] The Supreme Court has treated campaign contributions as a free speech issue. [ 161 ] Some see money as a good influence in politics since it "enables candidates to communicate with voters". [ 161 ] Few members retire from Congress without complaining about how much it costs to campaign for reelection. [ 8 ] Critics contend that members of Congress are more likely to attend to the needs of heavy campaign contributors than to ordinary citizens. [ 8 ] Elections are influenced by many variables. Some political scientists speculate there is a coattail effect (when a popular president or party position has the effect of reelecting incumbents who win by "riding on the president's coattails"), although there is some evidence that the coattail effect is irregular and possibly declining since the 1950s. [ 53 ] Some districts are so heavily Democratic or Republican that they are called a safe seat ; any candidate winning the primary will almost always be elected, and these candidates do not need to spend money on advertising. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] But some races can be competitive when there is no incumbent. If a seat becomes vacant in an open district, then both parties may spend heavily on advertising in these races; in California in 1992, only four of twenty races for House seats were considered highly competitive. [ 169 ] Television and negative advertising Since members of Congress must advertise heavily on television, this usually involves negative advertising , which smears an opponent's character without focusing on the issues. [ 170 ] Negative advertising is seen as effective because "the messages tend to stick." [ 171 ] These advertisements sour the public on the political process in general as most members of Congress seek to avoid blame. [ 172 ] One wrong decision or one damaging television image can mean defeat at the next election, which leads to a culture of risk avoidance, a need to make policy decisions behind closed doors, [ 172 ] [ 173 ] and concentrating publicity efforts in the members' home districts. [ 64 ] Perceptions Prominent Founding Fathers , writing in The Federalist Papers , felt that elections were essential to liberty, that a bond between the people and the representatives was particularly essential, [ 174 ] and that "frequent elections are unquestionably the only policy by which this dependence and sympathy can be effectually secured." [ 174 ] In 2009, few Americans were familiar with leaders of Congress. [ 175 ] [ 176 ] [ 177 ] The percentage of Americans eligible to vote who did, in fact, vote was 63% in 1960, but has been falling since, although there was a slight upward trend in the 2008 election. [ 178 ] Public opinion polls asking people if they approve of the job Congress is doing have, in the last few decades, hovered around 25% with some variation. [ 8 ] [ 179 ] [ 180 ] [ 181 ] [ 182 ] [ 183 ] [ 184 ] Scholar Julian Zeliger suggested that the "size, messiness, virtues, and vices that make Congress so interesting also create enormous barriers to our understanding the institution ... Unlike the presidency, Congress is difficult to conceptualize." [ 185 ] Other scholars suggest that despite the criticism, "Congress is a remarkably resilient institution ... its place in the political process is not threatened ... it is rich in resources" and that most members behave ethically. [ 6 ] They contend that "Congress is easy to dislike and often difficult to defend" and this perception is exacerbated because many challengers running for Congress run against Congress, which is an "old form of American politics" that further undermines Congress's reputation with the public: [ 8 ] The rough-and-tumble world of legislating is not orderly and civil, human frailties too often taint its membership, and legislative outcomes are often frustrating and ineffective ... Still, we are not exaggerating when we say that Congress is essential to American democracy. We would not have survived as a nation without a Congress that represented the diverse interests of our society, conducted a public debate on the major issues, found compromises to resolve conflicts peacefully, and limited the power of our executive, military, and judicial institutions ... The popularity of Congress ebbs and flows with the public's confidence in government generally ... the legislative process is easy to dislike – it often generates political posturing and grandstanding, it necessarily involves compromise, and it often leaves broken promises in its trail. Also, members of Congress often appear self-serving as they pursue their political careers and represent interests and reflect values that are controversial. Scandals, even when they involve a single member, add to the public's frustration with Congress and have contributed to the institution's low ratings in opinion polls. The rough-and-tumble world of legislating is not orderly and civil, human frailties too often taint its membership, and legislative outcomes are often frustrating and ineffective ... Still, we are not exaggerating when we say that Congress is essential to American democracy. We would not have survived as a nation without a Congress that represented the diverse interests of our society, conducted a public debate on the major issues, found compromises to resolve conflicts peacefully, and limited the power of our executive, military, and judicial institutions ... The popularity of Congress ebbs and flows with the public's confidence in government generally ... the legislative process is easy to dislike – it often generates political posturing and grandstanding, it necessarily involves compromise, and it often leaves broken promises in its trail. Also, members of Congress often appear self-serving as they pursue their political careers and represent interests and reflect values that are controversial. Scandals, even when they involve a single member, add to the public's frustration with Congress and have contributed to the institution's low ratings in opinion polls. — Smith, Roberts & Wielen [ 8 ] An additional factor that confounds public perceptions of Congress is that congressional issues are becoming more technical and complex and require expertise in subjects such as science, engineering and economics. [ 8 ] As a result, Congress often cedes authority to experts at the executive branch. [ 8 ] Since 2006, Congress has dropped ten points in the Gallup confidence poll with only nine percent having "a great deal" or "quite a lot" of confidence in their legislators. [ 186 ] Since 2011, Gallup poll has reported Congress's approval rating among Americans at 10% or below three times. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] Public opinion of Congress plummeted further to 5% in October 2013 after parts of the U.S. government deemed 'nonessential government' shut down. [ 72 ] Smaller states and bigger states When the Constitution was ratified in 1787, the ratio of the populations of large states to small states was roughly twelve to one. The Connecticut Compromise gave every state, large and small, an equal vote in the Senate. [ 187 ] Since each state has two senators, residents of smaller states have more clout in the Senate than residents of larger states. But since 1787, the population disparity between large and small states has grown; in 2006, for example, California had seventy times the population of Wyoming . [ 188 ] Critics, such as constitutional scholar Sanford Levinson , have suggested that the population disparity works against residents of large states and causes a steady redistribution of resources from "large states to small states". [ 189 ] [ 190 ] [ 191 ] Others argue that the Connecticut Compromise was deliberately intended by the Founding Fathers to construct the Senate so that each state had equal footing not based on population, [ 187 ] and contend that the result works well on balance. Members and constituents A major role for members of Congress is providing services to constituents . [ 192 ] Constituents request assistance with problems. [ 193 ] Providing services helps members of Congress win votes and elections [ 158 ] [ 194 ] [ 195 ] and can make a difference in close races. [ 196 ] Congressional staff can help citizens navigate government bureaucracies. [ 5 ] One academic described the complex intertwined relation between lawmakers and constituents as home style . [ 197 ] : 8 Motivation One way to categorize lawmakers, according to former University of Rochester political science professor Richard Fenno , is by their general motivation: Reelection: These are lawmakers who "never met a voter they didn't like" and provide excellent constituent services. Good public policy: Legislators who "burnish a reputation for policy expertise and leadership". Power in the chamber: Lawmakers who spend serious time along the "rail of the House floor or in the Senate cloakroom ministering to the needs of their colleagues". Famous legislator Henry Clay in the mid-19th century was described as an "issue entrepreneur" who looked for issues to serve his ambitions. [ 197 ] : 34 Privileges Outside income and gifts Representative Jim Cooper of Tennessee told Harvard professor Lawrence Lessig that a chief problem with Congress was that members focused on their future careers as lobbyists after serving – that Congress was a " Farm League for K Street ". [ 198 ] [ 199 ] Family members of active legislators have also been hired by lobbying firms, which while not allowed to lobby their family member, has drawn criticism as a conflict of interest. [ 200 ] Members of congress have been accused of insider trading , such as in the 2020 congressional insider trading scandal , where members of Congress or their family members have traded on stocks related to work on their committees. [ 201 ] One 2011 study concluded that portfolios of members of Congress outperformed both the market and hedge funds, which the authors suggested as evidence of insider trading. [ 202 ] Proposed solutions include putting stocks in blind trusts to prevent future insider trading. [ 203 ] Some members of Congress have gone on lavish trips paid for by outside groups, sometimes bringing family members, which are often legal even if in an ethical gray area. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] Pay Some critics complain congressional pay is high compared with a median American income . [ 206 ] Others have countered that congressional pay is consistent with other branches of government . [ 179 ] Another criticism is that members of Congress are insulated from the health care market due to their coverage. [ 207 ] Others have criticized the wealth of members of Congress. [ 160 ] [ 163 ] In January 2014, it was reported that for the first time over half of the members of Congress were millionaires. [ 208 ] Congress has been criticized for trying to conceal pay raises by slipping them into a large bill at the last minute. [ 209 ] Members elected since 1984 are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS). Like other federal employees, congressional retirement is funded through taxes and participants' contributions. Members of Congress under FERS contribute 1.3% of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2% of their salary in Social Security taxes. And like federal employees, members contribute one-third of the cost of health insurance with the government covering the other two-thirds. [ 210 ] The size of a congressional pension depends on the years of service and the average of the highest three years of their salary. By law, the starting amount of a member's retirement annuity may not exceed 80% of their final salary. In 2018, the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) was $75,528, while those who retired under FERS, or in combination with CSRS, was $41,208. [ 211 ] Members of Congress make fact-finding missions to learn about other countries and stay informed, but these outings can cause controversy if the trip is deemed excessive or unconnected with the task of governing. For example, The Wall Street Journal reported in 2009 that lawmaker trips abroad at taxpayer expense had included spas, $300-per-night extra unused rooms, and shopping excursions. [ 212 ] Some lawmakers responded that "traveling with spouses compensates for being away from them a lot in Washington" and justify the trips as a way to meet officials in other nations. [ 212 ] By the Twenty-seventh Amendment , changes to congressional pay may not take effect before the next election to the House of the Representatives. [ 213 ] In Boehner v. Anderson , the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that the amendment does not affect cost-of-living adjustments . [ 214 ] [ 213 ] Postage The franking privilege allows members of Congress to send official mail to constituents at government expense. Though they are not permitted to send election materials, borderline material is often sent, especially in the run-up to an election by those in close races. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] Some academics consider free mailings as giving incumbents a big advantage over challengers. [ 9 ] [ failed verification ] [ 217 ] Protection Members of Congress enjoy parliamentary privilege , including freedom from arrest in all cases except for treason , felony , and breach of the peace , and freedom of speech in debate. This constitutionally derived immunity applies to members during sessions and when traveling to and from sessions. [ 218 ] The term "arrest" has been interpreted broadly, and includes any detention or delay in the course of law enforcement , including court summons and subpoenas . The rules of the House strictly guard this privilege; a member may not waive the privilege on their own but must seek the permission of the whole house to do so. Senate rules are less strict and permit individual senators to waive the privilege as they choose. [ 219 ] The Constitution guarantees absolute freedom of debate in both houses, providing in the Speech or Debate Clause of the Constitution that "for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place." Accordingly, a member of Congress may not be sued in court for slander because of remarks made in either house, although each house has its own rules restricting offensive speeches, and may punish members who transgress. [ 220 ] Obstructing the work of Congress is a crime under federal law and is known as contempt of Congress . Each member has the power to cite people for contempt but can only issue a contempt citation – the judicial system pursues the matter like a normal criminal case. If convicted in court of contempt of Congress, a person may be imprisoned for up to one year. [ 221 ] See also Caucuses of the United States Congress Congressional archives – Records documenting the history and activities of the United States Congress Congressional Baseball Game – Annual baseball game played by members of the United States Congress Divided government in the United States – Divided control of the US government between political parties Elections in the United States § Congressional elections List of current United States representatives List of current United States senators List of United States Congresses Oath of office § United States Radio and Television Correspondents' Association United States congressional hearing Notes ^ Independent Sens. Angus King of Maine and Bernie Sanders of Vermont caucus with the Democratic Party. [ 1 ] ^ Before the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. ^ Congress does not take a grammatical article , except when referring to an individual Congress. [ 3 ] Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Maine Independent Angus King To Caucus With Senate Democrats" . 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USA Today . Associated Press. January 9, 2008. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 28, 2009 . ^ Gallup Poll/Newsweek (October 8, 2009). "Congress and the Public: Congressional Job Approval Ratings Trend (1974–present)" . The Gallup Organization. Archived from the original on August 7, 2013 . Retrieved October 8, 2009 . ^ "References about low approval ratings". "Congress' Approval Rating Jumps to 31%" . Gallup. February 17, 2009. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 1, 2009 . "Congress' Approval Rating at Lowest Point for Year" . Reuters . September 2, 2009. Archived from the original on September 5, 2009 . Retrieved October 1, 2009 . John Whitesides (September 19, 2007). "Bush, Congress at record low ratings: Reuters poll" . Reuters . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 1, 2009 . Seung Min Kim (February 18, 2009). "Poll: Congress' job approval at 31%" . USA Today . 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Clapp, The Congressman, His Work as He Sees It (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1963), p. 55; cf. pp. 50–55, 64–66, 75–84. ^ Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 35 (September 3, 1977): 1855. English, op. cit ., pp. 48–49, notes that members will also regularly appear at local events in their home district, and will maintain offices in the home congressional district or state. ^ Robert Preer (August 15, 2010). "Two Democrats in Senate race stress constituent services" . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 11, 2010 . ^ Daniel Malloy (August 22, 2010). "Incumbents battle association with stimulus, Obama" . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 11, 2010 . ^ Amy Gardner (November 27, 2008). "Wolf's Decisive Win Surprised Even the GOP" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 11, 2010 . ^ a b William T. Blanco, ed. (2000). "Congress on display, Congress at work" . University of Michigan. ISBN 0-472-08711-8 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 11, 2010 . ^ Lessig, Lawrence (February 8, 2010). "How to Get Our Democracy Back" . CBS News. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013 . Retrieved December 14, 2011 . ^ Lessig, Lawrence (November 16, 2011). "Republic, Lost: How Money Corrupts Congress – and a Plan to Stop It" . Google, YouTube, The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on December 5, 2013 . Retrieved December 13, 2011 . (see 30:13 minutes into the video) ^ Attkisson, Sharyl (June 25, 2010). "Family Ties Bind Federal Lawmakers to Lobbyists - CBS News" . www.cbsnews.com . Retrieved May 15, 2024 . ^ Parlapiano, Alicia; Playford, Adam; Kelly, Kate; Uz, Ege (September 13, 2022). "These 97 Members of Congress Reported Trades in Companies Influenced by Their Committees" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved May 15, 2024 . ^ Schwartz, John (July 9, 2011). "Not-So-Representative Investors" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved May 15, 2024 . ^ Vitali, Ali; Tsirkin, Julie; Talbot, Haley (February 8, 2022). "Stock ban proposed for Congress to stop insider trading among lawmakers" . NBC News . Retrieved May 15, 2024 . ^ Leonard, Kimberly. "An $84,000 trip to Qatar and a $41,000 retreat in Miami: Members of Congress are going on expensive travels paid for by private groups where some bring their loved ones" . Business Insider . Retrieved May 15, 2024 . ^ House, Billy (March 18, 2023). "US Lawmakers Resume Globe Trotting Paid by Special Interests" . Bloomberg . ^ Lee, Timothy B. (September 19, 2013). "This chart shows why members of Congress really should earn more than $172,000" . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 17, 2024 . ^ Lui, Kevin (March 17, 2017). "A Petition to Remove Health Care Subsidies From Members of Congress Has Nearly 500000 Signatures" . Time Magazine . Washington D.C. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved May 22, 2018 . ^ Lipton, Eric (January 9, 2014). "Half of Congress Members Are Millionaires, Report Says" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved January 11, 2014 . ^ "A Quiet Raise – Congressional Pay – special report" . The Washington Post . 1998. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved February 23, 2015 . ^ Scott, Walter (April 25, 2010). "Personality Parade column:Q. Does Congress pay for its own health care?". New York, NY: Parade. p. 2. ^ Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress Archived October 14, 2022, at the Wayback Machine (PDF). Congressional Research Service , August 8, 2019. ^ a b Brody Mullins & T. W. Farnam (December 17, 2009). "Congress Travels More, Public Pays: Lawmakers Ramp Up Taxpayer-Financed Journeys; Five Days in Scotland" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved December 17, 2009 . ^ a b "Constitutional Amendments – Amendment 27 – "Financial Compensation for the Congress" " . Ronald Reagan . Retrieved May 17, 2024 . ^ 30 F.3d 156 (D.C. Cir. 1994) ^ English (2003), pp. 24–25. ^ Simpson, G. R. (October 22, 1992). "Surprise! Top Frankers Also Have the Stiffest Challenges". Roll Call. ^ Steven S. Smith; Jason M. Roberts; Ryan J. Vander Wielen (2006). "The American Congress (Fourth Edition)" . Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 9781139446990 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 11, 2010 . ^ Davidson (2006), p. 17. ^ "Rules Of The Senate" . U.S. Senate Committee on Rules & Administration . Archived from the original on December 30, 2017 . Retrieved September 30, 2022 . ^ Brewer, F. M. (1952). "Congressional Immunity" . CQ Press . doi : 10.4135/cqresrre1952042500 . Archived from the original on January 25, 2021 . Retrieved January 16, 2021 . ^ "Contempt of Congress" . HeinOnline . The Jurist . January 1, 1957. ProQuest 1296619169 . Retrieved September 7, 2020 . References "How To Clean Up The Mess From Inside The System, A Plea – And A Plan – To Reform Campaign Finance Before It's Too" . Newsweek . October 28, 1996. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 20, 2009 . "The Constitution and the Idea of Compromise" . PBS. October 10, 2009. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 10, 2009 . Alexander Hamilton (1788). "Federalist No. 15 – The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union" . FoundingFathers.info. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 10, 2009 . Bacon, Donald C.; Davidson, Roger H.; Keller, Morton, eds. (1995). Encyclopedia of the United States Congress (4 vols.) . Simon & Schuster. Collier, Christopher & Collier, James Lincoln (1986). Decision in Philadelphia: The Constitutional Convention of 1787 . Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-394-52346-6 . Davidson, Roger H. & Walter J. Oleszek (2006). Congress and Its Members (10th ed.). Congressional Quarterly (CQ) Press. ISBN 0-87187-325-7 . (Legislative procedure, informal practices, and other information) English, Ross M. (2003). The United States Congress . Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-6309-4 . Francis-Smith, Janice (October 22, 2008). "Waging campaigns against incumbents in Oklahoma" . The Oklahoma City Journal Record. Archived from the original on May 10, 2010 . Retrieved September 20, 2009 . Herrnson, Paul S. (2004). Congressional Elections: Campaigning at Home and in Washington . CQ Press. ISBN 1-56802-826-1 . Huckabee, David C. (2003). Reelection Rates of Incumbents . Hauppauge, New York: Novinka Books, an imprint of Nova Science Publishers. p. 21. ISBN 1-59033-509-0 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 27, 2020 . Huckabee, David C. – Analyst in American National Government – Government Division (March 8, 1995). "Reelection rate of House Incumbents 1790–1990 Summary (page 2)" (PDF) . Congressional Research Service – The Library of Congress. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011 . Retrieved September 20, 2009 . Maier, Pauline (book reviewer) (November 18, 2007). "HISTORY – The Framers' Real Motives (book review) Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution book by Woody Holton" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 10, 2009 . Oleszek, Walter J. (2004). Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process . CQ Press. ISBN 0-87187-477-6 . Polsby, Nelson W. (2004). How Congress Evolves: Social Bases of Institutional Change . Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516195-5 . Price, David E. (2000). The Congressional Experience . Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-1157-8 . Sanbonmatsu, Kira (2020). "Women's Underrepresentation in the U.S. Congress" . Daedalus . 149 : 40– 55. doi : 10.1162/daed_a_01772 . ISSN 0011-5266 . S2CID 209487865 . Archived from the original on April 24, 2021 . Retrieved April 6, 2021 . Struble, Robert Jr. (2007). Chapter seven, Treatise on Twelve Lights . TeLL. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016. Zelizer, Julian E. (2004). The American Congress: The Building of Democracy . Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-17906-2 . Further reading Ritchie, Donald A. (2022). The U.S. Congress: A Very Short Introduction . (History, representation, and legislative procedure) Smith, Steven S.; Roberts, Jason M.; Vander Wielen, Ryan (2007). The American Congress (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19704-5 . (Legislative procedure, informal practices, and other information) Hamilton, Lee H. (2004) How Congress Works and Why You Should Care , Indiana University Press. Lee, Frances and Bruce Oppenheimer. (1999). Sizing Up the Senate: The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation . University of Chicago Press: Chicago. (Equal representation in the Senate) Some information in this article has been provided by the Senate Historical Office . 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enforcement Taxing/spending Privileges Salaries Franking Immunity Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress list Appropriation bill Bill Budget process Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session list Lame-duck session Magic minute Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) Multiple referral House procedures Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line-item veto Pocket veto Act of Congress list list Appropriation bill Bill Budget process Censure Closed sessions House Senate House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session list list Lame-duck session Magic minute Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) Multiple referral House procedures Quorum call Reconciliation Rider 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Accountability Office (GAO) Comptroller General GAO Building Architect of the Capitol Cap. Police Board Cap. Guide Service Congr. Budget Office (CBO) Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR) Library of Congress Gov. Publishing Office (GPO) Technology Assessment Offices Senate Curator Historical Library House Congr. Ethics Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Law Revision Counsel Legislative Counsel Library Employees Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages Board Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Library of Congress Congressional Research Service reports Copyright Office Register of Copyrights Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Gov. Publishing Office Public Printer Congressional Pictorial Directory Congressional Record Official Congressional Directory U.S. Gov. Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Capitol Building List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy Progress of Civilization Pediment First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door Revolutionary War Door Columbus Doors Washington at Princeton Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection Office buildings Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Other facilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Related Capitol Hill United States Capitol cornerstone laying Legislative offices Congressional staff Gov. Accountability Office (GAO) Comptroller General GAO Building Architect of the Capitol Cap. Police Board Cap. Guide Service Congr. Budget Office (CBO) Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR) Library of Congress Gov. Publishing Office (GPO) Technology Assessment Congressional staff Gov. Accountability Office (GAO) Comptroller General GAO Building Comptroller General GAO Building Architect of the Capitol Cap. Police Board Board Cap. Guide Service Congr. Budget Office (CBO) Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR) Library of Congress Gov. Publishing Office (GPO) Technology Assessment Offices Senate Curator Historical Library House Congr. Ethics Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Law Revision Counsel Legislative Counsel Library Senate Curator Historical Library Curator Historical Library House Congr. Ethics Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Law Revision Counsel Legislative Counsel Library Congr. Ethics Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Law Revision Counsel Legislative Counsel Library Employees Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages Board Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper Secretary Chaplain Curator Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages Board Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages Board Board Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Library of Congress Congressional Research Service reports Copyright Office Register of Copyrights Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Congressional Research Service reports reports Copyright Office Register of Copyrights Register of Copyrights Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Gov. Publishing Office Public Printer Congressional Pictorial Directory Congressional Record Official Congressional Directory U.S. Gov. Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Public Printer Congressional Pictorial Directory Congressional Record Official Congressional Directory U.S. Gov. Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Capitol Building List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy Progress of Civilization Pediment First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door Revolutionary War Door Columbus Doors Washington at Princeton Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy Progress of Civilization Pediment First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door Revolutionary War Door Columbus Doors Washington at Princeton Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection Office buildings Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Other facilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Related Capitol Hill United States Capitol cornerstone laying Capitol Hill United States Capitol cornerstone laying Articles related to the United States Congress v t e United States congresses (and year convened) 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 (1887) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025) 120 (2027) v t e Lists of United States congressional delegations States Alabama H S Alaska H S Arizona H S Arkansas H S California H S Colorado H S Connecticut H S Delaware H S Florida H S Georgia H S Hawaii H S Idaho H S Illinois H S Indiana H S Iowa H S Kansas H S Kentucky H S Louisiana H S Maine H S Maryland H S Massachusetts H S Michigan H S Minnesota H S Mississippi H S Missouri H S Montana H S Nebraska H S Nevada H S New Hampshire H S New Jersey H S New Mexico H S New York H S North Carolina H S North Dakota H S Ohio H S Oklahoma H S Oregon H S Pennsylvania H S Rhode Island H S South Carolina H S South Dakota H S Tennessee H S Texas H S Utah H S Vermont H S Virginia H S Washington H S West Virginia H S Wisconsin H S Wyoming H S Others American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Proposed ( Cherokee ) Obsolete Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Lists of former representatives List of former senators v t e Lists of acts of the United States Congress By congress 74th 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th 115th 116th 117th 118th 119th By year 1789–1901 1901–2001 2001–present By topic African-Americans Education Energy Environment U.S. Forest Service Immigration Tariffs v t e Legislatures of the United States United States Congress United States House of Representatives United States Senate State legislatures Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Other legislatures District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands Legislative elections 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 List of U.S. state legislators Lists of past U.S. state legislatures .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} v t e United States History By period 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present By event Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Great Recession COVID-19 pandemic By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic Inventions Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation World Heritage Sites Politics Federal Executive President of the United States powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office Judicial Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps State , Federal District , and Territorial Executive Governor list Lieutenant governor list Secretary of state Attorney general Treasurer Auditor/Comptroller Agriculture commissioner Insurance commissioner Public utilities commission State police list Legislative List of legislatures List of legislators Judicial Supreme courts Chief justices District attorney list Law State constitutions Statutory codes Uniform act Comparison of governments Tribal Tribal sovereignty Native American recognition in the United States Federally recognized tribes Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes State-recognized tribes Indian reservation list Hawaiian home land Local County List of counties and county equivalents County executive Sheriff Clerk Cities Consolidated city-county Independent city Coterminous municipality Charter Mayor–council government Council–manager government City commission government Mayor City manager City council Minor divisions Township Town meeting Special district School district list Corruption Democratic backsliding Elections Electoral College Red states and blue states Foreign relations foreign policy Imperial presidency Ideologies Anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Scandals Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Companies Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Science and technology Tourism Trade by state Currency Exports Federal budget Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Transport Aviation Driving Public transportation Rail transportation Transportation policy Transportation safety Trucking industry Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Crime Cuisine Dance Demographics Economic issues affluence eviction homeownership household income income inequality middle class personal income poverty standard of living wealth working class Education attainment literacy Family Fashion Flag list Folklore Holidays Federal holidays Homelessness Housing Human rights Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Literature Media journalism internet newspapers radio television Music Names National anthem National symbols Columbia Mount Rushmore Statue of Liberty Uncle Sam People Philosophy Political ideologies Race Religion Sexuality Social class Society Sports history Theater Transportation Video games Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Homeownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Standard of living Health Aging Healthcare Abortion Birth control Prenatal care Hospice care Immigrant health care Rationing Health care finance Health insurance costs Health care prices Prescription drug prices Disability Health insurance Food safety Physician shortage Poverty and health Race and health Obesity Medical deserts Women's reproductive health Life expectancy Issues Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBTQ rights racism Native American African American Energy policy Environmental issues Environmental movement Climate change Gun politics Mass shootings Hunger Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal National security Terrorism Opioid epidemic Separation of church and state Xenophobia Outline Index Category Portal v t e National bicameral legislatures Federal Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Ethiopia India Malaysia Mexico Nepal Nigeria Pakistan Russia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Switzerland United States Unitary Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Chad Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eswatini France Gabon Grenada Haiti Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Morocco Myanmar Namibia Netherlands Oman Palau Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Slovenia South Africa Spain Tajikistan Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Dependent and other territories American Samoa Bermuda Isle of Man Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Non-UN states Somaliland Historical Venezuela (1811–1999) Confederate States (1862–1865) Czechoslovakia (1920–1939) (1969–1992) Estonia (1938–1940) Serbia (1901–1903) Soviet Union (1938–1991) Texas (1836–1845) Yugoslavia (1931–1939, 1945–1963, 1974–1992) FR Yugoslavia (1992–2003) Ottoman Empire (1876–1878, 1908–1920) Related Unicameralism Tricameralism Multicameralism List of legislatures by country National unicameral legislatures National lower houses National upper houses v t e National legislative bodies of the Americas Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador France Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands Greenland Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Pierre and Miquelon Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands v t e United States congresses (and year convened) v t e 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 (1887) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025) 120 (2027) 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 (1887) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 (1887) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025) 120 (2027) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025) 120 (2027) v t e Lists of United States congressional delegations v t e States Alabama H S Alaska H S Arizona H S Arkansas H S California H S Colorado H S Connecticut H S Delaware H S Florida H S Georgia H S Hawaii H S Idaho H S Illinois H S Indiana H S Iowa H S Kansas H S Kentucky H S Louisiana H S Maine H S Maryland H S Massachusetts H S Michigan H S Minnesota H S Mississippi H S Missouri H S Montana H S Nebraska H S Nevada H S New Hampshire H S New Jersey H S New Mexico H S New York H S North Carolina H S North Dakota H S Ohio H S Oklahoma H S Oregon H S Pennsylvania H S Rhode Island H S South Carolina H S South Dakota H S Tennessee H S Texas H S Utah H S Vermont H S Virginia H S Washington H S West Virginia H S Wisconsin H S Wyoming H S Alabama H S H S Alaska H S H S Arizona H S H S Arkansas H S H S California H S H S Colorado H S H S Connecticut H S H S Delaware H S H S Florida H S H S Georgia H S H S Hawaii H S H S Idaho H S H S Illinois H S H S Indiana H S H S Iowa H S H S Kansas H S H S Kentucky H S H S Louisiana H S H S Maine H S H S Maryland H S H S Massachusetts H S H S Michigan H S H S Minnesota H S H S Mississippi H S H S Missouri H S H S Montana H S H S Nebraska H S H S Nevada H S H S New Hampshire H S H S New Jersey H S H S New Mexico H S H S New York H S H S North Carolina H S H S North Dakota H S H S Ohio H S H S Oklahoma H S H S Oregon H S H S Pennsylvania H S H S Rhode Island H S H S South Carolina H S H S South Dakota H S H S Tennessee H S H S Texas H S H S Utah H S H S Vermont H S H S Virginia H S H S Washington H S H S West Virginia H S H S Wisconsin H S H S Wyoming H S H S Others American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Proposed ( Cherokee ) American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Proposed ( Cherokee ) Obsolete Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Lists of former representatives List of former senators Lists of former representatives List of former senators v t e Lists of acts of the United States Congress v t e By congress 74th 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th 115th 116th 117th 118th 119th 74th 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th 115th 116th 117th 118th 119th By year 1789–1901 1901–2001 2001–present 1789–1901 1901–2001 2001–present By topic African-Americans Education Energy Environment U.S. Forest Service Immigration Tariffs African-Americans Education Energy Environment U.S. Forest Service Immigration Tariffs v t e Legislatures of the United States v t e United States Congress United States House of Representatives United States Senate United States House of Representatives United States Senate State legislatures Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Other legislatures District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands Legislative elections 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 List of U.S. state legislators Lists of past U.S. state legislatures List of U.S. state legislators Lists of past U.S. state legislatures v t e United States v t e History By period 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present By event Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Great Recession COVID-19 pandemic By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic Inventions Military Postal Technological and industrial By period 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present By event Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Great Recession COVID-19 pandemic Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on 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I want to open an arbitration case against it for its deletion Gnosticfind ( talk ) 21:23, 27 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Which article are you talking about? There's no need to involve arbcom in a routine deletion case. See WP:Deletion for how the deletion process works. Page Hello, I hope this message finds you well. I am the owner and General Manager of Flex FM, and I am writing regarding our existing Wikipedia page. Unfortunately, I no longer have access to the account originally used to manage the page, and as a result I am unable to log in to update or correct information. I would like to update elements of the page, including historical information and ensuring that the content accurately reflects Flex FM’s development and current status. I understand Wikipedia’s policies regarding neutrality and conflict of interest, and I am more than willing to follow the correct process to request changes rather than editing the article directly. Here is the link to the page in question: Flex FM I can provide proof of ownership and any supporting documentation required, and I would appreciate guidance on the appropriate next steps to have these updates reviewed and applied correctly. Thank you for your time and assistance. Kind regards, Terry Little Owner & General Manager Flex FM Noelsie tl ( talk ) 15:58, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Conflicted editor does things the wrong way Conflicted editor is reverted Conflicted editor is given advice on their talk page Conflicted editor asks here for further advice in order to do things the right way, while at the same time declaring CoI Conflicted editor is correctly answered (in this case by Ivanvector) Am I being bullied? Another user has repeatedly undone my edits but I did not introduce any external links; nor did I introduce any false information. I only added information already in the sources; everything I added is verifiable. Please help! Vollerhass ( talk ) 20:30, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do I ask for a move request to be closed? There’s been a move request for Hans Island since February 2025. I posted to it so I can’t close it. How do I request that an uninvolved admin consider whether to close it? Mr Serjeant Buzfuz ( talk ) 03:45, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I need urgent help. The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. Hello, I am an Afghan commando soldier living in Afghanistan. My financial situation is not very good. I need urgent help. Kusarjan ( talk ) 16:33, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] on involvement for the purposes of closing discussions, which of those would you consider "improper", assuming different levels of involvement, but regardless of if the closure would require admin perms? closing on non-procedural grounds (keep, merge, retarget, etc.), after a comment or correction regarding another editor's mention of policy (i.e. "that's a2 , not g2 ") closing on non-procedural grounds after a comment or correction regarding another editor's mention of a page's topic (i.e. "it's a berry , not a follicle ") that is not actually opining on the discussion closing on procedural grounds (already speedy deleted, disruptive nom, malformed or duplicate nom, redirect overwritten by an article, they took earth to afd again, etc.) after a comment or correction regarding the stuff already mentioned above closing on procedural grounds after a vote (for this, it usually shouldn't matter if the vote supported or opposed the result) yes, this is mostly a matter of opinion on stuff i'm only very slightly iffy on, so don't worry too much consarn (talck) (contirbuton s) 17:29, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on List of rulers of Timor The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. Reference help requested. Thanks, Javed Khan king of India ( talk ) 07:31, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question about replacing a non‑free image in Murder of Michaela McAreavey Hello, I would like to check something about non‑free images in the article Murder of Michaela McAreavey . The article currently uses a non‑free family photograph that includes Michaela McAreavey with her father and brother. I am considering whether it would be acceptable, under the Non‑free Content Criteria, to replace it with a different non‑free image that shows Michaela alone on her wedding day. This type of image seems more appropriate for identification purposes and is directly relevant to the widely reported circumstances of her murder on her honeymoon. Before doing anything, I want to confirm whether such a replacement would be allowed. If it is permitted, I would also like to know the correct way to tag the old non‑free image for deletion once the new one is in use. Could someone please advise on whether this approach complies with NFCC, and what the correct procedure would be? Thank you. ItsShandog ( talk ) 09:32, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Writ petition writ petition no. 9401 of 2019, s citation identity need for ~2026-20422-6 ( talk ) 14:25, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on John Herdman Reference help requested. Can you specific what the reference error you raised is? Thank you! Thanks, AnnWinterburne ( talk ) 17:14, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Reference desk Good saturday evening. Is it considered to spam to have too many questions on the Reference desk? I already have three there and i just got another one. I don't want to clog it. ~2025-40048-69 ( talk ) 20:51, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Hijacking of The Morning Leader Hello, I am usually not editing here, so maybe posting in the wrong place -- sorry for that. I just noticed that The Morning Leader was hijacked about two weeks ago. Coming from Wikidata, a lot of the respective user's edits there seem problematic. Also, it might be coincidental, but there are contributions overlapping with activity of users blocked due to SPIs concerning Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Aboobackeramani . I hope you can do something with it. Thanks, Dorades ( talk ) 22:09, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] My page has disappeared and I do not know what to do. I recently created a page called Quiichaar. It is about the book series. With in a minute after it was created someone put issues at the top. They said it was focused too much on the plot and also that it seemed too real. It is a science fiction fantasy novel series. It states this in the first sentence, so I do not understand how people would think this is real. There was other information other than the plot, but obviously that would be what most people would want to know about a book series. I did not give anything away in the summation, so I do not understand how to fix this issue. My page is no longer visible. Can someone please explain what I am supposed to do. This is my first time creating something on here. Thanks in advance. Showik123 ( talk ) 00:00, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I am confused. Can you explain what you meant by "no possibility of your draft being accepted while it fails to demonstrate that the book meets our notability criteria - which is indicated though significant coverage in published reliable sources with no connection to the subject matter." It is a real book. I have held it in my hand and read from the pages. I even included the ISBN numbers. I am quite certain that I do not understand what you are saying. Can you please explain further? Is this something that I can fix? I am certainly not meaning to sound like I am arguing with you. I merely wish to understand what you mean. When you say you ran a google search, may I ask what you mean by "significant coverage in independent published reliable sources?" I guess I just don't understand what that means. Can you give me an example. Sorry, I am just very unclear as to what you mean and I don't want to make assumptions to what you are referring. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Showik123 ( talk • contribs ) 01:36, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] That makes sense, but if you can buy the book on Amazon it must be real. Are they a source? Edit removed Hi, my edit on Preston Hollow, Dallas was removed automatically. It was a minor edit describing a former resident, Richard B. Spencer as a neo-Nazi, which his page describes him as, and I'm guessing it was removed due to the inflammatory nature of that topic and I think my edit was assumed to be vandalism. I added it because he is primarily known as Richard Spencer, potentially leading to confusion, and he has not been a high-profile figure for several years. IXequilibrium ( talk ) 03:59, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do non-talk pages have the talk page format? Many pages, like this one, WP:TEA , or WP:AN/I , are not talk pages, however they have the format, with the "Add topic" and "Reply" buttons. How is this done? dot . p y 05:25, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Copy-pasting a sentence added references So i copied a 186 char long string from a wikipedia article and I ended up putting +1,950 chars into that article, including references I - if i remember correctly - never touched. Tried again, happened again. 1st: To make a copy of that sentence i opened the editor with an old revision. 2nd: i think i made it the Question: Are there configurations of the default editor, where this could happen, as a kind of feature? Like "hey, you copied a sentence without its refs, here, take it all"? Or could this happen as a feature to prevent an edit conflict? I'm just asking to make sure, it was my mistake and that i didn't miss some feature differences between the editor software of the different languages I'm editing in. Amtiss , SNAFU ? 11:58, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Do you refer to this edit ? This text is 1925 characters <ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanno-Youngs |first1=Zolan |title=We Pressed Trump on His Conclusion About the ICE Shooting. Here's What He Said. |url= |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date=January 8, 2026 |access-date=January 8, 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> This account has been contested by eyewitnesses, journalists,<ref name=LumStein /> local figures, and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] lawmakers, some of whom have called for a criminal investigation.<ref name=startribune_601559829>{{Cite news |last=Barnett |first=Sofia |date=January 6, 2026 |title=Mayor Jacob Frey's Remarks After ICE Agent Fatally Shot Woman in Minneapolis |url= |work=[[The Minnesota Star Tribune]] |archive-url= |archive-date=January 8, 2026 }}</ref> Minneapolis mayor [[Jacob Frey]] and Minnesota governor [[Tim Walz]] called on the federal government to end their presence in the city. Thousands of people [[List of Renee Good protests|have protested]] in Minneapolis,<ref name="MinnPost">{{Cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Trevor |date=January 7, 2026 |title=Minneapolis Vigil Draws Thousands as City Reels Following ICE Shooting |url= |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date=January 8, 2026 |access-date=January 8, 2026 |work=[[MinnPost]] |language=en-US}}</ref> and more have protested in other cities including [[Chicago]], [[New York City]], and [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="mpr" />}} -- Andy Mabbett Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy ; Andy's edits 14:59, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Let me be more clear. The numbers are not too important. Sorry for that. My question is: is there some kind of automatic assisting when using copy-paste or not? (I did, at no point select and copy the >1000 bytes, just the sentence.) -- Amtiss , SNAFU ? 15:18, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do you add a person to Wikipedia? Y ~2026-22492-7 ( talk ) 14:26, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Remove deceptive link How to remove a link that appears in "Films Scored by Miklos Rozsa"? "Ministry of Fear" was actually scored by Victor Young, though some Rozsa cues may have been incorporated. Rozsaphile1 ( talk ) 14:48, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Review Can someone review the article Ogden Round Lake Wilderness Area? It is only edited by me. Versions 111 ( talk • contribs ) 15:46, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Deprecated source and automatic filter Hello. When I tried to upload a finished new page, an automatic filter refused the page, saying that I was linking to a deprecated source, but I cannot find any link to a deprecated source. I'm using no source listed on the Wikipedia:Deprecated sources page. All my text links to other Wiki pages link to existing pages. I'm writing about a plant species using only technical/botanical references and there's no controversy about the topic. Thanks for any help. Gaiacoyote ( talk ) 19:43, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] URL for a physical book I've purchased an encyclopedia (The Pigeon by Wendell M. Levi) and in compiling the URL for my citation, I've found that the only websites I can use are commercial sites that sell the book, and the internet archive. Both seem insufficient to me. I'm unsure what I should do in this situation because the book hasn't got a PDF either, and the internet archive is a short review (one page) that is of the 1945 edition, while I have the 1977. Any help at all is appreciated :) Gone Extinct ( talk ) 00:09, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Drafts I happened to see that Draft:Milos Ercegovac is hanging in the air. This is quite strange because as I said on the talk page there he is a big shot in computer arithmetic. FYI I have met him, but we are not friends or anything, and I have not seen him for 20 or more years. What can I do to support his page? Thanks Yesterday, all my dreams... ( talk ) 10:56, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Yesterday, all my dreams... , I have moved the draft to main space since Ercegovac clearly meets WP:NACADEMIC . Thank you for your work to improve the encyclopedia. Cullen328 ( talk ) 06:05, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Editing page on John Campbell UK I signed up last year as a fact checker, I’ve only contributed to one article that incorrectly identified a public official that was sworn in and confirmed by the Senate is a nominee. It was accepted and the process went smoothly. I’m trying to suggest an added to talk to John Campbell UK I have watched him since the beginning of the pandemic, like me, he was excited about the vaccine, I took the first two Pfizer vaccines and had no side effects His views have shifted but only was peer reviewed journal articles I don’t think he is controversial but perhaps within orthodox medical circles, his podcasts there are always evidence based still properly just disclaimed, people may disagree but labeling him as a purveyor of misinformation is inaccurate. I guess controversial is a result in his focus focusing on government and pure review data that is often not widely covered. His recent highlighting of a 2013 study that supported higher vitamin D levels but calculated the amount of supplementation required is factual and extremely important information The error in the paper has been acknowledged by the authors but public health officials and some of the medical societies have not changed the RDA, only specialist to an endocrinologist seem to be aware. Can you provide me with the required background for the acceptance of characterizing John Campbell as a purveyor of misinformation? I certainly don’t want the name I just want to see the specific journal article which is almost always the basis for each episode. I do not know John Cambell and I’ve never communicated with him beyond subscribing to his YouTube channel I am based in the US and find it troubling that in 2026 we are labeling him as just “disinformation” source. I would respectfully request that you reconsider that characterization in the introduction I read Wikipedia briefly this morning because the information on vitamin D3 was consequential and the credibility Wikipedia, for me, plummeted if this description is current. I was unable to suggest an edit Z-factwriter ( talk ) 14:53, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I can’t create an account!? Hello, I’m trying to make an account so I can permanently enable dark mode on safari (iOS) lol. I keep getting the proxy error, but I don’t think I have ever made an account, or if I have, I don’t remember it and it would have been with an old email. I did have iCloud Relay active when I attempted to sign up the first time, then I turned it off and tried again. I assumed my IP would have changed to my actual one, because when it was active the the IP had been banned—it still didn’t work. Did that have something to do with it? Thanks! ~2026-25117-4 ( talk ) 15:55, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Query regarding Draft:Candlelight Homes Hello Wiki Help Desk, We’re reaching out for guidance regarding an article we recently submitted about our company, Candlelight Homes. The content was written to remain neutral in tone and supported by multiple third-party sources; however, it was declined due to concerns that the sources were not sufficiently in-depth. Candlelight Homes is an established, legitimate company, and our intent is not promotional. Our goal is simply to provide accurate, verifiable information so the company can be discoverable and properly represented within the community. We’d appreciate any direction on what types of sources or additional context would be required to meet Wikipedia’s notability and sourcing standards. Thank you for your time and assistance. Requesting guidance on acceptable sourcing and notability requirements for a company article that was declined due to insufficient depth of sources. ZacharyBinx99 ( talk ) 17:42, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Find several sources which meet all the requirements in WP:42 . If you can't, stop there. If you can, effectively forget everything you know about your company and write a summary of what those sources say. They leave out something important? Tough. They are nasty about you? Tough. They are wrong, according to your knowledge? Tough. Wikipedia's fundamental principle is verifiability , not truth. Referencing errors on Spatial epidemiology Reference help requested. tho i've been a wiki editor for decades, i find the creation and placement of references very confusing, so i'd appreciate any help! Thanks, Lee De Cola ( talk ) 20:07, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Creating Art for Wikipedia As a user, am I permitted to create art for certain pages on Wikipedia that lack any visuals? I'd like to add images to extinct animal pages that are lacking any visual. I'm a hobbyist artist and have experience making paleoart. I know users like Apokryltaros have done valuable work for this exact situation on Wikipedia, and I would like to create art in a similar vein (mostly for Holocene extinctions that lack paleo reconstructions). Are there any qualifications I need to have before doing this, or can I just try my hand without preparation? Gone Extinct ( talk ) 00:09, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Curly quotes The article United_States_v._Maduro_et_al. currently has lots of curly quotes. Question: When I see curly quotes, should I edit them into straight quotes? Is there a bot that does that? Are curly quotes OK to be left in articles? The article may have received those curly quotes from the user who was involved in an ANI thread around Jan 9, which covered LLM use, user @ ApoieRacional , a few editors mentioning LLM use on several articles... resulting in Cullen328 blocking that user from article space. Thanks. David10244 ( talk ) 03:36, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Page never underwent review and was published without? I just created this page today and rather than going under review when I pressed publish to save my changes, it went up instantly, skipping categorisation and now it is missing things like a Local Description and Wikidata Item ID. I've only been contributing since December and all of my other pages had to be reviewed. Sorry if this question should rather be on the page's talk page, I'm new to this. Gone Extinct ( talk ) 06:00, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Capital Fringe Festival The source, as it exists, has a generic byline. There's no other author name to use. How do I rewrite the reference to reflect that, and not order the words like a name? Thanks, DavidK93 ( talk ) 08:47, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] ISBN ===> cite book template Is there a tool to convert ISBN's to the template, populating as many fields as possible? Humpster ( talk ) 09:22, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Shady users I have come across a "shady" user while tending to my watchlist. Looking through their past edits, I found weird behavior, like many small and unimpactful additions to sentences that often get reverted. There's some potential they are blindly adding AI content. I also see a pretty strict routine of editing that I find unusual. But they've done nothing blatantly wrong, which is why they haven't been banned yet. I want to assume good faith but I fear they may be farming their edit count to sell their account once it's extended confirmed. Where is the best place to discuss users who may be farming edits? Edit7hesadparts ( talk ) 11:07, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Iraq Page I noticed a rule on the Iraq wiki page where it said I had to be extended confirmed to make an edit (it's only protected for confirmed/auto confirmed). Am I not allowed to do the edit request (Listed under the semi edit requests) that is requesting a typo be fixed? AirmanKitten203 ( talk ) 14:44, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] png thumbnail issue on the left hand side is the original picture; on the right hand side is the thumbnail. The thumbnail is broken on my side, but if I zoom in to 110%, it works as normal again. Does anyone know what's the problem? NDR0216 ( talk ) 15:27, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles Articles for creation Sumeetsinha1972 ( talk ) 15:30, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Translation of the article "Pharmazimuseum Brixen" into English Could anyone help me to figure out how to translate the article of "Pharmaziemuseum Brixen" into English? When I try it tells me I don't have the rights to do so. Th article is already available also in Italian and Spanish. Thank you for your help! Pharmaziemuseum Brixen ( talk ) 16:23, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] returning image to entry. I uploaded an image of Dame Louise Richardson . It was taken down due to copyright issue. The organization I represented, Carnegie Corporation of New York , in which Mrs. Richardson is the President, owns the rights to the copyright. May I reload a new image to her biography? Looking forward toward your response. Sincerely, Ronald Sexton ( talk ) 19:42, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Freibahn CS1 error on Freibahn. I have no idea what went wrong. Thanks, Neptun22 ( talk ) 21:30, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Tool for LLM detection? There is a current discussion at WP:RSN#Tool for detecting AI writing? which indicates lack of information on that topic. I suggested a few links there because the users at large seemed not aware of them. Does anyone here know of any tools? If not where should we suggest that WMF should hire an expert to guide them on that? Text analysis is not my area of expertise, but I know that general programmers will have no hope of success in that area without guidance. Please make suggestions. Thanks Yesterday, all my dreams... ( talk ) 22:16, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] i can’t add message i want to send a message to a user but talk page says it is protected to prevent vandalism. why is this? i want to send message so that editor understands what to do. grazie. ~2026-28017-1 ( talk ) 22:57, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question Random question.. can an editor be completely blocked from Wikipedia? I.e not even aloud to visit the website? Not a topic ban, editing restrictions, indefinite block etc but completely disallowing someone from visiting/reading some/all articles ?? ~2026-19602-0 ( talk ) 01:29, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] What if? If someone vandalizes an article but than immediately deletes the vandalism, do they still get punished? ~2026-24671-3 ( talk ) 04:14, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Lemon Tree Hotels Reference help requested. Thanks, Saimi Sattar1 ( talk ) 07:11, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Translations Courtesy link: User:PUZEG1/Grand Duke Butigeidis Dragoon Battalion Hello, I am writing to ask for help translating our military unit wikipedia page. As I understand, I have to be an editor who made over 500 changes in wikipedia to publish translated pages. Is it possible to publish our page translated into other languages by being new account in here? PUZEG1 ( talk ) 11:59, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Content Translation Tool Error Hello, can someone help me? I'm trying to translate a page from Spanish to English and it tells me I am not an extended confirmed user, but I am. Thanks Josep a11 ( talk ) 12:24, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Non-free image url I have a talk page message from Iruka13 which deals with non-free image urls. Is it still recommended to use the URL to the page displaying the image, even if the URL to the page is non-unique? Sswonk ( talk ) 14:39, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do I use Twinkle to warn? Alright so I'm new to using Twinkle and I can't figure out how to warn people. I checked the doc and it mentions a "warn tab" but I can't find it for whatever reason? I know for a fact I have warnings enabled in configuration. Thanks in advance :) Monkeymoo458 ( talk ) 18:49, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Create a wikepedia page I would like an assistance in creating a wikipedia page for my football club. Maryfelsports ( talk ) 20:19, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How to translate? Dear Editors, I would like to translate an article, that was written by me, from Hungarian to English. I have done it already on 'paper' but I do not know how to type it into the 'English Wikipedia' version. How to link them? I do not need automatic translation and I am not an advanced editor. Thank you for your answer and help. BEK2022 ( talk ) 21:11, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Edit "not been published" I recently tried to add one (1) sentence containing a quotation to a page about a prominent WWII officer Ernest N. Harmon , citing a very reliable, eminent historian who was quoting yet another reliable witness/historian in his latest, acclaimed nonfiction book. But for the very first time ever in my many years of contributing to Wikipedia, I was confronted with a box informing me "Your changes have not been published." To correct this, the same box refers me "to go to the report page and follow the instructions." But I must admit I was totally stymied by that report page and don't understand at all how to use it and resolve my edit problem. Looking for assistance to figure this out. Thanks for any reply & guidance. Mwprods2 ( talk ) 23:00, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Contacting non-English article editors Not sure if this is the right place to ask this, but does anyone know how I could do this? They don't seem to have user pages on the English edition. Thanks, Fort esc ( talk ) 23:37, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] wikipedia25.org Happy 25 years, but is wikipedia25.org supposed to work? It only shows a Wikimedia error. Versions 111 ( talk • contribs ) 23:44, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question about source I was using the CIA World Factbook (judicial branch section) to learn more about the judiciary of Mozambique for an article and noticed they got a basic fact wrong about the Constitutional Council judges' term renewal wrong. Should I consider the rest of the information I got from them ok, or re-source everything else in the article that used that source? Urchincrawler ( talk ) 01:09, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Help on creating a new article Hi, I used to edit Fandom and Wikihow pages as a child and am used to writing factual, objective information in those contexts, but am not really familiar with Wikipedia's conventions. I am looking to create an article on the now-defunct game Fight My Monster (Jan 2011-Late 2016). I have a collection of sources (Silicon Republic articles, Techcrunch articles, Guardian article, Companies House page, official FMM blog posts (from archive.org), as well as many more niche journalism and non-journalism sources) towards the game's existence and notability (5 million accounts in total throughout its lifetime, and was generally thought to be very innovative), but am unsure whether this game would meet the notability requirements for Wikipedia. The game also had commercials aired on British TV, had comics featured in The Beano, had trading cards you could order, had a book and membership cards that were in British bookstores, and had a planned animated TV series. I also have some fears that maybe I would be a conflict of interest in relation to the game, as I am a community moderator for a currently-active rewritten project. This would not be an advertisement and I have no intention on mentioning the rewritten project within the article, but I still thought a conflict of interest might need to be disclosed. My main motivations are to ensure that information on the game is briefly compiled into an article as I would love for this information to be easy to access, since even though so many sources exist, they are very disjointed. Would I just have to write the article, publish it, and then see what people think of it? Or should I create a sandbox and then ask for dynamic feedback somewhere on Wikipedia? Or should I not bother, due to lack of notability (or the conflict of interest issue)? Thank you so much for any input/feedback, I appreciate Wikipedia as a resource so much but have no idea of the inner workings of how to edit it lol. -kat279 ( talk ) 04:38, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Raising $2.1mil due to how unique the game was : (pre-the game's release) Companies house page, detailing when the company was founded/disbanded: Fight my Monster x Brown Bag Films: Fight My Monster and Brown Bag Films Announce Animated TV Series - Business Insider Growth and targeting boys: Ten Year-Olds Versus the Triple-A Market | GamesIndustry.biz (I think this might be a blog, but apparently the woman who wrote it was a Managing Editor at IGN?) Fight my monster brand ambitions: Fight My Monster Borrows From The Angry Birds Playbook - Merchandise And Movies Up Next? | TechCrunch FMM growth, including game mechanics and industry-leading parent centre: FightMyMonster.com: a monster of an idea that just keeps getting bigger | Games | The Guardian The Beano collaboration: (lasted throughout the latter half of 2013) The book they published (Fight My Monster: Monstrous Official Guide), mostly detailing game mechanics: Fight My Monster: Monstrous Official Guide: Amazon.co.uk: Simon & Schuster UK: 9781471115707: Books Historical Artwork owned by Gallery If our gallery reports on original artwork that we own for historical details that only we can provide, is this a conflict of interest? It has flagged a filter, almost certainly because our reference to the artwork is on our website. Before we attempt to publish again we ask so that we do not fall foul of wikipedia rules but would like to offer expert advice particularly regarding album artwork. The gallery has the largest private collection in The UK and potentially the world. This includes unseen design work for prominent and historic artworks. Popnouveau ( talk ) 13:29, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How to change what wikiproject messages are recieved on. Is there a way to set what wikiproject I get important messages on? I got the messages for the wikipedia birthday celebration on my wikisource account as it was the first account i made, but I would prefer to get my messages like that either here or on meta-wiki. Is there a way i can set that? i looked for quite a bit through my various preferences but could not find anything to do so.I know you can enable global notifications, and i do have them on, but it's not the same. Sorry if this is not the right place to ask this question, i want really sure. ¿VØ!D? ☄ 13:33, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] A disruptive user Some users are annoyed (including me) that there's a user who constantly makes (mostly) disruptive edits to articles without saying why that's done or by asking in the talk page and wait for consensus. The user is "Boringhuman404", but the person using it has used it from the other old names, including Urayahahah and "Renamed user c2ca70d12a943d959769c7559822e2ae". Ominae ( talk ) 17:05, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] changing email login I am registered to edit wikipedia under an old email address which I haven't used for several years and no longer have access to. Is there a way to retain my pervious access with a different email or would I have to start over? ~2026-31751-6 ( talk ) 17:15, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Message on new articles Hello Friends! I work a lot of new biographies and today, I'm seeing a message that says the page doesn't exist and to visit Wikispecies - see: Axel Hille and Alejandro Londoño-Burbano . I have never come across this before and not sure what it means or if it is supposed to be there. Any insight would be appreciated. Thank you!! Se7enNationArmy2024 ( talk ) 18:28, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] HOW TO ENTER AN ARTIST IN WIKIPEDIA The dominican singer and composer Alicia Baroni meets enough merits to be in Wikipedia, but so far I could not enter her bio. Can somebody help me, please? ~2026-32405-1 ( talk ) 19:20, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Find sources: Google ( books · news · scholar · free images · WP refs ) · FENS · JSTOR · TWL : This looks like it would be hard to find enough secondary coverage to create an article.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦ (talk to me) 19:52, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Police#Israel in this page it talks about policing in ancient Israel, although some of the areas existed like Jerusalem, Judah there was no Israel till 1948. Wikipedia should stay impartial and not peddle political messages to try and make out a state existed before it actually did. ~2026-31843-5 ( talk ) 20:05, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Shenandoah Presbyterian Church Courtesy link: Draft:Shenandoah (Miami) I'm trying to add a page for an historic church in Miami, Florida. Did I botch the title? It just says "Shenandoah." How do I edit it? LBK1Wiki ( talk ) 20:09, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Variety of English used in articles about an author's works? The biography of author Roald Dahl is tagged with {{ British English }} . Should this also apply to all articles about his books and short stories? Personally I think it should per MOS:TIES - but I regularly see editors changing UK to US spelling, such as this edit . (Admittedly, Dahl did live in the USA for many years, and many of his stories were first published in the USA and are set in the USA.) Muzilon ( talk ) 21:19, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Other language Wikipedia as an authoritative source? As seen in Talk:AmericaFest#Feedback from New Page Review process , a user told me that MSN is depreciated because the Chinese Wikipedia said so, even though it seemed to have been called generally reliable in the English Wikipedia per WP:MSNOW . They then said You should find the original URLs and use those, as these MSN sources appear to be aggregated instead. could anyone confirm that MSN should be depreciated, and if so, I'll add it onto WP:RSP ? Wikieditor662 ( talk ) 22:15, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I need Help Is this source considered a reliable source at web archive Pinchmemore ( talk ) 00:40, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Legend for map in sidebar I was trying to add this map to this sidebar but I can't figure out how to make the legend visible without A. Going to Commons, or B. Having a big caption with a legend in the sidebar (which seems inappropriate). Is this possible? When I click on images like here that use {{legend}} in a caption, the colors don't appear Placeholderer ( talk ) 01:43, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] MEDAL AWARD DEVICE IS INCORRECT COLOR My Father has a page on Wikipedia and his medals are displayed. But his Purple Heart should have a SILVER STAR on it, NOT a GOLD STAR… He has 6 PURPLE HEARTS AND THE MARINES Designate that with a SILVER STAR for 5 awards and the ribbon makes it 6…. We would like to see the Gold start replaced with SILVER STAR as the award device. Mdsd77 ( talk ) 02:54, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Opening a request for un-protection Hello, Back in 2008, the Bulletball page was deleted. I think it's gone back and forth a few times and ended up protected indefinitely around 2012. I think, at the time, that was understandable. Bulletball was probably put on here as a joke because of that one YouTube video [3] . The thing is, many years after the American Inventor incident, it actually did make it into the Olympics, it is quite literally an Olympic sport. As such, I do think that the game itself is notable enough to be in an encyclopedia. A list of Olympic sports would, by definition, not be complete without Bulletball. We don't need to make it read like "whoa the inventor was so whacky and they made him a meme!". Just a short article about the sport, its rules, its appearance on American Inventor, and eventual debut at the 2012 Senior Olympics. I'd be happy to write it. We could semi-protect it to stop people turning it into a meme page. Anyway, sorry. My question is: Is there somewhere I can go to argue the above and at least open a vote or discussion on the issue? Thank you for your help! LegalUsername ( talk ) 03:02, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] "Incle Vanyan" the play Uncle Vanya" ~2026-33068-4 ( talk ) 03:14, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Mobile watchlist The desktop watchlist can group all edits to a single page together. Am I correct that the mobile watchlist doesn't have the option to do this? Thanks! Helpful Cat { talk } 03:39, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Mahendra Singh Dhoni Reference help requested. Please fix this error in the article of Mahendra Singh Dhoni now. Thanks, ~2026-33072-4 ( talk ) 04:33, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Bruno fernandes See I was thinking we should include something about bruno's recent Twitter hacking ~2026-14741-7 ( talk ) 06:05, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] WP:SEAOFBLUE and introductory sentences to clergy members Hello. I've noticed that in several articles for notable clergy members, It'll introduce the subject as a Anglican priest or a Baptist minister etc etc, and I'm a bit confused on how I should improve the readability, if I should improve it at all. Do I de-link the denomination or the title? Rework the sentence (somehow)? Is there any relevant consensus on this topic? Thank you. Cawfeecrow ( talk ) 06:51, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] External guide who is external guide ~2026-33882-3 ( talk ) 08:20, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Wikipedia help forums Wikipedia move-protected project pages Non-talk pages that are automatically signed Pages automatically checked for incorrect links This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:08 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_desk#c-PUZEG1-20260114115900-Translations
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Vòblad 't Durpsuus Juust angepast Aolle bladzies Bladzie op goed geluk Ulpe Donaoties Account aanmaken Anmelden Donaoties Account aanmaken Anmelden Inhoud Top 1 Verloôp 2 1939 3 1940 4 1941 5 1942 6 1943 7 1944 8 1945 9 Slachtoffers per land 10 Boek'n 11 Zie ok 12 Noôten 13 Lienks nae buten Twidde Weareldoôrlog Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Ænglisc العربية الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Bikol Central Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български भोजपुरी Bislama ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ বাংলা བོད་ཡིག Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano کوردی Corsu Qırımtatarca Čeština Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Võro Føroyskt Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ ગુજરાતી Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Ilokano Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard ລາວ Lietuvių Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол मराठी Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ مازِرونی Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål ߒߞߏ Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu Picard Deitsch Pälzisch Polski Piemontèis پنجابی پښتو Português Runa Simi Rumantsch Română Tarandíne Русский Русиньскый संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Toki pona Türkçe Татарча / tatarça Тыва дыл ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 Bladzie Overleg Lezen Bewerken Brontekst bewerken Geschiedenisse bekiek'n Lezen Bewerken Brontekst bewerken Geschiedenisse bekiek'n Links nae deze bladzie Gerelateerde bewerkiengen Upload bestand Permanente lienk Paginagegevens Citeer deze bladzie Verkorte URL verkrijgen QR-code downloaden Naar de oude parser overschakelen Boek aanmaken Downloaden als PDF Printbaere versie Wikimedia Commons Wikidata-item Rotterdam nae het bombardement in 1940 Waschappel in 1944 Slag om de Schelde Geallieerde troepen passere Krabbendieke Nagasaki in 1945 De Twidde Weareldoôrlog was een zeer groôtschaelige oôrlog, de meêst bloedigsten die ooit op de aerdbol is 'evoerd. Vechtende partijen waere an de ene kant Duutsland , Japan , Itâlië , Honharije , Roemenië , Bulgarije , Finland en Mantsjoekwo in an de oare kant onger meer Frankriek , Iengeland , de Vereênigde Staeten , China en de Sovjetunie . Naer schattingen kwamme 72 meljoen mênsen 'ierbie om 't leven. Voorà in Oôst-Europa is vreêd 'arde 'evochte, deer viel 82,5% van aolle militaire slachtoffers. De Twidde Weareldoôrlog was een zeer groôtschaelige oôrlog, de meêst bloedigsten die ooit op de aerdbol is 'evoerd. Vechtende partijen waere an de ene kant Duutsland , Japan , Itâlië , Honharije , Roemenië , Bulgarije , Finland en Mantsjoekwo in an de oare kant onger meer Frankriek , Iengeland , de Vereênigde Staeten , China en de Sovjetunie . Naer schattingen kwamme 72 meljoen mênsen 'ierbie om 't leven. Voorà in Oôst-Europa is vreêd 'arde 'evochte, deer viel 82,5% van aolle militaire slachtoffers. Verloôp [ bewerk | brontekst bewerken ] Deur vee historici wor de Twidde Weareldoôrlog deels verklaerd deur de vernederende vredesvoorwaerden an Duutsland nae Eerste Weareldoôrlog . Deu de opkomst van dictaotor Adolf Hitler in Duutsland kwamme de Duutsers steeds meer tegenover de Iengelse in de Franse te stoô. De oôrlog startende op 1 september 1939 mee de Duutse inval in Poôl'n. Nederland rocht in mei '40 bie de oorlog betrokke. Uze koneginne Willemina ield 'n striedlustige reê, waerin ze zei dat uze troepen dapper stand ieuw en da' m'n achter de Waeterlinie veilig waere. Dat bleek een stuitje laeter wel vreêd optimistisch te wezen; zelf verdween ze een paer daegen laeter naer Iengeland en nog een paer daegen varder capituleerde ons leger. Alleên Zeêland vocht nog deur tot 19 meie . An de draedomroep ao m'n nie vee meer. Aol 't nieuws wier vortan nogal aordig ekleurd. De radiowienkels deeje goeie zaeken. Je zag overal op de daeken kopere draedjes verschiene. Dat was een teken dat er wì een radio mit meêstal de kortegolf was an'eschaft om nae Radio Oranje uut Engeland te kunne luustere. Omdat de taelekennis nog nie groôt was, konne de meêste van ons gin Iengels verstae, daerom wier d'er ok vee nae den Belg eluusterd, die ok vanuut Engeland uutzond. Vanof naejaer 1940 gieng et er langzaemerand minder goed uutzie vor onze bezetters. De Slag om Engeland wier dù de Duutsers verlore, de Blitzkrieg was over en ze gienge rekenieng ouwe mit een tegenreactie. Iedereên boven de vuuftiene most altied een persoonsbewies bie z'n è en nae acht ure 's aevens mocht je eêlemaele nie mì buute komme. Ok de distributie wier erger. Op 't platteland viel't nog wè mee wat 't eten angaet. Het binnenlandse nieuws wier d'r ok nie beter op. Regelmaetig stong d'r een Bekanntmachung van de Wehrmacht mit een lieste van terechtstelliengen in wegens sabotage. De Joden wiere of 'evoerd naer Amsterdam en laeter nae Westerbork en uuteindelijk nae Poôl'n . Die leste bestemmiengen wiste m'n pas nae den oôrlog. De Duutsers krege 't moelijker. In Rusland gieng het bie Stalingrad mis; het Duitse 6e leger onder von Paulus gaf z'n eige op 2 feberwari 1943 over. In 't zelfde jaor op 13 Meie gaeve de restanten van 't Afrika -Kurps d'r eige over. De anvoerder Rommel zat toen al wied en zied in Duitsland. Ze begonne 'm al mà meer te kniepen voor een invasie, en ze waere benauwd dat achter de bunkers langs de kust parachutisten en zweefvliegtuugen zouwe kunne lande. Rommel begon toen ier de zaek op poôten te zetten. Iedereên die nog nie as dwangerrebeier nae Duitsland was of 'evoerd of nie gedwonge in de Arbeidsdienst zat, most boamen gae kappe. De stammem wiere in de polders 'ezet tegen zweefvliegtuugen. Ze krege de naem Rommelasperges. Rommel wier beschouwd as eên van de beste Duutse veldmaarschalken. Laeter wier 'n beschuldigd dat ie in 't complot zat om Hitler op 20 juli 1944 te vermoôren en wier 'n 'edwonge om op 14 oktober 1944 zelfmoord te plegen. Verscheie eilanden in de Delta wiere daorom onder waeter ezet. Binnen een paer daegen most biena iedereên weg weze vanwege de inundatie. Voora rond Walchren wier zwaer 'evochten. De oorlog durende toe september 1945, toe gaf Japan zich over naedat de Amerikaonen twee atoombommen op 't land 'egooid ha. Vanof 1941 was ok Japan betrokke 'ereakt bie de Twidde Weareldoôrlog deu de anval op Pearl Harbor. Duutsland ha z'n eige al een paer maenden eerder over'egeve. Ut meêst verschrikkelukke van dizze oorlog was de Holocaust , weerbie zowat 6 meljoen Joôden ommebrocht binne. De Twidde Weareldoôrlog zurgende wel voo een tweêdeling in Europa, weerna de zogenaemde Kouwe Oorlog ontstong. Europa herstellende z'n eige wel verbaezend snel van de verschrikkingen van de oorlog. Nae de oorlog kwam d'r een enorme economische groei die voor vee welvaert zurgende. Verloôp Deur vee historici wor de Twidde Weareldoôrlog deels verklaerd deur de vernederende vredesvoorwaerden an Duutsland nae Eerste Weareldoôrlog . Deu de opkomst van dictaotor Adolf Hitler in Duutsland kwamme de Duutsers steeds meer tegenover de Iengelse in de Franse te stoô. De oôrlog startende op 1 september 1939 mee de Duutse inval in Poôl'n. Nederland rocht in mei '40 bie de oorlog betrokke. Uze koneginne Willemina ield 'n striedlustige reê, waerin ze zei dat uze troepen dapper stand ieuw en da' m'n achter de Waeterlinie veilig waere. Dat bleek een stuitje laeter wel vreêd optimistisch te wezen; zelf verdween ze een paer daegen laeter naer Iengeland en nog een paer daegen varder capituleerde ons leger. Alleên Zeêland vocht nog deur tot 19 meie . An de draedomroep ao m'n nie vee meer. Aol 't nieuws wier vortan nogal aordig ekleurd. De radiowienkels deeje goeie zaeken. Je zag overal op de daeken kopere draedjes verschiene. Dat was een teken dat er wì een radio mit meêstal de kortegolf was an'eschaft om nae Radio Oranje uut Engeland te kunne luustere. Omdat de taelekennis nog nie groôt was, konne de meêste van ons gin Iengels verstae, daerom wier d'er ok vee nae den Belg eluusterd, die ok vanuut Engeland uutzond. Vanof naejaer 1940 gieng et er langzaemerand minder goed uutzie vor onze bezetters. De Slag om Engeland wier dù de Duutsers verlore, de Blitzkrieg was over en ze gienge rekenieng ouwe mit een tegenreactie. Iedereên boven de vuuftiene most altied een persoonsbewies bie z'n è en nae acht ure 's aevens mocht je eêlemaele nie mì buute komme. Ok de distributie wier erger. Op 't platteland viel't nog wè mee wat 't eten angaet. Het binnenlandse nieuws wier d'r ok nie beter op. Regelmaetig stong d'r een Bekanntmachung van de Wehrmacht mit een lieste van terechtstelliengen in wegens sabotage. De Joden wiere of 'evoerd naer Amsterdam en laeter nae Westerbork en uuteindelijk nae Poôl'n . Die leste bestemmiengen wiste m'n pas nae den oôrlog. De Duutsers krege 't moelijker. In Rusland gieng het bie Stalingrad mis; het Duitse 6e leger onder von Paulus gaf z'n eige op 2 feberwari 1943 over. In 't zelfde jaor op 13 Meie gaeve de restanten van 't Afrika -Kurps d'r eige over. De anvoerder Rommel zat toen al wied en zied in Duitsland. Ze begonne 'm al mà meer te kniepen voor een invasie, en ze waere benauwd dat achter de bunkers langs de kust parachutisten en zweefvliegtuugen zouwe kunne lande. Rommel begon toen ier de zaek op poôten te zetten. Iedereên die nog nie as dwangerrebeier nae Duitsland was of 'evoerd of nie gedwonge in de Arbeidsdienst zat, most boamen gae kappe. De stammem wiere in de polders 'ezet tegen zweefvliegtuugen. Ze krege de naem Rommelasperges. Rommel wier beschouwd as eên van de beste Duutse veldmaarschalken. Laeter wier 'n beschuldigd dat ie in 't complot zat om Hitler op 20 juli 1944 te vermoôren en wier 'n 'edwonge om op 14 oktober 1944 zelfmoord te plegen. Verscheie eilanden in de Delta wiere daorom onder waeter ezet. Binnen een paer daegen most biena iedereên weg weze vanwege de inundatie. Voora rond Walchren wier zwaer 'evochten. De oorlog durende toe september 1945, toe gaf Japan zich over naedat de Amerikaonen twee atoombommen op 't land 'egooid ha. Vanof 1941 was ok Japan betrokke 'ereakt bie de Twidde Weareldoôrlog deu de anval op Pearl Harbor. Duutsland ha z'n eige al een paer maenden eerder over'egeve. Ut meêst verschrikkelukke van dizze oorlog was de Holocaust , weerbie zowat 6 meljoen Joôden ommebrocht binne. De Twidde Weareldoôrlog zurgende wel voo een tweêdeling in Europa, weerna de zogenaemde Kouwe Oorlog ontstong. Europa herstellende z'n eige wel verbaezend snel van de verschrikkingen van de oorlog. Nae de oorlog kwam d'r een enorme economische groei die voor vee welvaert zurgende. 1939 [ bewerk | brontekst bewerken ] 1 september - Invaosie van Duutse troepen in Poôl'n . Begin van de Twidde Weareldoôrlog. 3 september - Oorlogsverklaering van het Vereênigd Konienkriek en Frankriek aan an nazi- Duutsland . 17 september - Ok de Sovjet-Unie valt Poôl'n binne 1939 1 september - Invaosie van Duutse troepen in Poôl'n . Begin van de Twidde Weareldoôrlog. 3 september - Oorlogsverklaering van het Vereênigd Konienkriek en Frankriek aan an nazi- Duutsland . 17 september - Ok de Sovjet-Unie valt Poôl'n binne 1940 [ bewerk | brontekst bewerken ] 10 meie - Duutse troepen vallen Frankriek maer ok Nederland , Belhië en Luxemburg binnen. Oal dizze drie lan'n reake noe ok betrokken bie de Twidde Waereldoôrlog. 10 meie - Winston Churchill wor premier vant Vereênigd Konienkriek . 14 meie - De binnenstad van Rotterdam wor verieneweerd deu Duutse bommenwêrrepers. 15 meie - Nederland (be'alve Zeêland ) geêft z'n eige in Riesoôrd an de Duutsers over. 16 meie - Den Duutse bezetter voert in Nederland den Midden-Europeêse Tied (MET) in. [ 1 ] 17 meie - Middelburg wor zwaer 'ebombardeerd deu Duutse bommenwerpers. 24 inweuners komme ierbie om 't leven. Zeêland (be'alve Zeêuws-Vlaonderen ) geêft z'n eige over an de Duutsers. 19 meie - De leste Nederlandse troepen verleate Zeêuws-Vlaonderen nae 10 daehen verzet tehen de Duutse overmacht. 27 meie - De leste Belhiese troepen verleate Zeêuws-Vlaonderen (bie Truzement ). 28 meie - Belhië geeft z'n eige over an de Duutsers. 22 juni - Frankriek geeft z'n eige over an de Duutsers. De helt wor bezet deur Duutsland, de aore helt wor as Vichy -Frankriek een satellietstaete van de Duutsers. 7 december - Duutsland begint de Blitz op Londen . De aanhouwernde bombardement'n kostte an 30.000 man 't leven. 1940 10 meie - Duutse troepen vallen Frankriek maer ok Nederland , Belhië en Luxemburg binnen. Oal dizze drie lan'n reake noe ok betrokken bie de Twidde Waereldoôrlog. 10 meie - Winston Churchill wor premier vant Vereênigd Konienkriek . 14 meie - De binnenstad van Rotterdam wor verieneweerd deu Duutse bommenwêrrepers. 15 meie - Nederland (be'alve Zeêland ) geêft z'n eige in Riesoôrd an de Duutsers over. 16 meie - Den Duutse bezetter voert in Nederland den Midden-Europeêse Tied (MET) in. [ 1 ] 17 meie - Middelburg wor zwaer 'ebombardeerd deu Duutse bommenwerpers. 24 inweuners komme ierbie om 't leven. Zeêland (be'alve Zeêuws-Vlaonderen ) geêft z'n eige over an de Duutsers. 19 meie - De leste Nederlandse troepen verleate Zeêuws-Vlaonderen nae 10 daehen verzet tehen de Duutse overmacht. 27 meie - De leste Belhiese troepen verleate Zeêuws-Vlaonderen (bie Truzement ). 28 meie - Belhië geeft z'n eige over an de Duutsers. 22 juni - Frankriek geeft z'n eige over an de Duutsers. De helt wor bezet deur Duutsland, de aore helt wor as Vichy -Frankriek een satellietstaete van de Duutsers. 7 december - Duutsland begint de Blitz op Londen . De aanhouwernde bombardement'n kostte an 30.000 man 't leven. 1941 [ bewerk | brontekst bewerken ] 25 feberwari - In Amsterdam wor de Feberwaristaoking 'eorhaoniseerd. De staoking wor hard neer'eslogen: ierbij valle nehen doden. 22 juni - Operatie Barbarossa . Hitler valt Rusland binne, ochteraf een hrote fout. 7 december - Japanse anval op Pearl Harbor. Gevolg is dat de Vereênigde Staeten bie de oorlog worre betrokke. 1941 25 feberwari - In Amsterdam wor de Feberwaristaoking 'eorhaoniseerd. De staoking wor hard neer'eslogen: ierbij valle nehen doden. 22 juni - Operatie Barbarossa . Hitler valt Rusland binne, ochteraf een hrote fout. 7 december - Japanse anval op Pearl Harbor. Gevolg is dat de Vereênigde Staeten bie de oorlog worre betrokke. 1942 [ bewerk | brontekst bewerken ] 11 jannewari - Japan valt Nederlands-Indië an. 20 jannewari - In Berlijn wor den Wannseeconferentie 'ehouwe, waer den Endlösung der Judenfrage wor georgaoniseêrd. 27 jannewari - In Winterswiek wor een temperatuur 'emeten van -27,4 C. Dit is tot op noe voor Nederland nog steeds ut kouwerecord. 27 feberwari - In de Jaovazeê goôt Karel Doorman mee z'n vloot ten ogner. 31 meie - Eerste massaole bombardement op een Duutse stad. Keul'n is 't doelwit. 1942 11 jannewari - Japan valt Nederlands-Indië an. 20 jannewari - In Berlijn wor den Wannseeconferentie 'ehouwe, waer den Endlösung der Judenfrage wor georgaoniseêrd. 27 jannewari - In Winterswiek wor een temperatuur 'emeten van -27,4 C. Dit is tot op noe voor Nederland nog steeds ut kouwerecord. 27 feberwari - In de Jaovazeê goôt Karel Doorman mee z'n vloot ten ogner. 31 meie - Eerste massaole bombardement op een Duutse stad. Keul'n is 't doelwit. 1943 [ bewerk | brontekst bewerken ] 2 feberwari - De noordelijke helt van 't Duutse Zesde Leher geeft zich in Stalingrad over. De Duutse tegenstand is hebroken hetgeen een keerpunt in d'n oorlog betekent. 31 maerte - Bombardement op Rotterdam -west, hierbie komme 326 man omme. 24 juli - Bombardement op Hamburg deu de Britten. Ierbie ontstoôt een vierstorm. Vogges de officiële ciefers komme ierbie 18.474 Duusters om 't leêven. 28 november - Behin van de conferentie van Teheren, weer de grôte drie, Roosevelt, Stalin in Churchill bie mekander komme. 1943 2 feberwari - De noordelijke helt van 't Duutse Zesde Leher geeft zich in Stalingrad over. De Duutse tegenstand is hebroken hetgeen een keerpunt in d'n oorlog betekent. 31 maerte - Bombardement op Rotterdam -west, hierbie komme 326 man omme. 24 juli - Bombardement op Hamburg deu de Britten. Ierbie ontstoôt een vierstorm. Vogges de officiële ciefers komme ierbie 18.474 Duusters om 't leêven. 28 november - Behin van de conferentie van Teheren, weer de grôte drie, Roosevelt, Stalin in Churchill bie mekander komme. 1944 [ bewerk | brontekst bewerken ] 12 feberwari - D'n Duutse bezetter geeft bevel Schouwen-Duveland onger waeter te zetten. 22 feberwari - Tiejens een bombardement op Nijmegen deu de geallieerden, kommen meer as 800 man om 't leven. Ok Arnem , Enschede en Deventer worren op dezen dag deu Amerikaonse bommenwerpers 'ebombardeerd. 3 maerte - Bombardement op het Haegse Bezuujenhout, weerbie 550 man omkomme. 6 juni - D-Day , behin van de geallieerde invaosie in Normandië . 20 juli - Mislukte aenslag op Hitler deu kolonel Claus von Stauffenberg . 4 auhustus - Anne Frank en eur ouwers en zuster worren nae verraed deu de Duutsers opgepakt. 't Joôdse gezin Frank waeren ongerdukers in Amsterdam . 25 auhustus - Paries wor bevried. 2 september - De geallieerden trekken België binn'n. 3 september - Brussel wor bevried. 4 september - Antwerpen wor bevried. 5 september - Dolle Dissendag en oprichtieng van de Benelux . 7 september - Luuk wor bevried. 11 september - Bresjes wor deu de geallieerden 'ebombardeerd. Awast da de plekke was 'eëvacueerd valle d'r toch nog 199 slachtoffers. 12 september - De geallieerden trekken Zuud- Limburg binn'n (gemeênte Eijsden-Margraten ). 13 september - Laetste transport van Joôd'n uut Kamp Westerbork . 14 september - Maestricht wor bevried. 16 september - De geallieerden trekken Zeêuws-Vlaonderen binn'n (gemeênten Terneuzen en Ulst ). 17 - 25 september - Operaotie Market Garden (Slag om Arnem ). 17 september - De geallieerden trekken Noord-Braebant binn'n. 18 september - Eind'oven wor bevried. 20 september - Nijmegen wor bevried. 3 oktober - Bie een Iengels luchtbombardement wor een gat 'eslegen in de Waschappeller Zeêdiek. Ierbie kwammen 180 inweuners om 't leven deu water in vuur; de plaets zeluf wier zô goed as van de kaerte eveegd deur de bommen en 't binnenstreumende zeêwaeter. De geallieerde troepen landde op 1 november 1944 mee landiengsvaertuugen ten noorden en zuuën van 't ontstaene diekgat. Tun tiede van de landienge bevonde zich nog zes mêsen in 't durp, de rest van de overlevenden was geëvacueerd ni de omriengende durpen. Op 12 oktober 1945, meer dan een jaer laeter, was 't gat edicht. Een nog oaltijd zichtbaer overbliefsel is de kreeke, die ontstaen is deur 't bombardement. Deur 't zoute kwelwaeter, onder de diek door, is 't waeter brak in plaets van zoete. As herinnering an dizze oôrlog, mè zeker oôk an de bevrijdienge, staet ter een Sherman-tank op den diek. Achter de viertoren "Ooge licht" liggen, in een aluve cirkel, de graeven van de oorlogsslachtoffers. Zie ok Inundaotie van Walchren . 20 oktober - Explosie bie Izendieke . Bie een zwaere ontploffinge op een steê bie het durp Izendieke ( Zeêuws-Vlaonderen ), vallen 47 doôden en 37 gewonden onger Britse en Canadese militairen. De oorzaek van de ramp is nooit achterhaeld. 21 oktober - Aken is d' eêste Duutse stad die deu de geallieerden wor veroverd. 27 oktober - Berrehe op Zoom wor bevried. 29 oktober - Breda wor bevried. 30 oktober - Tole en Goes wor'n bevried. 1 november - Sluus wor bevried; Vlissienge wor bevried deu de Iengelse nae de Slag om de Sloedam . 2 november - Wissekaerke wor bevried. 4 november - Flupland en Steênberrehe wor'n bevried. 6 november - Middelburg wor bevried. 7 november - Ter Veere wor bevried. 8 december - Bie 'n overval op de Leêuwarder hevangenis worn meêr as vuuftig verzetsmensen bevried. 9 november - Moerdiek wor bevried. 16 december - Behin vant Ardenn'noffensief . 1944 12 feberwari - D'n Duutse bezetter geeft bevel Schouwen-Duveland onger waeter te zetten. 22 feberwari - Tiejens een bombardement op Nijmegen deu de geallieerden, kommen meer as 800 man om 't leven. Ok Arnem , Enschede en Deventer worren op dezen dag deu Amerikaonse bommenwerpers 'ebombardeerd. 3 maerte - Bombardement op het Haegse Bezuujenhout, weerbie 550 man omkomme. 6 juni - D-Day , behin van de geallieerde invaosie in Normandië . 20 juli - Mislukte aenslag op Hitler deu kolonel Claus von Stauffenberg . 4 auhustus - Anne Frank en eur ouwers en zuster worren nae verraed deu de Duutsers opgepakt. 't Joôdse gezin Frank waeren ongerdukers in Amsterdam . 25 auhustus - Paries wor bevried. 2 september - De geallieerden trekken België binn'n. 3 september - Brussel wor bevried. 4 september - Antwerpen wor bevried. 5 september - Dolle Dissendag en oprichtieng van de Benelux . 7 september - Luuk wor bevried. 11 september - Bresjes wor deu de geallieerden 'ebombardeerd. Awast da de plekke was 'eëvacueerd valle d'r toch nog 199 slachtoffers. 12 september - De geallieerden trekken Zuud- Limburg binn'n (gemeênte Eijsden-Margraten ). 13 september - Laetste transport van Joôd'n uut Kamp Westerbork . 14 september - Maestricht wor bevried. 16 september - De geallieerden trekken Zeêuws-Vlaonderen binn'n (gemeênten Terneuzen en Ulst ). 17 - 25 september - Operaotie Market Garden (Slag om Arnem ). 17 september - De geallieerden trekken Noord-Braebant binn'n. 18 september - Eind'oven wor bevried. 20 september - Nijmegen wor bevried. 3 oktober - Bie een Iengels luchtbombardement wor een gat 'eslegen in de Waschappeller Zeêdiek. Ierbie kwammen 180 inweuners om 't leven deu water in vuur; de plaets zeluf wier zô goed as van de kaerte eveegd deur de bommen en 't binnenstreumende zeêwaeter. De geallieerde troepen landde op 1 november 1944 mee landiengsvaertuugen ten noorden en zuuën van 't ontstaene diekgat. Tun tiede van de landienge bevonde zich nog zes mêsen in 't durp, de rest van de overlevenden was geëvacueerd ni de omriengende durpen. Op 12 oktober 1945, meer dan een jaer laeter, was 't gat edicht. Een nog oaltijd zichtbaer overbliefsel is de kreeke, die ontstaen is deur 't bombardement. Deur 't zoute kwelwaeter, onder de diek door, is 't waeter brak in plaets van zoete. As herinnering an dizze oôrlog, mè zeker oôk an de bevrijdienge, staet ter een Sherman-tank op den diek. Achter de viertoren "Ooge licht" liggen, in een aluve cirkel, de graeven van de oorlogsslachtoffers. Zie ok Inundaotie van Walchren . 20 oktober - Explosie bie Izendieke . Bie een zwaere ontploffinge op een steê bie het durp Izendieke ( Zeêuws-Vlaonderen ), vallen 47 doôden en 37 gewonden onger Britse en Canadese militairen. De oorzaek van de ramp is nooit achterhaeld. 21 oktober - Aken is d' eêste Duutse stad die deu de geallieerden wor veroverd. 27 oktober - Berrehe op Zoom wor bevried. 29 oktober - Breda wor bevried. 30 oktober - Tole en Goes wor'n bevried. 1 november - Sluus wor bevried; Vlissienge wor bevried deu de Iengelse nae de Slag om de Sloedam . 2 november - Wissekaerke wor bevried. 4 november - Flupland en Steênberrehe wor'n bevried. 6 november - Middelburg wor bevried. 7 november - Ter Veere wor bevried. 8 december - Bie 'n overval op de Leêuwarder hevangenis worn meêr as vuuftig verzetsmensen bevried. 9 november - Moerdiek wor bevried. 16 december - Behin vant Ardenn'noffensief . 1945 [ bewerk | brontekst bewerken ] 25 jannewari - Ende vant Ardenn'noffensief . 27 jannewari - Russische troepen bevreije 't concentraosiekamp Auschwitz . 13 - 14 feberwari - Bombardement op Dresden , weerbie 25.000 man omkomme. [ 2 ] 3 maerte - Bombardement opt Haegse Bezuujenhout, weerbie 550 man omkomme. 7 maerte - De geallieerden trekken over de Rien bie Remagen . 13 maerte - Koneginne Willemina gaet in Djì ( Zeêuws-Vlaonderen ) de Nederlandse hrens over. 28 maerte - Megchelen ( Achteroek ) wor bevried. 1 april - Enschede wor bevried. 5 april - Twee Amerikaonse vliegtugen storte neer bie de Kilhaevene van Ouwdurp . 15 doôden en 3 gewonden. 12 april - Harry S. Truman wor beëdigd as 33e president van de Vereênigde Staeten . 16 april - Greunienge wor bevried. 17 april - Ede wor bevried. 20 april - Nijkerke wor bevried. 30 april - Adolf Hitler schie' z'n eige doôd. 4 meie - 't Duutse leger in Noôrdwest-Duutsland, Schleswig-Holstein , Denemarken en Nederland geêft z'n eige over aon de geallieerden (capitulaosie). [ 3 ] 5 meie - 't Ende van den oôrlog in deêze gebieën en lan'n om acht uure 's morgens. Den Canadese generael Foulkes over'andigt in 'Otel De Wereld in Waegeniengen an de Duutsers den uutwerkieng van den capitulaosieovereênkomst. Foulkes en den Duutse opperbevel'ebber in Nederland generael Blaskowitz ongertekenen deêze uutwerkieng om half vuuf 's middags. [ 3 ] 6 meie - Verdere uutwerkieng van den capitulaosieovereênkomst in den aula van den Landbouw'oôgeschole in Waegeniengen. [ 3 ] 7 meie - Schouwen-Duveland wor bevried. 7 meie - 't Duutse leger geêft z'n eige in Reims over aon de geallieerden. [ 4 ] 8 meie - 't Duutse leger geêft z'n eige ok in Berlijn bie de Russen over aon de geallieerden. [ 4 ] 8 meie - Om elf uure ' s aovunds (wintertied 23.01 uure) offisjeel ende van den Twidde Waereldoôrlog in Europa . [ 4 ] 9 meie - Om middernacht (zeumertied 00.01 uure) offisjeel ende van den Twidde Waereldoôrlog in Europa. [ 4 ] 19 meie - Goereê-Overflakkeê wor bevried. 20 meie - Ok Texel is noe vrie. 11 juni - En ok Schiermonnikoôg is as laetste vrie. 6 juli - Intocht van koneginne Willemina in D'n Aegt . 17 juli - 2 auhustus - Conferentie van Potsdam tussen de Vereênigde Staeten , 't Vereênigd Konienkriek en den Sovjet-Unie . [ 5 ] 26 juli - De Britse premier Winston Churchill wor opgevolgd deu Clement Attlee . 6 auhustus - De Amerikaonen gooie een atoombomme op de Japanse stad Hiroshima . Op de 9e gooie ze z'r iene op Nagasaki . 9 auhustus - De Sovjet-Unie valt Japan an in trekt China in Noord-Korea binne. 15 auhustus - Japan geeft z'n eige over aon de geallieerden. 17 auhustus - In Nederlands-Indië roepe Soekarno in Hatta de Repoeblik Indonesia uut. 2 september - Japan tekent z'n overgeave. Ende van de Twidde Weareldoôrlog. 1945 25 jannewari - Ende vant Ardenn'noffensief . 27 jannewari - Russische troepen bevreije 't concentraosiekamp Auschwitz . 13 - 14 feberwari - Bombardement op Dresden , weerbie 25.000 man omkomme. [ 2 ] 3 maerte - Bombardement opt Haegse Bezuujenhout, weerbie 550 man omkomme. 7 maerte - De geallieerden trekken over de Rien bie Remagen . 13 maerte - Koneginne Willemina gaet in Djì ( Zeêuws-Vlaonderen ) de Nederlandse hrens over. 28 maerte - Megchelen ( Achteroek ) wor bevried. 1 april - Enschede wor bevried. 5 april - Twee Amerikaonse vliegtugen storte neer bie de Kilhaevene van Ouwdurp . 15 doôden en 3 gewonden. 12 april - Harry S. Truman wor beëdigd as 33e president van de Vereênigde Staeten . 16 april - Greunienge wor bevried. 17 april - Ede wor bevried. 20 april - Nijkerke wor bevried. 30 april - Adolf Hitler schie' z'n eige doôd. 4 meie - 't Duutse leger in Noôrdwest-Duutsland, Schleswig-Holstein , Denemarken en Nederland geêft z'n eige over aon de geallieerden (capitulaosie). [ 3 ] 5 meie - 't Ende van den oôrlog in deêze gebieën en lan'n om acht uure 's morgens. Den Canadese generael Foulkes over'andigt in 'Otel De Wereld in Waegeniengen an de Duutsers den uutwerkieng van den capitulaosieovereênkomst. Foulkes en den Duutse opperbevel'ebber in Nederland generael Blaskowitz ongertekenen deêze uutwerkieng om half vuuf 's middags. [ 3 ] 6 meie - Verdere uutwerkieng van den capitulaosieovereênkomst in den aula van den Landbouw'oôgeschole in Waegeniengen. [ 3 ] 7 meie - Schouwen-Duveland wor bevried. 7 meie - 't Duutse leger geêft z'n eige in Reims over aon de geallieerden. [ 4 ] 8 meie - 't Duutse leger geêft z'n eige ok in Berlijn bie de Russen over aon de geallieerden. [ 4 ] 8 meie - Om elf uure ' s aovunds (wintertied 23.01 uure) offisjeel ende van den Twidde Waereldoôrlog in Europa . [ 4 ] 9 meie - Om middernacht (zeumertied 00.01 uure) offisjeel ende van den Twidde Waereldoôrlog in Europa. [ 4 ] 19 meie - Goereê-Overflakkeê wor bevried. 20 meie - Ok Texel is noe vrie. 11 juni - En ok Schiermonnikoôg is as laetste vrie. 6 juli - Intocht van koneginne Willemina in D'n Aegt . 17 juli - 2 auhustus - Conferentie van Potsdam tussen de Vereênigde Staeten , 't Vereênigd Konienkriek en den Sovjet-Unie . [ 5 ] 26 juli - De Britse premier Winston Churchill wor opgevolgd deu Clement Attlee . 6 auhustus - De Amerikaonen gooie een atoombomme op de Japanse stad Hiroshima . Op de 9e gooie ze z'r iene op Nagasaki . 9 auhustus - De Sovjet-Unie valt Japan an in trekt China in Noord-Korea binne. 15 auhustus - Japan geeft z'n eige over aon de geallieerden. 17 auhustus - In Nederlands-Indië roepe Soekarno in Hatta de Repoeblik Indonesia uut. 2 september - Japan tekent z'n overgeave. Ende van de Twidde Weareldoôrlog. Slachtoffers per land [ bewerk | brontekst bewerken ] Het antal slachtoffers is onevenredig verdeeld over de verscheie lan'n. Dit is vooral 't geval bie burherslachtoffers. Land Inweunerantal 1939 Militaire slachtoffers Burherslachtoffers Joôdse Holocaustslachtoffers Totaol antal doôden Doôden in % vant inweunerantal Albanië 1.073.000 28.000 200 28.200 2,63% Australië 6.998.000 40.400 100 40.500 0,58% Belhië 8.387.000 12.100 49.600 24.400 86.100 1,02% Birma 16.119.000 22.000 250.000 272.000 1,16% Brezilië 40.289.000 1.000 1.000 2.000 0,00% Bulharije 6.458.000 22.000 3.000 25.000 0,38% Canada 11.267.000 45.300 45.300 0,40% China 517.568.000 3.800.000 15.805.000 19.605.000 3,78% Cuba 4.235.000 100 100 0,00% Denemarken 3.795.000 2.100 1.000 100 3.200 0,08% Duutsland 69.623.000 5.533.000 1.810.000 160.000 7.503.000 10,77% Estland 1.134.000 40.000 1.000 41.000 3,62% Ethiopië 17.700.000 5.000 200.000 205.000 1,16% Filepien'n 16.000.000 57.000 90.000 147.000 0,92% Finland 3.700.000 95.000 2.000 97.000 2,62% Frankriek 41.700.000 212.000 267.000 83.000 562.000 1,35% Frans Indo-China 24.600.000 1.000.000 1.000.000 4,07% Griekenland 7.222.000 20.000 220.000 71.300 311.300 4,31% Hongarije 9.129.000 300.000 80.000 200.000 580.000 6,35% Ierland 2.960.000 200 200 0,00% Iesland 119.000 200 200 0,17% India 378.000.000 87.000 1.500.000 1.587.000 0,42% Irak 3.698.000 1.000 1.000 0,03% Iran 14.340.000 200 200 0,00% Itâlië 44.394.000 306.400 145.100 8.000 459.500 1,04% Japan 71.380.000 2.041.000 580.000 2.621.000 3,67% Joegoslavië 15.400.000 446.000 514.000 67.000 1.027.000 6,67% Korea 23.400.000 60.000 60.000 0,26% Letland 1.995.000 147.000 80.000 227.000 11,38% Litouwen 2.575.000 212.000 141.000 353.000 13,71% Luxemburg 295.000 1.300 700 2.000 0,68% Maleisië 4.391.000 100.000 100.000 2,28% Malta 269.000 1.500 1.500 0,56% Mexico 19.320.000 100 100 0,00% Monholië 819.000 300 300 0,04% Nederland 8.729.000 7.900 88.900 102.000 198.800 2,32% Nederlands-Indië 69.435.000 4.000.000 4.000.000 5,76% Newfoundland 300.000 1.000 100 1.100 0,37% Nieuw-Zeêland 1.629.000 11.900 11.900 0,67% Noorwegen 2.945.000 3.000 5.800 700 9.500 0,32% Oostenriek 6.653.000 ? 40.500 65.000 105.500 1,59% Eilanden in Oceanië 1.900.000 57.000 57.000 3,0% Oôst-Timor 500.000 55.000 55.000 11,0% Pool'n 27.007.000 100.000 1.900.000 3.000.000 5.000.000 18,51% Roemenië 19.934.000 300.000 64.000 469.000 833.000 4,22% Singapore 728.000 50.000 50.000 6,87% Sovjet-Unie 175.500.000 10.700.000 11.900.000 1.000.000 23.600.000 13,44% Spanje 25.637.000 4.500 4.500 0,02% Thailand 15.023.000 5.600 300 5.900 0,04% Tsjechoslowakije 15.300.000 25.000 43.000 277.000 345.000 2,25% Vereênigd Konienkriek 47.760.000 382.600 67.800 450.400 0,94% Vereênigde Staeten 131.028.000 407.300 11.200 418.500 0,32% Zweden 6.341.000 0,00% Zwitserland 4.210.000 100 100 0,00% Zuud-Afrika 10.160.000 11.900 11.900 0,12% Totaol 1.961.071.000 25.037.500 41.363.400 5.754.400 72.155.800 3,70% Slachtoffers per land Het antal slachtoffers is onevenredig verdeeld over de verscheie lan'n. Dit is vooral 't geval bie burherslachtoffers. Land Inweunerantal 1939 Militaire slachtoffers Burherslachtoffers Joôdse Holocaustslachtoffers Totaol antal doôden Doôden in % vant inweunerantal Albanië 1.073.000 28.000 200 28.200 2,63% Australië 6.998.000 40.400 100 40.500 0,58% Belhië 8.387.000 12.100 49.600 24.400 86.100 1,02% Birma 16.119.000 22.000 250.000 272.000 1,16% Brezilië 40.289.000 1.000 1.000 2.000 0,00% Bulharije 6.458.000 22.000 3.000 25.000 0,38% Canada 11.267.000 45.300 45.300 0,40% China 517.568.000 3.800.000 15.805.000 19.605.000 3,78% Cuba 4.235.000 100 100 0,00% Denemarken 3.795.000 2.100 1.000 100 3.200 0,08% Duutsland 69.623.000 5.533.000 1.810.000 160.000 7.503.000 10,77% Estland 1.134.000 40.000 1.000 41.000 3,62% Ethiopië 17.700.000 5.000 200.000 205.000 1,16% Filepien'n 16.000.000 57.000 90.000 147.000 0,92% Finland 3.700.000 95.000 2.000 97.000 2,62% Frankriek 41.700.000 212.000 267.000 83.000 562.000 1,35% Frans Indo-China 24.600.000 1.000.000 1.000.000 4,07% Griekenland 7.222.000 20.000 220.000 71.300 311.300 4,31% Hongarije 9.129.000 300.000 80.000 200.000 580.000 6,35% Ierland 2.960.000 200 200 0,00% Iesland 119.000 200 200 0,17% India 378.000.000 87.000 1.500.000 1.587.000 0,42% Irak 3.698.000 1.000 1.000 0,03% Iran 14.340.000 200 200 0,00% Itâlië 44.394.000 306.400 145.100 8.000 459.500 1,04% Japan 71.380.000 2.041.000 580.000 2.621.000 3,67% Joegoslavië 15.400.000 446.000 514.000 67.000 1.027.000 6,67% Korea 23.400.000 60.000 60.000 0,26% Letland 1.995.000 147.000 80.000 227.000 11,38% Litouwen 2.575.000 212.000 141.000 353.000 13,71% Luxemburg 295.000 1.300 700 2.000 0,68% Maleisië 4.391.000 100.000 100.000 2,28% Malta 269.000 1.500 1.500 0,56% Mexico 19.320.000 100 100 0,00% Monholië 819.000 300 300 0,04% Nederland 8.729.000 7.900 88.900 102.000 198.800 2,32% Nederlands-Indië 69.435.000 4.000.000 4.000.000 5,76% Newfoundland 300.000 1.000 100 1.100 0,37% Nieuw-Zeêland 1.629.000 11.900 11.900 0,67% Noorwegen 2.945.000 3.000 5.800 700 9.500 0,32% Oostenriek 6.653.000 ? 40.500 65.000 105.500 1,59% Eilanden in Oceanië 1.900.000 57.000 57.000 3,0% Oôst-Timor 500.000 55.000 55.000 11,0% Pool'n 27.007.000 100.000 1.900.000 3.000.000 5.000.000 18,51% Roemenië 19.934.000 300.000 64.000 469.000 833.000 4,22% Singapore 728.000 50.000 50.000 6,87% Sovjet-Unie 175.500.000 10.700.000 11.900.000 1.000.000 23.600.000 13,44% Spanje 25.637.000 4.500 4.500 0,02% Thailand 15.023.000 5.600 300 5.900 0,04% Tsjechoslowakije 15.300.000 25.000 43.000 277.000 345.000 2,25% Vereênigd Konienkriek 47.760.000 382.600 67.800 450.400 0,94% Vereênigde Staeten 131.028.000 407.300 11.200 418.500 0,32% Zweden 6.341.000 0,00% Zwitserland 4.210.000 100 100 0,00% Zuud-Afrika 10.160.000 11.900 11.900 0,12% Totaol 1.961.071.000 25.037.500 41.363.400 5.754.400 72.155.800 3,70% Boek'n [ bewerk | brontekst bewerken ] Herman Amersfoort en Piet Kamphuis - Mei 1940: De strijd op Nederlands grondgebied David Barnauw - De bezetting in een notendop Anthony Beevor - De Tweede Wereldoorlog Sophie van den Bergh enz. - De Bosatlas van de Tweede Wereldoorlog Norman Davies - Europa in oorlog Debórah Dwork en Robert Jan van Pelt - De holocaust Saul Friedländer - Nazi-Duitsland en de Joden Martin Gilbert - Nooit meer, de geschiedenis van de holocaust Katja Happe - Veel valse hoop Abel Herzberg - Kroniek der Jodenvervolging 1940-1945 Raul Hilberg - De vernietiging van de Europese Joden Guus Hiltermann - Geschiedenis van de Tweede Wereldoorlog Loe de Jong - De bezetting Loe de Jong - Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog Paul Kennedy - De kering van het tij Ian Kershaw - Keerpunten Ian Kershaw - Tot de laatste man Christ Klep en Ben Schoenmaker - De bevrijding van Nederland 1944-1945 Ad van Liempt - De oorlog Peter Longerich - De Wannseeconferentie Insa Meinen - De shoah in België Ben Nijhuis - De geschiedenis van de Nederlandse Joden Richard Overy - Waarom de geallieerden wonnen Richard Overy - Ruslands oorlog Jacques Presser - Ondergang Laurence Rees - Auschwitz Andrew Roberts - Wereld in vlammen Maarten van Rossem - Drie oorlogen Norman Stone - De Tweede Wereldoorlog Alexander en Malcolm Swanston - Atlas van de Tweede Wereldoorlog Roel Tanja - Een beknopte geschiedenis van de Tweede Wereldoorlog Emerson Vermaat - Het Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact 1939 Boek'n Herman Amersfoort en Piet Kamphuis - Mei 1940: De strijd op Nederlands grondgebied David Barnauw - De bezetting in een notendop Anthony Beevor - De Tweede Wereldoorlog Sophie van den Bergh enz. - De Bosatlas van de Tweede Wereldoorlog Norman Davies - Europa in oorlog Debórah Dwork en Robert Jan van Pelt - De holocaust Saul Friedländer - Nazi-Duitsland en de Joden Martin Gilbert - Nooit meer, de geschiedenis van de holocaust Katja Happe - Veel valse hoop Abel Herzberg - Kroniek der Jodenvervolging 1940-1945 Raul Hilberg - De vernietiging van de Europese Joden Guus Hiltermann - Geschiedenis van de Tweede Wereldoorlog Loe de Jong - De bezetting Loe de Jong - Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog Paul Kennedy - De kering van het tij Ian Kershaw - Keerpunten Ian Kershaw - Tot de laatste man Christ Klep en Ben Schoenmaker - De bevrijding van Nederland 1944-1945 Ad van Liempt - De oorlog Peter Longerich - De Wannseeconferentie Insa Meinen - De shoah in België Ben Nijhuis - De geschiedenis van de Nederlandse Joden Richard Overy - Waarom de geallieerden wonnen Richard Overy - Ruslands oorlog Jacques Presser - Ondergang Laurence Rees - Auschwitz Andrew Roberts - Wereld in vlammen Maarten van Rossem - Drie oorlogen Norman Stone - De Tweede Wereldoorlog Alexander en Malcolm Swanston - Atlas van de Tweede Wereldoorlog Roel Tanja - Een beknopte geschiedenis van de Tweede Wereldoorlog Emerson Vermaat - Het Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact 1939 Zie ok [ bewerk | brontekst bewerken ] Eêste Weareldoôrlog Adolf Hitler Zie ok Eêste Weareldoôrlog Adolf Hitler Noôten [ bewerk | brontekst bewerken ] ↑ NOS ↑ Historiek 1 2 3 Historiek 1 2 3 4 Historiek ↑ Historiek Noôten ↑ NOS ↑ Historiek 1 2 3 Historiek 1 2 3 4 Historiek ↑ Historiek Lienks nae buten [ bewerk | brontekst bewerken ] Cultureel Woordenboek GeschiedenisExtra Knack Historiek Britannica Larousse Tweedewereldoorlog TracesOfWar Mei 1940 Nederlands Instituut voor Militaire Historie (NIMH) NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies Anne Frank Stichting Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork Nationaal Monument Kamp Amersfoort Nationaal Monument Kamp Vught Oorlogsmuseum Overloon Fort van Breendonk Kazerne Dossin Zeeland 1940-1945 Bevrijdingsmuseum Zeeland Lienks nae buten Cultureel Woordenboek GeschiedenisExtra Knack Historiek Britannica Larousse Tweedewereldoorlog TracesOfWar Mei 1940 Nederlands Instituut voor Militaire Historie (NIMH) NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies Anne Frank Stichting Herinneringscentrum Kamp Westerbork Nationaal Monument Kamp Amersfoort Nationaal Monument Kamp Vught Oorlogsmuseum Overloon Fort van Breendonk Kazerne Dossin Zeeland 1940-1945 Bevrijdingsmuseum Zeeland Oôrlog Twintegste eêuwe Geschiedenisse van Afrika Geschiedenisse van Amerika Geschiedenisse van Azië Geschiedenisse van Europa Geschiedenisse van Oceanië Geschiedenisse van België Geschiedenisse van Duutsland Geschiedenisse van Frankriek Geschiedenisse van Nederland Geschiedenisse van Vereênigd Konienkriek Geschiedenisse van Vereênigde Staeten Geschiedenisse van Zeêland Itâlië Poôl'n Rusland Deêze bladzie is vò 't lèst bewerkt op 11 dec 2025 om 01:17. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Taxonomy and phylogeny 2 Description Toggle Description subsection 2.1 Similar species 2.1 Similar species 3 Habitat and distribution 4 Bioactive compounds 5 References Albatrellus subrubescens Asturianu Cebuano Español Euskara Italiano Magyar مصرى Piemontèis Polski Português Suomi Svenska Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Albatrellus subrubescens Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Division: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Russulales Family: Albatrellaceae Genus: Albatrellus Species: A. subrubescens Binomial name Albatrellus subrubescens ( Murrill ) Pouz. (1972) Synonyms [ 3 ] .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Scutiger subrubescens Murrill (1940) Polyporus subrubescens (Murrill) Murrill (1947) Albatrellus similis Pouz. (1965) Scutiger ovinus var. subrubescens (Murrill) L.G.Krieglst. (1992) [ 1 ] Albatrellus ovinus var. subrubescens (Murrill) L.G.Krieglst. (2000) [ 2 ] Scutiger subrubescens Murrill (1940) Polyporus subrubescens (Murrill) Murrill (1947) Albatrellus similis Pouz. (1965) Scutiger ovinus var. subrubescens (Murrill) L.G.Krieglst. (1992) [ 1 ] Albatrellus ovinus var. subrubescens (Murrill) L.G.Krieglst. (2000) [ 2 ] Albatrellus subrubescens Mycological characteristics Pores on hymenium Cap is convex or flat Hymenium is decurrent Stipe is bare Spore print is white Ecology is mycorrhizal Edibility is poisonous Albatrellus subrubescens is a species of polypore fungus in the family Albatrellaceae . The fruit bodies ( mushrooms ) of the fungus have whitish to pale buff -colored caps that can reach up to 14.5 cm (5.7 in) in diameter, and stems up to 7 cm (2.8 in) long and 2 cm (0.8 in) thick. On the underside of the caps are tiny light yellow to pale greenish-yellow pores, the site of spore production. When the fruit bodies are fresh, the cap and pores stain yellow where exposed, handled, or bruised. The species is found in Asia, Europe, and North America, where it grows on the ground in deciduous or mixed woods , usually in association with pine trees. It is closely related, and physically similar, to the more common Albatrellus ovinus , from which it may be distinguished macroscopically by differences in the color when bruised, and microscopically by the amyloid ( staining bluish-black to black with Melzer's reagent ) walls of the spores. The fruit bodies of A. subrubescens contain scutigeral, a bioactive chemical that has antibiotic activity. A. subrubescens mushrooms are mildly poisonous , and consuming them will result in a short-term gastrointestinal illness . Taxonomy and phylogeny The species was first described as Scutiger subrubescens by American mycologist William Murrill in 1940, based on collections that he found growing under oak near Gainesville, Florida , in November 1938. [ 4 ] In 1947 he transferred it to the genus Polyporus . [ 5 ] Josiah Lincoln Lowe examined Murrill's type material and thought that it did not differ from Albatrellus confluens . [ 6 ] In 1965, Zdeněk Pouzar made collections from Bohemia (now the Czech Republic), and described it as a new species ( Albatrellus similis ), unaware of the similarity to Murrill's Florida specimens. [ 7 ] Further study revealed that A. similis was identical to Murrill's Scutiger subrubescens , and Pouzar transferred the latter epithet to Albatrellus . [ 8 ] In 1974, Pouzar recognized that Lowe's species Albatrellus confluens was distinct from A. subrubescens . [ 9 ] The specific epithet subrubescens , "tinted reddish", is derived from the Latin words sub ("less than") and rubescens ("growing red"). [ 10 ] body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green} A. ovinus A. citrinus A. subrubescens A. tianschanicus A. ovinus A. citrinus A. subrubescens A. ovinus A. ovinus A. citrinus A. citrinus A. subrubescens A. subrubescens A. tianschanicus A. tianschanicus A. tianschanicus Phylogeny of A. subrubescens and selected related species based on ribosomal DNA sequences. [ 11 ] Four Albatrellus species were included in a large-scale phylogenetic analysis of the order Russulales published in 2003. Based on their ribosomal DNA sequences, the four form a clade , or monophyletic group (that is, they derived from a single ancestor). Of the four tested species, A. ovinus was most closely related to A. subrubescens . The polypore Wrightoporia lenta ( type species of the genus Wrightoporia ) occurred on a single branch basal to the albatrellus clade, implying that it shared with the Albatrellus species a common ancestor from which both were descended. [ 12 ] In a more recent (2010) molecular analysis by Canadian mycologist Serge Audet aimed at clarifying relationships among species formerly placed in Scutiger , A. subrubescens grouped in a clade with A. ovinus and A. citrinus . According to Audet, these species, in addition to A. avellaneus and A. piceiphilus , are the constituents of an Albatrellus with limits defined by molecular genetics. Other Albatrellus species were transferred to segregate genera: A. fletti and A. confluens to Albatrellopsis ; A. caeruleoporus and A. yasudae to Neoalbatrellus ; A. pes-caprae and A. ellisii to an amended Scutiger . [ 11 ] Description The cap of A. subrubescens is between 6 and 14.5 cm (2.4 and 5.7 in) in diameter, with a central, eccentric (away from the center), or rarely lateral (attached to the edge of cap) stem. Initially, the cap is convex with an involute margin, flattening out with age. The cap margin may be folded or flat. The cap surface in young specimens is smooth but soon forms appressed scale-like spots, which may transform into scales in age. Initially, the cap has white margins and a brownish-violet center with scale-like spots; the center later becomes orange-brownish or ochraceous brown. According to Canadian mycologist James Ginns, who described North American Albatrellus species in 1997, some North American specimens may be covered with blackish-gray to purple-gray fibrils, [ 13 ] but this characteristic is not seen in European collections. [ 14 ] The cap discolors yellowish when bruised. [ 13 ] The stem is 1.6 to 7 cm (0.6 to 2.8 in) long and 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in) thick, cylindrical, irregular, and its base may be somewhat pointed, or bulbous. Initially white, the stem develops orange/violet spots and later brownish orange spots; in old specimens the stem may be brownish brick red. The tubes on the pore surface (underside of the cap) are about 2.5–3 mm long and decurrent in attachment. The pores are small, measuring about 2–3 per millimeter. They are initially greenish-white, but later turn dark brown; dried specimens can have pores that are tinted green. [ 14 ] Fruit bodies have a "faintly fragrant, pleasant" odor; [ 13 ] in his original report on the species, Murrill noted that specimens left to dry in an oven developed a strong odor of burnt sugar. [ 4 ] The taste of the mushroom has been described variously as indistinct, [ 13 ] or "distinctly bitter". [ 15 ] The type material was noted by Murrill to taste bitter, an observation later corroborated by Pouzar with European collections. [ 9 ] A. subrubescens mushrooms are mildly toxic : consumption causes a gastrointestinal illness that usually subsides one to four hours after ingestion. [ 16 ] However, some sources in Finland consider it edible, although it is quite rare there. [ 17 ] In deposit , the spores are white. [ 18 ] The spores are 3.4–4.7 by 2.2–3.4 μm , ellipsoid to ovoid in shape, and amyloid (absorbing iodine when stained with Melzer's reagent ). Most have a single large oil drop. The spore-bearing cells (the basidia ) are club-shaped, 12–16 μm long by 5.7–7.7 μm thick, and have four thin, slightly curved sterigmata that are 3.4–4.3 μm long. [ 14 ] The hymenium lacks any cystidia . [ 15 ] The hyphal system is monomitic, meaning that the context is made of thin-walled generative hyphae . These hyphae have lengths in the range of 3.5–30 μm (most commonly 6–17 μm), with thin walls (up to 1 μm thick), and are hyaline (translucent). Although they are inamyloid, some hyphae have internal masses that are colored pale bluish-gray to black, which makes them appear collectively grayish-black under the microscope . [ 13 ] Gloeoporous hyphae (wide and thin-walled with refractive contents) are also scattered throughout the context, as well as some hyphae with expanded tips that are thick-walled and amyloid. [ 15 ] Similar species In general, A. subrubescens can be distinguished from other Albatrellus species by its white cap that becomes orange when bruised, its simple-septate hyphae, small amyloid spores, and habitat under pines . [ 19 ] In the field, Albatrellus ovinus is difficult to differentiate from A. subrubescens due to its similar appearance. A. ovinus usually lacks the violet color often seen in the cap and stem of A. subrubescens . Microscopic characteristics can be used to reliably distinguish the two species: the spores of A. subrubescens are amyloid, in contrast to those of A. ovinus , [ 20 ] and A. ovinus spores are smaller, typically 3.8–4.6 by 3.3–3.5 μm. [ 8 ] Other similar species include A. tianschanicus , described from the Altai Mountains in East-Central Asia, and the Japanese species A. cantharellus . Unlike A. subrubescens , these species have hairy scales on the surface of their caps, and the scales are darker than the spaces between the scales. Also, the scales of A. subrubescens are not much darker than the area between the scales. [ 8 ] Both of these Asian species have larger spores than A. subrubescens : those of A. cantharellus are 4.5–7 by 4–5.5 μm, while those of A. tianschanicus are 5–7 by 4–5 μm. [ 21 ] Albatrellopsis confluens has caps that are pinkish- buff to pale orange, and white flesh that dries to a pinkish-buff; it has a taste that is bitter, or like cabbage. The spores of A. confluens are weakly amyloid. [ 18 ] Additional differences distinguishing Albatrellopsis confluens from A. subrubescens include the presence of clamp connections in the context hyphae, and mycelium on the base of the stem. [ 9 ] The European fungus A. citrinus , originally considered a morphotype of A. subrubescens , was described as a new species in 2003. It is distinguished from A. subrubescens morphologically by its smaller caps (up to 7 cm (2.8 in) in diameter), the yellowish bruising of the caps with age or after handling, and the absence of violet spots on the cap. A. citrinus associates with spruce rather than pine, and requires calcareous (lime-rich) soil. [ 21 ] Habitat and distribution Fruit bodies of A. subrubescens are usually solitary, but sometimes several (typically between two and eight) are stuck together by the stem bases or on the sides of their caps. [ 13 ] A strictly terrestrial species, it is not found fruiting on wood. It prefers to grow in pine woods, but has occasionally been associated with silver fir in Europe; fruit bodies associated with the latter tree species tend to be less robust than those found growing with pine. [ 9 ] It is suspected that A. subrubescens may be mycorrhizal with two- and three-needle pines (i.e., those species that have their needles attached in bundles of two or three), although its ecological preferences are not known with certainty. Ginns, relating a personal communication with David Arora , wrote that Arora encountered several clumps of fruit bodies in an area in California containing mostly knobcone pine (a three-needle pine), manzanita , huckleberry and a few mandrones. [ 13 ] The species has been reported from a variety of locations in temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] In North America, its distribution includes Alberta , Quebec , and the Northwest Territories in Canada. In the United States, it is found in Alabama , Arizona , California, Florida, New York , Texas , Washington , and Wisconsin . [ 9 ] [ 13 ] [ 18 ] The North American distribution extends south to Mexico, in Chiapas . [ 24 ] [ 25 ] In Asia, the fungus has been recorded from Yunnan in southwest China, and Tibet . [ 19 ] In Europe, collections have been reported from Austria, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Germany, Italy, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugoslavia, and Ukraine. [ 9 ] Bioactive compounds Albatrellus subrubescens contains the bioactive compound scutigeral, which has antibiotic activity. This chemical—also found in the related species A. ovinus [ 26 ] —may contribute to the mushroom's toxicity by disturbing the body's intestinal flora . [ 27 ] Scutigeral interacts selectively to the dopamine receptor D 1 subfamily (the most abundant dopamine receptor in the central nervous system, regulating neuronal growth and development, and mediating some behavioral responses). [ 28 ] A 1999 publication suggested that scutigeral has agonistic activity at vanilloid receptors (a receptor found on sensory nerves in mammals); specifically, that it affects the uptake of calcium in the neurons of rat dorsal root ganglia . [ 29 ] Later reports failed to corroborate this pharmacological activity. One 2003 study reported that scutigeral acts as a weak antagonist on the human vanilloid receptor VR1 , [ 30 ] while another study published that year did not find any activity. [ 31 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Krieglsteiner GJ. (1992). Anmerkungen, Korrekturen und Nachträge zum Verbreitungsatlas de Grosspilze Deutschlands (West), Band 1 (1991), Teilbände A und B [ Comments, Corrections and Additions to the Distribution Atlas of Macrofungi of West Germany ]. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Pilze Mitteleuropas (in German). Vol. 8. Dietenberger: Schwäbisch Gmünd: Einhorn-Verlage. pp. 173– 204. ISBN 978-3-927654-28-0 . ^ Krieglsteiner GJ. (2003). Die Großpilze Baden-Württembergs [ The Large Mushrooms in Baden-Württemberg ] (in German). Vol. 4. Stuttgart: Eugen Ulmer. p. 475. ISBN 978-3-8001-3531-8 . ^ " Albatrellus subrubescens (Murrill) Pouzar :196, 1972" . MycoBank . International Mycological Association . Retrieved 2013-01-27 . ^ a b Murrill WA. (1940). "Additions to Florida fungi 5". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club . 67 (4): 275– 81. doi : 10.2307/2481174 . JSTOR 2481174 . ^ Murrill WA. (1947). "Florida polypores". Lloydia . 10 : 242– 80. ^ Overholts LO. (1953). The Polyporaceae of the United States, Alaska, and Canada . University of Michigan Studies. Scientific Series. Vol. 19. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 428. ^ Pouzar Z. (1966). "A new species of the genus Albatrellus (Polyporaceae)". Folia Geobotanica & Phytotaxonomica . 1 (3): 274– 6. JSTOR 4179435 . ^ a b c Pouzar Z. (1972). "Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Albatrellus (Polyporaceae). I. A conspectus of species of north temperate zone". Česká Mykologie . 26 (4): 194– 200. doi : 10.33585/cmy.26402 . ^ a b c d e f Pouzar Z. (1974). "An observation on Albatrellus subrubescens (Polyporaceae)". Folia Geobotanica & Phytotaxonomica . 9 (1): 87– 94. doi : 10.1007/BF02851403 . JSTOR 4179779 . S2CID 46334592 . ^ Headrick D, Gordh G (2001). A Dictionary of Entomology . Wallingford: CAB International. p. 792. ISBN 978-0-85199-655-4 . ^ a b Audet S. (2010). "Essai de découpage systématique du genre Scutiger (Basidiomycota): Albatrellopsis , Albatrellus , Polyporoletus , Scutiger et description de six nouveaux genres" [Essay on systematic cutting of the genus Scutiger (Basidiomycota): Albatrellopsis , Albatrellus , Polyporoletus , Scutiger and description of six new genera]. Mycotaxon (in French). 111 : 431– 64. doi : 10.5248/111.431 . ^ Larsson E, Larsson K-H (2003). "Phylogenetic relationships of russuloid Basidiomycetes with emphasis on aphyllophoralean taxa". Mycologia . 95 (6): 1037– 65. doi : 10.2307/3761912 . JSTOR 3761912 . PMID 21149013 . ^ a b c d e f g h Ginns J. (1997). "The taxonomy and distribution of rare or uncommon species of Albatrellus in western North America". Canadian Journal of Botany . 75 (2): 261– 73. Bibcode : 1997CaJB...75..261G . doi : 10.1139/b97-028 . ^ a b c Pouzar Z. (1975). "Two rare Japanese species of the genus Albatrellus (Polyporaceae)". Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica . 10 (2): 197– 203. doi : 10.1007/bf02852862 . JSTOR 4179859 . S2CID 9308536 . ^ a b c Ryvarden L. (1993). European Polypores. Part 1. Abortiporus – Lindtneria . Oslo: Lubrecht & Cramer. p. 95. ISBN 978-82-90724-12-7 . ^ Angeli P, Lazzarini E, Para R (2009). I Funghi Tossici e Velenosi [ Toxic and Poisonous Mushrooms ] (in Italian). Milan: Ulrico Hoepli Editore. p. 43. ISBN 978-88-203-4291-3 . ^ Kosonen Lasse: Sienenmetsästystä. Tunnista parhaat ruokasienet. Helsinki: WSOY, 2015 . ISBN 978-951-0-48491-3, p. 243: Jos hiekkapohjaiselta mäntykankaalta löytää myöhään syksyllä lampaankäävän näköisen, pienemmän ja ohutmaltoisemman sienen, joka myös kellertyy, mutta jalan tyvessä on usein punaista väriä, kyseessä on vuohenkääpä, A. subrubescens. Se on melko harvinainen, mutta on myös syötävä. (In Finnish) ^ a b c Bessette AE, Roody WC, Bessette AR (2007). Mushrooms of the Southeastern United States . Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-8156-3112-5 . ^ a b Zheng HD, Liu PG (2008). "Additions to our knowledge of the genus Albatrellus (Basidiomycota) in China" (PDF) . Fungal Diversity . 32 : 157– 70. ISSN 1560-2745 . ^ Jülich W. (1984). Die Nichtblatterpilze, Gallertpilze und Bauchpilze [ Aphyllophorales, Heterobasidiomycetes, Gastromycetes ]. Kleine Kryptogamenflora (in German). Vol. 2b/1. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag. ^ a b Ryman S, Fransson P, Johannesson H, Danell E (2003). " Albatrellus citrinus sp. nov., connected to Picea abies on lime rich soils". Mycological Research . 107 (10): 1243– 6. doi : 10.1017/S0953756203008359 . PMID 14635772 . ^ Ginns J. (2006). "Annotated Key to Pacific Northwest Polypores" . Vancouver Mycological Society. Archived from the original on 8 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010-10-13 . ^ Canfield ER, Gilbertson RL (1971). "Notes on the genus Albatrellus in Arizona". Mycologia . 63 (5): 964– 71. doi : 10.2307/3757898 . JSTOR 3757898 . ^ Valenzuela R, Nava R, Cifuentes J (1994). "El género Albatrellus en México. I" [The genus Albatrellus from Mexico]. Revista Mexicana de Micología (in Spanish). 10 : 113– 52. ISSN 0187-3180 . ^ González-Espinosa M, Ramírez-Marcial N, Ruiz-Montoya L (2005). Diversidad biológica en Chiapas [ Biodiversity in Chiapas ] (in Spanish). Plaza y Valdes. p. 68. ISBN 978-970-722-399-8 . ^ Cole RJ. (2003). Handbook of Secondary Fungal Metabolites . Vol. 2. Boston: Academic Press. p. 607. ISBN 978-0-12-179462-0 . ^ Bresinsky A, Besl H (1989). A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Fungi: A Handbook for Pharmacists, Doctors, and Biologists . London: Manson Publishing. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-7234-1576-3 . ^ Dekermendjian K, Shan R, Nielsen M, Stadler M, Sterner O, Witt MR (1997). "The affinity to the brain dopamine D 1 receptor in vitro of triphenyl phenols isolated from the fruit bodies of Albatrellus ovinus ". European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry . 32 (4): 351– 6. doi : 10.1016/S0223-5234(97)89088-5 . ^ Szallasi A, Biro T, Szabó T, Modarres S, Petersen M, Klusch A, Blumberg PM, Krause JE, Sterner O (1999). "A non-pungent triprenyl phenol of fungal origin, scutigeral, stimulates rat dorsal root ganglion neurons via interaction at vanilloid receptors" . British Journal of Pharmacology . 126 (6): 1351– 8. doi : 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702440 . PMC 1565912 . PMID 10217528 . ^ Hellwig V, Nopper R, Mauler F, Ji-Kai L, Zhi-Hui D, Stadler M (2003). "Activities of prenylphenol derivatives from fruitbodies of Albatrellus spp. on the human and rat vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1) and characterisation of the novel natural product, confluentin". Archiv der Pharmazie . 336 (2): 119– 26. doi : 10.1002/ardp.200390008 . PMID 12761765 . S2CID 44215499 . ^ Ralevic V, Jerman JC, Brough SJ, Davis JB, Egerton J, Smart D (2002). "Pharmacology of vanilloids at recombinant and endogenous rat vanilloid receptors" . Biochemical Pharmacology . 65 (1): 143– 51. doi : 10.1016/S0006-2952(02)01451-X . PMID 12473388 . @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Albatrellus subrubescens at Wikimedia Commons Taxon identifiers Albatrellus subrubescens Wikidata : Q80705 BioLib: 59892 CoL : BFMC GBIF : 3357733 iNaturalist : 350020 IndexFungorum : 308435 MycoBank : 308435 NatureServe : 2.1063288 NCBI : 205785 Observation.org : 265174 SpeciesFungorum : 308435 Wikidata : Q80705 BioLib: 59892 CoL : BFMC GBIF : 3357733 iNaturalist : 350020 IndexFungorum : 308435 MycoBank : 308435 NatureServe : 2.1063288 NCBI : 205785 Observation.org : 265174 SpeciesFungorum : 308435 Scutiger subrubescens Wikidata : Q59419077 CoL : 4W385 GBIF : 5462701 IndexFungorum : 290829 MycoBank : 290829 SpeciesFungorum : 290829 Wikidata : Q59419077 CoL : 4W385 GBIF : 5462701 IndexFungorum : 290829 MycoBank : 290829 SpeciesFungorum : 290829 Fungi described in 1940 Fungi of Asia Fungi of Europe Fungi of North America Poisonous fungi Russulales Taxa named by William Alphonso Murrill Fungus species CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 French-language sources (fr) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Articles with 'species' microformats Short description matches Wikidata Commons category link from Wikidata Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms This page was last edited on 10 July 2025, at 22:59 (UTC) . 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 82 results for author: Carley, K M Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 arXiv:2601.10567 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CY cs.HC cs.LG cs.MA Generative AI collective behavior needs an interactionist paradigm Authors: Laura Ferrarotti , Gian Maria Campedelli , Roberto Dessì , Andrea Baronchelli , Giovanni Iacca , Kathleen M. Carley , Alex Pentland , Joel Z. Leibo , James Evans , Bruno Lepri Abstract : In this article, we argue that understanding the collective behavior of agents based on large language models (LLMs) is an essential area of inquiry, with important implications in terms of risks and benefits, impacting us as a society at many levels. We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs--namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together… ▽ More In this article, we argue that understanding the collective behavior of agents based on large language models (LLMs) is an essential area of inquiry, with important implications in terms of risks and benefits, impacting us as a society at many levels. We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs--namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together with their capability of adaptation through in-context learning--motivates the need for an interactionist paradigm consisting of alternative theoretical foundations, methodologies, and analytical tools, in order to systematically examine how prior knowledge and embedded values interact with social context to shape emergent phenomena in multi-agent generative AI systems. We propose and discuss four directions that we consider crucial for the development and deployment of LLM-based collectives, focusing on theory, methods, and trans-disciplinary dialogue. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10567 [ pdf , ps , other ] Generative AI collective behavior needs an interactionist paradigm Authors: Laura Ferrarotti , Gian Maria Campedelli , Roberto Dessì , Andrea Baronchelli , Giovanni Iacca , Kathleen M. Carley , Alex Pentland , Joel Z. Leibo , James Evans , Bruno Lepri Abstract : In this article, we argue that understanding the collective behavior of agents based on large language models (LLMs) is an essential area of inquiry, with important implications in terms of risks and benefits, impacting us as a society at many levels. We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs--namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together… ▽ More In this article, we argue that understanding the collective behavior of agents based on large language models (LLMs) is an essential area of inquiry, with important implications in terms of risks and benefits, impacting us as a society at many levels. We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs--namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together with their capability of adaptation through in-context learning--motivates the need for an interactionist paradigm consisting of alternative theoretical foundations, methodologies, and analytical tools, in order to systematically examine how prior knowledge and embedded values interact with social context to shape emergent phenomena in multi-agent generative AI systems. We propose and discuss four directions that we consider crucial for the development and deployment of LLM-based collectives, focusing on theory, methods, and trans-disciplinary dialogue. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06154 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CY cs.AI cs.SI doi 10.18564/jasss.5881 BotSim: Mitigating The Formation Of Conspiratorial Societies with Useful Bots Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Societies can become a conspiratorial society where there is a majority of humans that believe, and therefore spread, conspiracy theories. Artificial intelligence gave rise to social media bots that can spread conspiracies in an automated fashion. Currently, organizations combat the spread of conspiracies through manual fact-checking processes and the dissemination of counter-narratives. However,… ▽ More Societies can become a conspiratorial society where there is a majority of humans that believe, and therefore spread, conspiracy theories. Artificial intelligence gave rise to social media bots that can spread conspiracies in an automated fashion. Currently, organizations combat the spread of conspiracies through manual fact-checking processes and the dissemination of counter-narratives. However, the effects of harnessing the same automation to create useful bots are not well explored. To address this, we create BotSim, an Agent-Based Model of a society in which useful bots are introduced into a small world network. These useful bots are: Info-Correction Bots, which correct bad information into good, and Good Bots, which put out good messaging. The simulated agents interact through generating, consuming and propagating information. Our results show that, left unchecked, Bad Bots can create a conspiratorial society, and this can be mitigated by either Info-Correction Bots or Good Bots; however, Good Bots are more efficient and sustainable than Info-Correction Bots . Proactive good messaging is more resource-effective than reactive information correction. With our observations, we expand the concept of bots as a malicious social media agent towards automated social media agent that can be used for both good and bad purposes. These results have implications for designing communication strategies to maintain a healthy social cyber ecosystem. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Published in Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation Journal ref: Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 29 (1) 4. 2026 arXiv:2601.06154 [ pdf , ps , other ] BotSim: Mitigating The Formation Of Conspiratorial Societies with Useful Bots Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Societies can become a conspiratorial society where there is a majority of humans that believe, and therefore spread, conspiracy theories. Artificial intelligence gave rise to social media bots that can spread conspiracies in an automated fashion. Currently, organizations combat the spread of conspiracies through manual fact-checking processes and the dissemination of counter-narratives. However,… ▽ More Societies can become a conspiratorial society where there is a majority of humans that believe, and therefore spread, conspiracy theories. Artificial intelligence gave rise to social media bots that can spread conspiracies in an automated fashion. Currently, organizations combat the spread of conspiracies through manual fact-checking processes and the dissemination of counter-narratives. However, the effects of harnessing the same automation to create useful bots are not well explored. To address this, we create BotSim, an Agent-Based Model of a society in which useful bots are introduced into a small world network. These useful bots are: Info-Correction Bots, which correct bad information into good, and Good Bots, which put out good messaging. The simulated agents interact through generating, consuming and propagating information. Our results show that, left unchecked, Bad Bots can create a conspiratorial society, and this can be mitigated by either Info-Correction Bots or Good Bots; however, Good Bots are more efficient and sustainable than Info-Correction Bots . Proactive good messaging is more resource-effective than reactive information correction. With our observations, we expand the concept of bots as a malicious social media agent towards automated social media agent that can be used for both good and bad purposes. These results have implications for designing communication strategies to maintain a healthy social cyber ecosystem. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Published in Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation Journal ref: Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 29 (1) 4. 2026 arXiv:2510.16951 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CY Local News Hijacking: A Review of International Instances Authors: Christine Sowa Lepird , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : In the rise of the digital era, it's easier than ever to create nefarious websites to spread misinformation. A more recent phenomenon in the United States has been the creation of inauthentic local news websites to further an information operation campaign. This paper is a review of the 7 instances in which local news websites were created to influence residents of a region between 2007 and 2024.… ▽ More In the rise of the digital era, it's easier than ever to create nefarious websites to spread misinformation. A more recent phenomenon in the United States has been the creation of inauthentic local news websites to further an information operation campaign. This paper is a review of the 7 instances in which local news websites were created to influence residents of a region between 2007 and 2024. By breaking down the ways in which these sites operated, we discovered commonalities in the approach - resurrecting "zombie" papers that were previously established authentic local news organizations, sharing these sites on social media, and using website templates from WordPress. By analyzing these commonalities, we propose ways to mitigate the occurrence of these campaigns in the future. △ Less Submitted 19 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.16951 [ pdf , ps , other ] Local News Hijacking: A Review of International Instances Authors: Christine Sowa Lepird , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : In the rise of the digital era, it's easier than ever to create nefarious websites to spread misinformation. A more recent phenomenon in the United States has been the creation of inauthentic local news websites to further an information operation campaign. This paper is a review of the 7 instances in which local news websites were created to influence residents of a region between 2007 and 2024.… ▽ More In the rise of the digital era, it's easier than ever to create nefarious websites to spread misinformation. A more recent phenomenon in the United States has been the creation of inauthentic local news websites to further an information operation campaign. This paper is a review of the 7 instances in which local news websites were created to influence residents of a region between 2007 and 2024. By breaking down the ways in which these sites operated, we discovered commonalities in the approach - resurrecting "zombie" papers that were previously established authentic local news organizations, sharing these sites on social media, and using website templates from WordPress. By analyzing these commonalities, we propose ways to mitigate the occurrence of these campaigns in the future. △ Less Submitted 19 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.14818 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CY Trends of Pink Slime Journalism Advertisement Expenditure and Spread on Facebook from 2019-2024 Authors: Christine Sowa Lepird , Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Pink slime journalism is a practice where news outlets publish low-quality or inflammatory partisan articles, claiming to be local news networks. This paper examines the spread of pink slime sites on Facebook using public posts from Pages and Groups. We evaluate the trends of sharing pink slime sites on Facebook and patterns regarding the advertisements purchased by the parent organizations of the… ▽ More Pink slime journalism is a practice where news outlets publish low-quality or inflammatory partisan articles, claiming to be local news networks. This paper examines the spread of pink slime sites on Facebook using public posts from Pages and Groups. We evaluate the trends of sharing pink slime sites on Facebook and patterns regarding the advertisements purchased by the parent organizations of the pink slime news networks. Our analysis discovers that while the number of pink slime posts on Facebook pages have decreased over the years, advertising dollars have increased. The increase in advertising dollars influences an increase in Facebook group posts. Further, the advertising expenditure increases during election years, but contentious topics are still discussed during non-election years. By illustrating the patterns and themes from US election years of 2020, 2022, and 2024, this research offers insights into potentially dangerous journalism tactics, and provides predictions for future US Presidential Elections. △ Less Submitted 16 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.14818 [ pdf , ps , other ] Trends of Pink Slime Journalism Advertisement Expenditure and Spread on Facebook from 2019-2024 Authors: Christine Sowa Lepird , Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Pink slime journalism is a practice where news outlets publish low-quality or inflammatory partisan articles, claiming to be local news networks. This paper examines the spread of pink slime sites on Facebook using public posts from Pages and Groups. We evaluate the trends of sharing pink slime sites on Facebook and patterns regarding the advertisements purchased by the parent organizations of the… ▽ More Pink slime journalism is a practice where news outlets publish low-quality or inflammatory partisan articles, claiming to be local news networks. This paper examines the spread of pink slime sites on Facebook using public posts from Pages and Groups. We evaluate the trends of sharing pink slime sites on Facebook and patterns regarding the advertisements purchased by the parent organizations of the pink slime news networks. Our analysis discovers that while the number of pink slime posts on Facebook pages have decreased over the years, advertising dollars have increased. The increase in advertising dollars influences an increase in Facebook group posts. Further, the advertising expenditure increases during election years, but contentious topics are still discussed during non-election years. By illustrating the patterns and themes from US election years of 2020, 2022, and 2024, this research offers insights into potentially dangerous journalism tactics, and provides predictions for future US Presidential Elections. △ Less Submitted 16 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2509.13212 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SI Extending the BEND Framework to Webgraphs Authors: Evan M. Williams , Peter Carragher , Kyle Herdrich , Luke Prakarsa , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Attempts to manipulate webgraphs can have many downstream impacts, but analysts lack shared quantitative metrics to characterize actions taken to manipulate information environments at this level. We demonstrate how the BEND framework can be used to characterize attempts to manipulate webgraph information environments, and propose quantitative metrics for BEND community maneuvers. We demonstrate t… ▽ More Attempts to manipulate webgraphs can have many downstream impacts, but analysts lack shared quantitative metrics to characterize actions taken to manipulate information environments at this level. We demonstrate how the BEND framework can be used to characterize attempts to manipulate webgraph information environments, and propose quantitative metrics for BEND community maneuvers. We demonstrate the face validity of our proposed Webgraph BEND metrics by using them to characterize two small web-graphs containing SEO-boosted Kremlin-aligned websites. We demonstrate how our proposed metrics improve BEND scores in webgraph settings and demonstrate the usefulness of our metrics in characterizing webgraph information environments. These metrics offer analysts a systematic and standardized way to characterize attempts to manipulate webgraphs using common Search Engine Optimization tactics. △ Less Submitted 16 September, 2025; v1 submitted 16 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2509.13212 [ pdf , ps , other ] Extending the BEND Framework to Webgraphs Authors: Evan M. Williams , Peter Carragher , Kyle Herdrich , Luke Prakarsa , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Attempts to manipulate webgraphs can have many downstream impacts, but analysts lack shared quantitative metrics to characterize actions taken to manipulate information environments at this level. We demonstrate how the BEND framework can be used to characterize attempts to manipulate webgraph information environments, and propose quantitative metrics for BEND community maneuvers. We demonstrate t… ▽ More Attempts to manipulate webgraphs can have many downstream impacts, but analysts lack shared quantitative metrics to characterize actions taken to manipulate information environments at this level. We demonstrate how the BEND framework can be used to characterize attempts to manipulate webgraph information environments, and propose quantitative metrics for BEND community maneuvers. We demonstrate the face validity of our proposed Webgraph BEND metrics by using them to characterize two small web-graphs containing SEO-boosted Kremlin-aligned websites. We demonstrate how our proposed metrics improve BEND scores in webgraph settings and demonstrate the usefulness of our metrics in characterizing webgraph information environments. These metrics offer analysts a systematic and standardized way to characterize attempts to manipulate webgraphs using common Search Engine Optimization tactics. △ Less Submitted 16 September, 2025; v1 submitted 16 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2509.08927 [ pdf ] cs.CY AuraSight: Generating Realistic Social Media Data Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Bianca N. Y. Kang , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : This document details the narrative and technical design behind the process of generating a quasi-realistic set X data for a fictional multi-day pop culture episode (AuraSight). Social media post simulation is essential towards creating realistic training scenarios for understanding emergent network behavior that formed from known sets of agents. Our social media post generation pipeline uses the… ▽ More This document details the narrative and technical design behind the process of generating a quasi-realistic set X data for a fictional multi-day pop culture episode (AuraSight). Social media post simulation is essential towards creating realistic training scenarios for understanding emergent network behavior that formed from known sets of agents. Our social media post generation pipeline uses the AESOP-SynSM engine, which employs a hybrid approach of agent-based and generative artificial intelligence techniques. We explicate choices in scenario setup and summarize the fictional groups involved, before moving on to the operationalization of these actors and their interactions within the SynSM engine. We also briefly illustrate some outputs generated and discuss the utility of such simulated data and potential future improvements. △ Less Submitted 10 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. Comments: Carnegie Mellon University Technical Report Report number: CMU-S3D-25-109 arXiv:2509.08927 [ pdf ] AuraSight: Generating Realistic Social Media Data Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Bianca N. Y. Kang , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : This document details the narrative and technical design behind the process of generating a quasi-realistic set X data for a fictional multi-day pop culture episode (AuraSight). Social media post simulation is essential towards creating realistic training scenarios for understanding emergent network behavior that formed from known sets of agents. Our social media post generation pipeline uses the… ▽ More This document details the narrative and technical design behind the process of generating a quasi-realistic set X data for a fictional multi-day pop culture episode (AuraSight). Social media post simulation is essential towards creating realistic training scenarios for understanding emergent network behavior that formed from known sets of agents. Our social media post generation pipeline uses the AESOP-SynSM engine, which employs a hybrid approach of agent-based and generative artificial intelligence techniques. We explicate choices in scenario setup and summarize the fictional groups involved, before moving on to the operationalization of these actors and their interactions within the SynSM engine. We also briefly illustrate some outputs generated and discuss the utility of such simulated data and potential future improvements. △ Less Submitted 10 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. Comments: Carnegie Mellon University Technical Report Report number: CMU-S3D-25-109 arXiv:2508.05849 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CY Public support for misinformation interventions depends on perceived fairness, effectiveness, and intrusiveness Authors: Catherine King , Samantha C. Phillips , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : The proliferation of misinformation on social media has concerning possible consequences, such as the degradation of democratic norms. While recent research on countering misinformation has largely focused on analyzing the effectiveness of interventions, the factors associated with public support for these interventions have received little attention. We asked 1,010 American social media users to… ▽ More The proliferation of misinformation on social media has concerning possible consequences, such as the degradation of democratic norms. While recent research on countering misinformation has largely focused on analyzing the effectiveness of interventions, the factors associated with public support for these interventions have received little attention. We asked 1,010 American social media users to rate their support for and perceptions of ten misinformation interventions implemented by the government or social media companies. Our results indicate that the perceived fairness of the intervention is the most important factor in determining support, followed by the perceived effectiveness of that intervention and then the intrusiveness. Interventions that supported user agency and transparency, such as labeling content or fact-checking ads, were more popular than those that involved moderating or removing content or accounts. We found some demographic differences in support levels, with Democrats and women supporting interventions more and finding them more fair, more effective, and less intrusive than Republicans and men, respectively. It is critical to understand which interventions are supported and why, as public opinion can play a key role in the rollout and effectiveness of policies. △ Less Submitted 28 August, 2025; v1 submitted 7 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. Comments: 23 pages, 3 figures arXiv:2508.05849 [ pdf , ps , other ] Public support for misinformation interventions depends on perceived fairness, effectiveness, and intrusiveness Authors: Catherine King , Samantha C. Phillips , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : The proliferation of misinformation on social media has concerning possible consequences, such as the degradation of democratic norms. While recent research on countering misinformation has largely focused on analyzing the effectiveness of interventions, the factors associated with public support for these interventions have received little attention. We asked 1,010 American social media users to… ▽ More The proliferation of misinformation on social media has concerning possible consequences, such as the degradation of democratic norms. While recent research on countering misinformation has largely focused on analyzing the effectiveness of interventions, the factors associated with public support for these interventions have received little attention. We asked 1,010 American social media users to rate their support for and perceptions of ten misinformation interventions implemented by the government or social media companies. Our results indicate that the perceived fairness of the intervention is the most important factor in determining support, followed by the perceived effectiveness of that intervention and then the intrusiveness. Interventions that supported user agency and transparency, such as labeling content or fact-checking ads, were more popular than those that involved moderating or removing content or accounts. We found some demographic differences in support levels, with Democrats and women supporting interventions more and finding them more fair, more effective, and less intrusive than Republicans and men, respectively. It is critical to understand which interventions are supported and why, as public opinion can play a key role in the rollout and effectiveness of policies. △ Less Submitted 28 August, 2025; v1 submitted 7 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. Comments: 23 pages, 3 figures arXiv:2508.00998 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SI cs.AI Are LLM-Powered Social Media Bots Realistic? Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : As Large Language Models (LLMs) become more sophisticated, there is a possibility to harness LLMs to power social media bots. This work investigates the realism of generating LLM-Powered social media bot networks. Through a combination of manual effort, network science and LLMs, we create synthetic bot agent personas, their tweets and their interactions, thereby simulating social media networks. W… ▽ More As Large Language Models (LLMs) become more sophisticated, there is a possibility to harness LLMs to power social media bots. This work investigates the realism of generating LLM-Powered social media bot networks. Through a combination of manual effort, network science and LLMs, we create synthetic bot agent personas, their tweets and their interactions, thereby simulating social media networks. We compare the generated networks against empirical bot/human data, observing that both network and linguistic properties of LLM-Powered Bots differ from Wild Bots/Humans. This has implications towards the detection and effectiveness of LLM-Powered Bots. △ Less Submitted 22 August, 2025; v1 submitted 1 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. Comments: Accepted into SBP-BRiMS 2025 arXiv:2508.00998 [ pdf , ps , other ] Are LLM-Powered Social Media Bots Realistic? Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : As Large Language Models (LLMs) become more sophisticated, there is a possibility to harness LLMs to power social media bots. This work investigates the realism of generating LLM-Powered social media bot networks. Through a combination of manual effort, network science and LLMs, we create synthetic bot agent personas, their tweets and their interactions, thereby simulating social media networks. W… ▽ More As Large Language Models (LLMs) become more sophisticated, there is a possibility to harness LLMs to power social media bots. This work investigates the realism of generating LLM-Powered social media bot networks. Through a combination of manual effort, network science and LLMs, we create synthetic bot agent personas, their tweets and their interactions, thereby simulating social media networks. We compare the generated networks against empirical bot/human data, observing that both network and linguistic properties of LLM-Powered Bots differ from Wild Bots/Humans. This has implications towards the detection and effectiveness of LLM-Powered Bots. △ Less Submitted 22 August, 2025; v1 submitted 1 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. Comments: Accepted into SBP-BRiMS 2025 arXiv:2508.00975 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SI cs.HC Star Network Motifs on X during COVID-19 Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Divyaansh Sinha , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Social network motifs are recurring patterns of small subgraphs that indicate fundamental patterns of social communication. In this work, we study the simple star network motifs that recur on X during the COVID-19 discourse. We study the profile of the manifestation of the star network among bot and human users. There are six primary patterns of the star motif, differentiating by the bots and huma… ▽ More Social network motifs are recurring patterns of small subgraphs that indicate fundamental patterns of social communication. In this work, we study the simple star network motifs that recur on X during the COVID-19 discourse. We study the profile of the manifestation of the star network among bot and human users. There are six primary patterns of the star motif, differentiating by the bots and humans being either egos and alters. We describe the presentation of each of these six patterns in our data, demonstrating how the motif patterns can inform social media behavioral analysis. △ Less Submitted 1 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. Comments: Accepted into SBP-BRiMS 2025 arXiv:2508.00975 [ pdf , ps , other ] Star Network Motifs on X during COVID-19 Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Divyaansh Sinha , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Social network motifs are recurring patterns of small subgraphs that indicate fundamental patterns of social communication. In this work, we study the simple star network motifs that recur on X during the COVID-19 discourse. We study the profile of the manifestation of the star network among bot and human users. There are six primary patterns of the star motif, differentiating by the bots and huma… ▽ More Social network motifs are recurring patterns of small subgraphs that indicate fundamental patterns of social communication. In this work, we study the simple star network motifs that recur on X during the COVID-19 discourse. We study the profile of the manifestation of the star network among bot and human users. There are six primary patterns of the star motif, differentiating by the bots and humans being either egos and alters. We describe the presentation of each of these six patterns in our data, demonstrating how the motif patterns can inform social media behavioral analysis. △ Less Submitted 1 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. Comments: Accepted into SBP-BRiMS 2025 arXiv:2505.04028 [ pdf ] cs.SI physics.soc-ph Appeal and Scope of Misinformation Spread by AI Agents and Humans Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Wenqi Zhou , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : This work examines the influence of misinformation and the role of AI agents, called bots, on social network platforms. To quantify the impact of misinformation, it proposes two new metrics based on attributes of tweet engagement and user network position: Appeal, which measures the popularity of the tweet, and Scope, which measures the potential reach of the tweet. In addition, it analyzes 5.8 mi… ▽ More This work examines the influence of misinformation and the role of AI agents, called bots, on social network platforms. To quantify the impact of misinformation, it proposes two new metrics based on attributes of tweet engagement and user network position: Appeal, which measures the popularity of the tweet, and Scope, which measures the potential reach of the tweet. In addition, it analyzes 5.8 million misinformation tweets on the COVID-19 vaccine discourse over three time periods: Pre-Vaccine, Vaccine Launch, and Post-Vaccine. Results show that misinformation was more prevalent during the first two periods. Human-generated misinformation tweets tend to have higher appeal and scope compared to bot-generated ones. Tweedie regression analysis reveals that human-generated misinformation tweets were most concerning during Vaccine Launch week, whereas bot-generated misinformation reached its highest appeal and scope during the Pre-Vaccine period. △ Less Submitted 6 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: Accepted to AMCIS 2025 arXiv:2505.04028 [ pdf ] Appeal and Scope of Misinformation Spread by AI Agents and Humans Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Wenqi Zhou , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : This work examines the influence of misinformation and the role of AI agents, called bots, on social network platforms. To quantify the impact of misinformation, it proposes two new metrics based on attributes of tweet engagement and user network position: Appeal, which measures the popularity of the tweet, and Scope, which measures the potential reach of the tweet. In addition, it analyzes 5.8 mi… ▽ More This work examines the influence of misinformation and the role of AI agents, called bots, on social network platforms. To quantify the impact of misinformation, it proposes two new metrics based on attributes of tweet engagement and user network position: Appeal, which measures the popularity of the tweet, and Scope, which measures the potential reach of the tweet. In addition, it analyzes 5.8 million misinformation tweets on the COVID-19 vaccine discourse over three time periods: Pre-Vaccine, Vaccine Launch, and Post-Vaccine. Results show that misinformation was more prevalent during the first two periods. Human-generated misinformation tweets tend to have higher appeal and scope compared to bot-generated ones. Tweedie regression analysis reveals that human-generated misinformation tweets were most concerning during Vaccine Launch week, whereas bot-generated misinformation reached its highest appeal and scope during the Pre-Vaccine period. △ Less Submitted 6 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: Accepted to AMCIS 2025 arXiv:2504.12498 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CY cs.SI The Dual Personas of Social Media Bots Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Social media bots are AI agents that participate in online conversations. Most studies focus on the general bot and the malicious nature of these agents. However, bots have many different personas, each specialized towards a specific behavioral or content trait. Neither are bots singularly bad, because they are used for both good and bad information dissemination. In this article, we introduce fif… ▽ More Social media bots are AI agents that participate in online conversations. Most studies focus on the general bot and the malicious nature of these agents. However, bots have many different personas, each specialized towards a specific behavioral or content trait. Neither are bots singularly bad, because they are used for both good and bad information dissemination. In this article, we introduce fifteen agent personas of social media bots. These personas have two main categories: Content-Based Bot Persona and Behavior-Based Bot Persona. We also form yardsticks of the good-bad duality of the bots, elaborating on metrics of good and bad bot agents. Our work puts forth a guideline to inform bot detection regulation, emphasizing that policies should focus on how these agents are employed, rather than collectively terming bot agents as bad. △ Less Submitted 10 August, 2025; v1 submitted 16 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. arXiv:2504.12498 [ pdf , ps , other ] The Dual Personas of Social Media Bots Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Social media bots are AI agents that participate in online conversations. Most studies focus on the general bot and the malicious nature of these agents. However, bots have many different personas, each specialized towards a specific behavioral or content trait. Neither are bots singularly bad, because they are used for both good and bad information dissemination. In this article, we introduce fif… ▽ More Social media bots are AI agents that participate in online conversations. Most studies focus on the general bot and the malicious nature of these agents. However, bots have many different personas, each specialized towards a specific behavioral or content trait. Neither are bots singularly bad, because they are used for both good and bad information dissemination. In this article, we introduce fifteen agent personas of social media bots. These personas have two main categories: Content-Based Bot Persona and Behavior-Based Bot Persona. We also form yardsticks of the good-bad duality of the bots, elaborating on metrics of good and bad bot agents. Our work puts forth a guideline to inform bot detection regulation, emphasizing that policies should focus on how these agents are employed, rather than collectively terming bot agents as bad. △ Less Submitted 10 August, 2025; v1 submitted 16 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. arXiv:2504.00071 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI cs.CY Navigating Decentralized Online Social Networks: An Overview of Technical and Societal Challenges in Architectural Choices Authors: Ujun Jeong , Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley , Huan Liu Abstract : Decentralized online social networks have evolved from experimental stages to operating at unprecedented scale, with broader adoption and more active use than ever before. Platforms like Mastodon, Bluesky, Hive, and Nostr have seen notable growth, particularly following the wave of user migration after Twitter's acquisition in October 2022. As new platforms build upon earlier decentralization arch… ▽ More Decentralized online social networks have evolved from experimental stages to operating at unprecedented scale, with broader adoption and more active use than ever before. Platforms like Mastodon, Bluesky, Hive, and Nostr have seen notable growth, particularly following the wave of user migration after Twitter's acquisition in October 2022. As new platforms build upon earlier decentralization architectures and explore novel configurations, it becomes increasingly important to understand how these foundations shape both the direction and limitations of decentralization. Prior literature primarily focuses on specific architectures, resulting in fragmented views that overlook how different social networks encounter similar challenges and complement one another. This paper fills that gap by presenting a comprehensive view of the current decentralized online social network landscape. We examine four major architectures: federated, peer-to-peer, blockchain, and hybrid, tracing their evolution and evaluating how they support core social networking functions. By linking these architectural aspects to real-world cases, our work provides a foundation for understanding the societal implications of decentralized social platforms. △ Less Submitted 31 March, 2025; originally announced April 2025. arXiv:2504.00071 [ pdf , other ] Navigating Decentralized Online Social Networks: An Overview of Technical and Societal Challenges in Architectural Choices Authors: Ujun Jeong , Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley , Huan Liu Abstract : Decentralized online social networks have evolved from experimental stages to operating at unprecedented scale, with broader adoption and more active use than ever before. Platforms like Mastodon, Bluesky, Hive, and Nostr have seen notable growth, particularly following the wave of user migration after Twitter's acquisition in October 2022. As new platforms build upon earlier decentralization arch… ▽ More Decentralized online social networks have evolved from experimental stages to operating at unprecedented scale, with broader adoption and more active use than ever before. Platforms like Mastodon, Bluesky, Hive, and Nostr have seen notable growth, particularly following the wave of user migration after Twitter's acquisition in October 2022. As new platforms build upon earlier decentralization architectures and explore novel configurations, it becomes increasingly important to understand how these foundations shape both the direction and limitations of decentralization. Prior literature primarily focuses on specific architectures, resulting in fragmented views that overlook how different social networks encounter similar challenges and complement one another. This paper fills that gap by presenting a comprehensive view of the current decentralized online social network landscape. We examine four major architectures: federated, peer-to-peer, blockchain, and hybrid, tracing their evolution and evaluating how they support core social networking functions. By linking these architectural aspects to real-world cases, our work provides a foundation for understanding the societal implications of decentralized social platforms. △ Less Submitted 31 March, 2025; originally announced April 2025. arXiv:2502.17542 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI cs.CY cs.IR Data Voids and Warning Banners on Google Search Authors: Ronald E. Robertson , Evan M. Williams , Kathleen M. Carley , David Thiel Abstract : The content moderation systems used by social media sites are a topic of widespread interest and research, but less is known about the use of similar systems by web search engines. For example, Google Search attempts to help its users navigate three distinct types of data voids--when the available search results are deemed low-quality, low-relevance, or rapidly-changing--by placing one of three co… ▽ More The content moderation systems used by social media sites are a topic of widespread interest and research, but less is known about the use of similar systems by web search engines. For example, Google Search attempts to help its users navigate three distinct types of data voids--when the available search results are deemed low-quality, low-relevance, or rapidly-changing--by placing one of three corresponding warning banners at the top of the search page. Here we collected 1.4M unique search queries shared on social media to surface Google's warning banners, examine when and why those banners were applied, and train deep learning models to identify data voids beyond Google's classifications. Across three data collection waves (Oct 2023, Mar 2024, Sept 2024), we found that Google returned a warning banner for about 1% of our search queries, with substantial churn in the set of queries that received a banner across waves. The low-quality banners, which warn users that their results "may not have reliable information on this topic," were especially rare, and their presence was associated with low-quality domains in the search results and conspiracy-related keywords in the search query. Low-quality banner presence was also inconsistent over short time spans, even when returning highly similar search results. In August 2024, low-quality banners stopped appearing on the SERPs we collected, but average search result quality remained largely unchanged, suggesting they may have been discontinued by Google. Using our deep learning models to analyze both queries and search results in context, we identify 29 to 58 times more low-quality data voids than there were low-quality banners, and find a similar number after the banners had disappeared. Our findings point to the need for greater transparency on search engines' content moderation practices, especially around important events like elections. △ Less Submitted 24 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. arXiv:2502.17542 [ pdf , other ] Data Voids and Warning Banners on Google Search Authors: Ronald E. Robertson , Evan M. Williams , Kathleen M. Carley , David Thiel Abstract : The content moderation systems used by social media sites are a topic of widespread interest and research, but less is known about the use of similar systems by web search engines. For example, Google Search attempts to help its users navigate three distinct types of data voids--when the available search results are deemed low-quality, low-relevance, or rapidly-changing--by placing one of three co… ▽ More The content moderation systems used by social media sites are a topic of widespread interest and research, but less is known about the use of similar systems by web search engines. For example, Google Search attempts to help its users navigate three distinct types of data voids--when the available search results are deemed low-quality, low-relevance, or rapidly-changing--by placing one of three corresponding warning banners at the top of the search page. Here we collected 1.4M unique search queries shared on social media to surface Google's warning banners, examine when and why those banners were applied, and train deep learning models to identify data voids beyond Google's classifications. Across three data collection waves (Oct 2023, Mar 2024, Sept 2024), we found that Google returned a warning banner for about 1% of our search queries, with substantial churn in the set of queries that received a banner across waves. The low-quality banners, which warn users that their results "may not have reliable information on this topic," were especially rare, and their presence was associated with low-quality domains in the search results and conspiracy-related keywords in the search query. Low-quality banner presence was also inconsistent over short time spans, even when returning highly similar search results. In August 2024, low-quality banners stopped appearing on the SERPs we collected, but average search result quality remained largely unchanged, suggesting they may have been discontinued by Google. Using our deep learning models to analyze both queries and search results in context, we identify 29 to 58 times more low-quality data voids than there were low-quality banners, and find a similar number after the banners had disappeared. Our findings point to the need for greater transparency on search engines' content moderation practices, especially around important events like elections. △ Less Submitted 24 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. arXiv:2502.14908 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV cs.AI cs.CL cs.LG doi 10.36190/2025.27 SegSub: Evaluating Robustness to Knowledge Conflicts and Hallucinations in Vision-Language Models Authors: Peter Carragher , Nikitha Rao , Abhinand Jha , R Raghav , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Vision language models (VLM) demonstrate sophisticated multimodal reasoning yet are prone to hallucination when confronted with knowledge conflicts, impeding their deployment in information-sensitive contexts. While existing research addresses robustness in unimodal models, the multimodal domain lacks systematic investigation of cross-modal knowledge conflicts. This research introduces \segsub, a… ▽ More Vision language models (VLM) demonstrate sophisticated multimodal reasoning yet are prone to hallucination when confronted with knowledge conflicts, impeding their deployment in information-sensitive contexts. While existing research addresses robustness in unimodal models, the multimodal domain lacks systematic investigation of cross-modal knowledge conflicts. This research introduces \segsub, a framework for applying targeted image perturbations to investigate VLM resilience against knowledge conflicts. Our analysis reveals distinct vulnerability patterns: while VLMs are robust to parametric conflicts (20% adherence rates), they exhibit significant weaknesses in identifying counterfactual conditions (<30% accuracy) and resolving source conflicts (<1% accuracy). Correlations between contextual richness and hallucination rate (r = -0.368, p = 0.003) reveal the kinds of images that are likely to cause hallucinations. Through targeted fine-tuning on our benchmark dataset, we demonstrate improvements in VLM knowledge conflict detection, establishing a foundation for developing hallucination-resilient multimodal systems in information-sensitive environments. △ Less Submitted 9 May, 2025; v1 submitted 18 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. Journal ref: MisD 2025: 1st Workshop on Misinformation Detection in the Era of LLMs arXiv:2502.14908 [ pdf , other ] SegSub: Evaluating Robustness to Knowledge Conflicts and Hallucinations in Vision-Language Models Authors: Peter Carragher , Nikitha Rao , Abhinand Jha , R Raghav , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Vision language models (VLM) demonstrate sophisticated multimodal reasoning yet are prone to hallucination when confronted with knowledge conflicts, impeding their deployment in information-sensitive contexts. While existing research addresses robustness in unimodal models, the multimodal domain lacks systematic investigation of cross-modal knowledge conflicts. This research introduces \segsub, a… ▽ More Vision language models (VLM) demonstrate sophisticated multimodal reasoning yet are prone to hallucination when confronted with knowledge conflicts, impeding their deployment in information-sensitive contexts. While existing research addresses robustness in unimodal models, the multimodal domain lacks systematic investigation of cross-modal knowledge conflicts. This research introduces \segsub, a framework for applying targeted image perturbations to investigate VLM resilience against knowledge conflicts. Our analysis reveals distinct vulnerability patterns: while VLMs are robust to parametric conflicts (20% adherence rates), they exhibit significant weaknesses in identifying counterfactual conditions (<30% accuracy) and resolving source conflicts (<1% accuracy). Correlations between contextual richness and hallucination rate (r = -0.368, p = 0.003) reveal the kinds of images that are likely to cause hallucinations. Through targeted fine-tuning on our benchmark dataset, we demonstrate improvements in VLM knowledge conflict detection, establishing a foundation for developing hallucination-resilient multimodal systems in information-sensitive environments. △ Less Submitted 9 May, 2025; v1 submitted 18 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. Journal ref: MisD 2025: 1st Workshop on Misinformation Detection in the Era of LLMs arXiv:2502.13836 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Quantifying Memorization and Parametric Response Rates in Retrieval-Augmented Vision-Language Models Authors: Peter Carragher , Abhinand Jha , R Raghav , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities in question answering (QA), but metrics for assessing their reliance on memorization versus retrieval remain underdeveloped. Moreover, while finetuned models are state-of-the-art on closed-domain tasks, general-purpose models like GPT-4o exhibit strong zero-shot performance. This raises questions about the trade-offs between memoriza… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities in question answering (QA), but metrics for assessing their reliance on memorization versus retrieval remain underdeveloped. Moreover, while finetuned models are state-of-the-art on closed-domain tasks, general-purpose models like GPT-4o exhibit strong zero-shot performance. This raises questions about the trade-offs between memorization, generalization, and retrieval. In this work, we analyze the extent to which multimodal retrieval-augmented VLMs memorize training data compared to baseline VLMs. Using the WebQA benchmark, we contrast finetuned models with baseline VLMs on multihop retrieval and question answering, examining the impact of finetuning on data memorization. To quantify memorization in end-to-end retrieval and QA systems, we propose several proxy metrics by investigating instances where QA succeeds despite retrieval failing. In line with existing work, we find that finetuned models rely more heavily on memorization than retrieval-augmented VLMs, and achieve higher accuracy as a result (72% vs 52% on WebQA test set). Finally, we present the first empirical comparison of the parametric effect between text and visual modalities. Here, we find that image-based questions have parametric response rates that are consistently 15-25% higher than for text-based questions in the WebQA dataset. As such, our measures pose a challenge for future work, both to account for differences in model memorization across different modalities and more generally to reconcile memorization and generalization in joint Retrieval-QA tasks. △ Less Submitted 15 June, 2025; v1 submitted 19 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. arXiv:2502.13836 [ pdf , ps , other ] Quantifying Memorization and Parametric Response Rates in Retrieval-Augmented Vision-Language Models Authors: Peter Carragher , Abhinand Jha , R Raghav , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities in question answering (QA), but metrics for assessing their reliance on memorization versus retrieval remain underdeveloped. Moreover, while finetuned models are state-of-the-art on closed-domain tasks, general-purpose models like GPT-4o exhibit strong zero-shot performance. This raises questions about the trade-offs between memoriza… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities in question answering (QA), but metrics for assessing their reliance on memorization versus retrieval remain underdeveloped. Moreover, while finetuned models are state-of-the-art on closed-domain tasks, general-purpose models like GPT-4o exhibit strong zero-shot performance. This raises questions about the trade-offs between memorization, generalization, and retrieval. In this work, we analyze the extent to which multimodal retrieval-augmented VLMs memorize training data compared to baseline VLMs. Using the WebQA benchmark, we contrast finetuned models with baseline VLMs on multihop retrieval and question answering, examining the impact of finetuning on data memorization. To quantify memorization in end-to-end retrieval and QA systems, we propose several proxy metrics by investigating instances where QA succeeds despite retrieval failing. In line with existing work, we find that finetuned models rely more heavily on memorization than retrieval-augmented VLMs, and achieve higher accuracy as a result (72% vs 52% on WebQA test set). Finally, we present the first empirical comparison of the parametric effect between text and visual modalities. Here, we find that image-based questions have parametric response rates that are consistently 15-25% higher than for text-based questions in the WebQA dataset. As such, our measures pose a challenge for future work, both to account for differences in model memorization across different modalities and more generally to reconcile memorization and generalization in joint Retrieval-QA tasks. △ Less Submitted 15 June, 2025; v1 submitted 19 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. arXiv:2501.18839 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI Social Cyber Geographical Worldwide Inventory of Bots Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Social Cyber Geography is the space in the digital cyber realm that is produced through social relations. Communication in the social media ecosystem happens not only because of human interactions, but is also fueled by algorithmically controlled bot agents. Most studies have not looked at the social cyber geography of bots because they focus on bot activity within a single country. Since creating… ▽ More Social Cyber Geography is the space in the digital cyber realm that is produced through social relations. Communication in the social media ecosystem happens not only because of human interactions, but is also fueled by algorithmically controlled bot agents. Most studies have not looked at the social cyber geography of bots because they focus on bot activity within a single country. Since creating a bot uses universal programming technology, bots, how prevalent are these bots throughout the world? To quantify bot activity worldwide, we perform a multilingual and geospatial analysis on a large dataset of social data collected from X during the Coronavirus pandemic in 2021. This pandemic affected most of the world, and thus is a common topic of discussion. Our dataset consists of ~100 mil posts generated by ~31mil users. Most bot studies focus only on English-speaking countries, because most bot detection algorithms are built for the English language. However, only 47\% of the bots write in the English language. To accommodate multiple languages in our bot detection algorithm, we built Multilingual BotBuster, a multi-language bot detection algorithm to identify the bots in this diverse dataset. We also create a Geographical Location Identifier to swiftly identify the countries a user affiliates with in his description. Our results show that bots can appear to move from one country to another, but the language they write in remains relatively constant. Bots distribute narratives on distinct topics related to their self-declared country affiliation. Finally, despite the diverse distribution of bot locations around the world, the proportion of bots per country is about 20%. Our work stresses the importance of a united analysis of the cyber and physical realms, where we combine both spheres to inventorize the language and location of social media bots and understand communication strategies. △ Less Submitted 30 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. arXiv:2501.18839 [ pdf , other ] Social Cyber Geographical Worldwide Inventory of Bots Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Social Cyber Geography is the space in the digital cyber realm that is produced through social relations. Communication in the social media ecosystem happens not only because of human interactions, but is also fueled by algorithmically controlled bot agents. Most studies have not looked at the social cyber geography of bots because they focus on bot activity within a single country. Since creating… ▽ More Social Cyber Geography is the space in the digital cyber realm that is produced through social relations. Communication in the social media ecosystem happens not only because of human interactions, but is also fueled by algorithmically controlled bot agents. Most studies have not looked at the social cyber geography of bots because they focus on bot activity within a single country. Since creating a bot uses universal programming technology, bots, how prevalent are these bots throughout the world? To quantify bot activity worldwide, we perform a multilingual and geospatial analysis on a large dataset of social data collected from X during the Coronavirus pandemic in 2021. This pandemic affected most of the world, and thus is a common topic of discussion. Our dataset consists of ~100 mil posts generated by ~31mil users. Most bot studies focus only on English-speaking countries, because most bot detection algorithms are built for the English language. However, only 47\% of the bots write in the English language. To accommodate multiple languages in our bot detection algorithm, we built Multilingual BotBuster, a multi-language bot detection algorithm to identify the bots in this diverse dataset. We also create a Geographical Location Identifier to swiftly identify the countries a user affiliates with in his description. Our results show that bots can appear to move from one country to another, but the language they write in remains relatively constant. Bots distribute narratives on distinct topics related to their self-declared country affiliation. Finally, despite the diverse distribution of bot locations around the world, the proportion of bots per country is about 20%. Our work stresses the importance of a united analysis of the cyber and physical realms, where we combine both spheres to inventorize the language and location of social media bots and understand communication strategies. △ Less Submitted 30 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. arXiv:2501.00855 [ pdf , other ] cs.CY cs.AI cs.SI What is a Social Media Bot? A Global Comparison of Bot and Human Characteristics Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Chatter on social media is 20% bots and 80% humans. Chatter by bots and humans is consistently different: bots tend to use linguistic cues that can be easily automated while humans use cues that require dialogue understanding. Bots use words that match the identities they choose to present, while humans may send messages that are not related to the identities they present. Bots and humans differ i… ▽ More Chatter on social media is 20% bots and 80% humans. Chatter by bots and humans is consistently different: bots tend to use linguistic cues that can be easily automated while humans use cues that require dialogue understanding. Bots use words that match the identities they choose to present, while humans may send messages that are not related to the identities they present. Bots and humans differ in their communication structure: sampled bots have a star interaction structure, while sampled humans have a hierarchical structure. These conclusions are based on a large-scale analysis of social media tweets across ~200mil users across 7 events. Social media bots took the world by storm when social-cybersecurity researchers realized that social media users not only consisted of humans but also of artificial agents called bots. These bots wreck havoc online by spreading disinformation and manipulating narratives. Most research on bots are based on special-purposed definitions, mostly predicated on the event studied. This article first begins by asking, "What is a bot?", and we study the underlying principles of how bots are different from humans. We develop a first-principle definition of a social media bot. With this definition as a premise, we systematically compare characteristics between bots and humans across global events, and reflect on how the software-programmed bot is an Artificial Intelligent algorithm, and its potential for evolution as technology advances. Based on our results, we provide recommendations for the use and regulation of bots. Finally, we discuss open challenges and future directions: Detect, to systematically identify these automated and potentially evolving bots; Differentiate, to evaluate the goodness of the bot in terms of their content postings and relationship interactions; Disrupt, to moderate the impact of malicious bots. △ Less Submitted 25 February, 2025; v1 submitted 1 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. arXiv:2501.00855 [ pdf , other ] What is a Social Media Bot? A Global Comparison of Bot and Human Characteristics Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Chatter on social media is 20% bots and 80% humans. Chatter by bots and humans is consistently different: bots tend to use linguistic cues that can be easily automated while humans use cues that require dialogue understanding. Bots use words that match the identities they choose to present, while humans may send messages that are not related to the identities they present. Bots and humans differ i… ▽ More Chatter on social media is 20% bots and 80% humans. Chatter by bots and humans is consistently different: bots tend to use linguistic cues that can be easily automated while humans use cues that require dialogue understanding. Bots use words that match the identities they choose to present, while humans may send messages that are not related to the identities they present. Bots and humans differ in their communication structure: sampled bots have a star interaction structure, while sampled humans have a hierarchical structure. These conclusions are based on a large-scale analysis of social media tweets across ~200mil users across 7 events. Social media bots took the world by storm when social-cybersecurity researchers realized that social media users not only consisted of humans but also of artificial agents called bots. These bots wreck havoc online by spreading disinformation and manipulating narratives. Most research on bots are based on special-purposed definitions, mostly predicated on the event studied. This article first begins by asking, "What is a bot?", and we study the underlying principles of how bots are different from humans. We develop a first-principle definition of a social media bot. With this definition as a premise, we systematically compare characteristics between bots and humans across global events, and reflect on how the software-programmed bot is an Artificial Intelligent algorithm, and its potential for evolution as technology advances. Based on our results, we provide recommendations for the use and regulation of bots. Finally, we discuss open challenges and future directions: Detect, to systematically identify these automated and potentially evolving bots; Differentiate, to evaluate the goodness of the bot in terms of their content postings and relationship interactions; Disrupt, to moderate the impact of malicious bots. △ Less Submitted 25 February, 2025; v1 submitted 1 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. arXiv:2407.19406 [ pdf , other ] cs.CY Moral and emotional influences on attitude stability towards COVID-19 vaccines on social media Authors: Samantha C. Phillips , Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Wenqi Zhou , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Effective public health messaging benefits from understanding antecedents to unstable attitudes that are more likely to be influenced. This work investigates the relationship between moral and emotional bases for attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines and variance in stance. Evaluating nearly 1 million X users over a two month period, we find that emotional language in tweets about COVID-19 vaccines… ▽ More Effective public health messaging benefits from understanding antecedents to unstable attitudes that are more likely to be influenced. This work investigates the relationship between moral and emotional bases for attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines and variance in stance. Evaluating nearly 1 million X users over a two month period, we find that emotional language in tweets about COVID-19 vaccines is largely associated with more variation in stance of the posting user, except anger and surprise. The strength of COVID-19 vaccine attitudes associated with moral values varies across foundations. Most notably, liberty is consistently used by users with no or less variation in stance, while fairness and sanctity are used by users with more variation. Our work has implications for designing constructive pro-vaccine messaging and identifying receptive audiences. △ Less Submitted 28 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024. Comments: Accepted to SBP-Brims 2024 arXiv:2407.19406 [ pdf , other ] Moral and emotional influences on attitude stability towards COVID-19 vaccines on social media Authors: Samantha C. Phillips , Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Wenqi Zhou , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Effective public health messaging benefits from understanding antecedents to unstable attitudes that are more likely to be influenced. This work investigates the relationship between moral and emotional bases for attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines and variance in stance. Evaluating nearly 1 million X users over a two month period, we find that emotional language in tweets about COVID-19 vaccines… ▽ More Effective public health messaging benefits from understanding antecedents to unstable attitudes that are more likely to be influenced. This work investigates the relationship between moral and emotional bases for attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines and variance in stance. Evaluating nearly 1 million X users over a two month period, we find that emotional language in tweets about COVID-19 vaccines is largely associated with more variation in stance of the posting user, except anger and surprise. The strength of COVID-19 vaccine attitudes associated with moral values varies across foundations. Most notably, liberty is consistently used by users with no or less variation in stance, while fairness and sanctity are used by users with more variation. Our work has implications for designing constructive pro-vaccine messaging and identifying receptive audiences. △ Less Submitted 28 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024. Comments: Accepted to SBP-Brims 2024 arXiv:2406.11423 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SI cs.AI cs.CL cs.CY cs.LG Bridging Social Media and Search Engines: Dredge Words and the Detection of Unreliable Domains Authors: Evan M. Williams , Peter Carragher , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Proactive content moderation requires platforms to rapidly and continuously evaluate the credibility of websites. Leveraging the direct and indirect paths users follow to unreliable websites, we develop a website credibility classification and discovery system that integrates both webgraph and large-scale social media contexts. We additionally introduce the concept of dredge words, terms or phrase… ▽ More Proactive content moderation requires platforms to rapidly and continuously evaluate the credibility of websites. Leveraging the direct and indirect paths users follow to unreliable websites, we develop a website credibility classification and discovery system that integrates both webgraph and large-scale social media contexts. We additionally introduce the concept of dredge words, terms or phrases for which unreliable domains rank highly on search engines, and provide the first exploration of their usage on social media. Our graph neural networks that combine webgraph and social media contexts generate to state-of-the-art results in website credibility classification and significantly improves the top-k identification of unreliable domains. Additionally, we release a novel dataset of dredge words, highlighting their strong connections to both social media and online commerce platforms. △ Less Submitted 17 June, 2025; v1 submitted 17 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024. arXiv:2406.11423 [ pdf , ps , other ] Bridging Social Media and Search Engines: Dredge Words and the Detection of Unreliable Domains Authors: Evan M. Williams , Peter Carragher , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Proactive content moderation requires platforms to rapidly and continuously evaluate the credibility of websites. Leveraging the direct and indirect paths users follow to unreliable websites, we develop a website credibility classification and discovery system that integrates both webgraph and large-scale social media contexts. We additionally introduce the concept of dredge words, terms or phrase… ▽ More Proactive content moderation requires platforms to rapidly and continuously evaluate the credibility of websites. Leveraging the direct and indirect paths users follow to unreliable websites, we develop a website credibility classification and discovery system that integrates both webgraph and large-scale social media contexts. We additionally introduce the concept of dredge words, terms or phrases for which unreliable domains rank highly on search engines, and provide the first exploration of their usage on social media. Our graph neural networks that combine webgraph and social media contexts generate to state-of-the-art results in website credibility classification and significantly improves the top-k identification of unreliable domains. Additionally, we release a novel dataset of dredge words, highlighting their strong connections to both social media and online commerce platforms. △ Less Submitted 17 June, 2025; v1 submitted 17 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024. arXiv:2406.07293 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI Exploring Cognitive Bias Triggers in COVID-19 Misinformation Tweets: A Bot vs. Human Perspective Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Wenqi Zhou , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : During the COVID-19 pandemic, the proliferation of misinformation on social media has been rapidly increasing. Automated Bot authors are believed to be significant contributors of this surge. It is hypothesized that Bot authors deliberately craft online misinformation aimed at triggering and exploiting human cognitive biases, thereby enhancing tweet engagement and persuasive influence. This study… ▽ More During the COVID-19 pandemic, the proliferation of misinformation on social media has been rapidly increasing. Automated Bot authors are believed to be significant contributors of this surge. It is hypothesized that Bot authors deliberately craft online misinformation aimed at triggering and exploiting human cognitive biases, thereby enhancing tweet engagement and persuasive influence. This study investigates this hypothesis by studying triggers of biases embedded in Bot-authored misinformation and comparing them with their counterparts, Human-authored misinformation. We complied a Misinfo Dataset that contains COVID-19 vaccine-related misinformation tweets annotated by author identities, Bots vs Humans, from Twitter during the vaccination period from July 2020 to July 2021. We developed an algorithm to computationally automate the extraction of triggers for eight cognitive biase. Our analysis revealed that the Availability Bias, Cognitive Dissonance, and Confirmation Bias were most commonly present in misinformation, with Bot-authored tweets exhibiting a greater prevalence, with distinct patterns in utilizing bias triggers between Humans and Bots. We further linked these bias triggers with engagement metrics, inferring their potential influence on tweet engagement and persuasiveness. Overall, our findings indicate that bias-triggering tactics have been more influential on Bot-authored tweets than Human-authored tweets. While certain bias triggers boosted engagement for Bot-authored tweets, some other bias triggers unexpectedly decreased it. Conversely, triggers of most biases appeared to be unrelated to the engagement of Human-authored tweets. Our work sheds light on the differential utilization and effect of persuasion strategies between Bot-authored and Human-authored misinformation from the lens of human biases, offering insights for the development of effective counter-measures. △ Less Submitted 11 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024. arXiv:2406.07293 [ pdf , other ] Exploring Cognitive Bias Triggers in COVID-19 Misinformation Tweets: A Bot vs. Human Perspective Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Wenqi Zhou , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : During the COVID-19 pandemic, the proliferation of misinformation on social media has been rapidly increasing. Automated Bot authors are believed to be significant contributors of this surge. It is hypothesized that Bot authors deliberately craft online misinformation aimed at triggering and exploiting human cognitive biases, thereby enhancing tweet engagement and persuasive influence. This study… ▽ More During the COVID-19 pandemic, the proliferation of misinformation on social media has been rapidly increasing. Automated Bot authors are believed to be significant contributors of this surge. It is hypothesized that Bot authors deliberately craft online misinformation aimed at triggering and exploiting human cognitive biases, thereby enhancing tweet engagement and persuasive influence. This study investigates this hypothesis by studying triggers of biases embedded in Bot-authored misinformation and comparing them with their counterparts, Human-authored misinformation. We complied a Misinfo Dataset that contains COVID-19 vaccine-related misinformation tweets annotated by author identities, Bots vs Humans, from Twitter during the vaccination period from July 2020 to July 2021. We developed an algorithm to computationally automate the extraction of triggers for eight cognitive biase. Our analysis revealed that the Availability Bias, Cognitive Dissonance, and Confirmation Bias were most commonly present in misinformation, with Bot-authored tweets exhibiting a greater prevalence, with distinct patterns in utilizing bias triggers between Humans and Bots. We further linked these bias triggers with engagement metrics, inferring their potential influence on tweet engagement and persuasiveness. Overall, our findings indicate that bias-triggering tactics have been more influential on Bot-authored tweets than Human-authored tweets. While certain bias triggers boosted engagement for Bot-authored tweets, some other bias triggers unexpectedly decreased it. Conversely, triggers of most biases appeared to be unrelated to the engagement of Human-authored tweets. Our work sheds light on the differential utilization and effect of persuasion strategies between Bot-authored and Human-authored misinformation from the lens of human biases, offering insights for the development of effective counter-measures. △ Less Submitted 11 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024. arXiv:2406.05246 [ pdf , other ] cs.HC cs.SI doi 10.36190/2024.09 Blended Bots: Infiltration through Identity Deception on Social Media Authors: Samantha C. Phillips , Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Bots are automated social media users that can be used to amplify (mis)information and sow harmful discourse. In order to effectively influence users, bots can be generated to reproduce human user behavior. Indeed, people tend to trust information coming from users with profiles that fit roles they expect to exist, such as users with gender role stereotypes. In this work, we examine differences in… ▽ More Bots are automated social media users that can be used to amplify (mis)information and sow harmful discourse. In order to effectively influence users, bots can be generated to reproduce human user behavior. Indeed, people tend to trust information coming from users with profiles that fit roles they expect to exist, such as users with gender role stereotypes. In this work, we examine differences in the types of identities in profiles of human and bot accounts with a focus on combinations of identities that represent gender role stereotypes. We find that some types of identities differentiate between human and bot profiles, confirming this approach can be a useful in distinguishing between human and bot accounts on social media. However, contrary to our expectations, we reveal that gender bias is expressed more in human accounts than bots overall. Despite having less gender bias overall, we provide examples of identities with strong associations with gender identities in bot profiles, such as those related to technology, finance, sports, and horoscopes. Finally, we discuss implications for designing constructive social media bot detection training materials. △ Less Submitted 7 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024. Comments: 19 pages, 3 figures arXiv:2406.05246 [ pdf , other ] Blended Bots: Infiltration through Identity Deception on Social Media Authors: Samantha C. Phillips , Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Bots are automated social media users that can be used to amplify (mis)information and sow harmful discourse. In order to effectively influence users, bots can be generated to reproduce human user behavior. Indeed, people tend to trust information coming from users with profiles that fit roles they expect to exist, such as users with gender role stereotypes. In this work, we examine differences in… ▽ More Bots are automated social media users that can be used to amplify (mis)information and sow harmful discourse. In order to effectively influence users, bots can be generated to reproduce human user behavior. Indeed, people tend to trust information coming from users with profiles that fit roles they expect to exist, such as users with gender role stereotypes. In this work, we examine differences in the types of identities in profiles of human and bot accounts with a focus on combinations of identities that represent gender role stereotypes. We find that some types of identities differentiate between human and bot profiles, confirming this approach can be a useful in distinguishing between human and bot accounts on social media. However, contrary to our expectations, we reveal that gender bias is expressed more in human accounts than bots overall. Despite having less gender bias overall, we provide examples of identities with strong associations with gender identities in bot profiles, such as those related to technology, finance, sports, and horoscopes. Finally, we discuss implications for designing constructive social media bot detection training materials. △ Less Submitted 7 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024. Comments: 19 pages, 3 figures arXiv:2405.06634 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV cs.AI cs.CL Multimodal LLMs Struggle with Basic Visual Network Analysis: a VNA Benchmark Authors: Evan M. Williams , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : We evaluate the zero-shot ability of GPT-4 and LLaVa to perform simple Visual Network Analysis (VNA) tasks on small-scale graphs. We evaluate the Vision Language Models (VLMs) on 5 tasks related to three foundational network science concepts: identifying nodes of maximal degree on a rendered graph, identifying whether signed triads are balanced or unbalanced, and counting components. The tasks are… ▽ More We evaluate the zero-shot ability of GPT-4 and LLaVa to perform simple Visual Network Analysis (VNA) tasks on small-scale graphs. We evaluate the Vision Language Models (VLMs) on 5 tasks related to three foundational network science concepts: identifying nodes of maximal degree on a rendered graph, identifying whether signed triads are balanced or unbalanced, and counting components. The tasks are structured to be easy for a human who understands the underlying graph theoretic concepts, and can all be solved by counting the appropriate elements in graphs. We find that while GPT-4 consistently outperforms LLaVa, both models struggle with every visual network analysis task we propose. We publicly release the first benchmark for the evaluation of VLMs on foundational VNA tasks. △ Less Submitted 10 June, 2024; v1 submitted 10 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. Comments: 11 pages, 3 figures arXiv:2405.06634 [ pdf , other ] Multimodal LLMs Struggle with Basic Visual Network Analysis: a VNA Benchmark Authors: Evan M. Williams , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : We evaluate the zero-shot ability of GPT-4 and LLaVa to perform simple Visual Network Analysis (VNA) tasks on small-scale graphs. We evaluate the Vision Language Models (VLMs) on 5 tasks related to three foundational network science concepts: identifying nodes of maximal degree on a rendered graph, identifying whether signed triads are balanced or unbalanced, and counting components. The tasks are… ▽ More We evaluate the zero-shot ability of GPT-4 and LLaVa to perform simple Visual Network Analysis (VNA) tasks on small-scale graphs. We evaluate the Vision Language Models (VLMs) on 5 tasks related to three foundational network science concepts: identifying nodes of maximal degree on a rendered graph, identifying whether signed triads are balanced or unbalanced, and counting components. The tasks are structured to be easy for a human who understands the underlying graph theoretic concepts, and can all be solved by counting the appropriate elements in graphs. We find that while GPT-4 consistently outperforms LLaVa, both models struggle with every visual network analysis task we propose. We publicly release the first benchmark for the evaluation of VLMs on foundational VNA tasks. △ Less Submitted 10 June, 2024; v1 submitted 10 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. Comments: 11 pages, 3 figures arXiv:2404.15509 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI SMI-5: Five Dimensions of Social Media Interaction for Platform (De)Centralization Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Samantha C. Phillips , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Web 3.0 focuses on the decentralization of the internet and creating a system of interconnected and independent computers for improved privacy and security. We extend the idea of the decentralization of the web to the social media space: whereby we ask: in the context of the social media space, what does "decentralization" mean? Does decentralization of social media affect user interactions? We pu… ▽ More Web 3.0 focuses on the decentralization of the internet and creating a system of interconnected and independent computers for improved privacy and security. We extend the idea of the decentralization of the web to the social media space: whereby we ask: in the context of the social media space, what does "decentralization" mean? Does decentralization of social media affect user interactions? We put forth the notion that decentralization in the social media does not solely take place on the physical network level, but can be compartmentalized across the entire social media stack. This paper puts forth SMI-5: the five dimensions of social media interaction for describing the (de)centralization of social platforms. We then illustrate a case study that the user interactions differ based on the slices of the SMI layer analyzed, highlighting the importance of understanding the (de)centralization of social media platforms from an a more encompassing perspective rather than only the physical network. △ Less Submitted 23 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024. Comments: 6 pages, 2 figures arXiv:2404.15509 [ pdf , other ] SMI-5: Five Dimensions of Social Media Interaction for Platform (De)Centralization Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Samantha C. Phillips , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Web 3.0 focuses on the decentralization of the internet and creating a system of interconnected and independent computers for improved privacy and security. We extend the idea of the decentralization of the web to the social media space: whereby we ask: in the context of the social media space, what does "decentralization" mean? Does decentralization of social media affect user interactions? We pu… ▽ More Web 3.0 focuses on the decentralization of the internet and creating a system of interconnected and independent computers for improved privacy and security. We extend the idea of the decentralization of the web to the social media space: whereby we ask: in the context of the social media space, what does "decentralization" mean? Does decentralization of social media affect user interactions? We put forth the notion that decentralization in the social media does not solely take place on the physical network level, but can be compartmentalized across the entire social media stack. This paper puts forth SMI-5: the five dimensions of social media interaction for describing the (de)centralization of social platforms. We then illustrate a case study that the user interactions differ based on the slices of the SMI layer analyzed, highlighting the importance of understanding the (de)centralization of social media platforms from an a more encompassing perspective rather than only the physical network. △ Less Submitted 23 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024. Comments: 6 pages, 2 figures arXiv:2404.08869 [ pdf , other ] cs.IR cs.SI Misinformation Resilient Search Rankings with Webgraph-based Interventions Authors: Peter Carragher , Evan M. Williams , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : The proliferation of unreliable news domains on the internet has had wide-reaching negative impacts on society. We introduce and evaluate interventions aimed at reducing traffic to unreliable news domains from search engines while maintaining traffic to reliable domains. We build these interventions on the principles of fairness (penalize sites for what is in their control), generality (label/fact… ▽ More The proliferation of unreliable news domains on the internet has had wide-reaching negative impacts on society. We introduce and evaluate interventions aimed at reducing traffic to unreliable news domains from search engines while maintaining traffic to reliable domains. We build these interventions on the principles of fairness (penalize sites for what is in their control), generality (label/fact-check agnostic), targeted (increase the cost of adversarial behavior), and scalability (works at webscale). We refine our methods on small-scale webdata as a testbed and then generalize the interventions to a large-scale webgraph containing 93.9M domains and 1.6B edges. We demonstrate that our methods penalize unreliable domains far more than reliable domains in both settings and we explore multiple avenues to mitigate unintended effects on both the small-scale and large-scale webgraph experiments. These results indicate the potential of our approach to reduce the spread of misinformation and foster a more reliable online information ecosystem. This research contributes to the development of targeted strategies to enhance the trustworthiness and quality of search engine results, ultimately benefiting users and the broader digital community. △ Less Submitted 12 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024. arXiv:2404.08869 [ pdf , other ] Misinformation Resilient Search Rankings with Webgraph-based Interventions Authors: Peter Carragher , Evan M. Williams , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : The proliferation of unreliable news domains on the internet has had wide-reaching negative impacts on society. We introduce and evaluate interventions aimed at reducing traffic to unreliable news domains from search engines while maintaining traffic to reliable domains. We build these interventions on the principles of fairness (penalize sites for what is in their control), generality (label/fact… ▽ More The proliferation of unreliable news domains on the internet has had wide-reaching negative impacts on society. We introduce and evaluate interventions aimed at reducing traffic to unreliable news domains from search engines while maintaining traffic to reliable domains. We build these interventions on the principles of fairness (penalize sites for what is in their control), generality (label/fact-check agnostic), targeted (increase the cost of adversarial behavior), and scalability (works at webscale). We refine our methods on small-scale webdata as a testbed and then generalize the interventions to a large-scale webgraph containing 93.9M domains and 1.6B edges. We demonstrate that our methods penalize unreliable domains far more than reliable domains in both settings and we explore multiple avenues to mitigate unintended effects on both the small-scale and large-scale webgraph experiments. These results indicate the potential of our approach to reduce the spread of misinformation and foster a more reliable online information ecosystem. This research contributes to the development of targeted strategies to enhance the trustworthiness and quality of search engine results, ultimately benefiting users and the broader digital community. △ Less Submitted 12 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024. arXiv:2404.02338 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI Why do people think liberals drink lattes? How social media afforded self-presentation can shape subjective social sorting Authors: Samantha C. Phillips , Kathleen M. Carley , Kenneth Joseph Abstract : Social sorting, the alignment of social identities, affiliations, and/or preferences with partisan groups, can increase in-party attachment and decrease out-party tolerance. We propose that self-presentation afforded by social media profiles fosters subjective social sorting by shaping perceptions of alignments between non-political and political identifiers. Unlike previous work, we evaluate soci… ▽ More Social sorting, the alignment of social identities, affiliations, and/or preferences with partisan groups, can increase in-party attachment and decrease out-party tolerance. We propose that self-presentation afforded by social media profiles fosters subjective social sorting by shaping perceptions of alignments between non-political and political identifiers. Unlike previous work, we evaluate social sorting of naturally occurring, public-facing identifiers in social media profiles selected using a bottom-up approach. Using a sample of 50 million X users collected five times between 2016 and 2018, we identify users who define themselves politically and generate networks representing simultaneous co-occurrence of identifiers in profiles. We then systematically measure the alignment of non-political identifiers along political dimensions, revealing alignments that reinforce existing associations, reveal unexpected relationships, and reflect online and offline events. We find that while most identifiers bridge political divides, social sorting of identifiers along political lines is occurring to some degree in X profiles. Our results have implications for understanding the role of social media in facilitating (the perception of) polarization and polarization mitigation strategies such as bridging interventions and algorithms. △ Less Submitted 23 April, 2024; v1 submitted 2 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024. Comments: 29 pages, 2 figures arXiv:2404.02338 [ pdf , other ] Why do people think liberals drink lattes? How social media afforded self-presentation can shape subjective social sorting Authors: Samantha C. Phillips , Kathleen M. Carley , Kenneth Joseph Abstract : Social sorting, the alignment of social identities, affiliations, and/or preferences with partisan groups, can increase in-party attachment and decrease out-party tolerance. We propose that self-presentation afforded by social media profiles fosters subjective social sorting by shaping perceptions of alignments between non-political and political identifiers. Unlike previous work, we evaluate soci… ▽ More Social sorting, the alignment of social identities, affiliations, and/or preferences with partisan groups, can increase in-party attachment and decrease out-party tolerance. We propose that self-presentation afforded by social media profiles fosters subjective social sorting by shaping perceptions of alignments between non-political and political identifiers. Unlike previous work, we evaluate social sorting of naturally occurring, public-facing identifiers in social media profiles selected using a bottom-up approach. Using a sample of 50 million X users collected five times between 2016 and 2018, we identify users who define themselves politically and generate networks representing simultaneous co-occurrence of identifiers in profiles. We then systematically measure the alignment of non-political identifiers along political dimensions, revealing alignments that reinforce existing associations, reveal unexpected relationships, and reflect online and offline events. We find that while most identifiers bridge political divides, social sorting of identifiers along political lines is occurring to some degree in X profiles. Our results have implications for understanding the role of social media in facilitating (the perception of) polarization and polarization mitigation strategies such as bridging interventions and algorithms. △ Less Submitted 23 April, 2024; v1 submitted 2 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024. Comments: 29 pages, 2 figures arXiv:2402.14203 [ pdf , other ] cs.CY cs.SI An Exploratory Analysis of COVID Bot vs Human Disinformation Dissemination stemming from the Disinformation Dozen on Telegram Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Ian Kloo , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : The COVID-19 pandemic of 2021 led to a worldwide health crisis that was accompanied by an infodemic. A group of 12 social media personalities, dubbed the ``Disinformation Dozen", were identified as key in spreading disinformation regarding the COVID-19 virus, treatments, and vaccines. This study focuses on the spread of disinformation propagated by this group on Telegram, a mobile messaging and so… ▽ More The COVID-19 pandemic of 2021 led to a worldwide health crisis that was accompanied by an infodemic. A group of 12 social media personalities, dubbed the ``Disinformation Dozen", were identified as key in spreading disinformation regarding the COVID-19 virus, treatments, and vaccines. This study focuses on the spread of disinformation propagated by this group on Telegram, a mobile messaging and social media platform. After segregating users into three groups -- the Disinformation Dozen, bots, and humans --, we perform an investigation with a dataset of Telegram messages from January to June 2023, comparatively analyzing temporal, topical, and network features. We observe that the Disinformation Dozen are highly involved in the initial dissemination of disinformation but are not the main drivers of the propagation of disinformation. Bot users are extremely active in conversation threads, while human users are active propagators of information, disseminating posts between Telegram channels through the forwarding mechanism. △ Less Submitted 21 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024. Comments: Accepted at Journal of Computational Social Science arXiv:2402.14203 [ pdf , other ] An Exploratory Analysis of COVID Bot vs Human Disinformation Dissemination stemming from the Disinformation Dozen on Telegram Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Ian Kloo , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : The COVID-19 pandemic of 2021 led to a worldwide health crisis that was accompanied by an infodemic. A group of 12 social media personalities, dubbed the ``Disinformation Dozen", were identified as key in spreading disinformation regarding the COVID-19 virus, treatments, and vaccines. This study focuses on the spread of disinformation propagated by this group on Telegram, a mobile messaging and so… ▽ More The COVID-19 pandemic of 2021 led to a worldwide health crisis that was accompanied by an infodemic. A group of 12 social media personalities, dubbed the ``Disinformation Dozen", were identified as key in spreading disinformation regarding the COVID-19 virus, treatments, and vaccines. This study focuses on the spread of disinformation propagated by this group on Telegram, a mobile messaging and social media platform. After segregating users into three groups -- the Disinformation Dozen, bots, and humans --, we perform an investigation with a dataset of Telegram messages from January to June 2023, comparatively analyzing temporal, topical, and network features. We observe that the Disinformation Dozen are highly involved in the initial dissemination of disinformation but are not the main drivers of the propagation of disinformation. Bot users are extremely active in conversation threads, while human users are active propagators of information, disseminating posts between Telegram channels through the forwarding mechanism. △ Less Submitted 21 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024. Comments: Accepted at Journal of Computational Social Science arXiv:2401.14607 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI Assembling a Multi-Platform Ensemble Social Bot Detector with Applications to US 2020 Elections Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Bots have been in the spotlight for many social media studies, for they have been observed to be participating in the manipulation of information and opinions on social media. These studies analyzed the activity and influence of bots in a variety of contexts: elections, protests, health communication and so forth. Prior to this analyses is the identification of bot accounts to segregate the class… ▽ More Bots have been in the spotlight for many social media studies, for they have been observed to be participating in the manipulation of information and opinions on social media. These studies analyzed the activity and influence of bots in a variety of contexts: elections, protests, health communication and so forth. Prior to this analyses is the identification of bot accounts to segregate the class of social media users. In this work, we propose an ensemble method for bot detection, designing a multi-platform bot detection architecture to handle several problems along the bot detection pipeline: incomplete data input, minimal feature engineering, optimized classifiers for each data field, and also eliminate the need for a threshold value for classification determination. With these design decisions, we generalize our bot detection framework across Twitter, Reddit and Instagram. We also perform feature importance analysis, observing that the entropy of names and number of interactions (retweets/shares) are important factors in bot determination. Finally, we apply our multi-platform bot detector to the US 2020 presidential elections to identify and analyze bot activity across multiple social media platforms, showcasing the difference in online discourse of bots from different platforms. △ Less Submitted 1 April, 2024; v1 submitted 25 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024. Comments: Accepted at Social Network Analysis and Mining arXiv:2401.14607 [ pdf , other ] Assembling a Multi-Platform Ensemble Social Bot Detector with Applications to US 2020 Elections Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Bots have been in the spotlight for many social media studies, for they have been observed to be participating in the manipulation of information and opinions on social media. These studies analyzed the activity and influence of bots in a variety of contexts: elections, protests, health communication and so forth. Prior to this analyses is the identification of bot accounts to segregate the class… ▽ More Bots have been in the spotlight for many social media studies, for they have been observed to be participating in the manipulation of information and opinions on social media. These studies analyzed the activity and influence of bots in a variety of contexts: elections, protests, health communication and so forth. Prior to this analyses is the identification of bot accounts to segregate the class of social media users. In this work, we propose an ensemble method for bot detection, designing a multi-platform bot detection architecture to handle several problems along the bot detection pipeline: incomplete data input, minimal feature engineering, optimized classifiers for each data field, and also eliminate the need for a threshold value for classification determination. With these design decisions, we generalize our bot detection framework across Twitter, Reddit and Instagram. We also perform feature importance analysis, observing that the entropy of names and number of interactions (retweets/shares) are important factors in bot determination. Finally, we apply our multi-platform bot detector to the US 2020 presidential elections to identify and analyze bot activity across multiple social media platforms, showcasing the difference in online discourse of bots from different platforms. △ Less Submitted 1 April, 2024; v1 submitted 25 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024. Comments: Accepted at Social Network Analysis and Mining arXiv:2401.06582 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI doi 10.1177/20539517241231275 Cyborgs for strategic communication on social media Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Dawn C. Robertson , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Social media platforms are a key ground of information consumption and dissemination. Key figures like politicians, celebrities and activists have leveraged on its wide user base for strategic communication. Strategic communications, or StratCom, is the deliberate act of information creation and distribution. Its techniques are used by these key figures for establishing their brand and amplifying… ▽ More Social media platforms are a key ground of information consumption and dissemination. Key figures like politicians, celebrities and activists have leveraged on its wide user base for strategic communication. Strategic communications, or StratCom, is the deliberate act of information creation and distribution. Its techniques are used by these key figures for establishing their brand and amplifying their messages. Automated scripts are used on top of personal touches to quickly and effectively perform these tasks. The combination of automation and manual online posting creates a Cyborg social media profile, which is a hybrid between bot and human. In this study, we establish a quantitative definition for a Cyborg account, which is an account that are detected as bots in one time window, and identified as humans in another. This definition makes use of frequent changes of bot classification labels and large differences in bot likelihood scores to identify Cyborgs. We perform a large-scale analysis across over 3.1 million users from Twitter collected from two key events, the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic and 2020 US Elections. We extract Cyborgs from two datasets and employ tools from network science, natural language processing and manual annotation to characterize Cyborg accounts. Our analyses identify Cyborg accounts are mostly constructed for strategic communication uses, have a strong duality in their bot/human classification and are tactically positioned in the social media network, aiding these accounts to promote their desired content. Cyborgs are also discovered to have long online lives, indicating their ability to evade bot detectors, or the graciousness of platforms to allow their operations. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024. Comments: To appear in Big Data and Society arXiv:2401.06582 [ pdf , other ] Cyborgs for strategic communication on social media Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Dawn C. Robertson , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Social media platforms are a key ground of information consumption and dissemination. Key figures like politicians, celebrities and activists have leveraged on its wide user base for strategic communication. Strategic communications, or StratCom, is the deliberate act of information creation and distribution. Its techniques are used by these key figures for establishing their brand and amplifying… ▽ More Social media platforms are a key ground of information consumption and dissemination. Key figures like politicians, celebrities and activists have leveraged on its wide user base for strategic communication. Strategic communications, or StratCom, is the deliberate act of information creation and distribution. Its techniques are used by these key figures for establishing their brand and amplifying their messages. Automated scripts are used on top of personal touches to quickly and effectively perform these tasks. The combination of automation and manual online posting creates a Cyborg social media profile, which is a hybrid between bot and human. In this study, we establish a quantitative definition for a Cyborg account, which is an account that are detected as bots in one time window, and identified as humans in another. This definition makes use of frequent changes of bot classification labels and large differences in bot likelihood scores to identify Cyborgs. We perform a large-scale analysis across over 3.1 million users from Twitter collected from two key events, the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic and 2020 US Elections. We extract Cyborgs from two datasets and employ tools from network science, natural language processing and manual annotation to characterize Cyborg accounts. Our analyses identify Cyborg accounts are mostly constructed for strategic communication uses, have a strong duality in their bot/human classification and are tactically positioned in the social media network, aiding these accounts to promote their desired content. Cyborgs are also discovered to have long online lives, indicating their ability to evade bot detectors, or the graciousness of platforms to allow their operations. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024. Comments: To appear in Big Data and Society arXiv:2401.05501 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI doi 10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00440-3 Deflating the Chinese Balloon: Types of Twitter Bots in US-China balloon incident Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : As digitalization increases, countries employ digital diplomacy, harnessing digital resources to project their desired image. Digital diplomacy also encompasses the interactivity of digital platforms, providing a trove of public opinion that diplomatic agents can collect. Social media bots actively participate in political events through influencing political communication and purporting coordinat… ▽ More As digitalization increases, countries employ digital diplomacy, harnessing digital resources to project their desired image. Digital diplomacy also encompasses the interactivity of digital platforms, providing a trove of public opinion that diplomatic agents can collect. Social media bots actively participate in political events through influencing political communication and purporting coordinated narratives to influence human behavior. This article provides a methodology towards identifying three types of bots: General Bots, News Bots and Bridging Bots, then further identify these classes of bots on Twitter during a diplomatic incident involving the United States and China. Using a series of computational methods, this article examines the impact of bots on the topics disseminated, the influence and the use of information maneuvers of bots within the social communication network. Among others, our results observe that all three types of bots are present across the two countries; bots geotagged to the US are generally concerned with the balloon location while those geotagged to China discussed topics related to escalating tensions; and perform different extent of positive narrative and network information maneuvers. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024. Journal ref: EPJ Data Sci. 12, 63 (2023) arXiv:2401.05501 [ pdf , other ] Deflating the Chinese Balloon: Types of Twitter Bots in US-China balloon incident Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : As digitalization increases, countries employ digital diplomacy, harnessing digital resources to project their desired image. Digital diplomacy also encompasses the interactivity of digital platforms, providing a trove of public opinion that diplomatic agents can collect. Social media bots actively participate in political events through influencing political communication and purporting coordinat… ▽ More As digitalization increases, countries employ digital diplomacy, harnessing digital resources to project their desired image. Digital diplomacy also encompasses the interactivity of digital platforms, providing a trove of public opinion that diplomatic agents can collect. Social media bots actively participate in political events through influencing political communication and purporting coordinated narratives to influence human behavior. This article provides a methodology towards identifying three types of bots: General Bots, News Bots and Bridging Bots, then further identify these classes of bots on Twitter during a diplomatic incident involving the United States and China. Using a series of computational methods, this article examines the impact of bots on the topics disseminated, the influence and the use of information maneuvers of bots within the social communication network. Among others, our results observe that all three types of bots are present across the two countries; bots geotagged to the US are generally concerned with the balloon location while those geotagged to China discussed topics related to escalating tensions; and perform different extent of positive narrative and network information maneuvers. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024. Journal ref: EPJ Data Sci. 12, 63 (2023) arXiv:2401.02379 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI cs.CY doi 10.1609/icwsm.v18i1.31309 Detection and Discovery of Misinformation Sources using Attributed Webgraphs Authors: Peter Carragher , Evan M. Williams , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Website reliability labels underpin almost all research in misinformation detection. However, misinformation sources often exhibit transient behavior, which makes many such labeled lists obsolete over time. We demonstrate that Search Engine Optimization (SEO) attributes provide strong signals for predicting news site reliability. We introduce a novel attributed webgraph dataset with labeled news d… ▽ More Website reliability labels underpin almost all research in misinformation detection. However, misinformation sources often exhibit transient behavior, which makes many such labeled lists obsolete over time. We demonstrate that Search Engine Optimization (SEO) attributes provide strong signals for predicting news site reliability. We introduce a novel attributed webgraph dataset with labeled news domains and their connections to outlinking and backlinking domains. We demonstrate the success of graph neural networks in detecting news site reliability using these attributed webgraphs, and show that our baseline news site reliability classifier outperforms current SoTA methods on the PoliticalNews dataset, achieving an F1 score of 0.96. Finally, we introduce and evaluate a novel graph-based algorithm for discovering previously unknown misinformation news sources. △ Less Submitted 26 March, 2024; v1 submitted 4 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024. arXiv:2401.02379 [ pdf , other ] Detection and Discovery of Misinformation Sources using Attributed Webgraphs Authors: Peter Carragher , Evan M. Williams , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Website reliability labels underpin almost all research in misinformation detection. However, misinformation sources often exhibit transient behavior, which makes many such labeled lists obsolete over time. We demonstrate that Search Engine Optimization (SEO) attributes provide strong signals for predicting news site reliability. We introduce a novel attributed webgraph dataset with labeled news d… ▽ More Website reliability labels underpin almost all research in misinformation detection. However, misinformation sources often exhibit transient behavior, which makes many such labeled lists obsolete over time. We demonstrate that Search Engine Optimization (SEO) attributes provide strong signals for predicting news site reliability. We introduce a novel attributed webgraph dataset with labeled news domains and their connections to outlinking and backlinking domains. We demonstrate the success of graph neural networks in detecting news site reliability using these attributed webgraphs, and show that our baseline news site reliability classifier outperforms current SoTA methods on the PoliticalNews dataset, achieving an F1 score of 0.96. Finally, we introduce and evaluate a novel graph-based algorithm for discovering previously unknown misinformation news sources. △ Less Submitted 26 March, 2024; v1 submitted 4 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024. arXiv:2312.07613 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI Comparison of Online Maneuvers by Authentic and Inauthentic Local News Organizations Authors: Christine Sowa Lepird , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Inauthentic local news organizations, otherwise known as pink slime, have become a serious problem exploiting the trust of local news since their creation ahead of the 2020 U.S. Presidential election. In this paper, we apply the BEND framework, a methodology of classifying social media posts as belonging to sixteen network and narrative maneuvers, to compare and contrast how pink slime sites and a… ▽ More Inauthentic local news organizations, otherwise known as pink slime, have become a serious problem exploiting the trust of local news since their creation ahead of the 2020 U.S. Presidential election. In this paper, we apply the BEND framework, a methodology of classifying social media posts as belonging to sixteen network and narrative maneuvers, to compare and contrast how pink slime sites and authentic local news sites are shared on Facebook Pages. It finds that pink slime sites implemented more positive narrative maneuvers than those of local news sharers. Both news types utilized distraction but to fulfill separate goals - pink slime used it against local and state elections while authentic local news focused on national elections and figureheads. Furthermore, local news employed the neutralize tactic in order to reduce positive sentiment around national politicians. △ Less Submitted 11 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023. arXiv:2312.07613 [ pdf , other ] Comparison of Online Maneuvers by Authentic and Inauthentic Local News Organizations Authors: Christine Sowa Lepird , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Inauthentic local news organizations, otherwise known as pink slime, have become a serious problem exploiting the trust of local news since their creation ahead of the 2020 U.S. Presidential election. In this paper, we apply the BEND framework, a methodology of classifying social media posts as belonging to sixteen network and narrative maneuvers, to compare and contrast how pink slime sites and a… ▽ More Inauthentic local news organizations, otherwise known as pink slime, have become a serious problem exploiting the trust of local news since their creation ahead of the 2020 U.S. Presidential election. In this paper, we apply the BEND framework, a methodology of classifying social media posts as belonging to sixteen network and narrative maneuvers, to compare and contrast how pink slime sites and authentic local news sites are shared on Facebook Pages. It finds that pink slime sites implemented more positive narrative maneuvers than those of local news sharers. Both news types utilized distraction but to fulfill separate goals - pink slime used it against local and state elections while authentic local news focused on national elections and figureheads. Furthermore, local news employed the neutralize tactic in order to reduce positive sentiment around national politicians. △ Less Submitted 11 December, 2023; originally announced December 2023. arXiv:2311.08429 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG cs.CE doi 10.1109/WSC60868.2023.10407855 Purpose in the Machine: Do Traffic Simulators Produce Distributionally Equivalent Outcomes for Reinforcement Learning Applications? Authors: Rex Chen , Kathleen M. Carley , Fei Fang , Norman Sadeh Abstract : Traffic simulators are used to generate data for learning in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). A key question is to what extent their modelling assumptions affect the capabilities of ITSs to adapt to various scenarios when deployed in the real world. This work focuses on two simulators commonly used to train reinforcement learning (RL) agents for traffic applications, CityFlow and SUMO. A… ▽ More Traffic simulators are used to generate data for learning in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). A key question is to what extent their modelling assumptions affect the capabilities of ITSs to adapt to various scenarios when deployed in the real world. This work focuses on two simulators commonly used to train reinforcement learning (RL) agents for traffic applications, CityFlow and SUMO. A controlled virtual experiment varying driver behavior and simulation scale finds evidence against distributional equivalence in RL-relevant measures from these simulators, with the root mean squared error and KL divergence being significantly greater than 0 for all assessed measures. While granular real-world validation generally remains infeasible, these findings suggest that traffic simulators are not a deus ex machina for RL training: understanding the impacts of inter-simulator differences is necessary to train and deploy RL-based ITSs. △ Less Submitted 13 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023. Comments: 12 pages; accepted version, published at the 2023 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC '23) arXiv:2311.08429 [ pdf , other ] Purpose in the Machine: Do Traffic Simulators Produce Distributionally Equivalent Outcomes for Reinforcement Learning Applications? Authors: Rex Chen , Kathleen M. Carley , Fei Fang , Norman Sadeh Abstract : Traffic simulators are used to generate data for learning in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). A key question is to what extent their modelling assumptions affect the capabilities of ITSs to adapt to various scenarios when deployed in the real world. This work focuses on two simulators commonly used to train reinforcement learning (RL) agents for traffic applications, CityFlow and SUMO. A… ▽ More Traffic simulators are used to generate data for learning in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). A key question is to what extent their modelling assumptions affect the capabilities of ITSs to adapt to various scenarios when deployed in the real world. This work focuses on two simulators commonly used to train reinforcement learning (RL) agents for traffic applications, CityFlow and SUMO. A controlled virtual experiment varying driver behavior and simulation scale finds evidence against distributional equivalence in RL-relevant measures from these simulators, with the root mean squared error and KL divergence being significantly greater than 0 for all assessed measures. While granular real-world validation generally remains infeasible, these findings suggest that traffic simulators are not a deus ex machina for RL training: understanding the impacts of inter-simulator differences is necessary to train and deploy RL-based ITSs. △ Less Submitted 13 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023. Comments: 12 pages; accepted version, published at the 2023 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC '23) arXiv:2310.10851 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI doi 10.1007/978-3-031-43129-6_12 Tracking China's cross-strait bot networks against Taiwan Authors: Charity S. Jacobs , Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : The cross-strait relationship between China and Taiwan is marked by increasing hostility around potential reunification. We analyze an unattributed bot network and how repeater bots engaged in an influence campaign against Taiwan following US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi's visit to Taiwan in 2022. We examine the message amplification tactics employed by four key bot sub-communities, the widespread d… ▽ More The cross-strait relationship between China and Taiwan is marked by increasing hostility around potential reunification. We analyze an unattributed bot network and how repeater bots engaged in an influence campaign against Taiwan following US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi's visit to Taiwan in 2022. We examine the message amplification tactics employed by four key bot sub-communities, the widespread dissemination of information across multiple platforms through URLs, and the potential targeted audiences of this bot network. We find that URL link sharing reveals circumvention around YouTube suspensions, in addition to the potential effectiveness of algorithmic bot connectivity to appear less bot-like, and detail a sequence of coordination within a sub-community for message amplification. We additionally find the narratives and targeted audience potentially shifting after account activity discrepancies, demonstrating how dynamic these bot networks can operate. △ Less Submitted 16 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023. Comments: 10 pages with 5 figures. Published in Conference Proceedings for Social, Cultural, and Behavioral Modeling (SBP-BRiMS 2023) arXiv:2310.10851 [ pdf , other ] Tracking China's cross-strait bot networks against Taiwan Authors: Charity S. Jacobs , Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : The cross-strait relationship between China and Taiwan is marked by increasing hostility around potential reunification. We analyze an unattributed bot network and how repeater bots engaged in an influence campaign against Taiwan following US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi's visit to Taiwan in 2022. We examine the message amplification tactics employed by four key bot sub-communities, the widespread d… ▽ More The cross-strait relationship between China and Taiwan is marked by increasing hostility around potential reunification. We analyze an unattributed bot network and how repeater bots engaged in an influence campaign against Taiwan following US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi's visit to Taiwan in 2022. We examine the message amplification tactics employed by four key bot sub-communities, the widespread dissemination of information across multiple platforms through URLs, and the potential targeted audiences of this bot network. We find that URL link sharing reveals circumvention around YouTube suspensions, in addition to the potential effectiveness of algorithmic bot connectivity to appear less bot-like, and detail a sequence of coordination within a sub-community for message amplification. We additionally find the narratives and targeted audience potentially shifting after account activity discrepancies, demonstrating how dynamic these bot networks can operate. △ Less Submitted 16 October, 2023; originally announced October 2023. Comments: 10 pages with 5 figures. Published in Conference Proceedings for Social, Cultural, and Behavioral Modeling (SBP-BRiMS 2023) arXiv:2307.08511 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI cs.CY doi 10.1007/978-3-031-43129-6_16 Simulation of Stance Perturbations Authors: Peter Carragher , Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : In this work, we analyze the circumstances under which social influence operations are likely to succeed. These circumstances include the selection of Confederate agents to execute intentional perturbations and the selection of Perturbation strategies. We use Agent-Based Modelling (ABM) as a simulation technique to observe the effect of intentional stance perturbations on scale-free networks. We d… ▽ More In this work, we analyze the circumstances under which social influence operations are likely to succeed. These circumstances include the selection of Confederate agents to execute intentional perturbations and the selection of Perturbation strategies. We use Agent-Based Modelling (ABM) as a simulation technique to observe the effect of intentional stance perturbations on scale-free networks. We develop a co-evolutionary social influence model to interrogate the tradeoff between perturbing stance and maintaining influence when these variables are linked through homophily. In our experiments, we observe that stances in a network will converge in sufficient simulation timesteps, influential agents are the best Confederates and the optimal Perturbation strategy involves the cascade of local ego networks. Finally, our experimental results support the theory of tipping points and are in line with empirical findings suggesting that 20-25% of agents need to be Confederates before a change in consensus can be achieved. △ Less Submitted 17 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023. arXiv:2307.08511 [ pdf , other ] Simulation of Stance Perturbations Authors: Peter Carragher , Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : In this work, we analyze the circumstances under which social influence operations are likely to succeed. These circumstances include the selection of Confederate agents to execute intentional perturbations and the selection of Perturbation strategies. We use Agent-Based Modelling (ABM) as a simulation technique to observe the effect of intentional stance perturbations on scale-free networks. We d… ▽ More In this work, we analyze the circumstances under which social influence operations are likely to succeed. These circumstances include the selection of Confederate agents to execute intentional perturbations and the selection of Perturbation strategies. We use Agent-Based Modelling (ABM) as a simulation technique to observe the effect of intentional stance perturbations on scale-free networks. We develop a co-evolutionary social influence model to interrogate the tradeoff between perturbing stance and maintaining influence when these variables are linked through homophily. In our experiments, we observe that stances in a network will converge in sufficient simulation timesteps, influential agents are the best Confederates and the optimal Perturbation strategy involves the cascade of local ego networks. Finally, our experimental results support the theory of tipping points and are in line with empirical findings suggesting that 20-25% of agents need to be Confederates before a change in consensus can be achieved. △ Less Submitted 17 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023. arXiv:2306.15745 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL Identity Construction in a Misogynist Incels Forum Authors: Michael Miller Yoder , Chloe Perry , David West Brown , Kathleen M. Carley , Meredith L. Pruden Abstract : Online communities of involuntary celibates (incels) are a prominent source of misogynist hate speech. In this paper, we use quantitative text and network analysis approaches to examine how identity groups are discussed on incels-dot-is, the largest black-pilled incels forum. We find that this community produces a wide range of novel identity terms and, while terms for women are most common, menti… ▽ More Online communities of involuntary celibates (incels) are a prominent source of misogynist hate speech. In this paper, we use quantitative text and network analysis approaches to examine how identity groups are discussed on incels-dot-is, the largest black-pilled incels forum. We find that this community produces a wide range of novel identity terms and, while terms for women are most common, mentions of other minoritized identities are increasing. An analysis of the associations made with identity groups suggests an essentialist ideology where physical appearance, as well as gender and racial hierarchies, determine human value. We discuss implications for research into automated misogynist hate speech detection. △ Less Submitted 9 July, 2023; v1 submitted 27 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023. Comments: Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH) 2023; Minor edits to author names and abstracts in most recent version arXiv:2306.15745 [ pdf , other ] Identity Construction in a Misogynist Incels Forum Authors: Michael Miller Yoder , Chloe Perry , David West Brown , Kathleen M. Carley , Meredith L. Pruden Abstract : Online communities of involuntary celibates (incels) are a prominent source of misogynist hate speech. In this paper, we use quantitative text and network analysis approaches to examine how identity groups are discussed on incels-dot-is, the largest black-pilled incels forum. We find that this community produces a wide range of novel identity terms and, while terms for women are most common, menti… ▽ More Online communities of involuntary celibates (incels) are a prominent source of misogynist hate speech. In this paper, we use quantitative text and network analysis approaches to examine how identity groups are discussed on incels-dot-is, the largest black-pilled incels forum. We find that this community produces a wide range of novel identity terms and, while terms for women are most common, mentions of other minoritized identities are increasing. An analysis of the associations made with identity groups suggests an essentialist ideology where physical appearance, as well as gender and racial hierarchies, determine human value. We discuss implications for research into automated misogynist hate speech detection. △ Less Submitted 9 July, 2023; v1 submitted 27 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023. Comments: Workshop on Online Abuse and Harms (WOAH) 2023; Minor edits to author names and abstracts in most recent version arXiv:2306.15732 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL A Weakly Supervised Classifier and Dataset of White Supremacist Language Authors: Michael Miller Yoder , Ahmad Diab , David West Brown , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : We present a dataset and classifier for detecting the language of white supremacist extremism, a growing issue in online hate speech. Our weakly supervised classifier is trained on large datasets of text from explicitly white supremacist domains paired with neutral and anti-racist data from similar domains. We demonstrate that this approach improves generalization performance to new domains. Incor… ▽ More We present a dataset and classifier for detecting the language of white supremacist extremism, a growing issue in online hate speech. Our weakly supervised classifier is trained on large datasets of text from explicitly white supremacist domains paired with neutral and anti-racist data from similar domains. We demonstrate that this approach improves generalization performance to new domains. Incorporating anti-racist texts as counterexamples to white supremacist language mitigates bias. △ Less Submitted 27 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023. Comments: ACL 2023 short arXiv:2306.15732 [ pdf , other ] A Weakly Supervised Classifier and Dataset of White Supremacist Language Authors: Michael Miller Yoder , Ahmad Diab , David West Brown , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : We present a dataset and classifier for detecting the language of white supremacist extremism, a growing issue in online hate speech. Our weakly supervised classifier is trained on large datasets of text from explicitly white supremacist domains paired with neutral and anti-racist data from similar domains. We demonstrate that this approach improves generalization performance to new domains. Incor… ▽ More We present a dataset and classifier for detecting the language of white supremacist extremism, a growing issue in online hate speech. Our weakly supervised classifier is trained on large datasets of text from explicitly white supremacist domains paired with neutral and anti-racist data from similar domains. We demonstrate that this approach improves generalization performance to new domains. Incorporating anti-racist texts as counterexamples to white supremacist language mitigates bias. △ Less Submitted 27 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023. Comments: ACL 2023 short arXiv:2302.10172 [ pdf ] cs.SI Identity-Based Attribute Prototypes Distinguish Communities on Twitter Authors: Thomas Magelinski , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : This paper examines the link between conversational communities on Twitter and their members' expressions of social identity. It specifically tests the presence of community prototypes, or collections of attributes which define a group through meta-contrast: high in-group cohesiveness and high out-group distinctiveness. Analyzing four datasets of political discussions ranging from roughly 4 to 30… ▽ More This paper examines the link between conversational communities on Twitter and their members' expressions of social identity. It specifically tests the presence of community prototypes, or collections of attributes which define a group through meta-contrast: high in-group cohesiveness and high out-group distinctiveness. Analyzing four datasets of political discussions ranging from roughly 4 to 30 million tweets, we find strong evidence for the presence of distinctive community prototypes. We observe that community prototypes are constructed through hashtags, mentions, emojis, and identity-phrases. This finding situates prior work on the identity signaling of individual users within a larger group process playing out within communication communities. Community prototypes are then constructed for specific communities by measuring the salience of identity signals for each community. Observed community prototypes tend to be based on political ideology, location and language, or general interests. While the presence of community prototypes may be a natural group behavior, the high levels of contrast observed between communities displaying ideologically opposed prototypes indicate the presence of identity-related polarization. △ Less Submitted 20 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023. arXiv:2302.10172 [ pdf ] Identity-Based Attribute Prototypes Distinguish Communities on Twitter Authors: Thomas Magelinski , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : This paper examines the link between conversational communities on Twitter and their members' expressions of social identity. It specifically tests the presence of community prototypes, or collections of attributes which define a group through meta-contrast: high in-group cohesiveness and high out-group distinctiveness. Analyzing four datasets of political discussions ranging from roughly 4 to 30… ▽ More This paper examines the link between conversational communities on Twitter and their members' expressions of social identity. It specifically tests the presence of community prototypes, or collections of attributes which define a group through meta-contrast: high in-group cohesiveness and high out-group distinctiveness. Analyzing four datasets of political discussions ranging from roughly 4 to 30 million tweets, we find strong evidence for the presence of distinctive community prototypes. We observe that community prototypes are constructed through hashtags, mentions, emojis, and identity-phrases. This finding situates prior work on the identity signaling of individual users within a larger group process playing out within communication communities. Community prototypes are then constructed for specific communities by measuring the salience of identity signals for each community. Observed community prototypes tend to be based on political ideology, location and language, or general interests. While the presence of community prototypes may be a natural group behavior, the high levels of contrast observed between communities displaying ideologically opposed prototypes indicate the presence of identity-related polarization. △ Less Submitted 20 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023. arXiv:2212.13221 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI A Combined Synchronization Index for Grassroots Activism on Social Media Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Social media has provided a citizen voice, giving rise to grassroots collective action, where users deploy a concerted effort to disseminate online narratives and even carry out offline protests. Sometimes these collective action are aided by inorganic synchronization, which arise from bot actors. It is thus important to identify the synchronicity of emerging discourse on social media and the indi… ▽ More Social media has provided a citizen voice, giving rise to grassroots collective action, where users deploy a concerted effort to disseminate online narratives and even carry out offline protests. Sometimes these collective action are aided by inorganic synchronization, which arise from bot actors. It is thus important to identify the synchronicity of emerging discourse on social media and the indications of organic/inorganic activity within the conversations. This provides a way of profiling an event for possibility of offline protests and violence. In this study, we build on past definitions of synchronous activity on social media -- simultaneous user action -- and develop a Combined Synchronization Index (CSI) which adopts a hierarchical approach in measuring user synchronicity. We apply this index on six political and social activism events on Twitter and analyzed three action types: synchronicity by hashtag, URL and @mentions.The CSI provides an overall quantification of synchronization across all action types within an event, which allows ranking of a spectrum of synchronicity across the six events. Human users have higher synchronous scores than bot users in most events; and bots and humans exhibits the most synchronized activities across all events as compared to other pairs (i.e., bot-bot and human-human). We further rely on the harmony and dissonance of CSI-Network scores with network centrality metrics to observe the presence of organic/inorganic synchronization. We hope this work aids in investigating synchronized action within social media in a collective manner. △ Less Submitted 26 December, 2022; originally announced December 2022. arXiv:2212.13221 [ pdf , other ] A Combined Synchronization Index for Grassroots Activism on Social Media Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Social media has provided a citizen voice, giving rise to grassroots collective action, where users deploy a concerted effort to disseminate online narratives and even carry out offline protests. Sometimes these collective action are aided by inorganic synchronization, which arise from bot actors. It is thus important to identify the synchronicity of emerging discourse on social media and the indi… ▽ More Social media has provided a citizen voice, giving rise to grassroots collective action, where users deploy a concerted effort to disseminate online narratives and even carry out offline protests. Sometimes these collective action are aided by inorganic synchronization, which arise from bot actors. It is thus important to identify the synchronicity of emerging discourse on social media and the indications of organic/inorganic activity within the conversations. This provides a way of profiling an event for possibility of offline protests and violence. In this study, we build on past definitions of synchronous activity on social media -- simultaneous user action -- and develop a Combined Synchronization Index (CSI) which adopts a hierarchical approach in measuring user synchronicity. We apply this index on six political and social activism events on Twitter and analyzed three action types: synchronicity by hashtag, URL and @mentions.The CSI provides an overall quantification of synchronization across all action types within an event, which allows ranking of a spectrum of synchronicity across the six events. Human users have higher synchronous scores than bot users in most events; and bots and humans exhibits the most synchronized activities across all events as compared to other pairs (i.e., bot-bot and human-human). We further rely on the harmony and dissonance of CSI-Network scores with network centrality metrics to observe the presence of organic/inorganic synchronization. We hope this work aids in investigating synchronized action within social media in a collective manner. △ Less Submitted 26 December, 2022; originally announced December 2022. arXiv:2210.10839 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL How Hate Speech Varies by Target Identity: A Computational Analysis Authors: Michael Miller Yoder , Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , David West Brown , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : This paper investigates how hate speech varies in systematic ways according to the identities it targets. Across multiple hate speech datasets annotated for targeted identities, we find that classifiers trained on hate speech targeting specific identity groups struggle to generalize to other targeted identities. This provides empirical evidence for differences in hate speech by target identity; we… ▽ More This paper investigates how hate speech varies in systematic ways according to the identities it targets. Across multiple hate speech datasets annotated for targeted identities, we find that classifiers trained on hate speech targeting specific identity groups struggle to generalize to other targeted identities. This provides empirical evidence for differences in hate speech by target identity; we then investigate which patterns structure this variation. We find that the targeted demographic category (e.g. gender/sexuality or race/ethnicity) appears to have a greater effect on the language of hate speech than does the relative social power of the targeted identity group. We also find that words associated with hate speech targeting specific identities often relate to stereotypes, histories of oppression, current social movements, and other social contexts specific to identities. These experiments suggest the importance of considering targeted identity, as well as the social contexts associated with these identities, in automated hate speech classification. △ Less Submitted 7 December, 2022; v1 submitted 19 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022. Comments: CoNLL 2022 camera-ready + fixed minor figure error arXiv:2210.10839 [ pdf , other ] How Hate Speech Varies by Target Identity: A Computational Analysis Authors: Michael Miller Yoder , Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , David West Brown , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : This paper investigates how hate speech varies in systematic ways according to the identities it targets. Across multiple hate speech datasets annotated for targeted identities, we find that classifiers trained on hate speech targeting specific identity groups struggle to generalize to other targeted identities. This provides empirical evidence for differences in hate speech by target identity; we… ▽ More This paper investigates how hate speech varies in systematic ways according to the identities it targets. Across multiple hate speech datasets annotated for targeted identities, we find that classifiers trained on hate speech targeting specific identity groups struggle to generalize to other targeted identities. This provides empirical evidence for differences in hate speech by target identity; we then investigate which patterns structure this variation. We find that the targeted demographic category (e.g. gender/sexuality or race/ethnicity) appears to have a greater effect on the language of hate speech than does the relative social power of the targeted identity group. We also find that words associated with hate speech targeting specific identities often relate to stereotypes, histories of oppression, current social movements, and other social contexts specific to identities. These experiments suggest the importance of considering targeted identity, as well as the social contexts associated with these identities, in automated hate speech classification. △ Less Submitted 7 December, 2022; v1 submitted 19 October, 2022; originally announced October 2022. Comments: CoNLL 2022 camera-ready + fixed minor figure error arXiv:2207.13658 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI BotBuster: Multi-platform Bot Detection Using A Mixture of Experts Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Despite rapid development, current bot detection models still face challenges in dealing with incomplete data and cross-platform applications. In this paper, we propose BotBuster, a social bot detector built with the concept of a mixture of experts approach. Each expert is trained to analyze a portion of account information, e.g. username, and are combined to estimate the probability that the acco… ▽ More Despite rapid development, current bot detection models still face challenges in dealing with incomplete data and cross-platform applications. In this paper, we propose BotBuster, a social bot detector built with the concept of a mixture of experts approach. Each expert is trained to analyze a portion of account information, e.g. username, and are combined to estimate the probability that the account is a bot. Experiments on 10 Twitter datasets show that BotBuster outperforms popular bot-detection baselines (avg F1=73.54 vs avg F1=45.12). This is accompanied with F1=60.04 on a Reddit dataset and F1=60.92 on an external evaluation set. Further analysis shows that only 36 posts is required for a stable bot classification. Investigation shows that bot post features have changed across the years and can be difficult to differentiate from human features, making bot detection a difficult and ongoing problem. △ Less Submitted 27 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022. Comments: Accepted to ICWSM 2023 arXiv:2207.13658 [ pdf , other ] BotBuster: Multi-platform Bot Detection Using A Mixture of Experts Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Despite rapid development, current bot detection models still face challenges in dealing with incomplete data and cross-platform applications. In this paper, we propose BotBuster, a social bot detector built with the concept of a mixture of experts approach. Each expert is trained to analyze a portion of account information, e.g. username, and are combined to estimate the probability that the acco… ▽ More Despite rapid development, current bot detection models still face challenges in dealing with incomplete data and cross-platform applications. In this paper, we propose BotBuster, a social bot detector built with the concept of a mixture of experts approach. Each expert is trained to analyze a portion of account information, e.g. username, and are combined to estimate the probability that the account is a bot. Experiments on 10 Twitter datasets show that BotBuster outperforms popular bot-detection baselines (avg F1=73.54 vs avg F1=45.12). This is accompanied with F1=60.04 on a Reddit dataset and F1=60.92 on an external evaluation set. Further analysis shows that only 36 posts is required for a stable bot classification. Investigation shows that bot post features have changed across the years and can be difficult to differentiate from human features, making bot detection a difficult and ongoing problem. △ Less Submitted 27 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022. Comments: Accepted to ICWSM 2023 arXiv:2207.13055 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI Contextualizing Online Conversational Networks Authors: Thomas Magelinski , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Online social connections occur within a specific conversational context. Prior work in network analysis of social media data attempts to contextualize data through filtering. We propose a method of contextualizing online conversational connections automatically and illustrate this method with Twitter data. Specifically, we detail a graph neural network model capable of representing tweets in a ve… ▽ More Online social connections occur within a specific conversational context. Prior work in network analysis of social media data attempts to contextualize data through filtering. We propose a method of contextualizing online conversational connections automatically and illustrate this method with Twitter data. Specifically, we detail a graph neural network model capable of representing tweets in a vector space based on their text, hashtags, URLs, and neighboring tweets. Once tweets are represented, clusters of tweets uncover conversational contexts. We apply our method to a dataset with 4.5 million tweets discussing the 2020 US election. We find that even filtered data contains many different conversational contexts, with users engaging in multiple contexts. Central users in the contextualized networks differ significantly from central users in the overall network. This result implies that standard network analysis on social media data can be unreliable in the face of multiple conversational contexts. We further demonstrate that dynamic analysis of conversational contexts gives a qualitative understanding of conversational flow. △ Less Submitted 26 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022. Comments: To appear in ICWSM'23 arXiv:2207.13055 [ pdf , other ] Contextualizing Online Conversational Networks Authors: Thomas Magelinski , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Online social connections occur within a specific conversational context. Prior work in network analysis of social media data attempts to contextualize data through filtering. We propose a method of contextualizing online conversational connections automatically and illustrate this method with Twitter data. Specifically, we detail a graph neural network model capable of representing tweets in a ve… ▽ More Online social connections occur within a specific conversational context. Prior work in network analysis of social media data attempts to contextualize data through filtering. We propose a method of contextualizing online conversational connections automatically and illustrate this method with Twitter data. Specifically, we detail a graph neural network model capable of representing tweets in a vector space based on their text, hashtags, URLs, and neighboring tweets. Once tweets are represented, clusters of tweets uncover conversational contexts. We apply our method to a dataset with 4.5 million tweets discussing the 2020 US election. We find that even filtered data contains many different conversational contexts, with users engaging in multiple contexts. Central users in the contextualized networks differ significantly from central users in the overall network. This result implies that standard network analysis on social media data can be unreliable in the face of multiple conversational contexts. We further demonstrate that dynamic analysis of conversational contexts gives a qualitative understanding of conversational flow. △ Less Submitted 26 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022. Comments: To appear in ICWSM'23 arXiv:2207.07937 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI cs.CY From Curious Hashtags to Polarized Effect: Profiling Coordinated Actions in Indonesian Twitter Discourse Authors: Adya Danaditya , Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Coordinated campaigns in the digital realm have become an increasingly important area of study due to their potential to cause political polarization and threats to security through real-world protests and riots. In this paper, we introduce a methodology to profile two case studies of coordinated actions in Indonesian Twitter discourse. Combining network and narrative analysis techniques, this six… ▽ More Coordinated campaigns in the digital realm have become an increasingly important area of study due to their potential to cause political polarization and threats to security through real-world protests and riots. In this paper, we introduce a methodology to profile two case studies of coordinated actions in Indonesian Twitter discourse. Combining network and narrative analysis techniques, this six-step pipeline begins with DISCOVERY of coordinated actions through hashtag-hijacking; identifying WHO are involved through the extraction of discovered agents; framing of what these actors did (DID WHAT) in terms of information manipulation maneuvers; TO WHOM these actions were targeted through correlation analysis; understanding WHY through narrative analysis and description of IMPACT through analysis of the observed conversation polarization. We describe two case studies, one international and one regional, in the Indonesian Twittersphere. Through these case studies, we unearth two seemingly related coordinated activities, discovered by deviating hashtags that do not fit the discourse, characterize the coordinated group profile and interaction, and describe the impact of their activity on the online conversation. △ Less Submitted 16 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022. Comments: To appear in Social Network Analysis and Mining arXiv:2207.07937 [ pdf , other ] From Curious Hashtags to Polarized Effect: Profiling Coordinated Actions in Indonesian Twitter Discourse Authors: Adya Danaditya , Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Coordinated campaigns in the digital realm have become an increasingly important area of study due to their potential to cause political polarization and threats to security through real-world protests and riots. In this paper, we introduce a methodology to profile two case studies of coordinated actions in Indonesian Twitter discourse. Combining network and narrative analysis techniques, this six… ▽ More Coordinated campaigns in the digital realm have become an increasingly important area of study due to their potential to cause political polarization and threats to security through real-world protests and riots. In this paper, we introduce a methodology to profile two case studies of coordinated actions in Indonesian Twitter discourse. Combining network and narrative analysis techniques, this six-step pipeline begins with DISCOVERY of coordinated actions through hashtag-hijacking; identifying WHO are involved through the extraction of discovered agents; framing of what these actors did (DID WHAT) in terms of information manipulation maneuvers; TO WHOM these actions were targeted through correlation analysis; understanding WHY through narrative analysis and description of IMPACT through analysis of the observed conversation polarization. We describe two case studies, one international and one regional, in the Indonesian Twittersphere. Through these case studies, we unearth two seemingly related coordinated activities, discovered by deviating hashtags that do not fit the discourse, characterize the coordinated group profile and interaction, and describe the impact of their activity on the online conversation. △ Less Submitted 16 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022. Comments: To appear in Social Network Analysis and Mining arXiv:2206.10495 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI physics.soc-ph doi 10.1145/1122445.1122456 Online Coordination: Methods and Comparative Case Studies of Coordinated Groups across Four Events in the United States Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Coordinated groups of user accounts working together in online social media can be used to manipulate the online discourse and thus is an important area of study. In this study, we work towards a general theory of coordination. There are many ways to coordinate groups online: semantic, social, referral and many more. Each represents a coordination dimension, where the more dimensions of coordinati… ▽ More Coordinated groups of user accounts working together in online social media can be used to manipulate the online discourse and thus is an important area of study. In this study, we work towards a general theory of coordination. There are many ways to coordinate groups online: semantic, social, referral and many more. Each represents a coordination dimension, where the more dimensions of coordination are present for one event, the stronger the coordination present. We build on existing approaches that detect coordinated groups by identifying high levels of synchronized actions within a specified time window. A key concern with this approach is the selection of the time window. We propose a method that selects the optimal window size to accurately capture local coordination while avoiding the capture of coincidental synchronicity. With this enhanced method of coordination detection, we perform a comparative study across four events: US Elections Primaries 2020, Reopen America 2020, Capitol Riots 2021 and COVID Vaccine Release 2021. Herein, we explore the following three dimensions of coordination for each event -- semantic, referral and social coordination -- and perform group and user analysis within and among the events. This allows us to expose different user coordination behavior patterns and identify narratives and user support themes, hence estimating the degree and theme of coordination. △ Less Submitted 21 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022. arXiv:2206.10495 [ pdf , other ] Online Coordination: Methods and Comparative Case Studies of Coordinated Groups across Four Events in the United States Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Coordinated groups of user accounts working together in online social media can be used to manipulate the online discourse and thus is an important area of study. In this study, we work towards a general theory of coordination. There are many ways to coordinate groups online: semantic, social, referral and many more. Each represents a coordination dimension, where the more dimensions of coordinati… ▽ More Coordinated groups of user accounts working together in online social media can be used to manipulate the online discourse and thus is an important area of study. In this study, we work towards a general theory of coordination. There are many ways to coordinate groups online: semantic, social, referral and many more. Each represents a coordination dimension, where the more dimensions of coordination are present for one event, the stronger the coordination present. We build on existing approaches that detect coordinated groups by identifying high levels of synchronized actions within a specified time window. A key concern with this approach is the selection of the time window. We propose a method that selects the optimal window size to accurately capture local coordination while avoiding the capture of coincidental synchronicity. With this enhanced method of coordination detection, we perform a comparative study across four events: US Elections Primaries 2020, Reopen America 2020, Capitol Riots 2021 and COVID Vaccine Release 2021. Herein, we explore the following three dimensions of coordination for each event -- semantic, referral and social coordination -- and perform group and user analysis within and among the events. This allows us to expose different user coordination behavior patterns and identify narratives and user support themes, hence estimating the degree and theme of coordination. △ Less Submitted 21 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022. arXiv:2206.03576 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI Coordinated through aWeb of Images: Analysis of Image-based Influence Operations from China, Iran, Russia, and Venezuela Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , J. D. Moffitt , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : State-sponsored online influence operations typically consist of coordinated accounts exploiting the online space to influence public opinion. Accounts associated with these operations use images and memes as part of their content generation and dissemination strategy to increase the effectiveness and engagement of the content. In this paper, we present a study of images from the PhoMemes 2022 Cha… ▽ More State-sponsored online influence operations typically consist of coordinated accounts exploiting the online space to influence public opinion. Accounts associated with these operations use images and memes as part of their content generation and dissemination strategy to increase the effectiveness and engagement of the content. In this paper, we present a study of images from the PhoMemes 2022 Challenge originating from the countries China, Iran, Russia, and Venezuela. First, we analyze the coordination of images within and across each country by quantifying image similarity. Then, we construct Image-Image networks and image clusters to identify key themes in the image influence operations. We derive the corresponding Account-Account networks to visualize the interaction between participating accounts within each country. Finally, we interpret the image content and network structure in the broader context of the organization and structure of influence operations in each country. △ Less Submitted 7 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022. Comments: 8 pages, 1 table, 4 figures, to be published in ICWSM-2022 workshop proceedings arXiv:2206.03576 [ pdf , other ] Coordinated through aWeb of Images: Analysis of Image-based Influence Operations from China, Iran, Russia, and Venezuela Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , J. D. Moffitt , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : State-sponsored online influence operations typically consist of coordinated accounts exploiting the online space to influence public opinion. Accounts associated with these operations use images and memes as part of their content generation and dissemination strategy to increase the effectiveness and engagement of the content. In this paper, we present a study of images from the PhoMemes 2022 Cha… ▽ More State-sponsored online influence operations typically consist of coordinated accounts exploiting the online space to influence public opinion. Accounts associated with these operations use images and memes as part of their content generation and dissemination strategy to increase the effectiveness and engagement of the content. In this paper, we present a study of images from the PhoMemes 2022 Challenge originating from the countries China, Iran, Russia, and Venezuela. First, we analyze the coordination of images within and across each country by quantifying image similarity. Then, we construct Image-Image networks and image clusters to identify key themes in the image influence operations. We derive the corresponding Account-Account networks to visualize the interaction between participating accounts within each country. Finally, we interpret the image content and network structure in the broader context of the organization and structure of influence operations in each country. △ Less Submitted 7 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022. Comments: 8 pages, 1 table, 4 figures, to be published in ICWSM-2022 workshop proceedings arXiv:2112.07998 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI cs.LG physics.soc-ph stat.AP doi 10.1080/09546553.2021.2003785 Multi-modal Networks Reveal Patterns of Operational Similarity of Terrorist Organizations Authors: Gian Maria Campedelli , Iain J. Cruickshank , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Capturing dynamics of operational similarity among terrorist groups is critical to provide actionable insights for counter-terrorism and intelligence monitoring. Yet, in spite of its theoretical and practical relevance, research addressing this problem is currently lacking. We tackle this problem proposing a novel computational framework for detecting clusters of terrorist groups sharing similar b… ▽ More Capturing dynamics of operational similarity among terrorist groups is critical to provide actionable insights for counter-terrorism and intelligence monitoring. Yet, in spite of its theoretical and practical relevance, research addressing this problem is currently lacking. We tackle this problem proposing a novel computational framework for detecting clusters of terrorist groups sharing similar behaviors, focusing on groups' yearly repertoire of deployed tactics, attacked targets, and utilized weapons. Specifically considering those organizations that have plotted at least 50 attacks from 1997 to 2018, accounting for a total of 105 groups responsible for more than 42,000 events worldwide, we offer three sets of results. First, we show that over the years global terrorism has been characterized by increasing operational cohesiveness. Second, we highlight that year-to-year stability in co-clustering among groups has been particularly high from 2009 to 2018, indicating temporal consistency of similarity patterns in the last decade. Third, we demonstrate that operational similarity between two organizations is driven by three factors: (a) their overall activity; (b) the difference in the diversity of their operational repertoires; (c) the difference in a combined measure of diversity and activity. Groups' operational preferences, geographical homophily and ideological affinity have no consistent role in determining operational similarity. △ Less Submitted 15 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021. Comments: 42 pages, 19 figures Journal ref: Terrorism and Political Violence, 0(0), 1-20 (2021) arXiv:2112.07998 [ pdf , other ] Multi-modal Networks Reveal Patterns of Operational Similarity of Terrorist Organizations Authors: Gian Maria Campedelli , Iain J. Cruickshank , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Capturing dynamics of operational similarity among terrorist groups is critical to provide actionable insights for counter-terrorism and intelligence monitoring. Yet, in spite of its theoretical and practical relevance, research addressing this problem is currently lacking. We tackle this problem proposing a novel computational framework for detecting clusters of terrorist groups sharing similar b… ▽ More Capturing dynamics of operational similarity among terrorist groups is critical to provide actionable insights for counter-terrorism and intelligence monitoring. Yet, in spite of its theoretical and practical relevance, research addressing this problem is currently lacking. We tackle this problem proposing a novel computational framework for detecting clusters of terrorist groups sharing similar behaviors, focusing on groups' yearly repertoire of deployed tactics, attacked targets, and utilized weapons. Specifically considering those organizations that have plotted at least 50 attacks from 1997 to 2018, accounting for a total of 105 groups responsible for more than 42,000 events worldwide, we offer three sets of results. First, we show that over the years global terrorism has been characterized by increasing operational cohesiveness. Second, we highlight that year-to-year stability in co-clustering among groups has been particularly high from 2009 to 2018, indicating temporal consistency of similarity patterns in the last decade. Third, we demonstrate that operational similarity between two organizations is driven by three factors: (a) their overall activity; (b) the difference in the diversity of their operational repertoires; (c) the difference in a combined measure of diversity and activity. Groups' operational preferences, geographical homophily and ideological affinity have no consistent role in determining operational similarity. △ Less Submitted 15 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021. Comments: 42 pages, 19 figures Journal ref: Terrorism and Political Violence, 0(0), 1-20 (2021) arXiv:2111.06515 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL cs.LG RATE: Overcoming Noise and Sparsity of Textual Features in Real-Time Location Estimation Authors: Yu Zhang , Wei Wei , Binxuan Huang , Kathleen M. Carley , Yan Zhang Abstract : Real-time location inference of social media users is the fundamental of some spatial applications such as localized search and event detection. While tweet text is the most commonly used feature in location estimation, most of the prior works suffer from either the noise or the sparsity of textual features. In this paper, we aim to tackle these two problems. We use topic modeling as a building bl… ▽ More Real-time location inference of social media users is the fundamental of some spatial applications such as localized search and event detection. While tweet text is the most commonly used feature in location estimation, most of the prior works suffer from either the noise or the sparsity of textual features. In this paper, we aim to tackle these two problems. We use topic modeling as a building block to characterize the geographic topic variation and lexical variation so that "one-hot" encoding vectors will no longer be directly used. We also incorporate other features which can be extracted through the Twitter streaming API to overcome the noise problem. Experimental results show that our RATE algorithm outperforms several benchmark methods, both in the precision of region classification and the mean distance error of latitude and longitude regression. △ Less Submitted 11 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021. Comments: 4 pages; Accepted to CIKM 2017; Some typos fixed arXiv:2111.06515 [ pdf , other ] RATE: Overcoming Noise and Sparsity of Textual Features in Real-Time Location Estimation Authors: Yu Zhang , Wei Wei , Binxuan Huang , Kathleen M. Carley , Yan Zhang Abstract : Real-time location inference of social media users is the fundamental of some spatial applications such as localized search and event detection. While tweet text is the most commonly used feature in location estimation, most of the prior works suffer from either the noise or the sparsity of textual features. In this paper, we aim to tackle these two problems. We use topic modeling as a building bl… ▽ More Real-time location inference of social media users is the fundamental of some spatial applications such as localized search and event detection. While tweet text is the most commonly used feature in location estimation, most of the prior works suffer from either the noise or the sparsity of textual features. In this paper, we aim to tackle these two problems. We use topic modeling as a building block to characterize the geographic topic variation and lexical variation so that "one-hot" encoding vectors will no longer be directly used. We also incorporate other features which can be extracted through the Twitter streaming API to overcome the noise problem. Experimental results show that our RATE algorithm outperforms several benchmark methods, both in the precision of region classification and the mean distance error of latitude and longitude regression. △ Less Submitted 11 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021. Comments: 4 pages; Accepted to CIKM 2017; Some typos fixed arXiv:2110.04899 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SI cs.CY Influencing the Influencers: Evaluating Person-to-Person Influence on Social Networks Using Granger Causality Authors: Richard Kuzma , Iain J. Cruickshank , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : We introduce a novel method for analyzing person-to-person content influence on Twitter. Using an Ego-Alter framework and Granger Causality, we examine President Donald Trump (the Ego) and the people he retweets (Alters) as a case study. We find that each Alter has a different scope of influence across multiple topics, different magnitude of influence on a given topic, and the magnitude of a singl… ▽ More We introduce a novel method for analyzing person-to-person content influence on Twitter. Using an Ego-Alter framework and Granger Causality, we examine President Donald Trump (the Ego) and the people he retweets (Alters) as a case study. We find that each Alter has a different scope of influence across multiple topics, different magnitude of influence on a given topic, and the magnitude of a single Alter's influence can vary across topics. This work is novel in its focus on person-to-person influence and content-based influence. Its impact is two-fold: (1) identifying "canaries in the coal mine" who could be observed by misinformation researchers or platforms to identify misinformation narratives before super-influencers spread them to large audiences, and (2) enabling digital marketing targeted toward upstream Alters of super-influencers. △ Less Submitted 10 October, 2021; originally announced October 2021. arXiv:2110.04899 [ pdf , ps , other ] Influencing the Influencers: Evaluating Person-to-Person Influence on Social Networks Using Granger Causality Authors: Richard Kuzma , Iain J. Cruickshank , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : We introduce a novel method for analyzing person-to-person content influence on Twitter. Using an Ego-Alter framework and Granger Causality, we examine President Donald Trump (the Ego) and the people he retweets (Alters) as a case study. We find that each Alter has a different scope of influence across multiple topics, different magnitude of influence on a given topic, and the magnitude of a singl… ▽ More We introduce a novel method for analyzing person-to-person content influence on Twitter. Using an Ego-Alter framework and Granger Causality, we examine President Donald Trump (the Ego) and the people he retweets (Alters) as a case study. We find that each Alter has a different scope of influence across multiple topics, different magnitude of influence on a given topic, and the magnitude of a single Alter's influence can vary across topics. This work is novel in its focus on person-to-person influence and content-based influence. Its impact is two-fold: (1) identifying "canaries in the coal mine" who could be observed by misinformation researchers or platforms to identify misinformation narratives before super-influencers spread them to large audiences, and (2) enabling digital marketing targeted toward upstream Alters of super-influencers. △ Less Submitted 10 October, 2021; originally announced October 2021. arXiv:2110.04398 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SI physics.soc-ph doi 10.1103/PhysRevE.108.014306 The Role of Masks in Mitigating Viral Spread on Networks Authors: Yurun Tian , Anirudh Sridhar , Chai Wah Wu , Simon A. Levin , Kathleen M. Carley , H. Vincent Poor , Osman Yagan Abstract : Masks have remained an important mitigation strategy in the fight against COVID-19 due to their ability to prevent the transmission of respiratory droplets between individuals. In this work, we provide a comprehensive quantitative analysis of the impact of mask-wearing. To this end, we propose a novel agent-based model of viral spread on networks where agents may either wear no mask or wear one of… ▽ More Masks have remained an important mitigation strategy in the fight against COVID-19 due to their ability to prevent the transmission of respiratory droplets between individuals. In this work, we provide a comprehensive quantitative analysis of the impact of mask-wearing. To this end, we propose a novel agent-based model of viral spread on networks where agents may either wear no mask or wear one of several types of masks with different properties (e.g., cloth or surgical). We derive analytical expressions for three key epidemiological quantities: the probability of emergence, the epidemic threshold, and the expected epidemic size. In particular, we show how the aforementioned quantities depend on the structure of the contact network, viral transmission dynamics, and the distribution of the different types of masks within the population. Through extensive simulations, we then investigate the impact of different allocations of masks within the population and trade-offs between the outward efficiency and inward efficiency of the masks. Interestingly, we find that masks with high outward efficiency and low inward efficiency are most useful for controlling the spread in the early stages of an epidemic, while masks with high inward efficiency but low outward efficiency are most useful in reducing the size of an already large spread. Lastly, we study whether degree-based mask allocation is more effective in reducing the probability of epidemic as well as epidemic size compared to random allocation. The result echoes the previous findings that mitigation strategies should differ based on the stage of the spreading process, focusing on source control before the epidemic emerges and on self-protection after the emergence. △ Less Submitted 6 June, 2023; v1 submitted 8 October, 2021; originally announced October 2021. Comments: Accepted at Physical Review E arXiv:2110.04398 [ pdf , ps , other ] The Role of Masks in Mitigating Viral Spread on Networks Authors: Yurun Tian , Anirudh Sridhar , Chai Wah Wu , Simon A. Levin , Kathleen M. Carley , H. Vincent Poor , Osman Yagan Abstract : Masks have remained an important mitigation strategy in the fight against COVID-19 due to their ability to prevent the transmission of respiratory droplets between individuals. In this work, we provide a comprehensive quantitative analysis of the impact of mask-wearing. To this end, we propose a novel agent-based model of viral spread on networks where agents may either wear no mask or wear one of… ▽ More Masks have remained an important mitigation strategy in the fight against COVID-19 due to their ability to prevent the transmission of respiratory droplets between individuals. In this work, we provide a comprehensive quantitative analysis of the impact of mask-wearing. To this end, we propose a novel agent-based model of viral spread on networks where agents may either wear no mask or wear one of several types of masks with different properties (e.g., cloth or surgical). We derive analytical expressions for three key epidemiological quantities: the probability of emergence, the epidemic threshold, and the expected epidemic size. In particular, we show how the aforementioned quantities depend on the structure of the contact network, viral transmission dynamics, and the distribution of the different types of masks within the population. Through extensive simulations, we then investigate the impact of different allocations of masks within the population and trade-offs between the outward efficiency and inward efficiency of the masks. Interestingly, we find that masks with high outward efficiency and low inward efficiency are most useful for controlling the spread in the early stages of an epidemic, while masks with high inward efficiency but low outward efficiency are most useful in reducing the size of an already large spread. Lastly, we study whether degree-based mask allocation is more effective in reducing the probability of epidemic as well as epidemic size compared to random allocation. The result echoes the previous findings that mitigation strategies should differ based on the stage of the spreading process, focusing on source control before the epidemic emerges and on self-protection after the emergence. △ Less Submitted 6 June, 2023; v1 submitted 8 October, 2021; originally announced October 2021. Comments: Accepted at Physical Review E arXiv:2109.00945 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI cs.CL doi 10.1007/s10588-022-09371-2 Coordinating Narratives and the Capitol Riots on Parler Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Iain Cruickshank , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Coordinated disinformation campaigns are used to influence social media users, potentially leading to offline violence. In this study, we introduce a general methodology to uncover coordinated messaging through analysis of user parleys on Parler. The proposed method constructs a user-to-user coordination network graph induced by a user-to-text graph and a text-to-text similarity graph. The text-to… ▽ More Coordinated disinformation campaigns are used to influence social media users, potentially leading to offline violence. In this study, we introduce a general methodology to uncover coordinated messaging through analysis of user parleys on Parler. The proposed method constructs a user-to-user coordination network graph induced by a user-to-text graph and a text-to-text similarity graph. The text-to-text graph is constructed based on the textual similarity of Parler posts. We study three influential groups of users in the 6 January 2020 Capitol riots and detect networks of coordinated user clusters that are all posting similar textual content in support of different disinformation narratives related to the U.S. 2020 elections. △ Less Submitted 2 September, 2021; originally announced September 2021. Journal ref: Computational Mathematics Organizational Theory (2022) arXiv:2109.00945 [ pdf , other ] Coordinating Narratives and the Capitol Riots on Parler Authors: Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Iain Cruickshank , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : Coordinated disinformation campaigns are used to influence social media users, potentially leading to offline violence. In this study, we introduce a general methodology to uncover coordinated messaging through analysis of user parleys on Parler. The proposed method constructs a user-to-user coordination network graph induced by a user-to-text graph and a text-to-text similarity graph. The text-to… ▽ More Coordinated disinformation campaigns are used to influence social media users, potentially leading to offline violence. In this study, we introduce a general methodology to uncover coordinated messaging through analysis of user parleys on Parler. The proposed method constructs a user-to-user coordination network graph induced by a user-to-text graph and a text-to-text similarity graph. The text-to-text graph is constructed based on the textual similarity of Parler posts. We study three influential groups of users in the 6 January 2020 Capitol riots and detect networks of coordinated user clusters that are all posting similar textual content in support of different disinformation narratives related to the U.S. 2020 elections. △ Less Submitted 2 September, 2021; originally announced September 2021. Journal ref: Computational Mathematics Organizational Theory (2022) arXiv:2107.09183 cs.SI cs.CY Analysis of External Content in the Vaccination Discussion on Twitter Authors: Richard Kuzma , Iain J. Cruickshank , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : The spread of coronavirus and anti-vaccine conspiracies online hindered public health responses to the pandemic. We examined the content of external articles shared on Twitter from February to June 2020 to understand how conspiracy theories and fake news competed with legitimate sources of information. Examining external content--articles, rather than social media posts--is a novel methodology tha… ▽ More The spread of coronavirus and anti-vaccine conspiracies online hindered public health responses to the pandemic. We examined the content of external articles shared on Twitter from February to June 2020 to understand how conspiracy theories and fake news competed with legitimate sources of information. Examining external content--articles, rather than social media posts--is a novel methodology that allows for non-social media specific analysis of misinformation, tracking of changing narratives over time, and determining which types of resources (government, news, scientific, or dubious) dominate the pandemic vaccine conversation. We find that distinct narratives emerge, those narratives change over time, and lack of government and scientific messaging on coronavirus created an information vacuum filled by both traditional news and conspiracy theories. △ Less Submitted 3 September, 2021; v1 submitted 19 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021. Comments: Data Ownership Issues arXiv:2107.09183 Analysis of External Content in the Vaccination Discussion on Twitter Authors: Richard Kuzma , Iain J. Cruickshank , Kathleen M. Carley Abstract : The spread of coronavirus and anti-vaccine conspiracies online hindered public health responses to the pandemic. We examined the content of external articles shared on Twitter from February to June 2020 to understand how conspiracy theories and fake news competed with legitimate sources of information. Examining external content--articles, rather than social media posts--is a novel methodology tha… ▽ More The spread of coronavirus and anti-vaccine conspiracies online hindered public health responses to the pandemic. We examined the content of external articles shared on Twitter from February to June 2020 to understand how conspiracy theories and fake news competed with legitimate sources of information. Examining external content--articles, rather than social media posts--is a novel methodology that allows for non-social media specific analysis of misinformation, tracking of changing narratives over time, and determining which types of resources (government, news, scientific, or dubious) dominate the pandemic vaccine conversation. We find that distinct narratives emerge, those narratives change over time, and lack of government and scientific messaging on coronavirus created an information vacuum filled by both traditional news and conspiracy theories. △ Less Submitted 3 September, 2021; v1 submitted 19 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021. Comments: Data Ownership Issues 1 2 About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Gnostic texts Toggle Gnostic texts subsection 1.1 Gnostic texts preserved before 1945 1.2 Complete list of codices found in Nag Hammadi 1.3 Mandaean texts 1.4 Heresiography 1.5 Other 1.6 Quoted or alluded 1.1 Gnostic texts preserved before 1945 1.2 Complete list of codices found in Nag Hammadi 1.3 Mandaean texts 1.4 Heresiography 1.5 Other 1.6 Quoted or alluded 2 Manuscripts 3 See also 4 References 5 External links List of Gnostic texts فارسی Italiano 日本語 اردو Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Part of a series on Gnosticism Gnostic concepts Adam kasia Adam pagria Aeon Anima mundi Archon Barbelo Demiurge Five Seals Gnosis Kenoma Luminary Manda Monad Ogdoad Pleroma Sophia Uthra World of Light World of Darkness Yaldabaoth Adam kasia Adam pagria Aeon Anima mundi Archon Barbelo Demiurge Five Seals Gnosis Kenoma Luminary Manda Monad Ogdoad Pleroma Sophia Uthra World of Light World of Darkness Yaldabaoth Gnostic sects and founders List of Gnostic sects Proto-Gnosticism Maghāriya Thomasines Judean / Israelite Adam Mandaeism Elksai Elkasaites Samaritan Baptist Dositheos Simon Magus ( Simonians ) Menander Quqites Christian Gnosticism Apelles Cerinthus Justin Marcion Marcionism Nicolaism Perates Saturninus Ophites Sethianism Basilides Basilideans Valentinus Valentinianism Marcus Marcosians Florinus Naassenes Thomasine Barbelo Borborites Carpocratians (Gnostic sect) Cerdo (Gnostic) Persian Gnosticism Mani Manichaeism Chinese Gnosticism Chinese Manichaeism Islamic Gnosticism Druze Nusayrism Modern Modern schools List of Gnostic sects Maghāriya Thomasines Adam Mandaeism Mandaeism Elksai Elkasaites Elkasaites Samaritan Baptist Dositheos Simon Magus ( Simonians ) Menander Quqites Dositheos Simon Magus ( Simonians ) Menander Quqites Apelles Cerinthus Justin Marcion Marcionism Marcionism Nicolaism Perates Saturninus Ophites Sethianism Basilides Basilideans Basilideans Valentinus Valentinianism Valentinianism Marcus Marcosians Marcosians Florinus Naassenes Thomasine Barbelo Borborites Carpocratians (Gnostic sect) Cerdo (Gnostic) Mani Manichaeism Manichaeism Chinese Manichaeism Druze Nusayrism Modern schools Scriptures List of Gnostic texts Texts Nag Hammadi library Pseudo-Abdias Clementine literature Gnosticism and the New Testament Mandaean scriptures Codices Codex Tchacos Cologne Mani-Codex Askew Codex Bruce Codex Berlin Codex Codex Nasaraeus List of Gnostic texts Nag Hammadi library Pseudo-Abdias Clementine literature Gnosticism and the New Testament Mandaean scriptures Codex Tchacos Cologne Mani-Codex Askew Codex Bruce Codex Berlin Codex Codex Nasaraeus Influenced by Apocalyptic literature Early Christianity Christology Docetism Paul and Gnosticism Merkabah mysticism Middle Platonism Philo Wisdom (personification) Apocalyptic literature Early Christianity Christology Docetism Paul and Gnosticism Christology Docetism Paul and Gnosticism Merkabah mysticism Middle Platonism Philo Philo Wisdom (personification) Influence on Carl Jung Esoteric Christianity Christian theosophy Gnosticism in modern times Neoplatonism and Gnosticism Perennial philosophy Thelema Theosophy (Blavatskian) Western esotericism René Guénon Rudolf Steiner Carl Jung Esoteric Christianity Christian theosophy Christian theosophy Gnosticism in modern times Neoplatonism and Gnosticism Perennial philosophy Thelema Theosophy (Blavatskian) Western esotericism René Guénon Rudolf Steiner .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e Gnosticism used a number of religious texts that are preserved, in part or whole, in ancient manuscripts , or lost but mentioned critically in Patristic writings. There is significant scholarly debate around what Gnosticism is, and therefore what qualifies as a "Gnostic text." [ 1 ] Gnostic texts Gnostic texts preserved before 1945 Prior to the 1945 discovery at Nag Hammadi , only the following texts were available to students of Gnosticism. Reconstructions were attempted from the records of the heresiologists , but these were necessarily coloured by the motivation behind the source accounts. Works preserved by the Church: Acts of Thomas (Especially Hymn of the Pearl or The Hymn of the Robe of Glory ) The Acts of John (Especially The Hymn of Jesus ) Acts of Thomas (Especially Hymn of the Pearl or The Hymn of the Robe of Glory ) The Acts of John (Especially The Hymn of Jesus ) The Bruce Codex (purchased in 1769 by James Bruce ): Books of Jeu , also known as The Gnosis of the Invisible God The Untitled Text Books of Jeu , also known as The Gnosis of the Invisible God The Untitled Text The Askew Codex ( British Museum , bought in 1784): Pistis Sophia : Books of the Savior Pistis Sophia : Books of the Savior The Berlin Codex or The Akhmim Codex (found in Akhmim , Egypt ; bought in 1896 by Carl Reinhardt): Gospel of Mary Apocryphon of John an epitome of the Acts of Peter The Wisdom of Jesus Christ Gospel of Mary Apocryphon of John an epitome of the Acts of Peter The Wisdom of Jesus Christ Unknown origin: The Secret Gospel of Mark The Hermetica The Secret Gospel of Mark The Hermetica Complete list of codices found in Nag Hammadi Codex I (also known as The Jung Codex ): The Prayer of the Apostle Paul The Apocryphon of James (also known as the Secret Book of James) The Gospel of Truth The Treatise on the Resurrection The Tripartite Tractate The Prayer of the Apostle Paul The Apocryphon of James (also known as the Secret Book of James) The Gospel of Truth The Treatise on the Resurrection The Tripartite Tractate Codex II : The Apocryphon of John The Gospel of Thomas a sayings gospel The Gospel of Philip The Hypostasis of the Archons On the Origin of the World The Exegesis on the Soul The Book of Thomas the Contender The Apocryphon of John The Gospel of Thomas a sayings gospel The Gospel of Philip The Hypostasis of the Archons On the Origin of the World The Exegesis on the Soul The Book of Thomas the Contender Codex III: The Apocryphon of John The Gospel of the Egyptians Eugnostos the Blessed The Sophia of Jesus Christ The Dialogue of the Savior The Apocryphon of John The Gospel of the Egyptians Eugnostos the Blessed The Sophia of Jesus Christ The Dialogue of the Savior Codex IV: The Apocryphon of John The Gospel of the Egyptians The Apocryphon of John The Gospel of the Egyptians Codex V: Eugnostos the Blessed The Apocalypse of Paul The First Apocalypse of James The Second Apocalypse of James The Apocalypse of Adam Eugnostos the Blessed The Apocalypse of Paul The First Apocalypse of James The Second Apocalypse of James The Apocalypse of Adam Codex VI: The Acts of Peter and the Twelve Apostles (includes The Hymn of the Pearl ) The Thunder, Perfect Mind Authoritative Teaching The Concept of Our Great Power Republic by Plato – The original is not Gnostic, but the Nag Hammadi library version is heavily modified with then-current Gnostic concepts. The Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth – a Hermetic treatise The Prayer of Thanksgiving (with a hand-written note) – a Hermetic prayer Asclepius 21–29 – another Hermetic treatise The Acts of Peter and the Twelve Apostles (includes The Hymn of the Pearl ) The Thunder, Perfect Mind Authoritative Teaching The Concept of Our Great Power Republic by Plato – The original is not Gnostic, but the Nag Hammadi library version is heavily modified with then-current Gnostic concepts. The Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth – a Hermetic treatise The Prayer of Thanksgiving (with a hand-written note) – a Hermetic prayer Asclepius 21–29 – another Hermetic treatise Codex VII: The Paraphrase of Shem The Second Treatise of the Great Seth Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter The Teachings of Silvanus The Three Steles of Seth The Paraphrase of Shem The Second Treatise of the Great Seth Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter The Teachings of Silvanus The Three Steles of Seth Codex VIII: Zostrianos The Letter of Peter to Philip Zostrianos The Letter of Peter to Philip Codex IX: Melchizedek The Thought of Norea The Testimony of truth Melchizedek The Thought of Norea The Testimony of truth Codex X: Marsanes Marsanes Codex XI: The Interpretation of Knowledge A Valentinian Exposition , On the Anointing , On Baptism (A and B) and On the Eucharist (A and B) Allogenes Hypsiphrone The Interpretation of Knowledge A Valentinian Exposition , On the Anointing , On Baptism (A and B) and On the Eucharist (A and B) Allogenes Hypsiphrone Codex XII The Sentences of Sextus The Gospel of Truth Fragments The Sentences of Sextus The Gospel of Truth Fragments Codex XIII : Trimorphic Protennoia On the Origin of the World Fragments Trimorphic Protennoia On the Origin of the World Fragments The so-called "Codex XIII" is not a codex, but rather the text of Trimorphic Protennoia , written on "eight leaves removed from a thirteenth book in late antiquity and tucked inside the front cover of the sixth." (Robinson, NHLE, p. 10) Only a few lines from the beginning of Origin of the World are discernible on the bottom of the eighth leaf. Mandaean texts Ginza Rabba ( The Great Treasure , also known as The Book of Adam ) (DC 22) Qulasta ( Canonical Prayerbook ) (DC 53) (see also list of Qulasta prayers ) Sidra d-Nišmata ( Book of Souls ) (first part of the Qulasta) ʿNiania [ fa ] ( The Responses ) (part of the Qulasta) Sidra d-Nišmata ( Book of Souls ) (first part of the Qulasta) ʿNiania [ fa ] ( The Responses ) (part of the Qulasta) Drašâ d-Jōhânā ( Mandaean Book of John , also known as The Book of Kings ) Diwan Abathur ( Scroll of Abatur ) (DC 8) Harran Gawaitha ( Scroll of Great Revelation ) (DC 9, 36) Diwan Maṣbuta d-Hibil Ziwa ( The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa ) (DC 35) Alf trisar šuialia ( The 1012 Questions ) (DC 36 [complete, with all 7 books], DC 6 [incomplete]) Šarh d-qabin d-Šišlam Rabbā ( The Wedding of the Great Šišlam ) (DC 38) Šarh d-Traṣa d-Taga d-Šišlam Rabbā ( The Coronation of the Great Šišlam – describes a ritual for the ordination of the Mandaean clergy) Asfar Malwāšē ( The Book of the Zodiac ) (DC 31) Diwan Malkuta ʿLaita ( Scroll of Exalted Kingship ) (DC 34) Heresiography Against Heresies Refutation of All Heresies Panarion Other Acts of Peter Clementine literature Odes of Solomon Gospel of Judas Gospel of the Saviour Quoted or alluded These texts are mentioned or partially quoted in the writings of the Church Fathers. Gospel of Basilides mentioned by Origen , Jerome , Ambrose , Philip of Side , and Bede . Basilides ' Exegetica mentioned in Hippolytus of Rome ( Refutatio Omnium Haeresium VII, ixv and X, x) and Clement of Alexandria ( Stromata IV, xii and IV, xxiv–xxvi) Epiphanes ' On Righteousness , mentioned in Clement of Alexandria ( Str. III, ii). Heracleon , Fragments from his Commentary on the Gospel of John, mentioned in Origen ( Commentary on the Gospel of John ) Naassene Fragment mentioned in Hippolytus ( Ref. 5.7.2–9). Ophite Diagrams mentioned in Celsus and Origen Ptolemy's Commentary on the Gospel of John Prologue , mentioned in Irenaeus . [ 2 ] Ptolemy's Letter to Flora , mentioned in Epiphanius . [ 3 ] Theodotus: Excerpta Ex Theodoto mentioned in Clement of Alexandria. Manuscripts Askew Codex contains Pistis Sophia and some other unknown texts. Berlin Codex , 5th century, contains a fragmentary Gospel of Mary , out of nineteen pages, pages 1–6 and 11–14 are missing entirely, the Apocryphon of John , The Sophia of Jesus Christ , and an epitome of the Act of Peter . Bruce Codex contains the first and second Books of Jeu and three fragments – an untitled text, an untitled hymn, and the text "On the Passage of the Soul Through the Archons of the Midst". Codex Tchacos , 4th century, contains the Gospel of Judas , the First Apocalypse of James , the Letter of Peter to Philip , and a fragment of Allogenes . Nag Hammadi library contains a large number of texts (for a complete list see the listing ) Three Oxyrhynchus papyri contain portions of the Gospel of Thomas : Oxyrhyncus 1 : this is half a leaf of papyrus which contains fragments of logion 26 through 33. Oxyrhyncus 654 : this contains fragments of the beginning through logion 7, logion 24 and logion 36 on the flip side of a papyrus containing surveying data. Oxyrhyncus 655 : this contains fragments of logion 36 through logion 39 and is actually 8 fragments named a through h , whereof f and h have since been lost. Oxyrhyncus 1 : this is half a leaf of papyrus which contains fragments of logion 26 through 33. Oxyrhyncus 654 : this contains fragments of the beginning through logion 7, logion 24 and logion 36 on the flip side of a papyrus containing surveying data. Oxyrhyncus 655 : this contains fragments of logion 36 through logion 39 and is actually 8 fragments named a through h , whereof f and h have since been lost. See also General topics New Testament apocrypha Development of the New Testament canon Pseudepigrapha Gnosticism Textual criticism Agrapha General topics New Testament apocrypha Development of the New Testament canon Pseudepigrapha Gnosticism Textual criticism Agrapha New Testament apocrypha Development of the New Testament canon Pseudepigrapha Gnosticism Textual criticism Agrapha Related literature List of Gospels Apocalyptic literature Epistles Acts of the Apostles (genre) List of New Testament papyri Hypostasis of the Archons Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies Related literature List of Gospels Apocalyptic literature Epistles Acts of the Apostles (genre) List of New Testament papyri Hypostasis of the Archons Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies List of Gospels Apocalyptic literature Epistles Acts of the Apostles (genre) List of New Testament papyri Hypostasis of the Archons Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Dillon, Matthew J. (2016), "Gnosticism Theorized: Major Trends and Approaches to the Study of Gnosticism" , in DeConick, April D. (ed.), Religion: Secret Religion , MacMillan Reference US, pp. 23– 38 ^ Adversus haereses , I, viii, 5. ^ Hær. XXXIII, 3–7. External links The Gnostic Society Library Gnostics, Gnostic Gospels, & Gnosticism – from earlychristianwritings.com v t e Gnosticism topics v t e Concepts Abraxas/Abrasax Aeon Anima mundi Archon Demiurge Divine spark Gnosis Monad Pleroma Sophia Hayyi Rabbi World of Light World of Darkness Uthra Ruha Abatur Ptahil Adam kasia Adam pagria Abraxas/Abrasax Aeon Anima mundi Archon Demiurge Divine spark Gnosis Monad Pleroma Sophia Hayyi Rabbi World of Light World of Darkness Uthra Ruha Abatur Ptahil Adam kasia Adam pagria Proto-Gnostics Basilides Cerinthus Justin Marcion Marcus Philo Saturninus Simon Magus Valentinus Basilides Cerinthus Justin Marcion Marcus Philo Saturninus Simon Magus Valentinus Gnostic sects Early sects Borborites Cainites Carpocrates Marcosians Nicolaism Simonians Mandaeism Syrian-Egyptian Archontics Bardaisan Basilideans Hermeticism Ophites Sethianism Valentinianism Persian Manichaeism Medieval Bogomilism Catharism Paulicianism Early sects Borborites Cainites Carpocrates Marcosians Nicolaism Simonians Mandaeism Borborites Cainites Carpocrates Marcosians Nicolaism Simonians Mandaeism Syrian-Egyptian Archontics Bardaisan Basilideans Hermeticism Ophites Sethianism Valentinianism Archontics Bardaisan Basilideans Hermeticism Ophites Sethianism Valentinianism Persian Manichaeism Manichaeism Medieval Bogomilism Catharism Paulicianism Bogomilism Catharism Paulicianism Gnostic texts Gnostic Gospels Gospel of Judas Gospel of Marcion/Gospel of the Lord Gospel of Mary Gospel of Philip Gospel of Thomas Gospel of Truth more Other Askew Codex Bruce Codex Codex Tchacos Nag Hammadi library Pistis Sophia/Faith-Wisdom Ginza Rabba Mandaean Book of John Qulasta more Gnostic Gospels Gospel of Judas Gospel of Marcion/Gospel of the Lord Gospel of Mary Gospel of Philip Gospel of Thomas Gospel of Truth more Gospel of Judas Gospel of Marcion/Gospel of the Lord Gospel of Mary Gospel of Philip Gospel of Thomas Gospel of Truth more Other Askew Codex Bruce Codex Codex Tchacos Nag Hammadi library Pistis Sophia/Faith-Wisdom Ginza Rabba Mandaean Book of John Qulasta more Askew Codex Bruce Codex Codex Tchacos Nag Hammadi library Pistis Sophia/Faith-Wisdom Ginza Rabba Mandaean Book of John Qulasta more In modern times Organisations Ecclesia Gnostica Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica Gnostic Society Johannite Church People Carl Jung Charles William King Elaine Pagels Gilles Quispel G. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Events Toggle Events subsection 1.1 January 1.1 January 2 Predicted and scheduled events Toggle Predicted and scheduled events subsection 2.1 Date unknown 2.1 Date unknown 3 References 4 External links 2026 in politics 日本語 Norsk bokmål Svenska Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Years in politics 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 Centuries 20th century 21st century 22nd century 20th century 21st century 22nd century Decades 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s 2030s 2040s 2050s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s 2030s 2040s 2050s Years 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 The following political events have occurred or are scheduled to occur in 2026 . Events January January 1 Bulgaria adopted the Euro , becoming the 21st member of the Eurozone . [ 1 ] Zohran Mamdani was sworn in as mayor of New York City , becoming the first Muslim and first Asian American to hold the office. [ 2 ] Bulgaria adopted the Euro , becoming the 21st member of the Eurozone . [ 1 ] Zohran Mamdani was sworn in as mayor of New York City , becoming the first Muslim and first Asian American to hold the office. [ 2 ] January 3 – US forces arrested president of Venezuela Nicolás Maduro and his wife Cilia Flores following American airstrikes on military sites in northern Venezuela. [ 3 ] January 7 – Protests spread across the United States following the killing of Renee Good by an Immigration and Customs Enforcement officer. [ 4 ] January 9 – A majority of EU member states voted in favour of a free trade agreement with Mercosur . [ 5 ] Predicted and scheduled events January 15 – The 2026 Ugandan general election is scheduled to be held. January 18 – The 2026 Portuguese presidential election is scheduled to be held. February 5 – The New START Treaty is scheduled to expire. [ 6 ] February 12 – The 2026 Bangladeshi general election is scheduled to be held. [ 7 ] February 22 – The 2026 Laotian parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. March 5 – The 2026 Nepalese general election is scheduled to be held. March 8 – The 2026 Colombian parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. March 15 – The 2026 Vietnamese legislative election is scheduled to be held. March 22 The 2026 Slovenian parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 Republic of the Congo presidential election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 Slovenian parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 Republic of the Congo presidential election is scheduled to be held. April 12 The 2026 Beninese presidential election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 Peruvian general election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 Beninese presidential election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 Peruvian general election is scheduled to be held. May 31 – The 2026 Colombian presidential election is scheduled to be held. June 1 – The 2026 Ethiopian general election is scheduled to be held. June 7 – The 2026 Armenian parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. July 4 – United States Semiquincentennial (250th anniversary ) August 13 – The 2026 Zambian general election is scheduled to be held. August 30 – The 2026 Estonian presidential election is scheduled to be held. September 13 – The 2026 Swedish general election is scheduled to be held. September 20 – The 2026 Russian legislative election is scheduled to be held. October 3 – The 2026 Latvian parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. October 4 – The 2026 Brazilian general election is scheduled to be held. October 4 – The 2026 Bosnian general election is scheduled to be held. October 27 – If not triggered earlier, the 2026 Israeli legislative election will be held no later than this date. October 31 – If not triggered earlier, the 2026 Danish general election will be held no later than this date. November 2 – The 2026 South African municipal elections will begin. November 3 – The United States midterm elections are scheduled to be held. December 5 – The 2026 Gambian presidential election is scheduled to be held. December 19 – If not triggered earlier, the 2026 New Zealand general election will be held no later than this date. December 22 – The 2026 South Sudanese general election is scheduled to be held, the first since the country's independence in 2011. [ 8 ] Date unknown April The 2026 Hungarian parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. If not triggered earlier, the 2026 Djiboutian presidential election will be held no later than this date. The 2026 Hungarian parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. If not triggered earlier, the 2026 Djiboutian presidential election will be held no later than this date. May – The 2026 Lebanese general election is scheduled to be held. June – If not triggered earlier, the 2026 Algerian parliamentary election will be held no later than this date. July – If not triggered earlier, the 2026 São Toméan presidential election will be held no later than this date. September The 2026 Moroccan general election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 São Toméan parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 Moroccan general election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 São Toméan parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 Bulgarian presidential election is scheduled to be held. The 2026 Cape Verdean parliamentary election is scheduled to be held. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Thorpe, Nick (31 December 2025). "Bulgaria joins the euro after rocky path to new currency" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 January 2026 . ^ Izaguirre, Anthony (1 January 2026). "Zohran Mamdani sworn in as New York City mayor at historic subway station" . Associated Press . Retrieved 1 January 2026 . ^ Spivey, Matt (3 January 2025). "Trump says US has 'captured' Venezuelan President Maduro and his wife in 'large scale strike' " . BBC News . Retrieved 3 January 2025 . ^ Inal, Kerem; Kofsky, Jared; Margolin, Josh (9 January 2026). "Minneapolis ICE shooting: A minute-by-minute timeline of how Renee Nicole Good died" . ABC News . Retrieved 12 January 2026 . ^ Hooker, Lucy; Clun, Rachel (9 January 2026). "EU reaches South America trade deal after 25 years of talks" . BBC News . Retrieved 12 January 2026 . ^ "New START to Expire in Two Years as Russia Refuses Talks" . Arms Control Association . February 4, 2024 . Retrieved 2024-11-18 . ^ Foizee, Bahauddin (13 December 2025). "Bangladesh's Pivotal Election and Referendum Has a Date. Will Unrest Follow?" . The Diplomat . Retrieved 1 January 2026 . ^ "South Sudan postpones December elections by 2 years citing incomplete preparations" . Associated Press News . 14 September 2024 . Retrieved 14 September 2024 . 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Asia Europe Electoral data Military Economic Environmental Science and technology Social Politics Timeline of the 21st century List of nations United States Lists: List of current heads of state and government List of protests in the 21st century List of ongoing armed conflicts Events COVID-19 Pandemic Portal Economic impact Recession 2020 stock market crash 2016 Paris Agreement on Climate Change Treaty descheduling of cannabis 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine COVID-19 Pandemic Portal Economic impact Recession Pandemic Portal Economic impact Recession 2020 stock market crash 2016 Paris Agreement on Climate Change Treaty descheduling of cannabis 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Govt UN UN Security Council NATO EU African Union Arab League OAS BRICS List of all groups Major groups, by size UN UN Security Council NATO EU African Union Arab League OAS BRICS List of all groups Major groups, by size Years Politics: 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Science: 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Hauptseite Themenportale Zufälliger Artikel Spezialseiten Artikel verbessern Neuen Artikel anlegen Autorenportal Hilfe Letzte Änderungen Kontakt Jetzt spenden Benutzerkonto erstellen Anmelden Jetzt spenden Benutzerkonto erstellen Anmelden Inhaltsverzeichnis (Anfang) 1 Beispiele für Graslandökosysteme 2 Kulturgrasland 3 Weblinks 4 Einzelnachweise Grasland Afrikaans العربية Asturianu বাংলা བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk English Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Français Nordfriisk Frysk Gaeilge Galego עברית हिन्दी Hrvatski Magyar Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Taqbaylit 한국어 മലയാളം ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ မြန်မာဘာသာ नेपाल भाषा Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski پنجابی Português Runa Simi Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 Vahcuengh 中文 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 Artikel Diskussion Lesen Bearbeiten Quelltext bearbeiten Versionsgeschichte Lesen Bearbeiten Quelltext bearbeiten Versionsgeschichte Links auf diese Seite Änderungen an verlinkten Seiten Permanenter Link Seiteninformationen Artikel zitieren Kurzlink QR-Code herunterladen Als PDF herunterladen Druckversion Commons Wikidata-Datenobjekt Grasland (auch Urgrasland ) wird speziell in der Vegetationskunde häufig als Oberbegriff für das natürliche Grünland verwendet, auf dem klimatisch bedingt überwiegend Gras und/oder krautige Pflanzen wachsen (können). Der größte Anteil der irdischen Landoberfläche wird von solchen grasbewachsenen Offenland - Biomen eingenommen, in denen Bäume fehlen oder eine untergeordnete Rolle spielen. [ 1 ] Urgrasland kommt vorwiegend in Regionen vor, in denen weniger als 400 mm Niederschlag im Jahresdurchschnitt fallen und deshalb keine natürliche Sukzession hin zu Busch- und Waldland stattfindet. Dazu zählen die Prärien Nordamerikas, die Eurasische Steppe , die Wüstensteppen Patagoniens , die Graslandschaften Australiens sowie die Trockensavannen im gesamten Tropengürtel , die Wiesentundren in einigen arktischen Regionen und die Hochlandsteppen in den amerikanischen Kordilleren und den asiatischen Hochgebirgen wie etwa in Anatolien oder Tibet . Eine klimatische Ausnahme stellen die subtropischen Grasländer der Pampa in Südamerika und des Highveld -Grasland in Südafrika dar: Aufgrund der höheren Niederschläge würde dort Lorbeerwald gedeihen, jahrtausendelange anthropogene Einflüsse und/oder regionale ökologische Phänomene haben eine steppenähnliche Vegetation entstehen lassen (siehe auch „Pampa-Problem“ ) . Im Übergangsraum zu Waldgebieten und in (scheinbar natürlichen) Graslandschaften mit Niederschlagsmengen deutlich über 400 mm pro Jahr wird die Entstehung des Graslandes häufig auf den jahrhundertelangen Einfluss großer weidender Wildtierherden ( Megaherbivorentheorie ) oder die Herden der Hirtenvölker zurückgeführt. Graslandbiotope können aufgrund der klimatischen Bedingungen, der kargen Vegetation oder ihrer Abgelegenheit in der Regel nur als extensives Weidewirtschaftsland genutzt werden ( Pastoralismus ). Früher geschah dies durch nicht sesshafte Nomaden ( Nomadismus ), heute vorwiegend durch halbsesshafte oder sesshafte mobile Tierhalter . Beispiele für Graslandökosysteme Wiesentundren, Teilflächen der Tundren in der Arktis Nordamerikas und Sibiriens. Steppen Eurasische Steppe , Heimat der Herden von Przewalskipferden , des Asiatischen Esels und der Saiga -Antilope, sowie in historischer Zeit der Reitervölker , z. B. der Goldenen Horde . Puszta in Ungarn, deren Existenz möglicherweise nicht klimatisch, sondern nur anthropogen zu erklären ist. Pontokaspis , benannt nach dem antiken Namen des Schwarzen Meeres (Pontos Euxeinos), oder Wildes Feld war, ohne geographische Barrieren, seit jeher ein Durchgangsgebiet für zahlreiche Reitervölker . Hungersteppe oder Kasachensteppe , eine steppenartige Halbwüste im Zentrum Kasachstans. Matten in der alpinen Höhenstufe der Alpen und anderer humider Gebirge. Hochlandsteppen in den amerikanischen Kordilleren ( Páramo und Puna in den Anden) sowie den Gebirgen Zentralasiens, insbesondere das Hochland von Tibet . Great Plains , die klassischen Prärien des nordamerikanischen Westens, welche Heimat mehrerer Millionen amerikanischer Bisons und der Prärieindianer waren, die mit Hilfe des aus Europa eingeführten Pferdes eine nomadische Reiterkultur begründeten. vormalige Mammutsteppen der Eiszeit. Eurasische Steppe , Heimat der Herden von Przewalskipferden , des Asiatischen Esels und der Saiga -Antilope, sowie in historischer Zeit der Reitervölker , z. B. der Goldenen Horde . Puszta in Ungarn, deren Existenz möglicherweise nicht klimatisch, sondern nur anthropogen zu erklären ist. Pontokaspis , benannt nach dem antiken Namen des Schwarzen Meeres (Pontos Euxeinos), oder Wildes Feld war, ohne geographische Barrieren, seit jeher ein Durchgangsgebiet für zahlreiche Reitervölker . Hungersteppe oder Kasachensteppe , eine steppenartige Halbwüste im Zentrum Kasachstans. Puszta in Ungarn, deren Existenz möglicherweise nicht klimatisch, sondern nur anthropogen zu erklären ist. Pontokaspis , benannt nach dem antiken Namen des Schwarzen Meeres (Pontos Euxeinos), oder Wildes Feld war, ohne geographische Barrieren, seit jeher ein Durchgangsgebiet für zahlreiche Reitervölker . Hungersteppe oder Kasachensteppe , eine steppenartige Halbwüste im Zentrum Kasachstans. Matten in der alpinen Höhenstufe der Alpen und anderer humider Gebirge. Hochlandsteppen in den amerikanischen Kordilleren ( Páramo und Puna in den Anden) sowie den Gebirgen Zentralasiens, insbesondere das Hochland von Tibet . Great Plains , die klassischen Prärien des nordamerikanischen Westens, welche Heimat mehrerer Millionen amerikanischer Bisons und der Prärieindianer waren, die mit Hilfe des aus Europa eingeführten Pferdes eine nomadische Reiterkultur begründeten. vormalige Mammutsteppen der Eiszeit. Savannen Serengeti , eine baumarme Savanne östlich des Victoriasees und andere Trockensavannen Afrikas, die Lebensraum riesiger Herden wilder Weidetiere sind, die ausgedehnte, saisonale Wanderungen unternehmen. Graslandschaften Australiens Grassavanne Serengeti , eine baumarme Savanne östlich des Victoriasees und andere Trockensavannen Afrikas, die Lebensraum riesiger Herden wilder Weidetiere sind, die ausgedehnte, saisonale Wanderungen unternehmen. Graslandschaften Australiens Grassavanne Grasland-Steppe mit Schafherde und Schäfer, Kasachstan, Juni 2011 Grassavanne in Burkina Faso Prärie in Kansas Wiesentundra in Alaska Gnuherde, Masai Mara Savanne, Kenia Kulturgrasland Kulturgrasland oder Grünland ist kein Urgrasland. Es entstand durch naturausbeutende Landwirtschaft ohne standortschonende oder -verbessernde Bewirtschaftung in Gebieten, deren Klimaxvegetation vor allem Wälder sind. Die intensivere Landwirtschaft formte durch Regulierung von Wasser- und Nährstoffhaushalt, das Einbringen produktiver Pflanzenarten und geregelte Nutzungsabläufe in den letzten 200 Jahren das sogenannte Kulturgrasland . [ 2 ] > Fällt die Bewirtschaftung zu intensiv aus, bringt diese Übernutzung einen Verlust an Biotop- und Strukturvielfalt mit sich und führt zu instabileren Ökosystemen. [ 3 ] Beim traditionell bewirtschafteten Grünland handelt es sich häufig um biologisch sehr vielfältige Ökosysteme. Speziell bei der Erhaltung überkommener Graslandtypen geht der Naturschutz sehr eng mit dem Schutz von Kulturlandschaften einher. Bei Resten früherer Kulturformen wird deren Wert als kulturelles Erbe immer noch vernachlässigt. [ 2 ] Bis heute hat die gute fachliche Praxis (GfP) in der Landwirtschaft zu einem Verlust und zur Gefährdung der Biodiversität und der Bodenfruchtbarkeit geführt. [ 4 ] Weblinks Einzelnachweise ↑ Matthias Schaefer: Wörterbuch der Ökologie. 5. Auflage. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg/Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-8274-0167-4 , S. 109. Hinweis: Gräser allgemein umfasst die Ordnung Poales ; Poaceae steht nur für die Süßgräser. ↑ a b Hartmut Dierschke, Gottfried Briemle: Kulturgrasland: Wiesen, Weiden und verwandte Staudenfluren . Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5641-2 . ↑ Stephan Santschi: Der Bund ist auf der Suche nach Luzerner Bauern mit raren Wiesen. In: luzernerzeitung.ch . 17. Februar 2019, abgerufen am 17. Februar 2019 . ↑ Gesine Hellberg-Rode: Bodenerosion. hypersoil.uni-muenster.de, abgerufen am 3. Dezember 2015 . Projekt Hypersoil – Universität Muenster. Landschaftstyp Klimageographie Pflanzensoziologie Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 6. September 2024 um 11:00 Uhr bearbeitet. Abrufstatistik · Autoren Der Text ist unter der Lizenz „Creative-Commons Namensnennung – Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen“ verfügbar; Informationen zu den Urhebern und zum Lizenzstatus eingebundener Mediendateien (etwa Bilder oder Videos) können im Regelfall durch Anklicken dieser abgerufen werden. Möglicherweise unterliegen die Inhalte jeweils zusätzlichen Bedingungen. Durch die Nutzung dieser Website erklären Sie sich mit den Nutzungsbedingungen und der Datenschutzrichtlinie einverstanden. Wikipedia® ist eine eingetragene Marke der Wikimedia Foundation Inc. Der Text ist unter der Lizenz „Creative-Commons Namensnennung – Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen“ verfügbar; Informationen zu den Urhebern und zum Lizenzstatus eingebundener Mediendateien (etwa Bilder oder Videos) können im Regelfall durch Anklicken dieser abgerufen werden. Möglicherweise unterliegen die Inhalte jeweils zusätzlichen Bedingungen. 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I want to open an arbitration case against it for its deletion Gnosticfind ( talk ) 21:23, 27 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Which article are you talking about? There's no need to involve arbcom in a routine deletion case. See WP:Deletion for how the deletion process works. Page Hello, I hope this message finds you well. I am the owner and General Manager of Flex FM, and I am writing regarding our existing Wikipedia page. Unfortunately, I no longer have access to the account originally used to manage the page, and as a result I am unable to log in to update or correct information. I would like to update elements of the page, including historical information and ensuring that the content accurately reflects Flex FM’s development and current status. I understand Wikipedia’s policies regarding neutrality and conflict of interest, and I am more than willing to follow the correct process to request changes rather than editing the article directly. Here is the link to the page in question: Flex FM I can provide proof of ownership and any supporting documentation required, and I would appreciate guidance on the appropriate next steps to have these updates reviewed and applied correctly. Thank you for your time and assistance. Kind regards, Terry Little Owner & General Manager Flex FM Noelsie tl ( talk ) 15:58, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Conflicted editor does things the wrong way Conflicted editor is reverted Conflicted editor is given advice on their talk page Conflicted editor asks here for further advice in order to do things the right way, while at the same time declaring CoI Conflicted editor is correctly answered (in this case by Ivanvector) Am I being bullied? Another user has repeatedly undone my edits but I did not introduce any external links; nor did I introduce any false information. I only added information already in the sources; everything I added is verifiable. Please help! Vollerhass ( talk ) 20:30, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do I ask for a move request to be closed? There’s been a move request for Hans Island since February 2025. I posted to it so I can’t close it. How do I request that an uninvolved admin consider whether to close it? Mr Serjeant Buzfuz ( talk ) 03:45, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I need urgent help. The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. Hello, I am an Afghan commando soldier living in Afghanistan. My financial situation is not very good. I need urgent help. Kusarjan ( talk ) 16:33, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] on involvement for the purposes of closing discussions, which of those would you consider "improper", assuming different levels of involvement, but regardless of if the closure would require admin perms? closing on non-procedural grounds (keep, merge, retarget, etc.), after a comment or correction regarding another editor's mention of policy (i.e. "that's a2 , not g2 ") closing on non-procedural grounds after a comment or correction regarding another editor's mention of a page's topic (i.e. "it's a berry , not a follicle ") that is not actually opining on the discussion closing on procedural grounds (already speedy deleted, disruptive nom, malformed or duplicate nom, redirect overwritten by an article, they took earth to afd again, etc.) after a comment or correction regarding the stuff already mentioned above closing on procedural grounds after a vote (for this, it usually shouldn't matter if the vote supported or opposed the result) yes, this is mostly a matter of opinion on stuff i'm only very slightly iffy on, so don't worry too much consarn (talck) (contirbuton s) 17:29, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on List of rulers of Timor The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. Reference help requested. Thanks, Javed Khan king of India ( talk ) 07:31, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question about replacing a non‑free image in Murder of Michaela McAreavey Hello, I would like to check something about non‑free images in the article Murder of Michaela McAreavey . The article currently uses a non‑free family photograph that includes Michaela McAreavey with her father and brother. I am considering whether it would be acceptable, under the Non‑free Content Criteria, to replace it with a different non‑free image that shows Michaela alone on her wedding day. This type of image seems more appropriate for identification purposes and is directly relevant to the widely reported circumstances of her murder on her honeymoon. Before doing anything, I want to confirm whether such a replacement would be allowed. If it is permitted, I would also like to know the correct way to tag the old non‑free image for deletion once the new one is in use. Could someone please advise on whether this approach complies with NFCC, and what the correct procedure would be? Thank you. ItsShandog ( talk ) 09:32, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Writ petition writ petition no. 9401 of 2019, s citation identity need for ~2026-20422-6 ( talk ) 14:25, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on John Herdman Reference help requested. Can you specific what the reference error you raised is? Thank you! Thanks, AnnWinterburne ( talk ) 17:14, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Reference desk Good saturday evening. Is it considered to spam to have too many questions on the Reference desk? I already have three there and i just got another one. I don't want to clog it. ~2025-40048-69 ( talk ) 20:51, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Hijacking of The Morning Leader Hello, I am usually not editing here, so maybe posting in the wrong place -- sorry for that. I just noticed that The Morning Leader was hijacked about two weeks ago. Coming from Wikidata, a lot of the respective user's edits there seem problematic. Also, it might be coincidental, but there are contributions overlapping with activity of users blocked due to SPIs concerning Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Aboobackeramani . I hope you can do something with it. Thanks, Dorades ( talk ) 22:09, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] My page has disappeared and I do not know what to do. I recently created a page called Quiichaar. It is about the book series. With in a minute after it was created someone put issues at the top. They said it was focused too much on the plot and also that it seemed too real. It is a science fiction fantasy novel series. It states this in the first sentence, so I do not understand how people would think this is real. There was other information other than the plot, but obviously that would be what most people would want to know about a book series. I did not give anything away in the summation, so I do not understand how to fix this issue. My page is no longer visible. Can someone please explain what I am supposed to do. This is my first time creating something on here. Thanks in advance. Showik123 ( talk ) 00:00, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I am confused. Can you explain what you meant by "no possibility of your draft being accepted while it fails to demonstrate that the book meets our notability criteria - which is indicated though significant coverage in published reliable sources with no connection to the subject matter." It is a real book. I have held it in my hand and read from the pages. I even included the ISBN numbers. I am quite certain that I do not understand what you are saying. Can you please explain further? Is this something that I can fix? I am certainly not meaning to sound like I am arguing with you. I merely wish to understand what you mean. When you say you ran a google search, may I ask what you mean by "significant coverage in independent published reliable sources?" I guess I just don't understand what that means. Can you give me an example. Sorry, I am just very unclear as to what you mean and I don't want to make assumptions to what you are referring. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Showik123 ( talk • contribs ) 01:36, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] That makes sense, but if you can buy the book on Amazon it must be real. Are they a source? Edit removed Hi, my edit on Preston Hollow, Dallas was removed automatically. It was a minor edit describing a former resident, Richard B. Spencer as a neo-Nazi, which his page describes him as, and I'm guessing it was removed due to the inflammatory nature of that topic and I think my edit was assumed to be vandalism. I added it because he is primarily known as Richard Spencer, potentially leading to confusion, and he has not been a high-profile figure for several years. IXequilibrium ( talk ) 03:59, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do non-talk pages have the talk page format? Many pages, like this one, WP:TEA , or WP:AN/I , are not talk pages, however they have the format, with the "Add topic" and "Reply" buttons. How is this done? dot . p y 05:25, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Copy-pasting a sentence added references So i copied a 186 char long string from a wikipedia article and I ended up putting +1,950 chars into that article, including references I - if i remember correctly - never touched. Tried again, happened again. 1st: To make a copy of that sentence i opened the editor with an old revision. 2nd: i think i made it the Question: Are there configurations of the default editor, where this could happen, as a kind of feature? Like "hey, you copied a sentence without its refs, here, take it all"? Or could this happen as a feature to prevent an edit conflict? I'm just asking to make sure, it was my mistake and that i didn't miss some feature differences between the editor software of the different languages I'm editing in. Amtiss , SNAFU ? 11:58, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Do you refer to this edit ? This text is 1925 characters <ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanno-Youngs |first1=Zolan |title=We Pressed Trump on His Conclusion About the ICE Shooting. Here's What He Said. |url= |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date=January 8, 2026 |access-date=January 8, 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> This account has been contested by eyewitnesses, journalists,<ref name=LumStein /> local figures, and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] lawmakers, some of whom have called for a criminal investigation.<ref name=startribune_601559829>{{Cite news |last=Barnett |first=Sofia |date=January 6, 2026 |title=Mayor Jacob Frey's Remarks After ICE Agent Fatally Shot Woman in Minneapolis |url= |work=[[The Minnesota Star Tribune]] |archive-url= |archive-date=January 8, 2026 }}</ref> Minneapolis mayor [[Jacob Frey]] and Minnesota governor [[Tim Walz]] called on the federal government to end their presence in the city. Thousands of people [[List of Renee Good protests|have protested]] in Minneapolis,<ref name="MinnPost">{{Cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Trevor |date=January 7, 2026 |title=Minneapolis Vigil Draws Thousands as City Reels Following ICE Shooting |url= |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date=January 8, 2026 |access-date=January 8, 2026 |work=[[MinnPost]] |language=en-US}}</ref> and more have protested in other cities including [[Chicago]], [[New York City]], and [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="mpr" />}} -- Andy Mabbett Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy ; Andy's edits 14:59, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Let me be more clear. The numbers are not too important. Sorry for that. My question is: is there some kind of automatic assisting when using copy-paste or not? (I did, at no point select and copy the >1000 bytes, just the sentence.) -- Amtiss , SNAFU ? 15:18, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do you add a person to Wikipedia? Y ~2026-22492-7 ( talk ) 14:26, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Remove deceptive link How to remove a link that appears in "Films Scored by Miklos Rozsa"? "Ministry of Fear" was actually scored by Victor Young, though some Rozsa cues may have been incorporated. Rozsaphile1 ( talk ) 14:48, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Review Can someone review the article Ogden Round Lake Wilderness Area? It is only edited by me. Versions 111 ( talk • contribs ) 15:46, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Deprecated source and automatic filter Hello. When I tried to upload a finished new page, an automatic filter refused the page, saying that I was linking to a deprecated source, but I cannot find any link to a deprecated source. I'm using no source listed on the Wikipedia:Deprecated sources page. All my text links to other Wiki pages link to existing pages. I'm writing about a plant species using only technical/botanical references and there's no controversy about the topic. Thanks for any help. Gaiacoyote ( talk ) 19:43, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] URL for a physical book I've purchased an encyclopedia (The Pigeon by Wendell M. Levi) and in compiling the URL for my citation, I've found that the only websites I can use are commercial sites that sell the book, and the internet archive. Both seem insufficient to me. I'm unsure what I should do in this situation because the book hasn't got a PDF either, and the internet archive is a short review (one page) that is of the 1945 edition, while I have the 1977. Any help at all is appreciated :) Gone Extinct ( talk ) 00:09, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Drafts I happened to see that Draft:Milos Ercegovac is hanging in the air. This is quite strange because as I said on the talk page there he is a big shot in computer arithmetic. FYI I have met him, but we are not friends or anything, and I have not seen him for 20 or more years. What can I do to support his page? Thanks Yesterday, all my dreams... ( talk ) 10:56, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Yesterday, all my dreams... , I have moved the draft to main space since Ercegovac clearly meets WP:NACADEMIC . Thank you for your work to improve the encyclopedia. Cullen328 ( talk ) 06:05, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Editing page on John Campbell UK I signed up last year as a fact checker, I’ve only contributed to one article that incorrectly identified a public official that was sworn in and confirmed by the Senate is a nominee. It was accepted and the process went smoothly. I’m trying to suggest an added to talk to John Campbell UK I have watched him since the beginning of the pandemic, like me, he was excited about the vaccine, I took the first two Pfizer vaccines and had no side effects His views have shifted but only was peer reviewed journal articles I don’t think he is controversial but perhaps within orthodox medical circles, his podcasts there are always evidence based still properly just disclaimed, people may disagree but labeling him as a purveyor of misinformation is inaccurate. I guess controversial is a result in his focus focusing on government and pure review data that is often not widely covered. His recent highlighting of a 2013 study that supported higher vitamin D levels but calculated the amount of supplementation required is factual and extremely important information The error in the paper has been acknowledged by the authors but public health officials and some of the medical societies have not changed the RDA, only specialist to an endocrinologist seem to be aware. Can you provide me with the required background for the acceptance of characterizing John Campbell as a purveyor of misinformation? I certainly don’t want the name I just want to see the specific journal article which is almost always the basis for each episode. I do not know John Cambell and I’ve never communicated with him beyond subscribing to his YouTube channel I am based in the US and find it troubling that in 2026 we are labeling him as just “disinformation” source. I would respectfully request that you reconsider that characterization in the introduction I read Wikipedia briefly this morning because the information on vitamin D3 was consequential and the credibility Wikipedia, for me, plummeted if this description is current. I was unable to suggest an edit Z-factwriter ( talk ) 14:53, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I can’t create an account!? Hello, I’m trying to make an account so I can permanently enable dark mode on safari (iOS) lol. I keep getting the proxy error, but I don’t think I have ever made an account, or if I have, I don’t remember it and it would have been with an old email. I did have iCloud Relay active when I attempted to sign up the first time, then I turned it off and tried again. I assumed my IP would have changed to my actual one, because when it was active the the IP had been banned—it still didn’t work. Did that have something to do with it? Thanks! ~2026-25117-4 ( talk ) 15:55, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Query regarding Draft:Candlelight Homes Hello Wiki Help Desk, We’re reaching out for guidance regarding an article we recently submitted about our company, Candlelight Homes. The content was written to remain neutral in tone and supported by multiple third-party sources; however, it was declined due to concerns that the sources were not sufficiently in-depth. Candlelight Homes is an established, legitimate company, and our intent is not promotional. Our goal is simply to provide accurate, verifiable information so the company can be discoverable and properly represented within the community. We’d appreciate any direction on what types of sources or additional context would be required to meet Wikipedia’s notability and sourcing standards. Thank you for your time and assistance. Requesting guidance on acceptable sourcing and notability requirements for a company article that was declined due to insufficient depth of sources. ZacharyBinx99 ( talk ) 17:42, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Find several sources which meet all the requirements in WP:42 . If you can't, stop there. If you can, effectively forget everything you know about your company and write a summary of what those sources say. They leave out something important? Tough. They are nasty about you? Tough. They are wrong, according to your knowledge? Tough. Wikipedia's fundamental principle is verifiability , not truth. Referencing errors on Spatial epidemiology Reference help requested. tho i've been a wiki editor for decades, i find the creation and placement of references very confusing, so i'd appreciate any help! Thanks, Lee De Cola ( talk ) 20:07, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Creating Art for Wikipedia As a user, am I permitted to create art for certain pages on Wikipedia that lack any visuals? I'd like to add images to extinct animal pages that are lacking any visual. I'm a hobbyist artist and have experience making paleoart. I know users like Apokryltaros have done valuable work for this exact situation on Wikipedia, and I would like to create art in a similar vein (mostly for Holocene extinctions that lack paleo reconstructions). Are there any qualifications I need to have before doing this, or can I just try my hand without preparation? Gone Extinct ( talk ) 00:09, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Curly quotes The article United_States_v._Maduro_et_al. currently has lots of curly quotes. Question: When I see curly quotes, should I edit them into straight quotes? Is there a bot that does that? Are curly quotes OK to be left in articles? The article may have received those curly quotes from the user who was involved in an ANI thread around Jan 9, which covered LLM use, user @ ApoieRacional , a few editors mentioning LLM use on several articles... resulting in Cullen328 blocking that user from article space. Thanks. David10244 ( talk ) 03:36, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Page never underwent review and was published without? I just created this page today and rather than going under review when I pressed publish to save my changes, it went up instantly, skipping categorisation and now it is missing things like a Local Description and Wikidata Item ID. I've only been contributing since December and all of my other pages had to be reviewed. Sorry if this question should rather be on the page's talk page, I'm new to this. Gone Extinct ( talk ) 06:00, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Capital Fringe Festival The source, as it exists, has a generic byline. There's no other author name to use. How do I rewrite the reference to reflect that, and not order the words like a name? Thanks, DavidK93 ( talk ) 08:47, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] ISBN ===> cite book template Is there a tool to convert ISBN's to the template, populating as many fields as possible? Humpster ( talk ) 09:22, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Shady users I have come across a "shady" user while tending to my watchlist. Looking through their past edits, I found weird behavior, like many small and unimpactful additions to sentences that often get reverted. There's some potential they are blindly adding AI content. I also see a pretty strict routine of editing that I find unusual. But they've done nothing blatantly wrong, which is why they haven't been banned yet. I want to assume good faith but I fear they may be farming their edit count to sell their account once it's extended confirmed. Where is the best place to discuss users who may be farming edits? Edit7hesadparts ( talk ) 11:07, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Iraq Page I noticed a rule on the Iraq wiki page where it said I had to be extended confirmed to make an edit (it's only protected for confirmed/auto confirmed). Am I not allowed to do the edit request (Listed under the semi edit requests) that is requesting a typo be fixed? AirmanKitten203 ( talk ) 14:44, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] png thumbnail issue on the left hand side is the original picture; on the right hand side is the thumbnail. The thumbnail is broken on my side, but if I zoom in to 110%, it works as normal again. Does anyone know what's the problem? NDR0216 ( talk ) 15:27, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles Articles for creation Sumeetsinha1972 ( talk ) 15:30, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Translation of the article "Pharmazimuseum Brixen" into English Could anyone help me to figure out how to translate the article of "Pharmaziemuseum Brixen" into English? When I try it tells me I don't have the rights to do so. Th article is already available also in Italian and Spanish. Thank you for your help! Pharmaziemuseum Brixen ( talk ) 16:23, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] returning image to entry. I uploaded an image of Dame Louise Richardson . It was taken down due to copyright issue. The organization I represented, Carnegie Corporation of New York , in which Mrs. Richardson is the President, owns the rights to the copyright. May I reload a new image to her biography? Looking forward toward your response. Sincerely, Ronald Sexton ( talk ) 19:42, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Freibahn CS1 error on Freibahn. I have no idea what went wrong. Thanks, Neptun22 ( talk ) 21:30, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Tool for LLM detection? There is a current discussion at WP:RSN#Tool for detecting AI writing? which indicates lack of information on that topic. I suggested a few links there because the users at large seemed not aware of them. Does anyone here know of any tools? If not where should we suggest that WMF should hire an expert to guide them on that? Text analysis is not my area of expertise, but I know that general programmers will have no hope of success in that area without guidance. Please make suggestions. Thanks Yesterday, all my dreams... ( talk ) 22:16, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] i can’t add message i want to send a message to a user but talk page says it is protected to prevent vandalism. why is this? i want to send message so that editor understands what to do. grazie. ~2026-28017-1 ( talk ) 22:57, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question Random question.. can an editor be completely blocked from Wikipedia? I.e not even aloud to visit the website? Not a topic ban, editing restrictions, indefinite block etc but completely disallowing someone from visiting/reading some/all articles ?? ~2026-19602-0 ( talk ) 01:29, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] What if? If someone vandalizes an article but than immediately deletes the vandalism, do they still get punished? ~2026-24671-3 ( talk ) 04:14, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Lemon Tree Hotels Reference help requested. Thanks, Saimi Sattar1 ( talk ) 07:11, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Translations Courtesy link: User:PUZEG1/Grand Duke Butigeidis Dragoon Battalion Hello, I am writing to ask for help translating our military unit wikipedia page. As I understand, I have to be an editor who made over 500 changes in wikipedia to publish translated pages. Is it possible to publish our page translated into other languages by being new account in here? PUZEG1 ( talk ) 11:59, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Content Translation Tool Error Hello, can someone help me? I'm trying to translate a page from Spanish to English and it tells me I am not an extended confirmed user, but I am. Thanks Josep a11 ( talk ) 12:24, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Non-free image url I have a talk page message from Iruka13 which deals with non-free image urls. Is it still recommended to use the URL to the page displaying the image, even if the URL to the page is non-unique? Sswonk ( talk ) 14:39, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do I use Twinkle to warn? Alright so I'm new to using Twinkle and I can't figure out how to warn people. I checked the doc and it mentions a "warn tab" but I can't find it for whatever reason? I know for a fact I have warnings enabled in configuration. Thanks in advance :) Monkeymoo458 ( talk ) 18:49, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Create a wikepedia page I would like an assistance in creating a wikipedia page for my football club. Maryfelsports ( talk ) 20:19, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How to translate? Dear Editors, I would like to translate an article, that was written by me, from Hungarian to English. I have done it already on 'paper' but I do not know how to type it into the 'English Wikipedia' version. How to link them? I do not need automatic translation and I am not an advanced editor. Thank you for your answer and help. BEK2022 ( talk ) 21:11, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Edit "not been published" I recently tried to add one (1) sentence containing a quotation to a page about a prominent WWII officer Ernest N. Harmon , citing a very reliable, eminent historian who was quoting yet another reliable witness/historian in his latest, acclaimed nonfiction book. But for the very first time ever in my many years of contributing to Wikipedia, I was confronted with a box informing me "Your changes have not been published." To correct this, the same box refers me "to go to the report page and follow the instructions." But I must admit I was totally stymied by that report page and don't understand at all how to use it and resolve my edit problem. Looking for assistance to figure this out. Thanks for any reply & guidance. Mwprods2 ( talk ) 23:00, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Contacting non-English article editors Not sure if this is the right place to ask this, but does anyone know how I could do this? They don't seem to have user pages on the English edition. Thanks, Fort esc ( talk ) 23:37, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] wikipedia25.org Happy 25 years, but is wikipedia25.org supposed to work? It only shows a Wikimedia error. Versions 111 ( talk • contribs ) 23:44, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question about source I was using the CIA World Factbook (judicial branch section) to learn more about the judiciary of Mozambique for an article and noticed they got a basic fact wrong about the Constitutional Council judges' term renewal wrong. Should I consider the rest of the information I got from them ok, or re-source everything else in the article that used that source? Urchincrawler ( talk ) 01:09, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Help on creating a new article Hi, I used to edit Fandom and Wikihow pages as a child and am used to writing factual, objective information in those contexts, but am not really familiar with Wikipedia's conventions. I am looking to create an article on the now-defunct game Fight My Monster (Jan 2011-Late 2016). I have a collection of sources (Silicon Republic articles, Techcrunch articles, Guardian article, Companies House page, official FMM blog posts (from archive.org), as well as many more niche journalism and non-journalism sources) towards the game's existence and notability (5 million accounts in total throughout its lifetime, and was generally thought to be very innovative), but am unsure whether this game would meet the notability requirements for Wikipedia. The game also had commercials aired on British TV, had comics featured in The Beano, had trading cards you could order, had a book and membership cards that were in British bookstores, and had a planned animated TV series. I also have some fears that maybe I would be a conflict of interest in relation to the game, as I am a community moderator for a currently-active rewritten project. This would not be an advertisement and I have no intention on mentioning the rewritten project within the article, but I still thought a conflict of interest might need to be disclosed. My main motivations are to ensure that information on the game is briefly compiled into an article as I would love for this information to be easy to access, since even though so many sources exist, they are very disjointed. Would I just have to write the article, publish it, and then see what people think of it? Or should I create a sandbox and then ask for dynamic feedback somewhere on Wikipedia? Or should I not bother, due to lack of notability (or the conflict of interest issue)? Thank you so much for any input/feedback, I appreciate Wikipedia as a resource so much but have no idea of the inner workings of how to edit it lol. -kat279 ( talk ) 04:38, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Raising $2.1mil due to how unique the game was : (pre-the game's release) Companies house page, detailing when the company was founded/disbanded: Fight my Monster x Brown Bag Films: Fight My Monster and Brown Bag Films Announce Animated TV Series - Business Insider Growth and targeting boys: Ten Year-Olds Versus the Triple-A Market | GamesIndustry.biz (I think this might be a blog, but apparently the woman who wrote it was a Managing Editor at IGN?) Fight my monster brand ambitions: Fight My Monster Borrows From The Angry Birds Playbook - Merchandise And Movies Up Next? | TechCrunch FMM growth, including game mechanics and industry-leading parent centre: FightMyMonster.com: a monster of an idea that just keeps getting bigger | Games | The Guardian The Beano collaboration: (lasted throughout the latter half of 2013) The book they published (Fight My Monster: Monstrous Official Guide), mostly detailing game mechanics: Fight My Monster: Monstrous Official Guide: Amazon.co.uk: Simon & Schuster UK: 9781471115707: Books Historical Artwork owned by Gallery If our gallery reports on original artwork that we own for historical details that only we can provide, is this a conflict of interest? It has flagged a filter, almost certainly because our reference to the artwork is on our website. Before we attempt to publish again we ask so that we do not fall foul of wikipedia rules but would like to offer expert advice particularly regarding album artwork. The gallery has the largest private collection in The UK and potentially the world. This includes unseen design work for prominent and historic artworks. Popnouveau ( talk ) 13:29, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How to change what wikiproject messages are recieved on. Is there a way to set what wikiproject I get important messages on? I got the messages for the wikipedia birthday celebration on my wikisource account as it was the first account i made, but I would prefer to get my messages like that either here or on meta-wiki. Is there a way i can set that? i looked for quite a bit through my various preferences but could not find anything to do so.I know you can enable global notifications, and i do have them on, but it's not the same. Sorry if this is not the right place to ask this question, i want really sure. ¿VØ!D? ☄ 13:33, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] A disruptive user Some users are annoyed (including me) that there's a user who constantly makes (mostly) disruptive edits to articles without saying why that's done or by asking in the talk page and wait for consensus. The user is "Boringhuman404", but the person using it has used it from the other old names, including Urayahahah and "Renamed user c2ca70d12a943d959769c7559822e2ae". Ominae ( talk ) 17:05, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] changing email login I am registered to edit wikipedia under an old email address which I haven't used for several years and no longer have access to. Is there a way to retain my pervious access with a different email or would I have to start over? ~2026-31751-6 ( talk ) 17:15, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Message on new articles Hello Friends! I work a lot of new biographies and today, I'm seeing a message that says the page doesn't exist and to visit Wikispecies - see: Axel Hille and Alejandro Londoño-Burbano . I have never come across this before and not sure what it means or if it is supposed to be there. Any insight would be appreciated. Thank you!! Se7enNationArmy2024 ( talk ) 18:28, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] HOW TO ENTER AN ARTIST IN WIKIPEDIA The dominican singer and composer Alicia Baroni meets enough merits to be in Wikipedia, but so far I could not enter her bio. Can somebody help me, please? ~2026-32405-1 ( talk ) 19:20, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Find sources: Google ( books · news · scholar · free images · WP refs ) · FENS · JSTOR · TWL : This looks like it would be hard to find enough secondary coverage to create an article.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦ (talk to me) 19:52, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Police#Israel in this page it talks about policing in ancient Israel, although some of the areas existed like Jerusalem, Judah there was no Israel till 1948. Wikipedia should stay impartial and not peddle political messages to try and make out a state existed before it actually did. ~2026-31843-5 ( talk ) 20:05, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Shenandoah Presbyterian Church Courtesy link: Draft:Shenandoah (Miami) I'm trying to add a page for an historic church in Miami, Florida. Did I botch the title? It just says "Shenandoah." How do I edit it? LBK1Wiki ( talk ) 20:09, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Variety of English used in articles about an author's works? The biography of author Roald Dahl is tagged with {{ British English }} . Should this also apply to all articles about his books and short stories? Personally I think it should per MOS:TIES - but I regularly see editors changing UK to US spelling, such as this edit . (Admittedly, Dahl did live in the USA for many years, and many of his stories were first published in the USA and are set in the USA.) Muzilon ( talk ) 21:19, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Other language Wikipedia as an authoritative source? As seen in Talk:AmericaFest#Feedback from New Page Review process , a user told me that MSN is depreciated because the Chinese Wikipedia said so, even though it seemed to have been called generally reliable in the English Wikipedia per WP:MSNOW . They then said You should find the original URLs and use those, as these MSN sources appear to be aggregated instead. could anyone confirm that MSN should be depreciated, and if so, I'll add it onto WP:RSP ? Wikieditor662 ( talk ) 22:15, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I need Help Is this source considered a reliable source at web archive Pinchmemore ( talk ) 00:40, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Legend for map in sidebar I was trying to add this map to this sidebar but I can't figure out how to make the legend visible without A. Going to Commons, or B. Having a big caption with a legend in the sidebar (which seems inappropriate). Is this possible? When I click on images like here that use {{legend}} in a caption, the colors don't appear Placeholderer ( talk ) 01:43, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] MEDAL AWARD DEVICE IS INCORRECT COLOR My Father has a page on Wikipedia and his medals are displayed. But his Purple Heart should have a SILVER STAR on it, NOT a GOLD STAR… He has 6 PURPLE HEARTS AND THE MARINES Designate that with a SILVER STAR for 5 awards and the ribbon makes it 6…. We would like to see the Gold start replaced with SILVER STAR as the award device. Mdsd77 ( talk ) 02:54, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Opening a request for un-protection Hello, Back in 2008, the Bulletball page was deleted. I think it's gone back and forth a few times and ended up protected indefinitely around 2012. I think, at the time, that was understandable. Bulletball was probably put on here as a joke because of that one YouTube video [3] . The thing is, many years after the American Inventor incident, it actually did make it into the Olympics, it is quite literally an Olympic sport. As such, I do think that the game itself is notable enough to be in an encyclopedia. A list of Olympic sports would, by definition, not be complete without Bulletball. We don't need to make it read like "whoa the inventor was so whacky and they made him a meme!". Just a short article about the sport, its rules, its appearance on American Inventor, and eventual debut at the 2012 Senior Olympics. I'd be happy to write it. We could semi-protect it to stop people turning it into a meme page. Anyway, sorry. My question is: Is there somewhere I can go to argue the above and at least open a vote or discussion on the issue? Thank you for your help! LegalUsername ( talk ) 03:02, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] "Incle Vanyan" the play Uncle Vanya" ~2026-33068-4 ( talk ) 03:14, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Mobile watchlist The desktop watchlist can group all edits to a single page together. Am I correct that the mobile watchlist doesn't have the option to do this? Thanks! Helpful Cat { talk } 03:39, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Mahendra Singh Dhoni Reference help requested. Please fix this error in the article of Mahendra Singh Dhoni now. Thanks, ~2026-33072-4 ( talk ) 04:33, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Bruno fernandes See I was thinking we should include something about bruno's recent Twitter hacking ~2026-14741-7 ( talk ) 06:05, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] WP:SEAOFBLUE and introductory sentences to clergy members Hello. I've noticed that in several articles for notable clergy members, It'll introduce the subject as a Anglican priest or a Baptist minister etc etc, and I'm a bit confused on how I should improve the readability, if I should improve it at all. Do I de-link the denomination or the title? Rework the sentence (somehow)? Is there any relevant consensus on this topic? Thank you. Cawfeecrow ( talk ) 06:51, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] External guide who is external guide ~2026-33882-3 ( talk ) 08:20, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Wikipedia help forums Wikipedia move-protected project pages Non-talk pages that are automatically signed Pages automatically checked for incorrect links This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:08 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 13,758 results for author: Zhang, Y Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 3 4 5 … arXiv:2601.10702 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.IR Grounding Agent Memory in Contextual Intent Authors: Ruozhen Yang , Yucheng Jiang , Yueqi Jiang , Priyanka Kargupta , Yunyi Zhang , Jiawei Han Abstract : Deploying large language models in long-horizon, goal-oriented interactions remains challenging because similar entities and facts recur under different latent goals and constraints, causing memory systems to retrieve context-mismatched evidence. We propose STITCH (Structured Intent Tracking in Contextual History), an agentic memory system that indexes each trajectory step with a structured retrie… ▽ More Deploying large language models in long-horizon, goal-oriented interactions remains challenging because similar entities and facts recur under different latent goals and constraints, causing memory systems to retrieve context-mismatched evidence. We propose STITCH (Structured Intent Tracking in Contextual History), an agentic memory system that indexes each trajectory step with a structured retrieval cue, contextual intent, and retrieves history by matching the current step's intent. Contextual intent provides compact signals that disambiguate repeated mentions and reduce interference: (1) the current latent goal defining a thematic segment, (2) the action type, and (3) the salient entity types anchoring which attributes matter. During inference, STITCH filters and prioritizes memory snippets by intent compatibility, suppressing semantically similar but context-incompatible history. For evaluation, we introduce CAME-Bench, a benchmark for context-aware retrieval in realistic, dynamic, goal-oriented trajectories. Across CAME-Bench and LongMemEval, STITCH achieves state-of-the-art performance, outperforming the strongest baseline by 35.6%, with the largest gains as trajectory length increases. Our analysis shows that intent indexing substantially reduces retrieval noise, supporting intent-aware memory for robust long-horizon reasoning. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. ACM Class: I.2.7; H.3.3 arXiv:2601.10702 [ pdf , ps , other ] Grounding Agent Memory in Contextual Intent Authors: Ruozhen Yang , Yucheng Jiang , Yueqi Jiang , Priyanka Kargupta , Yunyi Zhang , Jiawei Han Abstract : Deploying large language models in long-horizon, goal-oriented interactions remains challenging because similar entities and facts recur under different latent goals and constraints, causing memory systems to retrieve context-mismatched evidence. We propose STITCH (Structured Intent Tracking in Contextual History), an agentic memory system that indexes each trajectory step with a structured retrie… ▽ More Deploying large language models in long-horizon, goal-oriented interactions remains challenging because similar entities and facts recur under different latent goals and constraints, causing memory systems to retrieve context-mismatched evidence. We propose STITCH (Structured Intent Tracking in Contextual History), an agentic memory system that indexes each trajectory step with a structured retrieval cue, contextual intent, and retrieves history by matching the current step's intent. Contextual intent provides compact signals that disambiguate repeated mentions and reduce interference: (1) the current latent goal defining a thematic segment, (2) the action type, and (3) the salient entity types anchoring which attributes matter. During inference, STITCH filters and prioritizes memory snippets by intent compatibility, suppressing semantically similar but context-incompatible history. For evaluation, we introduce CAME-Bench, a benchmark for context-aware retrieval in realistic, dynamic, goal-oriented trajectories. Across CAME-Bench and LongMemEval, STITCH achieves state-of-the-art performance, outperforming the strongest baseline by 35.6%, with the largest gains as trajectory length increases. Our analysis shows that intent indexing substantially reduces retrieval noise, supporting intent-aware memory for robust long-horizon reasoning. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. ACM Class: I.2.7; H.3.3 arXiv:2601.10543 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL Defending Large Language Models Against Jailbreak Attacks via In-Decoding Safety-Awareness Probing Authors: Yinzhi Zhao , Ming Wang , Shi Feng , Xiaocui Yang , Daling Wang , Yifei Zhang Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance across natural language tasks and are increasingly deployed in real-world applications. Despite extensive safety alignment efforts, recent studies show that such alignment is often shallow and remains vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. Existing defense mechanisms, including decoding-based constraints and post-hoc content detectors, st… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance across natural language tasks and are increasingly deployed in real-world applications. Despite extensive safety alignment efforts, recent studies show that such alignment is often shallow and remains vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. Existing defense mechanisms, including decoding-based constraints and post-hoc content detectors, struggle against sophisticated jailbreaks, often intervening robust detection or excessively degrading model utility. In this work, we examine the decoding process of LLMs and make a key observation: even when successfully jailbroken, models internally exhibit latent safety-related signals during generation. However, these signals are overridden by the model's drive for fluent continuation, preventing timely self-correction or refusal. Building on this observation, we propose a simple yet effective approach that explicitly surfaces and leverages these latent safety signals for early detection of unsafe content during decoding. Experiments across diverse jailbreak attacks demonstrate that our approach significantly enhances safety, while maintaining low over-refusal rates on benign inputs and preserving response quality. Our results suggest that activating intrinsic safety-awareness during decoding offers a promising and complementary direction for defending against jailbreak attacks. Code is available at: △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10543 [ pdf , ps , other ] Defending Large Language Models Against Jailbreak Attacks via In-Decoding Safety-Awareness Probing Authors: Yinzhi Zhao , Ming Wang , Shi Feng , Xiaocui Yang , Daling Wang , Yifei Zhang Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance across natural language tasks and are increasingly deployed in real-world applications. Despite extensive safety alignment efforts, recent studies show that such alignment is often shallow and remains vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. Existing defense mechanisms, including decoding-based constraints and post-hoc content detectors, st… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance across natural language tasks and are increasingly deployed in real-world applications. Despite extensive safety alignment efforts, recent studies show that such alignment is often shallow and remains vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. Existing defense mechanisms, including decoding-based constraints and post-hoc content detectors, struggle against sophisticated jailbreaks, often intervening robust detection or excessively degrading model utility. In this work, we examine the decoding process of LLMs and make a key observation: even when successfully jailbroken, models internally exhibit latent safety-related signals during generation. However, these signals are overridden by the model's drive for fluent continuation, preventing timely self-correction or refusal. Building on this observation, we propose a simple yet effective approach that explicitly surfaces and leverages these latent safety signals for early detection of unsafe content during decoding. Experiments across diverse jailbreak attacks demonstrate that our approach significantly enhances safety, while maintaining low over-refusal rates on benign inputs and preserving response quality. Our results suggest that activating intrinsic safety-awareness during decoding offers a promising and complementary direction for defending against jailbreak attacks. Code is available at: △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10532 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL PERM: Psychology-grounded Empathetic Reward Modeling for Large Language Models Authors: Chengbing Wang , Wuqiang Zheng , Yang Zhang , Fengbin Zhu , Junyi Cheng , Yi Xie , Wenjie Wang , Fuli Feng Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in human-centric applications, yet they often fail to provide substantive emotional support. While Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been utilized to enhance empathy of LLMs, existing reward models typically evaluate empathy from a single perspective, overlooking the inherently bidirectional interaction nature of empathy between the supporter an… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in human-centric applications, yet they often fail to provide substantive emotional support. While Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been utilized to enhance empathy of LLMs, existing reward models typically evaluate empathy from a single perspective, overlooking the inherently bidirectional interaction nature of empathy between the supporter and seeker as defined by Empathy Cycle theory. To address this limitation, we propose Psychology-grounded Empathetic Reward Modeling (PERM). PERM operationalizes empathy evaluation through a bidirectional decomposition: 1) Supporter perspective, assessing internal resonation and communicative expression; 2) Seeker perspective, evaluating emotional reception. Additionally, it incorporates a bystander perspective to monitor overall interaction quality. Extensive experiments on a widely-used emotional intelligence benchmark and an industrial daily conversation dataset demonstrate that PERM outperforms state-of-the-art baselines by over 10\%. Furthermore, a blinded user study reveals a 70\% preference for our approach, highlighting its efficacy in generating more empathetic responses. Our code, dataset, and models are available at △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10532 [ pdf , ps , other ] PERM: Psychology-grounded Empathetic Reward Modeling for Large Language Models Authors: Chengbing Wang , Wuqiang Zheng , Yang Zhang , Fengbin Zhu , Junyi Cheng , Yi Xie , Wenjie Wang , Fuli Feng Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in human-centric applications, yet they often fail to provide substantive emotional support. While Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been utilized to enhance empathy of LLMs, existing reward models typically evaluate empathy from a single perspective, overlooking the inherently bidirectional interaction nature of empathy between the supporter an… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in human-centric applications, yet they often fail to provide substantive emotional support. While Reinforcement Learning (RL) has been utilized to enhance empathy of LLMs, existing reward models typically evaluate empathy from a single perspective, overlooking the inherently bidirectional interaction nature of empathy between the supporter and seeker as defined by Empathy Cycle theory. To address this limitation, we propose Psychology-grounded Empathetic Reward Modeling (PERM). PERM operationalizes empathy evaluation through a bidirectional decomposition: 1) Supporter perspective, assessing internal resonation and communicative expression; 2) Seeker perspective, evaluating emotional reception. Additionally, it incorporates a bystander perspective to monitor overall interaction quality. Extensive experiments on a widely-used emotional intelligence benchmark and an industrial daily conversation dataset demonstrate that PERM outperforms state-of-the-art baselines by over 10\%. Furthermore, a blinded user study reveals a 70\% preference for our approach, highlighting its efficacy in generating more empathetic responses. Our code, dataset, and models are available at △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10406 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI ErrEval: Error-Aware Evaluation for Question Generation through Explicit Diagnostics Authors: Weiping Fu , Bifan Wei , Jingyi Hao , Yushun Zhang , Jian Zhang , Jiaxin Wang , Bo Li , Yu He , Lingling Zhang , Jun Liu Abstract : Automatic Question Generation (QG) often produces outputs with critical defects, such as factual hallucinations and answer mismatches. However, existing evaluation methods, including LLM-based evaluators, mainly adopt a black-box and holistic paradigm without explicit error modeling, leading to the neglect of such defects and overestimation of question quality. To address this issue, we propose Er… ▽ More Automatic Question Generation (QG) often produces outputs with critical defects, such as factual hallucinations and answer mismatches. However, existing evaluation methods, including LLM-based evaluators, mainly adopt a black-box and holistic paradigm without explicit error modeling, leading to the neglect of such defects and overestimation of question quality. To address this issue, we propose ErrEval, a flexible and Error-aware Evaluation framework that enhances QG evaluation through explicit error diagnostics. Specifically, ErrEval reformulates evaluation as a two-stage process of error diagnosis followed by informed scoring. At the first stage, a lightweight plug-and-play Error Identifier detects and categorizes common errors across structural, linguistic, and content-related aspects. These diagnostic signals are then incorporated as explicit evidence to guide LLM evaluators toward more fine-grained and grounded judgments. Extensive experiments on three benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of ErrEval, showing that incorporating explicit diagnostics improves alignment with human judgments. Further analyses confirm that ErrEval effectively mitigates the overestimation of low-quality questions. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10406 [ pdf , ps , other ] ErrEval: Error-Aware Evaluation for Question Generation through Explicit Diagnostics Authors: Weiping Fu , Bifan Wei , Jingyi Hao , Yushun Zhang , Jian Zhang , Jiaxin Wang , Bo Li , Yu He , Lingling Zhang , Jun Liu Abstract : Automatic Question Generation (QG) often produces outputs with critical defects, such as factual hallucinations and answer mismatches. However, existing evaluation methods, including LLM-based evaluators, mainly adopt a black-box and holistic paradigm without explicit error modeling, leading to the neglect of such defects and overestimation of question quality. To address this issue, we propose Er… ▽ More Automatic Question Generation (QG) often produces outputs with critical defects, such as factual hallucinations and answer mismatches. However, existing evaluation methods, including LLM-based evaluators, mainly adopt a black-box and holistic paradigm without explicit error modeling, leading to the neglect of such defects and overestimation of question quality. To address this issue, we propose ErrEval, a flexible and Error-aware Evaluation framework that enhances QG evaluation through explicit error diagnostics. Specifically, ErrEval reformulates evaluation as a two-stage process of error diagnosis followed by informed scoring. At the first stage, a lightweight plug-and-play Error Identifier detects and categorizes common errors across structural, linguistic, and content-related aspects. These diagnostic signals are then incorporated as explicit evidence to guide LLM evaluators toward more fine-grained and grounded judgments. Extensive experiments on three benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of ErrEval, showing that incorporating explicit diagnostics improves alignment with human judgments. Further analyses confirm that ErrEval effectively mitigates the overestimation of low-quality questions. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10402 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Toward Ultra-Long-Horizon Agentic Science: Cognitive Accumulation for Machine Learning Engineering Authors: Xinyu Zhu , Yuzhu Cai , Zexi Liu , Bingyang Zheng , Cheng Wang , Rui Ye , Jiaao Chen , Hanrui Wang , Wei-Chen Wang , Yuzhi Zhang , Linfeng Zhang , Weinan E , Di Jin , Siheng Chen Abstract : The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles spanning days or weeks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in short-horizon reasoning, they are easily overwhelmed by execution details in t… ▽ More The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles spanning days or weeks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in short-horizon reasoning, they are easily overwhelmed by execution details in the high-dimensional, delayed-feedback environments of real-world research, failing to consolidate sparse feedback into coherent long-term guidance. Here, we present ML-Master 2.0, an autonomous agent that masters ultra-long-horizon machine learning engineering (MLE) which is a representative microcosm of scientific discovery. By reframing context management as a process of cognitive accumulation, our approach introduces Hierarchical Cognitive Caching (HCC), a multi-tiered architecture inspired by computer systems that enables the structural differentiation of experience over time. By dynamically distilling transient execution traces into stable knowledge and cross-task wisdom, HCC allows agents to decouple immediate execution from long-term experimental strategy, effectively overcoming the scaling limits of static context windows. In evaluations on OpenAI's MLE-Bench under 24-hour budgets, ML-Master 2.0 achieves a state-of-the-art medal rate of 56.44%. Our findings demonstrate that ultra-long-horizon autonomy provides a scalable blueprint for AI capable of autonomous exploration beyond human-precedent complexities. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 26 pages. 5 figures arXiv:2601.10402 [ pdf , ps , other ] Toward Ultra-Long-Horizon Agentic Science: Cognitive Accumulation for Machine Learning Engineering Authors: Xinyu Zhu , Yuzhu Cai , Zexi Liu , Bingyang Zheng , Cheng Wang , Rui Ye , Jiaao Chen , Hanrui Wang , Wei-Chen Wang , Yuzhi Zhang , Linfeng Zhang , Weinan E , Di Jin , Siheng Chen Abstract : The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles spanning days or weeks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in short-horizon reasoning, they are easily overwhelmed by execution details in t… ▽ More The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles spanning days or weeks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in short-horizon reasoning, they are easily overwhelmed by execution details in the high-dimensional, delayed-feedback environments of real-world research, failing to consolidate sparse feedback into coherent long-term guidance. Here, we present ML-Master 2.0, an autonomous agent that masters ultra-long-horizon machine learning engineering (MLE) which is a representative microcosm of scientific discovery. By reframing context management as a process of cognitive accumulation, our approach introduces Hierarchical Cognitive Caching (HCC), a multi-tiered architecture inspired by computer systems that enables the structural differentiation of experience over time. By dynamically distilling transient execution traces into stable knowledge and cross-task wisdom, HCC allows agents to decouple immediate execution from long-term experimental strategy, effectively overcoming the scaling limits of static context windows. In evaluations on OpenAI's MLE-Bench under 24-hour budgets, ML-Master 2.0 achieves a state-of-the-art medal rate of 56.44%. Our findings demonstrate that ultra-long-horizon autonomy provides a scalable blueprint for AI capable of autonomous exploration beyond human-precedent complexities. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 26 pages. 5 figures arXiv:2601.10384 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD RSA-Bench: Benchmarking Audio Large Models in Real-World Acoustic Scenarios Authors: Yibo Zhang , Liang Lin , Kaiwen Luo , Shilinlu Yan , Jin Wang , Yaoqi Guo , Yitian Chen , Yalan Qin , Zhenhong Zhou , Kun Wang , Li Sun Abstract : While Audio Large Models (ALMs) have achieved remarkable proficiency, their robustness remains brittle in real-world deployment. Existing evaluations largely rely on synthetic Gaussian noise or simplistic single-source interference, failing to capture the intricate, multi-layered acoustic dynamics -- or ``Acoustic Ecology'' -- that characterize authentic physical environments. To bridge this ecolo… ▽ More While Audio Large Models (ALMs) have achieved remarkable proficiency, their robustness remains brittle in real-world deployment. Existing evaluations largely rely on synthetic Gaussian noise or simplistic single-source interference, failing to capture the intricate, multi-layered acoustic dynamics -- or ``Acoustic Ecology'' -- that characterize authentic physical environments. To bridge this ecological gap, we introduce \textbf{RSA-Bench}, a comprehensive robustness benchmark designed to stress-test ALLMs through high-fidelity auditory scene simulations. Unlike traditional methods, we construct evaluation samples by naturally superimposing diverse environmental soundscapes -- spanning \textit{Pasture}, \textit{Extreme Weather}, \textit{Classroom}, and \textit{Outdoors} -- onto clean speech signals across a spectrum of interference intensities. By evaluating models on six core tasks ranging from fundamental perception to complex reasoning, our study unveils three macro-level insights: \textbf{(I) The Perception-Cognition Gap:} Models maintain relative resilience in low-level recognition but suffer a \textbf{functional collapse} in high-order reasoning tasks under stress; \textbf{(II) Scenario Sensitivity:} ``Vocal-like'' interference (e.g., background laughter) proves significantly more destructive than mechanical noise, challenging the model's auditory attention mechanisms; and \textbf{(III) The Denoising Paradox:} Standard speech enhancement often exacerbates performance degradation, as ALLMs prove highly sensitive to the semantic distortions introduced by denoising artifacts. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10384 [ pdf , ps , other ] RSA-Bench: Benchmarking Audio Large Models in Real-World Acoustic Scenarios Authors: Yibo Zhang , Liang Lin , Kaiwen Luo , Shilinlu Yan , Jin Wang , Yaoqi Guo , Yitian Chen , Yalan Qin , Zhenhong Zhou , Kun Wang , Li Sun Abstract : While Audio Large Models (ALMs) have achieved remarkable proficiency, their robustness remains brittle in real-world deployment. Existing evaluations largely rely on synthetic Gaussian noise or simplistic single-source interference, failing to capture the intricate, multi-layered acoustic dynamics -- or ``Acoustic Ecology'' -- that characterize authentic physical environments. To bridge this ecolo… ▽ More While Audio Large Models (ALMs) have achieved remarkable proficiency, their robustness remains brittle in real-world deployment. Existing evaluations largely rely on synthetic Gaussian noise or simplistic single-source interference, failing to capture the intricate, multi-layered acoustic dynamics -- or ``Acoustic Ecology'' -- that characterize authentic physical environments. To bridge this ecological gap, we introduce \textbf{RSA-Bench}, a comprehensive robustness benchmark designed to stress-test ALLMs through high-fidelity auditory scene simulations. Unlike traditional methods, we construct evaluation samples by naturally superimposing diverse environmental soundscapes -- spanning \textit{Pasture}, \textit{Extreme Weather}, \textit{Classroom}, and \textit{Outdoors} -- onto clean speech signals across a spectrum of interference intensities. By evaluating models on six core tasks ranging from fundamental perception to complex reasoning, our study unveils three macro-level insights: \textbf{(I) The Perception-Cognition Gap:} Models maintain relative resilience in low-level recognition but suffer a \textbf{functional collapse} in high-order reasoning tasks under stress; \textbf{(II) Scenario Sensitivity:} ``Vocal-like'' interference (e.g., background laughter) proves significantly more destructive than mechanical noise, challenging the model's auditory attention mechanisms; and \textbf{(III) The Denoising Paradox:} Standard speech enhancement often exacerbates performance degradation, as ALLMs prove highly sensitive to the semantic distortions introduced by denoising artifacts. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10378 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI Global Context Compression with Interleaved Vision-Text Transformation Authors: Dian Jiao , Jiaxin Duan , Shuai Zhao , Jiabing Leng , Yiran Zhang , Feng Huang Abstract : Recent achievements of vision-language models in end-to-end OCR point to a new avenue for low-loss compression of textual information. This motivates earlier works that render the Transformer's input into images for prefilling, which effectively reduces the number of tokens through visual encoding, thereby alleviating the quadratically increased Attention computations. However, this partial compre… ▽ More Recent achievements of vision-language models in end-to-end OCR point to a new avenue for low-loss compression of textual information. This motivates earlier works that render the Transformer's input into images for prefilling, which effectively reduces the number of tokens through visual encoding, thereby alleviating the quadratically increased Attention computations. However, this partial compression fails to save computational or memory costs at token-by-token inference. In this paper, we investigate global context compression, which saves tokens at both prefilling and inference stages. Consequently, we propose VIST2, a novel Transformer that interleaves input text chunks alongside their visual encoding, while depending exclusively on visual tokens in the pre-context to predict the next text token distribution. Around this idea, we render text chunks into sketch images and train VIST2 in multiple stages, starting from curriculum-scheduled pretraining for optical language modeling, followed by modal-interleaved instruction tuning. We conduct extensive experiments using VIST2 families scaled from 0.6B to 8B to explore the training recipe and hyperparameters. With a 4$\times$ compression ratio, the resulting models demonstrate significant superiority over baselines on long writing tasks, achieving, on average, a 3$\times$ speedup in first-token generation, 77% reduction in memory usage, and 74% reduction in FLOPS. Our codes and datasets will be public to support further studies. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10378 [ pdf , ps , other ] Global Context Compression with Interleaved Vision-Text Transformation Authors: Dian Jiao , Jiaxin Duan , Shuai Zhao , Jiabing Leng , Yiran Zhang , Feng Huang Abstract : Recent achievements of vision-language models in end-to-end OCR point to a new avenue for low-loss compression of textual information. This motivates earlier works that render the Transformer's input into images for prefilling, which effectively reduces the number of tokens through visual encoding, thereby alleviating the quadratically increased Attention computations. However, this partial compre… ▽ More Recent achievements of vision-language models in end-to-end OCR point to a new avenue for low-loss compression of textual information. This motivates earlier works that render the Transformer's input into images for prefilling, which effectively reduces the number of tokens through visual encoding, thereby alleviating the quadratically increased Attention computations. However, this partial compression fails to save computational or memory costs at token-by-token inference. In this paper, we investigate global context compression, which saves tokens at both prefilling and inference stages. Consequently, we propose VIST2, a novel Transformer that interleaves input text chunks alongside their visual encoding, while depending exclusively on visual tokens in the pre-context to predict the next text token distribution. Around this idea, we render text chunks into sketch images and train VIST2 in multiple stages, starting from curriculum-scheduled pretraining for optical language modeling, followed by modal-interleaved instruction tuning. We conduct extensive experiments using VIST2 families scaled from 0.6B to 8B to explore the training recipe and hyperparameters. With a 4$\times$ compression ratio, the resulting models demonstrate significant superiority over baselines on long writing tasks, achieving, on average, a 3$\times$ speedup in first-token generation, 77% reduction in memory usage, and 74% reduction in FLOPS. Our codes and datasets will be public to support further studies. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10338 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.AI cs.CL cs.SE Agent Skills in the Wild: An Empirical Study of Security Vulnerabilities at Scale Authors: Yi Liu , Weizhe Wang , Ruitao Feng , Yao Zhang , Guangquan Xu , Gelei Deng , Yuekang Li , Leo Zhang Abstract : The rise of AI agent frameworks has introduced agent skills, modular packages containing instructions and executable code that dynamically extend agent capabilities. While this architecture enables powerful customization, skills execute with implicit trust and minimal vetting, creating a significant yet uncharacterized attack surface. We conduct the first large-scale empirical security analysis of… ▽ More The rise of AI agent frameworks has introduced agent skills, modular packages containing instructions and executable code that dynamically extend agent capabilities. While this architecture enables powerful customization, skills execute with implicit trust and minimal vetting, creating a significant yet uncharacterized attack surface. We conduct the first large-scale empirical security analysis of this emerging ecosystem, collecting 42,447 skills from two major marketplaces and systematically analyzing 31,132 using SkillScan, a multi-stage detection framework integrating static analysis with LLM-based semantic classification. Our findings reveal pervasive security risks: 26.1% of skills contain at least one vulnerability, spanning 14 distinct patterns across four categories: prompt injection, data exfiltration, privilege escalation, and supply chain risks. Data exfiltration (13.3%) and privilege escalation (11.8%) are most prevalent, while 5.2% of skills exhibit high-severity patterns strongly suggesting malicious intent. We find that skills bundling executable scripts are 2.12x more likely to contain vulnerabilities than instruction-only skills (OR=2.12, p<0.001). Our contributions include: (1) a grounded vulnerability taxonomy derived from 8,126 vulnerable skills, (2) a validated detection methodology achieving 86.7% precision and 82.5% recall, and (3) an open dataset and detection toolkit to support future research. These results demonstrate an urgent need for capability-based permission systems and mandatory security vetting before this attack vector is further exploited. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10338 [ pdf , ps , other ] Agent Skills in the Wild: An Empirical Study of Security Vulnerabilities at Scale Authors: Yi Liu , Weizhe Wang , Ruitao Feng , Yao Zhang , Guangquan Xu , Gelei Deng , Yuekang Li , Leo Zhang Abstract : The rise of AI agent frameworks has introduced agent skills, modular packages containing instructions and executable code that dynamically extend agent capabilities. While this architecture enables powerful customization, skills execute with implicit trust and minimal vetting, creating a significant yet uncharacterized attack surface. We conduct the first large-scale empirical security analysis of… ▽ More The rise of AI agent frameworks has introduced agent skills, modular packages containing instructions and executable code that dynamically extend agent capabilities. While this architecture enables powerful customization, skills execute with implicit trust and minimal vetting, creating a significant yet uncharacterized attack surface. We conduct the first large-scale empirical security analysis of this emerging ecosystem, collecting 42,447 skills from two major marketplaces and systematically analyzing 31,132 using SkillScan, a multi-stage detection framework integrating static analysis with LLM-based semantic classification. Our findings reveal pervasive security risks: 26.1% of skills contain at least one vulnerability, spanning 14 distinct patterns across four categories: prompt injection, data exfiltration, privilege escalation, and supply chain risks. Data exfiltration (13.3%) and privilege escalation (11.8%) are most prevalent, while 5.2% of skills exhibit high-severity patterns strongly suggesting malicious intent. We find that skills bundling executable scripts are 2.12x more likely to contain vulnerabilities than instruction-only skills (OR=2.12, p<0.001). Our contributions include: (1) a grounded vulnerability taxonomy derived from 8,126 vulnerable skills, (2) a validated detection methodology achieving 86.7% precision and 82.5% recall, and (3) an open dataset and detection toolkit to support future research. These results demonstrate an urgent need for capability-based permission systems and mandatory security vetting before this attack vector is further exploited. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10324 [ pdf ] cs.CV eess.IV SRAW-Attack: Space-Reweighted Adversarial Warping Attack for SAR Target Recognition Authors: Yiming Zhang , Weibo Qin , Yuntian Liu , Feng Wang Abstract : Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery exhibits intrinsic information sparsity due to its unique electromagnetic scattering mechanism. Despite the widespread adoption of deep neural network (DNN)-based SAR automatic target recognition (SAR-ATR) systems, they remain vulnerable to adversarial examples and tend to over-rely on background regions, leading to degraded adversarial robustness. Existing a… ▽ More Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery exhibits intrinsic information sparsity due to its unique electromagnetic scattering mechanism. Despite the widespread adoption of deep neural network (DNN)-based SAR automatic target recognition (SAR-ATR) systems, they remain vulnerable to adversarial examples and tend to over-rely on background regions, leading to degraded adversarial robustness. Existing adversarial attacks for SAR-ATR often require visually perceptible distortions to achieve effective performance, thereby necessitating an attack method that balances effectiveness and stealthiness. In this paper, a novel attack method termed Space-Reweighted Adversarial Warping (SRAW) is proposed, which generates adversarial examples through optimized spatial deformation with reweighted budgets across foreground and background regions. Extensive experiments demonstrate that SRAW significantly degrades the performance of state-of-the-art SAR-ATR models and consistently outperforms existing methods in terms of imperceptibility and adversarial transferability. Code is made available at △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 5 pages, 4 figures arXiv:2601.10324 [ pdf ] SRAW-Attack: Space-Reweighted Adversarial Warping Attack for SAR Target Recognition Authors: Yiming Zhang , Weibo Qin , Yuntian Liu , Feng Wang Abstract : Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery exhibits intrinsic information sparsity due to its unique electromagnetic scattering mechanism. Despite the widespread adoption of deep neural network (DNN)-based SAR automatic target recognition (SAR-ATR) systems, they remain vulnerable to adversarial examples and tend to over-rely on background regions, leading to degraded adversarial robustness. Existing a… ▽ More Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery exhibits intrinsic information sparsity due to its unique electromagnetic scattering mechanism. Despite the widespread adoption of deep neural network (DNN)-based SAR automatic target recognition (SAR-ATR) systems, they remain vulnerable to adversarial examples and tend to over-rely on background regions, leading to degraded adversarial robustness. Existing adversarial attacks for SAR-ATR often require visually perceptible distortions to achieve effective performance, thereby necessitating an attack method that balances effectiveness and stealthiness. In this paper, a novel attack method termed Space-Reweighted Adversarial Warping (SRAW) is proposed, which generates adversarial examples through optimized spatial deformation with reweighted budgets across foreground and background regions. Extensive experiments demonstrate that SRAW significantly degrades the performance of state-of-the-art SAR-ATR models and consistently outperforms existing methods in terms of imperceptibility and adversarial transferability. Code is made available at △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 5 pages, 4 figures arXiv:2601.10131 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.MA M^4olGen: Multi-Agent, Multi-Stage Molecular Generation under Precise Multi-Property Constraints Authors: Yizhan Li , Florence Cloutier , Sifan Wu , Ali Parviz , Boris Knyazev , Yan Zhang , Glen Berseth , Bang Liu Abstract : Generating molecules that satisfy precise numeric constraints over multiple physicochemical properties is critical and challenging. Although large language models (LLMs) are expressive, they struggle with precise multi-objective control and numeric reasoning without external structure and feedback. We introduce \textbf{M olGen}, a fragment-level, retrieval-augmented, two-stage framework for molecu… ▽ More Generating molecules that satisfy precise numeric constraints over multiple physicochemical properties is critical and challenging. Although large language models (LLMs) are expressive, they struggle with precise multi-objective control and numeric reasoning without external structure and feedback. We introduce \textbf{M olGen}, a fragment-level, retrieval-augmented, two-stage framework for molecule generation under multi-property constraints. Stage I : Prototype generation: a multi-agent reasoner performs retrieval-anchored, fragment-level edits to produce a candidate near the feasible region. Stage II : RL-based fine-grained optimization: a fragment-level optimizer trained with Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) applies one- or multi-hop refinements to explicitly minimize the property errors toward our target while regulating edit complexity and deviation from the prototype. A large, automatically curated dataset with reasoning chains of fragment edits and measured property deltas underpins both stages, enabling deterministic, reproducible supervision and controllable multi-hop reasoning. Unlike prior work, our framework better reasons about molecules by leveraging fragments and supports controllable refinement toward numeric targets. Experiments on generation under two sets of property constraints (QED, LogP, Molecular Weight and HOMO, LUMO) show consistent gains in validity and precise satisfaction of multi-property targets, outperforming strong LLMs and graph-based algorithms. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10131 [ pdf , ps , other ] M^4olGen: Multi-Agent, Multi-Stage Molecular Generation under Precise Multi-Property Constraints Authors: Yizhan Li , Florence Cloutier , Sifan Wu , Ali Parviz , Boris Knyazev , Yan Zhang , Glen Berseth , Bang Liu Abstract : Generating molecules that satisfy precise numeric constraints over multiple physicochemical properties is critical and challenging. Although large language models (LLMs) are expressive, they struggle with precise multi-objective control and numeric reasoning without external structure and feedback. We introduce \textbf{M olGen}, a fragment-level, retrieval-augmented, two-stage framework for molecu… ▽ More Generating molecules that satisfy precise numeric constraints over multiple physicochemical properties is critical and challenging. Although large language models (LLMs) are expressive, they struggle with precise multi-objective control and numeric reasoning without external structure and feedback. We introduce \textbf{M olGen}, a fragment-level, retrieval-augmented, two-stage framework for molecule generation under multi-property constraints. Stage I : Prototype generation: a multi-agent reasoner performs retrieval-anchored, fragment-level edits to produce a candidate near the feasible region. Stage II : RL-based fine-grained optimization: a fragment-level optimizer trained with Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) applies one- or multi-hop refinements to explicitly minimize the property errors toward our target while regulating edit complexity and deviation from the prototype. A large, automatically curated dataset with reasoning chains of fragment edits and measured property deltas underpins both stages, enabling deterministic, reproducible supervision and controllable multi-hop reasoning. Unlike prior work, our framework better reasons about molecules by leveraging fragments and supports controllable refinement toward numeric targets. Experiments on generation under two sets of property constraints (QED, LogP, Molecular Weight and HOMO, LUMO) show consistent gains in validity and precise satisfaction of multi-property targets, outperforming strong LLMs and graph-based algorithms. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10109 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Skill-Aware Data Selection and Fine-Tuning for Data-Efficient Reasoning Distillation Authors: Lechen Zhang , Yunxiang Zhang , Wei Hu , Lu Wang Abstract : Large reasoning models such as DeepSeek-R1 and their distilled variants achieve strong performance on complex reasoning tasks. Yet, distilling these models often demands large-scale data for supervised fine-tuning (SFT), motivating the pursuit of data-efficient training methods. To address this, we propose a skill-centric distillation framework that efficiently transfers reasoning ability to weake… ▽ More Large reasoning models such as DeepSeek-R1 and their distilled variants achieve strong performance on complex reasoning tasks. Yet, distilling these models often demands large-scale data for supervised fine-tuning (SFT), motivating the pursuit of data-efficient training methods. To address this, we propose a skill-centric distillation framework that efficiently transfers reasoning ability to weaker models with two components: (1) Skill-based data selection, which prioritizes examples targeting the student model's weaker skills, and (2) Skill-aware fine-tuning, which encourages explicit skill decomposition during problem solving. With only 1,000 training examples selected from a 100K teacher-generated corpus, our method surpasses random SFT baselines by +1.6% on Qwen3-4B and +1.4% on Qwen3-8B across five mathematical reasoning benchmarks. Further analysis confirms that these gains concentrate on skills emphasized during training, highlighting the effectiveness of skill-centric training for efficient reasoning distillation. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10109 [ pdf , ps , other ] Skill-Aware Data Selection and Fine-Tuning for Data-Efficient Reasoning Distillation Authors: Lechen Zhang , Yunxiang Zhang , Wei Hu , Lu Wang Abstract : Large reasoning models such as DeepSeek-R1 and their distilled variants achieve strong performance on complex reasoning tasks. Yet, distilling these models often demands large-scale data for supervised fine-tuning (SFT), motivating the pursuit of data-efficient training methods. To address this, we propose a skill-centric distillation framework that efficiently transfers reasoning ability to weake… ▽ More Large reasoning models such as DeepSeek-R1 and their distilled variants achieve strong performance on complex reasoning tasks. Yet, distilling these models often demands large-scale data for supervised fine-tuning (SFT), motivating the pursuit of data-efficient training methods. To address this, we propose a skill-centric distillation framework that efficiently transfers reasoning ability to weaker models with two components: (1) Skill-based data selection, which prioritizes examples targeting the student model's weaker skills, and (2) Skill-aware fine-tuning, which encourages explicit skill decomposition during problem solving. With only 1,000 training examples selected from a 100K teacher-generated corpus, our method surpasses random SFT baselines by +1.6% on Qwen3-4B and +1.4% on Qwen3-8B across five mathematical reasoning benchmarks. Further analysis confirms that these gains concentrate on skills emphasized during training, highlighting the effectiveness of skill-centric training for efficient reasoning distillation. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10103 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI FlowAct-R1: Towards Interactive Humanoid Video Generation Authors: Lizhen Wang , Yongming Zhu , Zhipeng Ge , Youwei Zheng , Longhao Zhang , Tianshu Hu , Shiyang Qin , Mingshuang Luo , Jiaxu Zhang , Xin Chen , Yulong Wang , Zerong Zheng , Jianwen Jiang , Chao Liang , Weifeng Chen , Xing Wang , Yuan Zhang , Mingyuan Gao Abstract : Interactive humanoid video generation aims to synthesize lifelike visual agents that can engage with humans through continuous and responsive video. Despite recent advances in video synthesis, existing methods often grapple with the trade-off between high-fidelity synthesis and real-time interaction requirements. In this paper, we propose FlowAct-R1, a framework specifically designed for real-time… ▽ More Interactive humanoid video generation aims to synthesize lifelike visual agents that can engage with humans through continuous and responsive video. Despite recent advances in video synthesis, existing methods often grapple with the trade-off between high-fidelity synthesis and real-time interaction requirements. In this paper, we propose FlowAct-R1, a framework specifically designed for real-time interactive humanoid video generation. Built upon a MMDiT architecture, FlowAct-R1 enables the streaming synthesis of video with arbitrary durations while maintaining low-latency responsiveness. We introduce a chunkwise diffusion forcing strategy, complemented by a novel self-forcing variant, to alleviate error accumulation and ensure long-term temporal consistency during continuous interaction. By leveraging efficient distillation and system-level optimizations, our framework achieves a stable 25fps at 480p resolution with a time-to-first-frame (TTFF) of only around 1.5 seconds. The proposed method provides holistic and fine-grained full-body control, enabling the agent to transition naturally between diverse behavioral states in interactive scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate that FlowAct-R1 achieves exceptional behavioral vividness and perceptual realism, while maintaining robust generalization across diverse character styles. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10103 [ pdf , ps , other ] FlowAct-R1: Towards Interactive Humanoid Video Generation Authors: Lizhen Wang , Yongming Zhu , Zhipeng Ge , Youwei Zheng , Longhao Zhang , Tianshu Hu , Shiyang Qin , Mingshuang Luo , Jiaxu Zhang , Xin Chen , Yulong Wang , Zerong Zheng , Jianwen Jiang , Chao Liang , Weifeng Chen , Xing Wang , Yuan Zhang , Mingyuan Gao Abstract : Interactive humanoid video generation aims to synthesize lifelike visual agents that can engage with humans through continuous and responsive video. Despite recent advances in video synthesis, existing methods often grapple with the trade-off between high-fidelity synthesis and real-time interaction requirements. In this paper, we propose FlowAct-R1, a framework specifically designed for real-time… ▽ More Interactive humanoid video generation aims to synthesize lifelike visual agents that can engage with humans through continuous and responsive video. Despite recent advances in video synthesis, existing methods often grapple with the trade-off between high-fidelity synthesis and real-time interaction requirements. In this paper, we propose FlowAct-R1, a framework specifically designed for real-time interactive humanoid video generation. Built upon a MMDiT architecture, FlowAct-R1 enables the streaming synthesis of video with arbitrary durations while maintaining low-latency responsiveness. We introduce a chunkwise diffusion forcing strategy, complemented by a novel self-forcing variant, to alleviate error accumulation and ensure long-term temporal consistency during continuous interaction. By leveraging efficient distillation and system-level optimizations, our framework achieves a stable 25fps at 480p resolution with a time-to-first-frame (TTFF) of only around 1.5 seconds. The proposed method provides holistic and fine-grained full-body control, enabling the agent to transition naturally between diverse behavioral states in interactive scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate that FlowAct-R1 achieves exceptional behavioral vividness and perceptual realism, while maintaining robust generalization across diverse character styles. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10068 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SE S$^2$F: Principled Hybrid Testing With Fuzzing, Symbolic Execution, and Sampling Authors: Lianjing Wang , Yufeng Zhang , Kenli Li , Zhenbang Chen , Xu Zhou , Pengfei Wang , Guangning Song , Ji Wang Abstract : Hybrid testing that integrates fuzzing, symbolic execution, and sampling has demonstrated superior testing efficiency compared to individual techniques. However, the state-of-the-art (SOTA) hybrid testing tools do not fully exploit the capabilities of symbolic execution and sampling in two key aspects. First, the SOTA hybrid testing tools employ tailored symbolic execution engines that tend to ove… ▽ More Hybrid testing that integrates fuzzing, symbolic execution, and sampling has demonstrated superior testing efficiency compared to individual techniques. However, the state-of-the-art (SOTA) hybrid testing tools do not fully exploit the capabilities of symbolic execution and sampling in two key aspects. First, the SOTA hybrid testing tools employ tailored symbolic execution engines that tend to over-prune branches, leading to considerable time wasted waiting for seeds from the fuzzer and missing opportunities to discover crashes. Second, existing methods do not apply sampling to the appropriate branches and therefore cannot utilize the full capability of sampling. To address these two limitations, we propose a novel hybrid testing architecture that combines the precision of conventional symbolic execution with the scalability of tailored symbolic execution engines. Based on this architecture, we propose several principles for combining fuzzing, symbolic execution, and sampling. We implement our method in a hybrid testing tool S$^2$F. To evaluate its effectiveness, we conduct extensive experiments on 15 real-world programs. Experimental results demonstrate that S$^2$F outperforms the SOTA tool, achieving an average improvement of 6.14% in edge coverage and 32.6% in discovered crashes. Notably, our tool uncovers three previously unknown crashes in real-world programs. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10068 [ pdf , ps , other ] S$^2$F: Principled Hybrid Testing With Fuzzing, Symbolic Execution, and Sampling Authors: Lianjing Wang , Yufeng Zhang , Kenli Li , Zhenbang Chen , Xu Zhou , Pengfei Wang , Guangning Song , Ji Wang Abstract : Hybrid testing that integrates fuzzing, symbolic execution, and sampling has demonstrated superior testing efficiency compared to individual techniques. However, the state-of-the-art (SOTA) hybrid testing tools do not fully exploit the capabilities of symbolic execution and sampling in two key aspects. First, the SOTA hybrid testing tools employ tailored symbolic execution engines that tend to ove… ▽ More Hybrid testing that integrates fuzzing, symbolic execution, and sampling has demonstrated superior testing efficiency compared to individual techniques. However, the state-of-the-art (SOTA) hybrid testing tools do not fully exploit the capabilities of symbolic execution and sampling in two key aspects. First, the SOTA hybrid testing tools employ tailored symbolic execution engines that tend to over-prune branches, leading to considerable time wasted waiting for seeds from the fuzzer and missing opportunities to discover crashes. Second, existing methods do not apply sampling to the appropriate branches and therefore cannot utilize the full capability of sampling. To address these two limitations, we propose a novel hybrid testing architecture that combines the precision of conventional symbolic execution with the scalability of tailored symbolic execution engines. Based on this architecture, we propose several principles for combining fuzzing, symbolic execution, and sampling. We implement our method in a hybrid testing tool S$^2$F. To evaluate its effectiveness, we conduct extensive experiments on 15 real-world programs. Experimental results demonstrate that S$^2$F outperforms the SOTA tool, achieving an average improvement of 6.14% in edge coverage and 32.6% in discovered crashes. Notably, our tool uncovers three previously unknown crashes in real-world programs. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10061 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI CoF-T2I: Video Models as Pure Visual Reasoners for Text-to-Image Generation Authors: Chengzhuo Tong , Mingkun Chang , Shenglong Zhang , Yuran Wang , Cheng Liang , Zhizheng Zhao , Ruichuan An , Bohan Zeng , Yang Shi , Yifan Dai , Ziming Zhao , Guanbin Li , Pengfei Wan , Yuanxing Zhang , Wentao Zhang Abstract : Recent video generation models have revealed the emergence of Chain-of-Frame (CoF) reasoning, enabling frame-by-frame visual inference. With this capability, video models have been successfully applied to various visual tasks (e.g., maze solving, visual puzzles). However, their potential to enhance text-to-image (T2I) generation remains largely unexplored due to the absence of a clearly defined vi… ▽ More Recent video generation models have revealed the emergence of Chain-of-Frame (CoF) reasoning, enabling frame-by-frame visual inference. With this capability, video models have been successfully applied to various visual tasks (e.g., maze solving, visual puzzles). However, their potential to enhance text-to-image (T2I) generation remains largely unexplored due to the absence of a clearly defined visual reasoning starting point and interpretable intermediate states in the T2I generation process. To bridge this gap, we propose CoF-T2I, a model that integrates CoF reasoning into T2I generation via progressive visual refinement, where intermediate frames act as explicit reasoning steps and the final frame is taken as output. To establish such an explicit generation process, we curate CoF-Evol-Instruct, a dataset of CoF trajectories that model the generation process from semantics to aesthetics. To further improve quality and avoid motion artifacts, we enable independent encoding operation for each frame. Experiments show that CoF-T2I significantly outperforms the base video model and achieves competitive performance on challenging benchmarks, reaching 0.86 on GenEval and 7.468 on Imagine-Bench. These results indicate the substantial promise of video models for advancing high-quality text-to-image generation. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 16 pages, 8 figures arXiv:2601.10061 [ pdf , ps , other ] CoF-T2I: Video Models as Pure Visual Reasoners for Text-to-Image Generation Authors: Chengzhuo Tong , Mingkun Chang , Shenglong Zhang , Yuran Wang , Cheng Liang , Zhizheng Zhao , Ruichuan An , Bohan Zeng , Yang Shi , Yifan Dai , Ziming Zhao , Guanbin Li , Pengfei Wan , Yuanxing Zhang , Wentao Zhang Abstract : Recent video generation models have revealed the emergence of Chain-of-Frame (CoF) reasoning, enabling frame-by-frame visual inference. With this capability, video models have been successfully applied to various visual tasks (e.g., maze solving, visual puzzles). However, their potential to enhance text-to-image (T2I) generation remains largely unexplored due to the absence of a clearly defined vi… ▽ More Recent video generation models have revealed the emergence of Chain-of-Frame (CoF) reasoning, enabling frame-by-frame visual inference. With this capability, video models have been successfully applied to various visual tasks (e.g., maze solving, visual puzzles). However, their potential to enhance text-to-image (T2I) generation remains largely unexplored due to the absence of a clearly defined visual reasoning starting point and interpretable intermediate states in the T2I generation process. To bridge this gap, we propose CoF-T2I, a model that integrates CoF reasoning into T2I generation via progressive visual refinement, where intermediate frames act as explicit reasoning steps and the final frame is taken as output. To establish such an explicit generation process, we curate CoF-Evol-Instruct, a dataset of CoF trajectories that model the generation process from semantics to aesthetics. To further improve quality and avoid motion artifacts, we enable independent encoding operation for each frame. Experiments show that CoF-T2I significantly outperforms the base video model and achieves competitive performance on challenging benchmarks, reaching 0.86 on GenEval and 7.468 on Imagine-Bench. These results indicate the substantial promise of video models for advancing high-quality text-to-image generation. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 16 pages, 8 figures arXiv:2601.10037 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.ET Resistive Memory based Efficient Machine Unlearning and Continual Learning Authors: Ning Lin , Jichang Yang , Yangu He , Zijian Ye , Kwun Hang Wong , Xinyuan Zhang , Songqi Wang , Yi Li , Kemi Xu , Leo Yu Zhang , Xiaoming Chen , Dashan Shang , Han Wang , Xiaojuan Qi , Zhongrui Wang Abstract : Resistive memory (RM) based neuromorphic systems can emulate synaptic plasticity and thus support continual learning, but they generally lack biologically inspired mechanisms for active forgetting, which are critical for meeting modern data privacy requirements. Algorithmic forgetting, or machine unlearning, seeks to remove the influence of specific data from trained models to prevent memorization… ▽ More Resistive memory (RM) based neuromorphic systems can emulate synaptic plasticity and thus support continual learning, but they generally lack biologically inspired mechanisms for active forgetting, which are critical for meeting modern data privacy requirements. Algorithmic forgetting, or machine unlearning, seeks to remove the influence of specific data from trained models to prevent memorization of sensitive information and the generation of harmful content, yet existing exact and approximate unlearning schemes incur prohibitive programming overheads on RM hardware owing to device variability and iterative write-verify cycles. Analogue implementations of continual learning face similar barriers. Here we present a hardware-software co-design that enables an efficient training, deployment and inference pipeline for machine unlearning and continual learning on RM accelerators. At the software level, we introduce a low-rank adaptation (LoRA) framework that confines updates to compact parameter branches, substantially reducing the number of trainable parameters and therefore the training cost. At the hardware level, we develop a hybrid analogue-digital compute-in-memory system in which well-trained weights are stored in analogue RM arrays, whereas dynamic LoRA updates are implemented in a digital computing unit with SRAM buffer. This hybrid architecture avoids costly reprogramming of analogue weights and maintains high energy efficiency during inference. Fabricated in a 180 nm CMOS process, the prototype achieves up to a 147.76-fold reduction in training cost, a 387.95-fold reduction in deployment overhead and a 48.44-fold reduction in inference energy across privacy-sensitive tasks including face recognition, speaker authentication and stylized image generation, paving the way for secure and efficient neuromorphic intelligence at the edge. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10037 [ pdf , ps , other ] Resistive Memory based Efficient Machine Unlearning and Continual Learning Authors: Ning Lin , Jichang Yang , Yangu He , Zijian Ye , Kwun Hang Wong , Xinyuan Zhang , Songqi Wang , Yi Li , Kemi Xu , Leo Yu Zhang , Xiaoming Chen , Dashan Shang , Han Wang , Xiaojuan Qi , Zhongrui Wang Abstract : Resistive memory (RM) based neuromorphic systems can emulate synaptic plasticity and thus support continual learning, but they generally lack biologically inspired mechanisms for active forgetting, which are critical for meeting modern data privacy requirements. Algorithmic forgetting, or machine unlearning, seeks to remove the influence of specific data from trained models to prevent memorization… ▽ More Resistive memory (RM) based neuromorphic systems can emulate synaptic plasticity and thus support continual learning, but they generally lack biologically inspired mechanisms for active forgetting, which are critical for meeting modern data privacy requirements. Algorithmic forgetting, or machine unlearning, seeks to remove the influence of specific data from trained models to prevent memorization of sensitive information and the generation of harmful content, yet existing exact and approximate unlearning schemes incur prohibitive programming overheads on RM hardware owing to device variability and iterative write-verify cycles. Analogue implementations of continual learning face similar barriers. Here we present a hardware-software co-design that enables an efficient training, deployment and inference pipeline for machine unlearning and continual learning on RM accelerators. At the software level, we introduce a low-rank adaptation (LoRA) framework that confines updates to compact parameter branches, substantially reducing the number of trainable parameters and therefore the training cost. At the hardware level, we develop a hybrid analogue-digital compute-in-memory system in which well-trained weights are stored in analogue RM arrays, whereas dynamic LoRA updates are implemented in a digital computing unit with SRAM buffer. This hybrid architecture avoids costly reprogramming of analogue weights and maintains high energy efficiency during inference. Fabricated in a 180 nm CMOS process, the prototype achieves up to a 147.76-fold reduction in training cost, a 387.95-fold reduction in deployment overhead and a 48.44-fold reduction in inference energy across privacy-sensitive tasks including face recognition, speaker authentication and stylized image generation, paving the way for secure and efficient neuromorphic intelligence at the edge. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10024 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG BPE: Behavioral Profiling Ensemble Authors: Yanxin Liu , Yunqi Zhang Abstract : Ensemble learning is widely recognized as a pivotal strategy for pushing the boundaries of predictive performance. Traditional static ensemble methods, such as Stacking, typically assign weights by treating each base learner as a holistic entity, thereby overlooking the fact that individual models exhibit varying degrees of competence across different regions of the instance space. To address this… ▽ More Ensemble learning is widely recognized as a pivotal strategy for pushing the boundaries of predictive performance. Traditional static ensemble methods, such as Stacking, typically assign weights by treating each base learner as a holistic entity, thereby overlooking the fact that individual models exhibit varying degrees of competence across different regions of the instance space. To address this limitation, Dynamic Ensemble Selection (DES) was introduced. However, both static and dynamic approaches predominantly rely on the divergence among different models as the basis for integration. This inter-model perspective neglects the intrinsic characteristics of the models themselves and necessitates a heavy reliance on validation sets for competence estimation. In this paper, we propose the Behavioral Profiling Ensemble (BPE) framework, which introduces a novel paradigm shift. Unlike traditional methods, BPE constructs a ``behavioral profile'' intrinsic to each model and derives integration weights based on the deviation between the model's response to a specific test instance and its established behavioral profile. Extensive experiments on both synthetic and real-world datasets demonstrate that the algorithm derived from the BPE framework achieves significant improvements over state-of-the-art ensemble baselines. These gains are evident not only in predictive accuracy but also in computational efficiency and storage resource utilization across various scenarios. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10024 [ pdf , ps , other ] BPE: Behavioral Profiling Ensemble Authors: Yanxin Liu , Yunqi Zhang Abstract : Ensemble learning is widely recognized as a pivotal strategy for pushing the boundaries of predictive performance. Traditional static ensemble methods, such as Stacking, typically assign weights by treating each base learner as a holistic entity, thereby overlooking the fact that individual models exhibit varying degrees of competence across different regions of the instance space. To address this… ▽ More Ensemble learning is widely recognized as a pivotal strategy for pushing the boundaries of predictive performance. Traditional static ensemble methods, such as Stacking, typically assign weights by treating each base learner as a holistic entity, thereby overlooking the fact that individual models exhibit varying degrees of competence across different regions of the instance space. To address this limitation, Dynamic Ensemble Selection (DES) was introduced. However, both static and dynamic approaches predominantly rely on the divergence among different models as the basis for integration. This inter-model perspective neglects the intrinsic characteristics of the models themselves and necessitates a heavy reliance on validation sets for competence estimation. In this paper, we propose the Behavioral Profiling Ensemble (BPE) framework, which introduces a novel paradigm shift. Unlike traditional methods, BPE constructs a ``behavioral profile'' intrinsic to each model and derives integration weights based on the deviation between the model's response to a specific test instance and its established behavioral profile. Extensive experiments on both synthetic and real-world datasets demonstrate that the algorithm derived from the BPE framework achieves significant improvements over state-of-the-art ensemble baselines. These gains are evident not only in predictive accuracy but also in computational efficiency and storage resource utilization across various scenarios. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09921 [ pdf , ps , other ] quant-ph cs.AI Learning to Decode in Parallel: Self-Coordinating Neural Network for Real-Time Quantum Error Correction Authors: Kai Zhang , Zhengzhong Yi , Shaojun Guo , Linghang Kong , Situ Wang , Xiaoyu Zhan , Tan He , Weiping Lin , Tao Jiang , Dongxin Gao , Yiming Zhang , Fangming Liu , Fang Zhang , Zhengfeng Ji , Fusheng Chen , Jianxin Chen Abstract : Fast, reliable decoders are pivotal components for enabling fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC). Neural network decoders like AlphaQubit have demonstrated potential, achieving higher accuracy than traditional human-designed decoding algorithms. However, existing implementations of neural network decoders lack the parallelism required to decode the syndrome stream generated by a superconducti… ▽ More Fast, reliable decoders are pivotal components for enabling fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC). Neural network decoders like AlphaQubit have demonstrated potential, achieving higher accuracy than traditional human-designed decoding algorithms. However, existing implementations of neural network decoders lack the parallelism required to decode the syndrome stream generated by a superconducting logical qubit in real time. Moreover, integrating AlphaQubit with sliding window-based parallel decoding schemes presents non-trivial challenges: AlphaQubit is trained solely to output a single bit corresponding to the global logical correction for an entire memory experiment, rather than local physical corrections that can be easily integrated. We address this issue by training a recurrent, transformer-based neural network specifically tailored for parallel window decoding. While it still outputs a single bit, we derive training labels from a consistent set of local corrections and train on various types of decoding windows simultaneously. This approach enables the network to self-coordinate across neighboring windows, facilitating high-accuracy parallel decoding of arbitrarily long memory experiments. As a result, we overcome the throughput bottleneck that previously precluded the use of AlphaQubit-type decoders in FTQC. Our work presents the first scalable, neural-network-based parallel decoding framework that simultaneously achieves SOTA accuracy and the stringent throughput required for real-time quantum error correction. Using an end-to-end experimental workflow, we benchmark our decoder on the Zuchongzhi 3.2 superconducting quantum processor on surface codes with distances up to 7, demonstrating its superior accuracy. Moreover, we demonstrate that, using our approach, a single TPU v6e is capable of decoding surface codes with distances up to 25 within 1us per decoding round. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: The main text consists of 25 pages and 9 figures, extending our prior work (arXiv:2509.03815) with new results on surface code decoding in superconducting qubit systems and real-time performance benchmarks on TPU v6e arXiv:2601.09921 [ pdf , ps , other ] Learning to Decode in Parallel: Self-Coordinating Neural Network for Real-Time Quantum Error Correction Authors: Kai Zhang , Zhengzhong Yi , Shaojun Guo , Linghang Kong , Situ Wang , Xiaoyu Zhan , Tan He , Weiping Lin , Tao Jiang , Dongxin Gao , Yiming Zhang , Fangming Liu , Fang Zhang , Zhengfeng Ji , Fusheng Chen , Jianxin Chen Abstract : Fast, reliable decoders are pivotal components for enabling fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC). Neural network decoders like AlphaQubit have demonstrated potential, achieving higher accuracy than traditional human-designed decoding algorithms. However, existing implementations of neural network decoders lack the parallelism required to decode the syndrome stream generated by a superconducti… ▽ More Fast, reliable decoders are pivotal components for enabling fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC). Neural network decoders like AlphaQubit have demonstrated potential, achieving higher accuracy than traditional human-designed decoding algorithms. However, existing implementations of neural network decoders lack the parallelism required to decode the syndrome stream generated by a superconducting logical qubit in real time. Moreover, integrating AlphaQubit with sliding window-based parallel decoding schemes presents non-trivial challenges: AlphaQubit is trained solely to output a single bit corresponding to the global logical correction for an entire memory experiment, rather than local physical corrections that can be easily integrated. We address this issue by training a recurrent, transformer-based neural network specifically tailored for parallel window decoding. While it still outputs a single bit, we derive training labels from a consistent set of local corrections and train on various types of decoding windows simultaneously. This approach enables the network to self-coordinate across neighboring windows, facilitating high-accuracy parallel decoding of arbitrarily long memory experiments. As a result, we overcome the throughput bottleneck that previously precluded the use of AlphaQubit-type decoders in FTQC. Our work presents the first scalable, neural-network-based parallel decoding framework that simultaneously achieves SOTA accuracy and the stringent throughput required for real-time quantum error correction. Using an end-to-end experimental workflow, we benchmark our decoder on the Zuchongzhi 3.2 superconducting quantum processor on surface codes with distances up to 7, demonstrating its superior accuracy. Moreover, we demonstrate that, using our approach, a single TPU v6e is capable of decoding surface codes with distances up to 25 within 1us per decoding round. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: The main text consists of 25 pages and 9 figures, extending our prior work (arXiv:2509.03815) with new results on surface code decoding in superconducting qubit systems and real-time performance benchmarks on TPU v6e arXiv:2601.09879 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI MedVL-SAM2: A unified 3D medical vision-language model for multimodal reasoning and prompt-driven segmentation Authors: Yang Xing , Jiong Wu , Savas Ozdemir , Ying Zhang , Yang Yang , Wei Shao , Kuang Gong Abstract : Recent progress in medical vision-language models (VLMs) has achieved strong performance on image-level text-centric tasks such as report generation and visual question answering (VQA). However, achieving fine-grained visual grounding and volumetric spatial reasoning in 3D medical VLMs remains challenging, particularly when aiming to unify these capabilities within a single, generalizable framewor… ▽ More Recent progress in medical vision-language models (VLMs) has achieved strong performance on image-level text-centric tasks such as report generation and visual question answering (VQA). However, achieving fine-grained visual grounding and volumetric spatial reasoning in 3D medical VLMs remains challenging, particularly when aiming to unify these capabilities within a single, generalizable framework. To address this challenge, we proposed MedVL-SAM2, a unified 3D medical multimodal model that concurrently supports report generation, VQA, and multi-paradigm segmentation, including semantic, referring, and interactive segmentation. MedVL-SAM2 integrates image-level reasoning and pixel-level perception through a cohesive architecture tailored for 3D medical imaging, and incorporates a SAM2-based volumetric segmentation module to enable precise multi-granular spatial reasoning. The model is trained in a multi-stage pipeline: it is first pre-trained on a large-scale corpus of 3D CT image-text pairs to align volumetric visual features with radiology-language embeddings. It is then jointly optimized with both language-understanding and segmentation objectives using a comprehensive 3D CT segmentation dataset. This joint training enables flexible interaction via language, point, or box prompts, thereby unifying high-level visual reasoning with spatially precise localization. Our unified architecture delivers state-of-the-art performance across report generation, VQA, and multiple 3D segmentation tasks. Extensive analyses further show that the model provides reliable 3D visual grounding, controllable interactive segmentation, and robust cross-modal reasoning, demonstrating that high-level semantic reasoning and precise 3D localization can be jointly achieved within a unified 3D medical VLM. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09879 [ pdf , ps , other ] MedVL-SAM2: A unified 3D medical vision-language model for multimodal reasoning and prompt-driven segmentation Authors: Yang Xing , Jiong Wu , Savas Ozdemir , Ying Zhang , Yang Yang , Wei Shao , Kuang Gong Abstract : Recent progress in medical vision-language models (VLMs) has achieved strong performance on image-level text-centric tasks such as report generation and visual question answering (VQA). However, achieving fine-grained visual grounding and volumetric spatial reasoning in 3D medical VLMs remains challenging, particularly when aiming to unify these capabilities within a single, generalizable framewor… ▽ More Recent progress in medical vision-language models (VLMs) has achieved strong performance on image-level text-centric tasks such as report generation and visual question answering (VQA). However, achieving fine-grained visual grounding and volumetric spatial reasoning in 3D medical VLMs remains challenging, particularly when aiming to unify these capabilities within a single, generalizable framework. To address this challenge, we proposed MedVL-SAM2, a unified 3D medical multimodal model that concurrently supports report generation, VQA, and multi-paradigm segmentation, including semantic, referring, and interactive segmentation. MedVL-SAM2 integrates image-level reasoning and pixel-level perception through a cohesive architecture tailored for 3D medical imaging, and incorporates a SAM2-based volumetric segmentation module to enable precise multi-granular spatial reasoning. The model is trained in a multi-stage pipeline: it is first pre-trained on a large-scale corpus of 3D CT image-text pairs to align volumetric visual features with radiology-language embeddings. It is then jointly optimized with both language-understanding and segmentation objectives using a comprehensive 3D CT segmentation dataset. This joint training enables flexible interaction via language, point, or box prompts, thereby unifying high-level visual reasoning with spatially precise localization. Our unified architecture delivers state-of-the-art performance across report generation, VQA, and multiple 3D segmentation tasks. Extensive analyses further show that the model provides reliable 3D visual grounding, controllable interactive segmentation, and robust cross-modal reasoning, demonstrating that high-level semantic reasoning and precise 3D localization can be jointly achieved within a unified 3D medical VLM. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09867 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.CY AmbShield: Enhancing Physical Layer Security with Ambient Backscatter Devices against Eavesdroppers Authors: Yifan Zhang , Yishan Yang , Riku Jäntti , Zheng Yan , Dusit Niyato , Zhu Han Abstract : Passive eavesdropping compromises confidentiality in wireless networks, especially in resource-constrained environments where heavyweight cryptography is impractical. Physical layer security (PLS) exploits channel randomness and spatial selectivity to confine information to an intended receiver with modest overhead. However, typical PLS techniques, such as using beamforming, artificial noise, and… ▽ More Passive eavesdropping compromises confidentiality in wireless networks, especially in resource-constrained environments where heavyweight cryptography is impractical. Physical layer security (PLS) exploits channel randomness and spatial selectivity to confine information to an intended receiver with modest overhead. However, typical PLS techniques, such as using beamforming, artificial noise, and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, often involve added active power or specialized deployment, and, in many designs, rely on precise time synchronization and perfect CSI estimation, which limits their practicality. To this end, we propose AmbShield, an AmBD-assisted PLS scheme that leverages naturally distributed AmBDs to simultaneously strengthen the legitimate channel and degrade eavesdroppers' without requiring extra transmit power and with minimal deployment overhead. In AmbShield, AmBDs are exploited as friendly jammers that randomly backscatter to create interference at eavesdroppers, and as passive relays that backscatter the desired signal to enhance the capacity of legitimate devices. We further develop a unified analytical framework that analyzes the exact probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) of legitimate and eavesdropper signal-to-interference-noise ratio (SINR), and a closed-form secrecy outage probability (SOP). The analysis provides clear design guidelines on various practical system parameters to minimize SOP. Extensive experiments that include Monte Carlo simulations, theoretical derivations, and high-SNR asymptotic analysis demonstrate the security gains of AmbShield across diverse system parameters under imperfect synchronization and CSI estimation. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09867 [ pdf , ps , other ] AmbShield: Enhancing Physical Layer Security with Ambient Backscatter Devices against Eavesdroppers Authors: Yifan Zhang , Yishan Yang , Riku Jäntti , Zheng Yan , Dusit Niyato , Zhu Han Abstract : Passive eavesdropping compromises confidentiality in wireless networks, especially in resource-constrained environments where heavyweight cryptography is impractical. Physical layer security (PLS) exploits channel randomness and spatial selectivity to confine information to an intended receiver with modest overhead. However, typical PLS techniques, such as using beamforming, artificial noise, and… ▽ More Passive eavesdropping compromises confidentiality in wireless networks, especially in resource-constrained environments where heavyweight cryptography is impractical. Physical layer security (PLS) exploits channel randomness and spatial selectivity to confine information to an intended receiver with modest overhead. However, typical PLS techniques, such as using beamforming, artificial noise, and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, often involve added active power or specialized deployment, and, in many designs, rely on precise time synchronization and perfect CSI estimation, which limits their practicality. To this end, we propose AmbShield, an AmBD-assisted PLS scheme that leverages naturally distributed AmBDs to simultaneously strengthen the legitimate channel and degrade eavesdroppers' without requiring extra transmit power and with minimal deployment overhead. In AmbShield, AmBDs are exploited as friendly jammers that randomly backscatter to create interference at eavesdroppers, and as passive relays that backscatter the desired signal to enhance the capacity of legitimate devices. We further develop a unified analytical framework that analyzes the exact probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) of legitimate and eavesdropper signal-to-interference-noise ratio (SINR), and a closed-form secrecy outage probability (SOP). The analysis provides clear design guidelines on various practical system parameters to minimize SOP. Extensive experiments that include Monte Carlo simulations, theoretical derivations, and high-SNR asymptotic analysis demonstrate the security gains of AmbShield across diverse system parameters under imperfect synchronization and CSI estimation. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09703 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SE cs.AI cs.CL ShortCoder: Knowledge-Augmented Syntax Optimization for Token-Efficient Code Generation Authors: Sicong Liu , Yanxian Huang , Mingwei Liu , Jiachi Chen , Ensheng Shi , Yuchi Ma , Hongyu Zhang , Yin Zhang , Yanlin Wang Abstract : Code generation tasks aim to automate the conversion of user requirements into executable code, significantly reducing manual development efforts and enhancing software productivity. The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has significantly advanced code generation, though their efficiency is still impacted by certain inherent architectural constraints. Each token generation necessitates a c… ▽ More Code generation tasks aim to automate the conversion of user requirements into executable code, significantly reducing manual development efforts and enhancing software productivity. The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has significantly advanced code generation, though their efficiency is still impacted by certain inherent architectural constraints. Each token generation necessitates a complete inference pass, requiring persistent retention of contextual information in memory and escalating resource consumption. While existing research prioritizes inference-phase optimizations such as prompt compression and model quantization, the generation phase remains underexplored. To tackle these challenges, we propose a knowledge-infused framework named ShortCoder, which optimizes code generation efficiency while preserving semantic equivalence and readability. In particular, we introduce: (1) ten syntax-level simplification rules for Python, derived from AST-preserving transformations, achieving 18.1% token reduction without functional compromise; (2) a hybrid data synthesis pipeline integrating rule-based rewriting with LLM-guided refinement, producing ShorterCodeBench, a corpus of validated tuples of original code and simplified code with semantic consistency; (3) a fine-tuning strategy that injects conciseness awareness into the base LLMs. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that ShortCoder consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods on HumanEval, achieving an improvement of 18.1%-37.8% in generation efficiency over previous methods while ensuring the performance of code generation. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09703 [ pdf , ps , other ] ShortCoder: Knowledge-Augmented Syntax Optimization for Token-Efficient Code Generation Authors: Sicong Liu , Yanxian Huang , Mingwei Liu , Jiachi Chen , Ensheng Shi , Yuchi Ma , Hongyu Zhang , Yin Zhang , Yanlin Wang Abstract : Code generation tasks aim to automate the conversion of user requirements into executable code, significantly reducing manual development efforts and enhancing software productivity. The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has significantly advanced code generation, though their efficiency is still impacted by certain inherent architectural constraints. Each token generation necessitates a c… ▽ More Code generation tasks aim to automate the conversion of user requirements into executable code, significantly reducing manual development efforts and enhancing software productivity. The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has significantly advanced code generation, though their efficiency is still impacted by certain inherent architectural constraints. Each token generation necessitates a complete inference pass, requiring persistent retention of contextual information in memory and escalating resource consumption. While existing research prioritizes inference-phase optimizations such as prompt compression and model quantization, the generation phase remains underexplored. To tackle these challenges, we propose a knowledge-infused framework named ShortCoder, which optimizes code generation efficiency while preserving semantic equivalence and readability. In particular, we introduce: (1) ten syntax-level simplification rules for Python, derived from AST-preserving transformations, achieving 18.1% token reduction without functional compromise; (2) a hybrid data synthesis pipeline integrating rule-based rewriting with LLM-guided refinement, producing ShorterCodeBench, a corpus of validated tuples of original code and simplified code with semantic consistency; (3) a fine-tuning strategy that injects conciseness awareness into the base LLMs. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that ShortCoder consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods on HumanEval, achieving an improvement of 18.1%-37.8% in generation efficiency over previous methods while ensuring the performance of code generation. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09692 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.LG Routing with Generated Data: Annotation-Free LLM Skill Estimation and Expert Selection Authors: Tianyi Niu , Justin Chih-Yao Chen , Genta Indra Winata , Shi-Xiong Zhang , Supriyo Chakraborty , Sambit Sahu , Yue Zhang , Elias Stengel-Eskin , Mohit Bansal Abstract : Large Language Model (LLM) routers dynamically select optimal models for given inputs. Existing approaches typically assume access to ground-truth labeled data, which is often unavailable in practice, especially when user request distributions are heterogeneous and unknown. We introduce Routing with Generated Data (RGD), a challenging setting in which routers are trained exclusively on generated q… ▽ More Large Language Model (LLM) routers dynamically select optimal models for given inputs. Existing approaches typically assume access to ground-truth labeled data, which is often unavailable in practice, especially when user request distributions are heterogeneous and unknown. We introduce Routing with Generated Data (RGD), a challenging setting in which routers are trained exclusively on generated queries and answers produced from high-level task descriptions by generator LLMs. We evaluate query-answer routers (using both queries and labels) and query-only routers across four diverse benchmarks and 12 models, finding that query-answer routers degrade faster than query-only routers as generator quality decreases. Our analysis reveals two crucial characteristics of effective generators: they must accurately respond to their own questions, and their questions must produce sufficient performance differentiation among the model pool. We then show how filtering for these characteristics can improve the quality of generated data. We further propose CASCAL, a novel query-only router that estimates model correctness through consensus voting and identifies model-specific skill niches via hierarchical clustering. CASCAL is substantially more robust to generator quality, outperforming the best query-answer router by 4.6% absolute accuracy when trained on weak generator data. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Code: arXiv:2601.09692 [ pdf , ps , other ] Routing with Generated Data: Annotation-Free LLM Skill Estimation and Expert Selection Authors: Tianyi Niu , Justin Chih-Yao Chen , Genta Indra Winata , Shi-Xiong Zhang , Supriyo Chakraborty , Sambit Sahu , Yue Zhang , Elias Stengel-Eskin , Mohit Bansal Abstract : Large Language Model (LLM) routers dynamically select optimal models for given inputs. Existing approaches typically assume access to ground-truth labeled data, which is often unavailable in practice, especially when user request distributions are heterogeneous and unknown. We introduce Routing with Generated Data (RGD), a challenging setting in which routers are trained exclusively on generated q… ▽ More Large Language Model (LLM) routers dynamically select optimal models for given inputs. Existing approaches typically assume access to ground-truth labeled data, which is often unavailable in practice, especially when user request distributions are heterogeneous and unknown. We introduce Routing with Generated Data (RGD), a challenging setting in which routers are trained exclusively on generated queries and answers produced from high-level task descriptions by generator LLMs. We evaluate query-answer routers (using both queries and labels) and query-only routers across four diverse benchmarks and 12 models, finding that query-answer routers degrade faster than query-only routers as generator quality decreases. Our analysis reveals two crucial characteristics of effective generators: they must accurately respond to their own questions, and their questions must produce sufficient performance differentiation among the model pool. We then show how filtering for these characteristics can improve the quality of generated data. We further propose CASCAL, a novel query-only router that estimates model correctness through consensus voting and identifies model-specific skill niches via hierarchical clustering. CASCAL is substantially more robust to generator quality, outperforming the best query-answer router by 4.6% absolute accuracy when trained on weak generator data. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Code: arXiv:2601.09668 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV STEP3-VL-10B Technical Report Authors: Ailin Huang , Chengyuan Yao , Chunrui Han , Fanqi Wan , Hangyu Guo , Haoran Lv , Hongyu Zhou , Jia Wang , Jian Zhou , Jianjian Sun , Jingcheng Hu , Kangheng Lin , Liang Zhao , Mitt Huang , Song Yuan , Wenwen Qu , Xiangfeng Wang , Yanlin Lai , Yingxiu Zhao , Yinmin Zhang , Yukang Shi , Yuyang Chen , Zejia Weng , Ziyang Meng , Ang Li , et al. (68 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present STEP3-VL-10B, a lightweight open-source foundation model designed to redefine the trade-off between compact efficiency and frontier-level multimodal intelligence. STEP3-VL-10B is realized through two strategic shifts: first, a unified, fully unfrozen pre-training strategy on 1.2T multimodal tokens that integrates a language-aligned Perception Encoder with a Qwen3-8B decoder to establish… ▽ More We present STEP3-VL-10B, a lightweight open-source foundation model designed to redefine the trade-off between compact efficiency and frontier-level multimodal intelligence. STEP3-VL-10B is realized through two strategic shifts: first, a unified, fully unfrozen pre-training strategy on 1.2T multimodal tokens that integrates a language-aligned Perception Encoder with a Qwen3-8B decoder to establish intrinsic vision-language synergy; and second, a scaled post-training pipeline featuring over 1k iterations of reinforcement learning. Crucially, we implement Parallel Coordinated Reasoning (PaCoRe) to scale test-time compute, allocating resources to scalable perceptual reasoning that explores and synthesizes diverse visual hypotheses. Consequently, despite its compact 10B footprint, STEP3-VL-10B rivals or surpasses models 10$\times$-20$\times$ larger (e.g., GLM-4.6V-106B, Qwen3-VL-235B) and top-tier proprietary flagships like Gemini 2.5 Pro and Seed-1.5-VL. Delivering best-in-class performance, it records 92.2% on MMBench and 80.11% on MMMU, while excelling in complex reasoning with 94.43% on AIME2025 and 75.95% on MathVision. We release the full model suite to provide the community with a powerful, efficient, and reproducible baseline. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; v1 submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 50 pages arXiv:2601.09668 [ pdf , ps , other ] STEP3-VL-10B Technical Report Authors: Ailin Huang , Chengyuan Yao , Chunrui Han , Fanqi Wan , Hangyu Guo , Haoran Lv , Hongyu Zhou , Jia Wang , Jian Zhou , Jianjian Sun , Jingcheng Hu , Kangheng Lin , Liang Zhao , Mitt Huang , Song Yuan , Wenwen Qu , Xiangfeng Wang , Yanlin Lai , Yingxiu Zhao , Yinmin Zhang , Yukang Shi , Yuyang Chen , Zejia Weng , Ziyang Meng , Ang Li , et al. (68 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present STEP3-VL-10B, a lightweight open-source foundation model designed to redefine the trade-off between compact efficiency and frontier-level multimodal intelligence. STEP3-VL-10B is realized through two strategic shifts: first, a unified, fully unfrozen pre-training strategy on 1.2T multimodal tokens that integrates a language-aligned Perception Encoder with a Qwen3-8B decoder to establish… ▽ More We present STEP3-VL-10B, a lightweight open-source foundation model designed to redefine the trade-off between compact efficiency and frontier-level multimodal intelligence. STEP3-VL-10B is realized through two strategic shifts: first, a unified, fully unfrozen pre-training strategy on 1.2T multimodal tokens that integrates a language-aligned Perception Encoder with a Qwen3-8B decoder to establish intrinsic vision-language synergy; and second, a scaled post-training pipeline featuring over 1k iterations of reinforcement learning. Crucially, we implement Parallel Coordinated Reasoning (PaCoRe) to scale test-time compute, allocating resources to scalable perceptual reasoning that explores and synthesizes diverse visual hypotheses. Consequently, despite its compact 10B footprint, STEP3-VL-10B rivals or surpasses models 10$\times$-20$\times$ larger (e.g., GLM-4.6V-106B, Qwen3-VL-235B) and top-tier proprietary flagships like Gemini 2.5 Pro and Seed-1.5-VL. Delivering best-in-class performance, it records 92.2% on MMBench and 80.11% on MMMU, while excelling in complex reasoning with 94.43% on AIME2025 and 75.95% on MathVision. We release the full model suite to provide the community with a powerful, efficient, and reproducible baseline. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; v1 submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 50 pages arXiv:2601.09518 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO cs.AI cs.CV Learning Whole-Body Human-Humanoid Interaction from Human-Human Demonstrations Authors: Wei-Jin Huang , Yue-Yi Zhang , Yi-Lin Wei , Zhi-Wei Xia , Juantao Tan , Yuan-Ming Li , Zhilin Zhao , Wei-Shi Zheng Abstract : Enabling humanoid robots to physically interact with humans is a critical frontier, but progress is hindered by the scarcity of high-quality Human-Humanoid Interaction (HHoI) data. While leveraging abundant Human-Human Interaction (HHI) data presents a scalable alternative, we first demonstrate that standard retargeting fails by breaking the essential contacts. We address this with PAIR (Physics-A… ▽ More Enabling humanoid robots to physically interact with humans is a critical frontier, but progress is hindered by the scarcity of high-quality Human-Humanoid Interaction (HHoI) data. While leveraging abundant Human-Human Interaction (HHI) data presents a scalable alternative, we first demonstrate that standard retargeting fails by breaking the essential contacts. We address this with PAIR (Physics-Aware Interaction Retargeting), a contact-centric, two-stage pipeline that preserves contact semantics across morphology differences to generate physically consistent HHoI data. This high-quality data, however, exposes a second failure: conventional imitation learning policies merely mimic trajectories and lack interactive understanding. We therefore introduce D-STAR (Decoupled Spatio-Temporal Action Reasoner), a hierarchical policy that disentangles when to act from where to act. In D-STAR, Phase Attention (when) and a Multi-Scale Spatial module (where) are fused by the diffusion head to produce synchronized whole-body behaviors beyond mimicry. By decoupling these reasoning streams, our model learns robust temporal phases without being distracted by spatial noise, leading to responsive, synchronized collaboration. We validate our framework through extensive and rigorous simulations, demonstrating significant performance gains over baseline approaches and a complete, effective pipeline for learning complex whole-body interactions from HHI data. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09518 [ pdf , ps , other ] Learning Whole-Body Human-Humanoid Interaction from Human-Human Demonstrations Authors: Wei-Jin Huang , Yue-Yi Zhang , Yi-Lin Wei , Zhi-Wei Xia , Juantao Tan , Yuan-Ming Li , Zhilin Zhao , Wei-Shi Zheng Abstract : Enabling humanoid robots to physically interact with humans is a critical frontier, but progress is hindered by the scarcity of high-quality Human-Humanoid Interaction (HHoI) data. While leveraging abundant Human-Human Interaction (HHI) data presents a scalable alternative, we first demonstrate that standard retargeting fails by breaking the essential contacts. We address this with PAIR (Physics-A… ▽ More Enabling humanoid robots to physically interact with humans is a critical frontier, but progress is hindered by the scarcity of high-quality Human-Humanoid Interaction (HHoI) data. While leveraging abundant Human-Human Interaction (HHI) data presents a scalable alternative, we first demonstrate that standard retargeting fails by breaking the essential contacts. We address this with PAIR (Physics-Aware Interaction Retargeting), a contact-centric, two-stage pipeline that preserves contact semantics across morphology differences to generate physically consistent HHoI data. This high-quality data, however, exposes a second failure: conventional imitation learning policies merely mimic trajectories and lack interactive understanding. We therefore introduce D-STAR (Decoupled Spatio-Temporal Action Reasoner), a hierarchical policy that disentangles when to act from where to act. In D-STAR, Phase Attention (when) and a Multi-Scale Spatial module (where) are fused by the diffusion head to produce synchronized whole-body behaviors beyond mimicry. By decoupling these reasoning streams, our model learns robust temporal phases without being distracted by spatial noise, leading to responsive, synchronized collaboration. We validate our framework through extensive and rigorous simulations, demonstrating significant performance gains over baseline approaches and a complete, effective pipeline for learning complex whole-body interactions from HHI data. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09512 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO cs.LG CLARE: Continual Learning for Vision-Language-Action Models via Autonomous Adapter Routing and Expansion Authors: Ralf Römer , Yi Zhang , Angela P. Schoellig Abstract : To teach robots complex manipulation tasks, it is now a common practice to fine-tune a pre-trained vision-language-action model (VLA) on task-specific data. However, since this recipe updates existing representations, it is unsuitable for long-term operation in the real world, where robots must continually adapt to new tasks and environments while retaining the knowledge they have already acquired… ▽ More To teach robots complex manipulation tasks, it is now a common practice to fine-tune a pre-trained vision-language-action model (VLA) on task-specific data. However, since this recipe updates existing representations, it is unsuitable for long-term operation in the real world, where robots must continually adapt to new tasks and environments while retaining the knowledge they have already acquired. Existing continual learning methods for robotics commonly require storing previous data (exemplars), struggle with long task sequences, or rely on task identifiers for deployment. To address these limitations, we propose CLARE, a general, parameter-efficient framework for exemplar-free continual learning with VLAs. CLARE introduces lightweight modular adapters into selected feedforward layers and autonomously expands the model only where necessary when learning a new task, guided by layer-wise feature similarity. During deployment, an autoencoder-based routing mechanism dynamically activates the most relevant adapters without requiring task labels. Through extensive experiments on the LIBERO benchmark, we show that CLARE achieves high performance on new tasks without catastrophic forgetting of earlier tasks, significantly outperforming even exemplar-based methods. Code and data are available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project page: 9 pages, 5 figures ACM Class: I.2.6; I.2.9; I.2.10 arXiv:2601.09512 [ pdf , ps , other ] CLARE: Continual Learning for Vision-Language-Action Models via Autonomous Adapter Routing and Expansion Authors: Ralf Römer , Yi Zhang , Angela P. Schoellig Abstract : To teach robots complex manipulation tasks, it is now a common practice to fine-tune a pre-trained vision-language-action model (VLA) on task-specific data. However, since this recipe updates existing representations, it is unsuitable for long-term operation in the real world, where robots must continually adapt to new tasks and environments while retaining the knowledge they have already acquired… ▽ More To teach robots complex manipulation tasks, it is now a common practice to fine-tune a pre-trained vision-language-action model (VLA) on task-specific data. However, since this recipe updates existing representations, it is unsuitable for long-term operation in the real world, where robots must continually adapt to new tasks and environments while retaining the knowledge they have already acquired. Existing continual learning methods for robotics commonly require storing previous data (exemplars), struggle with long task sequences, or rely on task identifiers for deployment. To address these limitations, we propose CLARE, a general, parameter-efficient framework for exemplar-free continual learning with VLAs. CLARE introduces lightweight modular adapters into selected feedforward layers and autonomously expands the model only where necessary when learning a new task, guided by layer-wise feature similarity. During deployment, an autoencoder-based routing mechanism dynamically activates the most relevant adapters without requiring task labels. Through extensive experiments on the LIBERO benchmark, we show that CLARE achieves high performance on new tasks without catastrophic forgetting of earlier tasks, significantly outperforming even exemplar-based methods. Code and data are available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project page: 9 pages, 5 figures ACM Class: I.2.6; I.2.9; I.2.10 arXiv:2601.09504 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL MVSS: A Unified Framework for Multi-View Structured Survey Generation Authors: Yinqi Liu , Yueqi Zhu , Yongkang Zhang , Xinfeng Li , Feiran Liu , Yufei Sun , Xin Wang , Renzhao Liang , Yidong Wang , Cunxiang Wang Abstract : Scientific surveys require not only summarizing large bodies of literature, but also organizing them into clear and coherent conceptual structures. Existing automatic survey generation methods typically focus on linear text generation and struggle to explicitly model hierarchical relations among research topics and structured methodological comparisons, resulting in gaps in structural organization… ▽ More Scientific surveys require not only summarizing large bodies of literature, but also organizing them into clear and coherent conceptual structures. Existing automatic survey generation methods typically focus on linear text generation and struggle to explicitly model hierarchical relations among research topics and structured methodological comparisons, resulting in gaps in structural organization compared to expert-written surveys. We propose MVSS, a multi-view structured survey generation framework that jointly generates and aligns citation-grounded hierarchical trees, structured comparison tables, and survey text. MVSS follows a structure-first paradigm: it first constructs a conceptual tree of the research domain, then generates comparison tables constrained by the tree, and finally uses both as structural constraints for text generation. This enables complementary multi-view representations across structure, comparison, and narrative. We introduce an evaluation framework assessing structural quality, comparative completeness, and citation fidelity. Experiments on 76 computer science topics show MVSS outperforms existing methods in organization and evidence grounding, achieving performance comparable to expert surveys. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09504 [ pdf , ps , other ] MVSS: A Unified Framework for Multi-View Structured Survey Generation Authors: Yinqi Liu , Yueqi Zhu , Yongkang Zhang , Xinfeng Li , Feiran Liu , Yufei Sun , Xin Wang , Renzhao Liang , Yidong Wang , Cunxiang Wang Abstract : Scientific surveys require not only summarizing large bodies of literature, but also organizing them into clear and coherent conceptual structures. Existing automatic survey generation methods typically focus on linear text generation and struggle to explicitly model hierarchical relations among research topics and structured methodological comparisons, resulting in gaps in structural organization… ▽ More Scientific surveys require not only summarizing large bodies of literature, but also organizing them into clear and coherent conceptual structures. Existing automatic survey generation methods typically focus on linear text generation and struggle to explicitly model hierarchical relations among research topics and structured methodological comparisons, resulting in gaps in structural organization compared to expert-written surveys. We propose MVSS, a multi-view structured survey generation framework that jointly generates and aligns citation-grounded hierarchical trees, structured comparison tables, and survey text. MVSS follows a structure-first paradigm: it first constructs a conceptual tree of the research domain, then generates comparison tables constrained by the tree, and finally uses both as structural constraints for text generation. This enables complementary multi-view representations across structure, comparison, and narrative. We introduce an evaluation framework assessing structural quality, comparative completeness, and citation fidelity. Experiments on 76 computer science topics show MVSS outperforms existing methods in organization and evidence grounding, achieving performance comparable to expert surveys. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09247 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Integrating Diverse Assignment Strategies into DETRs Authors: Yiwei Zhang , Jin Gao , Hanshi Wang , Fudong Ge , Guan Luo , Weiming Hu , Zhipeng Zhang Abstract : Label assignment is a critical component in object detectors, particularly within DETR-style frameworks where the one-to-one matching strategy, despite its end-to-end elegance, suffers from slow convergence due to sparse supervision. While recent works have explored one-to-many assignments to enrich supervisory signals, they often introduce complex, architecture-specific modifications and typicall… ▽ More Label assignment is a critical component in object detectors, particularly within DETR-style frameworks where the one-to-one matching strategy, despite its end-to-end elegance, suffers from slow convergence due to sparse supervision. While recent works have explored one-to-many assignments to enrich supervisory signals, they often introduce complex, architecture-specific modifications and typically focus on a single auxiliary strategy, lacking a unified and scalable design. In this paper, we first systematically investigate the effects of ``one-to-many'' supervision and reveal a surprising insight that performance gains are driven not by the sheer quantity of supervision, but by the diversity of the assignment strategies employed. This finding suggests that a more elegant, parameter-efficient approach is attainable. Building on this insight, we propose LoRA-DETR, a flexible and lightweight framework that seamlessly integrates diverse assignment strategies into any DETR-style detector. Our method augments the primary network with multiple Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) branches during training, each instantiating a different one-to-many assignment rule. These branches act as auxiliary modules that inject rich, varied supervisory gradients into the main model and are discarded during inference, thus incurring no additional computational cost. This design promotes robust joint optimization while maintaining the architectural simplicity of the original detector. Extensive experiments on different baselines validate the effectiveness of our approach. Our work presents a new paradigm for enhancing detectors, demonstrating that diverse ``one-to-many'' supervision can be integrated to achieve state-of-the-art results without compromising model elegance. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09247 [ pdf , ps , other ] Integrating Diverse Assignment Strategies into DETRs Authors: Yiwei Zhang , Jin Gao , Hanshi Wang , Fudong Ge , Guan Luo , Weiming Hu , Zhipeng Zhang Abstract : Label assignment is a critical component in object detectors, particularly within DETR-style frameworks where the one-to-one matching strategy, despite its end-to-end elegance, suffers from slow convergence due to sparse supervision. While recent works have explored one-to-many assignments to enrich supervisory signals, they often introduce complex, architecture-specific modifications and typicall… ▽ More Label assignment is a critical component in object detectors, particularly within DETR-style frameworks where the one-to-one matching strategy, despite its end-to-end elegance, suffers from slow convergence due to sparse supervision. While recent works have explored one-to-many assignments to enrich supervisory signals, they often introduce complex, architecture-specific modifications and typically focus on a single auxiliary strategy, lacking a unified and scalable design. In this paper, we first systematically investigate the effects of ``one-to-many'' supervision and reveal a surprising insight that performance gains are driven not by the sheer quantity of supervision, but by the diversity of the assignment strategies employed. This finding suggests that a more elegant, parameter-efficient approach is attainable. Building on this insight, we propose LoRA-DETR, a flexible and lightweight framework that seamlessly integrates diverse assignment strategies into any DETR-style detector. Our method augments the primary network with multiple Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) branches during training, each instantiating a different one-to-many assignment rule. These branches act as auxiliary modules that inject rich, varied supervisory gradients into the main model and are discarded during inference, thus incurring no additional computational cost. This design promotes robust joint optimization while maintaining the architectural simplicity of the original detector. Extensive experiments on different baselines validate the effectiveness of our approach. Our work presents a new paradigm for enhancing detectors, demonstrating that diverse ``one-to-many'' supervision can be integrated to achieve state-of-the-art results without compromising model elegance. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09246 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL TeachPro: Multi-Label Qualitative Teaching Evaluation via Cross-View Graph Synergy and Semantic Anchored Evidence Encoding Authors: Xiangqian Wang , Yifan Jia , Yang Xiang , Yumin Zhang , Yanbin Wang , Ke Liu Abstract : Standardized Student Evaluation of Teaching often suffer from low reliability, restricted response options, and response distortion. Existing machine learning methods that mine open-ended comments usually reduce feedback to binary sentiment, which overlooks concrete concerns such as content clarity, feedback timeliness, and instructor demeanor, and provides limited guidance for instructional impro… ▽ More Standardized Student Evaluation of Teaching often suffer from low reliability, restricted response options, and response distortion. Existing machine learning methods that mine open-ended comments usually reduce feedback to binary sentiment, which overlooks concrete concerns such as content clarity, feedback timeliness, and instructor demeanor, and provides limited guidance for instructional improvement.We propose TeachPro, a multi-label learning framework that systematically assesses five key teaching dimensions: professional expertise, instructional behavior, pedagogical efficacy, classroom experience, and other performance metrics. We first propose a Dimension-Anchored Evidence Encoder, which integrates three core components: (i) a pre-trained text encoder that transforms qualitative feedback annotations into contextualized embeddings; (ii) a prompt module that represents five teaching dimensions as learnable semantic anchors; and (iii) a cross-attention mechanism that aligns evidence with pedagogical dimensions within a structured semantic space. We then propose a Cross-View Graph Synergy Network to represent student comments. This network comprises two components: (i) a Syntactic Branch that extracts explicit grammatical dependencies from parse trees, and (ii) a Semantic Branch that models latent conceptual relations derived from BERT-based similarity graphs. BiAffine fusion module aligns syntactic and semantic units, while a differential regularizer disentangles embeddings to encourage complementary representations. Finally, a cross-attention mechanism bridges the dimension-anchored evidence with the multi-view comment representations. We also contribute a novel benchmark dataset featuring expert qualitative annotations and multi-label scores. Extensive experiments demonstrate that TeachPro offers superior diagnostic granularity and robustness across diverse evaluation settings. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09246 [ pdf , ps , other ] TeachPro: Multi-Label Qualitative Teaching Evaluation via Cross-View Graph Synergy and Semantic Anchored Evidence Encoding Authors: Xiangqian Wang , Yifan Jia , Yang Xiang , Yumin Zhang , Yanbin Wang , Ke Liu Abstract : Standardized Student Evaluation of Teaching often suffer from low reliability, restricted response options, and response distortion. Existing machine learning methods that mine open-ended comments usually reduce feedback to binary sentiment, which overlooks concrete concerns such as content clarity, feedback timeliness, and instructor demeanor, and provides limited guidance for instructional impro… ▽ More Standardized Student Evaluation of Teaching often suffer from low reliability, restricted response options, and response distortion. Existing machine learning methods that mine open-ended comments usually reduce feedback to binary sentiment, which overlooks concrete concerns such as content clarity, feedback timeliness, and instructor demeanor, and provides limited guidance for instructional improvement.We propose TeachPro, a multi-label learning framework that systematically assesses five key teaching dimensions: professional expertise, instructional behavior, pedagogical efficacy, classroom experience, and other performance metrics. We first propose a Dimension-Anchored Evidence Encoder, which integrates three core components: (i) a pre-trained text encoder that transforms qualitative feedback annotations into contextualized embeddings; (ii) a prompt module that represents five teaching dimensions as learnable semantic anchors; and (iii) a cross-attention mechanism that aligns evidence with pedagogical dimensions within a structured semantic space. We then propose a Cross-View Graph Synergy Network to represent student comments. This network comprises two components: (i) a Syntactic Branch that extracts explicit grammatical dependencies from parse trees, and (ii) a Semantic Branch that models latent conceptual relations derived from BERT-based similarity graphs. BiAffine fusion module aligns syntactic and semantic units, while a differential regularizer disentangles embeddings to encourage complementary representations. Finally, a cross-attention mechanism bridges the dimension-anchored evidence with the multi-view comment representations. We also contribute a novel benchmark dataset featuring expert qualitative annotations and multi-label scores. Extensive experiments demonstrate that TeachPro offers superior diagnostic granularity and robustness across diverse evaluation settings. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09188 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT Reducing The Sub-packetization Level of Optimal-Access Cooperative MSR Codes Authors: Yaqian Zhang , Jingke Xu Abstract : Cooperative MSR codes are a kind of storage codes which enable optimal-bandwidth repair of any $h\geq2$ node erasures in a cooperative way, while retaining the minimum storage as an $[n,k]$ MDS code. Each code coordinate (node) is assumed to store an array of $\ell$ symbols, where $\ell$ is termed as sub-packetization. Large sub-packetization tends to induce high complexity, large input/output in… ▽ More Cooperative MSR codes are a kind of storage codes which enable optimal-bandwidth repair of any $h\geq2$ node erasures in a cooperative way, while retaining the minimum storage as an $[n,k]$ MDS code. Each code coordinate (node) is assumed to store an array of $\ell$ symbols, where $\ell$ is termed as sub-packetization. Large sub-packetization tends to induce high complexity, large input/output in practice. To address the disk IO capability, a cooperative MSR code is said to have optimal-access property, if during node repair, the amount of data accessed at each helper node meets a theoretical lower bound. In this paper, we focus on reducing the sub-packetization of optimal-access cooperative MSR codes with two erasures. At first, we design two crucial MDS array codes for repairing a specific repair pattern of two erasures with optimal access. Then, using the two codes as building blocks and by stacking up of the two codes for several times, we obtain an optimal-access cooperative MSR code with two erasures. The derived code has sub-packetization $\ell=r^{\binom{n}{2}-\lfloor\frac{n}{r}\rfloor(\binom{r}{2}-1)}$ where $r=n-k$, and it reduces $\ell$ by a fraction of $1/r^{\lfloor\frac{n}{r}\rfloor(\binom{r}{2}-1)}$ compared with the state of the art ($\ell=r^{\binom{n}{2}}$). △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09188 [ pdf , ps , other ] Reducing The Sub-packetization Level of Optimal-Access Cooperative MSR Codes Authors: Yaqian Zhang , Jingke Xu Abstract : Cooperative MSR codes are a kind of storage codes which enable optimal-bandwidth repair of any $h\geq2$ node erasures in a cooperative way, while retaining the minimum storage as an $[n,k]$ MDS code. Each code coordinate (node) is assumed to store an array of $\ell$ symbols, where $\ell$ is termed as sub-packetization. Large sub-packetization tends to induce high complexity, large input/output in… ▽ More Cooperative MSR codes are a kind of storage codes which enable optimal-bandwidth repair of any $h\geq2$ node erasures in a cooperative way, while retaining the minimum storage as an $[n,k]$ MDS code. Each code coordinate (node) is assumed to store an array of $\ell$ symbols, where $\ell$ is termed as sub-packetization. Large sub-packetization tends to induce high complexity, large input/output in practice. To address the disk IO capability, a cooperative MSR code is said to have optimal-access property, if during node repair, the amount of data accessed at each helper node meets a theoretical lower bound. In this paper, we focus on reducing the sub-packetization of optimal-access cooperative MSR codes with two erasures. At first, we design two crucial MDS array codes for repairing a specific repair pattern of two erasures with optimal access. Then, using the two codes as building blocks and by stacking up of the two codes for several times, we obtain an optimal-access cooperative MSR code with two erasures. The derived code has sub-packetization $\ell=r^{\binom{n}{2}-\lfloor\frac{n}{r}\rfloor(\binom{r}{2}-1)}$ where $r=n-k$, and it reduces $\ell$ by a fraction of $1/r^{\lfloor\frac{n}{r}\rfloor(\binom{r}{2}-1)}$ compared with the state of the art ($\ell=r^{\binom{n}{2}}$). △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09053 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.HC Evaluating local large language models for structured extraction from endometriosis-specific transvaginal ultrasound reports Authors: Haiyi Li , Yutong Li , Yiheng Chi , Alison Deslandes , Mathew Leonardi , Shay Freger , Yuan Zhang , Jodie Avery , M. Louise Hull , Hsiang-Ting Chen Abstract : In this study, we evaluate a locally-deployed large-language model (LLM) to convert unstructured endometriosis transvaginal ultrasound (eTVUS) scan reports into structured data for imaging informatics workflows. Across 49 eTVUS reports, we compared three LLMs (7B/8B and a 20B-parameter model) against expert human extraction. The 20B model achieved a mean accuracy of 86.02%, substantially outperfor… ▽ More In this study, we evaluate a locally-deployed large-language model (LLM) to convert unstructured endometriosis transvaginal ultrasound (eTVUS) scan reports into structured data for imaging informatics workflows. Across 49 eTVUS reports, we compared three LLMs (7B/8B and a 20B-parameter model) against expert human extraction. The 20B model achieved a mean accuracy of 86.02%, substantially outperforming smaller models and confirming the importance of scale in handling complex clinical text. Crucially, we identified a highly complementary error profile: the LLM excelled at syntactic consistency (e.g., date/numeric formatting) where humans faltered, while human experts provided superior semantic and contextual interpretation. We also found that the LLM's semantic errors were fundamental limitations that could not be mitigated by simple prompt engineering. These findings strongly support a human-in-the-loop (HITL) workflow in which the on-premise LLM serves as a collaborative tool, not a full replacement. It automates routine structuring and flags potential human errors, enabling imaging specialists to focus on high-level semantic validation. We discuss implications for structured reporting and interactive AI systems in clinical practice. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09053 [ pdf , ps , other ] Evaluating local large language models for structured extraction from endometriosis-specific transvaginal ultrasound reports Authors: Haiyi Li , Yutong Li , Yiheng Chi , Alison Deslandes , Mathew Leonardi , Shay Freger , Yuan Zhang , Jodie Avery , M. Louise Hull , Hsiang-Ting Chen Abstract : In this study, we evaluate a locally-deployed large-language model (LLM) to convert unstructured endometriosis transvaginal ultrasound (eTVUS) scan reports into structured data for imaging informatics workflows. Across 49 eTVUS reports, we compared three LLMs (7B/8B and a 20B-parameter model) against expert human extraction. The 20B model achieved a mean accuracy of 86.02%, substantially outperfor… ▽ More In this study, we evaluate a locally-deployed large-language model (LLM) to convert unstructured endometriosis transvaginal ultrasound (eTVUS) scan reports into structured data for imaging informatics workflows. Across 49 eTVUS reports, we compared three LLMs (7B/8B and a 20B-parameter model) against expert human extraction. The 20B model achieved a mean accuracy of 86.02%, substantially outperforming smaller models and confirming the importance of scale in handling complex clinical text. Crucially, we identified a highly complementary error profile: the LLM excelled at syntactic consistency (e.g., date/numeric formatting) where humans faltered, while human experts provided superior semantic and contextual interpretation. We also found that the LLM's semantic errors were fundamental limitations that could not be mitigated by simple prompt engineering. These findings strongly support a human-in-the-loop (HITL) workflow in which the on-premise LLM serves as a collaborative tool, not a full replacement. It automates routine structuring and flags potential human errors, enabling imaging specialists to focus on high-level semantic validation. We discuss implications for structured reporting and interactive AI systems in clinical practice. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08881 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI TAG-MoE: Task-Aware Gating for Unified Generative Mixture-of-Experts Authors: Yu Xu , Hongbin Yan , Juan Cao , Yiji Cheng , Tiankai Hang , Runze He , Zijin Yin , Shiyi Zhang , Yuxin Zhang , Jintao Li , Chunyu Wang , Qinglin Lu , Tong-Yee Lee , Fan Tang Abstract : Unified image generation and editing models suffer from severe task interference in dense diffusion transformers architectures, where a shared parameter space must compromise between conflicting objectives (e.g., local editing v.s. subject-driven generation). While the sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) paradigm is a promising solution, its gating networks remain task-agnostic, operating based on loc… ▽ More Unified image generation and editing models suffer from severe task interference in dense diffusion transformers architectures, where a shared parameter space must compromise between conflicting objectives (e.g., local editing v.s. subject-driven generation). While the sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) paradigm is a promising solution, its gating networks remain task-agnostic, operating based on local features, unaware of global task intent. This task-agnostic nature prevents meaningful specialization and fails to resolve the underlying task interference. In this paper, we propose a novel framework to inject semantic intent into MoE routing. We introduce a Hierarchical Task Semantic Annotation scheme to create structured task descriptors (e.g., scope, type, preservation). We then design Predictive Alignment Regularization to align internal routing decisions with the task's high-level semantics. This regularization evolves the gating network from a task-agnostic executor to a dispatch center. Our model effectively mitigates task interference, outperforming dense baselines in fidelity and quality, and our analysis shows that experts naturally develop clear and semantically correlated specializations. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project page: arXiv:2601.08881 [ pdf , ps , other ] TAG-MoE: Task-Aware Gating for Unified Generative Mixture-of-Experts Authors: Yu Xu , Hongbin Yan , Juan Cao , Yiji Cheng , Tiankai Hang , Runze He , Zijin Yin , Shiyi Zhang , Yuxin Zhang , Jintao Li , Chunyu Wang , Qinglin Lu , Tong-Yee Lee , Fan Tang Abstract : Unified image generation and editing models suffer from severe task interference in dense diffusion transformers architectures, where a shared parameter space must compromise between conflicting objectives (e.g., local editing v.s. subject-driven generation). While the sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) paradigm is a promising solution, its gating networks remain task-agnostic, operating based on loc… ▽ More Unified image generation and editing models suffer from severe task interference in dense diffusion transformers architectures, where a shared parameter space must compromise between conflicting objectives (e.g., local editing v.s. subject-driven generation). While the sparse Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) paradigm is a promising solution, its gating networks remain task-agnostic, operating based on local features, unaware of global task intent. This task-agnostic nature prevents meaningful specialization and fails to resolve the underlying task interference. In this paper, we propose a novel framework to inject semantic intent into MoE routing. We introduce a Hierarchical Task Semantic Annotation scheme to create structured task descriptors (e.g., scope, type, preservation). We then design Predictive Alignment Regularization to align internal routing decisions with the task's high-level semantics. This regularization evolves the gating network from a task-agnostic executor to a dispatch center. Our model effectively mitigates task interference, outperforming dense baselines in fidelity and quality, and our analysis shows that experts naturally develop clear and semantically correlated specializations. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project page: arXiv:2601.08816 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IR cs.AI MemRec: Collaborative Memory-Augmented Agentic Recommender System Authors: Weixin Chen , Yuhan Zhao , Jingyuan Huang , Zihe Ye , Clark Mingxuan Ju , Tong Zhao , Neil Shah , Li Chen , Yongfeng Zhang Abstract : The evolution of recommender systems has shifted preference storage from rating matrices and dense embeddings to semantic memory in the agentic era. Yet existing agents rely on isolated memory, overlooking crucial collaborative signals. Bridging this gap is hindered by the dual challenges of distilling vast graph contexts without overwhelming reasoning agents with cognitive load, and evolving the… ▽ More The evolution of recommender systems has shifted preference storage from rating matrices and dense embeddings to semantic memory in the agentic era. Yet existing agents rely on isolated memory, overlooking crucial collaborative signals. Bridging this gap is hindered by the dual challenges of distilling vast graph contexts without overwhelming reasoning agents with cognitive load, and evolving the collaborative memory efficiently without incurring prohibitive computational costs. To address this, we propose MemRec, a framework that architecturally decouples reasoning from memory management to enable efficient collaborative augmentation. MemRec introduces a dedicated, cost-effective LM_Mem to manage a dynamic collaborative memory graph, serving synthesized, high-signal context to a downstream LLM_Rec. The framework operates via a practical pipeline featuring efficient retrieval and cost-effective asynchronous graph propagation that evolves memory in the background. Extensive experiments on four benchmarks demonstrate that MemRec achieves state-of-the-art performance. Furthermore, architectural analysis confirms its flexibility, establishing a new Pareto frontier that balances reasoning quality, cost, and privacy through support for diverse deployments, including local open-source models. Code: and Homepage: △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08816 [ pdf , ps , other ] MemRec: Collaborative Memory-Augmented Agentic Recommender System Authors: Weixin Chen , Yuhan Zhao , Jingyuan Huang , Zihe Ye , Clark Mingxuan Ju , Tong Zhao , Neil Shah , Li Chen , Yongfeng Zhang Abstract : The evolution of recommender systems has shifted preference storage from rating matrices and dense embeddings to semantic memory in the agentic era. Yet existing agents rely on isolated memory, overlooking crucial collaborative signals. Bridging this gap is hindered by the dual challenges of distilling vast graph contexts without overwhelming reasoning agents with cognitive load, and evolving the… ▽ More The evolution of recommender systems has shifted preference storage from rating matrices and dense embeddings to semantic memory in the agentic era. Yet existing agents rely on isolated memory, overlooking crucial collaborative signals. Bridging this gap is hindered by the dual challenges of distilling vast graph contexts without overwhelming reasoning agents with cognitive load, and evolving the collaborative memory efficiently without incurring prohibitive computational costs. To address this, we propose MemRec, a framework that architecturally decouples reasoning from memory management to enable efficient collaborative augmentation. MemRec introduces a dedicated, cost-effective LM_Mem to manage a dynamic collaborative memory graph, serving synthesized, high-signal context to a downstream LLM_Rec. The framework operates via a practical pipeline featuring efficient retrieval and cost-effective asynchronous graph propagation that evolves memory in the background. Extensive experiments on four benchmarks demonstrate that MemRec achieves state-of-the-art performance. Furthermore, architectural analysis confirms its flexibility, establishing a new Pareto frontier that balances reasoning quality, cost, and privacy through support for diverse deployments, including local open-source models. Code: and Homepage: △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08800 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DC MixServe: An Automatic Distributed Serving System for MoE Models with Hybrid Parallelism Based on Fused Communication Algorithm Authors: Bowen Zhou , Jinrui Jia , Wenhao He , Yong Zhang , Fang Dong Abstract : The Mixture of Experts (MoE) models are emerging as the latest paradigm for Large Language Models (LLMs). However, due to memory constraints, MoE models with billions or even trillions of parameters can only be deployed in multi-GPU or even multi-node & multi-GPU based serving systems. Thus, communication has became a major bottleneck in distributed serving systems, especially inter-node communica… ▽ More The Mixture of Experts (MoE) models are emerging as the latest paradigm for Large Language Models (LLMs). However, due to memory constraints, MoE models with billions or even trillions of parameters can only be deployed in multi-GPU or even multi-node & multi-GPU based serving systems. Thus, communication has became a major bottleneck in distributed serving systems, especially inter-node communication. Contemporary distributed MoE models are primarily implemented using all-reduce (AR) based tensor parallelism (TP) and all-to-all (A2A) based expert parallelism (EP). However, TP generally exhibits low inter-node efficiency and is thus confined to high-speed intra-node bandwidth. In contrast, EP tends to suffer from load imbalance, especially when the parallel degree is high. In this work, we introduce MixServe, a novel automatic distributed serving system for efficient deployment of MoE models by a novel TP-EP hybrid parallelism based on fused AR-A2A communication algorithm. MixServe begins by evaluating the communication overhead associated with various parallel strategies, taking into account the model hyperparameters and the configurations of network and hardware resources, and then automatically selects the most efficient parallel strategy. Then, we propose the TP-EP hybrid parallelism based on fused AR-A2A communication algorithm that overlaps intra-node AR communication and inter-node A2A communication. Extensive experiments on DeepSeek-R1 and Qwen3 models demonstrate that MixServe achieves superior inference performance, with 1.08~3.80x acceleration in time to first token (TTFT), 1.03~1.66x acceleration in inter-token latency (ITL), and 5.2%~50.3% throughput improvement compared to existing approaches. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Submitted to ICDCS 2026 arXiv:2601.08800 [ pdf , ps , other ] MixServe: An Automatic Distributed Serving System for MoE Models with Hybrid Parallelism Based on Fused Communication Algorithm Authors: Bowen Zhou , Jinrui Jia , Wenhao He , Yong Zhang , Fang Dong Abstract : The Mixture of Experts (MoE) models are emerging as the latest paradigm for Large Language Models (LLMs). However, due to memory constraints, MoE models with billions or even trillions of parameters can only be deployed in multi-GPU or even multi-node & multi-GPU based serving systems. Thus, communication has became a major bottleneck in distributed serving systems, especially inter-node communica… ▽ More The Mixture of Experts (MoE) models are emerging as the latest paradigm for Large Language Models (LLMs). However, due to memory constraints, MoE models with billions or even trillions of parameters can only be deployed in multi-GPU or even multi-node & multi-GPU based serving systems. Thus, communication has became a major bottleneck in distributed serving systems, especially inter-node communication. Contemporary distributed MoE models are primarily implemented using all-reduce (AR) based tensor parallelism (TP) and all-to-all (A2A) based expert parallelism (EP). However, TP generally exhibits low inter-node efficiency and is thus confined to high-speed intra-node bandwidth. In contrast, EP tends to suffer from load imbalance, especially when the parallel degree is high. In this work, we introduce MixServe, a novel automatic distributed serving system for efficient deployment of MoE models by a novel TP-EP hybrid parallelism based on fused AR-A2A communication algorithm. MixServe begins by evaluating the communication overhead associated with various parallel strategies, taking into account the model hyperparameters and the configurations of network and hardware resources, and then automatically selects the most efficient parallel strategy. Then, we propose the TP-EP hybrid parallelism based on fused AR-A2A communication algorithm that overlaps intra-node AR communication and inter-node A2A communication. Extensive experiments on DeepSeek-R1 and Qwen3 models demonstrate that MixServe achieves superior inference performance, with 1.08~3.80x acceleration in time to first token (TTFT), 1.03~1.66x acceleration in inter-token latency (ITL), and 5.2%~50.3% throughput improvement compared to existing approaches. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Submitted to ICDCS 2026 arXiv:2601.08665 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO cs.CV VLingNav: Embodied Navigation with Adaptive Reasoning and Visual-Assisted Linguistic Memory Authors: Shaoan Wang , Yuanfei Luo , Xingyu Chen , Aocheng Luo , Dongyue Li , Chang Liu , Sheng Chen , Yangang Zhang , Junzhi Yu Abstract : VLA models have shown promising potential in embodied navigation by unifying perception and planning while inheriting the strong generalization abilities of large VLMs. However, most existing VLA models rely on reactive mappings directly from observations to actions, lacking the explicit reasoning capabilities and persistent memory required for complex, long-horizon navigation tasks. To address th… ▽ More VLA models have shown promising potential in embodied navigation by unifying perception and planning while inheriting the strong generalization abilities of large VLMs. However, most existing VLA models rely on reactive mappings directly from observations to actions, lacking the explicit reasoning capabilities and persistent memory required for complex, long-horizon navigation tasks. To address these challenges, we propose VLingNav, a VLA model for embodied navigation grounded in linguistic-driven cognition. First, inspired by the dual-process theory of human cognition, we introduce an adaptive chain-of-thought mechanism, which dynamically triggers explicit reasoning only when necessary, enabling the agent to fluidly switch between fast, intuitive execution and slow, deliberate planning. Second, to handle long-horizon spatial dependencies, we develop a visual-assisted linguistic memory module that constructs a persistent, cross-modal semantic memory, enabling the agent to recall past observations to prevent repetitive exploration and infer movement trends for dynamic environments. For the training recipe, we construct Nav-AdaCoT-2.9M, the largest embodied navigation dataset with reasoning annotations to date, enriched with adaptive CoT annotations that induce a reasoning paradigm capable of adjusting both when to think and what to think about. Moreover, we incorporate an online expert-guided reinforcement learning stage, enabling the model to surpass pure imitation learning and to acquire more robust, self-explored navigation behaviors. Extensive experiments demonstrate that VLingNav achieves state-of-the-art performance across a wide range of embodied navigation benchmarks. Notably, VLingNav transfers to real-world robotic platforms in a zero-shot manner, executing various navigation tasks and demonstrating strong cross-domain and cross-task generalization. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project page: arXiv:2601.08665 [ pdf , ps , other ] VLingNav: Embodied Navigation with Adaptive Reasoning and Visual-Assisted Linguistic Memory Authors: Shaoan Wang , Yuanfei Luo , Xingyu Chen , Aocheng Luo , Dongyue Li , Chang Liu , Sheng Chen , Yangang Zhang , Junzhi Yu Abstract : VLA models have shown promising potential in embodied navigation by unifying perception and planning while inheriting the strong generalization abilities of large VLMs. However, most existing VLA models rely on reactive mappings directly from observations to actions, lacking the explicit reasoning capabilities and persistent memory required for complex, long-horizon navigation tasks. To address th… ▽ More VLA models have shown promising potential in embodied navigation by unifying perception and planning while inheriting the strong generalization abilities of large VLMs. However, most existing VLA models rely on reactive mappings directly from observations to actions, lacking the explicit reasoning capabilities and persistent memory required for complex, long-horizon navigation tasks. To address these challenges, we propose VLingNav, a VLA model for embodied navigation grounded in linguistic-driven cognition. First, inspired by the dual-process theory of human cognition, we introduce an adaptive chain-of-thought mechanism, which dynamically triggers explicit reasoning only when necessary, enabling the agent to fluidly switch between fast, intuitive execution and slow, deliberate planning. Second, to handle long-horizon spatial dependencies, we develop a visual-assisted linguistic memory module that constructs a persistent, cross-modal semantic memory, enabling the agent to recall past observations to prevent repetitive exploration and infer movement trends for dynamic environments. For the training recipe, we construct Nav-AdaCoT-2.9M, the largest embodied navigation dataset with reasoning annotations to date, enriched with adaptive CoT annotations that induce a reasoning paradigm capable of adjusting both when to think and what to think about. Moreover, we incorporate an online expert-guided reinforcement learning stage, enabling the model to surpass pure imitation learning and to acquire more robust, self-explored navigation behaviors. Extensive experiments demonstrate that VLingNav achieves state-of-the-art performance across a wide range of embodied navigation benchmarks. Notably, VLingNav transfers to real-world robotic platforms in a zero-shot manner, executing various navigation tasks and demonstrating strong cross-domain and cross-task generalization. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project page: arXiv:2601.08531 [ pdf ] cs.AI Sketch-Based Facade Renovation With Generative AI: A Streamlined Framework for Bypassing As-Built Modelling in Industrial Adaptive Reuse Authors: Warissara Booranamaitree , Xusheng Du , Yushu Cai , Zhengyang Wang , Ye Zhang , Haoran Xie Abstract : Facade renovation offers a more sustainable alternative to full demolition, yet producing design proposals that preserve existing structures while expressing new intent remains challenging. Current workflows typically require detailed as-built modelling before design, which is time-consuming, labour-intensive, and often involves repeated revisions. To solve this issue, we propose a three-stage fra… ▽ More Facade renovation offers a more sustainable alternative to full demolition, yet producing design proposals that preserve existing structures while expressing new intent remains challenging. Current workflows typically require detailed as-built modelling before design, which is time-consuming, labour-intensive, and often involves repeated revisions. To solve this issue, we propose a three-stage framework combining generative artificial intelligence (AI) and vision-language models (VLM) that directly processes rough structural sketch and textual descriptions to produce consistent renovation proposals. First, the input sketch is used by a fine-tuned VLM model to predict bounding boxes specifying where modifications are needed and which components should be added. Next, a stable diffusion model generates detailed sketches of new elements, which are merged with the original outline through a generative inpainting pipeline. Finally, ControlNet is employed to refine the result into a photorealistic image. Experiments on datasets and real industrial buildings indicate that the proposed framework can generate renovation proposals that preserve the original structure while improving facade detail quality. This approach effectively bypasses the need for detailed as-built modelling, enabling architects to rapidly explore design alternatives, iterate on early-stage concepts, and communicate renovation intentions with greater clarity. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 10 pages, 9 figures, Proceedings of CAADRIA 2026 arXiv:2601.08531 [ pdf ] Sketch-Based Facade Renovation With Generative AI: A Streamlined Framework for Bypassing As-Built Modelling in Industrial Adaptive Reuse Authors: Warissara Booranamaitree , Xusheng Du , Yushu Cai , Zhengyang Wang , Ye Zhang , Haoran Xie Abstract : Facade renovation offers a more sustainable alternative to full demolition, yet producing design proposals that preserve existing structures while expressing new intent remains challenging. Current workflows typically require detailed as-built modelling before design, which is time-consuming, labour-intensive, and often involves repeated revisions. To solve this issue, we propose a three-stage fra… ▽ More Facade renovation offers a more sustainable alternative to full demolition, yet producing design proposals that preserve existing structures while expressing new intent remains challenging. Current workflows typically require detailed as-built modelling before design, which is time-consuming, labour-intensive, and often involves repeated revisions. To solve this issue, we propose a three-stage framework combining generative artificial intelligence (AI) and vision-language models (VLM) that directly processes rough structural sketch and textual descriptions to produce consistent renovation proposals. First, the input sketch is used by a fine-tuned VLM model to predict bounding boxes specifying where modifications are needed and which components should be added. Next, a stable diffusion model generates detailed sketches of new elements, which are merged with the original outline through a generative inpainting pipeline. Finally, ControlNet is employed to refine the result into a photorealistic image. Experiments on datasets and real industrial buildings indicate that the proposed framework can generate renovation proposals that preserve the original structure while improving facade detail quality. This approach effectively bypasses the need for detailed as-built modelling, enabling architects to rapidly explore design alternatives, iterate on early-stage concepts, and communicate renovation intentions with greater clarity. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 10 pages, 9 figures, Proceedings of CAADRIA 2026 arXiv:2601.08308 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL AgriAgent: Contract-Driven Planning and Capability-Aware Tool Orchestration in Real-World Agriculture Authors: Bo Yang , Yu Zhang , Yunkui Chen , Lanfei Feng , Xiao Xu , Nueraili Aierken , Shijian Li Abstract : Intelligent agent systems in real-world agricultural scenarios must handle diverse tasks under multimodal inputs, ranging from lightweight information understanding to complex multi-step execution. However, most existing approaches rely on a unified execution paradigm, which struggles to accommodate large variations in task complexity and incomplete tool availability commonly observed in agricultu… ▽ More Intelligent agent systems in real-world agricultural scenarios must handle diverse tasks under multimodal inputs, ranging from lightweight information understanding to complex multi-step execution. However, most existing approaches rely on a unified execution paradigm, which struggles to accommodate large variations in task complexity and incomplete tool availability commonly observed in agricultural environments. To address this challenge, we propose AgriAgent, a two-level agent framework for real-world agriculture. AgriAgent adopts a hierarchical execution strategy based on task complexity: simple tasks are handled through direct reasoning by modality-specific agents, while complex tasks trigger a contract-driven planning mechanism that formulates tasks as capability requirements and performs capability-aware tool orchestration and dynamic tool generation, enabling multi-step and verifiable execution with failure recovery. Experimental results show that AgriAgent achieves higher execution success rates and robustness on complex tasks compared to existing tool-centric agent baselines that rely on unified execution paradigms. All code, data will be released at after our work be accepted to promote reproducible research. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08308 [ pdf , ps , other ] AgriAgent: Contract-Driven Planning and Capability-Aware Tool Orchestration in Real-World Agriculture Authors: Bo Yang , Yu Zhang , Yunkui Chen , Lanfei Feng , Xiao Xu , Nueraili Aierken , Shijian Li Abstract : Intelligent agent systems in real-world agricultural scenarios must handle diverse tasks under multimodal inputs, ranging from lightweight information understanding to complex multi-step execution. However, most existing approaches rely on a unified execution paradigm, which struggles to accommodate large variations in task complexity and incomplete tool availability commonly observed in agricultu… ▽ More Intelligent agent systems in real-world agricultural scenarios must handle diverse tasks under multimodal inputs, ranging from lightweight information understanding to complex multi-step execution. However, most existing approaches rely on a unified execution paradigm, which struggles to accommodate large variations in task complexity and incomplete tool availability commonly observed in agricultural environments. To address this challenge, we propose AgriAgent, a two-level agent framework for real-world agriculture. AgriAgent adopts a hierarchical execution strategy based on task complexity: simple tasks are handled through direct reasoning by modality-specific agents, while complex tasks trigger a contract-driven planning mechanism that formulates tasks as capability requirements and performs capability-aware tool orchestration and dynamic tool generation, enabling multi-step and verifiable execution with failure recovery. Experimental results show that AgriAgent achieves higher execution success rates and robustness on complex tasks compared to existing tool-centric agent baselines that rely on unified execution paradigms. All code, data will be released at after our work be accepted to promote reproducible research. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08293 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV M3SR: Multi-Scale Multi-Perceptual Mamba for Efficient Spectral Reconstruction Authors: Yuze Zhang , Lingjie Li , Qiuzhen Lin , Zhong Ming , Fei Yu , Victor C. M. Leung Abstract : The Mamba architecture has been widely applied to various low-level vision tasks due to its exceptional adaptability and strong performance. Although the Mamba architecture has been adopted for spectral reconstruction, it still faces the following two challenges: (1) Single spatial perception limits the ability to fully understand and analyze hyperspectral images; (2) Single-scale feature extracti… ▽ More The Mamba architecture has been widely applied to various low-level vision tasks due to its exceptional adaptability and strong performance. Although the Mamba architecture has been adopted for spectral reconstruction, it still faces the following two challenges: (1) Single spatial perception limits the ability to fully understand and analyze hyperspectral images; (2) Single-scale feature extraction struggles to capture the complex structures and fine details present in hyperspectral images. To address these issues, we propose a multi-scale, multi-perceptual Mamba architecture for the spectral reconstruction task, called M3SR. Specifically, we design a multi-perceptual fusion block to enhance the ability of the model to comprehensively understand and analyze the input features. By integrating the multi-perceptual fusion block into a U-Net structure, M3SR can effectively extract and fuse global, intermediate, and local features, thereby enabling accurate reconstruction of hyperspectral images at multiple scales. Extensive quantitative and qualitative experiments demonstrate that the proposed M3SR outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods while incurring a lower computational cost. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by AAAI 2026 arXiv:2601.08293 [ pdf , ps , other ] M3SR: Multi-Scale Multi-Perceptual Mamba for Efficient Spectral Reconstruction Authors: Yuze Zhang , Lingjie Li , Qiuzhen Lin , Zhong Ming , Fei Yu , Victor C. M. Leung Abstract : The Mamba architecture has been widely applied to various low-level vision tasks due to its exceptional adaptability and strong performance. Although the Mamba architecture has been adopted for spectral reconstruction, it still faces the following two challenges: (1) Single spatial perception limits the ability to fully understand and analyze hyperspectral images; (2) Single-scale feature extracti… ▽ More The Mamba architecture has been widely applied to various low-level vision tasks due to its exceptional adaptability and strong performance. Although the Mamba architecture has been adopted for spectral reconstruction, it still faces the following two challenges: (1) Single spatial perception limits the ability to fully understand and analyze hyperspectral images; (2) Single-scale feature extraction struggles to capture the complex structures and fine details present in hyperspectral images. To address these issues, we propose a multi-scale, multi-perceptual Mamba architecture for the spectral reconstruction task, called M3SR. Specifically, we design a multi-perceptual fusion block to enhance the ability of the model to comprehensively understand and analyze the input features. By integrating the multi-perceptual fusion block into a U-Net structure, M3SR can effectively extract and fuse global, intermediate, and local features, thereby enabling accurate reconstruction of hyperspectral images at multiple scales. Extensive quantitative and qualitative experiments demonstrate that the proposed M3SR outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods while incurring a lower computational cost. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by AAAI 2026 arXiv:2601.08184 [ pdf , ps , other ] math.PR cs.LG stat.ML Wasserstein-p Central Limit Theorem Rates: From Local Dependence to Markov Chains Authors: Yixuan Zhang , Qiaomin Xie Abstract : Finite-time central limit theorem (CLT) rates play a central role in modern machine learning. In this paper, we study CLT rates for multivariate dependent data in Wasserstein-$p$ ($W_p$) distance, for general $p \geq 1$. We focus on two fundamental dependence structures that commonly arise in machine learning: locally dependent sequences and geometrically ergodic Markov chains. In both settings, w… ▽ More Finite-time central limit theorem (CLT) rates play a central role in modern machine learning. In this paper, we study CLT rates for multivariate dependent data in Wasserstein-$p$ ($W_p$) distance, for general $p \geq 1$. We focus on two fundamental dependence structures that commonly arise in machine learning: locally dependent sequences and geometrically ergodic Markov chains. In both settings, we establish the first optimal $O(n^{-1/2})$ rate in $W_1$, as well as the first $W_p$ ($p\ge 2$) CLT rates under mild moment assumptions, substantially improving the best previously known bounds in these dependent-data regimes. As an application of our optimal $W_1$ rate for locally dependent sequences, we further obtain the first optimal $W_1$-CLT rate for multivariate $U$-statistics. On the technical side, we derive a tractable auxiliary bound for $W_1$ Gaussian approximation errors that is well suited for studying dependent data. For Markov chains, we further prove that the regeneration time of the split chain associated with a geometrically ergodic chain has a geometric tail without assuming strong aperiodicity or other restrictive conditions. These tools may be of independent interests and enable our optimal $W_1$ rates and underpin our $W_p$ ($p\ge 2$) results. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 51 pages arXiv:2601.08184 [ pdf , ps , other ] Wasserstein-p Central Limit Theorem Rates: From Local Dependence to Markov Chains Authors: Yixuan Zhang , Qiaomin Xie Abstract : Finite-time central limit theorem (CLT) rates play a central role in modern machine learning. In this paper, we study CLT rates for multivariate dependent data in Wasserstein-$p$ ($W_p$) distance, for general $p \geq 1$. We focus on two fundamental dependence structures that commonly arise in machine learning: locally dependent sequences and geometrically ergodic Markov chains. In both settings, w… ▽ More Finite-time central limit theorem (CLT) rates play a central role in modern machine learning. In this paper, we study CLT rates for multivariate dependent data in Wasserstein-$p$ ($W_p$) distance, for general $p \geq 1$. We focus on two fundamental dependence structures that commonly arise in machine learning: locally dependent sequences and geometrically ergodic Markov chains. In both settings, we establish the first optimal $O(n^{-1/2})$ rate in $W_1$, as well as the first $W_p$ ($p\ge 2$) CLT rates under mild moment assumptions, substantially improving the best previously known bounds in these dependent-data regimes. As an application of our optimal $W_1$ rate for locally dependent sequences, we further obtain the first optimal $W_1$-CLT rate for multivariate $U$-statistics. On the technical side, we derive a tractable auxiliary bound for $W_1$ Gaussian approximation errors that is well suited for studying dependent data. For Markov chains, we further prove that the regeneration time of the split chain associated with a geometrically ergodic chain has a geometric tail without assuming strong aperiodicity or other restrictive conditions. These tools may be of independent interests and enable our optimal $W_1$ rates and underpin our $W_p$ ($p\ge 2$) results. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 51 pages arXiv:2601.08078 [ pdf ] cs.CV cs.CE cs.CL Exploiting DINOv3-Based Self-Supervised Features for Robust Few-Shot Medical Image Segmentation Authors: Guoping Xu , Jayaram K. Udupa , Weiguo Lu , You Zhang Abstract : Deep learning-based automatic medical image segmentation plays a critical role in clinical diagnosis and treatment planning but remains challenging in few-shot scenarios due to the scarcity of annotated training data. Recently, self-supervised foundation models such as DINOv3, which were trained on large natural image datasets, have shown strong potential for dense feature extraction that can help… ▽ More Deep learning-based automatic medical image segmentation plays a critical role in clinical diagnosis and treatment planning but remains challenging in few-shot scenarios due to the scarcity of annotated training data. Recently, self-supervised foundation models such as DINOv3, which were trained on large natural image datasets, have shown strong potential for dense feature extraction that can help with the few-shot learning challenge. Yet, their direct application to medical images is hindered by domain differences. In this work, we propose DINO-AugSeg, a novel framework that leverages DINOv3 features to address the few-shot medical image segmentation challenge. Specifically, we introduce WT-Aug, a wavelet-based feature-level augmentation module that enriches the diversity of DINOv3-extracted features by perturbing frequency components, and CG-Fuse, a contextual information-guided fusion module that exploits cross-attention to integrate semantic-rich low-resolution features with spatially detailed high-resolution features. Extensive experiments on six public benchmarks spanning five imaging modalities, including MRI, CT, ultrasound, endoscopy, and dermoscopy, demonstrate that DINO-AugSeg consistently outperforms existing methods under limited-sample conditions. The results highlight the effectiveness of incorporating wavelet-domain augmentation and contextual fusion for robust feature representation, suggesting DINO-AugSeg as a promising direction for advancing few-shot medical image segmentation. Code and data will be made available on △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 36 pages, 11 figures arXiv:2601.08078 [ pdf ] Exploiting DINOv3-Based Self-Supervised Features for Robust Few-Shot Medical Image Segmentation Authors: Guoping Xu , Jayaram K. Udupa , Weiguo Lu , You Zhang Abstract : Deep learning-based automatic medical image segmentation plays a critical role in clinical diagnosis and treatment planning but remains challenging in few-shot scenarios due to the scarcity of annotated training data. Recently, self-supervised foundation models such as DINOv3, which were trained on large natural image datasets, have shown strong potential for dense feature extraction that can help… ▽ More Deep learning-based automatic medical image segmentation plays a critical role in clinical diagnosis and treatment planning but remains challenging in few-shot scenarios due to the scarcity of annotated training data. Recently, self-supervised foundation models such as DINOv3, which were trained on large natural image datasets, have shown strong potential for dense feature extraction that can help with the few-shot learning challenge. Yet, their direct application to medical images is hindered by domain differences. In this work, we propose DINO-AugSeg, a novel framework that leverages DINOv3 features to address the few-shot medical image segmentation challenge. Specifically, we introduce WT-Aug, a wavelet-based feature-level augmentation module that enriches the diversity of DINOv3-extracted features by perturbing frequency components, and CG-Fuse, a contextual information-guided fusion module that exploits cross-attention to integrate semantic-rich low-resolution features with spatially detailed high-resolution features. Extensive experiments on six public benchmarks spanning five imaging modalities, including MRI, CT, ultrasound, endoscopy, and dermoscopy, demonstrate that DINO-AugSeg consistently outperforms existing methods under limited-sample conditions. The results highlight the effectiveness of incorporating wavelet-domain augmentation and contextual fusion for robust feature representation, suggesting DINO-AugSeg as a promising direction for advancing few-shot medical image segmentation. Code and data will be made available on △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 36 pages, 11 figures arXiv:2601.07645 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL PlaM: Training-Free Plateau-Guided Model Merging for Better Visual Grounding in MLLMs Authors: Zijing Wang , Yongkang Liu , Mingyang Wang , Ercong Nie , Deyuan Chen , Zhengjie Zhao , Shi Feng , Daling Wang , Xiaocui Yang , Yifei Zhang , Hinrich Schütze Abstract : Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) rely on strong linguistic reasoning inherited from their base language models. However, multimodal instruction fine-tuning paradoxically degrades this text's reasoning capability, undermining multimodal performance. To address this issue, we propose a training-free framework to mitigate this degradation. Through layer-wise vision token masking, we reveal a… ▽ More Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) rely on strong linguistic reasoning inherited from their base language models. However, multimodal instruction fine-tuning paradoxically degrades this text's reasoning capability, undermining multimodal performance. To address this issue, we propose a training-free framework to mitigate this degradation. Through layer-wise vision token masking, we reveal a common three-stage pattern in multimodal large language models: early-modal separation, mid-modal alignment, and late-modal degradation. By analyzing the behavior of MLLMs at different stages, we propose a plateau-guided model merging method that selectively injects base language model parameters into MLLMs. Experimental results based on five MLLMs on nine benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. Attention-based analysis further reveals that merging shifts attention from diffuse, scattered patterns to focused localization on task-relevant visual regions. Our repository is on △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: under review arXiv:2601.07645 [ pdf , ps , other ] PlaM: Training-Free Plateau-Guided Model Merging for Better Visual Grounding in MLLMs Authors: Zijing Wang , Yongkang Liu , Mingyang Wang , Ercong Nie , Deyuan Chen , Zhengjie Zhao , Shi Feng , Daling Wang , Xiaocui Yang , Yifei Zhang , Hinrich Schütze Abstract : Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) rely on strong linguistic reasoning inherited from their base language models. However, multimodal instruction fine-tuning paradoxically degrades this text's reasoning capability, undermining multimodal performance. To address this issue, we propose a training-free framework to mitigate this degradation. Through layer-wise vision token masking, we reveal a… ▽ More Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) rely on strong linguistic reasoning inherited from their base language models. However, multimodal instruction fine-tuning paradoxically degrades this text's reasoning capability, undermining multimodal performance. To address this issue, we propose a training-free framework to mitigate this degradation. Through layer-wise vision token masking, we reveal a common three-stage pattern in multimodal large language models: early-modal separation, mid-modal alignment, and late-modal degradation. By analyzing the behavior of MLLMs at different stages, we propose a plateau-guided model merging method that selectively injects base language model parameters into MLLMs. Experimental results based on five MLLMs on nine benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. Attention-based analysis further reveals that merging shifts attention from diffuse, scattered patterns to focused localization on task-relevant visual regions. Our repository is on △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: under review arXiv:2601.07636 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG Beyond Sharpness: A Flatness Decomposition Framework for Efficient Continual Learning Authors: Yanan Chen , Tieliang Gong , Yunjiao Zhang , Wen Wen Abstract : Continual Learning (CL) aims to enable models to sequentially learn multiple tasks without forgetting previous knowledge. Recent studies have shown that optimizing towards flatter loss minima can improve model generalization. However, existing sharpness-aware methods for CL suffer from two key limitations: (1) they treat sharpness regularization as a unified signal without distinguishing the contr… ▽ More Continual Learning (CL) aims to enable models to sequentially learn multiple tasks without forgetting previous knowledge. Recent studies have shown that optimizing towards flatter loss minima can improve model generalization. However, existing sharpness-aware methods for CL suffer from two key limitations: (1) they treat sharpness regularization as a unified signal without distinguishing the contributions of its components. and (2) they introduce substantial computational overhead that impedes practical deployment. To address these challenges, we propose FLAD, a novel optimization framework that decomposes sharpness-aware perturbations into gradient-aligned and stochastic-noise components, and show that retaining only the noise component promotes generalization. We further introduce a lightweight scheduling scheme that enables FLAD to maintain significant performance gains even under constrained training time. FLAD can be seamlessly integrated into various CL paradigms and consistently outperforms standard and sharpness-aware optimizers in diverse experimental settings, demonstrating its effectiveness and practicality in CL. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by AAAI 2026 arXiv:2601.07636 [ pdf , ps , other ] Beyond Sharpness: A Flatness Decomposition Framework for Efficient Continual Learning Authors: Yanan Chen , Tieliang Gong , Yunjiao Zhang , Wen Wen Abstract : Continual Learning (CL) aims to enable models to sequentially learn multiple tasks without forgetting previous knowledge. Recent studies have shown that optimizing towards flatter loss minima can improve model generalization. However, existing sharpness-aware methods for CL suffer from two key limitations: (1) they treat sharpness regularization as a unified signal without distinguishing the contr… ▽ More Continual Learning (CL) aims to enable models to sequentially learn multiple tasks without forgetting previous knowledge. Recent studies have shown that optimizing towards flatter loss minima can improve model generalization. However, existing sharpness-aware methods for CL suffer from two key limitations: (1) they treat sharpness regularization as a unified signal without distinguishing the contributions of its components. and (2) they introduce substantial computational overhead that impedes practical deployment. To address these challenges, we propose FLAD, a novel optimization framework that decomposes sharpness-aware perturbations into gradient-aligned and stochastic-noise components, and show that retaining only the noise component promotes generalization. We further introduce a lightweight scheduling scheme that enables FLAD to maintain significant performance gains even under constrained training time. FLAD can be seamlessly integrated into various CL paradigms and consistently outperforms standard and sharpness-aware optimizers in diverse experimental settings, demonstrating its effectiveness and practicality in CL. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by AAAI 2026 arXiv:2601.07632 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI GeoMotionGPT: Geometry-Aligned Motion Understanding with Large Language Models Authors: Zhankai Ye , Bofan Li , Yukai Jin , Shuoqiu Li , Wei Wang , Yanfu Zhang , Shangqian Gao , Xin Liu Abstract : Discrete motion tokenization has recently enabled Large Language Models (LLMs) to serve as versatile backbones for motion understanding and motion-language reasoning. However, existing pipelines typically decouple motion quantization from semantic embedding learning, linking them solely via token IDs. This approach fails to effectively align the intrinsic geometry of the motion space with the embe… ▽ More Discrete motion tokenization has recently enabled Large Language Models (LLMs) to serve as versatile backbones for motion understanding and motion-language reasoning. However, existing pipelines typically decouple motion quantization from semantic embedding learning, linking them solely via token IDs. This approach fails to effectively align the intrinsic geometry of the motion space with the embedding space, thereby hindering the LLM's capacity for nuanced motion reasoning. We argue that alignment is most effective when both modalities share a unified geometric basis. Therefore, instead of forcing the LLM to reconstruct the complex geometry among motion tokens from scratch, we present a novel framework that explicitly enforces orthogonality on both the motion codebook and the LLM embedding space, ensuring that their relational structures naturally mirror each other. Specifically, we employ a decoder-only quantizer with Gumbel-Softmax for differentiable training and balanced codebook usage. To bridge the modalities, we use a sparse projection that maps motion codes into the LLM embedding space while preserving orthogonality. Finally, a two-stage orthonormal regularization schedule enforces soft constraints during tokenizer training and LLM fine-tuning to maintain geometric alignment without hindering semantic adaptation. Extensive experiments on HumanML3D demonstrate that our framework achieves a 20% performance improvement over current state-of-the-art methods, validating that a unified geometric basis effectively empowers the LLM for nuanced motion reasoning. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07632 [ pdf , ps , other ] GeoMotionGPT: Geometry-Aligned Motion Understanding with Large Language Models Authors: Zhankai Ye , Bofan Li , Yukai Jin , Shuoqiu Li , Wei Wang , Yanfu Zhang , Shangqian Gao , Xin Liu Abstract : Discrete motion tokenization has recently enabled Large Language Models (LLMs) to serve as versatile backbones for motion understanding and motion-language reasoning. However, existing pipelines typically decouple motion quantization from semantic embedding learning, linking them solely via token IDs. This approach fails to effectively align the intrinsic geometry of the motion space with the embe… ▽ More Discrete motion tokenization has recently enabled Large Language Models (LLMs) to serve as versatile backbones for motion understanding and motion-language reasoning. However, existing pipelines typically decouple motion quantization from semantic embedding learning, linking them solely via token IDs. This approach fails to effectively align the intrinsic geometry of the motion space with the embedding space, thereby hindering the LLM's capacity for nuanced motion reasoning. We argue that alignment is most effective when both modalities share a unified geometric basis. Therefore, instead of forcing the LLM to reconstruct the complex geometry among motion tokens from scratch, we present a novel framework that explicitly enforces orthogonality on both the motion codebook and the LLM embedding space, ensuring that their relational structures naturally mirror each other. Specifically, we employ a decoder-only quantizer with Gumbel-Softmax for differentiable training and balanced codebook usage. To bridge the modalities, we use a sparse projection that maps motion codes into the LLM embedding space while preserving orthogonality. Finally, a two-stage orthonormal regularization schedule enforces soft constraints during tokenizer training and LLM fine-tuning to maintain geometric alignment without hindering semantic adaptation. Extensive experiments on HumanML3D demonstrate that our framework achieves a 20% performance improvement over current state-of-the-art methods, validating that a unified geometric basis effectively empowers the LLM for nuanced motion reasoning. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07585 [ pdf ] cs.CV Robust Multicentre Detection and Classification of Colorectal Liver Metastases on CT: Application of Foundation Models Authors: Shruti Atul Mali , Zohaib Salahuddin , Yumeng Zhang , Andre Aichert , Xian Zhong , Henry C. Woodruff , Maciej Bobowicz , Katrine Riklund , Juozas Kupčinskas , Lorenzo Faggioni , Roberto Francischello , Razvan L Miclea , Philippe Lambin Abstract : Colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) are a major cause of cancer-related mortality, and reliable detection on CT remains challenging in multi-centre settings. We developed a foundation model-based AI pipeline for patient-level classification and lesion-level detection of CRLM on contrast-enhanced CT, integrating uncertainty quantification and explainability. CT data from the EuCanImage consortium (n… ▽ More Colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) are a major cause of cancer-related mortality, and reliable detection on CT remains challenging in multi-centre settings. We developed a foundation model-based AI pipeline for patient-level classification and lesion-level detection of CRLM on contrast-enhanced CT, integrating uncertainty quantification and explainability. CT data from the EuCanImage consortium (n=2437) and an external TCIA cohort (n=197) were used. Among several pretrained models, UMedPT achieved the best performance and was fine-tuned with an MLP head for classification and an FCOS-based head for lesion detection. The classification model achieved an AUC of 0.90 and a sensitivity of 0.82 on the combined test set, with a sensitivity of 0.85 on the external cohort. Excluding the most uncertain 20 percent of cases improved AUC to 0.91 and balanced accuracy to 0.86. Decision curve analysis showed clinical benefit for threshold probabilities between 0.30 and 0.40. The detection model identified 69.1 percent of lesions overall, increasing from 30 percent to 98 percent across lesion size quartiles. Grad-CAM highlighted lesion-corresponding regions in high-confidence cases. These results demonstrate that foundation model-based pipelines can support robust and interpretable CRLM detection and classification across heterogeneous CT data. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07585 [ pdf ] Robust Multicentre Detection and Classification of Colorectal Liver Metastases on CT: Application of Foundation Models Authors: Shruti Atul Mali , Zohaib Salahuddin , Yumeng Zhang , Andre Aichert , Xian Zhong , Henry C. Woodruff , Maciej Bobowicz , Katrine Riklund , Juozas Kupčinskas , Lorenzo Faggioni , Roberto Francischello , Razvan L Miclea , Philippe Lambin Abstract : Colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) are a major cause of cancer-related mortality, and reliable detection on CT remains challenging in multi-centre settings. We developed a foundation model-based AI pipeline for patient-level classification and lesion-level detection of CRLM on contrast-enhanced CT, integrating uncertainty quantification and explainability. CT data from the EuCanImage consortium (n… ▽ More Colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) are a major cause of cancer-related mortality, and reliable detection on CT remains challenging in multi-centre settings. We developed a foundation model-based AI pipeline for patient-level classification and lesion-level detection of CRLM on contrast-enhanced CT, integrating uncertainty quantification and explainability. CT data from the EuCanImage consortium (n=2437) and an external TCIA cohort (n=197) were used. Among several pretrained models, UMedPT achieved the best performance and was fine-tuned with an MLP head for classification and an FCOS-based head for lesion detection. The classification model achieved an AUC of 0.90 and a sensitivity of 0.82 on the combined test set, with a sensitivity of 0.85 on the external cohort. Excluding the most uncertain 20 percent of cases improved AUC to 0.91 and balanced accuracy to 0.86. Decision curve analysis showed clinical benefit for threshold probabilities between 0.30 and 0.40. The detection model identified 69.1 percent of lesions overall, increasing from 30 percent to 98 percent across lesion size quartiles. Grad-CAM highlighted lesion-corresponding regions in high-confidence cases. These results demonstrate that foundation model-based pipelines can support robust and interpretable CRLM detection and classification across heterogeneous CT data. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07550 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG TFEC: Multivariate Time-Series Clustering via Temporal-Frequency Enhanced Contrastive Learning Authors: Zexi Tan , Tao Xie , Haoyi Xiao , Baoyao Yang , Yuzhu Ji , An Zeng , Xiang Zhang , Yiqun Zhang Abstract : Multivariate Time-Series (MTS) clustering is crucial for signal processing and data analysis. Although deep learning approaches, particularly those leveraging Contrastive Learning (CL), are prominent for MTS representation, existing CL-based models face two key limitations: 1) neglecting clustering information during positive/negative sample pair construction, and 2) introducing unreasonable induc… ▽ More Multivariate Time-Series (MTS) clustering is crucial for signal processing and data analysis. Although deep learning approaches, particularly those leveraging Contrastive Learning (CL), are prominent for MTS representation, existing CL-based models face two key limitations: 1) neglecting clustering information during positive/negative sample pair construction, and 2) introducing unreasonable inductive biases, e.g., destroying time dependence and periodicity through augmentation strategies, compromising representation quality. This paper, therefore, proposes a Temporal-Frequency Enhanced Contrastive (TFEC) learning framework. To preserve temporal structure while generating low-distortion representations, a temporal-frequency Co-EnHancement (CoEH) mechanism is introduced. Accordingly, a synergistic dual-path representation and cluster distribution learning framework is designed to jointly optimize cluster structure and representation fidelity. Experiments on six real-world benchmark datasets demonstrate TFEC's superiority, achieving 4.48% average NMI gains over SOTA methods, with ablation studies validating the design. The code of the paper is available at: △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Submitted to ICASSP 2026 arXiv:2601.07550 [ pdf , ps , other ] TFEC: Multivariate Time-Series Clustering via Temporal-Frequency Enhanced Contrastive Learning Authors: Zexi Tan , Tao Xie , Haoyi Xiao , Baoyao Yang , Yuzhu Ji , An Zeng , Xiang Zhang , Yiqun Zhang Abstract : Multivariate Time-Series (MTS) clustering is crucial for signal processing and data analysis. Although deep learning approaches, particularly those leveraging Contrastive Learning (CL), are prominent for MTS representation, existing CL-based models face two key limitations: 1) neglecting clustering information during positive/negative sample pair construction, and 2) introducing unreasonable induc… ▽ More Multivariate Time-Series (MTS) clustering is crucial for signal processing and data analysis. Although deep learning approaches, particularly those leveraging Contrastive Learning (CL), are prominent for MTS representation, existing CL-based models face two key limitations: 1) neglecting clustering information during positive/negative sample pair construction, and 2) introducing unreasonable inductive biases, e.g., destroying time dependence and periodicity through augmentation strategies, compromising representation quality. This paper, therefore, proposes a Temporal-Frequency Enhanced Contrastive (TFEC) learning framework. To preserve temporal structure while generating low-distortion representations, a temporal-frequency Co-EnHancement (CoEH) mechanism is introduced. Accordingly, a synergistic dual-path representation and cluster distribution learning framework is designed to jointly optimize cluster structure and representation fidelity. Experiments on six real-world benchmark datasets demonstrate TFEC's superiority, achieving 4.48% average NMI gains over SOTA methods, with ablation studies validating the design. The code of the paper is available at: △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Submitted to ICASSP 2026 arXiv:2601.07468 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Beyond Dialogue Time: Temporal Semantic Memory for Personalized LLM Agents Authors: Miao Su , Yucan Guo , Zhongni Hou , Long Bai , Zixuan Li , Yufei Zhang , Guojun Yin , Wei Lin , Xiaolong Jin , Jiafeng Guo , Xueqi Cheng Abstract : Memory enables Large Language Model (LLM) agents to perceive, store, and use information from past dialogues, which is essential for personalization. However, existing methods fail to properly model the temporal dimension of memory in two aspects: 1) Temporal inaccuracy: memories are organized by dialogue time rather than their actual occurrence time; 2) Temporal fragmentation: existing methods fo… ▽ More Memory enables Large Language Model (LLM) agents to perceive, store, and use information from past dialogues, which is essential for personalization. However, existing methods fail to properly model the temporal dimension of memory in two aspects: 1) Temporal inaccuracy: memories are organized by dialogue time rather than their actual occurrence time; 2) Temporal fragmentation: existing methods focus on point-wise memory, losing durative information that captures persistent states and evolving patterns. To address these limitations, we propose Temporal Semantic Memory (TSM), a memory framework that models semantic time for point-wise memory and supports the construction and utilization of durative memory. During memory construction, it first builds a semantic timeline rather than a dialogue one. Then, it consolidates temporally continuous and semantically related information into a durative memory. During memory utilization, it incorporates the query's temporal intent on the semantic timeline, enabling the retrieval of temporally appropriate durative memories and providing time-valid, duration-consistent context to support response generation. Experiments on LongMemEval and LoCoMo show that TSM consistently outperforms existing methods and achieves up to 12.2% absolute improvement in accuracy, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07468 [ pdf , ps , other ] Beyond Dialogue Time: Temporal Semantic Memory for Personalized LLM Agents Authors: Miao Su , Yucan Guo , Zhongni Hou , Long Bai , Zixuan Li , Yufei Zhang , Guojun Yin , Wei Lin , Xiaolong Jin , Jiafeng Guo , Xueqi Cheng Abstract : Memory enables Large Language Model (LLM) agents to perceive, store, and use information from past dialogues, which is essential for personalization. However, existing methods fail to properly model the temporal dimension of memory in two aspects: 1) Temporal inaccuracy: memories are organized by dialogue time rather than their actual occurrence time; 2) Temporal fragmentation: existing methods fo… ▽ More Memory enables Large Language Model (LLM) agents to perceive, store, and use information from past dialogues, which is essential for personalization. However, existing methods fail to properly model the temporal dimension of memory in two aspects: 1) Temporal inaccuracy: memories are organized by dialogue time rather than their actual occurrence time; 2) Temporal fragmentation: existing methods focus on point-wise memory, losing durative information that captures persistent states and evolving patterns. To address these limitations, we propose Temporal Semantic Memory (TSM), a memory framework that models semantic time for point-wise memory and supports the construction and utilization of durative memory. During memory construction, it first builds a semantic timeline rather than a dialogue one. Then, it consolidates temporally continuous and semantically related information into a durative memory. During memory utilization, it incorporates the query's temporal intent on the semantic timeline, enabling the retrieval of temporally appropriate durative memories and providing time-valid, duration-consistent context to support response generation. Experiments on LongMemEval and LoCoMo show that TSM consistently outperforms existing methods and achieves up to 12.2% absolute improvement in accuracy, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07449 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IR cs.AI RLPO: Residual Listwise Preference Optimization for Long-Context Review Ranking Authors: Hao Jiang , Zhi Yang , Annan Wang , Yichi Zhang , Weisi Lin Abstract : Review ranking is pivotal in e-commerce for prioritizing diagnostic and authentic feedback from the deluge of user-generated content. While large language models have improved semantic assessment, existing ranking paradigms face a persistent trade-off in long-context settings. Pointwise scoring is efficient but often fails to account for list-level interactions, leading to miscalibrated top-$k$ ra… ▽ More Review ranking is pivotal in e-commerce for prioritizing diagnostic and authentic feedback from the deluge of user-generated content. While large language models have improved semantic assessment, existing ranking paradigms face a persistent trade-off in long-context settings. Pointwise scoring is efficient but often fails to account for list-level interactions, leading to miscalibrated top-$k$ rankings. Listwise approaches can leverage global context, yet they are computationally expensive and become unstable as candidate lists grow. To address this, we propose Residual Listwise Preference Optimization (RLPO), which formulates ranking as listwise representation-level residual correction over a strong pointwise LLM scorer. RLPO first produces calibrated pointwise scores and item representations, then applies a lightweight encoder over the representations to predict listwise score residuals, avoiding full token-level listwise processing. We also introduce a large-scale benchmark for long-context review ranking with human verification. Experiments show RLPO improves NDCG@k over strong pointwise and listwise baselines and remains robust as list length increases. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07449 [ pdf , ps , other ] RLPO: Residual Listwise Preference Optimization for Long-Context Review Ranking Authors: Hao Jiang , Zhi Yang , Annan Wang , Yichi Zhang , Weisi Lin Abstract : Review ranking is pivotal in e-commerce for prioritizing diagnostic and authentic feedback from the deluge of user-generated content. While large language models have improved semantic assessment, existing ranking paradigms face a persistent trade-off in long-context settings. Pointwise scoring is efficient but often fails to account for list-level interactions, leading to miscalibrated top-$k$ ra… ▽ More Review ranking is pivotal in e-commerce for prioritizing diagnostic and authentic feedback from the deluge of user-generated content. While large language models have improved semantic assessment, existing ranking paradigms face a persistent trade-off in long-context settings. Pointwise scoring is efficient but often fails to account for list-level interactions, leading to miscalibrated top-$k$ rankings. Listwise approaches can leverage global context, yet they are computationally expensive and become unstable as candidate lists grow. To address this, we propose Residual Listwise Preference Optimization (RLPO), which formulates ranking as listwise representation-level residual correction over a strong pointwise LLM scorer. RLPO first produces calibrated pointwise scores and item representations, then applies a lightweight encoder over the representations to predict listwise score residuals, avoiding full token-level listwise processing. We also introduce a large-scale benchmark for long-context review ranking with human verification. Experiments show RLPO improves NDCG@k over strong pointwise and listwise baselines and remains robust as list length increases. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07423 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL SAD: A Large-Scale Strategic Argumentative Dialogue Dataset Authors: Yongkang Liu , Jiayang Yu , Mingyang Wang , Yiqun Zhang , Ercong Nie , Shi Feng , Daling Wang , Kaisong Song , Hinrich Schütze Abstract : Argumentation generation has attracted substantial research interest due to its central role in human reasoning and decision-making. However, most existing argumentative corpora focus on non-interactive, single-turn settings, either generating arguments from a given topic or refuting an existing argument. In practice, however, argumentation is often realized as multi-turn dialogue, where speakers… ▽ More Argumentation generation has attracted substantial research interest due to its central role in human reasoning and decision-making. However, most existing argumentative corpora focus on non-interactive, single-turn settings, either generating arguments from a given topic or refuting an existing argument. In practice, however, argumentation is often realized as multi-turn dialogue, where speakers defend their stances and employ diverse argumentative strategies to strengthen persuasiveness. To support deeper modeling of argumentation dialogue, we present the first large-scale \textbf{S}trategic \textbf{A}rgumentative \textbf{D}ialogue dataset, SAD, consisting of 392,822 examples. Grounded in argumentation theories, we annotate each utterance with five strategy types, allowing multiple strategies per utterance. Unlike prior datasets, SAD requires models to generate contextually appropriate arguments conditioned on the dialogue history, a specified stance on the topic, and targeted argumentation strategies. We further benchmark a range of pretrained generative models on SAD and present in-depth analysis of strategy usage patterns in argumentation. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: under review arXiv:2601.07423 [ pdf , ps , other ] SAD: A Large-Scale Strategic Argumentative Dialogue Dataset Authors: Yongkang Liu , Jiayang Yu , Mingyang Wang , Yiqun Zhang , Ercong Nie , Shi Feng , Daling Wang , Kaisong Song , Hinrich Schütze Abstract : Argumentation generation has attracted substantial research interest due to its central role in human reasoning and decision-making. However, most existing argumentative corpora focus on non-interactive, single-turn settings, either generating arguments from a given topic or refuting an existing argument. In practice, however, argumentation is often realized as multi-turn dialogue, where speakers… ▽ More Argumentation generation has attracted substantial research interest due to its central role in human reasoning and decision-making. However, most existing argumentative corpora focus on non-interactive, single-turn settings, either generating arguments from a given topic or refuting an existing argument. In practice, however, argumentation is often realized as multi-turn dialogue, where speakers defend their stances and employ diverse argumentative strategies to strengthen persuasiveness. To support deeper modeling of argumentation dialogue, we present the first large-scale \textbf{S}trategic \textbf{A}rgumentative \textbf{D}ialogue dataset, SAD, consisting of 392,822 examples. Grounded in argumentation theories, we annotate each utterance with five strategy types, allowing multiple strategies per utterance. Unlike prior datasets, SAD requires models to generate contextually appropriate arguments conditioned on the dialogue history, a specified stance on the topic, and targeted argumentation strategies. We further benchmark a range of pretrained generative models on SAD and present in-depth analysis of strategy usage patterns in argumentation. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: under review arXiv:2601.07331 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD cs.LG SEE: Signal Embedding Energy for Quantifying Noise Interference in Large Audio Language Models Authors: Yuanhe Zhang , Jiayu Tian , Yibo Zhang , Shilinlu Yan , Liang Lin , Zhenhong Zhou , Li Sun , Sen Su Abstract : Large Audio Language Models (LALMs) have been widely applied in real-time scenarios, such as in-car assistants and online meeting comprehension. In practice, audio inputs are often corrupted by device and environmental noise, leading to performance degradation. However, existing LALM studies on noise lack quantitative analysis and rely mainly on intuition and empirical observation, thus failing to… ▽ More Large Audio Language Models (LALMs) have been widely applied in real-time scenarios, such as in-car assistants and online meeting comprehension. In practice, audio inputs are often corrupted by device and environmental noise, leading to performance degradation. However, existing LALM studies on noise lack quantitative analysis and rely mainly on intuition and empirical observation, thus failing to understand practical robustness. To address this issue, we introduce Signal Embedding Energy (SEE), a method for quantifying the impact of noise intensity on LALM inputs, enabling the differentiation of LALM robustness in real-world deployments. SEE introduces a perspective based on structured activation subspaces derived from the model's internal representations, which more accurately captures its perception of noise than raw audio features. Across experiments, SEE exhibits a strong correlation with LALM performance, achieving a correlation of 0.98. Surprisingly, traditional audio denoising methods are only marginally effective for LALMs, and, in some cases, even increase SEE and impair performance. This suggests a mismatch between speech-centric denoising objectives and the noise sensitivity of modern LALMs. Therefore, we propose a mitigation strategy derived from SEE to denoise LALM inputs, outperforming existing denoising methods. This paper introduces a novel metric for noise quantification in LALMs, providing guidance for robustness improvements in real-world deployments. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07331 [ pdf , ps , other ] SEE: Signal Embedding Energy for Quantifying Noise Interference in Large Audio Language Models Authors: Yuanhe Zhang , Jiayu Tian , Yibo Zhang , Shilinlu Yan , Liang Lin , Zhenhong Zhou , Li Sun , Sen Su Abstract : Large Audio Language Models (LALMs) have been widely applied in real-time scenarios, such as in-car assistants and online meeting comprehension. In practice, audio inputs are often corrupted by device and environmental noise, leading to performance degradation. However, existing LALM studies on noise lack quantitative analysis and rely mainly on intuition and empirical observation, thus failing to… ▽ More Large Audio Language Models (LALMs) have been widely applied in real-time scenarios, such as in-car assistants and online meeting comprehension. In practice, audio inputs are often corrupted by device and environmental noise, leading to performance degradation. However, existing LALM studies on noise lack quantitative analysis and rely mainly on intuition and empirical observation, thus failing to understand practical robustness. To address this issue, we introduce Signal Embedding Energy (SEE), a method for quantifying the impact of noise intensity on LALM inputs, enabling the differentiation of LALM robustness in real-world deployments. SEE introduces a perspective based on structured activation subspaces derived from the model's internal representations, which more accurately captures its perception of noise than raw audio features. Across experiments, SEE exhibits a strong correlation with LALM performance, achieving a correlation of 0.98. Surprisingly, traditional audio denoising methods are only marginally effective for LALMs, and, in some cases, even increase SEE and impair performance. This suggests a mismatch between speech-centric denoising objectives and the noise sensitivity of modern LALMs. Therefore, we propose a mitigation strategy derived from SEE to denoise LALM inputs, outperforming existing denoising methods. This paper introduces a novel metric for noise quantification in LALMs, providing guidance for robustness improvements in real-world deployments. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07206 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI LLMRouterBench: A Massive Benchmark and Unified Framework for LLM Routing Authors: Hao Li , Yiqun Zhang , Zhaoyan Guo , Chenxu Wang , Shengji Tang , Qiaosheng Zhang , Yang Chen , Biqing Qi , Peng Ye , Lei Bai , Zhen Wang , Shuyue Hu Abstract : Large language model (LLM) routing assigns each query to the most suitable model from an ensemble. We introduce LLMRouterBench, a large-scale benchmark and unified framework for LLM routing. It comprises over 400K instances from 21 datasets and 33 models. Moreover, it provides comprehensive metrics for both performance-oriented routing and performance-cost trade-off routing, and integrates 10 repr… ▽ More Large language model (LLM) routing assigns each query to the most suitable model from an ensemble. We introduce LLMRouterBench, a large-scale benchmark and unified framework for LLM routing. It comprises over 400K instances from 21 datasets and 33 models. Moreover, it provides comprehensive metrics for both performance-oriented routing and performance-cost trade-off routing, and integrates 10 representative routing baselines. Using LLMRouterBench, we systematically re-evaluate the field. While confirming strong model complementarity-the central premise of LLM routing-we find that many routing methods exhibit similar performance under unified evaluation, and several recent approaches, including commercial routers, fail to reliably outperform a simple baseline. Meanwhile, a substantial gap remains to the Oracle, driven primarily by persistent model-recall failures. We further show that backbone embedding models have limited impact, that larger ensembles exhibit diminishing returns compared to careful model curation, and that the benchmark also enables latency-aware analysis. All code and data are available at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07206 [ pdf , ps , other ] LLMRouterBench: A Massive Benchmark and Unified Framework for LLM Routing Authors: Hao Li , Yiqun Zhang , Zhaoyan Guo , Chenxu Wang , Shengji Tang , Qiaosheng Zhang , Yang Chen , Biqing Qi , Peng Ye , Lei Bai , Zhen Wang , Shuyue Hu Abstract : Large language model (LLM) routing assigns each query to the most suitable model from an ensemble. We introduce LLMRouterBench, a large-scale benchmark and unified framework for LLM routing. It comprises over 400K instances from 21 datasets and 33 models. Moreover, it provides comprehensive metrics for both performance-oriented routing and performance-cost trade-off routing, and integrates 10 repr… ▽ More Large language model (LLM) routing assigns each query to the most suitable model from an ensemble. We introduce LLMRouterBench, a large-scale benchmark and unified framework for LLM routing. It comprises over 400K instances from 21 datasets and 33 models. Moreover, it provides comprehensive metrics for both performance-oriented routing and performance-cost trade-off routing, and integrates 10 representative routing baselines. Using LLMRouterBench, we systematically re-evaluate the field. While confirming strong model complementarity-the central premise of LLM routing-we find that many routing methods exhibit similar performance under unified evaluation, and several recent approaches, including commercial routers, fail to reliably outperform a simple baseline. Meanwhile, a substantial gap remains to the Oracle, driven primarily by persistent model-recall failures. We further show that backbone embedding models have limited impact, that larger ensembles exhibit diminishing returns compared to careful model curation, and that the benchmark also enables latency-aware analysis. All code and data are available at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07181 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV ShowUI-Aloha: Human-Taught GUI Agent Authors: Yichun Zhang , Xiangwu Guo , Yauhong Goh , Jessica Hu , Zhiheng Chen , Xin Wang , Difei Gao , Mike Zheng Shou Abstract : Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) are central to human-computer interaction, yet automating complex GUI tasks remains a major challenge for autonomous agents, largely due to a lack of scalable, high-quality training data. While recordings of human demonstrations offer a rich data source, they are typically long, unstructured, and lack annotations, making them difficult for agents to learn from.To a… ▽ More Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) are central to human-computer interaction, yet automating complex GUI tasks remains a major challenge for autonomous agents, largely due to a lack of scalable, high-quality training data. While recordings of human demonstrations offer a rich data source, they are typically long, unstructured, and lack annotations, making them difficult for agents to learn from.To address this, we introduce ShowUI-Aloha, a comprehensive pipeline that transforms unstructured, in-the-wild human screen recordings from desktop environments into structured, actionable tasks. Our framework includes four key components: A recorder that captures screen video along with precise user interactions like mouse clicks, keystrokes, and scrolls. A learner that semantically interprets these raw interactions and the surrounding visual context, translating them into descriptive natural language captions. A planner that reads the parsed demonstrations, maintains task states, and dynamically formulates the next high-level action plan based on contextual reasoning. An executor that faithfully carries out these action plans at the OS level, performing precise clicks, drags, text inputs, and window operations with safety checks and real-time feedback. Together, these components provide a scalable solution for collecting and parsing real-world human data, demonstrating a viable path toward building general-purpose GUI agents that can learn effectively from simply observing humans. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 Pages, 16 Figures arXiv:2601.07181 [ pdf , ps , other ] ShowUI-Aloha: Human-Taught GUI Agent Authors: Yichun Zhang , Xiangwu Guo , Yauhong Goh , Jessica Hu , Zhiheng Chen , Xin Wang , Difei Gao , Mike Zheng Shou Abstract : Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) are central to human-computer interaction, yet automating complex GUI tasks remains a major challenge for autonomous agents, largely due to a lack of scalable, high-quality training data. While recordings of human demonstrations offer a rich data source, they are typically long, unstructured, and lack annotations, making them difficult for agents to learn from.To a… ▽ More Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) are central to human-computer interaction, yet automating complex GUI tasks remains a major challenge for autonomous agents, largely due to a lack of scalable, high-quality training data. While recordings of human demonstrations offer a rich data source, they are typically long, unstructured, and lack annotations, making them difficult for agents to learn from.To address this, we introduce ShowUI-Aloha, a comprehensive pipeline that transforms unstructured, in-the-wild human screen recordings from desktop environments into structured, actionable tasks. Our framework includes four key components: A recorder that captures screen video along with precise user interactions like mouse clicks, keystrokes, and scrolls. A learner that semantically interprets these raw interactions and the surrounding visual context, translating them into descriptive natural language captions. A planner that reads the parsed demonstrations, maintains task states, and dynamically formulates the next high-level action plan based on contextual reasoning. An executor that faithfully carries out these action plans at the OS level, performing precise clicks, drags, text inputs, and window operations with safety checks and real-time feedback. Together, these components provide a scalable solution for collecting and parsing real-world human data, demonstrating a viable path toward building general-purpose GUI agents that can learn effectively from simply observing humans. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 Pages, 16 Figures arXiv:2601.06997 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO cs.CV ObjSplat: Geometry-Aware Gaussian Surfels for Active Object Reconstruction Authors: Yuetao Li , Zhizhou Jia , Yu Zhang , Qun Hao , Shaohui Zhang Abstract : Autonomous high-fidelity object reconstruction is fundamental for creating digital assets and bridging the simulation-to-reality gap in robotics. We present ObjSplat, an active reconstruction framework that leverages Gaussian surfels as a unified representation to progressively reconstruct unknown objects with both photorealistic appearance and accurate geometry. Addressing the limitations of conv… ▽ More Autonomous high-fidelity object reconstruction is fundamental for creating digital assets and bridging the simulation-to-reality gap in robotics. We present ObjSplat, an active reconstruction framework that leverages Gaussian surfels as a unified representation to progressively reconstruct unknown objects with both photorealistic appearance and accurate geometry. Addressing the limitations of conventional opacity or depth-based cues, we introduce a geometry-aware viewpoint evaluation pipeline that explicitly models back-face visibility and occlusion-aware multi-view covisibility, reliably identifying under-reconstructed regions even on geometrically complex objects. Furthermore, to overcome the limitations of greedy planning strategies, ObjSplat employs a next-best-path (NBP) planner that performs multi-step lookahead on a dynamically constructed spatial graph. By jointly optimizing information gain and movement cost, this planner generates globally efficient trajectories. Extensive experiments in simulation and on real-world cultural artifacts demonstrate that ObjSplat produces physically consistent models within minutes, achieving superior reconstruction fidelity and surface completeness while significantly reducing scan time and path length compared to state-of-the-art approaches. Project page: . △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project Page: arXiv:2601.06997 [ pdf , ps , other ] ObjSplat: Geometry-Aware Gaussian Surfels for Active Object Reconstruction Authors: Yuetao Li , Zhizhou Jia , Yu Zhang , Qun Hao , Shaohui Zhang Abstract : Autonomous high-fidelity object reconstruction is fundamental for creating digital assets and bridging the simulation-to-reality gap in robotics. We present ObjSplat, an active reconstruction framework that leverages Gaussian surfels as a unified representation to progressively reconstruct unknown objects with both photorealistic appearance and accurate geometry. Addressing the limitations of conv… ▽ More Autonomous high-fidelity object reconstruction is fundamental for creating digital assets and bridging the simulation-to-reality gap in robotics. We present ObjSplat, an active reconstruction framework that leverages Gaussian surfels as a unified representation to progressively reconstruct unknown objects with both photorealistic appearance and accurate geometry. Addressing the limitations of conventional opacity or depth-based cues, we introduce a geometry-aware viewpoint evaluation pipeline that explicitly models back-face visibility and occlusion-aware multi-view covisibility, reliably identifying under-reconstructed regions even on geometrically complex objects. Furthermore, to overcome the limitations of greedy planning strategies, ObjSplat employs a next-best-path (NBP) planner that performs multi-step lookahead on a dynamically constructed spatial graph. By jointly optimizing information gain and movement cost, this planner generates globally efficient trajectories. Extensive experiments in simulation and on real-world cultural artifacts demonstrate that ObjSplat produces physically consistent models within minutes, achieving superior reconstruction fidelity and surface completeness while significantly reducing scan time and path length compared to state-of-the-art approaches. Project page: . △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project Page: 1 2 3 4 5 … About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background and inspiration 2 Development 3 Recording and production Toggle Recording and production subsection 3.1 History and personnel 3.1.1 Drum sound 3.2 Studio atmosphere 3.1 History and personnel 3.1.1 Drum sound 3.1.1 Drum sound 3.2 Studio atmosphere 4 Songs Toggle Songs subsection 4.1 Side one 4.2 Side two 4.1 Side one 4.2 Side two 5 Artwork and release Toggle Artwork and release subsection 5.1 Commercial performance 5.2 Singles 5.1 Commercial performance 5.2 Singles 6 Critical reception 7 Subsequent events 8 Influence and legacy Toggle Influence and legacy subsection 8.1 Reappraisal 8.2 Rankings 8.1 Reappraisal 8.2 Rankings 9 Reissues 10 Track listing 11 Personnel 12 Charts and certifications Toggle Charts and certifications subsection 12.1 Weekly charts 12.2 Year-end charts 12.3 Certifications 12.1 Weekly charts 12.2 Year-end charts 12.3 Certifications 13 Notes 14 References Toggle References subsection 14.1 Sources 14.1 Sources 15 External links Low (David Bowie album) Anarâškielâ Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Low Studio album by David Bowie Released 14 January 1977 ( 1977-01-14 ) Recorded September–October 1976 [ a ] Studio Château d'Hérouville ( Hérouville , France) Hansa ( West Berlin , Germany) Château d'Hérouville ( Hérouville , France) Hansa ( West Berlin , Germany) Genre Art rock avant-pop electronic ambient experimental rock Art rock avant-pop electronic ambient experimental rock Length 38 : 26 Label RCA Producer David Bowie Tony Visconti David Bowie Tony Visconti David Bowie chronology Changesonebowie (1976) Low (1977) "Heroes" (1977) Changesonebowie (1976) Low (1977) "Heroes" (1977) Singles from Low " Sound and Vision " / "A New Career in a New Town" Released: 11 February 1977 " Be My Wife " / " Speed of Life " Released: 17 June 1977 " Sound and Vision " / "A New Career in a New Town" Released: 11 February 1977 " Be My Wife " / " Speed of Life " Released: 17 June 1977 Low is the eleventh studio album by the English musician David Bowie , released on 14 January 1977 through RCA Records . The first of three collaborations with the producer Tony Visconti and the musician Brian Eno that became known as the Berlin Trilogy , the project originated following Bowie's move to France in 1976 with his friend Iggy Pop to rid themselves of their drug addictions. There, Bowie produced and co-wrote Pop's debut solo studio album, The Idiot , featuring sounds the former would explore on his next record. After completing The Idiot , sessions for Low began at Hérouville 's Château d'Hérouville in September 1976 and ended in October at Hansa Studios in West Berlin , where Bowie and Pop had relocated. An art rock record influenced by German bands such as Tangerine Dream , Neu! , Harmonia and Kraftwerk , Low features Bowie's first explorations in electronic and ambient styles. Side one consists primarily of short, direct avant-pop song-fragments, with mostly downbeat lyrics reflecting Bowie's state of mind, and side two comprises longer, mostly instrumental tracks, conveying musical observations of Berlin. Visconti created the distinctive drum sound using an Eventide H910 Harmonizer , a pitch-shifting device. The cover artwork, a profile of Bowie from the film The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976), was intended as a visual pun, meaning "low profile". RCA refused to issue Low for three months, fearing it would be a commercial failure. Upon release, it divided critical opinion and received little promotion from RCA or Bowie, who opted to tour as Pop's keyboardist. Nevertheless, it reached number 2 in the UK and number 11 in the US. Two singles were released: " Sound and Vision ", a UK top five hit, and " Be My Wife ". The success prompted RCA to release The Idiot in March 1977. In mid-1977, Bowie performed on Pop's follow-up album Lust for Life before recording his next album, "Heroes" , which expanded on Low ' s musical approach and features a similar mix of songs and instrumentals. In later decades, critics have rated Low one of Bowie's best works, and it has appeared on several lists of the greatest albums of all time. It influenced numerous post-punk bands and its drum sound has been widely imitated. A forerunner in the development of the post-rock genre of the 1990s, Low has been reissued several times and was remastered in 2017 as part of the A New Career in a New Town (1977–1982) box set. Background and inspiration In 1974, David Bowie developed a cocaine addiction. [ 2 ] It worsened over the next two years, affecting his physical and mental state . He recorded Young Americans (1975) and Station to Station (1976), and filmed The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976), while under the drug's influence. [ 3 ] Bowie attributed his growing addiction to Los Angeles, where he moved from New York City in early 1975. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] His drug intake escalated to the point where, decades later, he recalled almost nothing of the recording of Station to Station . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] I was in serious decline, emotionally and socially [...] I think I was very much on course to be just another rock casualty [...] I'm quite certain I wouldn't have survived the Seventies if I'd carried on doing what I was doing [...] I was lucky enough to know somewhere within me that I really was killing myself, and I had to do something drastic to pull myself out of that. [ 8 ] I was in serious decline, emotionally and socially [...] I think I was very much on course to be just another rock casualty [...] I'm quite certain I wouldn't have survived the Seventies if I'd carried on doing what I was doing [...] I was lucky enough to know somewhere within me that I really was killing myself, and I had to do something drastic to pull myself out of that. [ 8 ] After completing Station to Station in December 1975, Bowie began work on a soundtrack for The Man Who Fell to Earth with Paul Buckmaster , who worked with Bowie on the 1969 album Space Oddity . [ 9 ] Bowie expected to be wholly responsible for the music, but withdrew his work when he was invited to submit it along with the work of other composers: "I just said, 'Shit, you're not getting any of it.' I was so furious, I'd put so much work into it." [ 10 ] Station to Station 's co-producer Harry Maslin argued Bowie was "burned out" and could not complete the work. [ b ] [ 9 ] Bowie later sent the film's director Nicolas Roeg a copy of Low with a note that read, "This is what I wanted to do for the soundtrack. It would have been a wonderful score." [ 9 ] [ 15 ] With the soundtrack abandoned, Bowie decided he was ready to free himself from the Los Angeles drug culture and move back to Europe. [ 9 ] [ 16 ] He began rehearsals for the Isolar tour to promote Station to Station in January 1976; the tour began on 2 February. [ 17 ] Though it was critically acclaimed, [ 18 ] Bowie became a controversial figure during the tour. Speaking as his persona the Thin White Duke , he made statements about Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany that some interpreted as expressing sympathy for or promoting fascism . [ 19 ] Bowie later blamed his erratic behaviour during this period on his addictions and precarious mental state, [ 20 ] stating: "It was a dangerous period for me. I was at the end of my tether physically and emotionally and had serious doubts about my sanity." [ 21 ] After a London show in May 1976, Bowie caught up with Roxy Music 's former keyboardist and conceptualist Brian Eno backstage. The two had met occasionally since 1973. After leaving Roxy Music, Eno had released two ambient solo albums in 1975: Another Green World and Discreet Music . Bowie listened to the latter regularly on the American leg of the tour. The biographers Marc Spitz and Hugo Wilcken later recognised Another Green World in particular as a major influence on the sound Bowie aimed to create for Low. [ c ] [ d ] [ 22 ] [ 24 ] Bowie and Eno became infatuated with the German musical movement known as krautrock , including the acts Tangerine Dream , Neu! , Kraftwerk and Harmonia . Eno had worked with Harmonia in the studio and on stage, and Bowie exhibited a krautrock influence on Station to Station , particularly its title track . [ 25 ] After meeting, the pair agreed to stay in touch. [ 26 ] Development At the conclusion of the Isolar tour in May 1976, Bowie and his wife Angie moved to Switzerland, although the two rarely spent time there. David booked studio time later in the summer at the Château d'Hérouville in Hérouville , France, [ e ] where he made plans to write and produce an album for his old friend, the singer Iggy Pop . [ 28 ] The two had been friends for many years, but had not worked together professionally since 1973. By 1976, Pop was also ready to rid himself of his own drug addiction and accepted Bowie's invitation to accompany him on tour, and moved to Europe with him. [ 28 ] Bowie and Pop recorded what became Pop's debut solo studio album, The Idiot , from July to August 1976. [ 27 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] Bowie composed most of the music, and Pop wrote most of the lyrics, [ 27 ] often in response to the tunes Bowie was creating. [ 31 ] During the album's recording, Bowie developed a new process whereby the backing tracks were recorded first, followed by overdubs , with the lyrics and vocals written and recorded last. [ 32 ] He heavily favoured this "three-phase" process, which he used for the rest of his career. [ 9 ] Because The Idiot was recorded before Low , it has been referred to as the unofficial beginning of Bowie's Berlin period, [ 33 ] as its music features a sound reminiscent of that which Bowie would explore in the Berlin Trilogy. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Bowie and Pop mixed The Idiot at Hansa Studios in West Berlin , with assistance from Tony Visconti , who was already in line to co-produce Bowie's next album; Bowie called on him to help mix the record to familiarise himself with his new way of working. [ 36 ] Bowie and Pop fell in love with the city, finding it a place for a great escape, and decided to move there in a further attempt to erase their drug habits and escape the spotlight. [ 9 ] [ 16 ] [ 36 ] The Idiot was completed by August 1976, but Bowie wanted to be sure he had his own album in stores before its release. [ 37 ] Laurent Thibault, the Château's owner and The Idiot 's bassist, opined that "[Bowie] didn't want people to think he'd been inspired by Iggy's album, when in fact it was all the same thing". [ 33 ] Recording and production History and personnel The Low sessions began on 1 September 1976. [ 38 ] The album had the working title New Music: Night and Day. [ 39 ] Although Low is considered the first of Bowie's Berlin Trilogy, most of it was recorded at the Château d'Hérouville in France. [ f ] [ 9 ] Returning from the Station to Station sessions were Carlos Alomar (guitar), George Murray (bass) and Dennis Davis (drums). Along with Eno, new members included Roy Young , the former keyboardist for the Rebel Rousers , and Ricky Gardiner , the former guitarist of Beggars Opera . A guest during the Château sessions was Visconti's then-wife Mary Hopkin , credited as Mary Visconti. She contributed backing vocals to "Sound and Vision". [ 9 ] Bowie and Visconti co-produced the album, with contributions from Eno. [ 40 ] Visconti, who was absent for the recording of Station to Station because of conflicting schedules, [ 6 ] was brought back to co-produce after mixing The Idiot . [ 9 ] In 2000, Bowie stressed Visconti's importance as co-producer, stating that "the actual sound and texture, the feel of everything from the drums to the way that my voice is recorded," was due to Visconti. [ 41 ] Eno was not a co-producer, despite being widely perceived as such. Visconti said: "Brian is a great musician, and was very integral to the making of those three albums [ Low , "Heroes" and Lodger ]. But he was not the producer." [ 9 ] Benoît Clerc says that Eno was responsible for the "sound textures " used by Bowie. [ 42 ] Like The Idiot , the Low sessions began with Bowie and the rhythm players running through the backing tracks quickly, beginning in the evening and continuing into the night, which the biographer Thomas Jerome Seabrook believes fit the mood of the music perfectly. As he had done on Station to Station , Bowie left Alomar in charge of the guitar, bass and percussion arrangements, with instructions about how they should sound. Bowie brought many song ideas he had in Switzerland to the sessions; some, including "What in the World", were brought back from The Idiot . [ 32 ] According to the biographer Paul Trynka , Eno arrived after the backing tracks for side one were "essentially" finished. [ 43 ] He and Bowie sat down with the musicians and informed them of the next stage in the recording process. [ 43 ] According to Young, they played tapes of the Man Who Fell to Earth soundtrack for the musicians and said they planned something similar. Young and some of the other musicians were not fond of the idea, as it was outside their experiences. Bowie thought RCA would feel the same way, warning: "We don't know if this will ever be released, but I have to do this." [ 43 ] Visconti insisted on completing the project, telling Bowie and Eno: "Wasting a month of my time with David Bowie and Brian Eno is not wasting a month of my time." [ 44 ] Two weeks into the project, Visconti compiled a tape and played it for Bowie, who was surprised and enthusiastic that they had an album. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Drum sound Low is noted for its unusual drum sound, described by the biographer David Buckley as "brutal" and "mechanistic". [ 47 ] Davis played drums, [ 48 ] which Visconti processed using an Eventide H910 Harmonizer . [ 47 ] The Harmonizer was the first commercially available pitch-shifting device, which could alter the pitch of a sound without changing the speed. [ 49 ] When Bowie asked what it did, Visconti replied, "It fucks with the fabric of time." [ 50 ] Visconti rigged the Harmonizer to Davis's snare drum and monitored the results through his headphones. [ 48 ] Speaking to Buckley, Visconti said: "My brain nearly exploded when I found what I could do with drums." [ 47 ] He fed the pitch-altered sound back into the device, creating "an infinite dropping of [the] pitch, ever renewing itself". [ 47 ] Buckley describes the sound, particularly evident on "Speed of Life", "Breaking Glass" and "Sound and Vision", as "revolutionary" and "stunning". [ 47 ] Davis said it sounded "as big as a house". [ 32 ] Bud Scoppa of Phonograph Record compares the sound to " cherry bombs exploding under tin cans ". [ 51 ] Trynka writes that Davis's "spirit and energy" propel the album's first side "onward". [ 48 ] On its release, ZigZag 's Kris Needs called the drum sound one of the best sounds he had ever heard, while Rolling Stone 's Rob Sheffield later described it as "one of rock's all-time most imitated drum sounds". [ 52 ] Studio atmosphere With no deadline or planned structure, Seabrook says the mood during the sessions was "upbeat and relaxed". The studio was in the middle of the French countryside, and the musicians bonded and experimented regularly. [ 46 ] According to Trynka, Eno was responsible for Bowie's motivation. [ 53 ] Even Alomar – the most resistant to Eno's "avant-garde bullshit" [ 47 ] – warmed to the experimentation. [ 53 ] Seabrook writes that everyone ate together, watched the British television programme Fawlty Towers in their free time, and entertained each other with stories. Gardiner said, "We had some good conversations about music, astrology – the world." [ 46 ] Davis was the "comedian" during the sessions, performing acts and telling tales. Pop was present throughout the sessions and contributed backing vocals to "What in the World". Gardiner recalled him being "fit, healthy and positive". Like Davis, he encouraged a positive atmosphere by telling stories of his time with the Stooges . [ 46 ] The sessions were not without problems. Most of the Château's staff were on holiday, leaving an inexperienced engineer and a kitchen staff who did not serve a variety of meals. Months after the sessions, Visconti said: "We found the studio totally useless. The people who own it now don't seem to care. We all came down with dysentery ." [ 54 ] Bowie and Visconti both contracted food poisoning. [ 54 ] Bowie was in a fragile state of mind throughout the sessions, as his days of cocaine addiction were not far behind him. He later said: " Low was largely drug-free. That was the first instance in a very long time that I'd gone into an album without anything like that to help me along. I was scared, because I thought that maybe my creativity had to be bound up with drugs – that it enhanced my ability to make music. But that album turned out okay." [ 55 ] He also had conflicts with his wife and faced legal problems after firing his manager Michael Lippman; he left the sessions in September to work on resolving the case. [ 54 ] Despite the problems, Visconti recalled that he, Bowie and Eno were working "at their peak". [ 9 ] By the end of September, [ 9 ] Bowie and Visconti had grown tired of the Château. The former was mentally drained and the latter was frustrated by the lack of outside assistance. After recording the wordless vocals for "Warszawa", Bowie, Visconti, Pop and Bowie's assistant Coco Schwab left France for West Berlin. [ 56 ] The sessions continued at Hansa Studios, [ g ] where the final tracks, "Weeping Wall" and "Art Decade", were completed, as well as vocal overdubs for the Château recordings. [ 9 ] Recording continued until early October 1976, [ 57 ] and mixing was finished later that month. [ 58 ] Songs Low features Bowie's first explorations of electronic and ambient music. [ 59 ] [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Ultimate Classic Rock and Consequence of Sound retrospectively categorised Low as art rock and experimental rock , respectively. [ 60 ] [ 62 ] Along with its successor "Heroes" , the songs on Low emphasise tone and atmosphere, rather than guitar-based rock. [ 61 ] German bands like Tangerine Dream, Neu! and Kraftwerk influenced the music. [ 9 ] [ 63 ] [ 39 ] Seabrook considers Neu! the biggest influence on Bowie's new musical direction; he explained that their 1975 album Neu! '75 is, like Low and "Heroes" , characterised by a song/instrumental split and contains a song titled "Hero". [ 36 ] Ron Hart of The Observer recognised Kraftwerk's Radio-Activity (1975) as an influence, noting that album's harmony of "experimentalism and repetition" as providing the template for Low . [ 41 ] Side one consists primarily of short, direct avant-pop song-fragments; [ 64 ] side two comprises longer, mostly instrumental tracks. [ 60 ] In 1977, Bowie said side one was about himself and his "prevailing moods" at the time and side two is about his musical observations of living in Berlin. [ 9 ] Musically, one reviewer characterised side one as a direct extension of Young Americans and Station to Station . [ 65 ] Regarding the song/instrumental split, Visconti said: "We felt that getting six or seven songs with Bowie singing, with choruses and verses, still make for a good album ... then making the second side instrumental gave a perfect yin-yang balance." [ 53 ] The biographer Chris O'Leary writes that the instrumental pieces share the theme of "a tour of an imaginary Eastern Europe by the isolate, paranoiac character of Low ' s manic side". [ 12 ] Some tracks, including "Speed of Life" and "A New Career in a New Town", were originally going to have lyrics, but Bowie could not come up with suitable words and left them as instrumentals. [ 12 ] [ 66 ] The instrumentals feature Eno's portable EMS AKS synthesiser. [ 67 ] Visconti recalled, "It had no keyboard, just a joystick, and he came up with wonderful sounds you can hear all over the album that weren't produced by conventional instruments." [ 47 ] Side one The author Peter Doggett describes "Speed of Life" as a perfect opening track, in the sense that it brings the audience into "a subject too profound for words". [ 68 ] It features a rapid fade-in that Nicholas Pegg believes makes for a "bizarre" opener, writing that "[it's as if] the listener has just arrived within earshot of something that's already started". [ 69 ] "Breaking Glass" is a song-fragment, [ 70 ] featuring six lines of lyrics, two of them demanding the audience "listen" and "see". [ 68 ] The lyrics were inspired by Angie Bowie's new relationship with the drummer Roy Martin. [ 71 ] Eno said of the track, "the feeling around was that we'd edit together ... and turn it into a more normal structure" before Alomar vetoed the idea and recommended leaving it as it was. Credited to David Bowie, Murray and Davis, Alomar recalled the trio mainly composed the song. [ 47 ] " What in the World " was created around the beginning of the sessions and was possibly slated for inclusion on The Idiot ; it features backing vocals from Pop. [ 12 ] [ 72 ] The song is one of the few tracks on Low to combine art rock with more straightforward pop. According to Pegg, it features a "wall of synthesiser bleeps against a barrage of guitar sound [and] distorted percussion effects". [ 73 ] The lyrics describe a little girl who is stuck in her room. [ 74 ] " Sound and Vision " contains wordless backing vocals from Hopkin, which she recorded before there were lyrics, a title or a melody. Bowie's vocals take a full 1 minute and 30 seconds to appear; Eno insisted on this to "confound listener expectations". [ 12 ] Described by Bowie as his "ultimate retreat song", [ 12 ] the lyrics reflect his mental state following his long period of drug addiction. [ 74 ] They provide a stark contrast to the music itself, which is more joyous and upbeat. [ 12 ] Buckley writes that the track is the closest to a "conventional pop song" on the album. [ 75 ] The lyrics of " Always Crashing in the Same Car " reference an incident when Bowie kept ramming his car into that of a drug dealer who was ripping him off in Los Angeles. [ 76 ] In a broader context, the lyrics are a metaphor for making the same mistake repeatedly and Bowie's obsessive need to travel and change his lifestyle. [ 77 ] O'Leary calls the song "the depression in the middle of the 'manic' side". [ 12 ] Seabrook considers it the only song on side one that has a definite beginning and end. [ 78 ] Bowie described his lyrics to "Be My Wife" as "genuinely anguished, I think". [ 79 ] They reflect Bowie's feelings of loneliness, his inability to settle, and constitute a plea for human connections. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] Several biographers have suggested the lyrics allude to Bowie's failing marriage. [ 12 ] Musically, the track is led by a "barrelling bar-room piano", played by Young. [ 81 ] Wilcken writes that "Always Crashing in the Same Car" and "Be My Wife" are the only tracks on Low that have more conventional song structures. [ 82 ] "A New Career in a New Town" is an instrumental that acts as a musical transition. It begins as an electronic piece, before moving into a more rock-style tune enhanced by a harmonica solo from Bowie. Doggett and O'Leary describe the solo as reminiscent of blues music. [ 12 ] [ 79 ] The title reflects Bowie's upcoming move to Berlin. [ 83 ] Side two " Warszawa ", the opening track of what O'Leary calls Low ' s "night" side, is named after the Polish city of Warsaw , which Bowie visited in April 1976. [ 12 ] He found the landscape to be desolate and wanted to capture this through music. Eno mostly composed the song. He heard Visconti's four-year-old son playing A, B, C in a constant loop on the studio piano and used this phrase to create the main theme. [ 84 ] The piece is haunting, featuring wordless vocals from Bowie that Doggett describes as reminiscent of a "monkish vocal chorale". [ 85 ] Buckley calls it the "most startling" piece on the album. [ 86 ] In 1977, Bowie said that " Art Decade ", a pun on "art decayed", is about West Berlin, "a city cut off from its world, art and culture , dying with no hope of retribution". [ 87 ] Heavily influenced by Eno's ambient work, [ 12 ] the piece paints visual impressions and evokes feelings of melancholy and beauty. [ 88 ] [ 89 ] O'Leary writes that for a time, the piece was co-credited to Eno. [ 12 ] Hansa's engineer Eduard Meyer played cello on the track. [ 87 ] Bowie played every instrument on " Weeping Wall ". [ 90 ] Influenced by the minimalist composer Steve Reich , [ 12 ] the main melody is an adaptation of the tune " Scarborough Fair ". [ 39 ] Bowie uses synthesisers, vibraphone, xylophone and wordless vocals to create a sense of frustration and imprisonment. The piece is reportedly meant to evoke the pain and misery caused by the Berlin Wall . [ 88 ] Bowie described " Subterraneans " as a portrait of "the people who got caught in East Berlin after the separation, hence the faint jazz saxophones representing the memory of what it was". [ 91 ] Originally recorded for the aborted The Man Who Fell to Earth soundtrack, [ 12 ] the piece contains wordless vocals similar to "Warszawa". [ 92 ] The track features contributions from J. Peter Robinson and Paul Buckmaster—credited as "Peter and Paul"—who played piano and ARP synthesiser, which were recorded during the original soundtrack sessions. [ 93 ] Artwork and release George Underwood , Bowie's school friend, designed Low ' s cover artwork. Similar to the artwork for Station to Station , it features an altered still frame from The Man Who Fell to Earth . Bowie is seen in profile as his character from the film, Thomas Jerome Newton, wearing a duffel coat set against an orange background. His hair is the same colour as the background, which Wilcken says "underlines the solipsistic notion of place reflecting person, object and subject melding into one". Wilcken notes that as The Man Who Fell to Earth was out of theatres by the time of Low ' s release, the design choice was not to promote the film, but to show the connection between it and the album. Buckley writes that the cover was a visual pun, meaning 'low profile'; many did not understand the joke until Bowie pointed it out in a later interview. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Bowie's previous albums, Young Americans and Station to Station , were massive commercial successes. RCA Records was eager to have another best-seller from the artist but, on hearing Low , label staff were shocked. [ 96 ] In a letter to Bowie, RCA rejected the album and urged him to make a record more like Young Americans . Bowie kept the rejection letter on his wall at home. [ 97 ] His former manager, Tony Defries , also tried preventing its release due to his royalty settlement in the artist's fortunes following their acrimonious 1975 split. [ 9 ] After Bowie refused to make any changes, RCA delayed Low from its original planned release date in November 1976. According to Seabrook, the label's executives considered the album to be "distinctly unpalatable" for the Christmas market. [ 98 ] Commercial performance RCA eventually released Low on 14 January 1977—less than a week after Bowie's 30th birthday [ 94 ] [ 23 ] —with the catalogue number PL 12030. [ 9 ] [ 95 ] The album received little to no promotion from both RCA or Bowie, who felt it was his "least commercial" record to that point. He opted to tour as Iggy Pop's keyboardist instead. [ 9 ] Low became a commercial success, [ 95 ] entering the UK Albums Chart at number 37 before peaking at number two the following week; Slim Whitman 's Red River Valley kept the album from the top spot. [ 99 ] [ 100 ] It remained on the chart for 30 weeks. [ 101 ] In the US, Low entered the Billboard Top LPs & Tape chart at number 82, [ 102 ] peaking at number 11 four weeks later and remaining on the chart for 20 weeks. [ 103 ] Elsewhere, Low reached number 6 in the Netherlands, [ 104 ] 10 in Australia and Norway, [ 105 ] [ 106 ] 12 in New Zealand and Sweden, [ 107 ] [ 108 ] 17 in Austria, [ 109 ] 30 in Finland, [ 110 ] 35 in Japan and 56 in Canada. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Singles "Sound and Vision" was released as the first single on 11 February 1977, with the instrumental "A New Career in a New Town" as the B-side . [ 113 ] It reached number three on the UK Singles Chart , [ 114 ] becoming Bowie's highest charting new single in the UK since " Sorrow " in 1973. [ 95 ] The song did not fare so well in the US, peaking at number 69 on the Billboard Hot 100 and signalling Bowie's commercial downturn in the country until 1983. Although Bowie did not promote it, Pegg writes the single was an "instant turntable favourite" and was bolstered by the BBC 's usage for television commercials. [ 115 ] The single's UK success confused RCA executives. Bowie intimidated the label and persuaded RCA to release Pop's The Idiot in March 1977. [ 116 ] " Be My Wife " was released as the second single on 17 June 1977, backed by the instrumental "Speed of Life". [ 113 ] It became Bowie's first single that failed to chart since his pre- Ziggy Stardust days (1972). Despite this, a music video —his first since 1973—promoted the song. [ 81 ] An extended version of "Breaking Glass" was released as a single in Australia and New Zealand in November 1978. [ 113 ] The single edit was created by splicing in a repeated verse of the original album recording. [ 70 ] This rare version was made available for the first time in 2017 on Re:Call 3 , part of the A New Career in a New Town (1977–1982) compilation. [ 117 ] Critical reception Upon release, Low divided critical opinion. [ 9 ] Rolling Stone ' s John Milward said that "Bowie lacks the self-assured humour to pull off his avant-garde aspirations" and found the album's second side weaker than its first, due to the band inflicting "discipline into Bowie's writing and performance". [ 118 ] Another reviewer, Dave Marsh , gave Low two stars out of five, finding a lack of "thought" and "real songs", calling the majority of side two "as limpid as the worst movie soundtrack". He ultimately found the record a new low point for the artist. [ 119 ] A reviewer for Record Mirror found the album boring at first listen, and upon repeated listens, felt Bowie had hit an "all time low", releasing an album that lacks a "genuine vision" with incohesive music and few lyrics. [ 120 ] NME ' s Charles Shaar Murray gave the album an extremely negative assessment, describing it as "a state of mind beyond desperation". He felt that the record encouraged the listener to feel down and offered no help in getting back up, stating, "It's an act of purest hatred and destructiveness. It comes to us in a bad time and it doesn't help at all." Murray ultimately asked, "Who needs this shit?" [ 121 ] In The Village Voice , Robert Christgau found side one's seven "fragments" to be "almost as powerful as the 'overlong' tracks on Station to Station ", but described "the movie music on side two" as banal. [ 122 ] He revised his opinion on the second side after the release of "Heroes" , writing that Low "now seems quite pop, slick and to the point even when the point is background noise". [ 123 ] Los Angeles Times critic Robert Hilburn found some of the album "striking" and "satisfying" as Ziggy but felt the rest lacked mass appeal. [ 124 ] Robin Denslow agreed, calling Low Bowie's "least commercial" but "most experimental" work yet in The Guardian . [ 125 ] Other reviewers praised the record. NME ' s Ian MacDonald found Low "stunningly beautiful [...] the sound of Sinatra reproduced by Martian computers". He considered it a conceptual sequel to Station to Station and concluded that Low is "the ONLY contemporary rock album". [ 126 ] Michael Watts of Melody Maker called it "the music of Now", praising the album as feeling "right for the times", despite its lack of popularity. [ 127 ] A reviewer for Billboard described the second side as "adventurous" with an appeal that was as yet uncertain, [ 128 ] while Canadian critic Dale Winnitowy found Low "hideously interesting". [ 129 ] Though John Rockwell of The New York Times called the lyrics "mindless" and described the instruments as "strange and spacey", he found the album "alluringly beautiful" and "one of the finest disks of his career." [ 130 ] Sounds magazine's Tim Lott considered Low both Bowie and Eno's best work thus far and a "mechanical classic". [ 131 ] Bowie's musical direction perplexed some reviewers. Rockwell felt that Bowie's fans would find Low was his finest work after they overcame their shock at hearing it for the first time. [ 130 ] In National RockStar , David Hancock was surprised the record was Bowie's, calling it "his most bizarre and adventurous LP". [ 65 ] Kris Needs in ZigZag described Low as strange and shocking but believed it was one of Bowie's greatest achievements. [ 132 ] Phonograph Record ' s Bud Scoppa felt the album made little sense. He found it "the most intimate and free recording this extraordinary artist has yet made", and believed listeners would be "baffled" by it or "give in" to it. [ 51 ] In lists compiling the best albums of the year, Low placed at number 15 by Sounds and number 27 by NME . [ 133 ] [ 134 ] In The Village Voice 's annual Pazz & Jop poll compiling the year's best albums, Low placed at number 26. [ 135 ] Subsequent events Against RCA's wishes, Bowie declined to tour Low and instead supported Pop on his own tour to promote The Idiot . [ 137 ] Bowie was adamant about not taking the spotlight away from Pop, often staying behind his keyboards and not addressing the audience. The tour ran from March to mid-April 1977. [ 138 ] At the end of the tour, Bowie and Pop returned to Hansa by the Wall in West Berlin to record Pop's second studio album Lust for Life (1977). Bowie played a more minor role compared to The Idiot , allowing Pop to compose his own arrangements for the tracks, [ 139 ] resulting in a sound more reminiscent of Pop's earlier work. [ 34 ] Recording was completed in two and a half weeks from May to June 1977. [ 140 ] Although Bowie had told interviewers in 1978 he planned to do a third collaboration with Pop, the album was their last official collaboration until the mid-1980s. [ 141 ] Following Lust for Life , Bowie recorded Low 's follow-up, "Heroes" , at Hansa by the Wall from July to August 1977. [ 142 ] Developing the material found on Low , [ 143 ] the songs on "Heroes" have been described as more positive in tone and more atmosphere than those of its predecessor. [ 144 ] [ 145 ] The albums are similarly structured, side one featuring more conventional tracks and side two mainly featuring instrumentals. [ 146 ] Eno played a much greater role on "Heroes" than on Low , being credited as co-author of four of the ten tracks. [ 147 ] Bowie toured both albums on the Isolar II world tour , also known as "the Stage tour", from March to December 1978. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] Influence and legacy Bowie took the icy, arty electronics of Kraftwerk and brought them to a comparatively mainstream audience...[T]here isn't a note on Low that's aged since it dropped in 1977. It's not a timeless record—it seems to exist almost entirely apart from time. His greatest artistic achievement, Low ' s impact wouldn't be fully felt for a generation—it wasn't until Radiohead's Kid A that rock and electronic would once again meet and move forward in such a mature fashion. [ 150 ] Bowie took the icy, arty electronics of Kraftwerk and brought them to a comparatively mainstream audience...[T]here isn't a note on Low that's aged since it dropped in 1977. It's not a timeless record—it seems to exist almost entirely apart from time. His greatest artistic achievement, Low ' s impact wouldn't be fully felt for a generation—it wasn't until Radiohead's Kid A that rock and electronic would once again meet and move forward in such a mature fashion. [ 150 ] In the decades since its release, Low has been acclaimed for its originality and cited as an influence on the post-punk genre. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] Susie Goldring of BBC Music wrote: "Without Low , we'd have no Joy Division , no Human League , no Cabaret Voltaire , and I bet, no Arcade Fire . The legacy of Low lives on." [ 153 ] Spitz also acknowledges the influence of the album on post-punk, naming Joy Division, Magazine , Gang of Four and Wire as bands influenced by Low ' s "odd anti-aggression and unapologetic, almost metaphorical use of synthesised music". [ 154 ] The music journalist Simon Reynolds said: "I think it's Low ' s inhibition and repression that Joy Division and others responded to. The fact that the music, while guitar-based and harsh and aggressive, never rocks out. It's imploded aggression." [ 154 ] James E. Perone suggested that both "What in the World" and "Be My Wife" foreshadowed the punk / new wave sound of English band the Stranglers , particularly their 1977 releases Rattus Norvegicus and No More Heroes . [ 155 ] In the second edition of his book All Time Top 1000 Albums (1998), Colin Larkin cites Gary Numan , Ultravox and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark as artists influenced by Low . [ 156 ] Wilcken finds Radiohead 's album Kid A (2000), particularly the track "Treefingers", to reflect a similar influence. [ 157 ] William Doyle of The Quietus wrote that before the release of Kid A , Bowie created the blueprint "reinvention" album with Low , a record from an artist at the peak of their popularity that confounded his fans' expectations. [ 158 ] Bjorn Randolph of Stylus Magazine felt the album had a crucial influence on the post-rock genre that came to prominence among underground musicians nearly two decades after Low ' s release. [ 159 ] [ 160 ] Doggett writes that, like Station to Station before it, Low established Bowie as an artist who was "impossible to second-guess". He found Bowie's five-year progression from Hunky Dory to Low daring and courageous. [ 92 ] Bowie's biographers have highlighted the influence the album had on Joy Division, as have the band themselves; their original name was "Warsaw", a reference to "Warszawa". [ 161 ] Wilcken says that Joy Division imitate the "split mentality" of Low on their final album Closer (1980), a record which contains progressively darker track sequencing. [ 162 ] Joy Division's drummer Stephen Morris told Uncut magazine in 2001 that when making their 1978 An Ideal for Living EP, the band asked the engineer to make the drums sound like "Speed of Life"; "Strangely enough he couldn't." [ 163 ] Like Morris, many musicians, producers and engineers tried to imitate Low ' s drum sound. Visconti refused to explain how he crafted it, instead asking them how they thought it had been done. [ 151 ] Approximations began appearing throughout the rest of the 1970s and, by the 1980s, were found on almost every record on the charts. Seabrook credits Bowie as being indirectly responsible for the "thumping backbeat" heard on tracks ranging from Phil Collins ' " In the Air Tonight " to Duran Duran 's " Hungry Like the Wolf ". [ 163 ] In an interview with Musician magazine in 1983, Bowie expressed his dismay, stating, "That depressive gorilla effect was something I wish we'd never created, having had to live through four years of it with other English bands." [ 164 ] Many musicians have discussed the album's influence. On learning the title of the album was Low , the singer-songwriter Nick Lowe "retaliated" by naming his 1977 EP Bowi (without an "e"). [ 165 ] Robert Smith of the English rock band the Cure listened to the record frequently while making their 1980 album Seventeen Seconds . [ 166 ] In 1994, Trent Reznor of the American rock band Nine Inch Nails cited Low as a key inspiration for The Downward Spiral (1994), crediting its "song-writing", "mood" and "structure[s]" as influences. [ 167 ] Dave Sitek of the American rock band TV on the Radio stated: "That particular album, that song 'Warszawa', that's when I knew music was the ultimate force, at least in my own life." Bowie worked with the band in 2003. [ 44 ] In 1992, the American composer and pianist Philip Glass produced a classical suite based on the album entitled "Low" Symphony , his first symphony. It consisted of three movements based on Low tracks: "Subterraneans"; "Some Are" (an outtake); and "Warszawa". The Brooklyn Philharmonic Orchestra recorded the symphony at Glass' Looking Glass Studios in New York and it was released in 1993. [ 168 ] Speaking of the album, Glass said: "They were doing what few other people were trying to do—which was to create an art within the realm of popular music. I listened to it constantly." [ 154 ] Of his decision to create a symphony based on the record, Glass said: "In the question of Bowie and Eno's original Low LP, to me there was no doubt that both talent and quality were evident there... . My generation was sick to death of academics telling us what was good and what wasn't." [ 168 ] The "Low" Symphony acknowledges Eno's contributions to the original record and portraits of Bowie, Eno and Glass appear on the album cover. Bowie was flattered by the symphony and praised it, as did Pegg. [ 168 ] Glass followed up the "Low" Symphony with classical adaptations of the other "Berlin" records with "Heroes" and Lodger in 1997 and 2019, respectively. [ 169 ] [ 170 ] Reappraisal Review scores Source Rating AllMusic [ 64 ] Blender [ 171 ] Christgau's Record Guide B+ [ 172 ] Encyclopedia of Popular Music [ 173 ] NME 9/10 [ 174 ] Pitchfork 10/10 [ 175 ] Q [ 176 ] Rolling Stone [ 52 ] The Rolling Stone Album Guide [ 177 ] Spin [ 178 ] Spin Alternative Record Guide 9/10 [ 179 ] Commentators continue to regard Low as one of Bowie's best works. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic wrote that with the album, Bowie "confirmed his place at rock's cutting edge", concluding that "the record is defiantly experimental and dense with detail, providing a new direction for the avant-garde in rock & roll". [ 64 ] Dele Fadele of NME found the record a "futuristic touchstone that still stands". [ 174 ] In 2001, Sheffield wrote that Low contained some of the artist's best work. "[The album] flows together into a lyrical, hallucinatory, miraculously beautiful whole, the music of an overstimulated mind in an exhausted body, as rock's prettiest sex vampire sashays through some serious emotional wreckage." [ 52 ] Sheffield concluded by noting the timelessness of the record, calling it one of Bowie's "most intense and influential" records. [ 52 ] Goldring praised the album as "ambitious" and felt it complimented Bowie's artistic growth, the singer having turned 30 on its release. [ 153 ] In a 2013 readers' poll for Rolling Stone , Low was voted Bowie's fourth best album. The magazine noted its underappreciation at the time of release and the recognition as a masterpiece in the ensuing decades. [ 180 ] Some reviewers have considered Low Bowie's greatest artistic achievement. [ 150 ] Following Bowie's death, Bryan Wawzenek of Ultimate Classic Rock listed Low as his greatest album, writing: " Low is more than songs and sounds. The creative partnership behind the record forged a feeling, a mood, a place. Like very few of the best albums ever recorded, Low contains a universe you can inhabit, for 40 minutes at a time. It's Bowie's masterpiece." [ 181 ] Laura Snapes of Pitchfork gave the album a 10 out of 10 rating, saying it shows Bowie succeeding in setting a new path for himself following a period of drug addiction. Snapes summarises side one as feeling like "having the carpet ripped out from under you by three wizards who have plans to fly it elsewhere". Although she believed side two's instrumentals feel "a little ponderous by today's standards", their ability to provoke imagery of different worlds is "something to behold". [ 175 ] The album's 40th anniversary in 2017 attracted reviews. Hart noted Low contains music that sounds both of its time and before its time, shrouded with "forward-thinking artfulness" that remains unmatched in 2017, further stating that it is an album "that will make you dance, think and weep all in [...] 38 minutes." [ 41 ] Doyle praised Low ' s production and its ability to "transport the listener to certain frontiers of place and thought in a very powerful way". He described Low as "a moment of pure discovery that most other records have failed to surpass", adding that the record is open to interpretation by each listener. [ 158 ] Rankings Low has frequently appeared on lists of the greatest albums of all time. Ranking the 100 best albums ever made, Sounds placed it at number 35 in 1986 and The Guardian ranked it number 62 in 1997. [ 182 ] [ 183 ] A year later, Q readers voted it the 43rd greatest album of all time. [ 184 ] On lists of the 100 Greatest British Albums Ever, Q and The Observer ranked Low numbers 16 and 39, respectively. [ 185 ] [ 186 ] In 2004, Pitchfork named it the greatest album of the 1970s; Erlewine described it as "a record that hurtles toward an undefined future while embracing ambiguity", as well as "an album about rebirth, which is why it still possesses the power to startle." [ 187 ] Similarly, Paste included it at number 34 in their list of the 70 best albums of the 1970s, [ 188 ] and in 2024, it was ranked number 127 on the publication's list of the 300 greatest albums of all time. [ 189 ] Ultimate Classic Rock later featured Low in a list of the 100 best rock albums from the 1970s in 2015. [ 190 ] In 2013, NME listed the album as the 14th greatest of all time in their list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . [ 191 ] Larkin ranked it numbers 120 and 47 in the second and third editions of All Time Top 1000 Albums , respectively. [ 192 ] In 2003, Low was ranked number 249 on Rolling Stone ' s list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . [ 193 ] It was ranked number 251 in a 2012 revised list and number 206 in a 2020 revised list. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] In 2023, British GQ ranked it the second best electronic album of all time, behind Kraftwerk's The Man-Machine (1978). [ 196 ] The album was also included in the 2018 edition of Robert Dimery's book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . [ 197 ] Reissues Low has been reissued several times. RCA reissued the album on vinyl in 1980 [ 198 ] and released it on compact disc for the first time in the mid-1980s. [ 199 ] A 1991 CD release by Rykodisc contained three bonus tracks, [ 9 ] including a remix of "Sound and Vision" and the outtakes "Some Are" and "All Saints". [ 200 ] [ 201 ] EMI released the 1991 edition in the UK on CD, Cassette and LP, while it was rereleased on AU20 Gold CD. [ 202 ] The reissue charted at number 64 on the UK Albums Chart in September 1991. [ 203 ] A 1999 CD release by EMI, without bonus tracks, featured 24-bit digitally remastered sound. [ 204 ] In 2017, the album was remastered for Parlophone 's A New Career in a New Town (1977–1982) box set . [ 117 ] It was released in CD, vinyl and digital formats. [ 205 ] [ 206 ] Track listing All lyrics are written by David Bowie ; all music is composed by Bowie, except where noted. No. Title Music Length 1. " Speed of Life " 2:46 2. " Breaking Glass " Bowie, Dennis Davis , George Murray 1:51 3. " What in the World " 2:23 4. " Sound and Vision " 3:03 5. " Always Crashing in the Same Car " 3:29 6. " Be My Wife " 2:55 7. "A New Career in a New Town" 2:51 Total length: 19:18 No. Title Music Length 1. " Warszawa " Bowie, Brian Eno 6:20 2. " Art Decade " 3:43 3. " Weeping Wall " 3:26 4. " Subterraneans " 5:39 Total length: 19:08 Personnel Personnel per the album's liner notes and the biographer Nicholas Pegg . [ 207 ] [ 200 ] Track numbers noted in parentheses below are based on the CD track numbering of the 1991 reissue. David Bowie – vocals (2–6, 8, 10–11), saxophones (4, 11), guitar (6, 9–11), pump bass (6), harmonica (7), vibraphone (9–10), xylophone (10), pre-arranged percussion (9), keyboards: ARP synthesiser (1, 10–11), Chamberlin : Credited as "tape horn and brass" (1), "synthetic strings" (1, 4, 9–10), "tape cellos" (5) and "tape sax section" (7), piano (7, 9–11) Brian Eno – keyboards: Minimoog (2, 8–9), ARP (3, 11), EMS Synthi AKS (listed as "E.M.I.") (3, 5), piano (7–9, 11), Chamberlin (8–9), other synthesisers, vocals (4), guitar treatments (5), synthetics (7) Carlos Alomar – rhythm guitars (1, 3–7), lead guitar (1, 2), guitar (11) Dennis Davis – percussion (1–7) George Murray – bass (1–7, 11) Ricky Gardiner – rhythm guitar (2), lead guitar (3–7) Roy Young – piano (1, 3–7), Farfisa organ (3, 5) Additional musicians Iggy Pop – backing vocals (3) Mary Visconti – backing vocals (4) Eduard Meyer – cellos (9) Peter and Paul ( a.k.a. J. Peter Robinson and Paul Buckmaster , who had worked with Bowie on The Man Who Fell to Earth soundtrack) [ 199 ] – pianos and ARP (11) Technical [ 64 ] David Bowie – producer Tony Visconti – producer David Richards – mixing Jonathan Wyner – assistant engineer Charts and certifications Weekly charts [ edit ] 1977 weekly chart performance for Low Chart (1977) Peak position Australian Albums ( Kent Music Report ) [ 105 ] 10 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) [ 109 ] 17 Canadian Albums ( RPM ) [ 112 ] 56 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) [ 104 ] 6 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) [ 110 ] 30 Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) [ 111 ] 35 New Zealand Albums ( RIANZ ) [ 107 ] 12 Norwegian Albums ( VG-lista ) [ 106 ] 10 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) [ 108 ] 12 UK Albums ( OCC ) [ 101 ] 2 US Billboard Top LPs & Tape [ 103 ] 11 1991 weekly chart performance for Low Chart (1991) Peak position UK Albums (OCC) [ 203 ] 64 2016 weekly chart performance for Low Chart (2016) Peak position Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) [ 208 ] 16 French Albums ( SNEP ) [ 209 ] 80 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) [ 210 ] 52 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) [ 211 ] 40 2018 weekly chart performance for Low Chart (2018 reissue) Peak position Greek Albums ( IFPI ) [ 212 ] 44 Hungarian Albums ( MAHASZ ) [ 213 ] 36 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) [ 214 ] 14 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) [ 215 ] 89 UK Albums (OCC) [ 216 ] 50 Weekly charts Chart (1977) Peak position Australian Albums ( Kent Music Report ) [ 105 ] 10 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) [ 109 ] 17 Canadian Albums ( RPM ) [ 112 ] 56 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) [ 104 ] 6 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) [ 110 ] 30 Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) [ 111 ] 35 New Zealand Albums ( RIANZ ) [ 107 ] 12 Norwegian Albums ( VG-lista ) [ 106 ] 10 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) [ 108 ] 12 UK Albums ( OCC ) [ 101 ] 2 US Billboard Top LPs & Tape [ 103 ] 11 Chart (1991) Peak position UK Albums (OCC) [ 203 ] 64 Chart (2016) Peak position Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) [ 208 ] 16 French Albums ( SNEP ) [ 209 ] 80 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) [ 210 ] 52 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) [ 211 ] 40 Chart (2018 reissue) Peak position Greek Albums ( IFPI ) [ 212 ] 44 Hungarian Albums ( MAHASZ ) [ 213 ] 36 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) [ 214 ] 14 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) [ 215 ] 89 UK Albums (OCC) [ 216 ] 50 Year-end charts [ edit ] 1977 year-end chart performance for Low Chart (1977) Position Australian Albums (Kent Music Report) [ 105 ] 70 Dutch Albums (MegaCharts) [ 217 ] 19 UK Albums (OCC) [ 218 ] 40 Certifications [ edit ] Sales and certifications for Low Region Certification Certified units /sales Canada ( Music Canada ) [ 219 ] Gold 50,000 ^ Netherlands — 30,000 [ 220 ] United Kingdom ( BPI ) [ 222 ] Gold 220,000 [ 221 ] Summaries Worldwide — 2,300,000 [ 223 ] ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Year-end charts Chart (1977) Position Australian Albums (Kent Music Report) [ 105 ] 70 Dutch Albums (MegaCharts) [ 217 ] 19 UK Albums (OCC) [ 218 ] 40 Certifications Region Certification Certified units /sales Canada ( Music Canada ) [ 219 ] Gold 50,000 ^ Netherlands — 30,000 [ 220 ] United Kingdom ( BPI ) [ 222 ] Gold 220,000 [ 221 ] Summaries Worldwide — 2,300,000 [ 223 ] ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Notes ^ A small portion of the track "Subterraneans" was recorded in December 1975 at Cherokee Studios in Los Angeles. [ 1 ] ^ Bowie later said the only portion of the soundtrack used for Low was a reverse bass part on "Subterraneans", [ 11 ] recorded at Cherokee Studios in Los Angeles, [ 12 ] [ 13 ] where Station to Station was recorded. [ 14 ] ^ Another Green World features songs with recognisable pop structures along with ambient instrumental tracks emphasising atmosphere and texture, elements that informed Bowie's approach on Low . [ 22 ] ^ Christopher Sandford also cites Eno's Taking Tiger Mountain (By Strategy) (1974) as an influence. [ 23 ] ^ Bowie had recorded his 1973 covers album Pin Ups at the Château. [ 9 ] ^ Although Bowie was ready to move fully to Berlin, he had already booked another month of studio time at the Château after The Idiot , so recording began there. [ 37 ] ^ According to Nicholas Pegg and Seabrook, it was not the same "Hansa by the Wall" location where Low would be mixed and "Heroes" would be recorded. 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Retrieved 3 February 2012 . ^ "The 70 Best Albums of the 1970s" . Paste . 7 January 2020 [2012]. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021 . Retrieved 10 September 2021 . ^ Paste Staff (3 June 2024). "The 300 Greatest Albums of All Time" . Paste . Retrieved 19 April 2025 . ^ "Top 100 '70s Rock Albums" . Ultimate Classic Rock . 5 March 2015. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021 . Retrieved 10 September 2021 . ^ Barker, Emily (25 October 2013). "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time: 100–1" . NME . Archived from the original on 8 November 2015 . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . ^ Larkin 1998 , p. 60; Larkin 2000 , p. 57 ^ "500 Greatest Albums of All Time: Low – David Bowie" . Rolling Stone . 11 December 2003. Archived from the original on 20 December 2010 . Retrieved 7 October 2020 . ^ "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time – David Bowie, 'Low' " . Rolling Stone . 31 May 2012. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019 . Retrieved 10 September 2019 . ^ "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time – David Bowie, 'Low' " . Rolling Stone . 22 September 2020. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020 . Retrieved 26 September 2020 . ^ "The 10 best electronic albums of all time" . GQ . 12 May 2023 . Retrieved 13 May 2023 . ^ Dimery, Robert; Lydon, Michael (2018). 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die (Revised and Updated ed.). London: Cassell . p. 380 . ISBN 978-1-78840-080-0 . ^ Thompson, Dave (2019). Kennedy, Paul (ed.). Goldmine Record Album Price Guide (10th ed.). US: Krause Publications. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-44024-891-7 . ^ a b Griffin 2016 , chap. 8. ^ a b Low (CD liner notes). David Bowie. US: Rykodisc . 1991. RCD 10142. {{ cite AV media notes }} : CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) ( link ) ^ Pegg 2016 , pp. 18, 250. ^ Low (CD booklet). David Bowie. UK: EMI . 1991. CDP 7977192. {{ cite AV media notes }} : CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) ( link ) ^ a b "Low (1990 version) – full Official Chart History" . Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021 . Retrieved 8 August 2021 . ^ Low (CD booklet). David Bowie. UK: EMI. 1999. 7243 521907 0 6. {{ cite AV media notes }} : CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) ( link ) ^ Bonner, Michael (12 July 2017). "Tracklist revealed for new David Bowie box set, A New Career In A New Town (1977–1982) " . Uncut . Archived from the original on 27 March 2019 . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . ^ Monroe, Jazz (12 July 2017). "David Bowie's A New Career in a New Town (1977–1982) Box Set Announced" . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on 26 September 2017 . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . ^ Pegg 2016 , p. 384. ^ " Austriancharts.at – David Bowie – Low " (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ " Lescharts.com – David Bowie – Low ". Hung Medien. Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ " Italiancharts.com – David Bowie – Low ". Hung Medien. Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ " Swisscharts.com – David Bowie – Low ". Hung Medien. Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ "IFPI Charts" . IFPI Greece . Archived from the original on 26 November 2018 . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . ^ " Album Top 40 slágerlista – 2018. 9. hét " (in Hungarian). MAHASZ . Retrieved 29 November 2021. ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100" . Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017 . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . ^ " Spanishcharts.com – David Bowie – Low ". Hung Medien. Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100" . Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . ^ "Dutch charts jaaroverzichten 1977" (ASP) (in Dutch). dutchcharts.nl. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . ^ "Top Albums 1977" (PDF) . Music Week . 24 December 1977. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 March 2021 . Retrieved 1 December 2021 – via worldradiohistory.com. ^ "Canadian album certifications – David Bowie – Low" . Music Canada . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . ^ "Dutch gold discs for Low and Heroes LPs" (PDF) . Music Week . 5 November 1977. p. 14 . Retrieved 20 November 2023 . ^ White, Chris (23 April 1977). "International – U.K. Sales In First Quarter Surge" (PDF) . Billboard . p. 74. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2021 . Retrieved 2 February 2021 – via World Radio History. ^ "British album certifications – David Bowie – Low" . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 8 August 2021 . ^ Breteau, Pierre (11 January 2016). "David Bowie en chiffres : un artiste culte, mais pas si vendeur" . Le Monde . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Sources Buckley, David (1999). Strange Fascination – David Bowie: The Definitive Story . London: Virgin Books . ISBN 978-1-85227-784-0 . Buckley, David (2005) [1999]. Strange Fascination – David Bowie: The Definitive Story . London: Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-75351-002-5 . Carr, Roy ; Murray, Charles Shaar (1981). Bowie: An Illustrated Record . London: Eel Pie Publishing . ISBN 978-0-38077-966-6 . Clerc, Benoît (2021). David Bowie All the Songs: The Story Behind Every Track . New York City: Black Dog & Leventhal . ISBN 978-0-7624-7471-4 . Doggett, Peter (2012). The Man Who Sold the World: David Bowie and the 1970s . New York City: HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978-0-06-202466-4 . Griffin, Roger (2016). David Bowie: The Golden Years . London: Omnibus Press . ISBN 978-0-85712-875-1 . Larkin, Colin (1998). All Time Top 1000 Albums (2nd ed.). London: Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0258-7 . Larkin, Colin (2000). All Time Top 1000 Albums (3rd ed.). London: Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-7535-0493-2 . Larkin, Colin (2011). "Bowie, David". The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th concise ed.). London: Omnibus Press . ISBN 978-0-85712-595-8 . O'Leary, Chris (2019). Ashes to Ashes: The Songs of David Bowie 1976–2016 . London: Repeater. ISBN 978-1-91224-830-8 . Pegg, Nicholas (2016). The Complete David Bowie (Revised and Updated ed.). London: Titan Books . ISBN 978-1-78565-365-0 . Perone, James E. (2007). The Words and Music of David Bowie . Westport, Connecticut : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978-0-27599-245-3 . Sandford, Christopher (1997) [1996]. Bowie: Loving the Alien . London: Time Warner . ISBN 978-0-306-80854-8 . Seabrook, Thomas Jerome (2008). Bowie in Berlin: A New Career in a New Town . London: Jawbone Press. ISBN 978-1-90600-208-4 . Sheffield, Rob (1995). "David Bowie". In Weisbard, Eric ; Marks, Craig (eds.). Spin Alternative Record Guide . Vintage Books . pp. 55– 57. ISBN 978-0-679-75574-6 . Sheffield, Rob (2004). "David Bowie". In Brackett, Nathan ; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). New York City: Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978-0-7432-0169-8 . Spitz, Marc (2009). Bowie: A Biography . New York City: Crown Publishing Group . ISBN 978-0-307-71699-6 . Trynka, Paul (2011). David Bowie – Starman: The Definitive Biography . New York City: Little, Brown and Company . ISBN 978-0-31603-225-4 . West, Mike (1984). Joy Division . Todmorden : Babylon. ISBN 978-0-907188-21-6 . Wilcken, Hugo (2005). David Bowie's Low . 33⅓ . New York City: Continuum . ISBN 978-0-826-41684-1 . External links Low at Discogs (list of releases) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e David Bowie v t e Discography Songs Awards and nominations Filmography Videography Band members Death Art collection Discography Songs Awards and nominations Filmography Videography Band members Death Art collection Studio albums David Bowie (1967) David Bowie (1969) The Man Who Sold the World Hunky Dory The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars Aladdin Sane Pin Ups Diamond Dogs Young Americans Station to Station Low "Heroes" Lodger Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps) Let's Dance Tonight Never Let Me Down Black Tie White Noise The Buddha of Suburbia Outside Earthling Hours Heathen Reality The Next Day Blackstar Toy With Tin Machine Tin Machine Tin Machine II David Bowie (1967) David Bowie (1969) The Man Who Sold the World Hunky Dory The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars Aladdin Sane Pin Ups Diamond Dogs Young Americans Station to Station Low "Heroes" Lodger Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps) Let's Dance Tonight Never Let Me Down Black Tie White Noise The Buddha of Suburbia Outside Earthling Hours Heathen Reality The Next Day Blackstar Toy With Tin Machine Tin Machine Tin Machine II Tin Machine Tin Machine II Live albums David Live Stage Ziggy Stardust: The Motion Picture Santa Monica '72 LiveAndWell.com Glass Spider Live Santa Monica '72 VH1 Storytellers Bowie at the Beeb A Reality Tour Live Nassau Coliseum '76 Cracked Actor (Live Los Angeles '74) Welcome to the Blackout (Live London '78) Serious Moonlight (Live '83) Glastonbury 2000 ChangesNowBowie Ouvrez le Chien (Live Dallas 95) Something in the Air (Live Paris 99) I'm Only Dancing (The Soul Tour 74) No Trendy Réchauffé (Live Birmingham 95) Look at the Moon! (Live Phoenix Festival 97) David Bowie at the Kit Kat Klub (Live New York 99) With Tin Machine Tin Machine Live: Oy Vey, Baby Live at La Cigale, Paris, 25th June, 1989 David Live Stage Ziggy Stardust: The Motion Picture Santa Monica '72 LiveAndWell.com Glass Spider Live Santa Monica '72 VH1 Storytellers Bowie at the Beeb A Reality Tour Live Nassau Coliseum '76 Cracked Actor (Live Los Angeles '74) Welcome to the Blackout (Live London '78) Serious Moonlight (Live '83) Glastonbury 2000 ChangesNowBowie Ouvrez le Chien (Live Dallas 95) Something in the Air (Live Paris 99) I'm Only Dancing (The Soul Tour 74) No Trendy Réchauffé (Live Birmingham 95) Look at the Moon! (Live Phoenix Festival 97) David Bowie at the Kit Kat Klub (Live New York 99) With Tin Machine Tin Machine Live: Oy Vey, Baby Live at La Cigale, Paris, 25th June, 1989 Tin Machine Live: Oy Vey, Baby Live at La Cigale, Paris, 25th June, 1989 Soundtracks Christiane F. Love You till Tuesday Labyrinth Lazarus Moonage Daydream Christiane F. Love You till Tuesday Labyrinth Lazarus Moonage Daydream EPs Baal BBC Sessions 1969–1972 Earthling in the City Live EP (Live at Fashion Rocks) Space Oddity The Next Day Extra No Plan Is It Any Wonder? Baal BBC Sessions 1969–1972 Earthling in the City Live EP (Live at Fashion Rocks) Space Oddity The Next Day Extra No Plan Is It Any Wonder? Compilations The World of David Bowie Images 1966–1967 Changesonebowie The Best of Bowie Changestwobowie Rare Golden Years Fame and Fashion Changesbowie Early On (1964–1966) The Singles Collection Rarestonebowie The Deram Anthology 1966–1968 The Best of David Bowie 1969/1974 The Best of David Bowie 1974/1979 Bowie at the Beeb All Saints Best of Bowie Club Bowie The Collection The Best of David Bowie 1980/1987 iSelect Nothing Has Changed Legacy The World of David Bowie Images 1966–1967 Changesonebowie The Best of Bowie Changestwobowie Rare Golden Years Fame and Fashion Changesbowie Early On (1964–1966) The Singles Collection Rarestonebowie The Deram Anthology 1966–1968 The Best of David Bowie 1969/1974 The Best of David Bowie 1974/1979 Bowie at the Beeb All Saints Best of Bowie Club Bowie The Collection The Best of David Bowie 1980/1987 iSelect Nothing Has Changed Legacy Box sets Sound + Vision The Platinum Collection David Bowie Five Years (1969–1973) Who Can I Be Now? (1974–1976) A New Career in a New Town (1977–1982) Loving the Alien (1983–1988) Spying Through a Keyhole Clareville Grove Demos The 'Mercury' Demos Conversation Piece Brilliant Live Adventures Brilliant Adventure (1992–2001) Rock 'n' Roll Star! I Can't Give Everything Away (2002–2016) Sound + Vision The Platinum Collection David Bowie Five Years (1969–1973) Who Can I Be Now? (1974–1976) A New Career in a New Town (1977–1982) Loving the Alien (1983–1988) Spying Through a Keyhole Clareville Grove Demos The 'Mercury' Demos Conversation Piece Brilliant Live Adventures Brilliant Adventure (1992–2001) Rock 'n' Roll Star! I Can't Give Everything Away (2002–2016) Concert videos The 1980 Floor Show Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars Serious Moonlight Glass Spider Tin Machine Live: Oy Vey, Baby VH1 Storytellers Reality: Tour Ed. A Reality Tour Glastonbury 2000 The 1980 Floor Show Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars Serious Moonlight Glass Spider Tin Machine Live: Oy Vey, Baby VH1 Storytellers Reality: Tour Ed. A Reality Tour Glastonbury 2000 Video albums Love You till Tuesday Video EP Jazzin' for Blue Jean Day-In Day-Out Tin Machine Bowie – The Video Collection Black Tie White Noise Jump: Interactive CD-ROM Best of Bowie Reality The Best of David Bowie 1980/1987 The Next Day Extra Love You till Tuesday Video EP Jazzin' for Blue Jean Day-In Day-Out Tin Machine Bowie – The Video Collection Black Tie White Noise Jump: Interactive CD-ROM Best of Bowie Reality The Best of David Bowie 1980/1987 The Next Day Extra Documentaries Cracked Actor Ricochet Black Tie White Noise Sound and Vision David Bowie: Five Years David Bowie: The Last Five Years David Bowie: Finding Fame Moonage Daydream Bowie: The Final Act Cracked Actor Ricochet Black Tie White Noise Sound and Vision David Bowie: Five Years David Bowie: The Last Five Years David Bowie: Finding Fame Moonage Daydream Bowie: The Final Act Tours Ziggy Stardust Tour Diamond Dogs Tour Isolar Isolar II Serious Moonlight Tour The Glass Spider Tour Sound+Vision Tour The Outside Tour Earthling Tour Hours Tour Mini Tour Heathen Tour A Reality Tour With Tin Machine Tin Machine Tour It's My Life Tour Ziggy Stardust Tour Diamond Dogs Tour Isolar Isolar II Serious Moonlight Tour The Glass Spider Tour Sound+Vision Tour The Outside Tour Earthling Tour Hours Tour Mini Tour Heathen Tour A Reality Tour With Tin Machine Tin Machine Tour It's My Life Tour Tin Machine Tour It's My Life Tour Characters Major Tom The Thin White Duke Ziggy Stardust The Spiders from Mars Major Tom The Thin White Duke Ziggy Stardust The Spiders from Mars The Spiders from Mars In popular culture " Bowie " David Bowie Is Statue of David Bowie Lazarus Stardust Symphony No. 1 "Low" Symphony No. 4 "Heroes" Symphony No. 12 "Lodger" The Life Aquatic Studio Sessions We Were So Turned On: A Tribute to David Bowie " Bowie " David Bowie Is Statue of David Bowie Lazarus Stardust Symphony No. 1 "Low" Symphony No. 4 "Heroes" Symphony No. 12 "Lodger" The Life Aquatic Studio Sessions We Were So Turned On: A Tribute to David Bowie Related Angie Bowie (first wife) Iman (second wife) Duncan Jones (son) Lexi Jones (daughter) The Hype Junior's Eyes BBC Sessions Berlin Trilogy Arnold Corns Ava Cherry The Nomad Soul David Bowie Narrates Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf Heteropoda davidbowie 342843 Davidbowie Tao Jones Index BowieNet Bowie Bonds Just a Gigolo soundtrack Angie Bowie (first wife) Iman (second wife) Duncan Jones (son) Lexi Jones (daughter) The Hype Junior's Eyes BBC Sessions Berlin Trilogy Arnold Corns Ava Cherry The Nomad Soul David Bowie Narrates Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf Heteropoda davidbowie 342843 Davidbowie Tao Jones Index BowieNet Bowie Bonds Just a Gigolo soundtrack Category Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz release group 1977 albums Albums produced by David Bowie Albums produced by Tony Visconti Art rock albums by English artists Avant-pop albums David Bowie albums Electronic albums by English artists EMI Records albums Parlophone albums RCA Records albums Rykodisc albums Virgin Records albums CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi) CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl) Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Featured articles Use British English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from December 2024 Articles with hAudio microformats Album chart usages for UK Album chart making named ref Album chart usages for Austria Album chart usages for France Album chart usages for Italy Album chart usages for Switzerland Album chart usages for Hungary Album chart called without artist Album chart called without album Album chart usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Pages using certification Table Entry with shipments figures Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Pages using certification Table Entry without certification Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Pages using certification Table Entry with shipments footnote This page was last edited on 6 January 2026, at 19:00 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Qualifications 2 Title 3 Composition 4 Leadership Toggle Leadership subsection 4.1 Majority party 4.2 Minority party 4.1 Majority party 4.2 Minority party 5 Members 6 Officials Toggle Officials subsection 6.1 Speaker of the House 6.2 Clerk of the House 6.3 Sergeant at Arms 6.1 Speaker of the House 6.2 Clerk of the House 6.3 Sergeant at Arms 7 Committees 8 House Fiscal Agency 9 Past composition of the House of Representatives 10 See also 11 External links 12 References Michigan House of Representatives العربية Asturianu 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית مصرى Русский Simple English Svenska 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Michigan House of Representatives Michigan Legislature Type Type Lower house Term limits 6 terms (12 years) History New session started January 8, 2025 Leadership Speaker Matt Hall ( R ) since January 8, 2025 Speaker pro tempore Rachelle Smit ( R ) since January 8, 2025 Majority Leader Bryan Posthumus ( R ) since January 8, 2025 Minority Leader Ranjeev Puri ( D ) since January 8, 2025 Structure Seats 110 Seat display Map display Political groups Majority .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Republican (58) Minority Democratic (52) .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Republican (58) Minority Democratic (52) Length of term 2 years Authority Article IV, Section 3, Michigan Constitution Salary $71,865/year + expenses Elections Last election November 5, 2024 (110 seats) Next election November 3, 2026 (110 seats) Redistricting Independent Redistricting Commission Meeting place House of Representatives Chamber Michigan State Capitol Lansing , Michigan Website house .mi .gov Rules Standing Rules of the House of Representatives The Michigan House of Representatives is the lower house of the Michigan Legislature . There are 110 members, each of whom is elected from constituencies having approximately 77,000 to 91,000 residents, based on population figures from the 2020 U.S. census . Its composition, powers and duties are established in Article IV of the Michigan Constitution . Members are elected in even-numbered years and take office at 12 p.m. (EST) on January 1 [ 1 ] following the November general election. Concurrently with the Michigan Senate , the House first convenes on the second Wednesday in January, according to the state constitution. [ 2 ] Each member is limited to serving at most six terms of two years, but may not serve more than twelve years combined across the Michigan House and Michigan Senate. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The House meets in the north wing of the Michigan Capitol in Lansing . The Republican Party currently has a majority in the chamber. In recent years, the Republican majority in the House has been widely attributed to Republican gerrymandering , implemented by the legislature after the 2010 census . [ 5 ] In many legislative elections since then, the Democratic Party has won the popular vote, but nonetheless failed to attain a majority. However, after the passage of Proposal 2 , a 2018 ballot initiative, redistricting in the state was instead delegated to a nonpartisan commission, which drew new maps after the 2020 census . Aided by the redrawn district lines, in 2022 , Democrats won a majority in the House for the first time since 2008. Then, in 2024 , Republicans took back the House, defeating four Democratic incumbents to achieve a 58-52 seat majority. Qualifications According to the constitution of Michigan, to be eligible for the office of State Representative a person must be a citizen of the United States, at least 21 years of age, and a registered and qualified elector of the district he or she wishes to represent by the filing deadline. [ 6 ] Title Members of the Michigan House of Representatives are commonly referred to as representatives. Because this mirrors the terminology used to describe members of Congress , constituents and news media, abiding by the Associated Press guidelines for journalists , often refer to members as state representatives to avoid confusion with their federal counterparts. As elected officials, members of the Michigan House of Representatives also receive the courtesy title of the Honorable (abbreviated to Hon. or Hon'ble ) for life. Composition Affiliation Party (Shading indicates majority caucus) Total Republican Democratic Vacant End of the previous legislature 56 1 [ 7 ] 53 110 0 2023–2025 54 56 110 0 Begin 2025 Session 58 52 110 0 January 13, 2025 [ 8 ] 1 51 Latest voting share 52.7% 0.9% 46.4% Leadership Majority party Speaker of the House : Matt Hall of Richland Township (R-42) Speaker pro tempore : Rachelle Smit of Shelbyville (R-43) Majority Floor Leader : Bryan Posthumus of Cannon Township (R-90) Minority party Minority Leader: Ranjeev Puri of Canton (D-24) Minority Floor Leader: John Fitzgerald of Wyoming (D-83) Members District State Representative Party County(ies) Term 1 Tyrone Carter Dem Wayne 4th 2 Tullio Liberati Dem Wayne 3rd 3 Alabas Farhat Dem Wayne 2nd 4 Karen Whitsett Dem Wayne 4th 5 Regina Weiss Dem Oakland , Wayne 3rd 6 Natalie Price Dem Oakland, Wayne 2nd 7 Tonya Myers Phillips Dem Oakland, Wayne 1st 8 Helena Scott Dem Oakland, Wayne 3rd 9 Joe Tate Dem Wayne 4th 10 Veronica Paiz Dem Macomb , Wayne 2nd 11 Donavan McKinney Dem Macomb, Wayne 2nd 12 Kimberly Edwards Dem Macomb, Wayne 3rd 13 Mai Xiong ↑ Dem Macomb, Wayne 2nd (1st full) 14 Mike McFall Dem Macomb, Wayne 2nd 15 Erin Byrnes Dem Wayne 2nd 16 Stephanie Young Dem Wayne 3rd 17 Laurie Pohutsky Dem Wayne 4th 18 Jason Hoskins Dem Oakland 2nd 19 Samantha Steckloff Dem Oakland 3rd 20 Noah Arbit Dem Oakland 2nd 21 Kelly Breen Dem Oakland 3rd 22 Matt Koleszar Dem Wayne 4th 23 Jason Morgan Dem Oakland, Washtenaw , Wayne 2nd 24 Ranjeev Puri Dem Wayne 3rd 25 Peter Herzberg ↑ Dem Wayne 2nd (1st full) 26 Dylan Wegela Dem Wayne 2nd 27 Rylee Linting Rep Wayne 1st 28 Jamie Thompson Rep Monroe , Wayne 2nd 29 James DeSana Rep Monroe, Wayne 2nd 30 William Bruck Rep Lenawee , Monroe 2nd 31 Reggie Miller Dem Lenawee, Monroe, Washtenaw, Wayne 2nd 32 Jimmie Wilson Jr. Dem Washtenaw 2nd 33 Morgan Foreman Dem Washtenaw 1st 34 Nancy Jenkins-Arno Rep Lenawee 4th 35 Jennifer Wortz Rep Branch , Hillsdale , Lenawee 1st 36 Steve Carra Rep Cass , St. Joseph 3rd 37 Brad Paquette Rep Berrien , Cass 4th 38 Joey Andrews Dem Allegan , Berrien, Van Buren 2nd 39 Pauline Wendzel Rep Allegan, Berrien, Van Buren 4th 40 Matthew Longjohn Dem Kalamazoo 1st 41 Julie Rogers Dem Kalamazoo 3rd 42 Matt Hall Rep Allegan, Kalamazoo 4th 43 Rachelle Smit Rep Allegan, Barry , Eaton , Ottawa 2nd 44 Steve Frisbie Rep Calhoun 1st 45 Sarah Lightner Rep Calhoun, Kalamazoo, Jackson 4th 46 Kathy Schmaltz Rep Jackson, Washtenaw 2nd 47 Carrie Rheingans Dem Jackson, Washtenaw 2nd 48 Jennifer Conlin Dem Jackson, Livingston , Washtenaw 2nd 49 Ann Bollin Rep Livingston, Oakland 4th 50 Jason Woolford Rep Livingston 1st 51 Matt Maddock Rep Oakland 4th 52 Mike Harris ↑ Rep Oakland 3rd (2nd full) 53 Brenda Carter Dem Oakland 4th 54 Donni Steele Rep Oakland 2nd 55 Mark Tisdel Rep Oakland 3rd 56 Sharon MacDonell Dem Oakland 2nd 57 Thomas Kuhn Rep Macomb, Oakland 2nd 58 Ron Robinson Rep Macomb 1st 59 Doug Wozniak Rep Macomb 4th 60 Joseph Aragona Rep Macomb 2nd 61 Denise Mentzer Dem Macomb 2nd 62 Alicia St. Germaine Rep Macomb 2nd 63 Jay DeBoyer Rep Macomb, St. Clair 2nd 64 Joseph Pavlov Rep Sanilac , St. Clair 1st 65 Jaime Greene Rep Lapeer , Macomb, St. Clair 2nd 66 Josh Schriver Rep Macomb, Oakland 2nd 67 Phil Green Rep Genesee , Lapeer, Tuscola 4th 68 David Martin Rep Genesee, Oakland 3rd 69 Jasper Martus Dem Genesee 2nd 70 Cynthia Neeley ↑ Dem Genesee 4th (3rd full) 71 Brian BeGole Rep Gensee, Saginaw , Shiawassee 2nd 72 Mike Mueller Rep Genesee, Livingston, Oakland 4th 73 Julie Brixie Dem Ingham 4th 74 Kara Hope Dem Ingham 4th 75 Penelope Tsernoglou Dem Clinton , Ingham, Shiawassee 2nd 76 Angela Witwer Dem Eaton 4th 77 Emily Dievendorf Dem Clinton, Eaton, Ingham 2nd 78 Gina Johnsen Rep Barry, Eaton, Ionia , Kent 2nd 79 Angela Rigas Rep Allegan, Barry, Kent 2nd 80 Phil Skaggs Dem Kent 2nd 81 Stephen Wooden Dem Kent 1st 82 Kristian Grant Dem Kent 2nd 83 John Fitzgerald Dem Kent 2nd 84 Carol Glanville ↑ Dem Kent 3rd (2nd full) 85 Bradley Slagh Rep Ottawa 4th 86 Nancy De Boer Rep Allegan, Ottawa 2nd 87 Will Snyder Dem Muskegon 2nd 88 Greg VanWoerkom Rep Muskegon, Ottawa 4th 89 Luke Meerman Rep Kent, Muskegon, Ottawa 4th 90 Bryan Posthumus Rep Kent 3rd 91 Pat Outman Rep Ionia, Kent, Montcalm 3rd 92 Jerry Neyer Rep Gratiot , Isabella 2nd 93 Tim Kelly Rep Clinton, Gratiot, Ionia, Montcalm, Saginaw 4th 94 Amos O'Neal Dem Saginaw 3rd 95 Bill G. Schuette Rep Gladwin , Midland 2nd 96 Timothy Beson Rep Bay 3rd 97 Matthew Bierlein Rep Bay, Genesee, Saginaw, Tuscola 2nd 98 Gregory Alexander Rep Huron , Lapeer, Sanilac, Tuscola 2nd 99 Mike Hoadley Rep Arenac , Bay, Clare , Gladwin, Iosco , Ogemaw 2nd 100 Tom Kunse Rep Clare, Lake , Mecosta , Osceola 2nd 101 Joseph Fox Rep Lake, Mason , Newaygo , Oceana , Wexford 2nd 102 Curt VanderWall Rep Manistee , Mason, Muskegon, Oceana 4th 103 Betsy Coffia Dem Benzie , Grand Traverse , Leelenau 2nd 104 John Roth Rep Antrim , Benzie, Grand Traverse, Kalkaska , Manistee, Wexford 3rd 105 Ken Borton Rep Antrim, Crawford , Kalkaska, Missaukee , Oscoda , Otsego , Roscommon 3rd 106 Cam Cavitt Rep Alcona , Alpena , Cheboygan , Montmorency , Oscoda, Presque Isle 2nd 107 Parker Fairbairn Rep Charlevoix , Chippewa , Emmet , Mackinac 1st 108 David Prestin Rep Chippewa, Delta , Luce , Mackinac, Menominee , Schoolcraft 2nd 109 Karl Bohnak Rep Alger , Baraga , Dickinson , Marquette 1st 110 Gregory Markkanen Rep Dickinson, Gogebic , Houghton , Iron , Keweenaw , Ontonagon 4th ↑: First elected in a special election. Officials Speaker of the House The 77th and current Speaker of the House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the House and the leader of the majority party. The current Speaker is Matt Hall , a Republican from Battle Creek . The Speaker calls the House to order at the hour to which the House last adjourned, preserves order and decorum in the chamber, recognizes Members to speak, and puts all questions. The Speaker is the chief administrator of the House and is technically the employer of all legislative staff. There is also a Speaker pro tempore and two associate Speakers pro tempore who preside in the absence of the Speaker. The full duties of the Speaker are described in Chapter II of the Rules of the House. [ 9 ] Clerk of the House Clerk of the Michigan House of Representatives Incumbent Scott Starr since January 8, 2025 Style Mister Clerk Appointer Elected by the House Term length Pleasure of the House (nominally a two-year Legislature) Inaugural holder George R. Griswold The Clerk of the House of Representatives is elected by Members of the House at the beginning of each two-year term. The 35th and current clerk is Scott Starr. [ 10 ] Starr served as assistant clerk from 2023 to 2024. The assistant clerk is Richard J. Brown , who served as clerk from 2007 to 2010 and 2023 to 2024. Under the rules of the House, the clerk is the parliamentarian of the House, presides in the absence of the Speaker or any Speaker pro tempore, takes roll at the beginning of each session day and announces whether or not a quorum is present, prepares the official calendar and journal of the House, is responsible for the care and preservation of all bills introduced in the House, and for bills sent from the Senate until they are returned to the Senate. [ 9 ] [ 11 ] Sergeant at Arms The sergeant at arms of the House of Representatives is the chief police officer of the House, appointed by the Speaker. The current chief sergeant at arms is Jon Priebe. The chief sergeant and the assistant sergeants are empowered as law enforcement officers by statute. [ 12 ] The sergeants at arms have authority to serve subpoenas and warrants issued by the House or any duly authorized officer or committee, see that all visitors are seated and at no time are standing on the floor or balconies of the House, ensure that reasonable decorum is maintained in the lobby immediately in front of the entrance to the chamber to ensure access for Members and to ensure equal treatment for all citizens. [ 9 ] Committees Article IV of the Michigan Constitution authorizes each house of the Legislature to "establish the committees necessary for the conduct of its business." [ 13 ] The House does much of its work in committees, including the review of bills, executive oversight, and the budget and appropriations process. Members of committees and their chairmen are appointed by the Speaker. [ 9 ] [ 14 ] Bills are referred to a committee by the Speaker, and the chairman of a committee sets its agenda, including whether or not a bill will be reported to the full House. The Committee on Appropriations divides its work among subcommittees ordinarily structured by state department or major budget area. There are also four statutory standing committees: Joint Committee on Administrative Rules; House Fiscal Agency Governing Committee; Legislative Council; Michigan Capitol Committee. Currently, it would appear, the House committees meet on a 'year by year' basis. A full list may be accessed here. [ 15 ] Unlike the Senate , the House does not utilize the committee of the whole . House Fiscal Agency Agency overview Headquarters Cora B. Anderson House Office Building Employees 24 Annual budget $4,050,400 Agency executives .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Mary Ann Cleary, Director Kevin Koorstra, Deputy Director Mary Ann Cleary, Director Kevin Koorstra, Deputy Director Parent department House Fiscal Agency Governing Board (Michigan House of Representatives) Website house .mi .gov /hfa / The House Fiscal Agency is a nonpartisan agency within the House of Representatives which provides nonpartisan expertise to members of the House Appropriations Committee, as well as all other Members of the House. Fiscal analysts review the governor's budget recommendation, review and prepare budget bills, supplemental appropriations, and certain transfer requests, provide fiscal impact statements on legislative proposals, monitor state and national situations that may have budgetary implications, research and analyze fiscal issues, prepare reports and documents to assist legislative deliberations, and prepare special reports at the request of Representatives. The economist analyzes legislation related to tax and lottery issues, respond to Representatives' inquiries regarding state tax revenue, revenue sharing, and other economic issues, monitors state revenue, tracks state, and national economic conditions, and prepares reports on revenue and other economic issues. Legislative analysts prepare concise, nonpartisan summaries and analyses of bills. Summaries, completed prior to committee deliberations, describe how a bill would change current law, including any fiscal impact. Analyses are prepared for bills reported to the full House from committee and include, with the summary information, a description of the problem being addressed, arguments for and against the bill, and positions of interested organizations. [ 16 ] The agency is governed by a six-member board consisting of the chairman and minority vice chairman of the Appropriations Committee, the Speaker of the House and the minority leader, and the majority and minority floor leaders. The governing committee is responsible for HFA oversight, establishment of operating procedures, and appointment of the HFA director. The director is one of three state officials charged with annually forecasting the state's revenues at the Consensus Revenue Estimating Conferences, which are held at least twice each year. [ 17 ] In January 1993, a front-page story in The Detroit News detailed a massive scandal in the House Fiscal Agency. For six years, the agency's imprest account was used to finance credit card payments, vacations, and property tax payments as well as payments to HFA employees and contract workers for non-existent workers. The scandal threatened to collapse the joint leadership agreement between the Democrats and Republicans brought about by a 55-55 partisan split in the House from the 1992 election. It resulted in Representative Dominic J. Jacobetti of Negaunee in the Upper Peninsula , the longest-serving Member in history, losing his position as chairman of the powerful Appropriations Committee; the conviction and imprisonment of HFA Director John Morberg; and the resignation of state representative Stephen Shepich as part of a plea bargain . [ 18 ] Past composition of the House of Representatives See also Michigan portal Michigan Senate 2012 Michigan House of Representatives election 2014 Michigan House of Representatives election 2016 Michigan House of Representatives election 2018 Michigan House of Representatives election 2020 Michigan House of Representatives election 2022 Michigan House of Representatives election 2024 Michigan House of Representatives election List of special elections to the Michigan House of Representatives List of Michigan state legislatures External links Democratic Caucus, Michigan House of Representatives Republican Caucus, Michigan House of Representatives Michigan House of Representatives Archived February 17, 2020, at the Wayback Machine Voting Records 2010 Census Michigan House District Map 2020 Census Michigan House District Map Archived October 2, 2024, at the Wayback Machine References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Michigan Legislature - Article XI § 2" . legislature.mi.gov . Retrieved October 16, 2018 . ^ "Michigan Legislature - Article IV § 13" . legislature.mi.gov . Retrieved October 16, 2018 . ^ Hendrickson, Clara (November 9, 2022). "Michigan voters approve Proposal 1 to modify term limits, require disclosures" . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved August 30, 2023 . ^ "Michigan Legislature - Article IV § 54" . legislature.mi.gov . Retrieved August 29, 2023 . ^ "In Michigan, an effort to take politics out of redistricting" . PBS NewsHour . September 25, 2021 . Retrieved November 12, 2022 . ^ "Michigan Legislature - Article IV § 7" . legislature.mi.gov . Retrieved August 29, 2023 . ^ Republican Matt Maddock (District 44) expelled from GOP caucus in Apr 2022 ^ Democrat Karen Whitsett (District 4) leaves Democratic caucus. [1] ^ a b c d Rules of the Michigan House of Representatives ^ House Resolution 3: A resolution to provide for the Clerk of the House of Representatives for the One Hundred Third Legislature ^ 2011-2012 Michigan Manual: Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives (p. 302) ^ Legislative Sergeant at Arms Police Powers Act, 185 PA 2001, MCL 4.381-4.382 ^ Michigan Constitution: Article IV, § 17 Committees; record of votes, public inspection, notice of hearings. ^ Journal of the House of Representatives: 97th Legislature—Regular Session of 2013, No. 5 (pg. 77-78) ^ Standing Committees , archived from the original on November 27, 2020 , retrieved November 27, 2020 ^ About Us :: House Fiscal Agency ^ Michigan Legislature: Management and Budget Act: MCL 18.1367b Revenue estimating conference; principals; forecasts. ^ Gongwer News Service Blog: The Scandal, 20 Years Later .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Members of the Michigan House of Representatives v t e 103rd Legislature (2025–2027) Speaker of the House Matt Hall (R) Speaker pro tempore Rachelle Smit (R) Majority Floor Leader Bryan Posthumus (R) Minority Leader Ranjeev Puri (R) ▌ Tyrone Carter (D) ▌ Tullio Liberati (D) ▌ Alabas Farhat (D) ▌ Karen Whitsett (D) ▌ Regina Weiss (D) ▌ Natalie Price (D) ▌ Tonya Myers Phillips (D) ▌ Helena Scott (D) ▌ Joe Tate (D) ▌ Veronica Paiz (D) ▌ Donavan McKinney (D) ▌ Kimberly Edwards (D) ▌ Mai Xiong (D) ▌ Mike McFall (D) ▌ Erin Byrnes (D) ▌ Stephanie Young (D) ▌ Laurie Pohutsky (D) ▌ Jason Hoskins (D) ▌ Samantha Steckloff (D) ▌ Noah Arbit (D) ▌ Kelly Breen (D) ▌ Matt Koleszar (D) ▌ Jason Morgan (D) ▌ Ranjeev Puri (D) ▌ Peter Herzberg (D) ▌ Dylan Wegela (D) ▌ Rylee Linting (R) ▌ Jamie Thompson (R) ▌ James DeSana (R) ▌ William Bruck (R) ▌ Reggie Miller (D) ▌ Jimmie Wilson Jr. (D) ▌ Morgan Foreman (D) ▌ Nancy Jenkins-Arno (R) ▌ Jennifer Wortz (R) ▌ Steve Carra (R) ▌ Brad Paquette (R) ▌ Joey Andrews (D) ▌ Pauline Wendzel (R) ▌ Matthew Longjohn (D) ▌ Julie Rogers (D) ▌ Matt Hall (R) ▌ Rachelle Smit (R) ▌ Steve Frisbie (R) ▌ Sarah Lightner (R) ▌ Kathy Schmaltz (R) ▌ Carrie Rheingans (D) ▌ Jennifer Conlin (D) ▌ Ann Bollin (R) ▌ Jason Woolford (R) ▌ Matt Maddock (R) ▌ Mike Harris (R) ▌ Brenda Carter (D) ▌ Donni Steele (R) ▌ Mark Tisdel (R) ▌ Sharon MacDonell (D) ▌ Thomas Kuhn (R) ▌ Ron Robinson (R) ▌ Doug Wozniak (R) ▌ Joseph Aragona (R) ▌ Denise Mentzer (D) ▌ Alicia St. Germaine (R) ▌ Jay DeBoyer (R) ▌ Joseph Pavlov (R) ▌ Jaime Greene (R) ▌ Josh Schriver (R) ▌ Phil Green (R) ▌ David Martin (R) ▌ Jasper Martus (D) ▌ Cynthia Neeley (D) ▌ Brian BeGole (R) ▌ Mike Mueller (R) ▌ Julie Brixie (D) ▌ Kara Hope (D) ▌ Penelope Tsernoglou (D) ▌ Angela Witwer (D) ▌ Emily Dievendorf (D) ▌ Gina Johnsen (R) ▌ Angela Rigas (R) ▌ Phil Skaggs (D) ▌ Stephen Wooden (D) ▌ Kristian Grant (D) ▌ John Wesley Fitzgerald (D) ▌ Carol Glanville (D) ▌ Bradley Slagh (R) ▌ Nancy DeBoer (R) ▌ Will Snyder (D) ▌ Greg VanWoerkom (R) ▌ Luke Meerman (R) ▌ Bryan Posthumus (R) ▌ Pat Outman (R) ▌ Jerry Neyer (R) ▌ Tim Kelly (R) ▌ Amos O'Neal (D) ▌ Bill G. Schuette (R) ▌ Timothy Beson (R) ▌ Matthew Bierlein (R) ▌ Gregory Alexander (R) ▌ Mike Hoadley (R) ▌ Tom Kunse (R) ▌ Joseph Fox (R) ▌ Curt VanderWall (R) ▌ Betsy Coffia (D) ▌ John Roth (R) ▌ Ken Borton (R) ▌ Cam Cavitt (R) ▌ Parker Fairbairn (R) ▌ David Prestin (R) ▌ Karl Bohnak (R) ▌ Gregory Markkanen (R) ▌ Tyrone Carter (D) ▌ Tullio Liberati (D) ▌ Alabas Farhat (D) ▌ Karen Whitsett (D) ▌ Regina Weiss (D) ▌ Natalie Price (D) ▌ Tonya Myers Phillips (D) ▌ Helena Scott (D) ▌ Joe Tate (D) ▌ Veronica Paiz (D) ▌ Donavan McKinney (D) ▌ Kimberly Edwards (D) ▌ Mai Xiong (D) ▌ Mike McFall (D) ▌ Erin Byrnes (D) ▌ Stephanie Young (D) ▌ Laurie Pohutsky (D) ▌ Jason Hoskins (D) ▌ Samantha Steckloff (D) ▌ Noah Arbit (D) ▌ Kelly Breen (D) ▌ Matt Koleszar (D) ▌ Jason Morgan (D) ▌ Ranjeev Puri (D) ▌ Peter Herzberg (D) ▌ Dylan Wegela (D) ▌ Rylee Linting (R) ▌ Jamie Thompson (R) ▌ James DeSana (R) ▌ William Bruck (R) ▌ Reggie Miller (D) ▌ Jimmie Wilson Jr. (D) ▌ Morgan Foreman (D) ▌ Nancy Jenkins-Arno (R) ▌ Jennifer Wortz (R) ▌ Steve Carra (R) ▌ Brad Paquette (R) ▌ Joey Andrews (D) ▌ Pauline Wendzel (R) ▌ Matthew Longjohn (D) ▌ Julie Rogers (D) ▌ Matt Hall (R) ▌ Rachelle Smit (R) ▌ Steve Frisbie (R) ▌ Sarah Lightner (R) ▌ Kathy Schmaltz (R) ▌ Carrie Rheingans (D) ▌ Jennifer Conlin (D) ▌ Ann Bollin (R) ▌ Jason Woolford (R) ▌ Matt Maddock (R) ▌ Mike Harris (R) ▌ Brenda Carter (D) ▌ Donni Steele (R) ▌ Mark Tisdel (R) ▌ Sharon MacDonell (D) ▌ Thomas Kuhn (R) ▌ Ron Robinson (R) ▌ Doug Wozniak (R) ▌ Joseph Aragona (R) ▌ Denise Mentzer (D) ▌ Alicia St. Germaine (R) ▌ Jay DeBoyer (R) ▌ Joseph Pavlov (R) ▌ Jaime Greene (R) ▌ Josh Schriver (R) ▌ Phil Green (R) ▌ David Martin (R) ▌ Jasper Martus (D) ▌ Cynthia Neeley (D) ▌ Brian BeGole (R) ▌ Mike Mueller (R) ▌ Julie Brixie (D) ▌ Kara Hope (D) ▌ Penelope Tsernoglou (D) ▌ Angela Witwer (D) ▌ Emily Dievendorf (D) ▌ Gina Johnsen (R) ▌ Angela Rigas (R) ▌ Phil Skaggs (D) ▌ Stephen Wooden (D) ▌ Kristian Grant (D) ▌ John Wesley Fitzgerald (D) ▌ Carol Glanville (D) ▌ Bradley Slagh (R) ▌ Nancy DeBoer (R) ▌ Will Snyder (D) ▌ Greg VanWoerkom (R) ▌ Luke Meerman (R) ▌ Bryan Posthumus (R) ▌ Pat Outman (R) ▌ Jerry Neyer (R) ▌ Tim Kelly (R) ▌ Amos O'Neal (D) ▌ Bill G. Schuette (R) ▌ Timothy Beson (R) ▌ Matthew Bierlein (R) ▌ Gregory Alexander (R) ▌ Mike Hoadley (R) ▌ Tom Kunse (R) ▌ Joseph Fox (R) ▌ Curt VanderWall (R) ▌ Betsy Coffia (D) ▌ John Roth (R) ▌ Ken Borton (R) ▌ Cam Cavitt (R) ▌ Parker Fairbairn (R) ▌ David Prestin (R) ▌ Karl Bohnak (R) ▌ Gregory Markkanen (R) ▌ Republican (58) ▌ Democratic (52) Michigan Legislature House Senate List of past legislatures ▌ Republican (58) ▌ Democratic (52) Michigan Legislature House Senate House Senate List of past legislatures v t e Speakers of the Michigan House of Representatives v t e Convis Whipple Bingham Acker Fuller Biddle Bingham McClelland Lothrop Hanscom Crary Peck Buel Chapman Harris Thurber Quackenboss Lovell Stout Shaw Mussey Cutcheon G. E. Read P. D. Warner Woodman Croswell Hoyt Rich Moffatt Howard Clark Markey Diekema Wachtel Tateum Gordon Adams Carton Master Whelan Campbell Baker Currie Smith Rice T. Read F. L. Warner Welsh Wells Gardner Ming Bradley Schroeder Nugent Knox Van Valkenburg Van Peursem Pears Green Kowalski Waldron Ryan Crim Owen Dodak Hertel / Hillegonds (co-speakers, '93–'94) Hillegonds Hertel Perricone Johnson DeRoche Dillon Bolger Cotter Leonard Chatfield Wentworth Tate Hall Convis Whipple Bingham Acker Fuller Biddle Bingham McClelland Lothrop Hanscom Crary Peck Buel Chapman Harris Thurber Quackenboss Lovell Stout Shaw Mussey Cutcheon G. E. Read P. D. Warner Woodman Croswell Hoyt Rich Moffatt Howard Clark Markey Diekema Wachtel Tateum Gordon Adams Carton Master Whelan Campbell Baker Currie Smith Rice T. Read F. L. Warner Welsh Wells Gardner Ming Bradley Schroeder Nugent Knox Van Valkenburg Van Peursem Pears Green Kowalski Waldron Ryan Crim Owen Dodak Hertel / Hillegonds (co-speakers, '93–'94) Hillegonds Hertel Perricone Johnson DeRoche Dillon Bolger Cotter Leonard Chatfield Wentworth Tate Hall v t e Legislatures of the United States v t e United States Congress United States House of Representatives United States Senate United States House of Representatives United States Senate State legislatures Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Other legislatures District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands Legislative elections 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 List of U.S. state legislators Lists of past U.S. state legislatures List of U.S. state legislators Lists of past U.S. state legislatures Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND ISNI VIAF GND National United States Israel United States Israel Other IdRef Yale LUX IdRef Yale LUX .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 42°44′01″N 84°33′20″W / 42.733601°N 84.555470°W / 42.733601; -84.555470 Michigan House of Representatives State lower houses in the United States Lansing, Michigan Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from December 2011 Infobox legislature with background color Pages using infobox mapframe with missing coordinates Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates not on Wikidata This page was last edited on 26 December 2025, at 06:58 (UTC) . 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Paley (ecclesiastical works) Sharpe and Paley (7 lists) Other Churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust: East of England English Midlands Northern England Southeast England Southwest England (5 lists) Other: Amusement rides on the National Register of Historic Places Castles in Cheshire Castles in Greater Manchester Chicago Landmarks Church ruins on Gotland English Heritage properties in Somerset Friends of Friendless Churches Hennepin County Library branches Historic Chapels Trust Lighthouses in Connecticut Medieval churches on Gotland Memorial to Heroic Self-Sacrifice National Trust properties in Somerset New York City scenic landmarks Plantations in West Virginia Registered historic parks and gardens in Monmouthshire Stupas in Nepal Tallest dams in China Washington & Jefferson College buildings (19 lists) Art National Treasures of Japan Ancient documents Archaeological materials Castles Crafts: others Crafts: swords Paintings Residences Sculptures Shrines Temples Writings: Classical Chinese books Writings: Japanese books Writings: others (13 lists) Other 50th Anniversary of the Republic Sculptures Boy Scout calendar illustrations Leuchtenberg Gallery Paintings by Thomas Cole Public sculptures by Daniel Chester French Sculptures of Ludwig van Beethoven Statues of the National Statuary Hall Collection (7 lists) Museums Museums in Somerset Smithsonian museums (2 lists) Architecture Historic places (New Zealand) Carterton District Chatham Islands Clutha District Gore District Kaikōura District Mackenzie District Stratford District Tauranga Upper Hutt (9 lists) Listed buildings (UK) General: Poulton-le-Fylde Rivington Runcorn (rural area) Runcorn (urban area) Sleaford Widnes (6 lists) Grade I: Bath and North East Somerset Bristol Cheshire (churches) Coventry Cumbria (churches) England (completed in 20th century) Lancashire (churches) Maidstone Greater Manchester Greater Manchester (churches) Mendip Merseyside (churches) Monmouthshire North Somerset Rhondda Cynon Taf Sedgemoor Taunton Deane South Somerset West Somerset (19 lists) Grade II*: Mendip Monmouthshire North Somerset Sedgemoor Taunton Deane West Somerset (6 lists) Scheduled monuments (UK) Bath and North East Somerset Coventry Greater Manchester Maidstone Mendip North Somerset Sedgemoor South Somerset Taunton Deane West Somerset (A–G) West Somerset (H–Z) (11 lists) Tallest buildings or structures Albuquerque Atlanta Bellevue, Washington Boston Brooklyn Chicago Cleveland Columbus Dayton Denver Detroit Houston Hong Kong Indianapolis Jersey City Las Vegas London Los Angeles Miami Minneapolis Mobile New Orleans New York City Oakland Oklahoma City Philadelphia Pittsburgh Portland, Oregon Rhode Island San Diego San Francisco Seattle Shanghai Spokane Tokyo (35 lists) Works by architect John Douglas (church restorations, amendments and furniture) John Douglas (houses and associated buildings) John Douglas (new churches) John Douglas (non-ecclesiastical and non-residential works) Charles Holden E. G. Paley (ecclesiastical works) Sharpe and Paley (7 lists) Other Churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust: East of England English Midlands Northern England Southeast England Southwest England (5 lists) Other: Amusement rides on the National Register of Historic Places Castles in Cheshire Castles in Greater Manchester Chicago Landmarks Church ruins on Gotland English Heritage properties in Somerset Friends of Friendless Churches Hennepin County Library branches Historic Chapels Trust Lighthouses in Connecticut Medieval churches on Gotland Memorial to Heroic Self-Sacrifice National Trust properties in Somerset New York City scenic landmarks Plantations in West Virginia Registered historic parks and gardens in Monmouthshire Stupas in Nepal Tallest dams in China Washington & Jefferson College buildings (19 lists) Art National Treasures of Japan Ancient documents Archaeological materials Castles Crafts: others Crafts: swords Paintings Residences Sculptures Shrines Temples Writings: Classical Chinese books Writings: Japanese books Writings: others (13 lists) Other 50th Anniversary of the Republic Sculptures Boy Scout calendar illustrations Leuchtenberg Gallery Paintings by Thomas Cole Public sculptures by Daniel Chester French Sculptures of Ludwig van Beethoven Statues of the National Statuary Hall Collection (7 lists) Museums Museums in Somerset Smithsonian museums (2 lists) Media Awards Academy Awards Ceremonies: 1st 50th 51st 52nd 53rd 54th 55th 56th 57th 58th 59th 60th 61st 62nd 63rd 64th 65th 66th 67th 68th 69th 70th 71st 72nd 73rd 74th 75th 76th 77th 78th 79th 80th 81st 82nd 83rd 84th 85th 86th 87th 88th 89th 90th 91st 92nd 93rd 94th 95th 96th 97th (49 lists) Categories: Actor Actress Director Supporting Actor Supporting Actress (5 lists) Submissions for Best International Feature Film: 72nd 73rd 74th 77th 79th 80th Croatian Czech German Indian Indonesian Japanese Latvian Philippine Vietnamese (15 lists) Winners and nominees: Actors nominated for Academy Awards for non-English performances Actors nominated for multiple Academy Awards in the same year Best International Feature Film Foreign-language films (winners) Walt Disney (5 lists) Emmy Awards Daytime Emmy Awards: 40th Drama Series Drama Series Directing Team Lead Actor in a Drama Series Lead Actress in a Drama Series Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Younger Actress in a Drama Series Younger Actor in a Drama Series (9 lists) Primetime Emmy Awards: 72nd 73rd 74th 75th 76th 77th Voice-Over Performance (7 lists) Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards: 59th 72nd 73rd 74th 76th (5 lists) National Film Awards Direction Leading Actor Leading Actress Supporting Actor Supporting Actress (5 lists) Other 1st Magritte Awards 29th Golden Raspberry Awards 2013 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards 2014 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards Annie Award for Best Animated Home Entertainment Production Ariel Award for Best Director BAFTA Fellowship British Film Institute Fellowship Citra Award for Best Actor Citra Award for Best Actress Citra Award for Best Director Citra Award for Best Supporting Actress Dadasaheb Phalke Award Golden Globe Cecil B. 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Hart Anne Hathaway Audrey Hepburn Philip Seymour Hoffman Stanley Holloway Oscar Isaac Samuel L. Jackson Hattie Jacques Scarlett Johansson Katrina Kaif Kajol Dimple Kapadia Karisma Kapoor Ranbir Kapoor Shahid Kapoor Grace Kelly Aamir Khan Irrfan Khan Kareena Kapoor Khan Saif Ali Khan Salman Khan Shah Rukh Khan Ayushmann Khurrana Nicole Kidman Manisha Koirala Trisha Krishnan Ajith Kumar Akshay Kumar Laurel and Hardy John Le Mesurier Bernard Lee Leeteuk Jared Leto Angel Locsin Jennifer Lopez Madonna Urmila Matondkar James McAvoy Matthew McConaughey Frances McDormand Steve McQueen Robert Mitchum Marilyn Monroe Julianne Moore Rani Mukerji Nani James Nesbitt Jack Nicholson David Niven Laurence Olivier Deepika Padukone Gregory Peck Natalie Portman Angeline Quinto Dayahang Rai Rajinikanth Kangana Ranaut Keanu Reeves Ryan Reynolds Ralph Richardson Julia Roberts Hrithik Roshan Paul Rudd Judy Ann Santos Shriya Saran Peter Sellers Sushmita Sen Anushka Shetty Shilpa Shetty Alastair Sim Josette Simon Liza Soberano Emma Stone Meryl Streep Suriya Tabu Raveena Tandon Terry-Thomas Charlize Theron Lana Turner Rudolph Valentino Regine Velasquez Vijay Arshad Warsi Denzel Washington Sam Waterston Naomi Watts Sigourney Weaver Michelle Williams Robin Williams Bruce Willis Kate Winslet Natalie Wood Catherine Zeta-Jones Preity Zinta (151 lists) Filmmakers Bong Joon Ho James Cameron Yash Chopra Michael Curtiz Clint Eastwood J. Gordon Edwards John Ford Werner Herzog Alfred Hitchcock Anurag Kashyap Stanley Kubrick David Lynch Christopher Nolan Mani Ratnam Satyajit Ray Jacques Rivette Gene Roddenberry David O. Selznick M. Night Shyamalan Quentin Tarantino Eiji Tsuburaya Orson Welles Billy Wilder (23 lists) Actor-filmmakers Ben Affleck Nischal Basnet Peter Capaldi Charlie Chaplin Tom Cruise Matt Damon Leonardo DiCaprio Mel Gibson John Gielgud Angelina Jolie Gene Kelly Tom Mix Mary Pickford Brad Pitt M. G. Ramachandran Will Smith (16 lists) Other A24 films Carry On series on screen and stage Dharma Productions films Dutch East Indies films Dutch East Indies film directors Dutch East Indies film producers Films released by Yash Raj Films Frequent David Lynch collaborators Highest-grossing films National Film Registry James Bond films Marvel Cinematic Universe films Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Meerkat Manor meerkats Mid-credits and post-credits scenes in the Marvel Cinematic Universe Mingxing films Outline of the Marvel Cinematic Universe Saturday Night Live guests (U–Z) Sherlock Holmes (1939 film series) Timeline of Mary Pickford (20 lists) Music Awards Billboard Latin Music Awards Hall of Fame Hot Latin Song of the Year Latin Jazz Album of the Year Latin Women in Music Lifetime Achievement Award Reggaeton Album of the Year (6 lists) Grammy Awards Alternative Music Album Bluegrass Album Contemporary Instrumental Album Contemporary Jazz Album Contemporary R&B Album Country 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Fame Latin Jazz/Jazz Album Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award Long Form Music Video Male Pop Vocal Album New Artist Pop Album by a Duo or Group with Vocal Producer of the Year Record of the Year Rock Album by a Duo or Group with Vocal Rock Solo Vocal Album Salsa Album Short Form Music Video Singer-Songwriter Album Song of the Year Trustees Award Urban Music Album (22 lists) Lo Nuestro Awards Lo Nuestro Award for Pop Album of the Year Lo Nuestro Award for Urban Album of the Year Lo Nuestro Excellence Award Premio Lo Nuestro 2013 Premio Lo Nuestro 2014 (5 lists) Other 19th Golden Melody Awards 2010 New Zealand Music Awards 30th Annual South African Music Awards BBC Young Musician Eurovision Song Contest winners HMV's Poll of Polls Latin Songwriters Hall of Fame Leading Ladies of Entertainment MAMA Award for Best Music Video Melon Music Award for Album of the Year Melon Music Award for Song of the Year Mercury Prize Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year Music recording certifications MusiCares Person of the Year NME 's Cool List Polar Music Prize Popjustice £20 Music Prize Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Shortlist Music Prize Sydney International Piano Competition (22 lists) Awards and nominations received by artists Adele Aerosmith Fiona Apple Arcade Fire Arctic Monkeys Ricardo Arjona Beck Ben&Ben Bini Björk David Bowie Chris Brown BTS Alessia Cara Casting Crowns Ciara Coldplay Sheryl Crow Crowded House Daddy Yankee Dave Matthews Band Lana Del Rey Jorge Drexler Exo Feist Lady Gaga Judy Garland Gorillaz Ariana Grande Guns N' Roses Inna Norah Jones Paul Kelly The Killers Alison Krauss Kyla Lecrae John Legend Dua Lipa Lorde Demi Lovato Ludacris Madonna Zayn Malik Margaret Bruno Mars Metallica George Michael Kylie Minogue Giorgio Moroder Muse Nickelback Pearl Jam Katy Perry Powderfinger Raye Ivy Queen Santana Romeo Santos SB19 Scissor Sisters Selena S.H.E Silverchair Slipknot Snow Patrol Harry Styles Taylor Swift SZA Billy Talent Timbaland Meghan Trainor Tyla Regine Velasquez Rufus Wainwright Kanye West The White Stripes Amy Winehouse (78 lists) Band members Megadeth Red Hot Chili Peppers (2 lists) Charts Billboard Hot 100 number ones: 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2011 (7 lists) 200 number-one albums: 1945 1946 1983 1999 2001 2008 (6 lists) Adult Contemporary number ones: 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 (41 lists) Number-one country songs: Timeline of Billboard number-one country songs 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 (83 lists) Number-one .mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal} Billboard Top Latin Albums: 1990s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 (10 lists) Latin Pop Airplay number ones: 1994 and 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 (6 lists) R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-ones: 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 (50 lists) Tropical Airplay number ones: 1994 and 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 (6 lists) Other charts: Best-selling Latin albums in the United States Canadian Hot 100 number-one singles (2007) Canadian Hot 100 number-one singles (2008) Christian Songs number ones (2000s) Hot Latin Songs Year-End Chart Hot Rap Songs number ones (1980s and 1990s) Hot Rap Songs number ones (2010s) Latin Pop Albums number ones (1980s) Latin Pop Albums number ones (1990s) Modern Rock Tracks number ones (1980s) Social 50 number-one artists Top Holiday Albums number ones of the 2010s Top Latin Songs number ones (1980s) Tropical Albums number ones (1980s) Tropical Albums number ones (1990s) (15 lists) Inkigayo Chart 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 (7 lists) Music Bank Chart 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (9 lists) UK Albums Chart number ones 1990s 2000s Christmas Downloads Chart (2000s) Posthumous (5 lists) UK Singles Chart number ones 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Christmas Downloads Chart (2000s) Posthumous (9 lists) Other Airplay 100 number ones Best-selling albums in the United Kingdom Best-selling singles in the United Kingdom (1960s) Best-selling singles in the United Kingdom (2000s) Fab 40 number-one singles Gaon Album Chart number ones (2011) German airplay number-one songs (2018) Media Forest most-broadcast songs in Romania (2009) Media Forest most-broadcast songs in Romania (2010s) Media Forest most-broadcast songs in Romania (2020s) Million-selling singles in the United Kingdom Music released by Romanian artists that has charted in major music markets Music released by Moldovan artists that has charted in major music markets NME number-one singles (1960s) Number-one albums in Mexico (2009) Number-one EPs in the United Kingdom Official Classical Singles Chart Oricon number-one albums (2008) Record Mirror number-one singles Romanian Top 100 number ones Top Pops number-one singles (21 lists) Discographies 50 Cent (albums) Abingdon Boys School AC/DC Bryan Adams Christina Aguilera Air (French band) Nadia Ali Alice in Chains Lily Allen American Football Ricardo Arjona Natacha Atlas Audioslave Australian Crawl Iggy Azalea Backstreet Boys Azealia Banks Basshunter Bauhaus Ben&Ben Beyoncé (albums) Big Boi Bini Birdman Black Country, New Road Black Eyed Peas Bloc Party David Bowie Toni Braxton The Breeders Isobel Campbell Cannibal Corpse Capital Bra Mariah Carey (albums) Mariah Carey (singles) Casting Crowns Steven Curtis Chapman Chimaira Chrisye Ciara Kelly Clarkson Cœur de pirate Coldplay Phil Collins Sarah Connor The Corrs Ricki-Lee Coulter The Cure Miley Cyrus Crystal Castles Daft Punk Daya Death Grips Lil Debbie Deftones Lana Del Rey Mac DeMarco Esmée Denters Depeche Mode Bruce Dickinson Dido Celine Dion (albums) Celine Dion (singles) Disturbed Doechii Dream Theater Hilary Duff Duffy Eazy-E Echo & the Bunnymen El-P Sophie Ellis-Bextor Eric B. & Rakim Evanescence Faith No More Fantasia Feeder Fugees Dave Gahan Lady Gaga Garbage Girls' Generation Rachelle Ann Go Godflesh Godsmack Goldfrapp Selena Gomez Delta Goodrem Gotye Ariana Grande Amy Grant Geri Halliwell Angel Haze Jimi Hendrix Jennifer Love Hewitt Hi-5 Keri Hilson Josh Homme Vladimir Horowitz Gen Hoshino Iced Earth Natalie Imbruglia In Flames Inna Iron Maiden Ithaca Ivy Michael Jackson (albums) Michael Jackson (singles) Jamelia Elmore James K-Ci & JoJo 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George Michael Julia Michaels The Microphones Miike Snow Alyssa Milano Mac Miller Flo Milli Dannii Minogue Minutemen Justin Moore Mandy Moore Muddy Waters Róisín Murphy Mystikal Nelly Neutral Milk Hotel Nile Nine Inch Nails Nirvana No Doubt Paolo Nutini Oh Land One Direction Opeth Oregon Symphony Beth Orton Outkast Nerina Pallot Pantera Paramore Paulini Pavement Pearl Jam Pendulum A Perfect Circle Katy Perry Pet Shop Boys Billie Piper Powderfinger The Pretty Reckless Pussycat Dolls Queens of the Stone Age Angeline Quinto Radiohead Rage Against the Machine Red Hot Chili Peppers Rihanna (albums) Rihanna (singles) Rise Against Kelly Rowland Kate Rusby Santigold SB19 Screaming Trees Guy Sebastian Selena (albums) Selena (singles) Sepultura Shakira Kevin Shields Sigur Rós Silverchair Simon & Garfunkel Ashlee Simpson Jessica Simpson The Simpsons Teddy Sinclair Skunk Anansie Slayer Slipknot Small Faces Michael W. 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Chrisye Kelly Clarkson Coldplay Alexandru Cotoi Miley Cyrus Daft Punk Lana Del Rey Marina Diamandis Billie Eilish Sophie Ellis-Bextor Faith No More Sky Ferreira Lady Gaga Rachelle Ann Go Godflesh Ellie Goulding Ariana Grande Conan Gray Guillemots George Harrison Ella Henderson Jimi Hendrix Jennifer Love Hewitt Gen Hoshino Ivy J-Hope Joy Division Kyla Led Zeppelin John Lennon Dan Leno Leona Lewis Dua Lipa The Linda Lindas Little Mix Tove Lo Lorde Madonna Margaret Bruno Mars (recorded) Bruno Mars (written) Ricky Martin Paul McCartney Tate McRae Shawn Mendes Alyssa Milano Kylie Minogue Marius Moga Chuck Mosley Audie Murphy Olly Murs Jason Newsted Oh Land Katy Perry Pink Martini Pogues Angeline Quinto Radiohead Bebe Rexha Rihanna Rise Against Olivia Rodrigo Emeli Sandé SB19 Scissor Sisters She & Him Sigrid Teddy Sinclair The Smiths Ringo Starr Gwen Stefani Steps Harry Styles Taylor Swift SZA Talking Heads Thirty Seconds to Mars Ashley Tisdale Louis Tomlinson Meghan Trainor Ricky Vela Regine Velasquez Victorious cast (96 lists) Videographies Artists Basshunter Beyoncé Coldplay Lady Gaga Jimi Hendrix Michael Jackson Madonna Bruno Mars Katy Perry Rihanna SB19 Taylor Swift Justin Timberlake (13 lists) Directors Mark Romanek (1 list) Media discographies Bocchi the Rock! discography Final Fantasy compilation albums Pop Idol discography Popotan soundtracks Songs in Glee season 1 Square Enix compilation albums Victorious discography (7 lists) Other Blues standards Caribbean membranophones Certified albums in Romania Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest Cover versions of Coldplay songs Discography of Sibelius symphony cycles International Film Music Critics Association Award for Best Original Score for a Video Game or Interactive Media Jazz standards (pre-1920) Jazz standards (1920s) Jazz standards (1930s) Marches by John Philip Sousa Operettas by John Philip Sousa Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest UK hit singles by footballers Variations on Pachelbel's Canon (15 lists) Awards Billboard Latin Music Awards Hall of Fame Hot Latin Song of the Year Latin Jazz Album of the Year Latin Women in Music Lifetime Achievement Award Reggaeton Album of the Year (6 lists) Grammy Awards Alternative Music Album Bluegrass Album Contemporary Instrumental Album Contemporary Jazz Album Contemporary R&B Album Country Collaboration with Vocals Dance/Electronic Recording Female Rock Vocal Performance Female R&B Vocal Performance Global Music Album Hard Rock Performance Jazz Fusion Performance Jazz Vocal Performance, Female Jazz Vocal Performance, Male Latin Jazz Album Latin Pop Album Legend Award Male Rock Vocal Performance Melodic Rap Performance Metal Performance Mexican/Mexican-American Album Music Film Music Video Native American Music Album New Age, Ambient or Chant Album Polka Album Pop Collaboration with Vocals Pop Vocal Album R&B Album Rap Album Remixed Recording, Non-Classical Reggae Album Rock Album Rock Instrumental Performance Rock Song Solo Rock Vocal Performance South African winners and nominees Southern, Country or Bluegrass Gospel Album Spoken Word Album for Children Traditional Pop Vocal Album Traditional R&B Performance Urban/Alternative Performance (42 lists) Latin Grammy Awards Album of the Year Alternative Music Album Contemporary Tropical Album Female Pop Vocal Album Hall of Fame Latin Jazz/Jazz Album Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award Long Form Music Video Male Pop Vocal Album New Artist Pop Album by a Duo or Group with Vocal Producer of the Year Record of the Year Rock Album by a Duo or Group with Vocal Rock Solo Vocal Album Salsa Album Short Form Music Video Singer-Songwriter Album Song of the Year Trustees Award Urban Music Album (22 lists) Lo Nuestro Awards Lo Nuestro Award for Pop Album of the Year Lo Nuestro Award for Urban Album of the Year Lo Nuestro Excellence Award Premio Lo Nuestro 2013 Premio Lo Nuestro 2014 (5 lists) Other 19th Golden Melody Awards 2010 New Zealand Music Awards 30th Annual South African Music Awards BBC Young Musician Eurovision Song Contest winners HMV's Poll of Polls Latin Songwriters Hall of Fame Leading Ladies of Entertainment MAMA Award for Best Music Video Melon Music Award for Album of the Year Melon Music Award for Song of the Year Mercury Prize Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year Music recording certifications MusiCares Person of the Year NME 's Cool List Polar Music Prize Popjustice £20 Music Prize Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Shortlist Music Prize Sydney International Piano Competition (22 lists) Awards and nominations received by artists Adele Aerosmith Fiona Apple Arcade Fire Arctic Monkeys Ricardo Arjona Beck Ben&Ben Bini Björk David Bowie Chris Brown BTS Alessia Cara Casting Crowns Ciara Coldplay Sheryl Crow Crowded House Daddy Yankee Dave Matthews Band Lana Del Rey Jorge Drexler Exo Feist Lady Gaga Judy Garland Gorillaz Ariana Grande Guns N' Roses Inna Norah Jones Paul Kelly The Killers Alison Krauss Kyla Lecrae John Legend Dua Lipa Lorde Demi Lovato Ludacris Madonna Zayn Malik Margaret Bruno Mars Metallica George Michael Kylie Minogue Giorgio Moroder Muse Nickelback Pearl Jam Katy Perry Powderfinger Raye Ivy Queen Santana Romeo Santos SB19 Scissor Sisters Selena S.H.E Silverchair Slipknot Snow Patrol Harry Styles Taylor Swift SZA Billy Talent Timbaland Meghan Trainor Tyla Regine Velasquez Rufus Wainwright Kanye West The White Stripes Amy Winehouse (78 lists) Band members Megadeth Red Hot Chili Peppers (2 lists) Charts Billboard Hot 100 number ones: 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2011 (7 lists) 200 number-one albums: 1945 1946 1983 1999 2001 2008 (6 lists) Adult Contemporary number ones: 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 (41 lists) Number-one country songs: Timeline of Billboard number-one country songs 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 (83 lists) Number-one .mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal} Billboard Top Latin Albums: 1990s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 (10 lists) Latin Pop Airplay number ones: 1994 and 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 (6 lists) R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-ones: 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 (50 lists) Tropical Airplay number ones: 1994 and 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 (6 lists) Other charts: Best-selling Latin albums in the United States Canadian Hot 100 number-one singles (2007) Canadian Hot 100 number-one singles (2008) Christian Songs number ones (2000s) Hot Latin Songs Year-End Chart Hot Rap Songs number ones (1980s and 1990s) Hot Rap Songs number ones (2010s) Latin Pop Albums number ones (1980s) Latin Pop Albums number ones (1990s) Modern Rock Tracks number ones (1980s) Social 50 number-one artists Top Holiday Albums number ones of the 2010s Top Latin Songs number ones (1980s) Tropical Albums number ones (1980s) Tropical Albums number ones (1990s) (15 lists) Inkigayo Chart 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 (7 lists) Music Bank Chart 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (9 lists) UK Albums Chart number ones 1990s 2000s Christmas Downloads Chart (2000s) Posthumous (5 lists) UK Singles Chart number ones 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Christmas Downloads Chart (2000s) Posthumous (9 lists) Other Airplay 100 number ones Best-selling albums in the United Kingdom Best-selling singles in the United Kingdom (1960s) Best-selling singles in the United Kingdom (2000s) Fab 40 number-one singles Gaon Album Chart number ones (2011) German airplay number-one songs (2018) Media Forest most-broadcast songs in Romania (2009) Media Forest most-broadcast songs in Romania (2010s) Media Forest most-broadcast songs in Romania (2020s) Million-selling singles in the United Kingdom Music released by Romanian artists that has charted in major music markets Music released by Moldovan artists that has charted in major music markets NME number-one singles (1960s) Number-one albums in Mexico (2009) Number-one EPs in the United Kingdom Official Classical Singles Chart Oricon number-one albums (2008) Record Mirror number-one singles Romanian Top 100 number ones Top Pops number-one singles (21 lists) Discographies 50 Cent (albums) Abingdon Boys School AC/DC Bryan Adams Christina Aguilera Air (French band) Nadia Ali Alice in Chains Lily Allen American Football Ricardo Arjona Natacha Atlas Audioslave Australian Crawl Iggy Azalea Backstreet Boys Azealia Banks Basshunter Bauhaus Ben&Ben Beyoncé (albums) Big Boi Bini Birdman Black Country, New Road Black Eyed Peas Bloc Party David Bowie Toni Braxton The Breeders Isobel Campbell Cannibal Corpse Capital Bra Mariah Carey (albums) Mariah Carey (singles) Casting Crowns Steven Curtis Chapman Chimaira Chrisye Ciara Kelly Clarkson Cœur de pirate Coldplay Phil Collins Sarah Connor The Corrs Ricki-Lee Coulter The Cure Miley Cyrus Crystal Castles Daft Punk Daya Death Grips Lil Debbie Deftones Lana Del Rey Mac DeMarco Esmée Denters Depeche Mode Bruce Dickinson Dido Celine Dion (albums) Celine Dion (singles) Disturbed Doechii Dream Theater Hilary Duff Duffy Eazy-E Echo & the Bunnymen El-P Sophie Ellis-Bextor Eric B. & Rakim Evanescence Faith No More Fantasia Feeder Fugees Dave Gahan Lady Gaga Garbage Girls' Generation Rachelle Ann Go Godflesh Godsmack Goldfrapp Selena Gomez Delta Goodrem Gotye Ariana Grande Amy Grant Geri Halliwell Angel Haze Jimi Hendrix Jennifer Love Hewitt Hi-5 Keri Hilson Josh Homme Vladimir Horowitz Gen Hoshino Iced Earth Natalie Imbruglia In Flames Inna Iron Maiden Ithaca Ivy Michael Jackson (albums) Michael Jackson (singles) Jamelia Elmore James K-Ci & JoJo Kaiser Chiefs Paul Kelly (Australian musician) Kesha Wiz Khalifa The Kills Killswitch Engage Kittie Koda Kumi Kollegah Kronos Quartet Kyla Mark Lanegan Lang Lang LCD Soundsystem Lecrae Led Zeppelin Lykke Li The Libertines The Linda Lindas Linkin Park (albums) Dua Lipa Little Walter LMFAO Tove Lo The Lonely Island Jennifer Lopez Lorde Lostprophets The Lovin' Spoonful Mack 10 Madonna (albums) Madonna (singles) Margaret Maroon 5 Bruno Mars The Mars Volta Ricky Martin (albums) Mastodon Matchbox Twenty Jessica Mauboy Megadeth MercyMe Meshuggah Metallica MewithoutYou MGMT M.I.A. George Michael Julia Michaels The Microphones Miike Snow Alyssa Milano Mac Miller Flo Milli Dannii Minogue Minutemen Justin Moore Mandy Moore Muddy Waters Róisín Murphy Mystikal Nelly Neutral Milk Hotel Nile Nine Inch Nails Nirvana No Doubt Paolo Nutini Oh Land One Direction Opeth Oregon Symphony Beth Orton Outkast Nerina Pallot Pantera Paramore Paulini Pavement Pearl Jam Pendulum A Perfect Circle Katy Perry Pet Shop Boys Billie Piper Powderfinger The Pretty Reckless Pussycat Dolls Queens of the Stone Age Angeline Quinto Radiohead Rage Against the Machine Red Hot Chili Peppers Rihanna (albums) Rihanna (singles) Rise Against Kelly Rowland Kate Rusby Santigold SB19 Screaming Trees Guy Sebastian Selena (albums) Selena (singles) Sepultura Shakira Kevin Shields Sigur Rós Silverchair Simon & Garfunkel Ashlee Simpson Jessica Simpson The Simpsons Teddy Sinclair Skunk Anansie Slayer Slipknot Small Faces Michael W. Smith The Smiths Smoking Popes Snow Patrol Sonic Youth Soundgarden Jordin Sparks Spice Girls Alexandra Stan Gwen Stefani Rachel Stevens The Strokes Harry Styles Sugababes Supergrass Svalbard Taylor Swift (albums) Taylor Swift (singles) System of a Down SZA T-ara Tages Tenacious D Theory of a Deadman Thirty Seconds to Mars Justin Timberlake Tinashe The Ting Tings Ashley Tisdale Tokio Hotel Tool Train Meghan Trainor Daniil Trifonov Trivium KT Tunstall Joel Turner Tyla Usher Regine Velasquez The Veronicas The Verve Rufus Wainwright Morgan Wallen Kanye West (albums) The White Stripes The Wiggles Robbie Williams Johnny Winter Wolfmother Yeah Yeah Yeahs (281 lists) Performances and tours Jackson 5 Lady Gaga Kim Hee-chul Madonna Metallica Nine Inch Nails SB19 Seventeen Taylor Swift Regine Velasquez (10 lists) Songs recorded or written by artists Adele Fiona Apple Azealia Banks Syd Barrett Basshunter Beastie Boys The Beatles Ben&Ben David Bowie Alexandra Burke Alessia Cara Mariah Carey Cheryl Chrisye Kelly Clarkson Coldplay Alexandru Cotoi Miley Cyrus Daft Punk Lana Del Rey Marina Diamandis Billie Eilish Sophie Ellis-Bextor Faith No More Sky Ferreira Lady Gaga Rachelle Ann Go Godflesh Ellie Goulding Ariana Grande Conan Gray Guillemots George Harrison Ella Henderson Jimi Hendrix Jennifer Love Hewitt Gen Hoshino Ivy J-Hope Joy Division Kyla Led Zeppelin John Lennon Dan Leno Leona Lewis Dua Lipa The Linda Lindas Little Mix Tove Lo Lorde Madonna Margaret Bruno Mars (recorded) Bruno Mars (written) Ricky Martin Paul McCartney Tate McRae Shawn Mendes Alyssa Milano Kylie Minogue Marius Moga Chuck Mosley Audie Murphy Olly Murs Jason Newsted Oh Land Katy Perry Pink Martini Pogues Angeline Quinto Radiohead Bebe Rexha Rihanna Rise Against Olivia Rodrigo Emeli Sandé SB19 Scissor Sisters She & Him Sigrid Teddy Sinclair The Smiths Ringo Starr Gwen Stefani Steps Harry Styles Taylor Swift SZA Talking Heads Thirty Seconds to Mars Ashley Tisdale Louis Tomlinson Meghan Trainor Ricky Vela Regine Velasquez Victorious cast (96 lists) Videographies Artists Basshunter Beyoncé Coldplay Lady Gaga Jimi Hendrix Michael Jackson Madonna Bruno Mars Katy Perry Rihanna SB19 Taylor Swift Justin Timberlake (13 lists) Directors Mark Romanek (1 list) Media discographies Bocchi the Rock! discography Final Fantasy compilation albums Pop Idol discography Popotan soundtracks Songs in Glee season 1 Square Enix compilation albums Victorious discography (7 lists) Other Blues standards Caribbean membranophones Certified albums in Romania Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest Cover versions of Coldplay songs Discography of Sibelius symphony cycles International Film Music Critics Association Award for Best Original Score for a Video Game or Interactive Media Jazz standards (pre-1920) Jazz standards (1920s) Jazz standards (1930s) Marches by John Philip Sousa Operettas by John Philip Sousa Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest UK hit singles by footballers Variations on Pachelbel's Canon (15 lists) Opera and theatre Opera Bayreuth canon Operas by Carl Maria von Weber Operas by Claudio Monteverdi Operas by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (4 lists) Theatre Broadway theaters Theatre productions of Dan Leno Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play (4 lists) Opera Bayreuth canon Operas by Carl Maria von Weber Operas by Claudio Monteverdi Operas by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (4 lists) Theatre Broadway theaters Theatre productions of Dan Leno Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play (4 lists) Engineering and technology Amateur radio frequency bands in India Power stations in Sri Lanka Robot Hall of Fame (3 lists) Amateur radio frequency bands in India Power stations in Sri Lanka Robot Hall of Fame (3 lists) Transport Air Aircraft operated by Scandinavian Airlines Airports in the Okanagan Braathens fleet Deadliest aircraft accidents and incidents Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy (5 lists) Railways Stations United States: Bay Area Rapid Transit Caltrain DART rail Denver RTD rail Los Angeles Metro Rail MBTA Commuter Rail Metro (Minnesota) light rail MetroLink (St. Louis) Miami-Dade Transit metro Muni Metro SacRT light rail SEPTA Regional Rail TRAX VTA light rail (14 lists) Europe: Copenhagen Metro Great Northern route Greater Manchester London station group London Underground London Underground (former and unopened) Oslo Metro West Midlands (8 lists) Other: Nanjing Metro Singapore LRT Sydney Metro Vancouver SkyTrain (4 lists) Other Oslo Metro lines Oslo Tramway and Metro operators Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts San Francisco Municipal Railway lines Timeline of the London Underground Timeline of railway electrification in Norway (6 lists) Roads 400-series highways County-designated highways in Michigan Highways in Essex County, New York Highways in Marquette County, Michigan Highways in Hamilton County, New York Highways in Warren County, New York Interstate Highways in Michigan Interstate Highways in Texas Interstate Highways in Washington National Tourist Routes in Norway Numbered roads in Kawartha Lakes Pure Michigan Byway U.S. Highways in Michigan (13 lists) Other Aston Martin VH platform Bridges to the Island of Montreal Bridges in Seattle Largest cruise ships Locks on the Kennet and Avon Canal Mercedes-EQ vehicles (6 lists) Air Aircraft operated by Scandinavian Airlines Airports in the Okanagan Braathens fleet Deadliest aircraft accidents and incidents Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy (5 lists) Railways Stations United States: Bay Area Rapid Transit Caltrain DART rail Denver RTD rail Los Angeles Metro Rail MBTA Commuter Rail Metro (Minnesota) light rail MetroLink (St. Louis) Miami-Dade Transit metro Muni Metro SacRT light rail SEPTA Regional Rail TRAX VTA light rail (14 lists) Europe: Copenhagen Metro Great Northern route Greater Manchester London station group London Underground London Underground (former and unopened) Oslo Metro West Midlands (8 lists) Other: Nanjing Metro Singapore LRT Sydney Metro Vancouver SkyTrain (4 lists) Other Oslo Metro lines Oslo Tramway and Metro operators Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts San Francisco Municipal Railway lines Timeline of the London Underground Timeline of railway electrification in Norway (6 lists) Roads 400-series highways County-designated highways in Michigan Highways in Essex County, New York Highways in Marquette County, Michigan Highways in Hamilton County, New York Highways in Warren County, New York Interstate Highways in Michigan Interstate Highways in Texas Interstate Highways in Washington National Tourist Routes in Norway Numbered roads in Kawartha Lakes Pure Michigan Byway U.S. Highways in Michigan (13 lists) Other Aston Martin VH platform Bridges to the Island of Montreal Bridges in Seattle Largest cruise ships Locks on the Kennet and Avon Canal Mercedes-EQ vehicles (6 lists) Food and drink Michelin-starred restaurants Dubai Malta Mexico Moscow South Korea Taiwan Thailand Toronto Turkey Vancouver Washington, D.C. (11 lists) Other Culinary nuts Vegetable oils World Food Prize (3 lists) Michelin-starred restaurants Dubai Malta Mexico Moscow South Korea Taiwan Thailand Toronto Turkey Vancouver Washington, D.C. (11 lists) Other Culinary nuts Vegetable oils World Food Prize (3 lists) Sports and recreation American football National Football League Annual leaders: Interceptions Passing touchdowns Passing yards Receiving touchdowns Receiving yards Receptions Rushing touchdowns Rushing yards Scoring (9 lists) Awards: AP NFL Assistant Coach of the Year AP NFL Defensive Player of the Year AP NFL Most Valuable Player AP NFL Offensive Player of the Year Bart Starr Award Super Bowl Most Valuable Player (6 lists) Drafts: 2001 NFL draft 2002 NFL expansion draft 2007 NFL draft 2012 NFL draft (4 lists) First-round draft picks: Arizona Cardinals Atlanta Falcons Baltimore Ravens Buffalo Bills Carolina Panthers Chicago Bears Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Dallas Cowboys Denver Broncos Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Los Angeles Rams Las Vegas Raiders Miami Dolphins Minnesota Vikings New Orleans Saints New England Patriots New York Giants New York Jets Philadelphia Eagles Pittsburgh Steelers San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Tampa Bay Buccaneers Tennessee Titans Washington Commanders (32 lists) Draft picks: Detroit Lions (draft history) Detroit Lions (1936–1969) Detroit Lions (1970–present) Green Bay Packers (draft history) Green Bay Packers (1936–1969) Green Bay Packers (1970–present) (6 lists) Head coaches: Atlanta Falcons Arizona Cardinals Buffalo Bills Chicago Bears Cleveland Browns Denver Broncos Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Indianapolis Colts Kansas City Chiefs Las Vegas Raiders Los Angeles Chargers Los Angeles Rams New England Patriots New Orleans Saints New York Giants New York Jets Philadelphia Eagles Pittsburgh Steelers San Francisco 49ers Tennessee Titans Washington Commanders (22 lists) Seasons: Atlanta Falcons Baltimore Ravens Carolina Panthers Chicago Bears Dallas Cowboys Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Los Angeles Chargers Los Angeles Rams Minnesota Vikings New England Patriots New Orleans Saints New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Seattle Seahawks Tampa Bay Buccaneers Tennessee Titans Washington Commanders (21 lists) Starting quarterbacks: Green Bay Packers Los Angeles Chargers Los Angeles Rams (3 lists) Other: Detroit Lions NFL All-Decade Team selections Detroit Lions Pro Bowl selections Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame Green Bay Packers Associated Press All-Pro selections Green Bay Packers all-time roster Green Bay Packers award winners Green Bay Packers general managers Green Bay Packers in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Green Bay Packers NFL All-Decade Team selections Green Bay Packers NFL All-Rookie Team selections Green Bay Packers NFL Anniversary All-Time Team selections Green Bay Packers presidents Green Bay Packers players Green Bay Packers Pro Bowl selections Green Bay Packers retired numbers Green Bay Packers stadiums Green Bay Packers team records NFL career passing touchdowns leaders NFL champions (1920–1969) NFL tied games Packers Heritage Trail Super Bowl champions (22 lists) College football Bowl games: Alabama Crimson Tide Texas Tech Red Raiders UConn Huskies Virginia Tech Hokies (4 lists) Head coaches: Alabama Crimson Tide Arkansas Razorbacks Auburn Tigers Baylor Bears Clemson Tigers Colorado Buffaloes East Carolina Pirates Georgia Bulldogs Iowa State Cyclones Kansas Jayhawks Kansas State Wildcats LSU Tigers Missouri Tigers Nebraska Cornhuskers Navy Midshipmen Oklahoma Sooners Oklahoma State Cowboys Tennessee Volunteers Texas Longhorns Texas A&M Aggies Texas Tech Red Raiders Vanderbilt Commodores Washington & Jefferson Presidents (23 lists) Players in the NFL draft: Arkansas Razorbacks East Carolina Pirates North Carolina Tar Heels Oklahoma Sooners Texas Tech Red Raiders UConn Huskies (6 lists) Seasons: Alabama Crimson Tide Appalachian State Mountaineers East Carolina Pirates Maryland Terrapins Oklahoma Sooners Texas Tech Red Raiders UAB Blazers Virginia Tech Hokies (8 lists) Other: 2009 All-America college football team Atlantic Coast Conference football champions Football Academic All-America Team Members of the Year Heisman Trophy winners Maryland Terrapins football honorees (5 lists) Other American football teams in the United Kingdom (1 list) Asian Games Summer Medal tables: 1974 1982 1998 2002 2010 (5 lists) Winter Medal tables: 2025 (1 list) Association football British club football Awards: Cymru Premier Golden Boot FWA Footballer of the Year PFA Players' Player of the Year PFA Scotland Players' Player of the Year PFA Young Player of the Year Premier League Golden Boot Premier League Golden Glove Premier League Manager of the Month Premier League Manager of the Season Premier League Player of the Month Premier League Player of the Season SFWA Footballer of the Year (12 lists) League records and statistics: Cymru Premier clubs Former English Football League clubs Record home attendances of English football clubs Scottish football clubs in the FA Cup Scottish Football League clubs (5 lists) League records by opponent: Arsenal F.C. Birmingham City F.C. Cardiff City F.C. Liverpool F.C. Luton Town F.C. Manchester United F.C. Sheffield United F.C. York City F.C. (8 lists) Managers: Current Premier League and English Football League managers English football championship–winning managers Arsenal F.C. Aston Villa F.C. Birmingham City F.C. Bristol Rovers F.C. Burnley F.C. Cardiff City F.C. Celtic F.C. Everton F.C. Gillingham F.C. Ipswich Town F.C. Liverpool F.C. Luton Town F.C. Manchester City F.C. Manchester United F.C. Norwich City F.C. Oxford United F.C. Sunderland A.F.C. Tranmere Rovers F.C. York City F.C. (21 lists) Players of the Year: Arsenal Ipswich Town F.C. Norwich City F.C. Plymouth Argyle F.C. Watford F.C. York City F.C. (6 lists) Players: Arsenal F.C. (1–24 appearances) Arsenal F.C. (25–99 appearances) Arsenal F.C. (100+ appearances) Aston Villa F.C. Birmingham City F.C. (1–24 appearances) Birmingham City F.C. (25–99 appearances) Birmingham City F.C. (100+ appearances) Bristol Rovers F.C. Burnley F.C. Cardiff City F.C. (25–99 appearances) Cardiff City F.C. (100+ appearances) Gillingham F.C. (1–24 appearances) Gillingham F.C. (25–49 appearances) Gillingham F.C. (50+ appearances) Ipswich Town F.C. Lincoln City F.C. Liverpool F.C. (1–24 appearances) Liverpool F.C. (25–99 appearances) Liverpool F.C. (100+ appearances) Manchester United F.C. (1–24 appearances) Manchester United F.C. (25–99 appearances) Manchester United F.C. (100+ appearances) Oxford United F.C. Plymouth Argyle F.C. Queens Park Rangers F.C. Sunderland A.F.C. Tranmere Rovers F.C. Watford F.C. Wanderers F.C. (FA Cup–winning) York City F.C. players (1–24 appearances) York City F.C. players (25–99 appearances) York City F.C. (100+ appearances) (32 lists) Seasons: Arsenal F.C. Arsenal W.F.C. Aston Villa F.C. Bath City F.C. Birmingham City F.C. Bradford City A.F.C. Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. Burnley F.C. Cardiff City F.C. F.C. United of Manchester Gillingham F.C. Hull City A.F.C. Ipswich Town F.C. Leeds United F.C. Lincoln City F.C. Liverpool F.C. Luton Town F.C. Manchester City F.C. Manchester United F.C. Margate F.C. Nelson F.C. Plymouth Argyle F.C. Queens Park Rangers F.C. Scarborough F.C. Sunderland A.F.C. Watford F.C. West Bromwich Albion F.C. York City F.C. (28 lists) Records and statistics: Arsenal F.C. Aston Villa F.C. Birmingham City F.C. Burnley F.C. Cardiff City F.C. Gillingham F.C. Ipswich Town F.C. Liverpool F.C. Luton Town F.C. Manchester United F.C. Oxford United F.C. York City F.C. (12 lists) Other: Cardiff City F.C. internationals EFL Cup finals FA Community Shield matches FA Cup finals FA Amateur Cup finals FA Trophy finals FA Vase finals Ipswich Town F.C. Hall of Fame Premier League hat-tricks Premier League winning players (10 lists) International Goals scored: Emmanuel Adebayor Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang Gareth Bale Tim Cahill Bobby Charlton Sunil Chhetri Ali Daei Clint Dempsey Alfredo Di Stéfano Landon Donovan Didier Drogba Radamel Falcao Olivier Giroud David Healy Thierry Henry Javier Hernández Zlatan Ibrahimović Harry Kane Robbie Keane Miroslav Klose Romelu Lukaku Hassan Maatouk Benni McCarthy Manon Melis Lionel Messi Vivianne Miedema Aleksandar Mitrović Henrikh Mkhitaryan Pelé Gigi Riva Cristiano Ronaldo Wayne Rooney Ian Rush Alexis Sánchez Andriy Shevchenko Kelly Smith Luis Suárez Davor Šuker Fernando Torres Robin van Persie David Villa Abby Wambach Ellen White Phil Younghusband (44 lists) Footballers: Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan France Germany Israel Lebanon (born outside Lebanon) Scotland Slovenia Wales (12 lists) National football team results: Faroe Islands (1988–2019) Gibraltar Montserrat Scotland (1872–1914) Wales (1876–1899) Wales (1900–1914) Wales (1920–1939) Wales (1946–1959) Wales (1960–1979) Wales (1980–1999) (10 lists) National football team hat-tricks: England India Italy Republic of Ireland Scotland Wales (6 lists) Other: UEFA European Championship winning managers FIFA Women's World Cup finals FIFA World Cup hat-tricks FIFA World Cup finals List of FIFA World Cup top goalscorers FIFA World Cup winning managers France national football team captains Intercontinental Cup winning managers Timeline of Scottish football Serie A Footballer of the Year UEFA European Championship finals (11 lists) American and Canadian soccer Seasons: Major League Soccer National Women's Soccer League Chivas USA New England Revolution New York Cosmos (1971–1985) Seattle Sounders (1974–1983) Seattle Reign FC Seattle Sounders FC Tacoma Defiance (9 lists) Other: All-time Austin Aztex FC roster Chivas USA managers MLS Cup finals New England Revolution managers New York Cosmos (1970–1985) all-stars Seattle Sounders FC draft picks Seattle Sounders FC players (7 lists) Other Awards: 2022 Ballon d'Or AIFF Player of the Year Awards Ballon d'Or European Golden Shoe Lesley Manyathela Golden Boot (5 lists) National champions and cup winners: Danish English French Israel State Cup Israeli Italian Scottish Slovenian Spanish Turkish (10 lists) Players: FC Barcelona Brisbane Roar FC Central Coast Mariners FC Malmö FF NK Maribor S.L. Benfica (25–99 appearances) S.L. Benfica (100+ appearances) (7 lists) Seasons: ACF Fiorentina FC Barcelona Malmö FF NK Maribor Real Madrid CF Rosenborg BK (6 lists) UEFA club statistics: European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals European Cup and UEFA Champions League winning managers UEFA Champions League hat-tricks UEFA club competition winning managers UEFA club competition winners UEFA Conference League finals UEFA Cup and Europa League finals UEFA Cup and Europa League–winning managers UEFA Cup Winners' Cup finals UEFA Cup Winners' Cup winning managers UEFA Intertoto Cup winners UEFA Intertoto Cup winning managers UEFA Super Cup matches UEFA Super Cup winning managers (14 lists) Other: Amsterdam Tournament Copa Libertadores finals Coppa Italia finals Emirates Cup FC Barcelona records and statistics FC Barcelona presidents FC Porto records and statistics Intercontinental Cup matches Joan Gamper Trophy Malmö FF chairmen Malmö FF in European football Malmö FF league record by opponent Malmö FF managers Malmö FF records and statistics Premier League Asia Trophy Rosenborg BK in European football Rosenborg BK records and statistics Serie A Coach of the Year Serie A Player of the Month (19 lists) Australian rules football 2016 AFL Rising Star 2017 AFL Rising Star 2017 AFL Women's Rising Star 2018 AFL Women's Rising Star AFL debuts in 2008 AFL Rising Star Coleman Medal Gold Coast Suns players Keith 'Bluey' Truscott Trophy Norm Smith Medal (10 lists) Baseball College 1991 College Baseball All-America Team 1992 College Baseball All-America Team 1993 College Baseball All-America Team 1994 College Baseball All-America Team Baseball Academic All-America Team Members of the Year Golden Spikes Award (6 lists) Major League Baseball Gold Glove Award: Gold Glove Award First base Second base Third base Shortstop Outfield Catcher Pitcher (8 lists) Silver Slugger Award: Silver Slugger Award First base Second base Third base Shortstop Outfield Catcher Pitcher Designated hitter (9 lists) Other awards: All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Babe Ruth Award Branch Rickey Award Comeback Player of the Year Award Commissioner's Historic Achievement Award Cy Young Award Dick Howser Trophy Edgar Martínez Award Hutch Award Hank Aaron Award League Championship Series Most Valuable Player Award Lou Gehrig Memorial Award Luis Aparicio Award Major League Baseball awards Major League Baseball Manager of the Year Award Most Valuable Player Award Marvin Miller Man of the Year Award Reliever of the Year Award Roberto Clemente Award Rolaids Relief Man Award Rookie of the Year Award Tip O'Neill Award Warren Spahn Award World Series Most Valuable Player Award (24 lists) First-round draft picks: First overall draft picks Arizona Diamondbacks Athletics Atlanta Braves Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox Chicago Cubs Chicago White Sox Cincinnati Reds Cleveland Guardians Colorado Rockies Detroit Tigers Houston Astros Kansas City Royals Los Angeles Angels Los Angeles Dodgers Miami Marlins Milwaukee Brewers Minnesota Twins New York Mets New York Yankees Philadelphia Phillies Pittsburgh Pirates San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Seattle Mariners St. Louis Cardinals Tampa Bay Rays Texas Rangers Toronto Blue Jays Washington Nationals (31 lists) Managers: Major League Baseball managers Athletics Atlanta Braves Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox Chicago Cubs Chicago White Sox Cincinnati Reds Cleveland Guardians Houston Astros Kansas City Royals Los Angeles Angels Louisville Colonels Miami Marlins Milwaukee Brewers Minnesota Twins New York Mets New York Yankees Philadelphia Phillies Pittsburgh Pirates San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers Toronto Blue Jays Washington Nationals (26 lists) Opening Day starting pitchers: Arizona Diamondbacks Atlanta Braves Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox Chicago Cubs Chicago White Sox Cincinnati Reds Cleveland Guardians Colorado Rockies Houston Astros Kansas City Royals Los Angeles Angels Los Angeles Dodgers Miami Marlins Milwaukee Brewers New York Mets New York Yankees Philadelphia Phillies San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Seattle Mariners Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Washington Nationals (24 lists) Seasons: Arizona Diamondbacks Boston Red Sox New York Mets New York Yankees Philadelphia Phillies Seattle Mariners St. Louis Cardinals Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays (9 lists) General statistics and records: 20–20–20 club 30–30 club 50 home run club 300 save club 300-win club 500 home run club 3,000-hit club 3,000 strikeout club Annual ERA leaders Annual home run leaders Annual runs batted in leaders Annual strikeout leaders Annual wins leaders Batting champions Career on-base percentage leaders Career triples leaders Highest-paid Major League Baseball players Pitchers who have thrown an immaculate inning Players to hit for the cycle Players with a .400 batting average in a season Players with a home run in their first major league at bat Single-game grand slam leaders Single-game hits leaders Single-game home run leaders Single-game runs batted in leaders Single-game strikeout leaders Single-inning home run leaders Single-inning strikeout leaders Triple Crown (29 lists) Statistics and records by team or by player: Athletics team records Atlanta Braves team records Miami Marlins team records Milestone home runs by Barry Bonds New York Yankees no-hitters New York Yankees team records Philadelphia Phillies no-hitters Philadelphia Phillies team records San Diego Padres team records Seattle Mariners team records (10 lists) Postseason: American League pennant winners National League pennant winners World Series champions (3 lists) All-time rosters: Boston Reds (1890–1891) Cleveland Blues (NL) Hartford Dark Blues Kansas City Cowboys (AA) Philadelphia Athletics (1890–1891) Providence Grays Worcester Worcesters (7 lists) Other: 1987 Major League Baseball draft 1992 expansion draft All-Star Final Vote Boston Red Sox captains Jewish Major League Baseball players New York Yankees owners and executives Philadelphia Phillies owners and executives Players from Australia Players from Puerto Rico Members of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Philadelphia Phillies Wall of Fame Player–managers Tie-breakers (13 lists) Pacific Coast League Nashville Sounds all-time roster Nashville Sounds awards, All-Stars, and league leaders Nashville Sounds broadcasters Nashville Sounds coaches Nashville Sounds managers Nashville Sounds owners and executives Nashville Sounds seasons Nashville Sounds team records (8 lists) Other Huntsville Stars seasons Memphis Chicks (Southern League) managers Memphis Chicks (Southern League) seasons Nashville Vols all-time roster Nashville Xpress all-time roster Nippon Professional Baseball players to hit for the cycle Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders seasons Vancouver Canadians seasons (8 lists) Basketball National Basketball Association Awards and trophies: 50 Greatest Players in NBA History All-NBA Team IBM Award J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award NBA All-Defensive Team NBA All-Rookie Team NBA All-Stars NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player NBA awards NBA champions NBA Coach of the Year NBA Defensive Player of the Year NBA Executive of the Year NBA Finals Most Valuable Player NBA Most Improved Player NBA Most Valuable Player NBA Rookie of the Year NBA Sixth Man of the Year NBA Sportsmanship Award Three-Point Contest (20 lists) Draft picks: 1966 NBA expansion draft 1970 NBA draft 1970 NBA expansion draft 1973 NBA draft 1984 NBA draft 2003 NBA draft 2004 NBA draft 2007 NBA draft 2008 NBA draft 2012 NBA draft First overall NBA draft picks Houston Rockets draft history Los Angeles Lakers draft history Memphis Grizzlies draft history Minnesota Timberwolves draft history New Orleans Pelicans draft history Orlando Magic draft history Portland Trail Blazers draft history NBA territorial pick Toronto Raptors draft history (20 lists) Head coaches: Atlanta Hawks Boston Celtics Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Denver Nuggets Detroit Pistons Golden State Warriors Houston Rockets Indiana Pacers Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Memphis Grizzlies Milwaukee Bucks New Jersey Nets New York Knicks Oklahoma City Thunder Philadelphia 76ers Phoenix Suns Portland Trail Blazers Sacramento Kings San Antonio Spurs Washington Wizards (22 lists) Seasons: Chicago Bulls Houston Rockets Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks Phoenix Suns Portland Trail Blazers Seattle SuperSonics (8 lists) Other: Annual assists leaders Annual rebounding leaders Annual scoring leaders Annual steals leaders Career achievements by Kobe Bryant Charlotte Hornets all-time roster Defunct teams Game sevens Highest-scoring games Houston Rockets accomplishments and records North Carolina Tar Heels in the NBA draft Player-coaches Portland Trail Blazers all-time roster (13 lists) National Collegiate Athletic Association Awards, honors and trophies: 2009 Men's Basketball All-Americans 2010 Men's Basketball All-Americans Atlantic Coast Conference Men's Basketball Coach of the Year Atlantic Coast Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year Big East Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year Division I men's basketball champions Huskies of Honor (7 lists) Head coaches: Kentucky Wildcats North Carolina Tar Heels Oklahoma Sooners Texas Tech Red Raiders (4 lists) Other: Oklahoma Sooners in the NBA and WNBA drafts Texas Tech Red Raiders basketball seasons UConn Huskies in the WNBA draft (3 lists) WNBA Seattle Storm seasons WNBA seasons (2 lists) Other 2006 boys high school basketball All-Americans Mr. Basketball USA NCAA Philippines basketball champions UAAP Final Four results Members of the Basketball Hall of Fame Members of the Basketball Hall of Fame (coaches) Men's Basketball Academic All-America Team Members of the Year Minnesota Mr. Basketball Mr. Show-Me Basketball Women's Basketball Academic All-America Team Members of the Year (10 lists) Canadian football BC Lions head coaches Grey Cup champions Vanier Cup (3 lists) Cricket English Grounds: Derbyshire County Cricket Club Essex County Cricket Club Gloucestershire County Cricket Club Hampshire County Cricket Club Leicestershire County Cricket Club Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club Somerset County Cricket Club Sussex County Cricket Club Warwickshire County Cricket Club (9 lists) England cricket team Test results: 1877–1914 1920–1939 1946–1959 1960–1974 1975–1989 1990–2004 (6 lists) Other: Cornwall County Cricket Club List A players Cricket Writers' Club Young Cricketer of the Year English Twenty20 cricket champions Official County Championship winners PCA Player of the Year awards Somerset CCC Twenty20 players Somerset CCC players with 100 or more first-class or List A appearances Walter Lawrence Trophy (8 lists) Indian Premier League Overall: Centuries Five-wicket hauls (2 lists) Cricketers by team: Deccan Chargers Delhi Capitals Pune Warriors India Punjab Kings Sunrisers Hyderabad (5 lists) International Test cricketers: India (women) Pakistan (women) South Africa (women) (3 lists) One Day International cricketers: Afghanistan African XI Asian XI Bermuda Hong Kong India (women) Ireland Kenya Namibia Scotland South Africa (women) United States World XI (13 lists) Twenty20 International cricketers: Afghanistan Australia Bermuda England India India (women) Pakistan Pakistan (women) South Africa (women) Sri Lanka (10 lists) Other cricketers: Australian Cricket Hall of Fame Bowlers who have taken a wicket with their first ball in a format of international cricket Champions League Twenty20 captains Cricketers who have carried the bat in international cricket Cricketers who have played for two international teams ICC Cricket Hall of Fame ICC Women's Cricketer of the Year Wisden Cricketers of the Year (8 lists) Centuries: Asia Cup centuries Centuries in women's One Day International cricket Centuries in women's Twenty20 International cricket Centuries scored on Test cricket debut Cricket World Cup centuries Cricketers who have scored centuries in both innings of a Test match First-class cricket quadruple centuries ICC Champions Trophy centuries Men's T20 World Cup centuries One Day International cricket centuries scored on debut Ranji Trophy triple centuries Test cricket triple centuries Under-19 Cricket World Cup centuries World Series Cricket international centuries Women's Test cricket centuries (15 lists) Centuries at stadium: Bellerive Oval Brabourne Stadium Eden Gardens Kensington Oval Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium (5 lists) Centuries by cricketer: Hashim Amla Saeed Anwar Nathan Astle Babar Azam Mohammad Azharuddin Ian Bell David Boon Allan Border Don Bradman Shivnarine Chanderpaul Greg Chappell Michael Clarke Alastair Cook Aravinda de Silva AB de Villiers Rahul Dravid Sourav Ganguly Sunil Gavaskar Chris Gayle Herschelle Gibbs Adam Gilchrist Graham Gooch David Gower Inzamam-ul-Haq Matthew Hayden Sanath Jayasuriya Mahela Jayawardene Jacques Kallis Younis Khan Gary Kirsten Virat Kohli Brian Lara Javed Miandad Kevin Pietersen Ricky Ponting Viv Richards Joe Root Kumar Sangakkara Virender Sehwag Rohit Sharma Graeme Smith Steve Smith Garfield Sobers Andrew Strauss Ross Taylor Sachin Tendulkar Marcus Trescothick David Warner Mark Waugh Steve Waugh Kane Williamson Mohammad Yousuf (52 lists) Five-wicket hauls: Asia Cup five-wicket hauls Cricket World Cup five-wicket hauls Five-wicket hauls in Twenty20 International cricket Five-wicket hauls in women's One Day International cricket Five-wicket hauls in women's Twenty20 International cricket ICC Champions Trophy five-wicket hauls Five-wicket hauls on One Day International debut India cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut New Zealand cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut Pakistan cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut South Africa cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut West Indies cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut Women's Test cricketers who have taken five wickets on debut (13 lists) Five-wicket hauls at stadium: Brabourne Stadium M. A. Chidambaram Stadium McLean Park Riverside Ground Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium (5 lists) Five-wicket hauls by cricketer: Shoaib Akhtar Wasim Akram Curtly Ambrose James Anderson Ravichandran Ashwin Sydney Barnes Richie Benaud Ian Botham Stuart Broad B. S. Chandrasekhar Kapil Dev Allan Donald Richard Hadlee Mitchell Johnson Danish Kaneria Imran Khan Anil Kumble Brett Lee Dennis Lillee Nathan Lyon Malcolm Marshall Glenn McGrath Muttiah Muralitharan Saqlain Mushtaq Abdul Qadir Shakib Al Hasan Harbhajan Singh Dale Steyn Graeme Swann Fred Trueman Chaminda Vaas Courtney Walsh Shane Warne Waqar Younis (34 lists) Records by opponent: India India (women) Ireland (women) New Zealand (women) Pakistan Pakistan (women) South Africa (women) (7 lists) Other records and statistics: Ashes series Australia Test cricket records Bowlers who have taken 300 or more wickets in Test cricket Cricket World Cup records England Test cricket records One Day International cricket hat-tricks Players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in One Day International cricket Sri Lanka Test cricket records Test cricket hat-tricks Test cricket records Tied Twenty20 Internationals Tied One Day Internationals Unusual dismissals in international cricket Women's international cricket hat-tricks (14 lists) Other: 2006 ICC Champions Trophy squads 2007 Cricket World Cup squads 2009 Women's Cricket World Cup squads 2013 Women's Cricket World Cup squads 2024 Men's T20 World Cup qualification 2024 Men's T20 World Cup squads Cricket World Cup finals Frank Worrell Trophy ICC Future Tours Programme International Cricket Council members Men's T20 World Cup tournaments Trans-Tasman Trophy Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World (13 lists) Other Bangladesh Premier League captains Cricketers called for throwing in top-class cricket matches in Australia First-class cricket centuries by W. G. Grace I Zingari first-class cricketers (4 lists) Cue sports Snooker world rankings: 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 (19 lists) Other: 2018 in cue sports 2019 in cue sports 2020 in cue sports Snooker Triple Crown finals UK Open Billiards Championship winners Women's Professional Billiards Championship Women's Professional Snooker Championship World number one snooker players World Snooker Championship winners World Women's Billiards Championship (10 lists) Cycling Classification winners: Giro d'Italia general classification winners Grand Tour general classification winners Tour de France general classification winners Vuelta a España general classification winners (4 lists) Teams and cyclists: 1962 Tour de France 2009 Giro d'Italia 2012 Tour de France 2013 Tour de France 2014 Tour de France 2015 Giro d'Italia 2015 Tour de France 2015 Vuelta a España 2016 Tour de France (9 lists) Other: Highest points reached in the Tour de France Racing cyclists and pacemakers with a cycling-related death UCI Road World Championships – Men's time trial (3 lists) Figure skating Championships: Canada Czech Republic East Germany Estonia Europe Four Continents Great Britain Hungary North America Sweden Ukraine United States World World Junior (14 lists) Other: Career achievements by Yuzuru Hanyu Grand Prix de France Grand Prix of Figure Skating Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final World Figure Skating Championships cumulative medal count (5 lists) Golf Ladies Professional Golf Association: Chevron Championship winners U.S. Women's Open champions (2 lists) Professional Golfers' Association: Masters Tournament champions Masters Tournament Par 3 Contest Men's major championships winning golfers The Open Championship champions PGA Championship champions Ryder Cup matches U.S. Open champions (7 lists) Ice hockey American Hockey League Calder Cup champions Coachella Valley Firebirds players Grand Rapids Griffins players (3 lists) Canadian Hockey League Ed Chynoweth Cup Memorial Cup champions (2 lists) International Ice Hockey Federation World Championship rosters: 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 (5 lists) Other: Members of the International Ice Hockey Federation Minnesota Golden Gophers women's ice hockey seasons World Championship medalists World Junior Championship medalists World Junior Championship players for Canada Men's World Ice Hockey Championship players for Canada (1977–present) (6 lists) National Hockey League Awards and trophies: Art Ross Trophy Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy Calder Memorial Trophy Clarence S. Campbell Bowl Conn Smythe Trophy Frank J. Selke Trophy Hart Memorial Trophy Jack Adams Award James Norris Memorial Trophy King Clancy Memorial Trophy Lady Byng Memorial Trophy Ted Lindsay Award Lester Patrick Trophy Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy NHL awards NHL Foundation Player Award NHL Plus-Minus Award O'Brien Trophy Presidents' Trophy Prince of Wales Trophy Roger Crozier Saving Grace Award Stanley Cup champions Vezina Trophy William M. Jennings Trophy (24 lists) Draft picks: Atlanta Thrashers Calgary Flames Detroit Red Wings New York Islanders Seattle Kraken Vegas Golden Knights NHL first overall (7 lists) Head coaches: Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Calgary Flames Chicago Blackhawks Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Los Angeles Kings Minnesota North Stars Montreal Canadiens New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Pittsburgh Penguins St. Louis Blues Toronto Maple Leafs Vancouver Canucks Washington Capitals (17 lists) Players: Atlanta Thrashers Buffalo Sabres Calgary Flames Chicago Blackhawks Columbus Blue Jackets Colorado Avalanche Detroit Red Wings Edmonton Oilers Florida Panthers New Jersey Devils New York Islanders Ottawa Senators Philadelphia Flyers San Jose Sharks Seattle Kraken Tampa Bay Lightning Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights (18 lists) Seasons: Atlanta Flames Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Calgary Flames Detroit Red Wings New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Tampa Bay Lightning Vegas Golden Knights Washington Capitals (11 lists) Other: Calgary Flames award winners Current NHL captains and alternate captains Defunct and relocated teams Detroit Red Wings award winners Detroit Red Wings general managers Goalscoring NHL goaltenders New York Islanders award winners Players from the United Kingdom Players with 50-goal seasons Players with five or more goals in an NHL game Seattle Kraken broadcasters (11 lists) Swedish Elite League Frölunda HC players selected in the NHL entry draft Frölunda HC seasons (2 lists) Other Ice hockey teams in Alberta Members of the Hockey Hall of Fame Triple Gold Club (3 lists) Motorsport Formula One DHL Fastest Lap Award Circuits Drivers Drivers who set a fastest lap Fatalities Grand Prix winners Grands Prix Hawthorn Memorial Trophy Lorenzo Bandini Trophy Polesitters Red-flagged races Seasons World Championship points scoring systems World Constructors' Champions World Drivers' Champions (15 lists) Grand Prix motorcycle racing World Riders' Champions World Riders' Champions 50/80cc 125cc/Moto3 250cc/Moto2 350cc 500cc/MotoGP (6 lists) Other 24 Hours of Le Mans female drivers 24 Hours of Le Mans winners Barry Sheene Medal Daytona 500 winners FIA World Endurance champions European Le Mans Series champions FIA GT Champions Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year Indianapolis 500 winners Long Beach Motorsports Walk of Fame Louis Schwitzer Award Macau Grand Prix winners Mike Kable Young Gun Award NASCAR race wins by Jeff Gordon Pau Grand Prix winners Pit Stop Challenge Winners of Triple Crown of Motorsport races World Rally Championship Drivers' champions (18 lists) Olympic and Paralympic Games Summer Medal tables: 1896 1908 1924 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 (23 lists) Paralympics medal tables: 1968 1972 2000 2008 (4 lists) Medalists: 2008 Art competitions Badminton Baseball Basketball Equestrian Softball Swimming (Australian) Table tennis Volleyball (10 lists) Venues: 1948 2008 2010 (Youth Olympics) (3 lists) Other: Olympic records in athletics Olympic records in swimming Participating nations Swimming at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Qualification Val Barker Trophy winners (5 lists) Winter Medal tables: 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 (23 lists) Paralympics medal tables: 2010 (1 list) Medalists: 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1984 1992 1998 2002 2006 2010 Alpine skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Short-track speed skating Skeleton Snowboarding Speed skating (26 lists) Venues: 1952 1994 2010 (3 lists) Other: Olympic ice hockey players for the Soviet Union Olympic men's ice hockey players for Canada Olympic men's ice hockey players for Poland Olympic men's ice hockey players for Switzerland Olympic men's ice hockey players for the United States Olympic women's ice hockey players for Canada Olympic women's ice hockey players for the United States Participating nations (8 lists) Other Olympic medalists for Malaysia Olympic medalists for Singapore Slovenia at the Olympics (3 lists) Poker 2007 World Series of Poker Europe 2007 World Series of Poker results 2008 World Series of Poker Europe 2008 World Series of Poker results Poker Hall of Fame World Series of Poker Main Event champions World Series of Poker ladies champions (7 lists) Professional wrestling Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre Current champions World Heavyweight Champions World Light Heavyweight Champions World Middleweight Champions World Mini-Estrellas Championship World Tag Team Champions World Trios Champions World Welterweight Champions World Women's Championship (9 lists) Mexican National Championships Heavyweight Light Heavyweight Lightweight Mini-Estrella Tag Team Trios Welterweight (7 lists) National Wrestling Alliance Hall of Fame Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship World Light Heavyweight Championship World Middleweight Championship World Welterweight Championship World Women's Championship Wrestling Legends Hall of Heroes (7 lists) World Championship Wrestling Hall of Fame Hardcore Champions International World Heavyweight Championship Light Heavyweight Championship United States Tag Team Championship World Heavyweight Champions World Tag Team Champions World Television Champions (8 lists) World Wrestling Entertainment Champions: Champions Cruiserweight (1996–2007) Divas ECW World Heavyweight European Intercontinental Light Heavyweight United States Women's (1956–2010) World Heavyweight (2002–2013) World Tag Team (1971–2010) World Tag Team (12 lists) Other: 2008 Draft 2009 Draft 2010 Draft Celebrities involved with WrestleMania Former championships Hall of Fame WWE No Way Out (7 lists) Other Combat Zone Wrestling: Iron Man Championship World Junior Heavyweight Championship World Heavyweight Champions World Tag Team Champions (4 lists) New Japan Pro Wrestling: Heavyweight Championship Junior Heavyweight Championship (2 lists) Total Nonstop Action Wrestling: Knockouts World Champions TNA Television Champions World Champions World Tag Team Champions X Division Champions (5 lists) Other: AAA Mega Championship ECW Television Champions ECW Tag Team Champions MCW Heavyweight Championship PWG World Champions PWG World Tag Team Champions ROH World Champions ROH World Tag Team Champions Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (9 lists) Rugby Rugby league National Rugby League golden point games Rugby League World Cup hat-tricks (2 lists) Rugby union International tries: Bryan Habana Jonah Lomu Brian O'Driscoll Shane Williams (4 lists) Other: 1888–89 New Zealand Native football team matches International Rugby Players Men's Try of the Year Rugby World Cup finals Rugby World Cup hat-tricks Seattle Seawolves seasons Six Nations Championship hat-tricks Tri Nations Series champions World Rugby Men's 15s Player of the Year (8 lists) Running Winners of the Amsterdam Marathon Winners of the Boston Marathon Winners of the Chicago Marathon Winners of the London Marathon Winners of the New York City Marathon (5 lists) Tennis Australian Open Men's Singles champions Davis Cup champions French Open Men's Singles champions Mikhail Youzhny career statistics US Open Men's Singles champions Wimbledon Gentlemen's Singles champions (6 lists) Other sports Multi-sport awards BBC Sports Personality of the Year: BBC Sports Personality of the Year Main award Helen Rollason Award Lifetime Achievement Award Team of the Year Award Unsung Hero Award World Sport Star (7 lists) ESPY Awards: Arthur Ashe Courage Award Best MLS Player Best Female Action Sports Athlete Best Female Athlete with a Disability Best Fighter Best Male Action Sports Athlete Best Male Athlete with a Disability Jimmy V Award (8 lists) Laureus World Sports Awards: Action Sportsperson of the Year Breakthrough of the Year Comeback of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award Spirit of Sport Award Sport for Good Award Sportsman of the Year Sportsperson of the Year with a Disability Sportswoman of the Year Team of the Year (10 lists) Other: Dutch Athlete of the Year Khel Ratna Award Lionel Conacher Award Northern Star Award Sportsperson of the Year (Czechoslovakia) (5 lists) Other 2007 Pan American Games medal table 2009 Mediterranean Games medal table Academic All-America Team Members of the Year The Boat Race results Gordon Bennett Cup (ballooning) Night of Legends awards Puerto Rican boxing world champions Red Bull Air Race World Championship winners Swimming World Swimmers of the Year Venues of the 2010 Commonwealth Games Yukon Quest competitors (11 lists) Recreation Best in Show winners of Crufts Best in Show winners of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show Canada's Wonderland attractions Changeling: The Dreaming books Female chess grandmasters Kings Island attractions Mage: The Ascension books Rock-climbing equipment Tata Steel Chess Tournament Vampire: The Masquerade books World Chess Championships (11 lists) American football National Football League Annual leaders: Interceptions Passing touchdowns Passing yards Receiving touchdowns Receiving yards Receptions Rushing touchdowns Rushing yards Scoring (9 lists) Awards: AP NFL Assistant Coach of the Year AP NFL Defensive Player of the Year AP NFL Most Valuable Player AP NFL Offensive Player of the Year Bart Starr Award Super Bowl Most Valuable Player (6 lists) Drafts: 2001 NFL draft 2002 NFL expansion draft 2007 NFL draft 2012 NFL draft (4 lists) First-round draft picks: Arizona Cardinals Atlanta Falcons Baltimore Ravens Buffalo Bills Carolina Panthers Chicago Bears Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Dallas Cowboys Denver Broncos Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Los Angeles Rams Las Vegas Raiders Miami Dolphins Minnesota Vikings New Orleans Saints New England Patriots New York Giants New York Jets Philadelphia Eagles Pittsburgh Steelers San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Tampa Bay Buccaneers Tennessee Titans Washington Commanders (32 lists) Draft picks: Detroit Lions (draft history) Detroit Lions (1936–1969) Detroit Lions (1970–present) Green Bay Packers (draft history) Green Bay Packers (1936–1969) Green Bay Packers (1970–present) (6 lists) Head coaches: Atlanta Falcons Arizona Cardinals Buffalo Bills Chicago Bears Cleveland Browns Denver Broncos Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Indianapolis Colts Kansas City Chiefs Las Vegas Raiders Los Angeles Chargers Los Angeles Rams New England Patriots New Orleans Saints New York Giants New York Jets Philadelphia Eagles Pittsburgh Steelers San Francisco 49ers Tennessee Titans Washington Commanders (22 lists) Seasons: Atlanta Falcons Baltimore Ravens Carolina Panthers Chicago Bears Dallas Cowboys Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Los Angeles Chargers Los Angeles Rams Minnesota Vikings New England Patriots New Orleans Saints New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Seattle Seahawks Tampa Bay Buccaneers Tennessee Titans Washington Commanders (21 lists) Starting quarterbacks: Green Bay Packers Los Angeles Chargers Los Angeles Rams (3 lists) Other: Detroit Lions NFL All-Decade Team selections Detroit Lions Pro Bowl selections Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame Green Bay Packers Associated Press All-Pro selections Green Bay Packers all-time roster Green Bay Packers award winners Green Bay Packers general managers Green Bay Packers in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Green Bay Packers NFL All-Decade Team selections Green Bay Packers NFL All-Rookie Team selections Green Bay Packers NFL Anniversary All-Time Team selections Green Bay Packers presidents Green Bay Packers players Green Bay Packers Pro Bowl selections Green Bay Packers retired numbers Green Bay Packers stadiums Green Bay Packers team records NFL career passing touchdowns leaders NFL champions (1920–1969) NFL tied games Packers Heritage Trail Super Bowl champions (22 lists) College football Bowl games: Alabama Crimson Tide Texas Tech Red Raiders UConn Huskies Virginia Tech Hokies (4 lists) Head coaches: Alabama Crimson Tide Arkansas Razorbacks Auburn Tigers Baylor Bears Clemson Tigers Colorado Buffaloes East Carolina Pirates Georgia Bulldogs Iowa State Cyclones Kansas Jayhawks Kansas State Wildcats LSU Tigers Missouri Tigers Nebraska Cornhuskers Navy Midshipmen Oklahoma Sooners Oklahoma State Cowboys Tennessee Volunteers Texas Longhorns Texas A&M Aggies Texas Tech Red Raiders Vanderbilt Commodores Washington & Jefferson Presidents (23 lists) Players in the NFL draft: Arkansas Razorbacks East Carolina Pirates North Carolina Tar Heels Oklahoma Sooners Texas Tech Red Raiders UConn Huskies (6 lists) Seasons: Alabama Crimson Tide Appalachian State Mountaineers East Carolina Pirates Maryland Terrapins Oklahoma Sooners Texas Tech Red Raiders UAB Blazers Virginia Tech Hokies (8 lists) Other: 2009 All-America college football team Atlantic Coast Conference football champions Football Academic All-America Team Members of the Year Heisman Trophy winners Maryland Terrapins football honorees (5 lists) Other American football teams in the United Kingdom (1 list) Asian Games Summer Medal tables: 1974 1982 1998 2002 2010 (5 lists) Winter Medal tables: 2025 (1 list) Association football British club football Awards: Cymru Premier Golden Boot FWA Footballer of the Year PFA Players' Player of the Year PFA Scotland Players' Player of the Year PFA Young Player of the Year Premier League Golden Boot Premier League Golden Glove Premier League Manager of the Month Premier League Manager of the Season Premier League Player of the Month Premier League Player of the Season SFWA Footballer of the Year (12 lists) League records and statistics: Cymru Premier clubs Former English Football League clubs Record home attendances of English football clubs Scottish football clubs in the FA Cup Scottish Football League clubs (5 lists) League records by opponent: Arsenal F.C. Birmingham City F.C. Cardiff City F.C. Liverpool F.C. Luton Town F.C. Manchester United F.C. Sheffield United F.C. York City F.C. (8 lists) Managers: Current Premier League and English Football League managers English football championship–winning managers Arsenal F.C. Aston Villa F.C. Birmingham City F.C. Bristol Rovers F.C. Burnley F.C. Cardiff City F.C. Celtic F.C. Everton F.C. Gillingham F.C. Ipswich Town F.C. Liverpool F.C. Luton Town F.C. Manchester City F.C. Manchester United F.C. Norwich City F.C. Oxford United F.C. Sunderland A.F.C. Tranmere Rovers F.C. York City F.C. (21 lists) Players of the Year: Arsenal Ipswich Town F.C. Norwich City F.C. Plymouth Argyle F.C. Watford F.C. York City F.C. (6 lists) Players: Arsenal F.C. (1–24 appearances) Arsenal F.C. (25–99 appearances) Arsenal F.C. (100+ appearances) Aston Villa F.C. Birmingham City F.C. (1–24 appearances) Birmingham City F.C. (25–99 appearances) Birmingham City F.C. (100+ appearances) Bristol Rovers F.C. Burnley F.C. Cardiff City F.C. (25–99 appearances) Cardiff City F.C. (100+ appearances) Gillingham F.C. (1–24 appearances) Gillingham F.C. (25–49 appearances) Gillingham F.C. (50+ appearances) Ipswich Town F.C. Lincoln City F.C. Liverpool F.C. (1–24 appearances) Liverpool F.C. (25–99 appearances) Liverpool F.C. (100+ appearances) Manchester United F.C. (1–24 appearances) Manchester United F.C. (25–99 appearances) Manchester United F.C. (100+ appearances) Oxford United F.C. Plymouth Argyle F.C. Queens Park Rangers F.C. Sunderland A.F.C. Tranmere Rovers F.C. Watford F.C. Wanderers F.C. (FA Cup–winning) York City F.C. players (1–24 appearances) York City F.C. players (25–99 appearances) York City F.C. (100+ appearances) (32 lists) Seasons: Arsenal F.C. Arsenal W.F.C. Aston Villa F.C. Bath City F.C. Birmingham City F.C. Bradford City A.F.C. Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. Burnley F.C. Cardiff City F.C. F.C. United of Manchester Gillingham F.C. Hull City A.F.C. Ipswich Town F.C. Leeds United F.C. Lincoln City F.C. Liverpool F.C. Luton Town F.C. Manchester City F.C. Manchester United F.C. Margate F.C. Nelson F.C. Plymouth Argyle F.C. Queens Park Rangers F.C. Scarborough F.C. Sunderland A.F.C. Watford F.C. West Bromwich Albion F.C. York City F.C. (28 lists) Records and statistics: Arsenal F.C. Aston Villa F.C. Birmingham City F.C. Burnley F.C. Cardiff City F.C. Gillingham F.C. Ipswich Town F.C. Liverpool F.C. Luton Town F.C. Manchester United F.C. Oxford United F.C. York City F.C. (12 lists) Other: Cardiff City F.C. internationals EFL Cup finals FA Community Shield matches FA Cup finals FA Amateur Cup finals FA Trophy finals FA Vase finals Ipswich Town F.C. Hall of Fame Premier League hat-tricks Premier League winning players (10 lists) International Goals scored: Emmanuel Adebayor Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang Gareth Bale Tim Cahill Bobby Charlton Sunil Chhetri Ali Daei Clint Dempsey Alfredo Di Stéfano Landon Donovan Didier Drogba Radamel Falcao Olivier Giroud David Healy Thierry Henry Javier Hernández Zlatan Ibrahimović Harry Kane Robbie Keane Miroslav Klose Romelu Lukaku Hassan Maatouk Benni McCarthy Manon Melis Lionel Messi Vivianne Miedema Aleksandar Mitrović Henrikh Mkhitaryan Pelé Gigi Riva Cristiano Ronaldo Wayne Rooney Ian Rush Alexis Sánchez Andriy Shevchenko Kelly Smith Luis Suárez Davor Šuker Fernando Torres Robin van Persie David Villa Abby Wambach Ellen White Phil Younghusband (44 lists) Footballers: Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan France Germany Israel Lebanon (born outside Lebanon) Scotland Slovenia Wales (12 lists) National football team results: Faroe Islands (1988–2019) Gibraltar Montserrat Scotland (1872–1914) Wales (1876–1899) Wales (1900–1914) Wales (1920–1939) Wales (1946–1959) Wales (1960–1979) Wales (1980–1999) (10 lists) National football team hat-tricks: England India Italy Republic of Ireland Scotland Wales (6 lists) Other: UEFA European Championship winning managers FIFA Women's World Cup finals FIFA World Cup hat-tricks FIFA World Cup finals List of FIFA World Cup top goalscorers FIFA World Cup winning managers France national football team captains Intercontinental Cup winning managers Timeline of Scottish football Serie A Footballer of the Year UEFA European Championship finals (11 lists) American and Canadian soccer Seasons: Major League Soccer National Women's Soccer League Chivas USA New England Revolution New York Cosmos (1971–1985) Seattle Sounders (1974–1983) Seattle Reign FC Seattle Sounders FC Tacoma Defiance (9 lists) Other: All-time Austin Aztex FC roster Chivas USA managers MLS Cup finals New England Revolution managers New York Cosmos (1970–1985) all-stars Seattle Sounders FC draft picks Seattle Sounders FC players (7 lists) Other Awards: 2022 Ballon d'Or AIFF Player of the Year Awards Ballon d'Or European Golden Shoe Lesley Manyathela Golden Boot (5 lists) National champions and cup winners: Danish English French Israel State Cup Israeli Italian Scottish Slovenian Spanish Turkish (10 lists) Players: FC Barcelona Brisbane Roar FC Central Coast Mariners FC Malmö FF NK Maribor S.L. Benfica (25–99 appearances) S.L. Benfica (100+ appearances) (7 lists) Seasons: ACF Fiorentina FC Barcelona Malmö FF NK Maribor Real Madrid CF Rosenborg BK (6 lists) UEFA club statistics: European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals European Cup and UEFA Champions League winning managers UEFA Champions League hat-tricks UEFA club competition winning managers UEFA club competition winners UEFA Conference League finals UEFA Cup and Europa League finals UEFA Cup and Europa League–winning managers UEFA Cup Winners' Cup finals UEFA Cup Winners' Cup winning managers UEFA Intertoto Cup winners UEFA Intertoto Cup winning managers UEFA Super Cup matches UEFA Super Cup winning managers (14 lists) Other: Amsterdam Tournament Copa Libertadores finals Coppa Italia finals Emirates Cup FC Barcelona records and statistics FC Barcelona presidents FC Porto records and statistics Intercontinental Cup matches Joan Gamper Trophy Malmö FF chairmen Malmö FF in European football Malmö FF league record by opponent Malmö FF managers Malmö FF records and statistics Premier League Asia Trophy Rosenborg BK in European football Rosenborg BK records and statistics Serie A Coach of the Year Serie A Player of the Month (19 lists) Australian rules football 2016 AFL Rising Star 2017 AFL Rising Star 2017 AFL Women's Rising Star 2018 AFL Women's Rising Star AFL debuts in 2008 AFL Rising Star Coleman Medal Gold Coast Suns players Keith 'Bluey' Truscott Trophy Norm Smith Medal (10 lists) Baseball College 1991 College Baseball All-America Team 1992 College Baseball All-America Team 1993 College Baseball All-America Team 1994 College Baseball All-America Team Baseball Academic All-America Team Members of the Year Golden Spikes Award (6 lists) Major League Baseball Gold Glove Award: Gold Glove Award First base Second base Third base Shortstop Outfield Catcher Pitcher (8 lists) Silver Slugger Award: Silver Slugger Award First base Second base Third base Shortstop Outfield Catcher Pitcher Designated hitter (9 lists) Other awards: All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Babe Ruth Award Branch Rickey Award Comeback Player of the Year Award Commissioner's Historic Achievement Award Cy Young Award Dick Howser Trophy Edgar Martínez Award Hutch Award Hank Aaron Award League Championship Series Most Valuable Player Award Lou Gehrig Memorial Award Luis Aparicio Award Major League Baseball awards Major League Baseball Manager of the Year Award Most Valuable Player Award Marvin Miller Man of the Year Award Reliever of the Year Award Roberto Clemente Award Rolaids Relief Man Award Rookie of the Year Award Tip O'Neill Award Warren Spahn Award World Series Most Valuable Player Award (24 lists) First-round draft picks: First overall draft picks Arizona Diamondbacks Athletics Atlanta Braves Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox Chicago Cubs Chicago White Sox Cincinnati Reds Cleveland Guardians Colorado Rockies Detroit Tigers Houston Astros Kansas City Royals Los Angeles Angels Los Angeles Dodgers Miami Marlins Milwaukee Brewers Minnesota Twins New York Mets New York Yankees Philadelphia Phillies Pittsburgh Pirates San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Seattle Mariners St. Louis Cardinals Tampa Bay Rays Texas Rangers Toronto Blue Jays Washington Nationals (31 lists) Managers: Major League Baseball managers Athletics Atlanta Braves Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox Chicago Cubs Chicago White Sox Cincinnati Reds Cleveland Guardians Houston Astros Kansas City Royals Los Angeles Angels Louisville Colonels Miami Marlins Milwaukee Brewers Minnesota Twins New York Mets New York Yankees Philadelphia Phillies Pittsburgh Pirates San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers Toronto Blue Jays Washington Nationals (26 lists) Opening Day starting pitchers: Arizona Diamondbacks Atlanta Braves Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox Chicago Cubs Chicago White Sox Cincinnati Reds Cleveland Guardians Colorado Rockies Houston Astros Kansas City Royals Los Angeles Angels Los Angeles Dodgers Miami Marlins Milwaukee Brewers New York Mets New York Yankees Philadelphia Phillies San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Seattle Mariners Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Washington Nationals (24 lists) Seasons: Arizona Diamondbacks Boston Red Sox New York Mets New York Yankees Philadelphia Phillies Seattle Mariners St. Louis Cardinals Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays (9 lists) General statistics and records: 20–20–20 club 30–30 club 50 home run club 300 save club 300-win club 500 home run club 3,000-hit club 3,000 strikeout club Annual ERA leaders Annual home run leaders Annual runs batted in leaders Annual strikeout leaders Annual wins leaders Batting champions Career on-base percentage leaders Career triples leaders Highest-paid Major League Baseball players Pitchers who have thrown an immaculate inning Players to hit for the cycle Players with a .400 batting average in a season Players with a home run in their first major league at bat Single-game grand slam leaders Single-game hits leaders Single-game home run leaders Single-game runs batted in leaders Single-game strikeout leaders Single-inning home run leaders Single-inning strikeout leaders Triple Crown (29 lists) Statistics and records by team or by player: Athletics team records Atlanta Braves team records Miami Marlins team records Milestone home runs by Barry Bonds New York Yankees no-hitters New York Yankees team records Philadelphia Phillies no-hitters Philadelphia Phillies team records San Diego Padres team records Seattle Mariners team records (10 lists) Postseason: American League pennant winners National League pennant winners World Series champions (3 lists) All-time rosters: Boston Reds (1890–1891) Cleveland Blues (NL) Hartford Dark Blues Kansas City Cowboys (AA) Philadelphia Athletics (1890–1891) Providence Grays Worcester Worcesters (7 lists) Other: 1987 Major League Baseball draft 1992 expansion draft All-Star Final Vote Boston Red Sox captains Jewish Major League Baseball players New York Yankees owners and executives Philadelphia Phillies owners and executives Players from Australia Players from Puerto Rico Members of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Philadelphia Phillies Wall of Fame Player–managers Tie-breakers (13 lists) Pacific Coast League Nashville Sounds all-time roster Nashville Sounds awards, All-Stars, and league leaders Nashville Sounds broadcasters Nashville Sounds coaches Nashville Sounds managers Nashville Sounds owners and executives Nashville Sounds seasons Nashville Sounds team records (8 lists) Other Huntsville Stars seasons Memphis Chicks (Southern League) managers Memphis Chicks (Southern League) seasons Nashville Vols all-time roster Nashville Xpress all-time roster Nippon Professional Baseball players to hit for the cycle Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders seasons Vancouver Canadians seasons (8 lists) Basketball National Basketball Association Awards and trophies: 50 Greatest Players in NBA History All-NBA Team IBM Award J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award NBA All-Defensive Team NBA All-Rookie Team NBA All-Stars NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player NBA awards NBA champions NBA Coach of the Year NBA Defensive Player of the Year NBA Executive of the Year NBA Finals Most Valuable Player NBA Most Improved Player NBA Most Valuable Player NBA Rookie of the Year NBA Sixth Man of the Year NBA Sportsmanship Award Three-Point Contest (20 lists) Draft picks: 1966 NBA expansion draft 1970 NBA draft 1970 NBA expansion draft 1973 NBA draft 1984 NBA draft 2003 NBA draft 2004 NBA draft 2007 NBA draft 2008 NBA draft 2012 NBA draft First overall NBA draft picks Houston Rockets draft history Los Angeles Lakers draft history Memphis Grizzlies draft history Minnesota Timberwolves draft history New Orleans Pelicans draft history Orlando Magic draft history Portland Trail Blazers draft history NBA territorial pick Toronto Raptors draft history (20 lists) Head coaches: Atlanta Hawks Boston Celtics Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Denver Nuggets Detroit Pistons Golden State Warriors Houston Rockets Indiana Pacers Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Memphis Grizzlies Milwaukee Bucks New Jersey Nets New York Knicks Oklahoma City Thunder Philadelphia 76ers Phoenix Suns Portland Trail Blazers Sacramento Kings San Antonio Spurs Washington Wizards (22 lists) Seasons: Chicago Bulls Houston Rockets Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks Phoenix Suns Portland Trail Blazers Seattle SuperSonics (8 lists) Other: Annual assists leaders Annual rebounding leaders Annual scoring leaders Annual steals leaders Career achievements by Kobe Bryant Charlotte Hornets all-time roster Defunct teams Game sevens Highest-scoring games Houston Rockets accomplishments and records North Carolina Tar Heels in the NBA draft Player-coaches Portland Trail Blazers all-time roster (13 lists) National Collegiate Athletic Association Awards, honors and trophies: 2009 Men's Basketball All-Americans 2010 Men's Basketball 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Grey Cup champions Vanier Cup (3 lists) Cricket English Grounds: Derbyshire County Cricket Club Essex County Cricket Club Gloucestershire County Cricket Club Hampshire County Cricket Club Leicestershire County Cricket Club Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club Somerset County Cricket Club Sussex County Cricket Club Warwickshire County Cricket Club (9 lists) England cricket team Test results: 1877–1914 1920–1939 1946–1959 1960–1974 1975–1989 1990–2004 (6 lists) Other: Cornwall County Cricket Club List A players Cricket Writers' Club Young Cricketer of the Year English Twenty20 cricket champions Official County Championship winners PCA Player of the Year awards Somerset CCC Twenty20 players Somerset CCC players with 100 or more first-class or List A appearances Walter Lawrence Trophy (8 lists) Indian Premier League Overall: Centuries Five-wicket hauls (2 lists) Cricketers by team: Deccan Chargers Delhi Capitals Pune Warriors India Punjab Kings Sunrisers Hyderabad (5 lists) International Test cricketers: India (women) Pakistan (women) South Africa (women) (3 lists) One Day International cricketers: Afghanistan African XI Asian XI Bermuda Hong Kong India (women) Ireland Kenya Namibia Scotland South Africa (women) United States World XI (13 lists) Twenty20 International cricketers: Afghanistan Australia Bermuda England India India (women) Pakistan Pakistan (women) South Africa (women) Sri Lanka (10 lists) Other cricketers: Australian Cricket Hall of Fame Bowlers who have taken a wicket with their first ball in a format of international cricket Champions League Twenty20 captains Cricketers who have carried the bat in international cricket Cricketers who have played for two international teams ICC Cricket Hall of Fame ICC Women's Cricketer of the Year Wisden Cricketers of the Year (8 lists) Centuries: Asia Cup centuries Centuries in women's One Day International cricket Centuries in women's Twenty20 International cricket Centuries scored on Test cricket debut Cricket World Cup centuries Cricketers who have scored centuries in both innings of a Test match First-class cricket quadruple centuries ICC Champions Trophy centuries Men's T20 World Cup centuries One Day International cricket centuries scored on debut Ranji Trophy triple centuries Test cricket triple centuries Under-19 Cricket World Cup centuries World Series Cricket international centuries Women's Test cricket centuries (15 lists) Centuries at stadium: Bellerive Oval Brabourne Stadium Eden Gardens Kensington Oval Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium (5 lists) Centuries by cricketer: Hashim Amla Saeed Anwar Nathan Astle Babar Azam Mohammad Azharuddin Ian Bell David Boon Allan Border Don Bradman Shivnarine Chanderpaul Greg Chappell Michael Clarke Alastair Cook Aravinda de Silva AB de Villiers Rahul Dravid Sourav Ganguly Sunil Gavaskar Chris Gayle Herschelle Gibbs Adam Gilchrist Graham Gooch David Gower Inzamam-ul-Haq Matthew Hayden Sanath Jayasuriya Mahela Jayawardene Jacques Kallis Younis Khan Gary Kirsten Virat Kohli Brian Lara Javed Miandad Kevin Pietersen Ricky Ponting Viv Richards Joe Root Kumar Sangakkara Virender Sehwag Rohit Sharma Graeme Smith Steve Smith Garfield Sobers Andrew Strauss Ross Taylor Sachin Tendulkar Marcus Trescothick David Warner Mark Waugh Steve Waugh Kane Williamson Mohammad Yousuf (52 lists) Five-wicket hauls: Asia Cup five-wicket hauls Cricket World Cup five-wicket hauls Five-wicket hauls in Twenty20 International cricket Five-wicket hauls in women's One Day International cricket Five-wicket hauls in women's Twenty20 International cricket ICC Champions Trophy five-wicket hauls Five-wicket hauls on One Day International debut India cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut New Zealand cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut Pakistan cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut South Africa cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut West Indies cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut Women's Test cricketers who have taken five wickets on debut (13 lists) Five-wicket hauls at stadium: Brabourne Stadium M. A. Chidambaram Stadium McLean Park Riverside Ground Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium (5 lists) Five-wicket hauls by cricketer: Shoaib Akhtar Wasim Akram Curtly Ambrose James Anderson Ravichandran Ashwin Sydney Barnes Richie Benaud Ian Botham Stuart Broad B. S. Chandrasekhar Kapil Dev Allan Donald Richard Hadlee Mitchell Johnson Danish Kaneria Imran Khan Anil Kumble Brett Lee Dennis Lillee Nathan Lyon Malcolm Marshall Glenn McGrath Muttiah Muralitharan Saqlain Mushtaq Abdul Qadir Shakib Al Hasan Harbhajan Singh Dale Steyn Graeme Swann Fred Trueman Chaminda Vaas Courtney Walsh Shane Warne Waqar Younis (34 lists) Records by opponent: India India (women) Ireland (women) New Zealand (women) Pakistan Pakistan (women) South Africa (women) (7 lists) Other records and statistics: Ashes series Australia Test cricket records Bowlers who have taken 300 or more wickets in Test cricket Cricket World Cup records England Test cricket records One Day International cricket hat-tricks Players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in One Day International cricket Sri Lanka Test cricket records Test cricket hat-tricks Test cricket records Tied Twenty20 Internationals Tied One Day Internationals Unusual dismissals in international cricket Women's international cricket hat-tricks (14 lists) Other: 2006 ICC Champions Trophy squads 2007 Cricket World Cup squads 2009 Women's Cricket World Cup squads 2013 Women's Cricket World Cup squads 2024 Men's T20 World Cup qualification 2024 Men's T20 World Cup squads Cricket World Cup finals Frank Worrell Trophy ICC Future Tours Programme International Cricket Council members Men's T20 World Cup tournaments Trans-Tasman Trophy Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World (13 lists) Other Bangladesh Premier League captains Cricketers called for throwing in top-class cricket matches in Australia First-class cricket centuries by W. G. Grace I Zingari first-class cricketers (4 lists) Cue sports Snooker world rankings: 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 (19 lists) Other: 2018 in cue sports 2019 in cue sports 2020 in cue sports Snooker Triple Crown finals UK Open Billiards Championship winners Women's Professional Billiards Championship Women's Professional Snooker Championship World number one snooker players World Snooker Championship winners World Women's Billiards Championship (10 lists) Cycling Classification winners: Giro d'Italia general classification winners Grand Tour general classification winners Tour de France general classification winners Vuelta a España general classification winners (4 lists) Teams and cyclists: 1962 Tour de France 2009 Giro d'Italia 2012 Tour de France 2013 Tour de France 2014 Tour de France 2015 Giro d'Italia 2015 Tour de France 2015 Vuelta a España 2016 Tour de France (9 lists) Other: Highest points reached in the Tour de France Racing cyclists and pacemakers with a cycling-related death UCI Road World Championships – Men's time trial (3 lists) Figure skating Championships: Canada Czech Republic East Germany Estonia Europe Four Continents Great Britain Hungary North America Sweden Ukraine United States World World Junior (14 lists) Other: Career achievements by Yuzuru Hanyu Grand Prix de France Grand Prix of Figure Skating Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final World Figure Skating Championships cumulative medal count (5 lists) Golf Ladies Professional Golf Association: Chevron Championship winners U.S. Women's Open champions (2 lists) Professional Golfers' Association: Masters Tournament champions Masters Tournament Par 3 Contest Men's major championships winning golfers The Open Championship champions PGA Championship champions Ryder Cup matches U.S. Open champions (7 lists) Ice hockey American Hockey League Calder Cup champions Coachella Valley Firebirds players Grand Rapids Griffins players (3 lists) Canadian Hockey League Ed Chynoweth Cup Memorial Cup champions (2 lists) International Ice Hockey Federation World Championship rosters: 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 (5 lists) Other: Members of the International Ice Hockey Federation Minnesota Golden Gophers women's ice hockey seasons World Championship medalists World Junior Championship medalists World Junior Championship players for Canada Men's World Ice Hockey Championship players for Canada (1977–present) (6 lists) National Hockey League Awards and trophies: Art Ross Trophy Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy Calder Memorial Trophy Clarence S. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in List of ghost towns in Oklahoma Français Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item The U.S. state of Oklahoma has an estimated two thousand ghost towns . These towns began for a number of reasons, often as liquor towns, boomtowns , or mining towns , with some pre-dating statehood. The population and activity later declined in these locations due to the exhaustion of natural resources , manmade or natural disasters , urbanization , the creation of a water source, or after being bypassed by highways and interstates. These places vary in their current states with some having completely disappeared while others still have small communities. A small number have also gained notability for other reasons, such as being part of the Tar Creek Superfund site , for existing in an unusual location, or for crimes. The earliest known ghost town in the state was said to have been one by 1839 while the latest were evacuated in 2010. Top History List of ghost towns A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T V W Y Z See also Notes References Further reading External links History Oklahoma is a U.S. state in the South Central region of the United States . It has the nation's twenty-eighth largest population and ranks twentieth in terms of land area in the United States . [ 1 ] There are an estimated two thousand ghost towns within the state. [ 2 ] Many of these sites emerged quickly for various reasons. Prior to statehood , these were often "liquor towns" (or "whiskey towns"), located in Oklahoma Territory which served alcohol to adjacent residents of Indian Territory , a then- dry territory . Similarly, towns in the Oklahoma panhandle (then called "No Man's Land") were a place for lawlessness where alcohol was also served to residents of the surrounding towns in Kansas and Texas where it was otherwise prohibited. In later years, after Oklahoma was admitted to the union , several boomtowns were established after the discovery of natural resources , such as oil or petroleum jelly . Several mining towns also took form when lead , zinc , gold , or coal was discovered. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Over time, these towns ceased to exist for a variety of reasons. Some towns diminished as the natural resources were exhausted and the population moved to other locations. The residents in other places frequently relocated to be closer to newly-laid railroad tracks, a post office, a water source, or larger cities . Some towns were abandoned when the townspeople were displaced after manmade and natural disasters such as tornadoes , fires (both wild and arson ), floods , sinkholes , or being declared a superfund site . A number of places were also demolished to create artificial lakes and dams . In later years, many towns faded away when they were bypassed by the U.S. Numbered Highway System , and later the Interstate Highway System . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Ghost towns in Oklahoma have been extensively researched and documented in two books, both released by the University of Oklahoma Press : Ghost Towns of Oklahoma (1978) by John W. Morris and Here Today: Oklahoma's Ghost Towns, Vanishing Towns, and Towns Persisting Against the Odds (2024) by Jeffrey B. Schmidt. The definition of "ghost town" varies from author to author. Morris, for example, classified them as such if they met one of three criteria: places that no longer exist and have no physical evidence remaining, places in which structures remain but have been abandoned and are unused, or places where the population has decreased eighty percent or more from its peak. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Schmidt, meanwhile, had a lower threshold for population decline and placed listed towns into one of five specific categories—Barren Site, Neglected Site, Abandoned Site, Semi-Abandoned Site, or Historic Community—which are used as a methodology to describe the locations' then-statuses. While still covering historic communities in his book, Schmidt did not consider them to meet the criteria of a ghost town. Further definitions of what a ghost town is have been shaped by various other authors whose scope often extends outside of Oklahoma itself. [ 4 ] Oklahoma's ghost towns are in various states of existence. The locations of Autwine and Zincville , among others, have very little to no physical evidence remaining, such as ruins or foundations, and have been reverted for agricultural use. Other locations are similar to those of Gotebo and Warwick and may still have abandoned buildings or even a community that contains businesses, schools, or a local government, and in which citizens reside. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] A few ghost towns have also become particularly notable in their own right for other reasons. For example, Picher has been referred to as the most toxic town in America, [ a ] while residents in Texola were classified as both Oklahomans and Texans because the town was surveyed eight different times, often with different results about whether the area actually existed in Oklahoma or Texas. [ 13 ] Kenton is known for being the only place in Oklahoma to observe Mountain Time [ 14 ] and Shamrock rose to notoriety after it was discovered that local law enforcement were issuing illegal traffic tickets because they were not actually police officers to begin with. [ 15 ] List of ghost towns Abandoned church building in Meridian, Oklahoma Abandoned duplex housing units in Picher, Oklahoma , the most recent ghost town in Oklahoma Abandoned convenience store with an attached gas station in Shamrock, Oklahoma Abandoned high school in Skedee, Oklahoma Abandoned restaurant and service station in Texola, Oklahoma Town Other name(s) County Existed [ c ] Current remnants/status Ref(s). Incorporated Dissolved Academy Armstrong Academy, Chahta Tamaha Bryan 1844 c. 1921 Foundations and cemetery [ 16 ] Acme — .mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap} N/a Grady 1911 1930 Residences and ruins [ 17 ] Adamson — N/a Pittsburg c. early 1900s 1950 Residences and grocery stores [ 18 ] Addington — N/a Jefferson 1901 c. 1930s Businesses and abandoned structures [ 19 ] Afton — N/a Ottawa 1886 1997 Small community and abandoned structures [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Akins — N/a Sequoyah 1894 1943 Few residents in an agricultural community [ 22 ] Aline — N/a Alfalfa 1894 2000 Small community and abandoned structures [ 23 ] Alluwe Lightning Creek Nowata c. 1880s c. 1950s Current site of Oologah Lake [ 24 ] Alpha — N/a Kingfisher 1893 1902 None [ 25 ] [ 26 ] America — N/a McCurtain 1907 1944 Current site of the Ouachita National Forest [ 27 ] [ 28 ] Atwood Newburg Hughes 1897 1967 Small community and abandoned structures [ 29 ] Autwine Virginia City Kay 1899 1930 None [ 30 ] Avard — N/a Woods 1904 2010 Restaurant, grain elevator, and abandoned structures [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Avery — N/a Lincoln 1902 1957 Residences and abandoned structures [ 33 ] Beer City White City Texas 1888 1890 Agricultural use [ 34 ] Benton — N/a Beaver c. early 1880s 1920 Agricultural use [ 35 ] Bernice Needmore Delaware c. late 1880s 1941 Current site of Grand Lake o' the Cherokees [ 36 ] Bessie — N/a Washita 1903 1950s Small community [ 37 ] Bickford — N/a Blaine 1904 1929 Current site of Roman Nose State Park [ 38 ] Bigheart [ d ] — N/a Osage 1905 1921 Few structures [ 39 ] Big Cedar Bigcedar LeFlore 1903 1943 Gas stations and John F. Kennedy monument [ 40 ] Blackburn — N/a Pawnee 1893 1960 Churches and abandoned structures [ 41 ] [ 42 ] Boggy Depot Old Boggy Depot Atoka 1837 1883 Cemetery [ 43 ] Bridgeport — N/a Caddo 1893 1909 Grocery store [ 44 ] Brinkman — N/a Greer 1910 1974 None [ 45 ] Bromide Juanita, Zenobia Coal c. early 1900s 1930 Grocery store [ 46 ] Johnston Brooksville Lelian, Sewell Pottawatomie 1909 1955 Residents and abandoned structures [ 47 ] Burke City — N/a Okfuskee 1901 c. 1903 None, flooded by North Canadian River [ 48 ] Byars — N/a McClain 1902 1964 Residences and abandoned buildings [ 49 ] Caney — N/a Atoka 1879 1960 Small community [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Cardin [ e ] [ f ] Tar River Ottawa 1913 1938 Abandoned [ 53 ] [ 54 ] 1983 2010 Carter — N/a Beckham 1900 2002 Small community [ 55 ] Catesby — N/a Ellis 1902 1970 Church [ 56 ] Cayuga — N/a Delaware 1884 1913 Structures [ 57 ] Center — N/a Pontotoc c. mid 1880s 1900 Vacant structures [ 58 ] Centralia — N/a Craig c. mid 1890s c. 1930s Store, post office, and abandoned structures [ 59 ] Cestos — N/a Dewey 1892 c. early 1920s Store and abandoned structures [ 60 ] Cherokee Town — N/a Garvin 1874 c. mid 1880s Agricultural use [ 61 ] Clearview Abelincoln, Lincoln Okfuskee 1889 1992 Residences and abandoned structures [ 62 ] Cloud Chief Tacola Washita 1892 1913 Church and abandoned structures [ 63 ] Cold Springs — N/a Kiowa 1901 c. 1903 None, cleared for West Otter Creek [ 64 ] Colony Seger's Colony Washita 1886 1941 Abandoned structures [ 65 ] Cooperton Cooper Kiowa 1899 c. 1970s Small community, population of 3 [ 66 ] Corbett — N/a Cleveland 1893 1930 Church and abandoned structures [ 67 ] Crawford — N/a Roger Mills 1910 1930 Small community and abandoned structures [ 68 ] Cromwell — N/a Seminole 1923 1930 Small community [ 69 ] Cross [ g ] — N/a Kay 1893 1894 Unknown [ 70 ] [ 5 ] Denoya Whizbang Osage 1921 c. 1930s Oil rigs and foundations [ 71 ] Devol — N/a Cotton 1907 1959 Small community [ 72 ] Doaksville Fort Towson Choctaw 1820 c. early 1900s Cemetery [ 73 ] [ 74 ] Doby Springs [ h ] Bellaire Harper 1907 1912 City of Buffalo park and water source [ 75 ] Dougherty Henderson Flat, Strawberry Flat Murray 1887 1993 Small community and abandoned structures [ 76 ] Douglas City — N/a Oklahoma c. 1890s c. 1900s Barren, wooded area [ 77 ] Douthat [ e ] Century Ottawa 1916 1970 Abandoned [ 78 ] Downs — N/a Kingfisher 1889 1900 Agricultural use [ 79 ] Eagle City Dillon Blaine 1902 1960s Small community and abandoned structures [ 80 ] [ 81 ] Eagletown Eagle, Eagle Town McCurtain 1832 1920 Abandoned structures, new eponymous townsite still inhabited [ 82 ] Earlsboro — N/a Pottawatomie 1891 1940 Businesses and abandoned structures [ 83 ] [ 84 ] Eschiti Eschite Tillman 1907 1909 Cemetery, agricultural use [ 85 ] Fallis Mission Lincoln 1892 1970 Residences and abandoned structures [ 86 ] Faxon Slogan Comanche 1902 1995 Abandoned structures [ 87 ] Fay — N/a Dewey 1894 1969 Small community and abandoned structures [ 88 ] Fleetwood — N/a Jefferson 1885 1961 Farms and abandoned structures [ 89 ] Foraker — N/a Osage 1905 c. 1930s Few residences [ 90 ] Foss — N/a Washita c. 1890s 1977 Grocery store, gas station, and abandoned structures [ 91 ] Francis Newton Pontotoc 1894 1940 Businesses and abandoned structures [ 92 ] Frazer — N/a Jackson 1886 1891 Agricultural use [ 93 ] Frisco Veteran City Canadian 1889 1905 Only cemetery remains [ 94 ] Gene Autry Berwyn, Dresden, Lou Carter 1883 1975 Small community [ 95 ] [ 96 ] Gerty Guertie, Raydon Hughes 1893 1965 Abandoned buildings remain [ 97 ] Gotebo — N/a Kiowa 1904 1990 Small community and abandoned structures [ 98 ] Gould Gibson Harmon 1917 1990 Small community and abandoned structures [ 99 ] Grand — N/a Ellis 1892 1908 Landscaping and abandoned structures [ 100 ] Grayson Wildcat Okmulgee 1897 1967 Churches and community building [ 101 ] Gray Horse — N/a Osage 1884 1931 Residences and abandoned structures [ 102 ] Hanna Hasson McIntosh 1902 1938 Schools [ 103 ] Hanson — N/a Sequoyah 1888 1910 Few residences [ 104 ] Hastings — N/a Jefferson 1902 1960s Small community [ 105 ] [ 106 ] Hess — N/a Jackson 1889 1920 Abandoned structures [ 107 ] Hitchcock — N/a Blaine 1901 1959 Small community and abandoned structures [ 108 ] Hockerville [ e ] — N/a Ottawa 1916 2010 Abandoned [ 78 ] Hollister — N/a Tillman 1909 1968 Abandoned structures and ruins [ 109 ] Independence — N/a Custer 1892 1922 None, agricultural use [ 110 ] Ingalls — N/a Payne 1889 1938 Monument [ 111 ] Ingersoll — N/a Alfalfa 1901 1942 Small community and abandoned structures [ 112 ] Ioland — N/a Ellis c. 1890s c. 1920s Nothing remains besides cemetery [ 113 ] Jefferson — N/a Grant 1866 1974 Churches and few residents [ 114 ] Jumbo — N/a Pushmataha 1906 1950s Small community [ 115 ] Kaw City — N/a Kay 1902 1970 Current site of Kaw Reservoir [ 116 ] Kenton Carrizo, Florence Cimarron 1886 1913 Museum and post office [ 117 ] [ 118 ] Keokuk Falls Keokuk Pottawatomie 1891 1918 Abandoned structure [ 119 ] [ 120 ] Knowles Sands City Beaver 1906 1966 Grocery store and post office [ 121 ] [ 122 ] Kosoma — N/a Pushmataha 1888 1954 Residences and abandoned structures [ 123 ] Lamar Scott Company Town Hughes 1908 1961 Churches and abandoned structures [ 124 ] Lehigh — N/a Coal 1880 1956 Residences and businesses [ 125 ] Lenora — N/a Dewey 1896 1955 Small community [ 126 ] Lima [ i ] — N/a Seminole 1904 1978 School and abandoned structures [ 127 ] Loco — N/a Stephens 1890 early 1980s Small community and abandoned structures [ 128 ] [ 129 ] Logan — N/a Beaver 1888 1973 Cemetery and abandoned structures [ 130 ] Lookeba — N/a Caddo 1898 1960 Small community [ 131 ] Lost City — N/a Cherokee early 1890s 2008 Small community [ 132 ] [ 133 ] Loveland Harriston Tillman 1908 1968 Small community and abandoned structures [ 134 ] Lovell Perth Logan 1889 1950 Residences, abandoned structures, and foundations [ 135 ] Loyal Kiel Kingfisher 1894 1940 School, agricultural use [ 136 ] [ 137 ] Lugert — N/a Kiowa 1901 1940 Ruins, current site of Lake Altus-Lugert [ 138 ] Macomb McComb Pottawatomie 1903 1950 Small community [ 139 ] [ 140 ] Maramec — N/a Pawnee 1901 1957 Small community [ 141 ] Marshall — N/a Logan 1890 1976 Small community and abandoned structures [ 142 ] Martha — N/a Jackson 1889 1993 Few residences and abandoned structures [ 143 ] May — N/a Harper 1896 1973 Post office and abandoned structures [ 144 ] Meers — N/a Comanche 1901 1905 Abandoned structures [ 145 ] Meridian — N/a Logan 1902 2000 Few residences and abandoned structures [ 146 ] [ 147 ] [ 148 ] Mineral Mineral City Cimarron 1886 1910 Abandoned structures [ 149 ] Moral Old Moral Pottawatomie 1892 Unknown Only cemetery remains, wooded area [ 5 ] Mouser — N/a Texas 1928 Unknown [ j ] Abandoned [ 150 ] Mulhall — N/a Logan 1889 1920 Small community and abandoned structures [ 151 ] Payne Nash Nashville Grant 1894 1993 Small community and abandoned structures [ 152 ] Navajoe — N/a Jackson 1887 1905 Cemetery [ 153 ] Oakwood — N/a Dewey 1899 1958 Small community and abandoned structures [ 154 ] Oktaha — N/a Muskogee 1872 1920 Post office and ruins [ 155 ] [ 156 ] Omega — N/a Kingfisher 1892 2009 Small community and abandoned structures [ 157 ] Orlando — N/a Logan 1893 1964 Small community and abandoned structures [ 158 ] Payne Osage Osage City Osage 1906 1961 Church and post office [ 159 ] Park Hill — N/a Cherokee 1836 1942 Cemeteries and tourism building [ 160 ] Peoria [ e ] — N/a Ottawa 1891 1941 Small community [ 161 ] Picher [ e ] — N/a Ottawa 1916 2010 Chat piles , abandoned structures, and foundations [ 162 ] [ 54 ] [ 163 ] Pittsburg — N/a Pittsburg 1909 1959 Small community [ 164 ] Port — N/a Washita 1901 1966 Few structures, agriculture use [ 165 ] Putnam — N/a Dewey 1895 1950 Store, abandoned structures, and foundations [ 166 ] Quay Lawson Pawnee 1894 1957 Few structures [ 167 ] Payne Quinlan — N/a Woodward 1893 late 1920s Church and few structures [ 168 ] Reed — N/a Greer 1892 1975 Small community and abandoned structures [ 169 ] Red Bird Redbird Wagoner 1902 1975 Church and abandoned structures [ 170 ] Ringo — N/a Washington 1889 1900 Hotel [ 171 ] Rocky — N/a Washita 1898 1967 Small community and abandoned structures [ 172 ] Roosevelt — N/a Kiowa 1901 1993 Abandoned structures [ 173 ] Rosedale — N/a McClain 1908 1971 Residences and abandoned structures [ 174 ] Sacred Heart Sacred Heart Mission Pottawatomie 1879 1954 Small community and abandoned structures [ 175 ] Santa Fe — N/a Stephens 1921 1950 Oil rigs and foundations [ 176 ] Shamrock — N/a Creek 1910 2010 Small community and abandoned structures [ 177 ] [ 178 ] [ 179 ] Silver City — N/a Grady 1883 1890 Cemetery, agricultural use [ 180 ] Skedee Lamert Pawnee 1902 1963 Small community and abandoned structures [ 181 ] [ 182 ] [ 183 ] Skullyville Scullyville LeFlore 1831 1917 Cemetery [ 184 ] Slick — N/a Creek 1920 1930 Small community [ 185 ] Sparks — N/a Lincoln 1902 1930s Small community and abandoned structures [ 186 ] Spencerville — N/a Choctaw 1844 Unknown Small community [ 187 ] St. Louis Simpsonville Pottawatomie 1906 1993 Small community and abandoned structures [ 188 ] Stecker — N/a Caddo 1909 1954 Small community and abandoned structures [ 189 ] Strong City — N/a Roger Mills 1911 1956 Small community and abandoned structures [ 190 ] Stuart Hoyuby Hughes 1896 1940 School and residences [ 191 ] [ 192 ] Sugden — N/a Jefferson early 1890s 1955 Small community and foundations [ 193 ] Summit — N/a Muskogee 1896 1959 Cemeteries [ 194 ] Sumner — N/a Noble 1893 1964 Churches and foundations [ 195 ] Tahlonteeskee — N/a Sequoyah c. 1828–1829 1839 Unknown [ 196 ] Taft — N/a Muskogee 1902 1990 Small community [ 197 ] [ 198 ] Talala — N/a Rogers 1890 early 1920s Small agricultural community [ 199 ] Tamaha — N/a Haskell 1884 1964 Small community [ 200 ] Tatums Tatum Carter 1894 1990 Small community and abandoned structures [ 201 ] [ 202 ] Texola Texokla, Texoma Beckham 1901 1990 Small community and abandoned structures [ 203 ] [ 204 ] Terlton — N/a Pawnee 1894 1962 Small community [ 205 ] Three Sands — N/a Kay 1921 1951 Agricultural use [ 206 ] Noble Vernon — N/a McIntosh 1910 1991 Residences and abandoned structures [ 207 ] Vinson Francis, Trotter Harmon 1903 1964 Churches [ 208 ] Wanette Aberline Pottawatomie 1877 1930 Small community and abandoned structures [ 209 ] Warwick — N/a Lincoln 1892 1972 Small community [ 210 ] [ 211 ] Whitefield — N/a Haskell 1881 Unknown [ k ] Post office, agricultural use [ 213 ] [ 212 ] Willow — N/a Greer 1899 1957 Churches and restaurants [ 214 ] Wirt [ l ] Ragtown Carter 1913 1972 Abandoned structures [ 215 ] Woodford Bywater Carter 1870 1974 Abandoned structures [ 216 ] Woodville Harney Marshall 1880 early 1940s Current site of Lake Texoma [ 217 ] Yeager — N/a Hughes 1902 1974 Few residents [ 218 ] Yeldell — N/a Jackson 1888 1908 Abandoned structures [ 219 ] Yewed — N/a Alfalfa 1898 1958 Residences and abandoned structures [ 220 ] Zincville [ e ] Berlin, [ m ] Schwarz, St. Louis [ n ] Ottawa 1917 1954 Abandoned [ 78 ] [ 221 ] See also List of ghost towns by country Notes ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] ^ Although Oklahoma has an estimated 2,000 ghost towns, the following list only contains entries for locations that can be explicitly verified through a reliable source and have sufficient information to be assumed notable in their own right. ^ The year that the town was officially established or dissolved is listed when available. Some communities were never formally established. In other cases, the listed year may be the earliest or latest year in which a post office, school, railroad, major economic development, or a significant population existed. A year listed does not necessarily imply that the town has been formally dissolved or that the population in that location is zero. ^ Former city limits annexed by Barnsdall [ 39 ] ^ a b c d e f Part of the Tar Creek Superfund site [ 52 ] ^ After being incorporated in 1913, Cardin was officially dissolved for the first time in 1938. The residents re-incorporated in 1983 before the town was dissolved for a second time in 2010 after federal buyouts by the Environmental Protection Agency . [ 53 ] ^ Former city limits annexed by Ponca City [ 70 ] ^ Former city limits annexed by Buffalo [ 75 ] ^ Consolidated with the nearby town of New Lima [ 127 ] ^ By 1975 [ 150 ] ^ Whitefield is said to have begun declining during the Great Depression . [ 212 ] ^ Former city limits annexed by Healdton [ 215 ] ^ Not to be confused with Berlin, Roger Mills County, Oklahoma ^ Not to be confused with St. Louis, Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Omondi, Sharon (June 13, 2019). 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"Undead: Ghost Towns Ressurrected in Black and White". The Vista . Vol. 121, no. 7. University of Central Oklahoma . ^ Hedglen, Thomas L. (January 15, 2010). "Meridian" . The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Oklahoma Historical Society . Archived from the original on January 16, 2025 . Retrieved March 3, 2025 . ^ Schmidt 2024 , p. 65. ^ Morris 1978 , p. 131. ^ a b Morris 1978 , p. 132. ^ Schmidt 2024 , pp. 66–68. ^ Schmidt 2024 , pp. 275–276. ^ Morris 1978 , pp. 132–135. ^ Schmidt 2024 , pp. 277–279. ^ Etter 1996 , pp. 151–157. ^ Waits, Jr., Wallace F. (January 15, 2010). "Oktaha" . The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Oklahoma Historical Society . Archived from the original on November 18, 2024 . Retrieved March 18, 2025 . ^ Schmidt 2024 , pp. 69–71. ^ Schmidt 2024 , pp. 71–71. ^ Schmidt 2024 , pp. 111–114. ^ Morris 1978 , pp. 140–143. ^ Etter 1996 , pp. 185–192. ^ Morris 1978 , pp. 147–149. ^ Miller, Linda (March 1, 2024). "Picher: Oklahoma's Best-Known Ghost Town" . 405 Magazine . Hilltop Media Group . Retrieved March 18, 2025 . ^ Schmidt 2024 , pp. 173–174. ^ Morris 1978 , pp. 154–155. ^ Schmidt 2024 , pp. 279–281. ^ Morris 1978 , pp. 155–156. ^ Morris 1978 , p. 156. ^ Morris 1978 , pp. 159–160. ^ Schmidt 2024 , pp. 117–118. ^ Gorremans 2023 , pp. 22–33. ^ Schmidt 2024 , pp. 229–230. ^ Schmidt 2024 , pp. 230–233. ^ Morris 1978 , pp. 162–163. ^ Morris 1978 , pp. 164–167. ^ Morris 1978 , pp. 169–170. ^ Morris 1978 , pp. 171–173. ^ Wilson, Linda D. (January 15, 2010). "Shamrock" . The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Oklahoma Historical Society . Retrieved March 19, 2025 . ^ Schmidt 2024 , pp. 77–81. ^ Morris 1978 , pp. 173–174. ^ Rodgers, Morgan (October 27, 2015). "The Ghost Towns of Oklahoma" . The Echo . Southern Nazarene University . Archived from the original on March 3, 2025 . Retrieved March 3, 2025 . ^ Wilson, Linda D. (January 15, 2010). "Skedee" . 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Retrieved March 17, 2025 . ^ Morris 1978 , pp. 191–192. ^ Morris 1978 , pp. 194–195. ^ Schmidt 2024 , pp. 85–88. ^ O'Dell, Larry (January 15, 2010). "Tatums" . The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Oklahoma Historical Society . Archived from the original on September 10, 2024 . Retrieved March 17, 2025 . ^ Charlie (May 11, 2022). "How Can A Ghost Town Still Be Living? You Should Meet Texola" . KMXJ-FM . Townsquare Media . Retrieved March 3, 2025 . ^ Wilson, Linda D. (January 15, 2010). "Texola" . The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Oklahoma Historical Society . Archived from the original on December 10, 2024 . Retrieved March 3, 2025 . ^ Schmidt 2024 , pp. 134–136. ^ Morris 1978 , pp. 195–197. ^ Schmidt 2024 , pp. 179–181. ^ Schmidt 2024 , pp. 236–238. ^ Schmidt 2024 , pp. 88–92. ^ Hinckley & Kerrick 2020 , pp. 64–65. ^ Greenfield, Gerry Stanfill (January 15, 2010). "Warwick" . The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Oklahoma Historical Society . Archived from the original on January 21, 2025 . Retrieved March 19, 2025 . ^ a b Hyder, Glenn O. (January 15, 2010). "Whitefield" . The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Oklahoma Historical Society . Archived from the original on December 1, 2024 . Retrieved March 18, 2025 . ^ Etter 1996 , pp. 19–24. ^ Schmidt 2024 , pp. 238–240. ^ a b Morris 1978 , pp. 205–207. ^ Morris 1978 , pp. 207–209. ^ Morris 1978 , pp. 209–210. ^ Schmidt 2024 , pp. 181–183. ^ Morris 1978 , p. 210. ^ Morris 1978 , p. 211. ^ "City of St. Louis, in Ottawa County" . Miami Record-Herald . Vol. XXV, no. 14. Miami, Oklahoma . February 16, 1917. p. 3 . Retrieved August 7, 2025 – via Newspapers.com . Bibliography Boykin, Sondra (September 2004). "Caddo County: Stecker". Small Towns, Ghost Memories of Oklahoma: A Photographic Narrative of Hamlets and Villages throughout Oklahoma's Seventy-Seven Counties . By Berry, Sherry; Sperry, Sidney K.; Whitfield, Annie B.; Oklahoma Association of Electric Cooperatives; Oklahoma Living Magazine. Virginia Beach, Virginia : The Donning Company Publishers . ISBN 9781578642755 . Daniel, Regina (December 9, 2019). Abandoned Picher, Oklahoma: The Most Toxic Town in America . Charleston, South Carolina : Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 9781634991964 . Etter, Jim Marion (May 14, 1996). Ghost-Town Tales of Oklahoma: Unforgettable Stories of Nearly Forgotten Places . Stillwater, Oklahoma : New Forums Press. ISBN 9780913507742 . Gorremans, Richard (September 22, 2023). Ghost Towns In Oklahoma - Washington County . Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp. ISBN 9798892174268 . Hinckley, Jim; Kerrick, James (October 27, 2020). Ghost Towns of Route 66: The Forgotten Places Along America's Famous Highway . Beverly, Massachusetts : The Quarto Group . ISBN 9780760369692 . Morris, John Wesley (March 15, 1978). Ghost Towns of Oklahoma . Norman, Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 9780806114200 . Schmidt, Jeffrey B. (May 21, 2024). Here Today: Oklahoma's Ghost Towns, Vanishing Towns, and Towns Persisting Against the Odds . Norman, Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 9780806193724 . Further reading Savage, Cynthia; Hedglen, Thomas (2009). "The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture | Oklahoma Historical Society" . In Everett, Dianna; O'Dell, Larry; Wilson, Linda D.; May, Jon D. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Oklahoma Historical Society . Shirk, George H. (March 15, 1987). Oklahoma Place Names . Norman, Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 9780806120287 . External links Abandoned Oklahoma from the Abandoned Atlas Foundation Oklahoma Ghost Towns on Travel Oklahoma .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design and effects 3.6 Post-production 3.7 Music 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design and effects 3.6 Post-production 3.7 Music 4 Release Toggle Release subsection 4.1 Context 4.2 Marketing 4.3 Box office 4.1 Context 4.2 Marketing 4.3 Box office 5 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 After release Toggle After release subsection 6.1 Performance analysis and aftermath 6.2 Home media 6.3 Other media 6.1 Performance analysis and aftermath 6.2 Home media 6.3 Other media 7 Thematic analysis Toggle Thematic analysis subsection 7.1 Duality and fragmented identity 7.2 The carnivalesque and social critique 7.3 Sexuality and repression 7.4 Power, politics, and ideology 7.5 Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique 7.1 Duality and fragmented identity 7.2 The carnivalesque and social critique 7.3 Sexuality and repression 7.4 Power, politics, and ideology 7.5 Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique 8 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 8.1 Retrospective reception 8.2 Cultural influence 8.1 Retrospective reception 8.2 Cultural influence 9 Sequels 10 Footnotes 11 Notes 12 References Toggle References subsection 12.1 Citations 12.2 Works cited 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 12.1 Citations 12.2 Works cited 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 13 External links Batman Returns العربية Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Batman Returns Theatrical release poster by John Alvin Directed by Tim Burton Screenplay by Daniel Waters Story by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Daniel Waters Sam Hamm Daniel Waters Sam Hamm Based on Batman characters created by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] and published by DC Comics Batman characters created by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] and published by DC Comics Produced by Denise Di Novi Tim Burton Denise Di Novi Tim Burton Starring Michael Keaton Danny DeVito Michelle Pfeiffer Christopher Walken Michael Gough Pat Hingle Michael Murphy Michael Keaton Danny DeVito Michelle Pfeiffer Christopher Walken Michael Gough Pat Hingle Michael Murphy Cinematography Stefan Czapsky Edited by Chris Lebenzon Music by Danny Elfman Production companies Warner Bros. PolyGram Pictures Warner Bros. PolyGram Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Release dates June 16, 1992 ( 1992-06-16 ) (Hollywood, California) June 19, 1992 ( 1992-06-19 ) (United States) June 16, 1992 ( 1992-06-16 ) (Hollywood, California) June 19, 1992 ( 1992-06-19 ) (United States) Running time 126 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50–80 million Box office $266.8 million Batman Returns is a 1992 American superhero film directed by Tim Burton and written by Daniel Waters . Based on the DC Comics character Batman , it is the sequel to Batman (1989), also directed by Burton, and the second installment in the Batman film series (1989–1997). The cast includes Michael Keaton , Danny DeVito , Michelle Pfeiffer , Christopher Walken , Michael Gough , Pat Hingle , and Michael Murphy . Set during Christmas in Gotham City , the film follows Batman (Keaton) as he confronts corrupt businessman Max Shreck (Walken) and deformed crime boss Oswald Cobblepot / the Penguin (DeVito), whose bid for power threatens the city. Their schemes are further complicated by Shreck's former secretary Selina Kyle (Pfeiffer), who seeks revenge against him as Catwoman. Burton was initially uninterested in directing a sequel to Batman , feeling creatively constrained by Warner Bros. ' expectations. He agreed to return only after being granted greater creative control, which included replacing original writer Sam Hamm with Daniel Waters and reuniting with many of his previous collaborators. Waters's script emphasized characterization over plot, and Wesley Strick was later hired for an uncredited rewrite that added, among other elements, a master plan for the Penguin. Filming took place from September 1991 to February 1992 on a budget of $50–80 million, primarily on sets and soundstages at Warner Bros. Studios and the Universal Studios Lot in California. The film's special effects relied mainly on practical techniques and makeup, supplemented with animatronics, limited computer-generated imagery (CGI), and dozens of live penguins. The film's marketing campaign was extensive, featuring brand tie-ins and merchandise intended to replicate the financial success of Batman . Released on June 19, 1992, Batman Returns broke several box-office records and grossed $266.8 million worldwide, becoming the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1992 , but fell short of Batman in overall success and longevity. The darker tone, along with violent and sexual content, was cited as alienating family audiences and prompted backlash against marketing partners for promoting the film to children. Critical reception was polarized, though most reviewers praised the principal cast. Following the mixed reception of Batman Returns , Burton was replaced as director for its sequel, Batman Forever (1995), which was developed with a more family-friendly tone. Keaton also declined to return. In the years since its release, Batman Returns has been reappraised as one of the strongest Batman films and a pivotal early example of auteur -driven superhero cinema that helped shape the genre's darker, more ambitious direction. The film is also recognized as an alternative Christmas classic due to its winter setting, festive imagery, and themes of loneliness and isolation. Its story was revisited in the comic series Batman '89 (2021), and Keaton later reprised his version of Batman in The Flash (2023). Plot In Gotham City , two wealthy socialites , horrified by the birth of their malformed and feral son Oswald , abandon him in the sewers, where he is taken in by a colony of penguins. Thirty-three years later, during the Christmas season, wealthy industrialist Max Shreck is abducted by the Red Triangle Gang—former circus performers implicated in child disappearances across the country—and taken to their hideout in the abandoned Arctic exhibit at Gotham Zoo. Their leader, Oswald, now known as the Penguin, blackmails Max with evidence of his corruption and murders, coercing him into helping Oswald re-enter Gotham's high society. Max stages the kidnapping of the mayor's infant child, allowing Oswald to "rescue" the child and become a public hero. In return, Oswald requests access to the city's birth records, claiming he seeks to uncover his true identity by investigating Gotham's first-born sons. Max attempts to kill his timid secretary, Selina Kyle , by pushing her out of a window after she discovers his plan to build a power plant that would secretly drain and store Gotham's electricity. Selina survives, returns home, crafts a costume, and adopts the persona of Catwoman . To Max's surprise, she reappears at work with newfound confidence and assertiveness, immediately attracting the attention of visiting billionaire Bruce Wayne . As the vigilante Batman , Bruce begins investigating Oswald, suspecting his ties to the Red Triangle Gang. Seeking to remove opposition to his power plant, Max convinces Oswald to run for mayor and discredit the incumbent by unleashing the gang on Gotham. Batman's efforts to quell the violence bring him into conflict with Catwoman, while in their civilian lives Selina and Bruce begin a romance. Meanwhile, Catwoman allies with Oswald to smear Batman's reputation. During Gotham's Christmas-tree lighting, Oswald and Catwoman kidnap Gotham's beauty queen, the Ice Princess, and lure Batman to a rooftop above the ceremony. Oswald pushes the Ice Princess to her death with a swarm of bats, effectively framing Batman. When Catwoman objects to the murder and rebuffs Oswald's sexual advances, he attacks her, sending her crashing through a glasshouse. Batman escapes in the Batmobile , unaware that the Red Triangle gang has sabotaged it, allowing Oswald to control the vehicle, causing what appears to be a case of road rage . Before regaining control, Batman records Oswald's insulting tirade against Gotham's citizens and later plays it during Oswald's mayoral rally, destroying his public image and forcing him to retreat to Gotham Zoo. There, Oswald renounces his humanity, fully embracing his identity as the Penguin, and sets his plan in motion to abduct and kill Gotham's first-born sons as revenge for his own abandonment and problems. Selina attempts to kill Max at his charity ball, but Bruce intervenes, and the two inadvertently discover each other's secret identities. Penguin crashes the event intending to kidnap Max's son, Chip, but Max offers himself instead. Batman disrupts the Red Triangle gang and halts the kidnappings, prompting the Penguin to unleash his missile-equipped penguin army to destroy Gotham. Batman's ally, Alfred Pennyworth , overrides the control signal, redirecting the penguins back to Gotham Zoo. As the missiles obliterate the zoo, Batman unleashes a swarm of bats, causing the Penguin to fall into the toxic waters of the Arctic exhibit. Catwoman confronts Max, rejecting Batman's plea to abandon her revenge and leave with him. Max shoots Batman, incapacitating him, and then shoots Catwoman multiple times, but she survives, claiming she has two of her nine lives left. Catwoman electrocutes Max with a live cable, causing a power surge that appears to kill them both; however, Batman finds only Max's remains. The Penguin emerges one last time but succumbs to his injuries, with his penguins carrying his body into the water. Sometime later, while traveling home, Bruce spots Selina's silhouette but finds only a cat, which he takes with him. The Bat-Signal shines above the city as Catwoman gazes up at it. Cast Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman : A billionaire businessman who operates as Gotham's vigilante protector [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Danny DeVito as Oswald Cobblepot / Penguin : A malformed crime boss [ 6 ] Michelle Pfeiffer as Selina Kyle / Catwoman : A meek assistant turned vengeful villainess [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Christopher Walken as Max Shreck: A ruthless industrialist [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth : Wayne's butler and surrogate father [ 10 ] Pat Hingle as James Gordon : The Gotham City police commissioner and Batman's ally [ 11 ] Michael Murphy as the Mayor: The city's incumbent mayor [ 5 ] [ 12 ] The cast of Batman Returns includes Andrew Bryniarski as Max's son Charles "Chip" Schreck and Cristi Conaway as the Ice Princess, Gotham's beauty queen-elect. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Paul Reubens and Diane Salinger appear as Tucker and Esther Cobblepot, Oswald's wealthy, elite parents. [ 16 ] Sean Whalen appears as a paperboy; [ 15 ] Jan Hooks and Steve Witting play Jen and Josh, Oswald's mayoral image consultants . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] The Red Triangle gang includes the monkey-toting Organ Grinder ( Vincent Schiavelli ), the Poodle Lady ( Anna Katarina ), the Tattooed Strongman ( Rick Zumwalt ), the Sword Swallower (John Strong), the Knifethrower Dame (Erika Andersch), the Acrobatic Thug (Gregory Scott Cummins), the Terrifying Clown ( Branscombe Richmond ), the Fat Clown (Travis Mckenna), and the Thin Clown ( Doug Jones ). [ 15 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Production Development Following the success of Batman (1989), which became the fifth-highest-grossing film of its time, a sequel was considered inevitable. Warner Bros. Pictures began discussing a follow-up by late 1989, with plans to start filming the next May. [ a ] The studio wanted Robin Williams and Danny DeVito to portray the Riddler and Penguin, respectively, [ 23 ] and invested $2 million in acquiring the Gotham City sets at Pinewood Studios in England, intending to reuse them for at least two sequels. The sets were placed under 24-hour surveillance, as maintaining them was more cost-effective than rebuilding. [ 23 ] Despite Warner Bros.' pressure to secure a script and begin production, director Tim Burton was hesitant to return. [ 23 ] [ 9 ] [ 25 ] He described the idea of a sequel as "dumbfounded", particularly before the first film's box-office performance could be assessed. [ 23 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Burton was skeptical of sequels in general, believing they were only worthwhile if they offered something new and different. [ 23 ] [ 26 ] Batman writer Sam Hamm 's initial story treatment expanded on district attorney Harvey Dent —played by Billy Dee Williams in Batman —and charted his transformation into the supervillain Two-Face . Warner Bros., however, pushed for the Penguin as the primary antagonist, whom Hamm believed the studio regarded as Batman's most recognizable foe after the Joker . Catwoman was also added because Burton and Hamm were interested in the character. [ 25 ] Hamm's drafts followed directly from Batman , continuing Bruce Wayne's relationship with Vicki Vale ( Kim Basinger ) and leading to their engagement. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] His Penguin was depicted as an avian-themed criminal who weaponized birds, while Catwoman was portrayed as more overtly sexual, clad in " bondage " attire, and casually murdering groups of men. [ 25 ] The story paired Penguin and Catwoman in a plot to frame Batman for the murders of Gotham's wealthiest citizens while pursuing a hidden treasure, which ultimately drew them to Wayne Manor and uncovered the Wayne family's secret past. Hamm also introduced the Christmastime setting and included Robin , Batman's sidekick, though his idea of assault rifle -wielding Santas was discarded. In Hamm's drafts, Batman avoided killing and concentrated on protecting Gotham's homeless. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] Ultimately, his two scripts failed to reignite Burton's interest, [ 25 ] [ 26 ] and the director instead focused on Edward Scissorhands (1990) and co-writing The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993). [ 9 ] Burton was confirmed to direct the sequel in January 1991, with filming planned to begin later that year for a 1992 release. [ 27 ] His decision was influenced by the 1989 departure of Batman producers Peter Guber and Jon Peters to Columbia Pictures , as Burton had been frustrated by the level of creative control they exercised over the first film. [ 28 ] He agreed to return only after securing greater creative authority, later admitting that Batman was his least favorite of his films, describing it as "occasionally boring". [ 9 ] [ 25 ] [ 29 ] According to long-time collaborator Denise Di Novi , "Only about 50% of Batman was [Burton]", and Warner Bros. wanted Batman Returns to be "more of a Tim Burton movie ... [a] weirder movie but also more hip and fun". [ 29 ] Burton brought in several long-time collaborators to replace key members of the original Batman crew, including cinematographer Stefan Czapsky , production designer Bo Welch , creature-effects supervisor Stan Winston , makeup artist Ve Neill , and art directors Tom Duffield and Rick Henrichs. [ 30 ] He hired Daniel Waters to replace Hamm, preferring a writer with no emotional attachment to Batman . Burton admired Waters's script for the dark comedy Heathers (1988), which reflected the darker tone and creative direction he envisioned for the sequel. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 29 ] Burton reportedly clashed with Peters, demoting him to executive producer and largely excluding him from the set. [ 9 ] Warner Bros. served as the production company and distributor, with additional support from executive producer Guber and Peters's Polygram Pictures . [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Writing Waters began work on his first draft in mid-1990. [ 33 ] Burton's only guidance was that the script should avoid connections to the previous Batman , aside from a brief reference to Vale as Wayne's former partner, and that Catwoman should be developed with more depth than the typical sexy vixen archetype. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Waters, who disliked the 1989 film, ignored its narrative threads and comic-book history, focusing instead on artistic expression. [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Unlike Hamm, Waters did not object to Batman killing , arguing that the character should reflect darker contemporary sensibilities and that relying on authorities to handle captured villains felt outdated. [ 25 ] Even so, he limited Batman's lethal actions to moments that served the story. He also expressed dissatisfaction with unscripted additions, such as the scene where Batman blows up a Red Triangle gang member. [ 8 ] Keaton had Waters remove jabs at the 1989 film's merchandising, including an opening on a merchandise store, saying, "[This] is very clever. Cut it". [ 36 ] Waters's dialogue for Batman, which he described as "bitter and cynical"—including lines suggesting Gotham City was unworthy of protection—was pared back because Keaton felt Batman should speak as little as possible in costume, and Burton preferred to portray the character as motivated by trauma rather than nihilism . [ 8 ] [ 34 ] [ 37 ] As a result, the script focused on the villains . Burton said he initially struggled to understand the appeal of the Penguin's comic-book counterpart; Batman, Catwoman, and the Joker had clear psychological profiles, but the Penguin was "just this guy with a cigarette and a top hat". [ 25 ] The initial draft portrayed him as a stereotypical DeVito character—an abrasive gangster—but Waters and Burton agreed to make him more "animalistic". [ 33 ] They decided to present the Penguin as a tragic figure, abandoned as an infant by his parents, mirroring Batman's childhood trauma of losing his own parents. [ 25 ] Political and social satire was incorporated, influenced by two episodes of the 1960s television series Batman ("Hizzoner the Penguin" and "Dizhonner the Penguin"), in which the Penguin runs for mayor. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] Waters reimagined Hamm's Catwoman, shifting her from a "fetishy sexual fantasy" femme fatale to a working-class, disenchanted secretary, writing her as an allegory of contemporary feminism. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Waters created Max Shreck—an original character named after actor Max Schreck —to replace Harvey Dent/Two-Face. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Shreck was written satirically, an evil industrialist who orchestrates the Penguin's mayoral campaign, to show that true villains do not always wear costumes. In one draft, he was depicted as the Penguin's favored brother. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] With four central characters to develop, Waters and Burton removed Robin, a garage mechanic who aids Batman after the Penguin crashes the Batmobile, describing the character as "worthless". [ 25 ] [ 30 ] The Red Triangle gang, initially conceived as a troupe of performance artists, was changed to circus clowns at Burton's request. [ 38 ] Waters said his 160-page first draft was too outlandish and would have cost $400 million to produce, prompting him to adopt a more restrained approach. [ 33 ] His fifth and final draft focused on characterization and interactions rather than plot. [ b ] Burton and Waters eventually fell out over disagreements about the script, particularly Waters's refusal to make requested changes. Burton hired Wesley Strick to streamline Waters's lengthy script, condense dialogue, and lighten the tone. [ 37 ] Warner Bros. executives required Strick to include a master plan for the Penguin, leading to the addition of a plot involving the kidnapping of Gotham's first-born sons and the threat of missile attacks. [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 40 ] Strick delivered his draft in August 1991. [ 28 ] Waters described the changes as relatively minor but expressed confusion over the Penguin's master plan. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 37 ] He made a final revision to Strick's shooting script, and although Strick was on set for months and involved in agreed-upon rewrites, Waters was the sole credited screenwriter. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 41 ] Casting Michael Keaton reprised his role as Bruce Wayne / Batman for $10 million, double his salary for Batman . [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 42 ] Burton initially wanted Marlon Brando to play the Penguin, but Warner Bros. preferred Dustin Hoffman . Christopher Lloyd and Robert De Niro were also considered, with Danny DeVito emerging as the frontrunner after Waters reimagined the character as a deformed human-bird hybrid. [ 22 ] [ 26 ] [ 43 ] DeVito was initially hesitant to accept the role until persuaded by his close friend Jack Nicholson , who had portrayed the Joker in Batman . [ 26 ] [ 43 ] To communicate his vision, Burton showed DeVito a painting he had created of a small character sitting on a red-and-white striped ball, captioned: "my name is Jimmy, but my friends call me the hideous penguin boy". [ 8 ] [ 25 ] [ 40 ] Casting Selina Kyle / Catwoman proved challenging. [ 25 ] [ 40 ] Annette Bening was initially cast in the role but had to withdraw due to pregnancy. Other actresses considered included Ellen Barkin , Cher , Bridget Fonda , Jennifer Jason Leigh , Madonna , Julie Newmar , Lena Olin , Susan Sarandon , Raquel Welch , and Kim Basinger. The most notable contender was Sean Young , who had been cast as Vale in Batman before an injury prevented her from performing. [ c ] Young reportedly visited the Warner Bros. lot in a homemade Catwoman costume for an impromptu audition with Burton, who allegedly hid under his desk while Keaton and producer Mark Canton briefly met with her. She also showcased her costume on Entertainment Tonight and pitched it on The Joan Rivers Show . Warner Bros. ultimately decided that Young did not align with their vision for Catwoman. [ d ] The role went to Michelle Pfeiffer , who was regarded as a proven actress and someone who worked well with Burton, although some publications suggested the role would challenge her acting range. [ 8 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] Pfeiffer had also been considered for the role of Vale in Batman , but Keaton vetoed her casting due to their previous romantic relationship, believing her presence could interfere with attempts to reconcile with his wife. [ 47 ] She received a $3 million salary—$2 million more than Bening—plus a share of the film's gross profits. [ e ] Pfeiffer trained for several months in kickboxing with her stunt double, Kathy Long , mastering the whip and becoming skilled enough to perform many of her own stunts with it. [ f ] Shreck's appearance was modeled on Vincent Price in an unspecified older film, while Walken based his performance on moguls such as Sol Hurok and Samuel Goldwyn . [ 5 ] [ 8 ] Walken said, "I tend to play mostly villains and twisted people. Unsavory guys. I think it's my face, the way I look". [ 51 ] Burgess Meredith , who portrayed the Penguin in the 1960s TV series, was originally scheduled to cameo as Penguin's father, Tucker Cobblepot, but became ill during filming. He was replaced by Paul Reubens, while Diane Salinger played Tucker's wife, Esther. Both had previously appeared in Burton's feature-film debut, Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985). [ 9 ] [ 26 ] [ 52 ] Although Robin was removed from the final screenplay, the character's development had progressed far enough that Marlon Wayans had already been cast (Burton had specifically wanted an African-American Robin), and costumes, sets, and action figures were created. In a 1998 interview, Wayans said that he continued to receive residual checks under the two-film contract he had signed. [ g ] Early reports suggested that Nicholson had been asked to return as the Joker, but he allegedly declined to film in England due to foreign salary taxes. Nicholson, however, denied being asked, believing that Warner Bros. would not want to replicate the generous compensation he had received for Batman . [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Filming Principal photography began on September 3, 1991. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 57 ] Burton wanted to film in the United States with American actors, believing that Batman , which had been shot in the United Kingdom, had "suffered from a British subtext". [ h ] Changes in the economics of filming in the UK also made it more cost-effective to remain in the U.S. [ 30 ] This decision required abandoning the Pinewood Studios sets in favor of Burton's new designs. Batman Returns was filmed almost entirely on up to eight soundstages at Warner Bros. Studios, Burbank , California, including Stage 16, which housed the expansive Gotham Plaza set. [ i ] Stage 12 at the Universal Studios Lot was used for the Penguin's Arctic-exhibit lair. [ j ] Warner Bros. maintained a high level of security to avoid details leaking for Batman Returns . Cast and crew wore ID badges branded with the film's working title , Dictel , a word coined by Welch and Burton meaning "dictatorial", as they were unhappy with the studio's "ridiculous gestapo " measures. [ 59 ] Some sets were kept very cold for the live Emperor , black-footed , and King penguins. [ 8 ] [ 22 ] [ 26 ] The birds were transported in a refrigerated airplane for filming, and housed in a chilled waiting area with a swimming pool stocked daily with half a ton of ice and fresh fish. [ 8 ] [ 26 ] DeVito stated that, although he generally enjoyed being on set, he disliked the cold conditions and was the only cast member somewhat comfortable due to the heavy padding in his costume. [ 8 ] The penguin army was created using live penguins supplemented by puppets, forty Emperor-penguin suits worn by little people, and computer-generated imagery (CGI). [ 8 ] [ 22 ] People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) protested the use of real penguins, citing concerns over moving the birds from their natural environment. While the organization later acknowledged that the penguins were not mistreated, it criticized the lack of fresh drinking water, noting they were confined to a small chlorinated pool. [ 22 ] [ 60 ] PETA also objected to the penguins being fitted with prop weapons and gadgets, which Warner Bros. stated were lightweight plastic. [ 61 ] Burton himself expressed a reluctance to use live animals, emphasizing his care and concern for their treatment. [ 62 ] Walken described the filming process as highly collaborative, recalling that his suggestion to add a blueprint for Shreck's power plant led to a model being constructed within hours. [ 8 ] The scene in which Catwoman places a live bird in her mouth was performed live, with no CGI, and Pfeiffer later remarked that she would not perform the stunt again, given the potential risks of injury or disease. [ 8 ] For a sewer scene, handlers positioned above and below guided an organ-grinder monkey carrying a note for the Penguin. When the monkey saw DeVito in full costume and makeup, it lunged at him. DeVito recalled, "The monkey looked at me, froze, and then leapt right at my balls ... Thank god it was a padded costume". [ 63 ] A scene depicting the explosion of Shreck's superstore resulted in minor injuries to four stuntmen. [ 22 ] Principal photography concluded on February 20, 1992, after 170 days. [ 22 ] Design and effects Batman Returns ' production design and visual style were reimagined by Bo Welch, replacing the late Anton Furst and bringing a darker, expressionist aesthetic after collaborating with Burton on Beetlejuice (1988) and Edward Scissorhands . [ 5 ] [ 26 ] [ 35 ] Welch designed key props such as the Batskiboat and Penguin's umbrellas, introduced a "Batmissile" mode for the Batmobile, and oversaw large-scale sets including Gotham Plaza and Penguin's lair. [ 35 ] [ 64 ] Influenced by German Expressionism —a 1920s cinematic style characterized by harsh shadows, distorted architecture, and psychological intensity—Welch also drew from neo-fascist architecture (including Nazi Germany-era styles ), American Precisionist painting, and street-level imagery of homelessness amid affluence. He employed miniatures and exaggerated verticality to evoke a decaying, alienating Gotham. [ 22 ] [ 35 ] [ 65 ] Welch, a trained architect, structured the city on a grid of strong vertical lines, emphasizing huge skyscrapers that transform streets into dark canyons to evoke a sense of victimization and oppression. [ 35 ] [ 66 ] He researched the look by studying fascist architecture from the Third Reich and world's fairs , styles he felt were "evocative of oppressive bureaucracies and dictatorships", to design the monolithic Gotham Plaza. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Welch further drew upon Precisionism, a movement known for using hard outlines, solid shadows, and slick, impersonal surfaces to lend industrial subjects an epic character, citing the work of Charles Sheeler and Georgia O'Keeffe as specific influences. [ 66 ] He also incorporated Burton's early sketch of Catwoman, with a "very S&M kind of look", by integrating steel and chain elements into the set, creating the impression of a city collapsing in on itself. [ 35 ] [ 22 ] Costume designers Bob Ringwood and Mary Vogt updated the Batsuit with a mechanical look and created a fragile latex Catwoman suit requiring numerous backups. [ 22 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] DeVito's Penguin relied on extensive prosthetics by Stan Winston Studio , including black saliva for grotesque effect, and the team built thirty animatronic penguins supplemented with actors and digital effects. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 22 ] Post-production was intense, with some effects shots conceived just weeks before the June 19, 1992 release. [ 72 ] The visual effects workload ultimately encompassed around 115 shots, employing matte paintings, miniatures, CGI, makeup, puppets, and pyrotechnics, handled by six major effects houses including Stan Winston Studio, Boss Film Studios , and Matte World Digital . [ 72 ] [ 31 ] Post-production Chris Lebenzon edited the 126-minute theatrical cut of Batman Returns . [ 7 ] [ 17 ] [ 73 ] The post-production period was rushed, forcing Burton to present a cut to studio executives only four weeks after filming wrapped—far shorter than his typical editing timelines. [ 74 ] The final scene of Catwoman looking up at the Bat-Signal was filmed during post-production, just two weeks before release. Warner Bros. mandated the scene—showing that Catwoman survived—after test audiences responded positively to Pfeiffer's performance. Pfeiffer was unavailable, so a stand-in was used. [ k ] Although the character draws on feline mythology—such as cats having nine lives—Waters and Burton never intended the supernatural elements to be taken literally, and Catwoman was planned to definitively die alongside Shreck. [ 8 ] [ 78 ] A scene showing Penguin's gang destroying a store filled with Batman merchandise was also removed. [ 25 ] Warner Bros. provided a final budget of $55 million for Batman Returns , though other sources have cited estimates of $50 million, $65 million, $75 million, or $80 million. [ l ] [ ii ] Music Danny Elfman was initially reluctant to score Batman Returns because he was unhappy that his Batman score was supplemented with pop music by Prince . [ 8 ] Elfman built on many of his Batman themes, and said that he enjoyed working on the Penguin's themes the most because of the character's sympathetic aspects, such as his abandonment and death. [ 8 ] [ 83 ] Recorded with a studio orchestra on the Sony Scoring Stage in Los Angeles, Elfman's score includes vocals, harps, bells, xylophones, flutes, pianos, and chimes. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Burton and Elfman fell out during production due to the stress of finishing Batman Returns on time, but reconciled shortly afterward. [ 86 ] The song " Face to Face ", played during the costume-ball scene, was co-written and performed by the British rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees . [ 85 ] Release Context By the summer theatrical season of 1992 (starting the last week of May), the film industry faced low ticket sales, rising production costs, and several box-office failures from the previous year. [ 87 ] Eighty-nine films were scheduled for release, including A League of Their Own , Alien 3 , Encino Man , Far and Away , Patriot Games , and Sister Act . [ 24 ] [ 79 ] [ 87 ] Studios had to carefully plan releases to avoid competition from anticipated blockbusters, such as Lethal Weapon 3 , Batman Returns , and the 1992 Summer Olympics . [ 79 ] Batman Returns was predicted to be the summer's biggest hit, causing other studios to worry about scheduling films even a few weeks from its premiere. [ 79 ] [ 88 ] Paramount Pictures reportedly increased Patriot Games ' budget by $14 million to make it more competitive with Batman Returns and Lethal Weapon 3 . [ 79 ] [ 87 ] Marketing Franchising had not been a major focus for Batman prior to its release, but after merchandise generated roughly $500 million of the film's $1.5 billion total earnings, it became a priority for Batman Returns . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 89 ] A 12-minute promotional reel debuted at WorldCon in September 1991, alongside a black-and-white poster of a silhouetted Batman, which was deemed "mundane" and uninspiring by industry professionals. [ 22 ] [ 65 ] Warner Bros. delayed major promotion until February 1992 to avoid over-saturation and alienating audiences. [ 65 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] A trailer rolled out in 5,000 theaters that month, accompanied by a new poster showing a snow-swept Batman logo. [ 22 ] [ 65 ] The campaign focused on the three central characters—Batman, Penguin, and Catwoman—which Warner Bros. believed would offset the absence of the popular Nicholson. [ 87 ] [ 90 ] Over two-thirds of the 300 public posters were stolen, prompting Warner Bros. to offer 200 limited-edition posters for $250, signed by Keaton, who donated his earnings to charity. [ 22 ] [ 90 ] [ 91 ] Marketing expenditures were expected to exceed $100 million, including $20 million by Warner Bros. for commercials and trailers and $60 million by merchandising partners. These partners—including McDonald's , Ralston Purina , Kmart , Target Corporation , Venture Stores , and Sears —planned roughly 300 in-store Batman shops. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] McDonald's converted 9,000 outlets into Gotham City restaurants, featuring Batman-themed packaging and a cup lid that doubled as a flying disc. [ 89 ] CBS aired the television special The Bat, The Cat, The Penguin ... Batman Returns , while Choice Hotels sponsored the hour-long The Making of Batman Returns . [ 22 ] [ 89 ] TV ads depicted Batman and Catwoman fighting over a can of Diet Coke , with the Penguin (and his penguins) promoting Choice Hotels, and additional advertisements ran on billboards and in print—sometimes across three consecutive newspaper pages—targeting older audiences. [ 90 ] Box office Batman Returns premiered on June 16, 1992, at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. Two blocks of Hollywood Boulevard were closed for more than 3,000 fans, 33 TV film crews, and 100 photographers. A party followed on the Stage 16 Gotham Plaza set, attended by the cast and crew, as well as Arnold Schwarzenegger , Faye Dunaway , James Caan , Mickey Rooney , Harvey Keitel , Christian Slater , and James Woods , among others. [ 58 ] The film had a limited preview release in the U.S. and Canada on Thursday, June 18, grossing $2 million. [ 8 ] [ 24 ] [ 82 ] It expanded widely the following day, playing on an above-average 3,000 screens across 2,644 theaters. [ 8 ] [ 24 ] [ 92 ] Batman Returns grossed $45.7 million in its opening weekend, breaking the record set by Batman ($42.7 million), and debuted as the number-one film, topping Sister Act ($7.8 million in its fourth weekend) and Patriot Games ($7.7 million in its third). [ 24 ] [ 92 ] [ 93 ] Batman Returns was the first feature film released in Dolby Stereo Digital , in select theaters, marking a milestone in cinema audio technology that later became synonymous with surround sound in theaters. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Early analysis suggested Batman Returns could become one of the highest-grossing films of all time. Warner Bros. executive Robert Friedman noted, "We opened it the first real weekend when kids are out of school. The audience is everybody, but the engine that drives the charge are kids under 20". [ 24 ] Patriot Games producer Mace Neufeld observed that other films benefited from overflow audiences who avoided long lines or sold-out screenings of Batman Returns . [ 24 ] Batman Returns grossed $25.4 million in its second weekend—a 44.3 percent drop—yet remained the number-one film ahead of the debuting Unlawful Entry ($10.1 million) and Sister Act ($7.2 million). [ 96 ] [ 97 ] By its third weekend, it became the second-fastest film to reach $100 million (11 days), behind Batman (10 days). [ 98 ] It held the top spot with $13.8 million (a 45.6 percent drop), narrowly edging out the debuts of A League of Their Own ($13.7 million) and Boomerang ($13.6 million). [ 97 ] [ 99 ] The Washington Post described its steep week-to-week declines as concerning, and industry analysts suggested that Batman Returns would struggle to match the theatrical longevity of Batman . [ 97 ] [ 22 ] The film exited the top ten highest-grossing films by its seventh week and concluded its 18-week run in late October with a total U.S. and Canada gross of $162.8 million. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] This made it the third-highest-grossing film of 1992, behind Home Alone 2: Lost in New York ($173.6 million) and Aladdin ($217.3 million). [ 102 ] Outside the U.S. and Canada, Batman Returns grossed $104 million, [ 103 ] setting U.K. records for the highest-grossing opening weekend (£2.5 million) and single-day gross (£1.1 million). [ 97 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] Worldwide, Batman Returns grossed $266.8 million, [ iii ] making it the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1992, ahead of A Few Good Men ($243.2 million) and behind Lethal Weapon 3 ($321.7 million). [ 103 ] Reception Critical response Batman Returns drew a polarized response from critics and audiences, with its darker tone and mature content proving divisive. [ 5 ] [ 22 ] [ 106 ] CinemaScore polling reported an average grade from audiences of B on an A+-to-F scale. [ 107 ] Some reviewers, including Janet Maslin and Desson Howe , compared the sequel favorably to Batman , citing faster pacing, increased humor, and greater character depth, which avoided the original's "dourness" and "tedium". [ m ] Maslin and Dave Kehr emphasized that Burton's creative control made Batman Returns a more personal and "fearlessly" distinctive work. [ 109 ] [ 112 ] Critics such as Kenneth Turan commended the film's visuals but argued that the emphasis on spectacle sometimes made it feel cheerless and claustrophobic, occasionally at the expense of the plot. [ 7 ] [ 81 ] [ 111 ] Owen Gleiberman suggested that Burton's imaginative flourishes were undermined by a lack of grounding in normality. [ 7 ] The narrative received mixed reactions. Howe and Turan praised the film for adding emotional depth to its characters, particularly Catwoman and the Penguin, though Turan noted a lag in pacing midway. [ 108 ] [ 81 ] In contrast, Todd McCarthy found the story cluttered, with too many plotlines diminishing momentum. [ 110 ] Gleiberman similarly argued that the numerous storylines created a sense of disjointedness. [ 7 ] Critics generally agreed that the first two acts were more compelling than the finale, which they believed struggled to resolve multiple character arcs satisfactorily. [ 108 ] [ 81 ] [ 110 ] Others, including Jonathan Rosenbaum , believed the film lacked suspense and clever writing, overwhelmed by characters and near-constant banter. [ 12 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] Maslin observed that Burton prioritized visuals over plot. [ 109 ] Gene Siskel argued that the sympathetic villains diminished narrative satisfaction, leaving viewers wishing Batman might not prevail. [ 115 ] Critics noted that the film devoted more attention to its villains than to Batman himself. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] [ 116 ] Gleiberman remarked that the villain sequences often overshadowed Keaton's performance. [ 7 ] McCarthy described Batman as a symbolic figure rather than a psychologically complex character, while Ebert viewed being Batman as a curse rather than a heroic fantasy. [ 12 ] [ 110 ] [ 116 ] Conversely, Peter Travers praised Keaton's "manic depressive hero" as a fully realized character. [ 117 ] DeVito was acclaimed by Gleiberman, McCarthy, and Maslin for his energetic and distinctive portrayal, effectively conveying pathos and complexity despite heavy prosthetics. [ 7 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] Howe highlighted Burton's focus on the character as indicative of directorial sympathy, [ 108 ] while Maslin and Caryn James praised DeVito's charm, making the Penguin a compelling and memorable presence. [ 109 ] [ 116 ] McCarthy and Travers described him as fascinating and humorously warped. [ 110 ] [ 117 ] Turan and Rosenbaum, however, felt he did not evoke the same fear or energy as Nicholson's Joker. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] [ 113 ] Turan, Kehr, and Maslin praised Pfeiffer for her passionate, intelligent, and fiercely independent performance, providing energy and levity amid the film's dark tone. [ 81 ] [ 109 ] [ 112 ] Rosenbaum felt she did not match Nicholson's villainy, [ 113 ] though Turan called the Batman–Catwoman scenes the most interesting. [ 81 ] Travers noted that when the characters remove their masks, they appear "lost and touchingly human," and Ty Burr described the ballroom scene as more emotionally resonant than anything in Batman . [ 117 ] [ 111 ] Ebert observed that their sexual tension seemed muted for a younger audience. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] Walken's performance was praised for its combination of charm, wit, and understated authority. Maslin emphasized Walken's debonair and engaging performance as one of the film's highlights, while McCarthy noted his understated, composed delivery. Travers also remarked on his clever and amusing take on the character, describing him as a "fiendishly funny" presence. [ 109 ] [ 110 ] [ 117 ] Bo Welch's production design received acclaim for creating a sleeker, brighter, and more authoritarian Gotham than Furst's "brooding" style. [ 81 ] [ 112 ] [ 118 ] McCarthy lauded Welch's realization of Burton's vision, though Siskel dismissed it as "toy shop window decorating" compared to Furst. [ 110 ] [ 115 ] Costume and makeup design were praised, with Maslin noting their lingering visual impact. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 119 ] Stefan Czapsky's cinematography was well received, lending a "lively" quality to the subterranean sets. [ 109 ] Accolades At the 46th British Academy Film Awards , Batman Returns was nominated for Best Makeup (Ve Neill and Stan Winston) and Best Special Visual Effects (Michael Fink, Craig Barron, John Bruno, and Dennis Skotak). [ 120 ] For the 65th Academy Awards , Batman Returns received two nomations: Best Makeup (Neill, Ronnie Specter, and Winston) and Best Visual Effects (Fink, Barron, Bruno, and Skotak). [ 121 ] Neill and Winston received the Best Make-up award at the 19th Saturn Awards . The film received four other Saturn Award nominations for Best Fantasy Film , Best Supporting Actor (DeVito), Best Director (Burton), and Best Costume Design (Bob Ringwood, Mary Vogt, and Vin Burnham ). [ 122 ] DeVito was nominated for Worst Supporting Actor at the 13th Golden Raspberry Awards , and Pfeiffer for Most Desirable Female at the 1993 MTV Movie Awards . [ 123 ] [ 124 ] Batman Returns was nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. [ 125 ] After release Performance analysis and aftermath The U.S. and Canadian box office underperformed in 1992, with admissions down by up to five percent and about 290 million tickets sold (compared to over 300 million in each of the preceding four years). Industry professionals attributed the decline to a combination of uninspired films, rising ticket prices, competition from the Olympics, and an economic recession . Even financially successful films experienced steep week-to-week drops, particularly among younger audiences, who were vital to box office success. [ 126 ] Despite these challenges, Batman Returns and Lethal Weapon 3 gave Warner Bros. the most profitable first half-year in its history, with the studio expecting returns over $200 million . [ 98 ] However, Batman Returns fell $114.8 million short of Batman ' s $411.6 million gross, and was considered a disappointment as a sequel to the fifth-highest-grossing film of its time. [ 42 ] [ 127 ] [ 128 ] By July 1992, anonymous Warner Bros. executives reportedly said about the film, "It's too dark. It's not a lot of fun". [ 5 ] Although it carried a PG-13 rating —warning that it may contain content unsuitable for children—Warner Bros. received thousands of complaint letters from parents who objected to the film's violent and sexualized content. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 126 ] Waters recalled one screening where "It's like kids crying, people acting like they've been punched in the stomach and like they've been mugged". [ 5 ] He anticipated some backlash but admitted that certain elements may have gone too far. [ 129 ] Burton later said that he preferred Batman Returns to Batman and did not view it as darker. [ 130 ] Sam Hamm defended Burton and Waters, stating that, aside from merchandising, the film had never been intended as child-friendly. [ 129 ] McDonald's was also criticized for its child-centered promotion and toy tie-ins. [ n ] The company subsequently changed its practices, requiring extended previews of films before agreeing to promotional partnerships. [ 132 ] Warner Bros.' hopes that the film might mirror Batman ' s lucrative merchandising campaign were similarly undercut, as demand for licensed products proved far weaker than in 1989. A JCPenney representative reported that only about one-third of stock had sold, with the remainder discounted, while another store described sales as barely a tenth of Batman ' s. [ 132 ] In light of the backlash and merchandising decline, Warner Bros. chose to continue the series without Burton, whom they considered "too dark and odd for them", and hired Joel Schumacher to direct the next installment. [ 42 ] A rival studio executive remarked, "If you bring back Burton and Keaton, you're stuck with their vision. You can't expect Honey, I Shrunk the Batman ", referencing the family-friendly Honey, I Shrunk the Kids (1989). [ 131 ] Around the same time, executive producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael Uslan sued Warner Bros., alleging that the studio had denied them their share of profits from Batman and Batman Returns through Hollywood accounting practices—artificially inflating a film's production costs to make it appear unprofitable and limit payouts. A court ruled in Warner Bros.' favor, citing insufficient evidence. [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Home media Batman Returns was released on VHS and LaserDisc on October 21, 1992. [ 22 ] [ 135 ] [ 136 ] The VHS carried a lower-than-average price to encourage sales and rentals. Although the film was expected to sell millions of copies and perform strongly as a rental, commentators suggested its darker tone would limit appeal among children, the demographic most responsible for driving home-video sales. [ 135 ] Danny Elfman's score was issued on compact disc in 1992, with an expanded edition released in 2010. [ 85 ] The film was first released on DVD in 1997, without additional features. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] In October 2005, Warner Bros. issued an anthology DVD box set containing all four films in the Burton–Schumacher Batman series. The Batman Returns disc included a commentary by Burton, the making-of featurette The Bat, The Cat, and The Penguin , the fourth part of the documentary Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight , featurettes on costumes, make-up, and special effects, and the music video for Face to Face . [ 139 ] The anthology set was reissued on Blu-ray in 2009, alongside a standalone Blu-ray edition of Batman Returns . [ 137 ] [ 140 ] A 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray edition, restored from the original 35mm negative, was released in 2019 with previously available special features. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] A 4K collector's edition followed in 2022, packaged in a SteelBook case with original cover art, character cards, a double-sided poster, and the earlier supplements. [ 143 ] Other media About 120 products were marketed with Batman Returns , including action figures and toys by Kenner Products , Catwoman-themed clothing, toothbrushes, roller skates, T-shirts, underwear, sunglasses, towels, beanbags, mugs, weightlifting gloves, throw pillows, cookie cutters, commemorative coins, playing cards, costume jewelry, cereal, a radio-controlled Batmobile, and even tortilla chips shaped like the Batman logo. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] Although a similar number of products had been marketed for Batman (1989), Warner Bros. used fewer licensees this time to allow greater oversight. To combat counterfeiting, holographic labels developed by American Bank Note Holographics were attached to licensed merchandise. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] The concurrent release of Batman: The Animated Series later in 1992 was expected to extend merchandising success beyond the film's theatrical run. [ 89 ] Other tie-ins included a novelization by Craig Shaw Gardner , published in July 1992, [ 144 ] [ 145 ] and the roller coaster Batman: The Ride at Six Flags Great America , built at a cost of $8 million and later replicated at additional Six Flags parks alongside a Batman stunt show. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] Several video-game adaptations titled Batman Returns were released across nearly all available platforms; [ 146 ] [ 147 ] [ 148 ] the Super Nintendo Entertainment System version was the most successful. [ 149 ] The film's legacy continued in later media. To celebrate the Penguin's 80th anniversary, DeVito wrote the 2021 comic story "Bird Cat Love", in which Penguin and Catwoman fall in love and end the COVID-19 pandemic . [ 150 ] [ 151 ] In 2022, DC Comics launched Batman '89 , a series written by Sam Hamm with art by Joe Quinones, which continues the Burton continuity, following up on Batman Returns by depicting Harvey Dent's transformation into Two-Face and introducing Robin. [ 152 ] The Red Triangle Gang made their first appearance outside the film in Robin #15 (2022). [ 153 ] [ 154 ] That same year, a holiday tie-in book was released, Batman Returns: One Dark Christmas Eve: The Illustrated Holiday Classic , by Ivan Cohen. [ 155 ] In 2023, LEGO released a near 4,000-piece Batcave set inspired by Batman Returns . [ 156 ] Thematic analysis Duality and fragmented identity Critic David Crow identifies duality as a central motif in Batman Returns , noting that Catwoman, Penguin, and Shreck each reflect warped aspects of Batman. [ 157 ] [ 25 ] [ 114 ] English and American studies professor Carol Siegel contends that the film is a neo-gothic fairy tale exploring bodily transformation and fragmented identity, often through the lens of rage against oppressive social structures. [ 158 ] Siegel argues that the film is unique within the Batman mythos because it is "more concerned with Bruce Wayne than his alter ego", resulting in an "almost complete abandonment of the action-adventure aspect of the comic tradition". [ 159 ] The divided selves of Bruce and Selina are central to the narrative, and themes of fractured identity are especially evident in Catwoman's transformation. [ 159 ] [ 160 ] According to author Simon Born, the dual identities constrain both characters, and their fleeting recognition at the masquerade ball is undermined by what he terms their "advanced schizophrenia". [ 161 ] Like Bruce, Selina is driven by trauma and inner conflict; unlike Batman, who seeks justice, she seeks vengeance. [ 6 ] [ 112 ] Although Catwoman acknowledges Batman's assertion that they are "the same, split right down the center", their differences prevent reconciliation. [ 25 ] Critics Darren Mooney and Betsy Sharkey argue that Penguin mirrors Batman's origin, as both lost their parents at an early age. Shreck even notes that, if not for his abandonment, Oswald Cobblepot and Bruce Wayne might have shared social circles. While Batman accepts his solitude, the Penguin craves acceptance, love, and respect, despite his destructive impulses. [ 5 ] [ 35 ] Mooney suggests Batman's conflicts with Penguin are personal rather than moral: Batman, quietly proud of being a "freak", resents the Penguin for mirroring his own abnormality. [ 5 ] Shreck, meanwhile, embodies Bruce's public persona taken to extremes—an industrialist whose greed and populism are masked by cheap gestures toward the public. [ 25 ] Born describes Batman Returns as a highly stylized neo-gothic work in which identity, social critique, and psychological trauma are externalized through an opulent design. [ 157 ] He refers to Gotham as an "insurrection of signs", where established symbols are inverted and notions of good and evil destabilized. [ 162 ] Born further argues that Batman has lost his personal identity to his alter ego: "Bruce Wayne is the mask of Batman". Batman uses this monstrous persona to shield himself from the world. Born notes that the hero's violence is depicted with a "casualness and malice" that is intended to unsettle the audience. [ 160 ] This portrayal implies that Batman is not far removed from the "relentless methods" of the fascistic powers he once opposed in earlier comics. [ 163 ] The carnivalesque and social critique Writer Catherine Mettler describes Batman Returns as a cinematic application of Mikhail Bakhtin 's theory of the carnivalesque , which posits that carnival can invert existing power hierarchies and enable popular renewal. Burton's work is characterized by elements that are "exuberantly colorful, gay, hallucinogenic, childlike, and chaotic", which he applies to films such as Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005). [ 164 ] The Penguin is a key embodiment of the carnivalesque, particularly through the concept of the grotesque body. [ 165 ] Mettler highlights his deformed physicality and excessive appetites as representations of the "unbounded" and "materially linked" body of the common people. [ 165 ] His sewer lair is described as a circus, further emphasizing the visual chaos of his character. [ 166 ] Living among the city's waste, the Penguin's existence underscores the stark divide between the elite and the masses he represents. [ 167 ] As the "least obvious carnivalesque character," Catwoman embodies the theme on a personal level. [ 168 ] Her transformation aligns with Bakhtin's notion of a carnival spirit that liberates a person from "conventions and established truths" and offers entry into "a completely new order of things". [ 168 ] Selina, a victim of a "sexist macho society", is pushed out a window by her boss. [ 169 ] Born argues that Selina empowers herself by adapting the 'symbol of her oppression—the cat—' and reframing it as a 'furious panther' in opposition to the chauvinistic business world. [ 160 ] Her rebellion reflects post-feminist theories linking sexuality, power, and identity. [ 160 ] However, Born argues that her struggle against masculine authority ultimately fails, as her autonomy is continually challenged by male characters, reflecting Hollywood's patriarchal system. [ 160 ] Sexuality and repression Batman Returns is noted for its exploration of sexuality, particularly the relationship between Batman and Catwoman, with critics often citing its S&M undertones and the use of leather fetish suits. [ 170 ] Siegel described the film as an "S&M art film" marketed as a children's summer blockbuster. [ 171 ] She argues that the film's exploration of fetishism, perversity, and eroticism is central to its neo-gothic themes. [ 158 ] According to Siegel, a central theme in Burton's work, including Batman Returns , is the "shared exhilaration and anxiety concerning bodily transformation". [ 172 ] This is most evident in Catwoman, whose transformation is marked by prominent stitches on her homemade patent-leather suit. [ 173 ] These stitches are both literal and symbolic, testifying to her reanimation after her death and revival by alley cats. [ 172 ] Siegel posits that the act of sewing her own suit functions as an ironic mimicry of the oppressive feminine social roles that had previously terrorized her. [ 174 ] Siegel suggests that their consensual S&M-coded relationship is mitigated by their heroic actions, which allow them to channel "both their rage and their perverse desires into their ongoing fight against destructive evil". [ 175 ] She contends this portrayal suggests that S&M can be regarded as "nearly wholesome so long as it is manifested with control and proper purpose". [ 175 ] Other critics interpret Batman and Catwoman's attraction less as sexual perversity and more as a "romance between two schizophrenics," rooted in shared anger and emotional wounds. [ 175 ] Critic Tom Breihan described Catwoman's vinyl catsuit as "pure BDSM ", complete with the whip she wields as a weapon. [ 25 ] [ 176 ] In the climax, she rejects Batman's offer of a happy ending and abandoning her revenge against Shreck; accepting Batman's will would mean allowing another man to control her. [ 25 ] Selina's arc from timid secretary to dominant Catwoman represents liberation from social conventions and established truths. [ 168 ] For Siegel, her stitched-together "Frankensteinean" catsuit is an artistic embodiment of her rage against patriarchal and repressive roles that once defined her. [ 177 ] Her story is one of personal empowerment against male hegemony, culminating in her showdown with Shreck. [ 178 ] Catwoman's overt embrace of sexuality contrasts with Batman's repression, presenting sexuality as dangerous, destabilizing, and incompatible with their vigilante roles. [ 179 ] Her sexuality functions both as empowerment and as a threat to patriarchal structures embodied by Shreck, Batman, and Penguin. [ 179 ] Alongside Catwoman's sexualized persona, Batman Returns continues a tradition in Batman media in which the hero's power stems from sublimating sexuality into violence. [ 179 ] Criminal justice scholar Graeme Newman said that, historically, Batman has been portrayed as asexual, reinforcing his obsessive focus on crime-fighting and echoing a moral stance that renounces "the medieval evil itself: sex". [ 180 ] His "tremendous force" of sexuality is redirected into "unrestrained lust: violence", presenting a distinctly male response to desire. [ 181 ] In Batman , his sexual encounter with Vicki Vale leaves him restless and disturbed, suggesting intimacy conflicts with his crime-fighting obsession. [ 182 ] The avoidance of homosexual themes—such as omitting Robin from the film or killing him in comics—was partly driven by fears that such portrayals would "contradict and divert attention away from the single-minded pursuit of justice". [ 182 ] The dynamic between Batman and Catwoman underscores this tension; both recognize that if they were to be together, they would no longer need to pursue their respective justice obsessions. [ 181 ] Mettler notes that while Catwoman achieves independence from social constraints and male control, she never achieves sexual liberation, observing that despite their attraction, she and Batman never consummate their relationship. [ 183 ] Film analyst Arthur Taussig argues that Catwoman's final decision in Batman Returns to reject the heroic Batman and choose "total freedom, total independence from all men" is a "revolutionary statement" and a "political breakthrough for popular cinema," as it subverts the traditional Hollywood formula of female characters finding fulfillment only through a male partner. [ 184 ] Power, politics, and ideology These tensions between sexuality and repression feed directly into the film's broader exploration of power and ideology, most clearly embodied in the Penguin's mayoral campaign, which Shreck masterminds. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Selina gains agency by donning the Catwoman costume and embracing her anger and sexuality. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] By contrast, according to Newman, Batman sublimates sexuality into violence, aligning him with a conservative ideology: order requires the denial of personal desire, and strength must be expressed through "good violence" in service of justice. [ 185 ] The film's political themes are interwoven with the machinations of Shreck, a figure who wields wealth to secure influence, declaring, "There's no such thing as too much power; if my life has a meaning that's the meaning". [ 25 ] Born argues that Shreck is arguably the film's only purely evil character; he is more frightening than the "freaks and monsters" because he operates "behind a façade of normalcy" while manipulating, corrupting, and killing others. Born contends that Burton's work suggests the true source of fear is not "the Other" (the outsider) but the "ordinary". [ 186 ] He further explains that Burton portrays the film's "freaks and monsters" as victimized individuals: the Penguin, abandoned by wealthy parents, lashes out at the consumer society that rejected him; Catwoman emerges from a chauvinistic world; and even Batman is a "traumatized individual". [ 187 ] Born concludes that the film ultimately destabilizes the binaries of good and evil, framing them as subjective narrative constructs. [ 188 ] Shreck convinces Penguin to run for mayor to advance his own interests, while Penguin seeks the legitimacy and respect that recognition would bring, echoing Catwoman's struggle. [ 116 ] [ 189 ] Critic Caryn James observed that Batman Returns delivers "sharp political jabs", suggesting that money and image matter more than substance. [ 116 ] Whereas the Joker in Batman won support by throwing money into the crowd, Shreck and Penguin rely on spectacle, pandering, and corporate showmanship. Penguin notes that both he and Shreck are monsters, but only Shreck is "well-respected". James remarked that Penguin does not seek to become lovable, only accepted. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] [ 116 ] When voters turn on him, he retaliates with a plan to kill infants, symbols of the opportunities he never had. Critic John Crow argued that Burton shows greatest sympathy for Penguin, devoting more screen time to his development. [ 25 ] The narrative aligns with Newman's interpretation of the film as delivering a "deeply conservative message". [ 185 ] The ineffectual liberal mayor is outmaneuvered by Shreck, the "evil capitalist", while Gotham's "fickle masses" nearly elect Penguin. [ 185 ] In this reading, "the moral weakness of liberalism is eclipsed by the moral strength of evil", leaving Batman's "good violence" as the only force capable of restoring order. [ 185 ] The interplay of sexuality and politics completes this logic: Catwoman's sexuality threatens male control, Batman's repression channels desire into violence, and Gotham's citizens, manipulated by spectacle, require a morally certain, if brutal, hero to save them from themselves. [ 190 ] These artistic and political strands are closely tied to Burton's personal rebellious impulses. He admitted a desire to vent anger "on such a grand scale," claiming he was "pretty much against society from the beginning". [ 191 ] This resistance to class hierarchy and patriarchy recurs throughout his work. [ 191 ] Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique Crow and Mooney saw Batman Returns as a critique of Batman's real-world cultural popularity and merchandising, particularly following the success of the previous film. Notably, a scene of a store filled with Batman merchandise being destroyed was removed from the final cut. [ 25 ] The film is "saturated with Christmas energy", but rejects conventional holiday norms to function as an anti- Christmas film that critiques commercialism and the absence of true goodwill. Shreck cynically exploits Christmas tropes, falsely portraying himself as selfless and benevolent, while the perversions of Penguin's Red Triangle gang represent a more overt rejection of the holiday. [ 5 ] [ 25 ] Born describes Christmas as a central motif in the film, but it is portrayed as a symbol of "commercial mass deception" and the "tyranny of department stores". [ 162 ] Both Penguin and Catwoman use the festive season to challenge Gotham's established power structures with carnivalesque traits. [ 192 ] Gotham City is dominated by Shreck. [ 193 ] Shreck embodies ruthless capitalism concealed behind the "friendly face of a cartoon animal", a subtle critique by Burton of his own experiences with corporate entities like The Walt Disney Company . [ 193 ] Batman Returns has been described as a neo-gothic fairy tale that is "more Burton than Batman". [ 194 ] Its content was deemed unsuitable for young children, prompting backlash from parents and critics. [ 132 ] An editorial in The New York Times warned that the film was "violent, sexually suggestive", featuring scenes where "kids are abandoned, kidnapped, and threatened with death". [ 132 ] The film includes racy dialogue, such as "just the pussy I've been looking for" and "I'd like to fill her void", which angered many parents. This controversy extended to merchandising, with McDonald's receiving numerous complaints about licensed toys and promotional items tied to the film. The resulting outcry over the film's tone and violence highlighted a clash between its dark themes and its marketing to a younger audience. [ 132 ] The film emphasizes loneliness and isolation during Christmastime: Bruce is first shown sitting alone in his vast mansion, inert until the Bat-Signal shines in the sky. While he forms a connection with Kyle, their differences remain insurmountable, and he ends the film as he began it; alone. [ 5 ] Critic Todd McCarthy noted that isolation is a recurring theme in much of Burton's work, emphasized in the film's three main characters. [ 110 ] Some contemporary critics argue that while the film is not explicitly antisemitic , it utilizes visual and thematic elements associated with historical Jewish stereotypes. [ 195 ] They suggest the Penguin embodies traits such as a "hooked nose, pale face and lust for herring" and is "unathletic and seemingly unthreatening but who, in fact, wants to murder every firstborn child of the gentile community". [ 195 ] The character teams with Shreck (a name the critics describe as 'Jewish-sounding') to disrupt Christmas and Christian traditions. [ 195 ] According to LAist , the Penguin's exaggerated caricature, assault on holiday customs, and overt biblical symbolism create a "perfect storm" of imagery evoking antisemitic tropes. [ 196 ] These critics contend that Burton, in drawing inspiration from the German Expressionist aesthetic, unintentionally referenced a problematic lineage, as some art critics view the Nosferatu (1922) character Count Orlok (portrayed by actor Max Shreck) as an example of a bizarre and monstrous characterization of Jews as the predatory, parasitic "other". [ 195 ] [ 196 ] [ 193 ] Conversely, Melvin Salberg and Abraham H. Foxman of the Anti-Defamation League argued that reading the film as antisemitic is a misinterpretation that overlooks the filmmakers' intent and distracts from real-world antisemitism. [ 197 ] Furthermore, Taussig noted the biblical resonance of the Penguin's infancy, with a baby carriage floating in a river recalling the story of Moses . [ 184 ] Visual effects supervisor Robert Skotak explained that the sequence was conceived as a visual descent into the underworld, portraying a sinister baptism, symbolically paralleling the biblical narrative. [ 198 ] Legacy Retrospective reception Despite a mixed initial reception from critics and audiences, Batman Returns has undergone a critical reappraisal in the years since its release and is now considered a classic of the superhero genre. Several publications, such as Variety and The Hollywood Reporter , now rank it among the best Batman and superhero films, with some calling it "the greatest Batman movie ever made". [ o ] The film is seen as "underrated" and a "series peaking early," with subsequent films failing to live up to its vision. [ 9 ] [ 201 ] Burton's artistic choices, which were criticized at the time, are now seen as prescient and ahead of their time. [ 9 ] The "darker" and more "bleak" aspects of the film have been re-evaluated in the wake of later, more serious superhero films. Burton noted the irony of the film being deemed 'too dark,' given that later films—including The Dark Knight trilogy (2005–2012) and The Batman (2022)—went even darker. [ p ] Burton said that while Batman Returns was seen by some as bleak, for him it was a mixture of gothic, playful, kinky, and experimental tones. [ 202 ] The Hollywood Reporter notes that the film was "truer to Tim Burton's dark vision than its predecessor". [ 205 ] [ 203 ] According to The Ringer , the very "fatalistic and noir elements" that Roger Ebert criticized in 1992 are now "the going currency of event movies". [ 9 ] Critic Brian Tallerico said that the elements which originally upset critics and audiences are what makes it still "revelatory... It's one of the best and strangest movies of its kind ever made". [ 141 ] Writer Daniel Waters recalled being told that Batman Returns was a "great movie for people who don't like Batman". [ 34 ] [ 206 ] While the film received criticism for its depiction of Batman killing, Waters defended the choice, arguing that in a film like The Dark Knight (2008), it was not practical for Batman to let the Joker live, knowing he could escape and cause more harm. [ 8 ] [ 25 ] He believed that the reception to Batman Returns was improving with time, especially after the release of The Batman . [ 34 ] Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes has an 82% approval rating from reviews by 93 critics, with an average score of 6.9/10. According to the website's critical consensus, "Director Tim Burton's dark, brooding atmosphere, Michael Keaton's work as the tormented hero, and the flawless casting of Danny DeVito as The Penguin and Christopher Walken as, well, Christopher Walken make the sequel better than the first". [ 207 ] The film has a score of 68 out of 100 on Metacritic (based on 23 critics), indicating "generally favorable" reviews. [ 208 ] Cultural influence The film is widely regarded as an exemplar of the superhero genre's potential for artistic expression. Variety credits the film with helping to legitimize the genre by pairing Keaton's Batman with Burton's distinct and vivid world-building. [ 199 ] The Burton Batman films are also credited with establishing the darker, more serious tone that would later define the modern superhero genre of the early 21st century. [ 94 ] Publications like Empire and Polygon describe the film as a deeply personal and "unmistakably Burton" work, infused with the same gothic and satirical sensibilities as his earlier films like Beetlejuice and Edward Scissorhands . [ 77 ] [ 202 ] This approach made the film a "bold, auteur-driven detour" in Batman's cinematic history, contrasting sharply with the camp of the 1960s and the later, more grounded style of The Dark Knight trilogy. [ 202 ] Author Jeff Bond called Batman Returns the "first auteur superhero movie" because it allowed Burton to make a film that was his "weird experiment" rather than a strict adaptation. [ 95 ] [ 202 ] This willingness to ignore traditional comic book elements and sequel hooks in favor of his unique vision helped pave the way for other creative directors, such as Christopher Nolan , Peter Jackson , and Sam Raimi , to helm major franchises. [ 9 ] [ 77 ] Director of The Batman Matt Reeves and that film's star Robert Pattinson both called Batman Returns their favorite Batman film. [ 209 ] [ 210 ] Additionally, director Robert Eggers said that it visually inspired his film Nosferatu (2024). [ 211 ] Pfeiffer's portrayal of Catwoman is widely regarded as a definitive big-screen interpretation of the character, praised not only for her iconic costume but for a performance that brought a unique blend of sexuality, danger, outrageousness, and pathos to the role. [ q ] Burton called it one of his favorite performances he has ever worked on. [ 212 ] While initially hailed as the film's "bright spot" amid a mixed critical reception, the performance is now considered one of the greatest in the superhero genre, credited with taking a comic book character and turning her into a complex, contradictory figure that served as a commentary on the portrayal of women in genre fiction. [ r ] The role is seen as a "career-making" one that helped audiences forget previous portrayals and cemented Pfeiffer's as the "definitive big-screen Catwoman". [ 8 ] [ 199 ] [ 205 ] Variety argued that Pfeiffer deserved an Academy Award nomination for her performance, and set a benchmark for future portrayals. [ s ] Burton recalled that by the time of Batman Returns , studios had begun to talk in terms of "franchises" and marketing, concepts that were still relatively new during production of the 1989 film. The Hollywood Reporter notes that while Batman launched the modern superhero movie, Batman Returns marked a more complex stage in that evolution. With its darker tone, bold characterizations, and extensive marketing tie-ins, the film helped pave the way for the genre's later dominance, even if Burton's approach made that progression a more uneven one. [ 8 ] The film's tone and clash with corporate partners like McDonald's, which objected to darker content, prompted Warner Bros. to pivot to the more lighthearted and "campy" style of the Joel Schumacher films. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] While this was an attempt to create films with more broad, family-friendly appeal, The Ringer wrote that the Schumacher films are now seen as "borderline unwatchable", while Batman Returns is seen as a superior and more enduring cinematic work. [ 9 ] [ 224 ] In January 2017, one of the iconic Batsuits worn by Keaton in the film sold at auction for $41,250. [ 225 ] Although a summer blockbuster upon its release, Batman Returns has become a holiday film staple due to its winter setting and Christmas iconography. Several publications have listed it among the best alternative Christmas films, noting its themes of loneliness and isolation. [ t ] It is also identified as the centerpiece of Burton's unofficial Christmas trilogy, bookended by Edward Scissorhands and The Nightmare Before Christmas . [ 5 ] [ 9 ] Sequels Following the reception of Batman Returns , Warner Bros. sought to continue the series without Burton. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 129 ] Although Burton considered making a third film, the studio encouraged him to pursue other projects and he realized they did not want him to return. He was replaced with Joel Schumacher, who was seen as better suited to delivering a more family- and merchandise-friendly sequel. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 129 ] Keaton initially supported the change but eventually left the role, later saying the proposed third film "just wasn't any good, man". [ 42 ] [ 131 ] [ 229 ] Industry reports suggested he also sought a $15 million salary and profit share, though his producing partner Harry Colomby denied money was the issue. [ 129 ] Schumacher's Batman Forever (1995) was financially successful but less well received critically than Batman Returns . [ 230 ] Its sequel, Batman & Robin (1997), was a critical and commercial disappointment, often cited as one of the worst blockbuster films ever made, [ 230 ] [ 231 ] and led to the franchise being placed on hiatus until the reboot Batman Begins (2005). [ 129 ] [ 231 ] [ 131 ] By the mid-1990s, Burton and Waters were attached to a planned Catwoman film starring Pfeiffer. [ 232 ] [ 233 ] Burton and Waters held competing visions for the project: Burton wanted to make an intimate black-and-white drama in homage to Cat People (1942), while Waters's script followed Catwoman, suffering from amnesia after the events of Batman Returns , in the Las Vegas -like Oasisburg, where she confronted corrupt male superheroes. [ 234 ] [ 235 ] The project stalled as Burton and Pfeiffer moved on to other work, and Warner Bros. eventually produced Catwoman (2004), starring Halle Berry , which was widely panned. [ 234 ] [ 236 ] Keaton later reprised his Batman in The Flash (2023), [ 231 ] [ 237 ] and had also filmed scenes for the cancelled Batgirl (2022). [ 238 ] [ 239 ] Footnotes ^ Although Bob Kane received sole credit for Batman and his associated characters in Batman Returns , it was established in 2015 that writer Bill Finger was jointly involved in the creation of Batman as well as The Penguin and Catwoman, among others. He received equal credit to Kane in future adaptations of the Batman comic books. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] ^ The 1992 budget of $50–$80 million is equivalent to $112 million–$202 million in 2024. ^ The 1992 theatrical box office gross of $266.8 million is equivalent to $598 million in 2024. Notes ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 39 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] [ 48 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 22 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 42 ] [ 53 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ 77 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 24 ] [ 35 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] [ 82 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] [ 111 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 5 ] [ 9 ] [ 26 ] [ 131 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 199 ] [ 200 ] [ 201 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 94 ] [ 202 ] [ 203 ] [ 204 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 9 ] [ 212 ] [ 213 ] [ 214 ] [ 215 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 212 ] [ 216 ] [ 217 ] [ 218 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 219 ] [ 220 ] [ 221 ] [ 222 ] [ 223 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 5 ] [ 226 ] [ 227 ] [ 228 ] References Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Meenan, Devin (January 24, 2022). 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Retrieved August 12, 2025 . Mettler, Catarina (2012). "The Carnevalesque in Tim Burton's Batman and Batman Returns ". Werkstücke . 2 (2): 109– 133. doi : 10.60135/werkstuecke.02.2012.6 . Newman, Graeme (1993). "Batman and Justice: The True Story". Humanity & Society . 17 (3): 297– 320. doi : 10.1177/016059769301700304 . Magazines Cotta Vaz, Mark (August 1992). "A Knight At The Zoo". Cinefex . No. 51. United States. pp. 22– 69. Fennell, Tim (August 1992). "Schwing!". Empire . London . p. 40. Groves, Don (August 2, 1993). " Park Keeps Stomping On World B.O.". Variety . Los Angeles , California. p. 18. Jones, Alan (November 1989). "Batman" . Cinefantastique . Vol. 20, no. 1– 2. Forest Park, Illinois : Fourth Castle Micromedia. pp. 48– 63 . Retrieved July 2, 2022 . McBride, Joseph (July 14, 1992). "Socko Batsequel Rolls To Record B.O. In U.K.". Daily Variety . Los Angeles , California. p. 20. Resner, Jeffrey (August 1992). "Three Go Mad in Gotham". Empire . London . pp. 39– 46. Shapiro, Marc (July 1992). "Darker Knights When Batman Returns". Fangoria . No. 114. Atlanta, Georgia : Fangoria Publishing, LLC. pp. 30– 33. White, Taylor L. (August 1992). "Batman Returns" . Cinefantastique . Vol. 23, no. 1. Forest Park, Illinois : Fourth Castle Micromedia. pp. 8– 11 . Retrieved July 3, 2022 . External links Official website (Warner Bros.) Official website (DC Comics) Batman Returns at IMDb Batman Returns at the TCM Movie Database (archived version) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! 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" " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade 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characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Batwoman episodes characters episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Live-action films Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of 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Death in the Family Novels The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution Podcasts Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Enemies in other media Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Supporting characters in other media Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Live-action films based on DC Comics v t e Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Single films Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Franchises Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) DC Imprints Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) See also DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Imprints v t e Tim Burton v t e Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Director Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Writer Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) TV series created Beetlejuice (1989–91) Beetlejuice (1989–91) v t e Catwoman v t e Bob Kane Bill Finger Bob Kane Bill Finger Incarnations Selina Kyle Holly Robinson Eiko Hasigawa Selina Kyle Holly Robinson Eiko Hasigawa Supporting characters Batgirl Batman Slam Bradley Gotham City Sirens Dick Grayson Huntress Justice League Outsiders Alfred Pennyworth Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Madame Zodiac Leslie Thompkins Wildcat Batgirl Batman Slam Bradley Gotham City Sirens Dick Grayson Huntress Justice League Outsiders Alfred Pennyworth Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Madame Zodiac Leslie Thompkins Wildcat Antagonists Angle Man Bane Black Mask Clayface Film Freak Hush Joker Penguin Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Riddler Scarecrow Snowflame Hugo Strange Two-Face Zeiss Angle Man Bane Black Mask Clayface Film Freak Hush Joker Penguin Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Riddler Scarecrow Snowflame Hugo Strange Two-Face Zeiss Publications Catwoman Catwoman: When in Rome Gotham City Sirens Nine Lives Catwoman Catwoman: When in Rome Gotham City Sirens Nine Lives In other media Catwoman (film) Chase Me DC Showcase: Catwoman Catwoman (video game) Selina Kyle ( Gotham character) "Selina Kyle" ( Gotham episode) Selina Kyle ( Batman Returns ) " The Cat and the Fiddle " " The Cat and the Claw " Catwoman: Soulstealer Catwoman: Hunted Catwoman (film) Chase Me DC Showcase: Catwoman Catwoman (video game) Selina Kyle ( Gotham character) "Selina Kyle" ( Gotham episode) Selina Kyle ( Batman Returns ) " The Cat and the Fiddle " " The Cat and the Claw " Catwoman: Soulstealer Catwoman: Hunted Category Category 1990s Film United States Speculative fiction Media from Commons Data from Wikidata Authority control databases International VIAF VIAF Other MusicBrainz work Yale LUX MusicBrainz work Yale LUX 1992 films 1990s Christmas films 1990s political satire films 1990s superhero films Batman (1989 film series) American Christmas films American films about revenge American neo-noir films American political satire films American sequel films American superhero films Catwoman in other media Films about elections Films adapted into comics Films directed by Tim Burton Films produced by Denise Di Novi Films produced by Tim Burton Films scored by Danny Elfman Films set in zoos Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Los Angeles Films with screenplays by Daniel Waters (screenwriter) Films with screenplays by Sam Hamm Gothic films Penguin (character) in other media Saturn Award–winning films PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films Warner Bros. films 1990s English-language films 1992 American films Rating controversies in film English-language action films English-language Christmas films Dolby Cinema films Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use list-defined references from July 2022 Use American English from July 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2021 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Template film date with 2 release dates Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:27 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Portal : Current events/October 2025 မြန်မာဘာသာ اردو Portal Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikinews Wikidata item October 2025 was the tenth month of that common year. The month, which began on a Wednesday , ended on a Friday after 31 days. Portal:Current events This is an archived version of Wikipedia's Current events Portal from October 2025. edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Gaza war Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip 2025 Gaza City offensive At least 61 Palestinians are killed in Israeli attacks across the Gaza Strip and Gaza City . (Al Jazeera) Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip 2025 Gaza City offensive At least 61 Palestinians are killed in Israeli attacks across the Gaza Strip and Gaza City . (Al Jazeera) 2025 Gaza City offensive At least 61 Palestinians are killed in Israeli attacks across the Gaza Strip and Gaza City . (Al Jazeera) At least 61 Palestinians are killed in Israeli attacks across the Gaza Strip and Gaza City . (Al Jazeera) Russo-Ukrainian war Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure The Ukrainian energy ministry declares an "emergency situation" at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant as the New Safe Confinement structure meant to prevent radioactive material from spreading into the environment experiences a three-hour power outage due to a Russian drone strike on an energy facility in nearby Slavutych , Kyiv Oblast . ( The Kyiv Independent ) Volodymyr Leontiev , the former Russia-installed mayor of Nova Kakhovka , is killed in a Ukrainian drone strike. ( The Kyiv Independent ) ( The Moscow Times ) Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure The Ukrainian energy ministry declares an "emergency situation" at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant as the New Safe Confinement structure meant to prevent radioactive material from spreading into the environment experiences a three-hour power outage due to a Russian drone strike on an energy facility in nearby Slavutych , Kyiv Oblast . ( The Kyiv Independent ) The Ukrainian energy ministry declares an "emergency situation" at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant as the New Safe Confinement structure meant to prevent radioactive material from spreading into the environment experiences a three-hour power outage due to a Russian drone strike on an energy facility in nearby Slavutych , Kyiv Oblast . ( The Kyiv Independent ) Volodymyr Leontiev , the former Russia-installed mayor of Nova Kakhovka , is killed in a Ukrainian drone strike. ( The Kyiv Independent ) ( The Moscow Times ) Sudanese civil war Siege of El Fasher As El Fasher 's humanitarian crisis continues to drastically deteriorate, the Rapid Support Forces reportedly makes further gains against besieged garrison units mainly composed of former Darfuri rebels and their Sudanese Armed Forces allies. (BBC News) Siege of El Fasher As El Fasher 's humanitarian crisis continues to drastically deteriorate, the Rapid Support Forces reportedly makes further gains against besieged garrison units mainly composed of former Darfuri rebels and their Sudanese Armed Forces allies. (BBC News) As El Fasher 's humanitarian crisis continues to drastically deteriorate, the Rapid Support Forces reportedly makes further gains against besieged garrison units mainly composed of former Darfuri rebels and their Sudanese Armed Forces allies. (BBC News) Business and economy Embargo of Russian oil during the Russo-Ukrainian War , Serbia–United States relations The U.S. Department of the Treasury postpones sanctions on Serbian oil company Naftna Industrija Srbije , of which Russian state-owned companies Gazprom and Gazprom Neft hold a majority of shares, until October 8, 2025. (Reuters) The U.S. Department of the Treasury postpones sanctions on Serbian oil company Naftna Industrija Srbije , of which Russian state-owned companies Gazprom and Gazprom Neft hold a majority of shares, until October 8, 2025. (Reuters) Disasters and accidents 2025 Cebu earthquake Cebu governor Pam Baricuatro declares a state of calamity and suspends classes throughout the province due to the M w 6.9 earthquake yesterday. (BBC News) The National Grid Corporation of the Philippines reports that power has been restored shortly after midnight in five islands in the central Philippines , including Cebu. (AFP via Bangkok Post ) Cebu governor Pam Baricuatro declares a state of calamity and suspends classes throughout the province due to the M w 6.9 earthquake yesterday. (BBC News) The National Grid Corporation of the Philippines reports that power has been restored shortly after midnight in five islands in the central Philippines , including Cebu. (AFP via Bangkok Post ) Arerti Maryam Church collapse At least 36 people are killed and over 200 others are injured when an under construction church collapses in Areti, Amhara Region , Ethiopia . (AP) (TRT World) At least 36 people are killed and over 200 others are injured when an under construction church collapses in Areti, Amhara Region , Ethiopia . (AP) (TRT World) The death toll from the collapse of a pesantren in Sidoarjo , East Java , Indonesia , rises to six as rescue workers continue their search. Dozens of students remain missing and approximately 100 others were injured in the collapse. (AP) Two workers are killed, several are injured and others are reported missing when the ceiling of an under-renovation serail in Damascus , Syria , collapses. (AP) A flight attendant is injured when two CRJ-900 aircraft, one operated by Delta Air Lines and one by Endeavor Air , collide on a runway at LaGuardia Airport in New York , United States . (DW) (CNN) Law and crime 2025 Moroccan Gen Z protests At least three people are killed in Lqliâa , Souss-Massa , Morocco , as security forces open fire during nationwide protests over alleged corruption and public spending priorities. (Al Jazeera) At least three people are killed in Lqliâa , Souss-Massa , Morocco , as security forces open fire during nationwide protests over alleged corruption and public spending priorities. (Al Jazeera) Islamic terrorism in Europe Three men are arrested in Berlin , Germany , for targeting Jewish institutions and preparing a terrorist attack on behalf of Hamas . (Reuters) Three men are arrested in Berlin , Germany , for targeting Jewish institutions and preparing a terrorist attack on behalf of Hamas . (Reuters) The annual Oktoberfest is temporarily shut down in Munich , Germany , until 17:30 local time due to an explosion at a house earlier in the morning which killed two people, including the perpetrator. The police ultimately finds no link between the Oktoberfest and the explosion, which was related to a domestic dispute. (DW) (AP) The Italian Carabinieri Art Squad seizes 21 paintings by Salvador Dalí suspected of being forged pieces at an exhibition at the Palazzo Tarasconi in Parma . (AP) ( The Irish Independent ) Politics and elections 2025 Malagasy protests Protests in Madagascar continue and spread across the country, demanding the resignation of President Andry Rajoelina . Opposition leader Rivo Rakotovao says that his party will not join any new government under Rajoelina, asking him to step down. (Reuters) Protests in Madagascar continue and spread across the country, demanding the resignation of President Andry Rajoelina . Opposition leader Rivo Rakotovao says that his party will not join any new government under Rajoelina, asking him to step down. (Reuters) 2025 United States federal government shutdown A federal government shutdown occurs in the United States after a funding bill fails to be passed, the first government shutdown since January 2019 . (CTV News) A federal government shutdown occurs in the United States after a funding bill fails to be passed, the first government shutdown since January 2019 . (CTV News) The 2025 Right Livelihood Award is awarded to a student organization in the Pacific Islands fighting climate change , activist organization Justice for Myanmar , Taiwanese activist Audrey Tang , and the Sudanese Emergency Response Rooms for their work in combating injustice in their respective regions. (AP) Thousands of people march in Athens as part of a general strike across Greece to protest against proposed changes in labor laws that could change the 8-hour work day to 13 hours, or a 48-hour workweek . (AP) ( The Guardian ) Matteo Rossi and Lorenzo Bugli are sworn in as the new captains regent of San Marino , succeeding Denise Bronzetti and Italo Righi . ( San Marino RTV ) Science and technology A research team at the Free University of Berlin announce the detection of new organic substances within water vapour plumes erupting from the surface of Enceladus by Cassini ' s Cosmic Dust Analyzer , a potential biosignature of extraterrestrial life under the Saturnian moon 's icy surface . ( The Guardian ) ( Nature Astronomy ) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Gaza war Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip 2025 Gaza City offensive At least 53 Palestinians are killed in Israeli attacks across the Gaza Strip and in Gaza City . (Al Jazeera) Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip Israel intercepts the Global Sumud Flotilla in international waters and detains hundreds of activists from 44 countries carrying humanitarian aid bound for Gaza, sparking international condemnation and accusations of violations of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea . (BBC News) ( The National ) Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip 2025 Gaza City offensive At least 53 Palestinians are killed in Israeli attacks across the Gaza Strip and in Gaza City . (Al Jazeera) 2025 Gaza City offensive At least 53 Palestinians are killed in Israeli attacks across the Gaza Strip and in Gaza City . (Al Jazeera) At least 53 Palestinians are killed in Israeli attacks across the Gaza Strip and in Gaza City . (Al Jazeera) Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip Israel intercepts the Global Sumud Flotilla in international waters and detains hundreds of activists from 44 countries carrying humanitarian aid bound for Gaza, sparking international condemnation and accusations of violations of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea . (BBC News) ( The National ) Israel intercepts the Global Sumud Flotilla in international waters and detains hundreds of activists from 44 countries carrying humanitarian aid bound for Gaza, sparking international condemnation and accusations of violations of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea . (BBC News) ( The National ) Terrorism in the United Kingdom Manchester synagogue attack Two people are killed and four others are injured in a vehicle-ramming and mass stabbing attack at the Heaton Park Hebrew Congregation synagogue in Crumpsall , Manchester , England , United Kingdom . The perpetrator and one of the victims are shot dead by police . The attack is later declared a terror attack . (CNN) ( The New York Times ) (Reuters) Manchester synagogue attack Two people are killed and four others are injured in a vehicle-ramming and mass stabbing attack at the Heaton Park Hebrew Congregation synagogue in Crumpsall , Manchester , England , United Kingdom . The perpetrator and one of the victims are shot dead by police . The attack is later declared a terror attack . (CNN) ( The New York Times ) (Reuters) Two people are killed and four others are injured in a vehicle-ramming and mass stabbing attack at the Heaton Park Hebrew Congregation synagogue in Crumpsall , Manchester , England , United Kingdom . The perpetrator and one of the victims are shot dead by police . The attack is later declared a terror attack . (CNN) ( The New York Times ) (Reuters) Disasters and accidents At least eleven people are killed after a tractor trolley topples into a pond in Khandwa district , Madhya Pradesh , India . ( The Hindu ) One person is killed and four others are injured in a hydrogen capsule explosion in a laboratory at Tehran University in Tehran , Iran . (AP) Twelve people are injured in panic from a M w 5.3 earthquake in Istanbul , Turkey . (Al Monitor) (AP) At least 500 families are displaced and 400 houses are destroyed in a large fire in Cagayan de Oro , Misamis Occidental , Northern Mindanao , Philippines. ( Philippine Daily Inquirer ) International relations Australia–Papua New Guinea relations The Papua New Guinean Cabinet approves a bilateral defense treaty with Australia , which will increase integration of military equipment and personnel between the two countries. (AP) The Papua New Guinean Cabinet approves a bilateral defense treaty with Australia , which will increase integration of military equipment and personnel between the two countries. (AP) Foreign relations of Nicaragua , Foreign relations of Ukraine , International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Ukraine breaks off diplomatic relations with Nicaragua over the latter's recognition of Russian - occupied territories in the country. ( Priamyi ) Ukraine breaks off diplomatic relations with Nicaragua over the latter's recognition of Russian - occupied territories in the country. ( Priamyi ) Politics and elections 2025 Azad Kashmir protests At least eight people are killed in violent protests in Muzaffarabad , Azad Kashmir , Pakistan , against benefits for the political class in the region. The regional government warns local media against covering the protests. (DW) At least eight people are killed in violent protests in Muzaffarabad , Azad Kashmir , Pakistan , against benefits for the political class in the region. The regional government warns local media against covering the protests. (DW) At least 195,000 people hold protests across France to denounce planned budget cuts. (France 24) The seventh summit of the European Political Community is held in Copenhagen , Denmark . (Anadolu Agency) Science and technology Mars 2020 NASA 's Perseverance rover captures its first images of interstellar object 3I/ATLAS as it passes by Mars . ( Economic Times ) NASA 's Perseverance rover captures its first images of interstellar object 3I/ATLAS as it passes by Mars . ( Economic Times ) Sports The United States ' National Football League announce it will roll out national flag football leagues for both men and women in 2026 ahead of its inclusion in the 2028 Summer Olympics . (AP) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Gaza war Donald Trump's September 2025 Gaza Strip proposal Hamas says it has agreed to part of the 20-point plan proposed by U.S. president Donald Trump to end the war, including the release of hostages and handing over administration of the enclave. ( The Hill ) (Reuters) United Nations human rights experts warn that multiple portions of the plan contradict international law and the ICJ ruling on Israel's occupation of Palestine . (OCHR) Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip , 2025 Gaza City offensive At least 72 Palestinians are killed from Israeli attacks across the Gaza Strip , including 42 killed in Gaza City . (Al Jazeera) Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip , Gaza genocide , Humanitarian aid during the Gaza war The Israeli Navy intercepts and seizes the Polish -flagged Marinette , the last vessel of the Global Sumud Flotilla , an international humanitarian flotilla seeking to break the Gaza blockade . (Al Jazeera) Donald Trump's September 2025 Gaza Strip proposal Hamas says it has agreed to part of the 20-point plan proposed by U.S. president Donald Trump to end the war, including the release of hostages and handing over administration of the enclave. ( The Hill ) (Reuters) United Nations human rights experts warn that multiple portions of the plan contradict international law and the ICJ ruling on Israel's occupation of Palestine . (OCHR) Hamas says it has agreed to part of the 20-point plan proposed by U.S. president Donald Trump to end the war, including the release of hostages and handing over administration of the enclave. ( The Hill ) (Reuters) United Nations human rights experts warn that multiple portions of the plan contradict international law and the ICJ ruling on Israel's occupation of Palestine . (OCHR) Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip , 2025 Gaza City offensive At least 72 Palestinians are killed from Israeli attacks across the Gaza Strip , including 42 killed in Gaza City . (Al Jazeera) At least 72 Palestinians are killed from Israeli attacks across the Gaza Strip , including 42 killed in Gaza City . (Al Jazeera) Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip , Gaza genocide , Humanitarian aid during the Gaza war The Israeli Navy intercepts and seizes the Polish -flagged Marinette , the last vessel of the Global Sumud Flotilla , an international humanitarian flotilla seeking to break the Gaza blockade . (Al Jazeera) The Israeli Navy intercepts and seizes the Polish -flagged Marinette , the last vessel of the Global Sumud Flotilla , an international humanitarian flotilla seeking to break the Gaza blockade . (Al Jazeera) Somali Civil War 2025 Shabelle offensive With Ugandan support, the Somali National Army and other pro-federal forces reportedly recapture two villages from al-Shabaab . Government sources claim that al-Shabaab's forces suffered heavy casualties from the fighting. (Somali National News Agency) 2025 Shabelle offensive With Ugandan support, the Somali National Army and other pro-federal forces reportedly recapture two villages from al-Shabaab . Government sources claim that al-Shabaab's forces suffered heavy casualties from the fighting. (Somali National News Agency) With Ugandan support, the Somali National Army and other pro-federal forces reportedly recapture two villages from al-Shabaab . Government sources claim that al-Shabaab's forces suffered heavy casualties from the fighting. (Somali National News Agency) War on drugs , 2025 US Caribbean naval deployment 2025 United States strikes on Venezuelan boats The United States Navy conducts a strike targeting an alleged drug smuggling boat in the Venezuelan coast. According to U.S. defense secretary Pete Hegseth , at least four crewmembers were killed in the attack. (Reuters) 2025 United States strikes on Venezuelan boats The United States Navy conducts a strike targeting an alleged drug smuggling boat in the Venezuelan coast. According to U.S. defense secretary Pete Hegseth , at least four crewmembers were killed in the attack. (Reuters) The United States Navy conducts a strike targeting an alleged drug smuggling boat in the Venezuelan coast. According to U.S. defense secretary Pete Hegseth , at least four crewmembers were killed in the attack. (Reuters) Boko Haram insurgency More than 5,000 people flee from Borno State , Nigeria , to Cameroon after Boko Haram fighters seize the border town of Kirawa and burn multiple buildings. (Reuters) More than 5,000 people flee from Borno State , Nigeria , to Cameroon after Boko Haram fighters seize the border town of Kirawa and burn multiple buildings. (Reuters) Insurgency in Balochistan Seven terrorists are killed and a huge cache of weapons and ammunition is recovered in an operation by security forces in Sherani District , Balochistan , Pakistan . (Xinhua News Agency) Seven terrorists are killed and a huge cache of weapons and ammunition is recovered in an operation by security forces in Sherani District , Balochistan , Pakistan . (Xinhua News Agency) Russo-Ukrainian war List of journalists killed during the Russo-Ukrainian War French journalist Antoni Lallican is killed and photographer Hryhoriy Ivanchenko is injured by a Russian drone strike in Donetsk Oblast , Ukraine . (RFE/RL) List of journalists killed during the Russo-Ukrainian War French journalist Antoni Lallican is killed and photographer Hryhoriy Ivanchenko is injured by a Russian drone strike in Donetsk Oblast , Ukraine . (RFE/RL) French journalist Antoni Lallican is killed and photographer Hryhoriy Ivanchenko is injured by a Russian drone strike in Donetsk Oblast , Ukraine . (RFE/RL) Arts and culture Bishop of London Sarah Mullally is announced as the new archbishop of Canterbury , becoming the first woman to lead the Church of England and the Anglican Communion . (BBC News) Disasters and accidents Five people are killed after an overcrowded vehicle overturns on NR-165 in Nabari , Mie Prefecture , Japan . (Kyodo News) At least three people drown after catastrophic flash floods hit the southern Black Sea coast of Bulgaria . (Novinite.com) At least two people are killed and others are injured when an Iranian Red Crescent Society rescue helicopter carrying nine people crashes in Lorestan province , Iran . (Mehr News Agency) International relations China–India relations , Sino–Indian border dispute Indian airline IndiGo announces it will resume direct flights between Kolkata and Guangzhou , China , on October 26, launching the first direct flights between the two countries since border skirmishes in 2020 . (DW) Indian airline IndiGo announces it will resume direct flights between Kolkata and Guangzhou , China , on October 26, launching the first direct flights between the two countries since border skirmishes in 2020 . (DW) Law and crime Capital punishment in Tunisia , Decree Law 54 A court in Nabeul , Tunisia , sentences a 56-year-old man to death over online statements criticizing President Kais Saied and state security agencies. (Reuters) A court in Nabeul , Tunisia , sentences a 56-year-old man to death over online statements criticizing President Kais Saied and state security agencies. (Reuters) Trial of Sean Combs A court in Manhattan , New York , United States , sentences musician Sean Combs to four years and two months in prison for prostitution -related charges. (BBC News) A court in Manhattan , New York , United States , sentences musician Sean Combs to four years and two months in prison for prostitution -related charges. (BBC News) The Bangkok Criminal Court sentences a Thai man to life in prison for the January 7 assassination of Cambodian politician Lim Kimya in Bangkok. (AP) A Finnish court dismisses charges against the crew of the Eagle S tanker, ruling prosecutors failed to prove intent in the 2024 Estlink 2 incident and that negligence must be addressed by the ship's flag state or crew's home countries. (Reuters) A court in Yerevan , Armenia sentences Mikael Ajapahyan, a prominent cleric of the Armenian Apostolic Church , to two years in prison for allegedly calling for the overthrow of Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan . (AP) At least two people are killed and five others are injured in a mass shooting in Les Moulins near Nice , Alpes-Maritimes , Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur , France . ( Le Figaro ) (Times Now) Politics and elections 2025 Czech parliamentary election Czechs vote to elect the members of the Chamber of Deputies . For the first time, Czechs living or stationed abroad can vote via mail . (Reuters) Czechs vote to elect the members of the Chamber of Deputies . For the first time, Czechs living or stationed abroad can vote via mail . (Reuters) 2025 Indonesian protests Indonesia suspends TikTok 's registration as an electronic service provider after the company fails to submit complete data on its live streaming activity during nationwide protests. (Reuters) Indonesia suspends TikTok 's registration as an electronic service provider after the company fails to submit complete data on its live streaming activity during nationwide protests. (Reuters) 2025 Maldivian protests Police violently crack down on and arrest eight people during an overnight protest against government corruption in Malé in the Maldives . (AP) (Raajje TV) Police violently crack down on and arrest eight people during an overnight protest against government corruption in Malé in the Maldives . (AP) (Raajje TV) Abdication of Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg Henri , the grand duke of Luxembourg , abdicates and is succeeded by his eldest son, Guillaume V . ( Financial Times ) Henri , the grand duke of Luxembourg , abdicates and is succeeded by his eldest son, Guillaume V . ( Financial Times ) Lithuanian culture minister Ignotas Adomavičius resigns after one week in office amidst protests. (LRT) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Gaza war Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip 2025 Gaza City offensive At least 70 Palestinians are killed in Israeli attacks across the Gaza Strip and in Gaza City . (Al Jazeera) Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip 2025 Gaza City offensive At least 70 Palestinians are killed in Israeli attacks across the Gaza Strip and in Gaza City . (Al Jazeera) 2025 Gaza City offensive At least 70 Palestinians are killed in Israeli attacks across the Gaza Strip and in Gaza City . (Al Jazeera) At least 70 Palestinians are killed in Israeli attacks across the Gaza Strip and in Gaza City . (Al Jazeera) Islamic State insurgency in Puntland Puntland counter-terrorism operations Puntland Security Forces kill over ten Islamic State militants and capture another in a major operation targeting wells used by ISIS as bases to carry out attacks in the Cal Miskaad Mountains in Bari region of Puntland . Three soldiers are killed and six others are injured in the operation. (Hiiraan Online) Puntland counter-terrorism operations Puntland Security Forces kill over ten Islamic State militants and capture another in a major operation targeting wells used by ISIS as bases to carry out attacks in the Cal Miskaad Mountains in Bari region of Puntland . Three soldiers are killed and six others are injured in the operation. (Hiiraan Online) Puntland Security Forces kill over ten Islamic State militants and capture another in a major operation targeting wells used by ISIS as bases to carry out attacks in the Cal Miskaad Mountains in Bari region of Puntland . Three soldiers are killed and six others are injured in the operation. (Hiiraan Online) Somali Civil War 2025 Mogadishu prison attack At least seven people are killed and injured and several prisoners escape in an attack on a National Intelligence and Security Agency prison by militant group Al-Shabaab in Mogadishu , Somalia . The Somali government reports that no civilian or security officers were killed, and that all seven attackers were killed. (AP) (Hiiraan Online) 2025 Mogadishu prison attack At least seven people are killed and injured and several prisoners escape in an attack on a National Intelligence and Security Agency prison by militant group Al-Shabaab in Mogadishu , Somalia . The Somali government reports that no civilian or security officers were killed, and that all seven attackers were killed. (AP) (Hiiraan Online) At least seven people are killed and injured and several prisoners escape in an attack on a National Intelligence and Security Agency prison by militant group Al-Shabaab in Mogadishu , Somalia . The Somali government reports that no civilian or security officers were killed, and that all seven attackers were killed. (AP) (Hiiraan Online) Russo-Ukrainian war 2025 Sumy offensive One person is killed and at least 30 people are injured in Russian drone strikes on two passenger trains at a rail station in Shostka , Sumy Oblast , Ukraine . ( The Independent ) Attacks in Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine A Russian Buyan-class corvette is allegedly attacked near Lake Onega , in Karelia , Russia. The ship sustains damage to the right side of its power plant compartment. ( The Kyiv Independent ) 2025 Sumy offensive One person is killed and at least 30 people are injured in Russian drone strikes on two passenger trains at a rail station in Shostka , Sumy Oblast , Ukraine . ( The Independent ) One person is killed and at least 30 people are injured in Russian drone strikes on two passenger trains at a rail station in Shostka , Sumy Oblast , Ukraine . ( The Independent ) Attacks in Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine A Russian Buyan-class corvette is allegedly attacked near Lake Onega , in Karelia , Russia. The ship sustains damage to the right side of its power plant compartment. ( The Kyiv Independent ) A Russian Buyan-class corvette is allegedly attacked near Lake Onega , in Karelia , Russia. The ship sustains damage to the right side of its power plant compartment. ( The Kyiv Independent ) Arts and culture The Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities formally opens the tomb of Amenhotep III in the Valley of the Kings to the public after 20 years of renovations following its excavation in 1989. (DW) (ANewZ) The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America , the largest Lutheran denomination in the United States , installs Reverend Yehiel Curry as its presiding bishop , making him the first Black bishop to lead the denomination. Curry succeeds Reverend Elizabeth Eaton , the first woman to lead the organization. (AP) (CBS News) Pope Leo XIV attends the oath-taking ceremony for the new batch of Pontifical Swiss Guards , becoming the first pope to do so since 1968. ( The Catholic Herald ) Disasters and accidents 2025–26 European windstorm season At least two people are killed and another is severely injured in northern France as Storm Amy makes landfall . (France 24) A man is killed in Letterkenny , County Donegal , Ireland , and hundreds of thousands are without power as Storm Amy brings high winds to the United Kingdom and Ireland . (Sky News) At least two people are killed and another is severely injured in northern France as Storm Amy makes landfall . (France 24) A man is killed in Letterkenny , County Donegal , Ireland , and hundreds of thousands are without power as Storm Amy brings high winds to the United Kingdom and Ireland . (Sky News) 2025 India–Pakistan floods At least ten people are killed and two others are reported missing when heavy rainfall triggered multiple landslides in Darjeeling , West Bengal , India . (India TV) At least ten people are killed and two others are reported missing when heavy rainfall triggered multiple landslides in Darjeeling , West Bengal , India . (India TV) Law and crime Islamophobia in the United Kingdom Peacehaven mosque arson A mosque with two people inside is set on fire in a suspected hate crime in Peacehaven , East Sussex , England . (CNN) Peacehaven mosque arson A mosque with two people inside is set on fire in a suspected hate crime in Peacehaven , East Sussex , England . (CNN) A mosque with two people inside is set on fire in a suspected hate crime in Peacehaven , East Sussex , England . (CNN) Capital punishment in Iran , Iran–Israel relations Iran executes six prisoners accused and convicted of carrying out attacks inside Iran for the Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz on behalf of Israel . (AP) Iran executes six prisoners accused and convicted of carrying out attacks inside Iran for the Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz on behalf of Israel . (AP) Lithuania temporarily suspends air traffic at Vilnius Airport after unidentified balloons are detected in its airspace . (Reuters) Politics and elections 2024–2025 Georgian protests 2025 Georgian uprising attempt Protestors attempt to storm the Orbeliani Palace and clash with police in Tbilisi , Georgia , during the local elections . (Al Jazeera) 2025 Georgian uprising attempt Protestors attempt to storm the Orbeliani Palace and clash with police in Tbilisi , Georgia , during the local elections . (Al Jazeera) Protestors attempt to storm the Orbeliani Palace and clash with police in Tbilisi , Georgia , during the local elections . (Al Jazeera) 2025 Azad Kashmir protests Violent protests that killed at least ten people in Azad Kashmir , Pakistan , end as a peace agreement is reached with a civil rights alliance. (MSN) Violent protests that killed at least ten people in Azad Kashmir , Pakistan , end as a peace agreement is reached with a civil rights alliance. (MSN) 2025 Czech parliamentary election The second and final day of the election to elect the members of the Czech Chamber of Deputies takes place. (TVN24) Former prime minister Andrej Babiš 's populist ANO party wins the election with about 35% of the vote but falls short of a majority, prompting him to begin coalition talks with smaller right-wing parties. (BBC News) The second and final day of the election to elect the members of the Czech Chamber of Deputies takes place. (TVN24) Former prime minister Andrej Babiš 's populist ANO party wins the election with about 35% of the vote but falls short of a majority, prompting him to begin coalition talks with smaller right-wing parties. (BBC News) 2025 Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) presidential election Sanae Takaichi defeats Shinjiro Koizumi in a runoff election to become the next president of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and prime minister -designate. She is the first female leader of the LDP and, should she be confirmed by the Diet , the first female prime minister of Japan . (Kyodo News) Sanae Takaichi defeats Shinjiro Koizumi in a runoff election to become the next president of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and prime minister -designate. She is the first female leader of the LDP and, should she be confirmed by the Diet , the first female prime minister of Japan . (Kyodo News) 2025 Malawian general election Peter Mutharika is sworn in for his second non-consecutive term as President of Malawi following his victory in last month's national election. (Reuters) Peter Mutharika is sworn in for his second non-consecutive term as President of Malawi following his victory in last month's national election. (Reuters) Sports 2025 Speedway of Nations In motorcycle speedway , Australia wins the 2025 Speedway of Nations , defeating Poland in the grand final at the MotoArena Toruń , BiT City , Kuyavia–Pomerania , Poland . (FIM Speedway) In motorcycle speedway , Australia wins the 2025 Speedway of Nations , defeating Poland in the grand final at the MotoArena Toruń , BiT City , Kuyavia–Pomerania , Poland . (FIM Speedway) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Gaza war Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip 2025 Gaza City offensive At least 24 Palestinians are killed in Israeli attacks across the Gaza Strip . (Al Jazeera) Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip 2025 Gaza City offensive At least 24 Palestinians are killed in Israeli attacks across the Gaza Strip . (Al Jazeera) 2025 Gaza City offensive At least 24 Palestinians are killed in Israeli attacks across the Gaza Strip . (Al Jazeera) At least 24 Palestinians are killed in Israeli attacks across the Gaza Strip . (Al Jazeera) Russo-Ukrainian war Lviv strikes , Attacks on civilians in the Russo-Ukrainian war At least five people are killed in Lviv , Ukraine , during an overnight Russian attack involving 53 ballistic and cruise missiles and 496 drones . (AP) Lviv strikes , Attacks on civilians in the Russo-Ukrainian war At least five people are killed in Lviv , Ukraine , during an overnight Russian attack involving 53 ballistic and cruise missiles and 496 drones . (AP) At least five people are killed in Lviv , Ukraine , during an overnight Russian attack involving 53 ballistic and cruise missiles and 496 drones . (AP) Disasters and accidents Over 550 people are trapped by a blizzard on the eastern slope of Mount Everest in Tibet . (Reuters) More than 60 people are killed in landslides in India and Nepal after days of heavy rain. (MSN) At least nine people are killed and five others are critically injured in a fire inside of an intensive care unit at a hospital in Jaipur , Rajasthan , India. (MSN) American mining company Freeport-McMoRan confirms that all seven workers missing after a mudflow at the Grasberg mine in Central Papua , Indonesia , have died as recovery teams find the remaining bodies and investigations continue. (Reuters) At least three Croatian mountaineers are killed in an avalanche on Tosc Mountain in northwestern Slovenia . (AP) International relations Eswatini–United States relations , Deportation in the second Trump administration Eswatini announces that it will receive eleven more third country nationals deported from the United States . (Reuters) Eswatini announces that it will receive eleven more third country nationals deported from the United States . (Reuters) Law and crime 2025 deployment of federal forces in the United States Operation Midway Blitz U.S. president Donald Trump authorizes the deployment of 300 National Guard personnel to Chicago , Illinois . (BBC News) Operation Midway Blitz U.S. president Donald Trump authorizes the deployment of 300 National Guard personnel to Chicago , Illinois . (BBC News) U.S. president Donald Trump authorizes the deployment of 300 National Guard personnel to Chicago , Illinois . (BBC News) 2025 Ecuador protests Ecuador enforces a state of emergency in ten provinces amid ongoing Indigenous -led protests against the government 's removal of a fuel subsidy that increased diesel prices. (AP) Ecuador enforces a state of emergency in ten provinces amid ongoing Indigenous -led protests against the government 's removal of a fuel subsidy that increased diesel prices. (AP) Five people are killed and six others are injured in a mass shooting at a local establishment in Commodore, Linstead , Saint Catherine Parish , Jamaica. (CVM Television) A court in Mexico formally indicts footballer Omar Bravo with the aggravated child sexual abuse of a teenage girl following his arrest in Zapopan , Jalisco , yesterday afternoon. (TV Azteca) (AP) Politics and elections 2024–2025 French political crisis Lecornu government French prime minister Sébastien Lecornu announces his first batch of minister appointments, including former finance minister Bruno Le Maire as armed forces minister , while facing a potential no-confidence vote in parliament . (AP) Lecornu government French prime minister Sébastien Lecornu announces his first batch of minister appointments, including former finance minister Bruno Le Maire as armed forces minister , while facing a potential no-confidence vote in parliament . (AP) French prime minister Sébastien Lecornu announces his first batch of minister appointments, including former finance minister Bruno Le Maire as armed forces minister , while facing a potential no-confidence vote in parliament . (AP) 2025 Indonesian protests Indonesia lifts its temporary suspension of TikTok 's operating license after the platform provided government -requested data on live streaming activity during the recent protests. (AFP via The Manila Times ) Indonesia lifts its temporary suspension of TikTok 's operating license after the platform provided government -requested data on live streaming activity during the recent protests. (AFP via The Manila Times ) 2025 Syrian parliamentary election Syrians vote to elect 121 of the 210 members of the People's Assembly in the first election held since the fall of the Assad regime in December 2024 . Elections are postponed in the Al-Hasakah , Raqqa , and Suwayda governorates due to security reasons. (CNN) Syrians vote to elect 121 of the 210 members of the People's Assembly in the first election held since the fall of the Assad regime in December 2024 . Elections are postponed in the Al-Hasakah , Raqqa , and Suwayda governorates due to security reasons. (CNN) Sports 2025 Formula One World Championship 2025 Singapore Grand Prix In auto racing , McLaren win their second consecutive Formula One World Constructors' Championship after their drivers Lando Norris and Oscar Piastri place third and fourth, respectively, at the Singapore Grand Prix . (AFP via France 24) 2025 Singapore Grand Prix In auto racing , McLaren win their second consecutive Formula One World Constructors' Championship after their drivers Lando Norris and Oscar Piastri place third and fourth, respectively, at the Singapore Grand Prix . (AFP via France 24) In auto racing , McLaren win their second consecutive Formula One World Constructors' Championship after their drivers Lando Norris and Oscar Piastri place third and fourth, respectively, at the Singapore Grand Prix . (AFP via France 24) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Gaza war Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip 2025 Gaza City offensive Ten Palestinians , including three people who were seeking humanitarian aid , are killed in Israeli attacks across the Gaza Strip ahead of peace talks in Egypt , bringing the total number of Palestinians killed in Israeli attacks since Friday up to 104. (Al Jazeera) Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip 2025 Gaza City offensive Ten Palestinians , including three people who were seeking humanitarian aid , are killed in Israeli attacks across the Gaza Strip ahead of peace talks in Egypt , bringing the total number of Palestinians killed in Israeli attacks since Friday up to 104. (Al Jazeera) 2025 Gaza City offensive Ten Palestinians , including three people who were seeking humanitarian aid , are killed in Israeli attacks across the Gaza Strip ahead of peace talks in Egypt , bringing the total number of Palestinians killed in Israeli attacks since Friday up to 104. (Al Jazeera) Ten Palestinians , including three people who were seeking humanitarian aid , are killed in Israeli attacks across the Gaza Strip ahead of peace talks in Egypt , bringing the total number of Palestinians killed in Israeli attacks since Friday up to 104. (Al Jazeera) Syrian civil war SDF–Syrian Transitional Government clashes Clashes erupt between Syrian government troops and Kurdish militias affiliated with the Syrian Democratic Forces in Sheikh Maqsood , Aleppo . (Alarabiya English) SDF–Syrian Transitional Government clashes Clashes erupt between Syrian government troops and Kurdish militias affiliated with the Syrian Democratic Forces in Sheikh Maqsood , Aleppo . (Alarabiya English) Clashes erupt between Syrian government troops and Kurdish militias affiliated with the Syrian Democratic Forces in Sheikh Maqsood , Aleppo . (Alarabiya English) Myanmar civil war More than 40 people are killed, including children, and about 80 others are injured in a strike on a festival and an anti-junta protest in Chaung-U , Sagaing Region , Myanmar. (ABC News) More than 40 people are killed, including children, and about 80 others are injured in a strike on a festival and an anti-junta protest in Chaung-U , Sagaing Region , Myanmar. (ABC News) Disasters and accidents 2025 tornado season 2025 Enderlin tornado The U.S. National Weather Service upgrades the rating of the tornado near Enderlin, North Dakota , on June 20 this year, to EF5, the most recent tornado to attain the highest rating on the Enhanced Fujita scale . (CNN) 2025 Enderlin tornado The U.S. National Weather Service upgrades the rating of the tornado near Enderlin, North Dakota , on June 20 this year, to EF5, the most recent tornado to attain the highest rating on the Enhanced Fujita scale . (CNN) The U.S. National Weather Service upgrades the rating of the tornado near Enderlin, North Dakota , on June 20 this year, to EF5, the most recent tornado to attain the highest rating on the Enhanced Fujita scale . (CNN) Three people are killed after an 80-year-old residential structure collapses in Veraval , Gir Somnath district , India . ( The Indian Express ) A migrant boat carrying at least ten Chinese nationals capsized on the Danube river in the area of Bačka Palanka , Vojvodina , Serbia , while en route to Croatia . One person was killed and nine others were rescued. (ABC News) International relations Gaza war Donald Trump's September 2025 Gaza Strip proposal Indirect talks between Hamas and Israel begin in Sharm el-Sheikh , Egypt , to negotiate field conditions for the release of the remaining hostages in return for an undetermined number of Palestinian prisoners. (BBC News) Donald Trump's September 2025 Gaza Strip proposal Indirect talks between Hamas and Israel begin in Sharm el-Sheikh , Egypt , to negotiate field conditions for the release of the remaining hostages in return for an undetermined number of Palestinian prisoners. (BBC News) Indirect talks between Hamas and Israel begin in Sharm el-Sheikh , Egypt , to negotiate field conditions for the release of the remaining hostages in return for an undetermined number of Palestinian prisoners. (BBC News) Australia–Papua New Guinea relations Australia and Papua New Guinea sign a defense treaty , formally granting Australia access to Papuan military facilities and requiring mutual defense in case of aggression. (BBC News) (AP) Australia and Papua New Guinea sign a defense treaty , formally granting Australia access to Papuan military facilities and requiring mutual defense in case of aggression. (BBC News) (AP) New Zealand–Samoa relations New Zealand announces that it has paid a NZ$ 6 million compensation to Samoa over the sinking of the HMNZS Manawanui off the coast of Upolu in October 2024. (RNZ) New Zealand announces that it has paid a NZ$ 6 million compensation to Samoa over the sinking of the HMNZS Manawanui off the coast of Upolu in October 2024. (RNZ) Law and crime 2025 deployment of federal forces in the United States United States federal judge Karin Immergut temporarily blocks the Trump administration from deploying National Guard troops from California and Texas to Portland, Oregon , saying there is no evidence that the city requires any federal military intervention. (BBC News) United States federal judge Karin Immergut temporarily blocks the Trump administration from deploying National Guard troops from California and Texas to Portland, Oregon , saying there is no evidence that the city requires any federal military intervention. (BBC News) Mexican drug war , Mexico–United States relations The United States Treasury issues sanctions against various Mexican companies, including those in the pharmaceutical, real estate, chemical, and cleaning sectors, and eight people who manage them for allegedly supplying drug precursors to the Chapitos faction of the Sinaloa Cartel . (AP) The United States Treasury issues sanctions against various Mexican companies, including those in the pharmaceutical, real estate, chemical, and cleaning sectors, and eight people who manage them for allegedly supplying drug precursors to the Chapitos faction of the Sinaloa Cartel . (AP) At least 14 soldiers are killed and five others are injured in a shootout after a suspected "love triangle" dispute in South Sudan . (CBS News) A man opens fire inside an appeals courts in Tirana , Albania , killing the presiding judge and injuring two others in the courtroom . Police later arrest the suspect. (AP) A person opens fire inside the Iberville Parish Courthouse in Iberville Parish , Louisiana , United States, killing a deputy and injuring another, before being fatally shot. (KATC) (BNO News) The International Criminal Court convicts Janjaweed commander Ali Kushayb of war crimes in Darfur , Sudan , including rape, murder, and persecution. Kushayb is the first militia leader to be convicted for these war crimes . His sentence will be determined in a later hearing. (Reuters) A group of human rights organizations in Myanmar file a joint lawsuit against Norwegian telecoms firm Telenor for allegedly sharing customer data with the Tatmadaw after the 2021 coup d'état and in the civil war . (Al Jazeera) ( The Straits Times ) Politics and elections A teachers' strike in Alberta begins, making 51,000 teachers off-work and affects more than 700,000 students. Thousands rally across Alberta to support educators (CBC) (Global News) (The Globe and Mail) 2024–2025 French political crisis First Lecornu government French prime minister Sébastien Lecornu resigns after 27 days of being in office. With only 14 hours between the appointment of ministers and his resignation, Lecornu becomes the shortest-serving Prime Minister in French history . (BFMTV) ( Libération ) First Lecornu government French prime minister Sébastien Lecornu resigns after 27 days of being in office. With only 14 hours between the appointment of ministers and his resignation, Lecornu becomes the shortest-serving Prime Minister in French history . (BFMTV) ( Libération ) French prime minister Sébastien Lecornu resigns after 27 days of being in office. With only 14 hours between the appointment of ministers and his resignation, Lecornu becomes the shortest-serving Prime Minister in French history . (BFMTV) ( Libération ) 2025 Malagasy protests Youth -led protests against President Andry Rajoelina resume across Madagascar , with clashes with riot police taking place in multiple cities, including the capital Antananarivo . (Reuters) President Andry Rajoelina appoints Ruphin Fortunat Zafisambo , a Madagascar Armed Forces general , as the new prime minister of Madagascar . (Reuters) Youth -led protests against President Andry Rajoelina resume across Madagascar , with clashes with riot police taking place in multiple cities, including the capital Antananarivo . (Reuters) President Andry Rajoelina appoints Ruphin Fortunat Zafisambo , a Madagascar Armed Forces general , as the new prime minister of Madagascar . (Reuters) Science and technology 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Mary E. Brunkow , Fred Ramsdell , and Shimon Sakaguchi are jointly awarded this year's Nobel Prize in Medicine for their discoveries relating to peripheral immune tolerance . (CNN) Mary E. Brunkow , Fred Ramsdell , and Shimon Sakaguchi are jointly awarded this year's Nobel Prize in Medicine for their discoveries relating to peripheral immune tolerance . (CNN) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Syrian civil war SDF–Syrian Transitional Government clashes The Syrian government announces an immediate ceasefire with the Kurdish -led Syrian Democratic Forces following clashes last night that killed at least four people and injured at least eight others. (AP) US intervention in the Syrian civil war United States Central Command announces that US forces conducted a strike in Syria on October 2, killing Muhammad ‘Abd-al-Wahhab al-Ahmad, a senior Jama'at Ansar al-Islam attack planner. ( The Hill ) SDF–Syrian Transitional Government clashes The Syrian government announces an immediate ceasefire with the Kurdish -led Syrian Democratic Forces following clashes last night that killed at least four people and injured at least eight others. (AP) The Syrian government announces an immediate ceasefire with the Kurdish -led Syrian Democratic Forces following clashes last night that killed at least four people and injured at least eight others. (AP) US intervention in the Syrian civil war United States Central Command announces that US forces conducted a strike in Syria on October 2, killing Muhammad ‘Abd-al-Wahhab al-Ahmad, a senior Jama'at Ansar al-Islam attack planner. ( The Hill ) United States Central Command announces that US forces conducted a strike in Syria on October 2, killing Muhammad ‘Abd-al-Wahhab al-Ahmad, a senior Jama'at Ansar al-Islam attack planner. ( The Hill ) Red Sea crisis Houthi rebels detain nine United Nations workers in Yemen as part of a long-term crackdown on UN presence in the country, bringing the total number of detained UN personnel to 53. (AP) The Philippine Department of Migrant Workers confirms the death of a critically injured Filipino crew member of MV Minervagracht which was intercepted by the Houthis in the Gulf of Aden on September 29. The Netherlands -based operator of the vessel has reported that another injured Filipino is still being treated in Djibouti . ( Philippine Daily Inquirer ) ( The Times of Israel ) Houthi rebels detain nine United Nations workers in Yemen as part of a long-term crackdown on UN presence in the country, bringing the total number of detained UN personnel to 53. (AP) The Philippine Department of Migrant Workers confirms the death of a critically injured Filipino crew member of MV Minervagracht which was intercepted by the Houthis in the Gulf of Aden on September 29. The Netherlands -based operator of the vessel has reported that another injured Filipino is still being treated in Djibouti . ( Philippine Daily Inquirer ) ( The Times of Israel ) Business and economy The value of gold futures rise above $4,000 per troy ounce for the first time in trading history. (AP) Disasters and accidents Al-Khoziny Islamic Boarding School collapse The death toll from the collapse of a pesantren last week in East Java , Java , Indonesia, rises to 67 as search and rescue operations end. (The Guardian) The death toll from the collapse of a pesantren last week in East Java , Java , Indonesia, rises to 67 as search and rescue operations end. (The Guardian) Mediterranean Sea migrant smuggling Four people are killed, including a girl, after a boat carrying migrants sinks off the coast of Lesbos , Greece . Police find the 34 survivors at shore. (AP) Four people are killed, including a girl, after a boat carrying migrants sinks off the coast of Lesbos , Greece . Police find the 34 survivors at shore. (AP) At least 16 people are killed after a bus is hit by a landslide in Himachal Pradesh , India . (Reuters) (NDTV) Four people are killed, three others are injured and others are reported missing when a former office block being converted into a hotel partially collapses in Madrid , Spain . (BBC News) Over ten people are injured when a ferris wheel collapses at a fair in Santa Cruz de la Sierra , Bolivia . (BNO News) International relations Foreign relations of the Holy See Visit by Pope Leo XIV to Turkey and Lebanon The Holy See Press Office announces that Pope Leo XIV will visit İznik , Turkey , the location of the ancient city Nicaea , and Lebanon in November and December as his first papal visits abroad. ( The Catholic Herald ) (Anadolu Agency) Visit by Pope Leo XIV to Turkey and Lebanon The Holy See Press Office announces that Pope Leo XIV will visit İznik , Turkey , the location of the ancient city Nicaea , and Lebanon in November and December as his first papal visits abroad. ( The Catholic Herald ) (Anadolu Agency) The Holy See Press Office announces that Pope Leo XIV will visit İznik , Turkey , the location of the ancient city Nicaea , and Lebanon in November and December as his first papal visits abroad. ( The Catholic Herald ) (Anadolu Agency) Law and crime Crime in Mexico Six civilians are killed and two others are injured in a mass shooting when Mexican Army soldiers open fire on a vehicle that tried to ram them on the highway connecting Ciudad Mante and Tampico in Tamaulipas , Mexico. Mexican president Claudia Sheinbaum vowed an investigation. (MSN) Six civilians are killed and two others are injured in a mass shooting when Mexican Army soldiers open fire on a vehicle that tried to ram them on the highway connecting Ciudad Mante and Tampico in Tamaulipas , Mexico. Mexican president Claudia Sheinbaum vowed an investigation. (MSN) Crime in Germany Iris Stalzer , the mayor-elect of Herdecke , Germany , is left in a critical condition. She has told investigators it was her 17-year-old adoptive African daughter who stabbed her repeatedly in her home and tortured her for hours. (CNN) (AP) (DW) Iris Stalzer , the mayor-elect of Herdecke , Germany , is left in a critical condition. She has told investigators it was her 17-year-old adoptive African daughter who stabbed her repeatedly in her home and tortured her for hours. (CNN) (AP) (DW) Crime in Norway A restaurant in Strømmen , Akershus , Norway , receives damage after hand grenades were thrown into it. The Norwegian Police suspects gang activity with links to the Swedish–Kurdish criminal gang Foxtrot , arresting two teenagers shortly after the incident. (VG) A restaurant in Strømmen , Akershus , Norway , receives damage after hand grenades were thrown into it. The Norwegian Police suspects gang activity with links to the Swedish–Kurdish criminal gang Foxtrot , arresting two teenagers shortly after the incident. (VG) Residents of Bonaire , a Dutch special municipality in the Caribbean , file a class action lawsuit backed by Greenpeace against the Netherlands accusing them of failure to act in protecting the island's residents against climate change , as they are legally Dutch citizens. (AP) (Euractiv) The Supreme Court of Argentina approves the extradition of businessman Fred Machado to the United States , where he faces federal charges on drug trafficking and money laundering . (AP) The Supreme Electoral Court of Costa Rica requests the National Assembly to strip President Rodrigo Chaves Robles of immunity so that he can be prosecuted for corruption charges. (AP) Five people are arrested after an alleged assassination attempt on Ecuadorian president Daniel Noboa . (CNN) Politics and elections 2025 Barbadian presidential election Jeffrey Bostic is elected President of Barbados by the Parliament . He succeeds Sandra Mason and becomes the second president after Barbados becoming a republic . ( Barbados Today ) Jeffrey Bostic is elected President of Barbados by the Parliament . He succeeds Sandra Mason and becomes the second president after Barbados becoming a republic . ( Barbados Today ) Science and technology 2025 Nobel Prizes , Nobel Prize in Physics John Clarke , Michel Devoret , and John M. Martinis are jointly awarded this year's Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantization in an electric circuit. ( Euronews ) John Clarke , Michel Devoret , and John M. Martinis are jointly awarded this year's Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantization in an electric circuit. ( Euronews ) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Gaza war Gaza war peace plan United States president Donald Trump announces that Israel and Hamas have agreed to a ceasefire and the first phase of his peace plan to end the Gaza war . (Al Jazeera) . Gaza war peace plan United States president Donald Trump announces that Israel and Hamas have agreed to a ceasefire and the first phase of his peace plan to end the Gaza war . (Al Jazeera) . United States president Donald Trump announces that Israel and Hamas have agreed to a ceasefire and the first phase of his peace plan to end the Gaza war . (Al Jazeera) . Russo-Ukrainian war 2025 Sumy offensive , Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure A family is injured, including a 4-year-old girl critically, and dozens of civilian infrastructure facilities are damaged in a drone strike on a house in Sumy , Sumy Oblast , Ukraine . (RBC-Ukraine) Attacks in Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine A Ukrainian missile strike kills three people and injures nine others in Maslova Pristan , Belgorod Oblast , Russia. A search and rescue operation is underway for others believed to be trapped under rubble. (BBC News) 2025 Sumy offensive , Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure A family is injured, including a 4-year-old girl critically, and dozens of civilian infrastructure facilities are damaged in a drone strike on a house in Sumy , Sumy Oblast , Ukraine . (RBC-Ukraine) A family is injured, including a 4-year-old girl critically, and dozens of civilian infrastructure facilities are damaged in a drone strike on a house in Sumy , Sumy Oblast , Ukraine . (RBC-Ukraine) Attacks in Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine A Ukrainian missile strike kills three people and injures nine others in Maslova Pristan , Belgorod Oblast , Russia. A search and rescue operation is underway for others believed to be trapped under rubble. (BBC News) A Ukrainian missile strike kills three people and injures nine others in Maslova Pristan , Belgorod Oblast , Russia. A search and rescue operation is underway for others believed to be trapped under rubble. (BBC News) Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Eleven soldiers and 19 Pakistani Taliban fighters are killed in an ambush on a military convoy and subsequent shootout in Orakzai District , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan . (Al Jazeera) Eleven soldiers and 19 Pakistani Taliban fighters are killed in an ambush on a military convoy and subsequent shootout in Orakzai District , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan . (Al Jazeera) Disasters and accidents The World Health Organization intervenes as the death toll from toxic cough syrup in Madhya Pradesh , India , rises to at least 20. ( The Independent ) Six people are killed and eight others are critically injured in a fire at a firecracker factory in East Godavari district , Andhra Pradesh , India. ( India Today ) Law and crime 2025 deployment of federal forces in the United States Operation Midway Blitz Hundreds of Texas Military Forces troops arrive at a United States Army Reserve military base near Chicago , Illinois , ahead of a deployment to the city. (Sky News) Operation Midway Blitz Hundreds of Texas Military Forces troops arrive at a United States Army Reserve military base near Chicago , Illinois , ahead of a deployment to the city. (Sky News) Hundreds of Texas Military Forces troops arrive at a United States Army Reserve military base near Chicago , Illinois , ahead of a deployment to the city. (Sky News) 2025 New Orleans jailbreak Derrick Groves, the last remaining prisoner from a group of ten who escaped the Orleans Parish Prison in May in New Orleans , Louisiana , United States, is captured in Atlanta following a standoff with police at a house. (NBC News) Derrick Groves, the last remaining prisoner from a group of ten who escaped the Orleans Parish Prison in May in New Orleans , Louisiana , United States, is captured in Atlanta following a standoff with police at a house. (NBC News) Capital punishment in Singapore Singapore executes Pannir Selvam Pranthaman , a Malaysian man convicted of drug offenses , bringing this year's number of executions in the country to 12. (AP) Singapore executes Pannir Selvam Pranthaman , a Malaysian man convicted of drug offenses , bringing this year's number of executions in the country to 12. (AP) January 2025 Southern California wildfires A 29-year-old man is arrested for allegedly starting the Palisades Fire that killed 12 people and destroyed more than 6,000 homes in Los Angeles County , Southern California , United States, earlier this year. (BBC News) A 29-year-old man is arrested for allegedly starting the Palisades Fire that killed 12 people and destroyed more than 6,000 homes in Los Angeles County , Southern California , United States, earlier this year. (BBC News) Attempted assassination of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner Sabag Montiel is sentenced to ten years for attempting to assassinate the former president of Argentina and then- vice president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner . His girlfriend, Brenda Uliarte, is sentenced to eight years for being an accomplice. ( El País ) Sabag Montiel is sentenced to ten years for attempting to assassinate the former president of Argentina and then- vice president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner . His girlfriend, Brenda Uliarte, is sentenced to eight years for being an accomplice. ( El País ) Four people are killed, including the perpetrator, in a shooting spree at three locations across southwest Houston and Sugar Land , Texas , United States. (KHOU) At least six people are injured, including four musicians, in a mass shooting at an Agua Marina concert in Lima , Peru . No arrests have been made. (BNO News) ( Lokmat Times ) Science and technology 2025 Nobel Prizes Susumu Kitagawa , Richard Robson , and Omar Yaghi are jointly awarded this year's Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work on metal–organic frameworks . (BBC News) Susumu Kitagawa , Richard Robson , and Omar Yaghi are jointly awarded this year's Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work on metal–organic frameworks . (BBC News) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Gaza war Israeli invasion of Gaza Four people are killed and 40 others are trapped under rubble in an Israeli attack against a building in Sabra , Gaza City , Palestine, as the ceasefire agreement proposed by US president Donald Trump awaits approval by the Israeli cabinet . ( The Times of Israel ) Twenty-nine people are killed in Israeli attacks against Gaza . (Wafa) Gaza war peace plan The Israeli cabinet formally approves the ceasefire agreement, with the Israeli military given 24 hours to withdraw their troops to the agreed-upon line within Gaza. The hostage and prisoner releases are expected to begin in the coming days. (AP) US officials announce that 200 troops will be sent to Israel to run a civil-military coordination center established by U.S. Central Command to support and monitor the ceasefire deal, joined by members of the armed forces of Egypt , Qatar , Turkey , and the United Arab Emirates . (AP) Israeli invasion of Gaza Four people are killed and 40 others are trapped under rubble in an Israeli attack against a building in Sabra , Gaza City , Palestine, as the ceasefire agreement proposed by US president Donald Trump awaits approval by the Israeli cabinet . ( The Times of Israel ) Twenty-nine people are killed in Israeli attacks against Gaza . (Wafa) Four people are killed and 40 others are trapped under rubble in an Israeli attack against a building in Sabra , Gaza City , Palestine, as the ceasefire agreement proposed by US president Donald Trump awaits approval by the Israeli cabinet . ( The Times of Israel ) Twenty-nine people are killed in Israeli attacks against Gaza . (Wafa) Gaza war peace plan The Israeli cabinet formally approves the ceasefire agreement, with the Israeli military given 24 hours to withdraw their troops to the agreed-upon line within Gaza. The hostage and prisoner releases are expected to begin in the coming days. (AP) US officials announce that 200 troops will be sent to Israel to run a civil-military coordination center established by U.S. Central Command to support and monitor the ceasefire deal, joined by members of the armed forces of Egypt , Qatar , Turkey , and the United Arab Emirates . (AP) The Israeli cabinet formally approves the ceasefire agreement, with the Israeli military given 24 hours to withdraw their troops to the agreed-upon line within Gaza. The hostage and prisoner releases are expected to begin in the coming days. (AP) US officials announce that 200 troops will be sent to Israel to run a civil-military coordination center established by U.S. Central Command to support and monitor the ceasefire deal, joined by members of the armed forces of Egypt , Qatar , Turkey , and the United Arab Emirates . (AP) Afghanistan–Pakistan clashes 2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict The Pakistan Air Force carries out two airstrikes in Kabul , Afghanistan , targeting Pakistani Taliban leaders. (Amu.tv) 2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict The Pakistan Air Force carries out two airstrikes in Kabul , Afghanistan , targeting Pakistani Taliban leaders. (Amu.tv) The Pakistan Air Force carries out two airstrikes in Kabul , Afghanistan , targeting Pakistani Taliban leaders. (Amu.tv) Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Seven Pakistani Taliban members and a major are killed in a raid and ensuing shootout in Daraban , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan. The Inter-Services Public Relations further reports that the security forces recovered a cache of weapons and ammunition, along with stating that the killed terrorists were actively involved in multiple attacks. (Daily Pioneer) Three tribal leaders from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, are abducted and killed by Pakistani Taliban militants. (Press Trust of India) Seven Pakistani Taliban members and a major are killed in a raid and ensuing shootout in Daraban , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan. The Inter-Services Public Relations further reports that the security forces recovered a cache of weapons and ammunition, along with stating that the killed terrorists were actively involved in multiple attacks. (Daily Pioneer) Three tribal leaders from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, are abducted and killed by Pakistani Taliban militants. (Press Trust of India) Arts and culture 2025 Nobel Prizes Hungarian novelist and screenwriter László Krasznahorkai wins this year's Nobel Prize in Literature "for his compelling and visionary oeuvre that, in the midst of apocalyptic terror, reaffirms the power of art". (CNN) Hungarian novelist and screenwriter László Krasznahorkai wins this year's Nobel Prize in Literature "for his compelling and visionary oeuvre that, in the midst of apocalyptic terror, reaffirms the power of art". (CNN) Business and economy Argentina–United States relations , Argentine monetary crisis US Secretary of the Treasury Scott Bessent announces that the United States has purchased Argentine pesos and has finalized a currency swap framework , adding that the US is prepared to provide assistance to Argentina 's economy, after ending four days of meetings with Argentine economy minister Luis Caputo . (AP) US Secretary of the Treasury Scott Bessent announces that the United States has purchased Argentine pesos and has finalized a currency swap framework , adding that the US is prepared to provide assistance to Argentina 's economy, after ending four days of meetings with Argentine economy minister Luis Caputo . (AP) Serbia–United States relations , United States government sanctions , Russia–United States relations The United States Treasury Department issues sanctions against Naftna Industrija Srbije , the primary petroleum producer and supplier in Serbia , which is majority-owned by Russian state company Gazprom . (AP) The United States Treasury Department issues sanctions against Naftna Industrija Srbije , the primary petroleum producer and supplier in Serbia , which is majority-owned by Russian state company Gazprom . (AP) Disasters and accidents 2025 Pacific typhoon season One person is killed in Oiso , Kanagawa Prefecture , Japan , and hundreds of people are evacuated as Typhoon Halong makes landfall in the Izu Islands . (AP) (Kyodo News) One person is killed in Oiso , Kanagawa Prefecture , Japan , and hundreds of people are evacuated as Typhoon Halong makes landfall in the Izu Islands . (AP) (Kyodo News) 2025 Azerbaijan–Russia diplomatic crisis , Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Russian president Vladimir Putin says that Russian air defense shot down Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 in December 2024, in his first admission of responsibility for the accident. (CNN) Russian president Vladimir Putin says that Russian air defense shot down Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 in December 2024, in his first admission of responsibility for the accident. (CNN) International relations Trinidad and Tobago–Venezuela relations , Trinidad and Tobago–United States relations The attorney general of Trinidad and Tobago says that the United States has granted permission yesterday to the country to negotiate a gas deal with Venezuela without facing U.S. sanctions related to its relationship with Venezuela . (AP) The attorney general of Trinidad and Tobago says that the United States has granted permission yesterday to the country to negotiate a gas deal with Venezuela without facing U.S. sanctions related to its relationship with Venezuela . (AP) Law and crime The United States Department of Justice indicts Attorney General of New York Letitia James on a criminal bank fraud charge by in Alexandria , Virginia , United States. (CNN) (Reuters) Politics and elections 2025 Ecuador protests , Economy of Ecuador The Ecuadorian Army deploys at least 5,000 personnel to Quito to "prevent vandalism " amid ongoing protests against President Daniel Noboa over the rise of price of diesel fuel due to end of subsidies. (AP) The Ecuadorian Army deploys at least 5,000 personnel to Quito to "prevent vandalism " amid ongoing protests against President Daniel Noboa over the rise of price of diesel fuel due to end of subsidies. (AP) Sports 2025 ATP Tour In tennis, Monégasque player Valentin Vacherot defeats Holger Rune at the Shanghai Masters to become the lowest-ranked player on the ATP rankings to reach a Masters 1000 semi-final in 26 years, and the first Monégasque in history to do so. ( The Independent ) (ATP) In tennis, Monégasque player Valentin Vacherot defeats Holger Rune at the Shanghai Masters to become the lowest-ranked player on the ATP rankings to reach a Masters 1000 semi-final in 26 years, and the first Monégasque in history to do so. ( The Independent ) (ATP) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Gaza war Gaza war peace plan A ceasefire between Israel and Hamas comes into effect hours after the approval of the ceasefire agreement by the Israeli war cabinet . The Israel Defense Forces complete their withdrawal to the agreed-upon lines within Gaza . (AP) Gaza war peace plan A ceasefire between Israel and Hamas comes into effect hours after the approval of the ceasefire agreement by the Israeli war cabinet . The Israel Defense Forces complete their withdrawal to the agreed-upon lines within Gaza . (AP) A ceasefire between Israel and Hamas comes into effect hours after the approval of the ceasefire agreement by the Israeli war cabinet . The Israel Defense Forces complete their withdrawal to the agreed-upon lines within Gaza . (AP) Sudanese civil war Siege of El Fasher The United Nations human rights chief says three days of attacks in and near a displaced persons camp in Al-Fashir , North Darfur , Sudan , has killed at least 53 civilians. (The Canadian Press) Siege of El Fasher The United Nations human rights chief says three days of attacks in and near a displaced persons camp in Al-Fashir , North Darfur , Sudan , has killed at least 53 civilians. (The Canadian Press) The United Nations human rights chief says three days of attacks in and near a displaced persons camp in Al-Fashir , North Darfur , Sudan , has killed at least 53 civilians. (The Canadian Press) Afghanistan–Pakistan clashes 2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict Two unnamed high-ranking Pakistani Taliban leaders are confirmed killed in yesterday's Pakistani airstrikes in Kabul , Afghanistan . (Radio Free Europe) 2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict Two unnamed high-ranking Pakistani Taliban leaders are confirmed killed in yesterday's Pakistani airstrikes in Kabul , Afghanistan . (Radio Free Europe) Two unnamed high-ranking Pakistani Taliban leaders are confirmed killed in yesterday's Pakistani airstrikes in Kabul , Afghanistan . (Radio Free Europe) Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa All the 30 surviving Pakistani Taliban insurgents involved in the attack in Orakzai District , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan, on Tuesday that killed 30 people, including eleven security personnel, are killed in a retribution operation. ( Dawn ) At least eleven Pakistani soldiers are killed in an attack on a military post by the Pakistani Taliban in Tirah , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. (Reuters) At least seven police officers and six militants are killed and 13 others are injured in an attack on a police training center in Ratta Kulachi, Dera Ismail Khan , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. ( The Independent ) ( Dawn ) All the 30 surviving Pakistani Taliban insurgents involved in the attack in Orakzai District , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan, on Tuesday that killed 30 people, including eleven security personnel, are killed in a retribution operation. ( Dawn ) At least eleven Pakistani soldiers are killed in an attack on a military post by the Pakistani Taliban in Tirah , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. (Reuters) At least seven police officers and six militants are killed and 13 others are injured in an attack on a police training center in Ratta Kulachi, Dera Ismail Khan , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. ( The Independent ) ( Dawn ) Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) The Lebanese government announces the arrest of a network affiliated to Israel which attempted to carry out assassinations and bombing attacks , mainly during a commemoration ceremony for the assassinated Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah . (Al Jazeera) The Lebanese government announces the arrest of a network affiliated to Israel which attempted to carry out assassinations and bombing attacks , mainly during a commemoration ceremony for the assassinated Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah . (Al Jazeera) Disasters and accidents 2025 Davao Oriental earthquakes A doublet earthquake , consisting of two events measuring M w 7.4 and 6.7–6.8, strikes Manay , Davao Oriental , Philippines , killing eight people and injuring more than 400. (Philippine Daily Inquirer) The United States Pacific Tsunami Warning Center raises a tsunami alert for the Philippines, Indonesia , and Palau for more than two hours. Local authorities record "minor tsunamis" in Talaud Islands , North Sulawesi , Indonesia, and an inch-long wave in Tandag , Surigao del Sur , Philippines. (BBC News) A doublet earthquake , consisting of two events measuring M w 7.4 and 6.7–6.8, strikes Manay , Davao Oriental , Philippines , killing eight people and injuring more than 400. (Philippine Daily Inquirer) The United States Pacific Tsunami Warning Center raises a tsunami alert for the Philippines, Indonesia , and Palau for more than two hours. Local authorities record "minor tsunamis" in Talaud Islands , North Sulawesi , Indonesia, and an inch-long wave in Tandag , Surigao del Sur , Philippines. (BBC News) 2025 Accurate Energetic Systems explosion At least 16 people are killed and multiple others are injured after an explosion at a manufacturing plant in Hickman County , Tennessee , United States. (WKRN-TV) (CNN) (WBIR-TV) At least 16 people are killed and multiple others are injured after an explosion at a manufacturing plant in Hickman County , Tennessee , United States. (WKRN-TV) (CNN) (WBIR-TV) At least 28 people are killed in floods and landslides in central and southeastern Mexico . Roads and homes are destroyed. (AP) Health and environment Senegalese health authorities confirm 17 deaths in a major outbreak of Rift Valley fever that began on September 21. (Africanews) International relations Afghanistan–Pakistan relations 2025 Pakistani airstrikes in Afghanistan Afghanistan spokesperson Zabihullah Mujahid says Pakistan launched an airstrike in the country's eastern Paktia Province , while the Pakistani government says the Pakistani Taliban was allowed to use Afghanistan as a base for attacks against Pakistan. (AP) 2025 Pakistani airstrikes in Afghanistan Afghanistan spokesperson Zabihullah Mujahid says Pakistan launched an airstrike in the country's eastern Paktia Province , while the Pakistani government says the Pakistani Taliban was allowed to use Afghanistan as a base for attacks against Pakistan. (AP) Afghanistan spokesperson Zabihullah Mujahid says Pakistan launched an airstrike in the country's eastern Paktia Province , while the Pakistani government says the Pakistani Taliban was allowed to use Afghanistan as a base for attacks against Pakistan. (AP) Afghanistan–India relations Indian foreign minister S. Jaishankar announces the country will reopen its embassy in Kabul , Afghanistan , after it was shut down four years ago during the fall of Kabul . (DW) Indian foreign minister S. Jaishankar announces the country will reopen its embassy in Kabul , Afghanistan , after it was shut down four years ago during the fall of Kabul . (DW) Qatar–United States relations US secretary of defense Pete Hegseth announces an agreement with Qatar to build a new Qatar Emiri Air Force facility at the Mountain Home Air Force Base in Elmore County , Idaho , that will host QEAF F-15QA fighter jets and pilots. (TIME) (CBS News) US secretary of defense Pete Hegseth announces an agreement with Qatar to build a new Qatar Emiri Air Force facility at the Mountain Home Air Force Base in Elmore County , Idaho , that will host QEAF F-15QA fighter jets and pilots. (TIME) (CBS News) Law and crime International Criminal Court investigation in the Philippines Arrest of Rodrigo Duterte The International Criminal Court rejects a request from former Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte to be released from detention, citing flight risk and witness tampering concerns. (AP) Arrest of Rodrigo Duterte The International Criminal Court rejects a request from former Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte to be released from detention, citing flight risk and witness tampering concerns. (AP) The International Criminal Court rejects a request from former Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte to be released from detention, citing flight risk and witness tampering concerns. (AP) 2025 Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan protests One person is killed and 22 others are injured during a Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan protest in Lahore , Punjab . ( Dawn ) One person is killed and 22 others are injured during a Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan protest in Lahore , Punjab . ( Dawn ) Politics and elections 2025 Nobel Prizes 2025 Nobel Peace Prize Venezuelan activist María Corina Machado is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her promotion of democratic rights in Venezuela . (CNN) (Nobel Peace Prize) 2025 Nobel Peace Prize Venezuelan activist María Corina Machado is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her promotion of democratic rights in Venezuela . (CNN) (Nobel Peace Prize) Venezuelan activist María Corina Machado is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her promotion of democratic rights in Venezuela . (CNN) (Nobel Peace Prize) Impeachment of Dina Boluarte Following a vote of 124–0, the Peruvian Congress removes President Dina Boluarte from power after she fails to appear for a required defense in Congress regarding her government's inability to lower crime. (AP) Congress president José Jerí is sworn in as the interim president following Boluarte's removal from power. (DW) Following a vote of 124–0, the Peruvian Congress removes President Dina Boluarte from power after she fails to appear for a required defense in Congress regarding her government's inability to lower crime. (AP) Congress president José Jerí is sworn in as the interim president following Boluarte's removal from power. (DW) 2024–2025 French political crisis French president Emmanuel Macron re-appoints Sébastien Lecornu as Prime Minister , four days after Lecornu resigned. (France 24) French president Emmanuel Macron re-appoints Sébastien Lecornu as Prime Minister , four days after Lecornu resigned. (France 24) Politics of Japan Komeito announces their exit from the Japanese ruling coalition with the Liberal Democratic Party . (Reuters) Komeito announces their exit from the Japanese ruling coalition with the Liberal Democratic Party . (Reuters) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Afghanistan–Pakistan clashes 2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict Following Pakistani airstrikes in Afghanistan in Kabul and Paktika on October 9th, the Afghan Armed Forces launches attacks on several border posts of Pakistan along the Durand Line and seizes several posts. ( The Guardian ) Pakistan responds with retaliatory strikes, gunfire and ground raids on Afghan posts along the border. ( The Guardian ) 2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict Following Pakistani airstrikes in Afghanistan in Kabul and Paktika on October 9th, the Afghan Armed Forces launches attacks on several border posts of Pakistan along the Durand Line and seizes several posts. ( The Guardian ) Pakistan responds with retaliatory strikes, gunfire and ground raids on Afghan posts along the border. ( The Guardian ) Following Pakistani airstrikes in Afghanistan in Kabul and Paktika on October 9th, the Afghan Armed Forces launches attacks on several border posts of Pakistan along the Durand Line and seizes several posts. ( The Guardian ) Pakistan responds with retaliatory strikes, gunfire and ground raids on Afghan posts along the border. ( The Guardian ) Israeli–Lebanese conflict One person is killed, seven others are injured, dozens of bulldozers are destroyed, and a key route connecting Beirut to Lebanon 's south is severed in Israeli attacks in Msayleh, An-Najjariyah , Lebanon. (Al Jazeera) ( Naharnetnet ) One person is killed, seven others are injured, dozens of bulldozers are destroyed, and a key route connecting Beirut to Lebanon 's south is severed in Israeli attacks in Msayleh, An-Najjariyah , Lebanon. (Al Jazeera) ( Naharnetnet ) Russo-Ukrainian war At least two people are killed and four others are injured, including one critically, in a Russian strike on a church in Kostiantynivka , Donetsk Oblast , Ukraine . ( Ukrainska Pravda ) At least two people are killed and four others are injured, including one critically, in a Russian strike on a church in Kostiantynivka , Donetsk Oblast , Ukraine . ( Ukrainska Pravda ) Two Hamas members are killed by the Doghmush clan in an ambush in Gaza City , Palestine . A clan member is killed and 30 arrested in retaliation. (BBC News) Disasters and accidents Fifteen people are killed after A boat capsized on Lake Volta , Ghana . ( TRT Afrika ) Law and crime Mass shootings in the United States 2025 Leland shooting Six people are killed and 14 others are injured after an individual opens fire at the Leland High School homecoming gathering on a main street in Leland , Mississippi , United States . No suspect has been taken into custody. ( The Guardian ) 2025 Leland shooting Six people are killed and 14 others are injured after an individual opens fire at the Leland High School homecoming gathering on a main street in Leland , Mississippi , United States . No suspect has been taken into custody. ( The Guardian ) Six people are killed and 14 others are injured after an individual opens fire at the Leland High School homecoming gathering on a main street in Leland , Mississippi , United States . No suspect has been taken into custody. ( The Guardian ) British musician Ian Watkins of the band Lostprophets is killed in HM Prison Wakefield in West Yorkshire , England , where he was imprisoned for sexual crimes against children and animals . Two men are arrested on suspicion of the murder. (BBC News) Politics and elections Helena Moreno is elected Mayor of New Orleans . (CNN) Sports 2025 ATP Tour In tennis , world 206th-ranked Monégasque player Valentin Vacherot defeats Novak Djokovic in the Shanghai Masters semi-final, becoming the lowest-ranked finalist in Masters 1000 history and the first finalist ranked lower than 200th. He also becomes the first Monégasque to defeat a top 10 player and is set to play his cousin Arthur Rinderknech in the final. (ATP Tour) ( The Guardian ) In tennis , world 206th-ranked Monégasque player Valentin Vacherot defeats Novak Djokovic in the Shanghai Masters semi-final, becoming the lowest-ranked finalist in Masters 1000 history and the first finalist ranked lower than 200th. He also becomes the first Monégasque to defeat a top 10 player and is set to play his cousin Arthur Rinderknech in the final. (ATP Tour) ( The Guardian ) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Afghanistan–Pakistan clashes 2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict At least 23 Pakistani soldiers and nine Afghan soldiers are killed during the ongoing clashes at the border . Pakistan claims that it captured 19 Afghan border posts . (Al Jazeera) 2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict At least 23 Pakistani soldiers and nine Afghan soldiers are killed during the ongoing clashes at the border . Pakistan claims that it captured 19 Afghan border posts . (Al Jazeera) At least 23 Pakistani soldiers and nine Afghan soldiers are killed during the ongoing clashes at the border . Pakistan claims that it captured 19 Afghan border posts . (Al Jazeera) 2025 Malagasy protests 2025 Malagasy mutiny Malagasy President Andry Rajoelina says that an attempted coup has been initiated after a group of the military joined protestors and exchanged gunfire with pro-government security forces, demanding Rajoelina to step down. (AP) 2025 Malagasy mutiny Malagasy President Andry Rajoelina says that an attempted coup has been initiated after a group of the military joined protestors and exchanged gunfire with pro-government security forces, demanding Rajoelina to step down. (AP) Malagasy President Andry Rajoelina says that an attempted coup has been initiated after a group of the military joined protestors and exchanged gunfire with pro-government security forces, demanding Rajoelina to step down. (AP) Gaza war Societal breakdown in the Gaza Strip during the Gaza war At least 19 Doghmush clan members and eight Hamas fighters are killed in a shootout in Gaza City . (BBC News) Palestinian journalist Saleh al-Jafarawi is shot and killed by Doghmush clan members amid shootouts with Hamas in Gaza City. (TRT World) Societal breakdown in the Gaza Strip during the Gaza war At least 19 Doghmush clan members and eight Hamas fighters are killed in a shootout in Gaza City . (BBC News) Palestinian journalist Saleh al-Jafarawi is shot and killed by Doghmush clan members amid shootouts with Hamas in Gaza City. (TRT World) At least 19 Doghmush clan members and eight Hamas fighters are killed in a shootout in Gaza City . (BBC News) Palestinian journalist Saleh al-Jafarawi is shot and killed by Doghmush clan members amid shootouts with Hamas in Gaza City. (TRT World) 2025 Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan protests Three protestors, a bystander and a policeman are killed and dozens are injured during clashes in Muridke , Pakistan , as a pro- Palestine march, organized by the TLP Party , attempted to reach the American embassy in Islamabad . (Reuters) Three protestors, a bystander and a policeman are killed and dozens are injured during clashes in Muridke , Pakistan , as a pro- Palestine march, organized by the TLP Party , attempted to reach the American embassy in Islamabad . (Reuters) Disasters and accidents 2025 Pacific typhoon season More than three people are reported missing and at least 34 others are rescued when remnants of Typhoon Halong causes flooding in Kipnuk and Kwigillingok , Alaska , United States. (ABC News) More than three people are reported missing and at least 34 others are rescued when remnants of Typhoon Halong causes flooding in Kipnuk and Kwigillingok , Alaska , United States. (ABC News) Forty-two people are killed and 49 others injured in a bus crash in Louis Trichardt , Limpopo , South Africa . (AP) Law and crime Mass shootings in the United States 2025 Saint Helena Island shooting Four people are killed and at least 20 others are injured, including four critically, in a mass shooting at a crowded bar in Saint Helena Island , South Carolina , United States . (CNN) 2025 Saint Helena Island shooting Four people are killed and at least 20 others are injured, including four critically, in a mass shooting at a crowded bar in Saint Helena Island , South Carolina , United States . (CNN) Four people are killed and at least 20 others are injured, including four critically, in a mass shooting at a crowded bar in Saint Helena Island , South Carolina , United States . (CNN) Politics and elections 2025 Cameroonian presidential election Cameroonians vote to elect their president , with the incumbent Paul Biya seeking his eighth term. (Reuters) Cameroonians vote to elect their president , with the incumbent Paul Biya seeking his eighth term. (Reuters) 2025 Ecuador protests Police clash with protestors in Quito , Ecuador , amid ongoing demonstrations against President Daniel Noboa over an increase in fuel price. Noboa has refused to negotiate with the Indigenous federation, which leads part of the protests against his government. (AP) Police clash with protestors in Quito , Ecuador , amid ongoing demonstrations against President Daniel Noboa over an increase in fuel price. Noboa has refused to negotiate with the Indigenous federation, which leads part of the protests against his government. (AP) 2025 Seychellois general election Patrick Herminie wins the presidential election in Seychelles by obtaining more than 52% of the votes, becoming the next President of Seychelles , defeating the incumbent Wavel Ramkalawan . (Reuters) Patrick Herminie wins the presidential election in Seychelles by obtaining more than 52% of the votes, becoming the next President of Seychelles , defeating the incumbent Wavel Ramkalawan . (Reuters) Sports 2025 ATP Tour In tennis , Monégasque player Valentin Vacherot , who was ranked 204th on the ATP rankings , defeats his cousin Arthur Rinderknech in the Shanghai Masters final 4–6, 6–3, 6–3, to become the lowest-ranked Masters 1000 winner in ATP history, and the first from Monaco . (ESPN) (ATP Tour) Following his win at the Shanghai Masters, Vacherot moves to rank 40 and becomes the highest ranked Monégasque player in history, surpassing Jean-René Lisnard who ranked 106th in 2006. (Olympics) In tennis , Monégasque player Valentin Vacherot , who was ranked 204th on the ATP rankings , defeats his cousin Arthur Rinderknech in the Shanghai Masters final 4–6, 6–3, 6–3, to become the lowest-ranked Masters 1000 winner in ATP history, and the first from Monaco . (ESPN) (ATP Tour) Following his win at the Shanghai Masters, Vacherot moves to rank 40 and becomes the highest ranked Monégasque player in history, surpassing Jean-René Lisnard who ranked 106th in 2006. (Olympics) 2025 Supercars Championship In touring car racing , Grove Racing drivers Matthew Payne and Garth Tander win the 68th running of the Supercars Bathurst 1000 . (Supercars) In touring car racing , Grove Racing drivers Matthew Payne and Garth Tander win the 68th running of the Supercars Bathurst 1000 . (Supercars) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Gaza war Gaza peace plan Hamas hands over the 20 remaining living Israeli hostages to the Red Cross , and Israel releases over 1,900 Palestinian detainees , including 250 people serving life sentences for convictions in attacks on Israelis, as part of the ceasefire agreement. (AP) Under the terms of the ceasefire agreement, local authorities shut down aid distribution sites run by the Gaza Humanitarian Foundation , which were the locations of shootings by the Israeli military that killed over 2,600 people seeking food aid. (AP) Hamas returns the bodies of four of the 28 deceased Israeli hostages , partially violating a provision of the ceasefire agreement for all hostages to be returned in one day, though the agreement acknowledged the possible inability of Hamas to be able to locate all the bodies in the specified timeframe. (BBC) (Haaretz) Hamas publicly executes eight men in Gaza City accused of being criminals and Israeli collaborators. (Reuters) (BBC) Gaza peace plan Hamas hands over the 20 remaining living Israeli hostages to the Red Cross , and Israel releases over 1,900 Palestinian detainees , including 250 people serving life sentences for convictions in attacks on Israelis, as part of the ceasefire agreement. (AP) Under the terms of the ceasefire agreement, local authorities shut down aid distribution sites run by the Gaza Humanitarian Foundation , which were the locations of shootings by the Israeli military that killed over 2,600 people seeking food aid. (AP) Hamas returns the bodies of four of the 28 deceased Israeli hostages , partially violating a provision of the ceasefire agreement for all hostages to be returned in one day, though the agreement acknowledged the possible inability of Hamas to be able to locate all the bodies in the specified timeframe. (BBC) (Haaretz) Hamas hands over the 20 remaining living Israeli hostages to the Red Cross , and Israel releases over 1,900 Palestinian detainees , including 250 people serving life sentences for convictions in attacks on Israelis, as part of the ceasefire agreement. (AP) Under the terms of the ceasefire agreement, local authorities shut down aid distribution sites run by the Gaza Humanitarian Foundation , which were the locations of shootings by the Israeli military that killed over 2,600 people seeking food aid. (AP) Hamas returns the bodies of four of the 28 deceased Israeli hostages , partially violating a provision of the ceasefire agreement for all hostages to be returned in one day, though the agreement acknowledged the possible inability of Hamas to be able to locate all the bodies in the specified timeframe. (BBC) (Haaretz) Hamas publicly executes eight men in Gaza City accused of being criminals and Israeli collaborators. (Reuters) (BBC) Afghanistan–Pakistan clashes 2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict Nineteen security forces are killed in two Pakistani airstrikes in Spin Boldak and Bahramcha , Afghanistan . A local high-ranking commander is among the fatalities. (Kabul Now) 2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict Nineteen security forces are killed in two Pakistani airstrikes in Spin Boldak and Bahramcha , Afghanistan . A local high-ranking commander is among the fatalities. (Kabul Now) Nineteen security forces are killed in two Pakistani airstrikes in Spin Boldak and Bahramcha , Afghanistan . A local high-ranking commander is among the fatalities. (Kabul Now) 2025 Malagasy protests 2025 Malagasy coup d'état Malagasy president Andry Rajoelina flees the country after losing the support of the armed forces following weeks of Gen Z -led protests against him. Rajoelina says he has not resigned and confirms a coup d'état is underway. (AP) (Global Nation) 2025 Malagasy coup d'état Malagasy president Andry Rajoelina flees the country after losing the support of the armed forces following weeks of Gen Z -led protests against him. Rajoelina says he has not resigned and confirms a coup d'état is underway. (AP) (Global Nation) Malagasy president Andry Rajoelina flees the country after losing the support of the armed forces following weeks of Gen Z -led protests against him. Rajoelina says he has not resigned and confirms a coup d'état is underway. (AP) (Global Nation) Business and economy 2025 Nobel Prizes Joel Mokyr is awarded half of this year's Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for "having identified the prerequisites for sustained growth through technological progress ", with Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt sharing the other half for "the theory of sustained growth through creative destruction ". (CNN) (Nobel Prize) Joel Mokyr is awarded half of this year's Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for "having identified the prerequisites for sustained growth through technological progress ", with Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt sharing the other half for "the theory of sustained growth through creative destruction ". (CNN) (Nobel Prize) Disasters and accidents At least 66 people are injured, including around 16 seriously, when two trains collide outside Jablonov nad Turňou , Slovakia . (Reuters) Two people are killed and one is injured when a SOCATA TBM-700 aircraft crashes in Dartmouth , Massachusetts , United States . (AP News) At least fourteen people are killed when a gold mine collapses in El Callao , Bolívar , Venezuela . The military sets up a command post to recover the bodies. (AP) ( El País in Spanish ) Health and environment Tipping points in the climate system , Environmental issues with coral reefs Scientists at the University of Exeter in England report large-scale die-off of coral reefs , the first major tipping point in large changes in the climate system . ( The Guardian ) ( Nature ) Scientists at the University of Exeter in England report large-scale die-off of coral reefs , the first major tipping point in large changes in the climate system . ( The Guardian ) ( Nature ) International relations 2025 Gaza peace summit Heads of government of 30 countries and leaders of several major international organisations gather in Sharm El Sheikh , Egypt to discuss the next steps in the implementation of the Gaza peace plan . It is expected that the focus will be on the future governance of the Gaza Strip , security, and humanitarian assistance . (Al Jazeera) ( The Guardian ) (BBC News) Heads of government of 30 countries and leaders of several major international organisations gather in Sharm El Sheikh , Egypt to discuss the next steps in the implementation of the Gaza peace plan . It is expected that the focus will be on the future governance of the Gaza Strip , security, and humanitarian assistance . (Al Jazeera) ( The Guardian ) (BBC News) China–Netherlands relations The Dutch government invokes the Goods Availability Act to seize control of the Chinese -owned semiconductor manufacturer Nexperia , which is headquartered in Nijmegen , Gelderland , amid concerns that the company's governance "could pose a risk to Dutch and European economic security ". (AP) ( Financial Times ) The Dutch government invokes the Goods Availability Act to seize control of the Chinese -owned semiconductor manufacturer Nexperia , which is headquartered in Nijmegen , Gelderland , amid concerns that the company's governance "could pose a risk to Dutch and European economic security ". (AP) ( Financial Times ) Pakistan–United States relations Pakistani prime minister Shehbaz Sharif nominates United States president Donald Trump for the Nobel Peace Prize for a second time, citing his mediation of the Gaza peace plan . Sharif had previously nominated Trump in June for his role in mediating a ceasefire to the 2025 India–Pakistan conflict . ( The Hill ) Pakistani prime minister Shehbaz Sharif nominates United States president Donald Trump for the Nobel Peace Prize for a second time, citing his mediation of the Gaza peace plan . Sharif had previously nominated Trump in June for his role in mediating a ceasefire to the 2025 India–Pakistan conflict . ( The Hill ) Law and crime Three faculty members are wounded in a stabbing attack at a private high school for neurodivergent children in Torrance , California , United States. The suspected assailant, an ex-student, is arrested, and the two bombs he left nearby are found to be inactive. (MSN News) ( Los Angeles Times ) Politics and elections 2025 Nauruan parliamentary election Results from Saturday's election in Nauru show that incumbent president David Adeang has been re-elected to his seat, though the parliament must decide whether Adeang will continue to serve as president. (RNZ) Results from Saturday's election in Nauru show that incumbent president David Adeang has been re-elected to his seat, though the parliament must decide whether Adeang will continue to serve as president. (RNZ) Sports 2026 FIFA World Cup 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF) Cape Verde qualifies for the FIFA World Cup for first time in its history after defeating Eswatini 3–0 during CAF World Cup qualifiers. (RFI) 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification (CAF) Cape Verde qualifies for the FIFA World Cup for first time in its history after defeating Eswatini 3–0 during CAF World Cup qualifiers. (RFI) Cape Verde qualifies for the FIFA World Cup for first time in its history after defeating Eswatini 3–0 during CAF World Cup qualifiers. (RFI) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Gaza war Gaza war hostage crisis Hamas hands the remains of three more dead hostages over to the Red Cross following the release of four bodies on Monday. Twenty-one bodies of hostages remain in Gaza . A fourth body was found not to be a hostage. (BBC News) ( The Times ) Israeli forensic teams identify the four dead hostages returned on Monday as three Israelis and a Nepalese citizen, all of whom were kidnapped during the October 7 attacks . ( The New York Times ) (BBC News) In response to the limited release of bodies on Monday, Israel notifies the United Nations it will not open the Rafah crossing and only allow 300 aid trucks to enter the Gaza Strip daily, instead of the 600 agreed to in the ceasefire agreement. (Reuters) ( The Times of Israel ) Israeli troops kill nine Palestinians in Gaza, saying those killed violated the IDF's withdrawal line as established by the peace agreement. (Al Jazeera) ( The Times ) (Reuters) Gaza war hostage crisis Hamas hands the remains of three more dead hostages over to the Red Cross following the release of four bodies on Monday. Twenty-one bodies of hostages remain in Gaza . A fourth body was found not to be a hostage. (BBC News) ( The Times ) Israeli forensic teams identify the four dead hostages returned on Monday as three Israelis and a Nepalese citizen, all of whom were kidnapped during the October 7 attacks . ( The New York Times ) (BBC News) In response to the limited release of bodies on Monday, Israel notifies the United Nations it will not open the Rafah crossing and only allow 300 aid trucks to enter the Gaza Strip daily, instead of the 600 agreed to in the ceasefire agreement. (Reuters) ( The Times of Israel ) Hamas hands the remains of three more dead hostages over to the Red Cross following the release of four bodies on Monday. Twenty-one bodies of hostages remain in Gaza . A fourth body was found not to be a hostage. (BBC News) ( The Times ) Israeli forensic teams identify the four dead hostages returned on Monday as three Israelis and a Nepalese citizen, all of whom were kidnapped during the October 7 attacks . ( The New York Times ) (BBC News) In response to the limited release of bodies on Monday, Israel notifies the United Nations it will not open the Rafah crossing and only allow 300 aid trucks to enter the Gaza Strip daily, instead of the 600 agreed to in the ceasefire agreement. (Reuters) ( The Times of Israel ) Israeli troops kill nine Palestinians in Gaza, saying those killed violated the IDF's withdrawal line as established by the peace agreement. (Al Jazeera) ( The Times ) (Reuters) War on drugs , 2025 US Caribbean naval deployment 2025 United States strikes on Venezuelan boats The United States Navy carries out an airstrike on an alleged drug boat near the coast of Venezuela . U.S. president Donald Trump announces that at least six people were killed by the attack. (AP) 2025 United States strikes on Venezuelan boats The United States Navy carries out an airstrike on an alleged drug boat near the coast of Venezuela . U.S. president Donald Trump announces that at least six people were killed by the attack. (AP) The United States Navy carries out an airstrike on an alleged drug boat near the coast of Venezuela . U.S. president Donald Trump announces that at least six people were killed by the attack. (AP) Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria At least 13 people are killed and others are injured in attacks by suspected herders on two villages in Plateau State , Nigeria. (Xinhua News Agency) At least 13 people are killed and others are injured in attacks by suspected herders on two villages in Plateau State , Nigeria. (Xinhua News Agency) Ecuadorian conflict At least one person is killed and several others are injured in a car bomb explosion near a shopping mall in Guayaquil , Ecuador . (BNO News) At least one person is killed and several others are injured in a car bomb explosion near a shopping mall in Guayaquil , Ecuador . (BNO News) M23 campaign The Congolese government and the Rwanda -backed M23 rebels sign an agreement in Doha , Qatar , to formally establish an oversight body to work towards a permanent ceasefire, which will include representatives from the two groups and the other members of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region . (Reuters) (AP) The Congolese government and the Rwanda -backed M23 rebels sign an agreement in Doha , Qatar , to formally establish an oversight body to work towards a permanent ceasefire, which will include representatives from the two groups and the other members of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region . (Reuters) (AP) Business and economy China–United States trade war , China–South Korea relations The Chinese commerce ministry issues sanctions on and bans Chinese companies from dealing with five subsidiaries of South Korean shipbuilding company Hanwha Ocean , which has shipyards and investments in the United States and maintains contracts with the U.S. Navy . (AP) ( The Wall Street Journal ) The Chinese commerce ministry issues sanctions on and bans Chinese companies from dealing with five subsidiaries of South Korean shipbuilding company Hanwha Ocean , which has shipyards and investments in the United States and maintains contracts with the U.S. Navy . (AP) ( The Wall Street Journal ) The European Union fines luxury brands Gucci , Chloé , and Loewe over € 157 million (US$182.5 million) for violating EU competition laws through price fixing . (DW) (The Fashion Law) Disasters and accidents 2025 Dhaka garment factory fire At least 16 people are killed and several injured in a fire at a garment factory in Dhaka , Bangladesh . (Reuters) At least 16 people are killed and several injured in a fire at a garment factory in Dhaka , Bangladesh . (Reuters) October 2025 Mexico floods and landslides The death toll from the past week's torrential rain-related flooding across five states in eastern Mexico , especially in Hidalgo and Veracruz , increases to 64, with 257 others still missing. At least 100,000 homes, 59 medical facilities, and 308 schools across the region are damaged by water and oil from the Gulf of Mexico . (NPR) ( Milenio in Spanish ) The death toll from the past week's torrential rain-related flooding across five states in eastern Mexico , especially in Hidalgo and Veracruz , increases to 64, with 257 others still missing. At least 100,000 homes, 59 medical facilities, and 308 schools across the region are damaged by water and oil from the Gulf of Mexico . (NPR) ( Milenio in Spanish ) Twenty people are killed and 16 others are injured when a bus catches fire in Rajasthan , India . Prime Minister Narendra Modi announces compensation payments of ₹ 200,000 (US$2,200) to the deceased's families and ₹50,000 ($569) to those injured. (AP) (DW) ( The Hindu ) International relations France–Iran relations The Iranian government detains and imprisons two unnamed French nationals for alleged espionage on behalf of French and Israeli intelligence agencies . (DW) (TRT World) The Iranian government detains and imprisons two unnamed French nationals for alleged espionage on behalf of French and Israeli intelligence agencies . (DW) (TRT World) Law and crime 2025 Castel d'Azzano explosion Three carabinieri are killed and 25 other people are injured in an intentional explosion during the attempted eviction of a farmhouse in Castel d'Azzano , Province of Verona , Veneto , Italy . A woman and her two brothers, all in their 60s, are arrested. (AP) (Rai News) Three carabinieri are killed and 25 other people are injured in an intentional explosion during the attempted eviction of a farmhouse in Castel d'Azzano , Province of Verona , Veneto , Italy . A woman and her two brothers, all in their 60s, are arrested. (AP) (Rai News) Politics and elections 2025 Malagasy protests , 2025 Malagasy coup d'état Malagasy president Andry Rajoelina issues a decree dissolving the National Assembly one day after fleeing to an unknown location, alleging fear for his life following a military coup . (AP) The National Assembly refuses to comply with Rajoelina's decree and votes to impeach him, as the military says that they have now seized power. (Reuters) The Malagasy military formally announces it is "taking power" with a military council after the ousting of President Rajoelina. ( Le Monde ) Malagasy president Andry Rajoelina issues a decree dissolving the National Assembly one day after fleeing to an unknown location, alleging fear for his life following a military coup . (AP) The National Assembly refuses to comply with Rajoelina's decree and votes to impeach him, as the military says that they have now seized power. (Reuters) The Malagasy military formally announces it is "taking power" with a military council after the ousting of President Rajoelina. ( Le Monde ) 2025 Nauruan parliamentary election Incumbent Nauruan president David Adeang is unanimously re-elected by the parliament following Saturday's election. (RNZ) Incumbent Nauruan president David Adeang is unanimously re-elected by the parliament following Saturday's election. (RNZ) Federal police fire tear gas and water cannon at over 80,000 demonstrators in Brussels , Belgium , protesting against Prime Minister Bart De Wever 's proposed austerity laws which would cut pensions , unemployment benefits , and healthcare systems in an attempt to lower national debt . (AP) President of Peru José Jerí appoints Ernesto Álvarez Miranda as the new Prime Minister . (Reuters) Science and technology Microsoft ends support for Windows 10 a decade after its release, despite 41% of Windows users still running this version of the operating system. (Microsoft) (CNET) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Afghanistan–Pakistan clashes 2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict Pakistan claims that it killed at least 15 Taliban members in an airstrike in Spin Boldak , Afghanistan . The Taliban claims that twelve civilians are killed and over 100 are injured. Both countries also claim that they killed several soldiers during a shootout . (BBC News) Pakistan carries out two airstrikes against Kabul , capital of Afghanistan. The target and the result are unknown. After the attack, both countries agree to a 48-hour ceasefire . (BBC News) 2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict Pakistan claims that it killed at least 15 Taliban members in an airstrike in Spin Boldak , Afghanistan . The Taliban claims that twelve civilians are killed and over 100 are injured. Both countries also claim that they killed several soldiers during a shootout . (BBC News) Pakistan carries out two airstrikes against Kabul , capital of Afghanistan. The target and the result are unknown. After the attack, both countries agree to a 48-hour ceasefire . (BBC News) Pakistan claims that it killed at least 15 Taliban members in an airstrike in Spin Boldak , Afghanistan . The Taliban claims that twelve civilians are killed and over 100 are injured. Both countries also claim that they killed several soldiers during a shootout . (BBC News) Pakistan carries out two airstrikes against Kabul , capital of Afghanistan. The target and the result are unknown. After the attack, both countries agree to a 48-hour ceasefire . (BBC News) Gaza war Gaza war hostage crisis Hamas returns two more hostages' bodies to the Red Cross , with 19 still in Gaza despite the Gaza peace plan 's deadline last Monday. Donald Trump also states Israel may resume fighting if he believes Hamas does not uphold their part of the agreement. (AP) Gaza war hostage crisis Hamas returns two more hostages' bodies to the Red Cross , with 19 still in Gaza despite the Gaza peace plan 's deadline last Monday. Donald Trump also states Israel may resume fighting if he believes Hamas does not uphold their part of the agreement. (AP) Hamas returns two more hostages' bodies to the Red Cross , with 19 still in Gaza despite the Gaza peace plan 's deadline last Monday. Donald Trump also states Israel may resume fighting if he believes Hamas does not uphold their part of the agreement. (AP) Russo-Ukrainian war Kupiansk offensive , Humanitarian impacts of the Russo-Ukrainian war Ukrainian authorities order mass evacuations across 40 settlements and towns in northeastern Kharkiv Oblast , citing the worsening situation around the city of Kupiansk . (Reuters) Kupiansk offensive , Humanitarian impacts of the Russo-Ukrainian war Ukrainian authorities order mass evacuations across 40 settlements and towns in northeastern Kharkiv Oblast , citing the worsening situation around the city of Kupiansk . (Reuters) Ukrainian authorities order mass evacuations across 40 settlements and towns in northeastern Kharkiv Oblast , citing the worsening situation around the city of Kupiansk . (Reuters) Papua conflict Fourteen people are killed by Indonesian soldiers during a six-hours battle with Free Papua Movement separatists in Intan Jaya Regency , Central Papua . The army claims that all of those killed were militants, while the group claims that nine civilians and three militants are among the dead. (AP) Fourteen people are killed by Indonesian soldiers during a six-hours battle with Free Papua Movement separatists in Intan Jaya Regency , Central Papua . The army claims that all of those killed were militants, while the group claims that nine civilians and three militants are among the dead. (AP) Ecuadorian conflict Explosive devices detonate on two bridges in Ecuador . No casualties are reported. (Reuters) Explosive devices detonate on two bridges in Ecuador . No casualties are reported. (Reuters) Haitian conflict Doctors Without Borders announce that they are permanently closing their offices in Port-au-Prince , Haiti , due to safety concerns. (AP) Doctors Without Borders announce that they are permanently closing their offices in Port-au-Prince , Haiti , due to safety concerns. (AP) Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Six Pakistani soldiers and nine Pakistani Taliban gunmen are killed in a shootout in Orakzai District , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan. (Reuters) Six Pakistani soldiers and nine Pakistani Taliban gunmen are killed in a shootout in Orakzai District , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan. (Reuters) United States–Venezuela relations , 2025 US Caribbean naval deployment , United States involvement in regime change in Latin America The United States reportedly greenlights covert operations in Venezuela targeting president Nicolás Maduro . ( The New York Times ) The United States reportedly greenlights covert operations in Venezuela targeting president Nicolás Maduro . ( The New York Times ) Disasters and accidents Ten people are killed and 21 others are injured, including four critically, in an explosion on a crude palm oil tanker docked at a shipyard on Batam Island , Indonesia . (AP) (Marine Insight) International relations Cambodia–South Korea relations , Scam centers in Cambodia South Korea issues a blanket travel ban on its citizens to parts of Cambodia known for its scam centers , alleging that over 200,000 foreign nationals are working in these centers, including 1,200 South Koreans . (DW) ( South China Morning Post ) South Korea issues a blanket travel ban on its citizens to parts of Cambodia known for its scam centers , alleging that over 200,000 foreign nationals are working in these centers, including 1,200 South Koreans . (DW) ( South China Morning Post ) Russo-Ukrainian war , Russia–United Kingdom relations , International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian war The United Kingdom imposes new sanctions on Russian major energy companies Lukoil and Rosneft . (RBC-Ukraine) The United Kingdom imposes new sanctions on Russian major energy companies Lukoil and Rosneft . (RBC-Ukraine) Law and crime International Criminal Court investigation in the Philippines Judges at the International Criminal Court dismiss Karim Khan , the chief prosecutor in the case against former Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte , due to links between Khan and some victims of Duterte's alleged crimes, whom Khan represented prior to Duterte's arrest . (AP) Judges at the International Criminal Court dismiss Karim Khan , the chief prosecutor in the case against former Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte , due to links between Khan and some victims of Duterte's alleged crimes, whom Khan represented prior to Duterte's arrest . (AP) Nord Stream pipelines sabotage , Italy–Ukraine relations , Germany–Italy relations Italy 's Supreme Court of Cassation blocks the extradition of a Ukrainian national suspected of causing explosions which damaged the Nord Stream pipelines in 2022 to Germany , where he is wanted. (DW) Italy 's Supreme Court of Cassation blocks the extradition of a Ukrainian national suspected of causing explosions which damaged the Nord Stream pipelines in 2022 to Germany , where he is wanted. (DW) Iraqi politician Safaa Al Mashhadani, a candidate for the upcoming parliamentary elections , is assassinated by a bomb attached to his vehicle in Al-Tarmia District . The perpetrators are unknown. (Gulf News) Politics and elections Abortion in Costa Rica , Women's rights in Costa Rica President Rodrigo Chaves Robles restricts abortion in Costa Rica only to cases where the life of the mother is at risk. (AP) President Rodrigo Chaves Robles restricts abortion in Costa Rica only to cases where the life of the mother is at risk. (AP) Euthanasia in Uruguay Uruguay becomes the first country in Latin America to decriminalise euthanasia via legislation after the law is passed by the Senate . (AP) Uruguay becomes the first country in Latin America to decriminalise euthanasia via legislation after the law is passed by the Senate . (AP) Guatemalan president Bernardo Arévalo accepts the resignation of three top security officials following a jailbreak where 20 members of the Barrio 18 gang escaped from prison. (AP) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Gaza war Gaza peace plan At least three Palestinians are killed in Gaza by Israeli troops , bringing the total to at least 23 people killed by Israel since the start of the ceasefire. (Reuters) (Al Jazeera) Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Gaza war An 11-year-old boy is fatally shot by Israeli soldiers near Hebron . ( The Times of Israel ) (BBC News) Gaza peace plan At least three Palestinians are killed in Gaza by Israeli troops , bringing the total to at least 23 people killed by Israel since the start of the ceasefire. (Reuters) (Al Jazeera) At least three Palestinians are killed in Gaza by Israeli troops , bringing the total to at least 23 people killed by Israel since the start of the ceasefire. (Reuters) (Al Jazeera) Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Gaza war An 11-year-old boy is fatally shot by Israeli soldiers near Hebron . ( The Times of Israel ) (BBC News) An 11-year-old boy is fatally shot by Israeli soldiers near Hebron . ( The Times of Israel ) (BBC News) Red Sea crisis Israeli attacks on Yemen Houthi sources confirm the death of general and chief of staff Muhammad Abd al-Karim al-Ghamari from an Israeli airstrike in August. (Reuters) Israeli attacks on Yemen Houthi sources confirm the death of general and chief of staff Muhammad Abd al-Karim al-Ghamari from an Israeli airstrike in August. (Reuters) Houthi sources confirm the death of general and chief of staff Muhammad Abd al-Karim al-Ghamari from an Israeli airstrike in August. (Reuters) Russo-Ukrainian war Dnieper campaign Russian forces say they have crossed the Dnieper river and have entered the city of Kherson for the first time since 2022, and captured Karantynnyy Island and Maly Vilkhovy Island in the city’s southwest. (ISW) Dnieper campaign Russian forces say they have crossed the Dnieper river and have entered the city of Kherson for the first time since 2022, and captured Karantynnyy Island and Maly Vilkhovy Island in the city’s southwest. (ISW) Russian forces say they have crossed the Dnieper river and have entered the city of Kherson for the first time since 2022, and captured Karantynnyy Island and Maly Vilkhovy Island in the city’s southwest. (ISW) Afghanistan–Pakistan clashes 2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict The Afghan government reports that a market and a civilian house were hit in yesterday's Pakistani airstrikes in Kabul . Hospital sources reports that five people were killed and several wounded. (AP) 2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict The Afghan government reports that a market and a civilian house were hit in yesterday's Pakistani airstrikes in Kabul . Hospital sources reports that five people were killed and several wounded. (AP) The Afghan government reports that a market and a civilian house were hit in yesterday's Pakistani airstrikes in Kabul . Hospital sources reports that five people were killed and several wounded. (AP) Syrian civil war Four Syrian soldiers are killed and nine others are wounded when a bomb explodes on a Ministry of Defence bus in Deir ez-Zor Governorate , Syria . (AP) Four Syrian soldiers are killed and nine others are wounded when a bomb explodes on a Ministry of Defence bus in Deir ez-Zor Governorate , Syria . (AP) War on drugs , 2025 US Caribbean naval deployment 2025 United States strikes on Venezuelan boats The United States Navy strikes another alleged drug smuggling boat. Survivors have been reported from the attacked boat. (NBC News) 2025 United States strikes on Venezuelan boats The United States Navy strikes another alleged drug smuggling boat. Survivors have been reported from the attacked boat. (NBC News) The United States Navy strikes another alleged drug smuggling boat. Survivors have been reported from the attacked boat. (NBC News) Boko Haram insurgency At least eight people are killed in an attack on a security patrol in Zamfara State , Nigeria . (ABC News) At least eight people are killed in an attack on a security patrol in Zamfara State , Nigeria . (ABC News) Libyan crisis Heavy armed clashes break out in Zawiya , Tripolitania , Libya , after the attempted assassination of Reserve Force commander Suleiman Al-Fitouri. (Xinhua News Agency) Heavy armed clashes break out in Zawiya , Tripolitania , Libya , after the attempted assassination of Reserve Force commander Suleiman Al-Fitouri. (Xinhua News Agency) Business and economy Swiss multinational food and drink corporation Nestlé announces it will cut 16,000 jobs over the next two years to combat rising commodity costs and business expenses. (AP) Disasters and accidents At least 15 people are killed and eight others are injured when a truck overturns in Swat District , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan. ( Dawn ) Law and crime 2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement Trial of Sheikh Hasina The prosecution of the International Crimes Tribunal in Bangladesh formally announces that it seeks the death penalty against former prime minister Sheikh Hasina and former home minister Asaduzzaman Khan over alleged crimes against humanity committed during last year's protests. Hasina has been in exile in India since her ousting, and Khan is also believed to be in India. (AP) Trial of Sheikh Hasina The prosecution of the International Crimes Tribunal in Bangladesh formally announces that it seeks the death penalty against former prime minister Sheikh Hasina and former home minister Asaduzzaman Khan over alleged crimes against humanity committed during last year's protests. Hasina has been in exile in India since her ousting, and Khan is also believed to be in India. (AP) The prosecution of the International Crimes Tribunal in Bangladesh formally announces that it seeks the death penalty against former prime minister Sheikh Hasina and former home minister Asaduzzaman Khan over alleged crimes against humanity committed during last year's protests. Hasina has been in exile in India since her ousting, and Khan is also believed to be in India. (AP) Death and state funeral of Raila Odinga Four people are killed when police open fire to crowd control tens of thousands of people mourning opposition leader and former prime minister Raila Odinga , as his body arrives at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi , Kenya . (DW) (Reuters) Four people are killed when police open fire to crowd control tens of thousands of people mourning opposition leader and former prime minister Raila Odinga , as his body arrives at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi , Kenya . (DW) (Reuters) 2025 Peruvian protests One person is killed and 100 people are wounded during clashes in Lima , Peru , as protestors demands the resignation of President José Jerí . (AP) One person is killed and 100 people are wounded during clashes in Lima , Peru , as protestors demands the resignation of President José Jerí . (AP) Former United States National Security Advisor John Bolton is indicted in a federal court over mishandling of national security documents. (BBC News) Politics and elections 2025 Malagasy protests , 2025 Malagasy coup d'état After former Malagasy president Andry Rajoelina flees the country after losing support of the Armed Forces , CAPSAT commander Michael Randrianirina forms the transitional goverment and is confirmed as the interim president. (DW) The African Union condemns the coup and suspends Madagascar's membership. (Al Jazeera) After former Malagasy president Andry Rajoelina flees the country after losing support of the Armed Forces , CAPSAT commander Michael Randrianirina forms the transitional goverment and is confirmed as the interim president. (DW) The African Union condemns the coup and suspends Madagascar's membership. (Al Jazeera) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Afghanistan–Pakistan clashes 2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict Pakistan carries out a series of airstrikes in Barmal District and Urgun District , Paktia Province , Afghanistan , killing ten people and wounding eight others, ending the 48–hour ceasefire which started two days ago. (Kabul Now) The International Federation of Journalists confirm that a media worker was among those killed during the Pakistani airstrikes in Kabul , Afghanistan, two days ago. Journalist Abdul Ghafoor Abed was also shot dead while covering the shootouts at the border . (IFJ) The casualty toll from the Pakistani airstrikes in Spin Boldak , Afghanistan, two days ago, increases to 40 people killed and 170 injured. (Tolo News) 2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict Pakistan carries out a series of airstrikes in Barmal District and Urgun District , Paktia Province , Afghanistan , killing ten people and wounding eight others, ending the 48–hour ceasefire which started two days ago. (Kabul Now) The International Federation of Journalists confirm that a media worker was among those killed during the Pakistani airstrikes in Kabul , Afghanistan, two days ago. Journalist Abdul Ghafoor Abed was also shot dead while covering the shootouts at the border . (IFJ) The casualty toll from the Pakistani airstrikes in Spin Boldak , Afghanistan, two days ago, increases to 40 people killed and 170 injured. (Tolo News) Pakistan carries out a series of airstrikes in Barmal District and Urgun District , Paktia Province , Afghanistan , killing ten people and wounding eight others, ending the 48–hour ceasefire which started two days ago. (Kabul Now) The International Federation of Journalists confirm that a media worker was among those killed during the Pakistani airstrikes in Kabul , Afghanistan, two days ago. Journalist Abdul Ghafoor Abed was also shot dead while covering the shootouts at the border . (IFJ) The casualty toll from the Pakistani airstrikes in Spin Boldak , Afghanistan, two days ago, increases to 40 people killed and 170 injured. (Tolo News) Gaza war Gaza peace plan Hamas returns one more hostage's body to the Red Cross . (France 24) Israelis fire at a vehicle carrying a displaced family in Gaza City , killing eleven Palestinians , including seven children. The IDF claims it crossed the ceasefire demarcation line. (EFE) (New York Times) (BBC News) Gaza peace plan Hamas returns one more hostage's body to the Red Cross . (France 24) Israelis fire at a vehicle carrying a displaced family in Gaza City , killing eleven Palestinians , including seven children. The IDF claims it crossed the ceasefire demarcation line. (EFE) (New York Times) (BBC News) Hamas returns one more hostage's body to the Red Cross . (France 24) Israelis fire at a vehicle carrying a displaced family in Gaza City , killing eleven Palestinians , including seven children. The IDF claims it crossed the ceasefire demarcation line. (EFE) (New York Times) (BBC News) Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa At least 14 people are killed, including six attackers, and 13 others are injured in a suicide car bomb followed by gunfire at a military compound in Mir Ali , North Waziristan District , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan. Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami claims responsibility for the attack. (Xinhua News Agency) At least 14 people are killed, including six attackers, and 13 others are injured in a suicide car bomb followed by gunfire at a military compound in Mir Ali , North Waziristan District , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan. Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami claims responsibility for the attack. (Xinhua News Agency) Disasters and accidents 2025 Rahova gas explosion Three people are killed and 14 others are injured in an explosion caused by a suspected gas leak at an apartment building in Bucharest , Romania . (Reuters) Three people are killed and 14 others are injured in an explosion caused by a suspected gas leak at an apartment building in Bucharest , Romania . (Reuters) Typhoon Halong (2025) Alaska governor Mike Dunleavy requests federal disaster assistance , as flooding in remote villages forces over 2,000 to potentially face a prolonged evacuation longer than 18 months, caused by the remnants of Halong. (AP) Alaska governor Mike Dunleavy requests federal disaster assistance , as flooding in remote villages forces over 2,000 to potentially face a prolonged evacuation longer than 18 months, caused by the remnants of Halong. (AP) At least 17 people are killed and others are injured when a bus loses control, hits rocks and overturns on a highway in Pernambuco , Brazil . (CTV News) ( The Times of India ) Three people are killed and eight others injured during an explosion at an explosives plant in Sterlitamak , Bashkortostan , Russia . (Reuters) Law and crime Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping The Ministry of National Defense of China announces that Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission of China He Weidong , Director of the Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission Miao Hua and seven other generals were expelled from the party and the military following charges of corruption against them. ( South China Morning Post ) The Ministry of National Defense of China announces that Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission of China He Weidong , Director of the Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission Miao Hua and seven other generals were expelled from the party and the military following charges of corruption against them. ( South China Morning Post ) Hijab and burka controversies in Europe The Portuguese parliament approves a ban on face veils for "gender or religious" reasons and making it punishable by up to € 2,000. The bill, promoted by right-wing party Chega , is passed to President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa for review. (AP) The Portuguese parliament approves a ban on face veils for "gender or religious" reasons and making it punishable by up to € 2,000. The bill, promoted by right-wing party Chega , is passed to President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa for review. (AP) Killing of Salwan Momika A 24-year-old man from Syria , living in Sweden at the time, is identified as the main perpetrator who assassinated anti-Islam activist Salwan Momika . ( The Jerusalem Post ) A 24-year-old man from Syria , living in Sweden at the time, is identified as the main perpetrator who assassinated anti-Islam activist Salwan Momika . ( The Jerusalem Post ) Nord Stream pipelines sabotage The Polish judiciary refuses extradition of a Ukrainian to Germany who is suspected of blowing up the Nord Stream pipeline, citing lack of evidence, arguing that it happened in international waters , on Russian -owned property, and amidst the Russian aggression against his state . (DW) The Polish judiciary refuses extradition of a Ukrainian to Germany who is suspected of blowing up the Nord Stream pipeline, citing lack of evidence, arguing that it happened in international waters , on Russian -owned property, and amidst the Russian aggression against his state . (DW) WikiConference North America A man brandishes a firearm and threatens to kill himself on stage at the 2025 "Wiki World’s Fair" event in New York City . A Wikipedia contributor disarms the man, who was later taken into custody. ( The New York Times ) ( Newsweek ) A man brandishes a firearm and threatens to kill himself on stage at the 2025 "Wiki World’s Fair" event in New York City . A Wikipedia contributor disarms the man, who was later taken into custody. ( The New York Times ) ( Newsweek ) Politics and elections Mongolian prime minister Gombojavyn Zandanshatar is ousted by the State Great Khural after four months in power. (AP) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Gaza War Gaza peace plan The bodies of two deceased hostages were returned to Israel via the custody of the Red Cross from Hamas , the two hostages' names were Sgt. Maj. Muhammad Al-Atrash and Inbar Haiman. ( The Times of Israel ) ( The Times of Israel ) Gaza peace plan The bodies of two deceased hostages were returned to Israel via the custody of the Red Cross from Hamas , the two hostages' names were Sgt. Maj. Muhammad Al-Atrash and Inbar Haiman. ( The Times of Israel ) ( The Times of Israel ) The bodies of two deceased hostages were returned to Israel via the custody of the Red Cross from Hamas , the two hostages' names were Sgt. Maj. Muhammad Al-Atrash and Inbar Haiman. ( The Times of Israel ) ( The Times of Israel ) A Cameroonian -flagged tanker carrying liquefied petroleum gas is struck and set on fire by a projectile in the Gulf of Aden east of Aden , Yemen . At least one mariner is reported missing. (AP via The Canadian Press and MSN) (CBS News) Disasters and accidents Eight people are killed and eight others are injured when a vehicle plunges into a gorge in Chandshali Ghat, Nandurbar district , Maharashtra , India . ( The Times of India ) Law and crime Two men are killed and two other men are injured from an early morning shooting at a Sunoco gas station in the Slavic Village neighborhood in Cleveland , Ohio , United States . (WJW-TV) Politics and elections Protests against Donald Trump , October 2025 No Kings protests A series of No Kings protests against the Trump administration are held across the United States . Additionally, protests are also held worldwide across several US embassies . (CBS News) A series of No Kings protests against the Trump administration are held across the United States . Additionally, protests are also held worldwide across several US embassies . (CBS News) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Afghanistan–Pakistan clashes 2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict A ceasefire between Afghanistan and Pakistan , mediated by Qatar and Turkey during peace talks in Doha , comes in to effect. (Al Jazeera) 2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict A ceasefire between Afghanistan and Pakistan , mediated by Qatar and Turkey during peace talks in Doha , comes in to effect. (Al Jazeera) A ceasefire between Afghanistan and Pakistan , mediated by Qatar and Turkey during peace talks in Doha , comes in to effect. (Al Jazeera) Gaza war Gaza peace plan Palestinian militants are accused by Israel of attacking Israeli forces at ceasefire boundaries, killing two soldiers. ( The New York Times ) ( The Jerusalem Post ) At least 44 Palestinians are killed in Israeli airstrikes on the Gaza Strip , with severe attacks carried out in Khan Yunis and Rafah . The Israel Defense Forces and Hamas accuse each other of breaching the ceasefire. (Al Jazeera) (BBC News) Mahmoud Talal Abdullah, a Palestinian detainee from the refugee camp in Jenin , occupied West Bank , dies in Israeli custody at the Shamir Medical Center in Be'er Ya'akov . (Wafa) ( The New Arab ) Gaza peace plan Palestinian militants are accused by Israel of attacking Israeli forces at ceasefire boundaries, killing two soldiers. ( The New York Times ) ( The Jerusalem Post ) At least 44 Palestinians are killed in Israeli airstrikes on the Gaza Strip , with severe attacks carried out in Khan Yunis and Rafah . The Israel Defense Forces and Hamas accuse each other of breaching the ceasefire. (Al Jazeera) (BBC News) Palestinian militants are accused by Israel of attacking Israeli forces at ceasefire boundaries, killing two soldiers. ( The New York Times ) ( The Jerusalem Post ) At least 44 Palestinians are killed in Israeli airstrikes on the Gaza Strip , with severe attacks carried out in Khan Yunis and Rafah . The Israel Defense Forces and Hamas accuse each other of breaching the ceasefire. (Al Jazeera) (BBC News) Mahmoud Talal Abdullah, a Palestinian detainee from the refugee camp in Jenin , occupied West Bank , dies in Israeli custody at the Shamir Medical Center in Be'er Ya'akov . (Wafa) ( The New Arab ) Disasters and accidents 2025 Pacific typhoon season Five people are killed and two others are missing as Tropical Storm Fengshen makes landfall in the Philippines , causing a landslide in Mindanao and heavy flooding in Luzon . (Al Jazeera) Five people are killed and two others are missing as Tropical Storm Fengshen makes landfall in the Philippines , causing a landslide in Mindanao and heavy flooding in Luzon . (Al Jazeera) International relations Colombia–United States relations U.S. president Donald Trump says that the United States will stop payments and subsidies in aid to Colombia , citing "alleged drug trafficking endorsed by its government ." (AP) U.S. president Donald Trump says that the United States will stop payments and subsidies in aid to Colombia , citing "alleged drug trafficking endorsed by its government ." (AP) Law and crime 2025 Louvre robbery Thieves steal part of the French Crown Jewels from the Louvre Museum in Paris , France , before fleeing on motorbikes. Police have been unable to locate them. The stolen Crown of Empress Eugénie is later recovered, although it was damaged. (BBC News) Thieves steal part of the French Crown Jewels from the Louvre Museum in Paris , France , before fleeing on motorbikes. Police have been unable to locate them. The stolen Crown of Empress Eugénie is later recovered, although it was damaged. (BBC News) Capital punishment in Iran , Iran–Israel relations The Iranian government executes a person convicted of allegedly spying for Israeli intelligence agency Mossad in Qom . (AP) The Iranian government executes a person convicted of allegedly spying for Israeli intelligence agency Mossad in Qom . (AP) Politics and elections 2025 Bolivian general election Centrist candidate Rodrigo Paz Pereira of the Christian Democratic Party defeats independent right-wing candidate and former president Jorge Quiroga to win the presidential election , ending 20 years of Movimiento al Socialismo rule. (AP) (Reuters) ( The Guardian ) Centrist candidate Rodrigo Paz Pereira of the Christian Democratic Party defeats independent right-wing candidate and former president Jorge Quiroga to win the presidential election , ending 20 years of Movimiento al Socialismo rule. (AP) (Reuters) ( The Guardian ) 2025 Kuomintang chairmanship election , Cross-strait relations The Taiwanese opposition party Kuomintang elects Cheng Li-wun as the new party chairwoman, who is known for her advocacy of closer ties and peace with China . (Al Jazeera) The Taiwanese opposition party Kuomintang elects Cheng Li-wun as the new party chairwoman, who is known for her advocacy of closer ties and peace with China . (Al Jazeera) 2025 Northern Cypriot presidential election Citizens of the breakaway territory of Northern Cyprus vote between incumbent Ersin Tatar and Tufan Erhürman to serve as President . ( Famagusta-Gazette ) Erhürman wins the election with 62.76% of the vote, against Tatar, who received 35.81% of the vote. (AP) Citizens of the breakaway territory of Northern Cyprus vote between incumbent Ersin Tatar and Tufan Erhürman to serve as President . ( Famagusta-Gazette ) Erhürman wins the election with 62.76% of the vote, against Tatar, who received 35.81% of the vote. (AP) 2025 North Macedonian local elections Citizens of North Macedonia vote to elect new mayors and cabinets for the country's 80 municipalities. (Sloboden Pecat) Citizens of North Macedonia vote to elect new mayors and cabinets for the country's 80 municipalities. (Sloboden Pecat) Thousands of Haredi Jews gather around the Israeli consulate in New York City , United States, to protest against the potential conscription of yeshiva students to the Israel Defence Forces , which has been exempt since 1977. (AP) Sports 2025 FIFA U-20 World Cup In association football , Morocco wins its first U-20 World Cup after defeating Argentina 2–0 in the final . (Reuters) In association football , Morocco wins its first U-20 World Cup after defeating Argentina 2–0 in the final . (Reuters) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Gaza war Gaza peace plan Hamas returns the body of dead Israeli hostage Tai Haimi to Israel. ( The Times of Israel ) Gaza peace plan Hamas returns the body of dead Israeli hostage Tai Haimi to Israel. ( The Times of Israel ) Hamas returns the body of dead Israeli hostage Tai Haimi to Israel. ( The Times of Israel ) Russo-Ukranian war War crimes in the Russo-Ukrainian war Russian attacks on civilians in the Russo-Ukrainian war Russian soldiers kill five people and injure another in a mass shooting at a house in Zvanivka, Bakhmut , Donetsk Oblast , Ukraine. (RBC-Ukraine) War crimes in the Russo-Ukrainian war Russian attacks on civilians in the Russo-Ukrainian war Russian soldiers kill five people and injure another in a mass shooting at a house in Zvanivka, Bakhmut , Donetsk Oblast , Ukraine. (RBC-Ukraine) Russian attacks on civilians in the Russo-Ukrainian war Russian soldiers kill five people and injure another in a mass shooting at a house in Zvanivka, Bakhmut , Donetsk Oblast , Ukraine. (RBC-Ukraine) Russian soldiers kill five people and injure another in a mass shooting at a house in Zvanivka, Bakhmut , Donetsk Oblast , Ukraine. (RBC-Ukraine) Business and economy Pizzeria chain Pizza Hut enters administration in the United Kingdom with at least 68 venues expected to close and 1,210 employees at risk of redundancy . ( The Independent ) Cambodian prime minister Hun Manet formally inaugurates Techo International Airport , replacing the 70-year-old Phnom Penh International Airport as the main aviation hub for the country. (AP) (Airport World) Disasters and accidents Emirates SkyCargo Flight 9788 Two airport ground crew are killed when an Emirates cargo plane crash-lands and strikes a service vehicle at Hong Kong International Airport , before falling into the sea . (RTHK) Two airport ground crew are killed when an Emirates cargo plane crash-lands and strikes a service vehicle at Hong Kong International Airport , before falling into the sea . (RTHK) At least one person is killed and four others are critically injured when a tornado hits the Ermont commune in Val-d'Oise , Île-de-France , France . (Euronews in French ) ( Metro ) Law and crime 2025 Louvre robbery The damaged 19th-century Crown of Empress Eugénie is recovered on a street near the Louvre in Paris , France , following its burglary yesterday. ( Le Figaro in French ) ( Town and Country ) The damaged 19th-century Crown of Empress Eugénie is recovered on a street near the Louvre in Paris , France , following its burglary yesterday. ( Le Figaro in French ) ( Town and Country ) Corruption in Armenia Police arrest Gyumri mayor Vardan Ghukasyan on bribery charges amid an anti-corruption investigation in Armenia , prompting protests outside his office and the detention of at least 23 demonstrators. (Reuters) Police arrest Gyumri mayor Vardan Ghukasyan on bribery charges amid an anti-corruption investigation in Armenia , prompting protests outside his office and the detention of at least 23 demonstrators. (Reuters) Murder of Kim Ha-neul A court in Daejeon , South Korea , sentences a teacher to life in prison for the murder of a eight-year-old student whom she stabbed at school in a murder-suicide attempt in February 2025. ( The Korea Herald ) A court in Daejeon , South Korea , sentences a teacher to life in prison for the murder of a eight-year-old student whom she stabbed at school in a murder-suicide attempt in February 2025. ( The Korea Herald ) The Tatmadaw conducts a raid on the KK Park scam center in Myawaddy Township , Myanmar , near the border with Thailand , and detains over 2,000 people and seizes over 30 Starlink terminals. (AP) (AFP via France 24) Vilnius International Airport in Lithuania temporarily ceases operations, suspends all air traffic, and closes the country's airspace and borders after the government reports sightings of weather balloons used to smuggle cigarettes from Belarus . (DW) ( The New Voice of Ukraine ) Politics and elections 2025 Malagasy coup d'état Malagasy president Michael Randrianirina appoints Herintsalama Rajaonarivelo as prime minister . (Reuters) Malagasy president Michael Randrianirina appoints Herintsalama Rajaonarivelo as prime minister . (Reuters) Science and technology A severe outage of Amazon Web Services occurs in the United States , impacting many apps and websites. (NPR) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Syrian conflict Three Druze civilians are shot dead by unidentified gunmen on motorcycles in a suspected sectarian attack in Kafr Maris , Idlib Governorate , Syria . (AP) Three Druze civilians are shot dead by unidentified gunmen on motorcycles in a suspected sectarian attack in Kafr Maris , Idlib Governorate , Syria . (AP) Gaza war Gaza peace plan Two deceased Israeli hostages, Arie "Zalman" Zalmanowicz and Tamir Adar, are handed over to Israel by Hamas . ( The Times of Israel ) Gaza peace plan Two deceased Israeli hostages, Arie "Zalman" Zalmanowicz and Tamir Adar, are handed over to Israel by Hamas . ( The Times of Israel ) Two deceased Israeli hostages, Arie "Zalman" Zalmanowicz and Tamir Adar, are handed over to Israel by Hamas . ( The Times of Israel ) Arts and culture XIX International Chopin Piano Competition American Eric Lu wins the 2025 International Chopin Piano Competition at the National Philharmonic in Warsaw , Poland . (Chopin Competition) (Reuters) American Eric Lu wins the 2025 International Chopin Piano Competition at the National Philharmonic in Warsaw , Poland . (Chopin Competition) (Reuters) Disasters and accidents 2025 Shinile train collision At least 14 people are killed and dozens of others are injured when an overcrowded train full of merchants crashes into a stationary train near Dire Dawa in Oromia Region , Ethiopia . (Africanews) At least 14 people are killed and dozens of others are injured when an overcrowded train full of merchants crashes into a stationary train near Dire Dawa in Oromia Region , Ethiopia . (Africanews) At least 42 people are killed and 52 others are injured when a tanker truck transporting gasoline crashes and explodes in Bida , Nigeria . (BBC News) (AP) Law and crime Attempted assassination of Robert Fico A Slovak court sentences 72-year-old Juraj Cintula, the perpetrator in the attempted assassination of prime minister Robert Fico in 2024, to 21 years in prison. Cintula continues to deny the accusations, saying he aimed away from vital organs . (AP) (BBC News) A Slovak court sentences 72-year-old Juraj Cintula, the perpetrator in the attempted assassination of prime minister Robert Fico in 2024, to 21 years in prison. Cintula continues to deny the accusations, saying he aimed away from vital organs . (AP) (BBC News) Irish anti-immigration protests Rioting takes place in Dublin , Ireland , with several thousand anti-immigration protesters attempting to storm a hotel housing asylum seekers in the city after the alleged rape of a 10-year-old Irish girl by an asylum seeker. A police vehicle is set on fire during the unrest. (BBC News) Rioting takes place in Dublin , Ireland , with several thousand anti-immigration protesters attempting to storm a hotel housing asylum seekers in the city after the alleged rape of a 10-year-old Irish girl by an asylum seeker. A police vehicle is set on fire during the unrest. (BBC News) Poland–Ukraine relations , Romania–Ukraine relations , Russia–Ukraine relations A Ukrainian citizen is detained in Poland and two others are arrested in Romania for allegedly working for Russian intelligence agencies and preparing acts of sabotage on Ukrainian shipping routes. (AP) A Ukrainian citizen is detained in Poland and two others are arrested in Romania for allegedly working for Russian intelligence agencies and preparing acts of sabotage on Ukrainian shipping routes. (AP) A Colombian court overturns a bribery conviction against former president Álvaro Uribe , who had been sentenced to 12 years of house arrest in August 2025. The court is still considering further appeals on a fraud charge. (Reuters) (DW) Politics and elections Peruvian political crisis (2016–present) Peruvian president José Jerí declares a 30-day state of emergency in Lima in an attempt to curb rising crime . (Reuters) Peruvian president José Jerí declares a 30-day state of emergency in Lima in an attempt to curb rising crime . (Reuters) Sanae Takaichi is elected as Japan 's first female prime minister by the House of Representatives after her party, the Liberal Democratic Party , agreed to form a coalition government with the Japan Innovation Party . ( The Japan Times ) (NPR) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Gaza war Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Gaza war According to the Palestinian Prisoner’s Society forty-five people, including former prisoners and a child, are arrested during a series of Israeli raids in Nablus , Ramallah , Qalqilya and Tulkarem , in the occupied West Bank . They further say that homes are vandalized and the arrested are assaulted. (Al Jazeera) Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Gaza war According to the Palestinian Prisoner’s Society forty-five people, including former prisoners and a child, are arrested during a series of Israeli raids in Nablus , Ramallah , Qalqilya and Tulkarem , in the occupied West Bank . They further say that homes are vandalized and the arrested are assaulted. (Al Jazeera) According to the Palestinian Prisoner’s Society forty-five people, including former prisoners and a child, are arrested during a series of Israeli raids in Nablus , Ramallah , Qalqilya and Tulkarem , in the occupied West Bank . They further say that homes are vandalized and the arrested are assaulted. (Al Jazeera) Russo-Ukrainian war Kyiv strikes Six people are killed and several others are injured in Russian strikes on power plants in Kyiv , Ukraine . (Euronews) Kharkiv strikes One person is killed and six others are injured in Russian drone strikes on a kindergarten in Kholodnohirskyi District , Kharkiv , Kharkiv Oblast , Ukraine. ( The Kyiv Independent ) Attacks in Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine Three soldiers of the Russian Armed Forces are killed in an operation in Stavropol , Stavropol Krai , Russia. (RBC-Ukraine) Kyiv strikes Six people are killed and several others are injured in Russian strikes on power plants in Kyiv , Ukraine . (Euronews) Six people are killed and several others are injured in Russian strikes on power plants in Kyiv , Ukraine . (Euronews) Kharkiv strikes One person is killed and six others are injured in Russian drone strikes on a kindergarten in Kholodnohirskyi District , Kharkiv , Kharkiv Oblast , Ukraine. ( The Kyiv Independent ) One person is killed and six others are injured in Russian drone strikes on a kindergarten in Kholodnohirskyi District , Kharkiv , Kharkiv Oblast , Ukraine. ( The Kyiv Independent ) Attacks in Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine Three soldiers of the Russian Armed Forces are killed in an operation in Stavropol , Stavropol Krai , Russia. (RBC-Ukraine) Three soldiers of the Russian Armed Forces are killed in an operation in Stavropol , Stavropol Krai , Russia. (RBC-Ukraine) War on drugs , 2025 United States military strikes against alleged drug traffickers Five people are killed during two separate United States airstrikes against two boats in the Pacific Ocean , the first such attacks in the area. The attacks since September 2025, previously limited only to the Caribbean Sea , have killed a total of 37 people. (Al Jazeera) Five people are killed during two separate United States airstrikes against two boats in the Pacific Ocean , the first such attacks in the area. The attacks since September 2025, previously limited only to the Caribbean Sea , have killed a total of 37 people. (Al Jazeera) Terrorism in Serbia A man opens fire outside the Serbian Parliament in Belgrade and sets fire to a tent , critically injuring a person, before being arrested. The incident is classified as a terrorist attack . (Ansa) A man opens fire outside the Serbian Parliament in Belgrade and sets fire to a tent , critically injuring a person, before being arrested. The incident is classified as a terrorist attack . (Ansa) Arts and culture 2025 Louvre robbery The Louvre Museum in Paris , France , reopens with increased activity several days after jewelry from the Galerie d'Apollon was stolen in a heist. The Galerie d'Apollon, however, remains closed. (DW) The Louvre Museum in Paris , France , reopens with increased activity several days after jewelry from the Galerie d'Apollon was stolen in a heist. The Galerie d'Apollon, however, remains closed. (DW) Imprisoned journalists Andrzej Poczobut of Belarus and Mzia Amaglobeli of Georgia are awarded the 2025 Sakharov Prize . (Reuters) Disasters and accidents 2025 Plastmass Factory explosion At least 12 people are killed, 19 others are injured and 10 are reported missing following an explosion at a munitions factory in Kopeysk , Chelyabinsk Oblast , Russia . (BBC News) At least 12 people are killed, 19 others are injured and 10 are reported missing following an explosion at a munitions factory in Kopeysk , Chelyabinsk Oblast , Russia . (BBC News) Four people are killed when a Robinson R66 helicopter crashes near Ekalaka , Montana , United States . (WIFR-LD) ( HuffPost ) Forty-six people are killed and others are injured in a collision between two buses and other vehicles on the Kampala–Gulu Highway in Uganda . (Al Jazeera) Forty people are killed, including infants, and thirty others are rescued when a boat carrying migrants sank off the coast of Mahdia , Mahdia Governorate , Tunisia . (Africanews) Law and crime The Fijian High Court sentences former prime minister Frank Bainimarama to a 12-month suspended prison term after being found guilty of making an unwarranted demand to a public official under the Crimes Act this month. (RNZ) An opposition politician of the Samagi Jana Balawegaya party is shot and killed by an unidentified gunman in Weligama , Sri Lanka , amid an increase of shootings in the country, which have left 51 people killed and 56 injured since the beginning of the year. (AP) Politics and elections Argentine foreign minister Gerardo Werthein submits his resignation to President Javier Milei . (Reuters) Greece 's parliament approves a law prohibiting demonstrations around the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Athens , designating the area for ceremonial use only. (Reuters) Thai deputy finance minister Vorapak Tanyawong resigns following his alleged involvement in a transnational scam operation . (Reuters) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Boko Haram insurgency At least 50 insurgents are killed as the Nigerian Army repel drone-backed attacks on military positions in Borno and Yobe States . (Reuters) At least 50 insurgents are killed as the Nigerian Army repel drone-backed attacks on military positions in Borno and Yobe States . (Reuters) Israel–Hezbollah conflict Four people, including an elderly woman, are killed in a series of Israeli airstrikes in eastern and southern Lebanon . (Al Jazeera) Four people, including an elderly woman, are killed in a series of Israeli airstrikes in eastern and southern Lebanon . (Al Jazeera) Syrian conflict A ceasefire is agreed between the Syrian Armed Forces and Firqat al-Ghuraba , after the latter's camp was sieged yesterday in Harem . (France24) A ceasefire is agreed between the Syrian Armed Forces and Firqat al-Ghuraba , after the latter's camp was sieged yesterday in Harem . (France24) Arts and culture Billboard magazine revises the rules for its Hot 100 record chart and implements a maximum time spent on the list if a song drops below a certain rank, intended to shorten the age to be considered "contemporary". (NPR) International relations 2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico , Canada–United States trade relations U.S. president Donald Trump announces all trade negotiations with Canada are "terminated" following an advertisement featuring former U.S. president Ronald Reagan released by the government of Ontario . (CBC) U.S. president Donald Trump announces all trade negotiations with Canada are "terminated" following an advertisement featuring former U.S. president Ronald Reagan released by the government of Ontario . (CBC) Israel–United States relations , Proposed Israeli annexation of the West Bank , International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict The United States rules out Israel 's plan to annex the West Bank following a Knesset vote, while several other countries also affirm their standings against the plan, calling it a violation of international law . ( Gulf News ) The United States rules out Israel 's plan to annex the West Bank following a Knesset vote, while several other countries also affirm their standings against the plan, calling it a violation of international law . ( Gulf News ) Nearly 700 foreigners have fled Myanmar and crossed into Thailand following the Tatmadaw 's raid on the KK Park scam center on Monday. Thailand detains 677 people, including 618 men and 59 women, after they cross the border into Tak Province , Thailand. (Reuters) Law and crime 2025 National Basketball Association illegal gambling prosecution More than 30 people are arrested by United States law enforcement as part of an investigation into illegal gambling linked to the American mafia , including former professional basketball player Damon Jones , Miami Heat player Terry Rozier , and Portland Trail Blazers head coach Chauncey Billups . (Reuters) More than 30 people are arrested by United States law enforcement as part of an investigation into illegal gambling linked to the American mafia , including former professional basketball player Damon Jones , Miami Heat player Terry Rozier , and Portland Trail Blazers head coach Chauncey Billups . (Reuters) Deportation in the second Trump administration A review conducted by National Public Radio reveals that there have been at least 20 deaths in U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement custody this year, making it the deadliest year since record-keeping began in 2004. (NPR) A review conducted by National Public Radio reveals that there have been at least 20 deaths in U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement custody this year, making it the deadliest year since record-keeping began in 2004. (NPR) English Channel illegal migrant crossings The United Kingdom Foreign Office issues sanctions against gangs from the Balkans for facilitating migrant smuggling across the English Channel into the UK. (DW) The United Kingdom Foreign Office issues sanctions against gangs from the Balkans for facilitating migrant smuggling across the English Channel into the UK. (DW) Killing of Iryna Zarutska A grand jury indicts Decarlos Brown Jr. , the perpetrator of the fatal stabbing of a Ukrainian refugee on a Charlotte Area Transit System train in Charlotte , North Carolina , United States, of first-degree murder and causing death on a public transport system , making him eligible for the death penalty . (NBC News) (Newsweek) A grand jury indicts Decarlos Brown Jr. , the perpetrator of the fatal stabbing of a Ukrainian refugee on a Charlotte Area Transit System train in Charlotte , North Carolina , United States, of first-degree murder and causing death on a public transport system , making him eligible for the death penalty . (NBC News) (Newsweek) A court in Belfast , Northern Ireland , finds a British soldier not guilty over killings on Bloody Sunday in 1972 in Derry . (Reuters) Politics and elections 2026 Brazilian general election At a meeting with Indonesian counterpart Prabowo Subianto , Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva announces his bid for a fourth non-consecutive term in next year's election. (AP) At a meeting with Indonesian counterpart Prabowo Subianto , Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva announces his bid for a fourth non-consecutive term in next year's election. (AP) 2026 Hungarian parliamentary election Hundreds of thousands of people gather in Budapest , Hungary , in rival rallies for incumbent prime minister Viktor Orbán and his main opposition rival Péter Magyar . (AP) Hundreds of thousands of people gather in Budapest , Hungary , in rival rallies for incumbent prime minister Viktor Orbán and his main opposition rival Péter Magyar . (AP) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks War on drugs 2025 United States military strikes on alleged drug traffickers Six people are killed in a U.S. missile strike on a suspected drug-running boat in the Caribbean Sea . (AP) The United States deploys the USS Gerald R. Ford carrier battle group to Latin America for counter- drug cartel operations. (Reuters) 2025 United States military strikes on alleged drug traffickers Six people are killed in a U.S. missile strike on a suspected drug-running boat in the Caribbean Sea . (AP) The United States deploys the USS Gerald R. Ford carrier battle group to Latin America for counter- drug cartel operations. (Reuters) Six people are killed in a U.S. missile strike on a suspected drug-running boat in the Caribbean Sea . (AP) The United States deploys the USS Gerald R. Ford carrier battle group to Latin America for counter- drug cartel operations. (Reuters) Gaza war , Israeli–Palestinian conflict Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Gaza war An 18-year-old Palestinian man is killed after being shot and critically injured yesterday during an Israeli attack in the Askar Camp in Nablus , occupied Palestine . (Al Jazeera) Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Gaza war An 18-year-old Palestinian man is killed after being shot and critically injured yesterday during an Israeli attack in the Askar Camp in Nablus , occupied Palestine . (Al Jazeera) An 18-year-old Palestinian man is killed after being shot and critically injured yesterday during an Israeli attack in the Askar Camp in Nablus , occupied Palestine . (Al Jazeera) Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Three people are killed in a roadside bombing on a police vehicle in a former stronghold of the Pakistani Taliban in Hangu District , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan . ( The Canadian Press ) Three people are killed in a roadside bombing on a police vehicle in a former stronghold of the Pakistani Taliban in Hangu District , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan . ( The Canadian Press ) Israel–Hezbollah conflict Three people are killed and two others injured during two Israeli airstrikes against two vehicles in Toul and Nabatieh , Lebanon . Senior Hezbollah commander Abbas Karki is among the fatalities. (AA) Three people are killed and two others injured during two Israeli airstrikes against two vehicles in Toul and Nabatieh , Lebanon . Senior Hezbollah commander Abbas Karki is among the fatalities. (AA) Arts and culture The Booker Prize Foundation announces the creation of the Children's Booker Prize , with the first £ 50,000 ( US $66,500) winner to be announced in early 2027. ( The Guardian ) Disasters and accidents 2025 Atlantic hurricane season At least four people are killed in Haiti and the Dominican Republic by Tropical Storm Melissa . ( The New York Times ) (AP) At least four people are killed in Haiti and the Dominican Republic by Tropical Storm Melissa . ( The New York Times ) (AP) Twenty-five people are killed and several others are injured in a fire on a bus in Kurnool , India . (AP) Fourteen people are killed, two others are rescued, and two are reported missing when a rubber boat sinks off the coast of Bodrum , Muğla , Turkey . (DPA International) Four people are killed and over 21,000 others are affected during heavy rains in Sri Lanka . (Xinhua News Agency) International relations Colombia–United States relations The United States imposes sanctions on Colombian president Gustavo Petro , his wife Verónica Alcocer , his son Nicolás , and Interior Minister Armando Benedetti , accusing them of involvement in the global drug trade amid worsening relations between both countries. (AP) The United States imposes sanctions on Colombian president Gustavo Petro , his wife Verónica Alcocer , his son Nicolás , and Interior Minister Armando Benedetti , accusing them of involvement in the global drug trade amid worsening relations between both countries. (AP) Law and crime 2025 Ovruch train attack A man detonates a grenade on a train in Ovruch , Zhytomyr Oblast , Ukraine , killing three women and a border guard, and wounding 12 other people. The perpetrator, who also died in the explosion, was a fugitive from Kharkiv . (Reuters) (News.az) A man detonates a grenade on a train in Ovruch , Zhytomyr Oblast , Ukraine , killing three women and a border guard, and wounding 12 other people. The perpetrator, who also died in the explosion, was a fugitive from Kharkiv . (Reuters) (News.az) 2025 Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan protests Pakistan bans the Tehreek-e-Labbaik party after deadly clashes between party members and Pakistani police during a protest march led by the party over the past two weeks. (Reuters) Pakistan bans the Tehreek-e-Labbaik party after deadly clashes between party members and Pakistani police during a protest march led by the party over the past two weeks. (Reuters) Azerbaijan–Russia relations , Media freedom in Azerbaijan A court in Azerbaijan orders a senior Russian journalist of state media agency Sputnik be released from prison and placed under house arrest for three months. The decision comes after a meeting between Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev and Russian President Vladimir Putin in Tajikistan amid deteriorating relations between the two countries. (Reuters) A court in Azerbaijan orders a senior Russian journalist of state media agency Sputnik be released from prison and placed under house arrest for three months. The decision comes after a meeting between Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev and Russian President Vladimir Putin in Tajikistan amid deteriorating relations between the two countries. (Reuters) Murders of Albert Alfonso and Paul Longworth A court in London , United Kingdom , sentences a Colombian man to life in prison for the murder and dismemberment of two men in London in July 2024. The man also pleaded guilty to three counts of possession of child pornography . (AP) A court in London , United Kingdom , sentences a Colombian man to life in prison for the murder and dismemberment of two men in London in July 2024. The man also pleaded guilty to three counts of possession of child pornography . (AP) Pork barrel scam The Philippines ' anti-graft court acquits former Senate president Juan Ponce Enrile , his former chief of staff Gigi Reyes, and businesswoman Janet Lim-Napoles of their remaining graft charges, citing failure to prove their guilt. The three had been charged over their alleged misuse of the Priority Development Assistance Fund . ( Philippine Daily Inquirer ) (ABS-CBN News) The Philippines ' anti-graft court acquits former Senate president Juan Ponce Enrile , his former chief of staff Gigi Reyes, and businesswoman Janet Lim-Napoles of their remaining graft charges, citing failure to prove their guilt. The three had been charged over their alleged misuse of the Priority Development Assistance Fund . ( Philippine Daily Inquirer ) (ABS-CBN News) A manhunt is launched for Ethiopian national Hadush Gerberslasie Kebatu, whose sexual assault of a 14-year-old girl sparked anti-immigration protests in Epping, Essex , England , after he was accidentally released from prison. (BBC News) Politics and elections 2025 Irish presidential election Citizens of the Republic of Ireland vote for the next President to succeed Michael D. Higgins , who is term-limited. The candidates are independent candidate Catherine Connolly and Fine Gael candidate Heather Humphreys . (BBC) Citizens of the Republic of Ireland vote for the next President to succeed Michael D. Higgins , who is term-limited. The candidates are independent candidate Catherine Connolly and Fine Gael candidate Heather Humphreys . (BBC) The Croatian parliament votes to reintroduce compulsory military service , which had been shifted to a volunteer system in 2008. The new conscription will require two months of basic training , allowing conscientious objectors to opt for civilian service. (AP) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Russo-Ukrainian war Kyiv strikes , Attacks on civilians in the Russo-Ukrainian war Four people are killed and 20 others are injured in overnight Russian missile and drone strikes on residential areas in Kyiv , Ukraine . (Reuters) (AP) Kyiv strikes , Attacks on civilians in the Russo-Ukrainian war Four people are killed and 20 others are injured in overnight Russian missile and drone strikes on residential areas in Kyiv , Ukraine . (Reuters) (AP) Four people are killed and 20 others are injured in overnight Russian missile and drone strikes on residential areas in Kyiv , Ukraine . (Reuters) (AP) Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Five soldiers and 25 gunmen are killed in a shootout between Kurram and North Waziristan , in Pakistan , at the border with Afghanistan . (Al Jazeera) Five soldiers and 25 gunmen are killed in a shootout between Kurram and North Waziristan , in Pakistan , at the border with Afghanistan . (Al Jazeera) Israel–Hezbollah conflict Two people are killed during two Israeli airstrikes against a car and a motorcycle in Harouf and Qlayleh, Lebanon , bringing the death toll from the attacks since the past 48 hours to nine. (Al Jazeera) Two people are killed during two Israeli airstrikes against a car and a motorcycle in Harouf and Qlayleh, Lebanon , bringing the death toll from the attacks since the past 48 hours to nine. (Al Jazeera) Disasters and accidents 2025 Atlantic hurricane season Hurricane warnings are issued in Jamaica , as forecasts indicate Hurricane Melissa will likely reach Category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson scale , while rainfall estimates exceed 30 in (76 cm) across the country and in Haiti . (CNN) Over 145,000 people are evacuated by Guantánamo Province officials ahead of Hurricane Melissa's potential impacts in eastern Cuba . (NBC) Hurricane warnings are issued in Jamaica , as forecasts indicate Hurricane Melissa will likely reach Category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson scale , while rainfall estimates exceed 30 in (76 cm) across the country and in Haiti . (CNN) Over 145,000 people are evacuated by Guantánamo Province officials ahead of Hurricane Melissa's potential impacts in eastern Cuba . (NBC) International relations Afghanistan–Pakistan relations 2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict Pakistani defence minister Khawaja Asif says that if peace talks with the Taliban fail, Pakistan will declare an open war on Afghanistan , as Pakistan accuses the Taliban of sheltering Pakistani militants , which Kabul denies. (Reuters) 2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict Pakistani defence minister Khawaja Asif says that if peace talks with the Taliban fail, Pakistan will declare an open war on Afghanistan , as Pakistan accuses the Taliban of sheltering Pakistani militants , which Kabul denies. (Reuters) Pakistani defence minister Khawaja Asif says that if peace talks with the Taliban fail, Pakistan will declare an open war on Afghanistan , as Pakistan accuses the Taliban of sheltering Pakistani militants , which Kabul denies. (Reuters) Canada–United States trade relations 2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico U.S. president Donald Trump announces that he will raise U.S. tariffs on Canada by 10% in retaliation for an anti-tariff advertisement sponsored by the Ontario government . ( The Guardian ) 2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico U.S. president Donald Trump announces that he will raise U.S. tariffs on Canada by 10% in retaliation for an anti-tariff advertisement sponsored by the Ontario government . ( The Guardian ) U.S. president Donald Trump announces that he will raise U.S. tariffs on Canada by 10% in retaliation for an anti-tariff advertisement sponsored by the Ontario government . ( The Guardian ) Politics and elections 2025 Irish presidential election Independent candidate Catherine Connolly is declared winner of yesterday's election of the President of Ireland , after Fine Gael candidate Heather Humphreys concedes the election during the initial tallying of the votes. (Reuters) ( The Guardian ) Independent candidate Catherine Connolly is declared winner of yesterday's election of the President of Ireland , after Fine Gael candidate Heather Humphreys concedes the election during the initial tallying of the votes. (Reuters) ( The Guardian ) 2025 Ivorian presidential election Ivorians vote to elect their president , as incumbent Alassane Ouattara seeks a fourth term. (Reuters) Ouattara is re-elected with 89.7% of the vote. (Reuters) Ivorians vote to elect their president , as incumbent Alassane Ouattara seeks a fourth term. (Reuters) Ouattara is re-elected with 89.7% of the vote. (Reuters) The United Nations Convention against Cybercrime , also known as the Hanoi Convention, is signed in Hanoi , Vietnam , marking the first time a UN treaty signing ceremony took place in Vietnam and the first time a multilateral treaty is named after a Vietnamese location. ( The Diplomat ) (UNODC) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Russo-Ukrainian war 2025 Sumy offensive One person is killed and 13 others are injured, including two seriously, in a Russian drone strike on a minibus in Mykolaivka , Sumy Raion , Sumy Oblast , Ukraine. ( Kyiv Post ) Two people are killed, including an elderly woman, and another is injured in a Ukrainian drone strike on an apartment building in Russian-controlled Donetsk , Donetsk Oblast , Ukraine. (MSN) 2025 Sumy offensive One person is killed and 13 others are injured, including two seriously, in a Russian drone strike on a minibus in Mykolaivka , Sumy Raion , Sumy Oblast , Ukraine. ( Kyiv Post ) One person is killed and 13 others are injured, including two seriously, in a Russian drone strike on a minibus in Mykolaivka , Sumy Raion , Sumy Oblast , Ukraine. ( Kyiv Post ) Two people are killed, including an elderly woman, and another is injured in a Ukrainian drone strike on an apartment building in Russian-controlled Donetsk , Donetsk Oblast , Ukraine. (MSN) Sudanese civil war Siege of El Fasher The Rapid Support Forces say that they have captured El Fasher , the last stronghold of the Sudanese Armed Forces in North Darfur . (Reuters) Siege of El Fasher The Rapid Support Forces say that they have captured El Fasher , the last stronghold of the Sudanese Armed Forces in North Darfur . (Reuters) The Rapid Support Forces say that they have captured El Fasher , the last stronghold of the Sudanese Armed Forces in North Darfur . (Reuters) Israel–Hezbollah conflict Three people are killed in two Israeli airstrikes in An-Naqoura and Baalbek , Lebanon . Separately, an Israeli drone drops a grenade near UNIFIL forces in Kfar Kila , without casualties. (Al Jazeera) Three people are killed in two Israeli airstrikes in An-Naqoura and Baalbek , Lebanon . Separately, an Israeli drone drops a grenade near UNIFIL forces in Kfar Kila , without casualties. (Al Jazeera) A man plants an explosive near propane gas cylinders at a gas station in Georgetown , Guyana , killing a child and wounding four other people. The attacks is described as a terrorist incident, while the perpetrators are unknown. (AP) Arts and culture Patriarch Daniel consecrates the newly-constructed National Cathedral in Bucharest , Romania , as the country's largest cathedral with the capacity for 5,000 worshippers and the patriarchal seat of the Romanian Orthodox Church . (DW) (Romania Insider) Disasters and accidents Fourteen people are killed when a fire engulfs dwellings in Bukavu , South Kivu , Democratic Republic of the Congo. (Africanews) Thirteen people are killed and five others are injured when a bus crashes in Kano State , Nigeria . ( The Punch ) At least 13 people are killed and 29 others are injured when a bus collides with a car and plunges off of a bridge into a stream in Puerto Iguazú , Misiones , Argentina . (News.Az) (Xinhua) In separate incidents, an MH-60R Seahawk helicopter and an F/A-18F Super Hornet fighter jet of the United States Navy , both operating off of the USS Nimitz aircraft carrier , crash in the South China Sea . All crew of both craft are rescued. (CNN) International relations Enlargement of ASEAN Accession of Timor-Leste to ASEAN , 2025 ASEAN Summits Timor-Leste becomes the eleventh member state of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations . (Antara) Accession of Timor-Leste to ASEAN , 2025 ASEAN Summits Timor-Leste becomes the eleventh member state of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations . (Antara) Timor-Leste becomes the eleventh member state of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations . (Antara) Trinidad and Tobago–Venezuela relations , United States–Venezuela relations Venezuelan vice president Delcy Rodríguez issues a statement accusing Trinidad and Tobago and the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency of military provocations as both countries carry out joint military exercises in the Caribbean Sea . (Reuters) Venezuelan vice president Delcy Rodríguez issues a statement accusing Trinidad and Tobago and the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency of military provocations as both countries carry out joint military exercises in the Caribbean Sea . (Reuters) Law and crime 2025 Cameroonian presidential election Cameroonian opposition presidential candidate Issa Tchiroma says that police have detained more than 30 politicians and activists linked to his campaign or who endorsed his candidacy against incumbent Paul Biya during last week's election. (Reuters) Four protestors are killed and several policemen are injured during clashes in Douala , as pro-opposition protestors rejects Biya's re-election. (Al Jazeera) Cameroonian opposition presidential candidate Issa Tchiroma says that police have detained more than 30 politicians and activists linked to his campaign or who endorsed his candidacy against incumbent Paul Biya during last week's election. (Reuters) Four protestors are killed and several policemen are injured during clashes in Douala , as pro-opposition protestors rejects Biya's re-election. (Al Jazeera) 2025 Louvre robbery Two suspects are arrested in connection to the robbery at the Louvre Museum in Paris , France , last week. (Al Jazeera) Two suspects are arrested in connection to the robbery at the Louvre Museum in Paris , France , last week. (Al Jazeera) Politics and elections Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency 2025 PKK–Turkey peace process The Kurdistan Workers' Party announces that it is withdrawing its fighters from Turkey and moving them to Iraq as part of ongoing peace talks with the Turkish government . (AP) 2025 PKK–Turkey peace process The Kurdistan Workers' Party announces that it is withdrawing its fighters from Turkey and moving them to Iraq as part of ongoing peace talks with the Turkish government . (AP) The Kurdistan Workers' Party announces that it is withdrawing its fighters from Turkey and moving them to Iraq as part of ongoing peace talks with the Turkish government . (AP) 2025 Argentine legislative election Argentines vote in the midterms to elect a half of the Chamber of Deputies and a third of the Senate . ( The New York Times ) The ruling La Libertad Avanza party of President Javier Milei wins the election with over 40% of the votes. (AP) Argentines vote in the midterms to elect a half of the Chamber of Deputies and a third of the Senate . ( The New York Times ) The ruling La Libertad Avanza party of President Javier Milei wins the election with over 40% of the votes. (AP) 2026 Colombian presidential election The Historic Pact party nominates Senator Iván Cepeda as its candidate for president in next year's election. (Reuters) The Historic Pact party nominates Senator Iván Cepeda as its candidate for president in next year's election. (Reuters) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks War in the Sahel Mali War Mali 's government closes all schools and universities across the country amid a fuel blockade by al-Qaeda-aligned JNIM insurgents. ( Al Jazeera ) Mali War Mali 's government closes all schools and universities across the country amid a fuel blockade by al-Qaeda-aligned JNIM insurgents. ( Al Jazeera ) Mali 's government closes all schools and universities across the country amid a fuel blockade by al-Qaeda-aligned JNIM insurgents. ( Al Jazeera ) 2025 United States military strikes on alleged drug traffickers Fourteen people are killed and one survives after three American airstrikes against four boats in the Pacific Ocean . (CBS News) Fourteen people are killed and one survives after three American airstrikes against four boats in the Pacific Ocean . (CBS News) Gaza war Eight Palestinians are killed and 13 injured in the Gaza Strip during Israeli airstrikes , despite the agreed ceasefire . (Al Jazeera) (Reuters) Eight Palestinians are killed and 13 injured in the Gaza Strip during Israeli airstrikes , despite the agreed ceasefire . (Al Jazeera) (Reuters) Arts and culture LGBTQ rights in the United Kingdom King Charles III dedicates a memorial to LGBTQ members of the Armed Forces at the National Memorial Arboretum in Lichfield , Staffordshire , United Kingdom , on the 25-year anniversary of the end to the country's ban on gay servicemen . (AP) King Charles III dedicates a memorial to LGBTQ members of the Armed Forces at the National Memorial Arboretum in Lichfield , Staffordshire , United Kingdom , on the 25-year anniversary of the end to the country's ban on gay servicemen . (AP) Business and economy Taxation in Malta Malta introduces tax cuts exempting parents of two or more children from income tax on up to € 18,500 ( US$ 21,574) of earnings from 2026, rising to €30,000 ($34,985) by 2028, as part of efforts to address its low fertility rate . (Reuters) Malta introduces tax cuts exempting parents of two or more children from income tax on up to € 18,500 ( US$ 21,574) of earnings from 2026, rising to €30,000 ($34,985) by 2028, as part of efforts to address its low fertility rate . (Reuters) Disasters and accidents 2025 Atlantic hurricane season Hurricane Melissa reaches Category 5 intensity on its approach to Jamaica . (NBC) ( Washington Post ) (Fox Weather) Hurricane Melissa reaches Category 5 intensity on its approach to Jamaica . (NBC) ( Washington Post ) (Fox Weather) International relations Montenegro–Turkey relations Montenegro suspends its visa-free arrangement for Turkish citizens after the stabbing of a local man allegedly by Turkish nationals led to unrest in Podgorica . (Reuters) Montenegro suspends its visa-free arrangement for Turkish citizens after the stabbing of a local man allegedly by Turkish nationals led to unrest in Podgorica . (Reuters) Law and crime A court in Mali sentences former prime minister Moussa Mara to two years in prison on charges of undermining state security and inciting public disorder. Mara will serve one year without parole and one year as a suspended sentence . (AP) Politics and elections 2025 Cameroonian presidential election The Supreme Court of Cameroon announces the reelection of incumbent president Paul Biya . (AP) The Supreme Court of Cameroon announces the reelection of incumbent president Paul Biya . (AP) 2025 Czech parliamentary election Czech president Petr Pavel asks former prime minister Andrej Babiš to form a new government after his party ANO won the most seats in the parliamentary elections earlier this month. (AP) Czech president Petr Pavel asks former prime minister Andrej Babiš to form a new government after his party ANO won the most seats in the parliamentary elections earlier this month. (AP) Tunisia suspends the Tunisian Forum for Economic and Social Rights from operating for a month, citing the need to conduct a financial audit on the organization's foreign funds . (Reuters) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Gaza war Gaza war hostage crisis Hamas announces that it is postponing the return of the body of a dead hostage , citing multiple violations of the ceasefire by Israel . (Reuters) Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Gaza war Three Al-Qassam Brigades militants are killed by Israeli troops in a shooting– airstrike attack in Kfar Qud, near Jenin , in the occupied West Bank . ( L'Orient Today ) (Reuters) Hamas fires at and launches an anti-tank missile at Israeli troops in Rafah , Gaza , killing an Israeli soldier. ( The Jerusalem Post ) (BBC) At least 104 people are killed, including 46 children, and 50 others are injured in multiple Israeli retaliatory airstrikes across Gaza City . (Al Jazeera) (Reuters) Gaza war hostage crisis Hamas announces that it is postponing the return of the body of a dead hostage , citing multiple violations of the ceasefire by Israel . (Reuters) Hamas announces that it is postponing the return of the body of a dead hostage , citing multiple violations of the ceasefire by Israel . (Reuters) Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Gaza war Three Al-Qassam Brigades militants are killed by Israeli troops in a shooting– airstrike attack in Kfar Qud, near Jenin , in the occupied West Bank . ( L'Orient Today ) (Reuters) Three Al-Qassam Brigades militants are killed by Israeli troops in a shooting– airstrike attack in Kfar Qud, near Jenin , in the occupied West Bank . ( L'Orient Today ) (Reuters) Hamas fires at and launches an anti-tank missile at Israeli troops in Rafah , Gaza , killing an Israeli soldier. ( The Jerusalem Post ) (BBC) At least 104 people are killed, including 46 children, and 50 others are injured in multiple Israeli retaliatory airstrikes across Gaza City . (Al Jazeera) (Reuters) Armed conflict for control of the favelas Operation Containment Sixty-four people, including four police officers , are killed in large-scale raids on Comando Vermelho spots in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , making it the deadliest police operation in the city's history. At least 81 suspected gang members are arrested in the operation. (CNN) (DW) Operation Containment Sixty-four people, including four police officers , are killed in large-scale raids on Comando Vermelho spots in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , making it the deadliest police operation in the city's history. At least 81 suspected gang members are arrested in the operation. (CNN) (DW) Sixty-four people, including four police officers , are killed in large-scale raids on Comando Vermelho spots in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , making it the deadliest police operation in the city's history. At least 81 suspected gang members are arrested in the operation. (CNN) (DW) Sudanese civil war Al-Fashir massacre Over 460 people are killed in an attack on a hospital by the Rapid Support Forces in Al-Fashir , North Darfur , Sudan. (AP) Al-Fashir massacre Over 460 people are killed in an attack on a hospital by the Rapid Support Forces in Al-Fashir , North Darfur , Sudan. (AP) Over 460 people are killed in an attack on a hospital by the Rapid Support Forces in Al-Fashir , North Darfur , Sudan. (AP) Business and economy AI boom , Workplace impact of artificial intelligence Multinational technology and e-commerce company Amazon announces it will lay off 14,000 corporate positions as it invests more in building AI and cloud computing infrastructure. (DW) (CNBC) Multinational technology and e-commerce company Amazon announces it will lay off 14,000 corporate positions as it invests more in building AI and cloud computing infrastructure. (DW) (CNBC) Economy of the Philippines The Philippine peso falls to a record low of ₱59.2 per U.S. dollar , which the country 's central bank attributes to currency depreciation influenced by recent interest rate cuts and foreign investment outflows. (Bloomberg) The Philippine peso falls to a record low of ₱59.2 per U.S. dollar , which the country 's central bank attributes to currency depreciation influenced by recent interest rate cuts and foreign investment outflows. (Bloomberg) Disasters and accidents 2025 Atlantic hurricane season Hurricane Melissa makes landfall in Westmoreland parish , southwest Jamaica , as a Category 5 hurricane with 185 mph sustained winds. (CNN) (NHC) Hurricane Melissa makes landfall in Westmoreland parish , southwest Jamaica , as a Category 5 hurricane with 185 mph sustained winds. (CNN) (NHC) Mombasa Air Safari Flight 203 A Mombasa Air Safari -operated Cessna 208 Caravan aircraft carrying foreign tourists from Hungary and Germany crashes near Kwale , Kenya , killing all 11 people on board. (AP) A Mombasa Air Safari -operated Cessna 208 Caravan aircraft carrying foreign tourists from Hungary and Germany crashes near Kwale , Kenya , killing all 11 people on board. (AP) Eighteen people are killed when a wooden vessel carrying dozens of irregular refugees capsizes off the coast of Surman , Libya . (TRT World) Health and environment 2020–2025 H5N1 outbreak The German government culls 500,000 birds, including chickens, geese, and turkeys, as the federal animal health institute reports over 100 outbreaks of H5N1 avian influenza , including 30 outbreaks among poultry battery farms across the country. (DW) The German government culls 500,000 birds, including chickens, geese, and turkeys, as the federal animal health institute reports over 100 outbreaks of H5N1 avian influenza , including 30 outbreaks among poultry battery farms across the country. (DW) International relations China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) sign an upgraded free trade agreement , which will broaden collaboration on infrastructure, digital and green transition, trade facilitation and people-to-people exchanges between the two sides, on the sidelines of the 47th ASEAN summit in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . (CNA) Law and crime Assassination of Shinzo Abe The trial of Tetsuya Yamagami , the alleged killer of former Japanese prime minister Shinzo Abe , opens in Nara . It is expected to end by mid-December. (AP) The trial of Tetsuya Yamagami , the alleged killer of former Japanese prime minister Shinzo Abe , opens in Nara . It is expected to end by mid-December. (AP) Crime in London One person is killed and two others, including a 14-year-old, are injured in a mass stabbing in London , England . A 22-year-old Afghan national is arrested. (Sky News) One person is killed and two others, including a 14-year-old, are injured in a mass stabbing in London , England . A 22-year-old Afghan national is arrested. (Sky News) Fijian deputy prime minister Biman Prasad says that he intends to resign after being charged with corruption . He is the second deputy PM in Sitiveni Rabuka 's government to be charged since last week. (RNZ) Nigeria 's Senate passes the Endangered Species Conservation and Protection Bill, introducing fines of up to ₦ 12 million ( US$ 8,250) and prison sentences of up to 10 years for wildlife smuggling and strengthening enforcement against illegal trade in ivory , pangolin scales , and other endangered species. (Reuters) Politics and elections Conscription in Russia The Russian State Duma approves a bill to change military conscription to a year-round process, passing it to the Federation Council for approval. (AP) The Russian State Duma approves a bill to change military conscription to a year-round process, passing it to the Federation Council for approval. (AP) Sports 2025 Turkish referee betting scandal , Gambling in Turkey The Turkish Football Federation takes disciplinary action against 152 referees who were found to have actively placed bets on football matches. At least 371 of the 571 active referees are found to have a betting account. (ESPN) (NTV in Turkish ) The Turkish Football Federation takes disciplinary action against 152 referees who were found to have actively placed bets on football matches. At least 371 of the 571 active referees are found to have a betting account. (ESPN) (NTV in Turkish ) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Armed conflict for control of the favelas Operation Containment The death toll from yesterday's police operation in Rio de Janeiro rises to at least 132 people. (Reuters) Operation Containment The death toll from yesterday's police operation in Rio de Janeiro rises to at least 132 people. (Reuters) The death toll from yesterday's police operation in Rio de Janeiro rises to at least 132 people. (Reuters) 2025 United States military strikes on alleged drug traffickers Four people are killed in an American airstrike on a boat in the Pacific Ocean . (ABC News) Four people are killed in an American airstrike on a boat in the Pacific Ocean . (ABC News) Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Six Pakistani soldiers and seven gunmen are killed in a shootout at the border with Afghanistan . (Al Arabiya) Six Pakistani soldiers and seven gunmen are killed in a shootout at the border with Afghanistan . (Al Arabiya) Spillover of the Mali War The JNIM carries out its first attack in Nigeria , killing a soldier and seizing ammunition and cash in Kwara State . (Al Jazeera) The JNIM carries out its first attack in Nigeria , killing a soldier and seizing ammunition and cash in Kwara State . (Al Jazeera) Business and economy Tariffs in the second Trump administration South Korea–United States relations South Korea announces it has finalized a trade deal with the United States in which the U.S. agrees to 15% of tariffs on imported South Korean goods and South Korea will invest in American businesses and shipbuilding projects. ( The New York Times ) South Korea–United States relations South Korea announces it has finalized a trade deal with the United States in which the U.S. agrees to 15% of tariffs on imported South Korean goods and South Korea will invest in American businesses and shipbuilding projects. ( The New York Times ) South Korea announces it has finalized a trade deal with the United States in which the U.S. agrees to 15% of tariffs on imported South Korean goods and South Korea will invest in American businesses and shipbuilding projects. ( The New York Times ) Disasters and accidents At least nine people are killed and five others are missing due to floods in central Vietnam , including in major cities such as Đà Nẵng and Hội An . (Reuters) The roof of the girls’ dormitory at a pesantren collapses due to heavy rain and strong winds in Situbondo , East Java , Indonesia , killing a student and injuring 19 others. ( Tempo ) International relations Afghanistan–Pakistan relations 2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict Peace talks held in Istanbul , Turkey , between Afghanistan and Pakistan collapse and achieve no clear agreement. (Reuters) 2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict Peace talks held in Istanbul , Turkey , between Afghanistan and Pakistan collapse and achieve no clear agreement. (Reuters) Peace talks held in Istanbul , Turkey , between Afghanistan and Pakistan collapse and achieve no clear agreement. (Reuters) International recognition of Kosovo , Kosovo–Syria relations , Serbia–Syria relations Syria officially recognizes Kosovo as an independent and sovereign state. (Anadolu Agency) Syria officially recognizes Kosovo as an independent and sovereign state. (Anadolu Agency) Law and crime Pelicot rape case The French Senate approves amendments to the country 's rape law to include a consent -based definition, clarifying that consent must be freely given and cannot be implied by silence or lack of resistance. (Reuters) The French Senate approves amendments to the country 's rape law to include a consent -based definition, clarifying that consent must be freely given and cannot be implied by silence or lack of resistance. (Reuters) Philippine president Bongbong Marcos signs a law institutionalizing a ban on the country's offshore gaming operators and declaring their operations illegal. (Philippine News Agency) Politics and elections 2025 Alberta teachers' strike In the Canadian province of Alberta , premier Danielle Smith says legislation has been passed to end the strike, invoking the notwithstanding clause to prevent court challenges of the legislation's constitutionality. (CBC) (Global News) In the Canadian province of Alberta , premier Danielle Smith says legislation has been passed to end the strike, invoking the notwithstanding clause to prevent court challenges of the legislation's constitutionality. (CBC) (Global News) 2025 Dutch general election In the Netherlands , a snap election is held following the collapse of the Schoof cabinet in June. ( The Guardian ) Centrist liberal party Democrats 66 , led by Rob Jetten , takes a surprise lead according to the main exit poll, just two years after the party ranked sixth in the previous vote. ( Euronews ) Frans Timmermans , the leader of the GroenLinks–PvdA alliance, steps down following a poor performance during the election. ( Politico ) In the Netherlands , a snap election is held following the collapse of the Schoof cabinet in June. ( The Guardian ) Centrist liberal party Democrats 66 , led by Rob Jetten , takes a surprise lead according to the main exit poll, just two years after the party ranked sixth in the previous vote. ( Euronews ) Frans Timmermans , the leader of the GroenLinks–PvdA alliance, steps down following a poor performance during the election. ( Politico ) 2025 Tanzanian general election Tanzanians vote to elect a president , members of the National Assembly , and ward councillors. Incumbent president Samia Suluhu Hassan runs unopposed after the High Court barred main opposition leaders from participating in the elections. ( The Washington Post ) Tanzanians vote to elect a president , members of the National Assembly , and ward councillors. Incumbent president Samia Suluhu Hassan runs unopposed after the High Court barred main opposition leaders from participating in the elections. ( The Washington Post ) 2025 Tanzanian election protests Protests and riots erupts in Dar es Salaam over electoral reforms and demands for free political activity, with demonstrators setting fire to vehicles and damaging public infrastructure. Tanzanian police use tear gas to break up the protests and impose a curfew . Internet connectivity is disrupted shortly after. (AP) ( The Guardian ) (Reuters) Protests and riots erupts in Dar es Salaam over electoral reforms and demands for free political activity, with demonstrators setting fire to vehicles and damaging public infrastructure. Tanzanian police use tear gas to break up the protests and impose a curfew . Internet connectivity is disrupted shortly after. (AP) ( The Guardian ) (Reuters) edit history watch Armed conflicts and attacks Sudanese civil war Siege of El Fasher , War crimes during the Sudanese civil war Al-Fashir massacre Massacres occur in Al-Fashir , North Darfur , Sudan , as Rapid Support Forces overwhelm the city and kill civilians for several days, targeting Zaghawa people . (DW) Siege of El Fasher , War crimes during the Sudanese civil war Al-Fashir massacre Massacres occur in Al-Fashir , North Darfur , Sudan , as Rapid Support Forces overwhelm the city and kill civilians for several days, targeting Zaghawa people . (DW) Al-Fashir massacre Massacres occur in Al-Fashir , North Darfur , Sudan , as Rapid Support Forces overwhelm the city and kill civilians for several days, targeting Zaghawa people . (DW) Massacres occur in Al-Fashir , North Darfur , Sudan , as Rapid Support Forces overwhelm the city and kill civilians for several days, targeting Zaghawa people . (DW) 2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict Following peace talks in Istanbul , Turkey , the governments of Afghanistan and Pakistan agree to an extended ceasefire , while Pakistan continues to allege that Afghanistan is sheltering militant groups like the Tehreek-e-Taliban . (DW) Following peace talks in Istanbul , Turkey , the governments of Afghanistan and Pakistan agree to an extended ceasefire , while Pakistan continues to allege that Afghanistan is sheltering militant groups like the Tehreek-e-Taliban . (DW) Israeli–Lebanese conflict Israeli troops enter the southern Lebanese city of Blida and storm the municipal hall , killing an employee while sleeping. In response, Lebanese president Joseph Aoun orders the military to confront any Israeli incursions. (Reuters) Israeli troops enter the southern Lebanese city of Blida and storm the municipal hall , killing an employee while sleeping. In response, Lebanese president Joseph Aoun orders the military to confront any Israeli incursions. (Reuters) Arts and culture The Sagrada Família church in Barcelona , Spain , becomes the world's tallest church at 162.91 m (534.5 ft) after a part of its central tower was added during construction, surpassing the previously-tallest Ulm Minster in Ulm , Baden-Württemberg , Germany . (DW) International relations China–United States relations United States president Donald Trump meets Chinese leader Xi Jinping in Busan , South Korea , on the sidelines of the APEC summit in Gyeongju , agreeing to lower tariffs on China in return for lower rare earth trade curbs. (CNA) United States president Donald Trump meets Chinese leader Xi Jinping in Busan , South Korea , on the sidelines of the APEC summit in Gyeongju , agreeing to lower tariffs on China in return for lower rare earth trade curbs. (CNA) Law and crime Immigration to the United States The United States government announces it will lower the number of refugees admitted to the country from 125,000 to 7,500 starting in 2026, while also prioritizing white South Africans . (DW) The United States government announces it will lower the number of refugees admitted to the country from 125,000 to 7,500 starting in 2026, while also prioritizing white South Africans . (DW) Politics and elections The Latvian Saeima votes 56–32 to withdraw from the Istanbul Convention treaty, which combats violence against women and domestic violence . (Reuters) In the United Kingdom , King Charles III begins the formal process of revoking Prince Andrew 's royal title due to his dealings with deceased convicted sex offender and human trafficker Jeffrey Epstein . (DW) ( The New York Times ) Sports 2025 Japan Series In baseball , the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks defeats the Hanshin Tigers in five games to win its 12th Japan Series championship. (Mainichi in Japanese ) In baseball , the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks defeats the Hanshin Tigers in five games to win its 12th Japan Series championship. (Mainichi in Japanese ) edit history watch Business and economy The Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore founds a company, SAFCo, to meet Singapore 's goal of utilizing sustainable aviation fuel in flights. (CNA) Disasters and accidents At least 21 people are killed and at least 18 bodies are recovered in landslides in Enga Province , Papua New Guinea . (AP) International relations The United Nations Security Council approves a United States -backed resolution supporting Morocco 's autonomy proposal and claim to the disputed Western Sahara , despite opposition from Algeria . (AP) Law and crime 2025 Kartalkaya hotel fire A court in Turkey sentences the owner of Kartalkaya hotel to life in prison after finding him guilty of severe negligence in the fire at his hotel in January, which killed 78 people, including 34 children. (AP) A court in Turkey sentences the owner of Kartalkaya hotel to life in prison after finding him guilty of severe negligence in the fire at his hotel in January, which killed 78 people, including 34 children. (AP) 2025 Tanzanian election protests The United Nations says ten deaths have occured due to protests in Tanzania following the general election . (AP) The United Nations says ten deaths have occured due to protests in Tanzania following the general election . (AP) Capital punishment in India A court in Andhra Pradesh , India , sentences five people to death for the November 2015 assassination of the mayor of Chittoor and her husband. ( The Times of India ) A court in Andhra Pradesh , India , sentences five people to death for the November 2015 assassination of the mayor of Chittoor and her husband. ( The Times of India ) Police in Guyana arrest opposition leader Azruddin Mohamed following an indictment by a federal grand jury in Florida , United States, and an extradition request by American authorities, who accuse him of several financial crimes . (AP) Politics and elections 2025 Moldovan parliamentary election Moldova 's parliament appoints Alexandru Munteanu as prime minister following the victory of President Maia Sandu 's Party of Action and Solidarity in the September election. (Reuters) Moldova 's parliament appoints Alexandru Munteanu as prime minister following the victory of President Maia Sandu 's Party of Action and Solidarity in the September election. (Reuters) Sports 2025 Korean Series In baseball , the LG Twins defeat the Hanwha Eagles in five games to win their fourth Korean Series title. (Yonhap) In baseball , the LG Twins defeat the Hanwha Eagles in five games to win their fourth Korean Series title. (Yonhap) S M T W T F S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Ongoing events Disasters and humanitarian Gaza Strip famine Sudan famine Venezuelan crisis Economics United States tariff policy United States–Canada–Mexico trade war United States–China trade war Politics and diplomacy Cambodian–Thai border crisis French political crisis Gaza peace plan Gaza war hostage crisis Philippine flood control projects controversy Russia–Ukraine peace negotiations United States deportation efforts United States federal forces deployments United States federal government shutdown Protests and strikes British anti-immigration protests Gaza war protests Gen Z protests Georgian protests and political crisis Irish anti-immigration protests Moroccan Gen Z protests Peruvian anti-government protests Philippine anti-corruption protests Serbian anti-corruption protests Weather Atlantic hurricane season Hurricane Melissa Hurricane Melissa Pacific typhoon season 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Life and career Toggle Life and career subsection 1.1 Birth and family 1.2 1883–1896: Education 1.2.1 Early education 1.2.2 Secondary school 1.2.3 University of Rome—Medical school 1.3 1896–1901: Early career and family 1.3.1 Work with children with learning difficulties 1.3.2 Public advocacy 1.3.3 Orthophrenic School 1.4 1901–1906: Further studies 1.5 1906–1911: Casa dei Bambini and the spread of Montessori's ideas 1.5.1 The first Casa 1.5.2 Spread of Montessori education in Italy 1.6 1909–1915: International recognition and growth of Montessori education 1.6.1 Montessori in the United States 1.7 1915–1939: Further development of Montessori education 1.7.1 Spain (1915–1936) 1.7.2 Netherlands (1917–1936) 1.7.3 United Kingdom (1919–1936) 1.7.4 Italy (1922–1934) 1.7.5 Other countries 1.7.6 The Association Montessori Internationale 1.7.7 Peace 1.7.8 Laren, the Netherlands (1936–1939) 1.8 1939–1946: Montessori in India 1.8.1 Internment in India 1.8.2 Elementary material, cosmic education, and lessons on early childhood 1.9 1946–1952: Final years 1.10 Death 1.1 Birth and family 1.2 1883–1896: Education 1.2.1 Early education 1.2.2 Secondary school 1.2.3 University of Rome—Medical school 1.2.1 Early education 1.2.2 Secondary school 1.2.3 University of Rome—Medical school 1.3 1896–1901: Early career and family 1.3.1 Work with children with learning difficulties 1.3.2 Public advocacy 1.3.3 Orthophrenic School 1.3.1 Work with children with learning difficulties 1.3.2 Public advocacy 1.3.3 Orthophrenic School 1.4 1901–1906: Further studies 1.5 1906–1911: Casa dei Bambini and the spread of Montessori's ideas 1.5.1 The first Casa 1.5.2 Spread of Montessori education in Italy 1.5.1 The first Casa 1.5.2 Spread of Montessori education in Italy 1.6 1909–1915: International recognition and growth of Montessori education 1.6.1 Montessori in the United States 1.6.1 Montessori in the United States 1.7 1915–1939: Further development of Montessori education 1.7.1 Spain (1915–1936) 1.7.2 Netherlands (1917–1936) 1.7.3 United Kingdom (1919–1936) 1.7.4 Italy (1922–1934) 1.7.5 Other countries 1.7.6 The Association Montessori Internationale 1.7.7 Peace 1.7.8 Laren, the Netherlands (1936–1939) 1.7.1 Spain (1915–1936) 1.7.2 Netherlands (1917–1936) 1.7.3 United Kingdom (1919–1936) 1.7.4 Italy (1922–1934) 1.7.5 Other countries 1.7.6 The Association Montessori Internationale 1.7.7 Peace 1.7.8 Laren, the Netherlands (1936–1939) 1.8 1939–1946: Montessori in India 1.8.1 Internment in India 1.8.2 Elementary material, cosmic education, and lessons on early childhood 1.8.1 Internment in India 1.8.2 Elementary material, cosmic education, and lessons on early childhood 1.9 1946–1952: Final years 1.10 Death 2 Educational philosophy and pedagogy Toggle Educational philosophy and pedagogy subsection 2.1 Early influences 2.2 Scientific pedagogy 2.3 Casa dei Bambini 2.4 Further development and Montessori education today 2.1 Early influences 2.2 Scientific pedagogy 2.3 Casa dei Bambini 2.4 Further development and Montessori education today 3 Montessori method 4 Legacy 5 Works 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Maria Montessori Afrikaans العربية Արեւմտահայերէն অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Bikol Central Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла سرائیکی Sardu Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Ghanaian Pidgin Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item Maria Montessori Portrait of Montessori, artist and date unknown Born Maria Tecla Artemisia Montessori ( 1870-08-31 ) 31 August 1870 Chiaravalle, Marche , Italy Died 6 May 1952 (1952-05-06) (aged 81) Noordwijk , Netherlands Education University of Rome La Sapienza Medical School Occupations .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Physician educator Physician educator Known for Founder of the Montessori method of education Children 1 Signature Maria Tecla Artemisia Montessori ( / ˌ m ɒ n t ɪ ˈ s ɔːr i / MON -tiss- OR -ee ; .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} Italian: [maˈriːa montesˈsɔːri] ; 31 August 1870 – 6 May 1952) was an Italian physician and educator best known for her philosophy of education (the Montessori method ) and her writing on scientific pedagogy . At an early age, Montessori enrolled in classes at an all-boys technical school, with hopes of becoming an engineer. She soon had a change of heart and began medical school at the Sapienza University of Rome , becoming one of the first women to attend medical school in Italy; she graduated with honors in 1896. Her educational method is in use globally in many public and private schools. Life and career Birth and family Montessori was born on 31 August 1870 in Chiaravalle , in the province of Ancona , Italy. [ 1 ] Her father, Alessandro Montessori, age 33, was an official of the Ministry of Finance working in the local state-run tobacco factory. Her mother, Renilde Stoppani, 25 years old, was well-educated for the times and was the niece of Italian geologist and paleontologist Antonio Stoppani . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] While she did not have any particular mentor, she was very close to her mother who readily encouraged her. She also had a loving relationship with her father, although he disagreed with her choice to continue her education. [ 4 ] 1883–1896: Education Early education Because of her father's work, the family frequently moved during Montessori's childhood. [ 1 ] The Montessori family moved to Florence in 1873, then to Rome in 1875. Montessori entered a public elementary school at the age of 6 in 1876. Her early school record was "not particularly noteworthy", [ 5 ] although she was awarded certificates for good behavior in the first grade and for lavori donneschi , or "women's work", the next year. [ 6 ] When a teacher asked her class to present the lives of famous women the children wanted to imitate, young Montessori reportedly said, "I shall never be that. I care too much for the children of the future to add yet another biography to the list". [ 1 ] Secondary school In 1883, [ 7 ] or 1884, [ 8 ] at the age of 13, Montessori entered a secondary, technical school, Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti, where she studied Italian, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, accounting, history, geography, and sciences. She graduated in 1886 with good grades and examination results. That year, at the age of 16, she continued at the technical institute Regio Istituto Tecnico Leonardo da Vinci, studying Italian, mathematics, history, geography, geometric and ornate drawing, physics, chemistry, botany, zoology, and two foreign languages. She did well in the sciences and especially in mathematics. Initially, she intended to pursue the study of engineering upon graduation, an unusual aspiration for a woman at the time. By the time she graduated in 1890 at the age of 20, with a certificate in physics–mathematics, she had decided to study medicine, a more unlikely pursuit given cultural norms at the time. [ 9 ] University of Rome—Medical school Montessori moved forward with her intention to study medicine. She appealed to Guido Baccelli, the professor of clinical medicine at the University of Rome but was strongly discouraged. In 1890, she enrolled in the University of Rome in a degree course in natural sciences, passing examinations in botany, zoology, experimental physics, histology, anatomy, and general and organic chemistry, and earning her diploma di licenza in 1892. This degree, along with additional studies in Italian and Latin, qualified her for entrance into the medical program at the university in 1893. [ 10 ] She was met with hostility and harassment from some medical students and professors because of her gender. Her father also disapproved and wanted her to become a teacher, which was considered the only professional career appropriate to women at the time. [ 11 ] Because her attendance of classes with men in the presence of a naked body was deemed inappropriate, she was required to perform her dissections of cadavers alone, after hours. She resorted to smoking tobacco to mask the offensive odor of formaldehyde . [ 12 ] Montessori won an academic prize in her first year, and in 1895 secured a position as a hospital assistant, gaining early clinical experience. In her last two years, she studied pediatrics and psychiatry , and worked in the pediatric consulting room and emergency service, becoming an expert in pediatric medicine. Montessori graduated from the University of Rome in 1896 as a doctor of medicine. Her thesis was published in 1897 in the journal Policlinico . She found employment as an assistant at the university hospital and started a private practice. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] 1896–1901: Early career and family From 1896 to 1901, Montessori worked with and researched "phrenasthenic children"—in modern terms, children experiencing some form of cognitive delay, illness, or disability. [ 15 ] She also began to travel, study, speak, and publish nationally and internationally, coming to prominence as an advocate for women's rights and education for children with learning difficulties. [ 16 ] On 31 March 1898, she gave birth to her only child, a son named Mario Montessori (31 March 1898 – 1982). [ 17 ] Mario was born out of her love affair with Giuseppe Montesano, a fellow doctor who was co-director with her of the Orthophrenic School of Rome. If Montessori married, she would be expected to cease working professionally. Instead of marriage, Montessori decided to continue her work and studies. Montesano's family also opposed the relationship due to class differences and insisted that the child's birth be kept secret. [ 18 ] Montessori agreed under the condition that neither of them would marry anyone else. The name in the child's birth registration was Mario Pipilli, born of unknown parents. [ 18 ] When the father of her child was pressured by family to make a more advantageous social connection and subsequently married, Montessori was left feeling betrayed and decided to leave the university hospital. She was forced to place her son in the care of a wet nurse living in the countryside, distraught to miss the first few years of his life. She would later be reunited with her son in his teenage years, where he proved to be a great assistant in her research. [ 4 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Work with children with learning difficulties After graduating from the University of Rome in 1896, she went into private practice and was accepted as a surgical assistant in the university. [ 21 ] Montessori also continued with her research at the university's psychiatric clinic. In 1897, As part of her work, she visited asylums in Rome where she observed children with mental disabilities, observations that were fundamental to her future educational work. She also read and studied the works of 19th-century physicians and educators Jean Marc Gaspard Itard and Édouard Séguin , who greatly influenced her work. Montessori was intrigued by Itard's ideas and created a far more specific and organized system for applying them to the everyday education of children with disabilities. When she discovered the works of Jean Itard and Édouard Séguin they gave her a new direction in thinking and influenced her to focus on children with learning difficulties. Also in 1897, Montessori audited the university courses in pedagogy and read "all the major works on educational theory of the past two hundred years". [ 22 ] Public advocacy In 1897, Montessori spoke on societal responsibility for juvenile delinquency at the National Congress of Medicine in Turin. In 1898, she wrote several articles and spoke again at the First Pedagogical Conference of Turin, urging the creation of special classes and institutions for children with learning difficulties, as well as teacher training for their instructors. [ 23 ] In 1899, Montessori was appointed a councilor to the newly formed National League for the Protection of Retarded Children, and was invited to lecture on special methods of education for children with intellectual disabilities at the teacher training school of the College of Rome. That year Montessori undertook a two-week national lecture tour to capacity audiences before prominent public figures. [ 24 ] She joined the board of the National League and was appointed as a lecturer in hygiene and anthropology at one of the two teacher-training colleges for women in Italy. [ 25 ] Orthophrenic School In 1900 the National League opened the Scuola Magistrale Ortofrenica , or Orthophrenic School, a "medico-pedagogical institute" for training teachers in educating children with learning difficulties, with an attached laboratory classroom. Montessori was appointed co-director. [ 26 ] 64 teachers enrolled in the first class, studying psychology, anatomy, and physiology of the nervous system, anthropological measurements, causes and characteristics of mental disability, and special methods of instruction. During her two years at the school, Montessori developed methods and materials which she later adapted to use with mainstream children. [ 27 ] The school was an immediate success, attracting the attention of government officials from the departments of education and health, civic leaders, and prominent figures in the fields of education, psychiatry, and anthropology from the University of Rome. [ 28 ] The children in the model classroom were drawn from the asylum and ordinary schools but considered "uneducable" due to their deficiencies. Some of these children later passed public examinations given to so-called "normal" children. [ 29 ] 1901–1906: Further studies In 1901, Montessori left the Orthophrenic School and her private practice, and in 1902 she enrolled in the philosophy degree course at the University of Rome; philosophy at the time included much of what is now considered psychology. She studied theoretical and moral philosophy, history of philosophy, and psychology as such, but she did not graduate. She also pursued independent study in anthropology and educational philosophy, conducted observations and experimental research in elementary schools, and revisited the work of Itard and Séguin, translating their books into handwritten Italian. During this time, she began to consider adapting her methods of educating children with learning difficulties to mainstream education. [ 30 ] Montessori's work developing what she would later call "scientific pedagogy" continued over the next few years. In 1902, Montessori presented a report at a second national pedagogical congress in Naples. She published two articles on pedagogy in 1903, and two more the following year. In 1903 and 1904, she conducted anthropological research with Italian schoolchildren, and in 1904 she was qualified as a free lecturer in anthropology for the University of Rome. She was appointed to lecture in the Pedagogic School at the university and continued in the position until 1908. Her lectures were printed as a book titled Pedagogical Anthropology in 1910. [ 31 ] 1906–1911: Casa dei Bambini and the spread of Montessori's ideas The first Casa In 1906, Montessori was invited to oversee the care and education of a group of children of working parents in a new apartment building for low-income families in the San Lorenzo district in Rome. Montessori was interested in applying her work and methods to children without mental disabilities, and she accepted. [ 32 ] The name Casa dei Bambini , or Children's House, was suggested to Montessori, and the first Casa opened on 6 January 1907, enrolling 50 or 60 children between the ages of two or three and six or seven. [ 33 ] At first, the classroom was equipped with a teacher's table and blackboard, a stove, small chairs, armchairs, and group tables for the children, and a locked cabinet for the materials that Montessori had developed at the Orthophrenic School. Activities for the children included personal care such as dressing and undressing, care of the environment such as dusting and sweeping, and caring for the garden. The children were also shown the use of the materials Montessori had developed. [ 34 ] Montessori, occupied with teaching, research, and other professional activities, oversaw and observed the classroom work, but did not teach the children directly. Day-to-day teaching and care were provided, under Montessori's guidance, by the building porter's daughter. [ 35 ] In this first classroom, Montessori observed behaviors in these young children which formed the foundation of her educational method. She noted episodes of deep attention and concentration, multiple repetitions of activity, and a sensitivity to order in the environment. Given a free choice of activity, the children showed more interest in practical activities and Montessori's materials than in toys provided for them and were surprisingly unmotivated by sweets and other rewards. Over time, she saw a spontaneous self-discipline emerge. [ 36 ] Based on her observations, Montessori implemented a number of practices that became hallmarks of her educational philosophy and method. She replaced the heavy furniture with child-sized tables and chairs light enough for the children to move, and placed child-sized materials on low, accessible shelves. She expanded the range of practical activities such as sweeping and personal care to include a wide variety of exercises for the care of the environment and the self, including flower arranging, hand washing, gymnastics, care of pets, and cooking. [ 37 ] She also included large open-air sections in the classroom encouraging children to come and go as they please in the room's different areas and lessons. In her book [ 38 ] she outlines a typical winter's day of lessons, starting at 09:00 am and finishing at 04:00 pm: 9–10. Entrance. Greeting. Inspection as to personal cleanliness. Exercises of practical life; helping one another to take off and put on the aprons. Going over the room to see that everything is dusted and in order. Language: Conversation period: Children give an account of the events of the day before. Religious exercises. 10–11. Intellectual exercises. Objective lessons interrupted by short rest periods. Nomenclature, Sense exercises. 11–11:30. Simple gymnastics: Ordinary movements done gracefully, normal position of the body, walking, marching in line, salutations, movements for attention, placing of objects gracefully. 11:30–12. Luncheon: Short prayer. 12–1. Free games. 1–2. Directed games, if possible, in the open air. During this period the older children in turn go through with the exercises of practical life, cleaning the room, dusting, putting the material in order. General inspection for cleanliness: Conversation. 2–3. Manual work. Clay modelling, design, etc. 3–4. Collective gymnastics and songs, if possible in the open air. Exercises to develop forethought: Visiting, and caring for, the plants and animals. She felt by working independently children could reach new levels of autonomy and become self-motivated to reach new levels of understanding. Montessori also came to believe that acknowledging all children as individuals and treating them as such would yield better learning and fulfilled potential in each particular child. [ 38 ] She continued to adapt and refine the materials she had developed earlier, altering or removing exercises which were chosen less frequently by the children. Based on her observations, Montessori experimented with allowing children free choice of the materials, uninterrupted work, and freedom of movement and activity within the limits set by the environment. She began to see independence as the aim of education, and the role of the teacher as an observer and director of children's innate psychological development. [ 37 ] Spread of Montessori education in Italy The first Casa dei Bambini was a success, and a second was opened on 7 April 1907. The children in her programs continued to exhibit concentration, attention, and spontaneous self-discipline, and the classrooms began to attract the attention of prominent educators, journalists, and public figures. [ 39 ] In the fall of 1907, Montessori began to experiment with teaching materials for writing and reading—letters cut from sandpaper and mounted on boards, moveable cutout letters, and picture cards with labels. Four- and five-year-old children engaged spontaneously with the materials and quickly gained a proficiency in writing and reading far beyond what was expected for their age. This attracted further public attention to Montessori's work. [ 40 ] Three more Case dei Bambini opened in 1908, and in 1909 Italian Switzerland began to replace Froebellian methods with Montessori in orphanages and kindergartens. [ 41 ] In 1909, Montessori held the first teacher training course in her new method in Città di Castello , Italy. In the same year, she described her observations and methods in a book titled Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica Applicato All'Educazione Infantile Nelle Case Dei Bambini ( The Method of Scientific Pedagogy Applied to the Education of Children in the Children's Houses ). [ 42 ] Two more training courses were held in Rome in 1910, and a third in Milan in 1911. Montessori's reputation and work began to spread internationally. Around that time she gave up her medical practice to devote more time to her educational work, developing her methods, and training teachers. [ 43 ] In 1919, she resigned from her position at the University of Rome, as her educational work was increasingly absorbing her time and interest. 1909–1915: International recognition and growth of Montessori education As early as 1909, Montessori's work began to attract the attention of international observers and visitors. Her work was widely published internationally and spread rapidly. By the end of 1911, Montessori education had been officially adopted in public schools in Italy and Switzerland and was planned for the UK. [ 44 ] By 1912, Montessori schools had opened in Paris and many other Western European cities, and were planned for Argentina, Australia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Switzerland, Syria, the US and New Zealand. Public programs in London, Johannesburg, Rome, and Stockholm had adopted the method in their school systems. [ 45 ] Montessori societies were founded in the United States (the Montessori American Committee) and the United Kingdom (the Montessori Society for the United Kingdom). [ 46 ] In 1913 the first International Training Course was held in Rome, with a second in 1914. [ 47 ] Montessori's work was widely translated and published during this period. Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica was published in the US as The Montessori Method: Scientific Pedagogy as Applied to Child Education in the Children's Houses , where it became a best seller. [ 48 ] British and Swiss editions followed. A revised Italian edition was published in 1913. Russian and Polish editions came out in 1913, and German, Japanese, and Romanian editions appeared in 1914, followed by Spanish (1915), Dutch (1916), and Danish (1917) editions. Pedagogical Anthropology was published in English in 1913. [ 49 ] In 1914, Montessori published, in English, Doctor Montessori's Own Handbook , a practical guide to the didactic materials she had developed. [ 50 ] Montessori in the United States In 1911 and 1912, Montessori's work was popular and widely publicized in the US, especially in a series of articles in McClure's Magazine . The first North American Montessori school was opened in October 1911, in Tarrytown, New York . The inventor Alexander Graham Bell and his wife became proponents of the method and a second school was opened in their Canadian home. [ 51 ] The Montessori Method sold quickly through six editions. [ 48 ] The first International Training Course in Rome in 1913 was sponsored by the American Montessori Committee, and 67 of the 83 students were from the US. [ 52 ] By 1913 there were more than 100 Montessori schools in the country. [ 53 ] Montessori traveled to the United States in December 1913 on a three-week lecture tour which included films of her European classrooms, meeting with large, enthusiastic crowds wherever she traveled. [ 54 ] Montessori returned to the US in 1915, sponsored by the National Education Association , to demonstrate her work at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco, California, and to give a third international training course. A glass-walled classroom was installed at the Exposition, and thousands of observers came to see a class of 21 students. Montessori's father died in November 1915, and she returned to Italy. [ 55 ] Although Montessori and her educational approach were popular in the US, she was not without opposition and controversy. Influential progressive educator William Heard Kilpatrick , a follower of American philosopher and educational reformer John Dewey , wrote a dismissive and critical book titled The Montessori Method Examined , which had a broad impact. The National Kindergarten Association was critical as well. Critics charged that Montessori's method was outdated, overly rigid, overly reliant on sense-training, and left too little scope for imagination, social interaction, and play. [ 56 ] In addition, Montessori's insistence on tight control over the elaboration of her method, the training of teachers, the production and use of materials, and the establishment of schools became a source of conflict and controversy. After she left in 1915, the Montessori movement in the US fragmented, and Montessori education was a negligible factor in education in the US until 1952. [ 57 ] 1915–1939: Further development of Montessori education In 1916, Montessori returned to Europe and took up residence in Barcelona , Spain. Over the next 20 years, Montessori traveled and lectured widely in Europe and gave numerous teacher training courses. Montessori education experienced significant growth in Spain, the Netherlands, the UK, and Italy. Spain (1915–1936) On her return from the US, Montessori continued her work in Barcelona, where a small program sponsored by the Catalan government begun in 1915 had developed into the Escola Montessori, serving children from three to ten years old, and the Laboratori i Seminari de Pedagogia, a research, training, and teaching institute. A fourth international course was given there in 1916, including materials and methods, developed over the previous five years, for teaching grammar, arithmetic, and geometry to elementary school children from six to twelve years of age. [ 58 ] In 1917, Montessori published her elementary work in L'autoeducazionne nelle Scuole Elementari (Self-Education in Elementary School) , which appeared in English as The Advanced Montessori Method . [ 59 ] Around 1920, the Catalan independence movement began to demand that Montessori take a political stand and make a public statement favoring Catalan independence, and she refused. Official support was withdrawn from her programs. [ 60 ] In 1924, a new military dictatorship closed Montessori's model school in Barcelona, and Montessori education declined in Spain, although Barcelona remained Montessori's home for the next twelve years. In 1933, under the Second Spanish Republic , a new training course was sponsored by the government, and government support was re-established. In 1934, she published two books in Spain, Psicogeometrica and Psicoarithemetica . [ 61 ] With the onset of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, political and social conditions drove Montessori to leave Spain permanently. [ 62 ] Netherlands (1917–1936) In 1917, Montessori lectured in Amsterdam , and the Netherlands Montessori Society was founded. [ 63 ] She returned in 1920 to give a series of lectures at the University of Amsterdam . [ 64 ] Montessori programs flourished in the Netherlands, and by the mid-1930s there were more than 200 Montessori schools in the country. [ 65 ] In 1935 the headquarters of the Association Montessori Internationale , or AMI, moved permanently to Amsterdam. [ 66 ] United Kingdom (1919–1936) Montessori education was met with enthusiasm and controversy in England between 1912 and 1914. [ 67 ] In 1919, Montessori came to England for the first time and gave an international training course which was received with high interest. Montessori education continued to spread in the UK, although the movement experienced some of the struggles over authenticity and fragmentation that took place in the US. [ 68 ] Montessori continued to give training courses in England every other year until the beginning of World War II. [ 69 ] Italy (1922–1934) In 1922, Montessori was invited to Italy on behalf of the government to give a course of lectures and later to inspect Italian Montessori schools. Later that year, Benito Mussolini 's Fascist government came to power in Italy. In December, Montessori returned to Italy to plan a series of annual training courses under government sponsorship, and in 1923 the minister of education Giovanni Gentile expressed his support for Montessori schools and teacher training. [ 70 ] In 1924, Montessori met with Mussolini, who extended his official support for Montessori education as part of the national program. [ 71 ] A pre-war group of Montessori supporters, the Societa gli Amici del Metodo Montessori (Society of Friends of the Montessori Method) became the Opera Montessori (Montessori Society) with a government charter, and by 1926 Mussolini was made honorary president of the organization. [ 72 ] In 1927, Mussolini established a Montessori teacher training college, and by 1929 the Italian government supported a wide range of Montessori institutions. [ 73 ] From 1930 on, Montessori and the Italian government came into conflict over financial support and ideological issues, especially after Montessori's lectures on Peace and Education. [ 74 ] In 1932, she and her son Mario were placed under political surveillance. [ 75 ] In 1933, she resigned from the Opera Montessori, and in 1934 she left Italy. The Italian government ended Montessori activities in the country in 1936. [ 76 ] Montessori's antifascist views caused her to be forced into exile from Italy during Mussolini's premiership. During her exile, she developed her work Education for Peace in which she expressed her ideal that children are peacemakers and education is the only true means to eliminate war. She said: "Establishing lasting peace is the work of education; all politics can do is keep us out of war." [ 77 ] Other countries Montessori lectured in Vienna in 1923, and her lectures were published as Il Bambino in Famiglia , published in English in 1936 as The Child in the Family . Between 1913 and 1936, Montessori schools and societies were also established in France, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Russia, Serbia, Canada, India, China, Japan, Indonesia, Australia, and New Zealand. [ 78 ] The Association Montessori Internationale In 1929, the first International Montessori Congress was held in Elsinore , Denmark, in conjunction with the Fifth Conference of the New Education Fellowship. At this event, Montessori and her son Mario founded the Association Montessori Internationale or AMI "to oversee the activities of schools and societies all over the world and to supervise the training of teachers". [ 79 ] AMI also controlled rights to the publication of Montessori's works and the production of authorized Montessori didactic materials. Early sponsors of the AMI included Sigmund Freud , Jean Piaget , and Rabindranath Tagore . [ 80 ] Peace In 1932, Montessori spoke on Peace and Education at the Second International Montessori Congress in Nice , France. This lecture was published by the Bureau International d'Education, Geneva , Switzerland. In 1932, Montessori spoke at the International Peace Club in Geneva, Switzerland, on the theme of Peace and Education. [ 81 ] Montessori held peace conferences from 1932 to 1939 in Geneva, Brussels , Copenhagen , and Utrecht , which were later published in Italian as Educazione e Pace , and in English as Education and Peace . [ 82 ] In 1949, and again in 1950 and in 1951, Montessori was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize , receiving a total of six nominations. [ 83 ] Laren, the Netherlands (1936–1939) In 1936, Montessori and her family left Barcelona for England, and soon moved to Laren , near Amsterdam. Here Montessori and her son Mario continued to develop new materials, including the knobless cylinders, the grammar symbols, and botany nomenclature cards. [ 84 ] In the context of rising military tensions in Europe, Montessori increasingly turned her attention to the theme of peace. In 1937, the 6th International Montessori Congress was held on the theme of "Education for Peace", and Montessori called for a "science of peace" and spoke about the role of education of the child as a key to the reform of society. [ 85 ] In 1938, Montessori was invited to India by the Theosophical Society to give a training course, and in 1939 she left the Netherlands with her son and collaborator Mario. [ 86 ] 1939–1946: Montessori in India An interest in Montessori had existed in India since 1913 when an Indian student attended the first international course in Rome, and students throughout the 1920s and 1930s had come back to India to start schools and promote Montessori education. The Montessori Society of India was formed in 1926, and Il Metodo was translated into Gujarati and Hindi in 1927. [ 87 ] By 1929, Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore had founded many "Tagore-Montessori" schools in India, and Indian interest in Montessori education was strongly represented at the International Congress in 1929. [ 88 ] Montessori herself had been personally associated with the Theosophical Society since 1899 when she became a member of the European Section of the Society, although her membership would eventually lapse. [ 89 ] The Theosophical movement, motivated to educate India's poor, was drawn to Montessori education as one solution. [ 90 ] Internment in India Montessori gave a training course at the Theosophical Society in Madras in 1939, and had intended to give a tour of lectures at various universities, and then return to Europe. [ 91 ] When Italy entered World War Two on the side of Germany in 1940, Britain interned all Italians in the UK and its colonies as enemy aliens. In fact, only Mario Montessori was interned, while Montessori herself was confined to the Theosophical Society compound, and Mario was reunited with his mother after two months. The Montessoris remained in Madras and Kodaikanal until 1946, although they were allowed to travel in connection with lectures and courses. Elementary material, cosmic education, and lessons on early childhood During her years in India, Montessori and her son Mario continued to develop her educational method. The term "cosmic education" was introduced to describe an approach for children aged from six to twelve years that emphasized the interdependence of all the elements of the natural world. Children worked directly with plants and animals in their natural environments, and the Montessoris developed lessons, illustrations, charts, and models for use with elementary aged children. Material for botany, zoology, and geography was created. Between 1942 and 1944 these elements were incorporated into an advanced course for work with children from six to twelve years old. This work led to two books: Education for a New World and To Educate the Human Potential . [ 92 ] While in India, Montessori observed children and adolescents of all ages and turned to the study of infancy. In 1944, she gave a series of 30 lectures on the first three years of life, and a government-recognized training course in Sri Lanka. These lectures were collected in 1949 in the book What You Should Know About Your Child . [ 93 ] In 1944, the Montessoris were granted some freedom of movement and traveled to Sri Lanka. In 1945, Montessori attended the first All India Montessori Conference in Jaipur , and in 1946, with the war over, she and her family returned to Europe. [ 94 ] 1946–1952: Final years In 1946, at the age of 76, Montessori returned to Amsterdam, and she spent the next six years travelling in Europe and India. She gave a training course in London in 1946, and in 1947 opened a training institute there, the Montessori Centre. After a few years this centre became independent of Montessori and continued as the St. Nicholas Training Centre . Also in 1947, she returned to Italy to re-establish the Opera Nazionale Montessori and gave two more training courses. Later that year she returned to India and gave courses in Adyar and Ahmedabad . These courses led to the first English edition of the book The Absorbent Mind , which was based on notes taken by students during the courses. During these courses, Montessori described the development of the child from birth onwards and presented her concept of the Four Planes of Development. In 1948 Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica applicato all'educazione infantile nelle Case dei Bambini was revised again and published in English as The Discovery of the Child . In 1949, she gave a course in Karachi , Pakistan and the Pakistan Montessori Association was founded. [ 95 ] In 1949, Montessori returned to Europe and attended the 8th International Montessori Congress in Sanremo , Italy, where a model classroom was demonstrated. The same year, the first training course for birth to three years of age, called the Scuola Assistenti all'infanzia (Montessori School for Assistants to Infancy) was established. [ 96 ] She was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize . Montessori was also awarded the French Legion of Honor , Officer of the Dutch Order of Orange Nassau , and received an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Amsterdam. In 1950, she visited Scandinavia, represented Italy at the UNESCO conference in Florence, presented at the 29th international training course in Perugia , gave a national course in Rome, published a fifth edition of Il Metodo with the new title La Scoperta del Bambino ( The Discovery of the Child ), and was again nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1951, she participated in the 9th International Montessori Congress in London, gave a training course in Innsbruck , was nominated for the third time for the Nobel Peace Prize. Montessori was directly involved in the development and founding of the UNESCO Institute for Education in 1951. She was present at the first preliminary meeting of the UNESCO Governing Board in Wiesbaden , Germany on 19 June 1951 and delivered a speech. [ 97 ] She used the address as an opportunity to redouble her advocacy for the rights of the child, whom she often referred to as the "forgotten citizen", [ 98 ] [ 99 ] [ 100 ] or "neglected citizen", [ 101 ] [ 102 ] by declaring: [ 97 ] Remember that people do not start at the age of twenty, at ten or at six, but at birth. In your efforts at solving problems, do not forget that children and young people make up a vast population, a population without rights which is being crucified on school-benches everywhere, which – for all that we talk about democracy, freedom and human rights – is enslaved by a school order, by intellectual rules, which we impose on it. We define the rules which are to be learnt, how they should be learnt and at what age. The child population is the only population without rights. The child is the neglected citizen. Think of this and fear the revenge of this populace. For it is his soul that we are suffocating. It is the lively powers of the mind that we are oppressing, powers which cannot be destroyed without killing the individual, powers which tend either towards violence or destruction, or slip away into the realm of sickness, as Dr. Stern has so well elucidated. [ 97 ] Remember that people do not start at the age of twenty, at ten or at six, but at birth. In your efforts at solving problems, do not forget that children and young people make up a vast population, a population without rights which is being crucified on school-benches everywhere, which – for all that we talk about democracy, freedom and human rights – is enslaved by a school order, by intellectual rules, which we impose on it. We define the rules which are to be learnt, how they should be learnt and at what age. The child population is the only population without rights. The child is the neglected citizen. Think of this and fear the revenge of this populace. For it is his soul that we are suffocating. It is the lively powers of the mind that we are oppressing, powers which cannot be destroyed without killing the individual, powers which tend either towards violence or destruction, or slip away into the realm of sickness, as Dr. Stern has so well elucidated. [ 97 ] 10 December 1951 was the third anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in observance of this UNESCO held a celebration. Montessori was one of the invited guests who would also deliver a speech to commemorate and memorialize the momentous occasion. As with her speech six months previously – in front of the UNESCO Board of Governors in Wiesbaden – Montessori once again highlighted the lack of any " Declaration of the Rights of the Child " stating in part, "in truth, the [Universal] Declaration of Human Rights appears to be exclusively dedicated to adult society." [ 100 ] Death Montessori died of a cerebral hemorrhage on 6 May 1952 at the age of 81 in Noordwijk aan Zee , the Netherlands. [ 103 ] Educational philosophy and pedagogy Early influences Montessori's theory and philosophy of education were initially heavily influenced by the work of Jean Marc Gaspard Itard , Édouard Séguin , Friedrich Fröbel , and Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi , all of whom emphasized sensory exploration and manipulatives. [ 104 ] [ 105 ] Montessori's first work with children with learning difficulties, at the Orthophrenic School in 1900–1901, used the methods of Itard and Séguin, training children in physical activities such as walking and the use of a spoon, training their senses by exposure to sights, smells, and tactile experiences, and introducing letters in tactile form. [ 106 ] These activities developed into the Montessori "Sensorial" materials. [ 107 ] Scientific pedagogy Montessori considered her work in the Orthophrenic School and her subsequent psychological studies and research work in elementary schools as "scientific pedagogy", a concept current in the study of education at the time. She called for not just observation and measurement of students, but for the development of new methods which would transform them. "Scientific education, therefore, was that which, while based on science, modified and improved the individual." [ 108 ] Further, education itself should be transformed by science: "The new methods if they were run on scientific lines, ought to change completely both the school and its methods, ought to give rise to a new form of education." [ 109 ] Casa dei Bambini Working with non-disabled children in the Casa dei Bambini in 1907, Montessori began to develop her own pedagogy. The essential elements of her educational theory emerged from this work, described in The Montessori Method in 1912 and in The Discovery of the Child in 1948. Her method was founded on the observation of children at liberty to act freely in an environment prepared to meet their needs. [ 110 ] Montessori came to the conclusion that the children's spontaneous activity in this environment revealed an internal program of development, and that the appropriate role of the educator was to remove obstacles to this natural development and provide opportunities for it to proceed and flourish. [ 111 ] Accordingly, the schoolroom was equipped with child-sized furnishings, "practical life" activities such as sweeping and washing tables, and teaching material that Montessori had developed herself. Children were given the freedom to choose and carry out their own activities, at their own pace and following their own inclinations. In these conditions, Montessori made a number of observations which became the foundation of her work. First, she observed great concentration in the children and spontaneous repetition of chosen activities. She also observed a strong tendency in the children to order their own environment, straightening tables and shelves, and ordering materials. As children chose some activities over others, Montessori refined the materials she offered to them. Over time, the children began to exhibit what she called "spontaneous discipline". [ 112 ] Further development and Montessori education today Montessori continued to develop her pedagogy and her model of human development as she expanded her work and extended it to older children. She saw human behavior as guided by universal, innate characteristics in human psychology which her son and collaborator Mario M. Montessori Sr. identified as "human tendencies" in 1957. In addition, she observed four distinct periods, or "planes", in human development, extending from birth to six years, from six to twelve, from twelve to eighteen, and from eighteen to twenty-four. She saw different characteristics, learning modes, and developmental imperatives active in each of these planes, and called for educational approaches specific to each period. Over the course of her lifetime, Montessori developed pedagogical methods and materials for the first two planes, from birth to age twelve, and wrote and lectured about the third and fourth planes. She created over 4,000 Montessori classrooms across the world and her books were translated into many different languages for the training of new educators. Her methods are installed in hundreds of public and private schools across the United States. [ 113 ] Montessori method One of Montessori's many accomplishments was the Montessori method . This is a method of education for young children that stresses the development of a child's own initiative and natural abilities, especially through practical play. This method allowed children to develop at their own pace and provided educators with a new understanding of child development. Montessori's book, The Montessori Method , presents the method in detail. Educators who followed this model set up special environments to meet the needs of students in three developmentally-meaningful age groups: 2–2.5 years, 2.5–6 years, and 6–12 years. The students learn through activities that involve exploration, manipulations, order, repetition, abstraction, and communication. Teachers encourage children in the first two age groups to use their senses to explore and manipulate materials in their immediate environment. Children in the last age group deal with abstract concepts based on their newly developed powers of reasoning, imagination, and creativity. [ 114 ] Legacy A range of practices exist under the name Montessori, which is not trademarked . Popular elements include mixed-age classrooms , student freedom (including their choices of activity), long blocks of uninterrupted work time, specially trained teachers, and prepared environment. Scientific studies regarding the Montessori method are mostly positive, [ 115 ] with a 2017 review stating that "broad evidence" exists for its efficacy. [ 116 ] She and Montessori schools were featured on coins and banknotes of Italy, and on stamps of the Netherlands, India, Italy, the Maldives, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. [ 117 ] [ permanent dead link ] A KLM (Royal Dutch Airlines) McDonnell Douglas MD-11 (registration PH-KCB) was named after her, and retired in November 2014. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] In 2019 Time created 89 new covers to celebrate women of the year starting from 1920; it chose Montessori for 1931. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] Works Montessori published a number of books, articles, and pamphlets during her lifetime, often in Italian but sometimes first in English. According to Kramer, "the major works published before 1920 ( The Montessori Method , Pedagogical Anthropology , The Advanced Montessori Method—Spontaneous Activity in Education and The Montessori Elementary Material ), were written in Italian by her and translated under her supervision." [ 123 ] Many of her later works were transcribed from her lectures, often in translation, and only later published in book form. Most of her works and other compilations of lectures or articles written by Montessori are available through the Montessori-Pierson Publishing Company. Montessori's major works in book form are listed in order of their first publication, with significant revisions and English translations. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] [ 126 ] Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica applicato all'educazione infantile nelle Case dei Bambini (Tipografia della Casa Editrice S. Lapi, 1909). Subsequently revised and reissued in 1913 and 1918 (published by Ermanno Loescher), and 1935 (published by Maglione and Strine). English (American) edition: The Montessori Method: Scientific Pedagogy as Applied to Child Education in the Children's Houses [translated by Anne E. George] (Frederick A. Stokes, 1912) English (United Kingdom) edition: The Montessori Method: Scientific Pedagogy as Applied to Child Education in the Children's Houses [translated by Anne E. George] (William Heinemann, 1912) Revised and enlarged English (India) edition The Discovery of the Child [translated by Mary A. Johnstone] (Kalakshetra Publications, 1948) Revised and reissued in Italian as La scoperta del bambino (Garzanti, 1950). A 'new' edition of this title was published by Garzanti in 1970. First American edition of The Discovery of the Child [translated by M. Joseph Costelloe] (Ballantine Books, 1967). Simultaneously versions of this title were published in the United States by Fides Publishers (Notre Dame, Indiana) and Amereon House (New York). English (United Kingdom) edition: The Discovery of the Child [translated by M. Joseph Costelloe] (Clio Press, 1988) English (American) edition: The Montessori Method: Scientific Pedagogy as Applied to Child Education in the Children's Houses [translated by Anne E. George] (Frederick A. Stokes, 1912) English (United Kingdom) edition: The Montessori Method: Scientific Pedagogy as Applied to Child Education in the Children's Houses [translated by Anne E. George] (William Heinemann, 1912) Revised and enlarged English (India) edition The Discovery of the Child [translated by Mary A. Johnstone] (Kalakshetra Publications, 1948) Revised and reissued in Italian as La scoperta del bambino (Garzanti, 1950). A 'new' edition of this title was published by Garzanti in 1970. First American edition of The Discovery of the Child [translated by M. Joseph Costelloe] (Ballantine Books, 1967). Simultaneously versions of this title were published in the United States by Fides Publishers (Notre Dame, Indiana) and Amereon House (New York). English (United Kingdom) edition: The Discovery of the Child [translated by M. Joseph Costelloe] (Clio Press, 1988) First American edition of The Discovery of the Child [translated by M. Joseph Costelloe] (Ballantine Books, 1967). Simultaneously versions of this title were published in the United States by Fides Publishers (Notre Dame, Indiana) and Amereon House (New York). English (United Kingdom) edition: The Discovery of the Child [translated by M. Joseph Costelloe] (Clio Press, 1988) Antropologia Pedagogica (Vallardi, 1910) English (United Kingdom) edition: Pedagogical Anthropology [translated by Frederick Taber Cooper] (William Heinemann, 1913) English (American) edition: Pedagogical Anthropology [translated by Frederic Taber Cooper] (Frederick A. Stokes, 1913) English (United Kingdom) edition: Pedagogical Anthropology [translated by Frederick Taber Cooper] (William Heinemann, 1913) English (American) edition: Pedagogical Anthropology [translated by Frederic Taber Cooper] (Frederick A. Stokes, 1913) Dr. Montessori's Own Handbook (First published in English; Frederick A. Stokes, 1914) [ 127 ] L'autoeducazione nelle scuole elementari (Loescher, 1916) English edition published in two volumes (Frederick A. Stokes, 1917): The Advanced Montessori Method, Vol. I: Spontaneous Activity in Education [translated by Florence Simmonds] The Advanced Montessori Method, Vol. II: The Montessori Elementary Material [translated by Arthur Livingston] English edition published in two volumes (Frederick A. Stokes, 1917): The Advanced Montessori Method, Vol. I: Spontaneous Activity in Education [translated by Florence Simmonds] The Advanced Montessori Method, Vol. II: The Montessori Elementary Material [translated by Arthur Livingston] The Advanced Montessori Method, Vol. I: Spontaneous Activity in Education [translated by Florence Simmonds] The Advanced Montessori Method, Vol. II: The Montessori Elementary Material [translated by Arthur Livingston] I bambini viventi nella Chiesa (1922) English edition: The Child in the Church: Essays on the Religious Education of Children and the Training of Character [edited by Edwin M. Standing] (1929) English edition: The Child in the Church: Essays on the Religious Education of Children and the Training of Character [edited by Edwin M. Standing] (1929) Das Kind in der Familie (First published in German; 1923) English edition: The Child in the Family [translated by Nancy Cirillo] (1929) English edition: The Child in the Family [translated by Nancy Cirillo] (1929) Psico Geométria (First published in Spanish; 1934) English edition: Psychogeometry [edited by Kay M. Baker and Benedetto Scoppola] (2011) English edition: Psychoarithmetic [edited by Kay M. Baker and Benedetto Scoppola] (2016) English edition: Psychogeometry [edited by Kay M. Baker and Benedetto Scoppola] (2011) English edition: Psychoarithmetic [edited by Kay M. Baker and Benedetto Scoppola] (2016) L'Enfant (First published in French; Gonthier, 1936) English edition: The Secret of Childhood (Longmans, Green and Co., 1936) English edition: The Secret of Childhood (Longmans, Green and Co., 1936) De l'enfant à l'adolescent [translated by Georgette J. J. Bernard] (First published in French; Desclée de Brouwer, 1923) English edition: From Childhood to Adolescence (translated by The Montessori Education Research Center] (Schocken Books, 1973) English edition: From Childhood to Adolescence (translated by The Montessori Education Research Center] (Schocken Books, 1973) Educazione e pace (Garzanti, 1949) English edition: Peace and Education (Theosophical Publishing House, 1949) English edition: Peace and Education (Theosophical Publishing House, 1949) Formazione dell'uomo (Garzanti, 1949) English edition: The Formation of Man [translated by Albert M. Joosten] (Theosophical Publishing House, 1955) English edition: The Formation of Man [translated by Albert M. Joosten] (Theosophical Publishing House, 1955) The Absorbent Mind (Theosophical Publishing House, 1949) [ 128 ] Revised and rewritten Italian edition: La mente del bambino. Mente assorbente (Garzanti, 1952) [ 129 ] English edition of Italian version: The Absorbent Mind [translated by Claude A. Claremont] (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967) [ 130 ] Revised and rewritten Italian edition: La mente del bambino. Mente assorbente (Garzanti, 1952) [ 129 ] English edition of Italian version: The Absorbent Mind [translated by Claude A. Claremont] (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967) [ 130 ] English edition of Italian version: The Absorbent Mind [translated by Claude A. Claremont] (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967) [ 130 ] Education for a New World (1947) To Educate the Human Potential (1947) Notes ^ a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Lascarides, V. Celia; Hinitz, Blythe F. (2013). History of Early Childhood Education . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-70553-3 . ^ "Highlights from 'Communications 2007/1' " . Association Montessori Internationale. Archived from the original on 14 December 2007 . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 24; Trabalzini 2011 , p. 13. ^ a b Flaherty n.d . ^ Trabalzini 2011 , p. 7. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 27. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 31. ^ Trabalzini 2011 , p. 8. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 32–33; Trabalzini 2011 , pp. 7–8. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 34–35; Trabalzini 2011 , pp. 9–10. ^ Mooney, Carol Garhart (2013). Theories of Childhood, Second Edition: An Introduction to Dewey, Montessori, Erikson, Piaget & Vygotsky . Redleaf Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-60554-138-9 . ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 40–41. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 47–50. ^ Montessori is often described as the first woman doctor in Italy, but in fact, Ernestina Paper earned a medical degree in Florence in 1877 and practiced medicine beginning in 1878. (Trabalzini 14) ^ DeBakcsy, Dale (2024). A History of Women in Psychology and Neuroscience: Exploring the Trailblazers of STEM . Pen and Sword History. p. xii. ISBN 978-1-3990-3239-1 . ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 52–58; Trabalzini 2011 , pp. 16–23. ^ "Mario Montessori" . Sweetwater Montessori School. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013 . Retrieved 31 August 2012 . ^ a b Gutek, Gerald L.; Gutek, Patricia A. (2020). America's Early Montessorians: Anne George, Margaret Naumburg, Helen Parkhurst and Adelia Pyle . Springer Nature. p. 46. ISBN 978-3-030-54835-3 . ^ Ball, Laura. "Maria Montessori" . Psychology's Feminist Voices . Archived from the original on 1 April 2019 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . ^ Gardner, Robert (31 August 2012). "The Maria Montessori no one knows: a heartbreaking betrayal" . Clanmore Montessori. Archived from the original on 30 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 July 2020 . ^ O'Donnell, Marion (2014). Maria Montessori . Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4411-0066-5 . ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 58–61; Standing 1957 , p. 28; Trabalzini 2011 , pp. 16–17. ^ Trabalzini 2011 , pp. 18–19; Kramer 1976 , p. 73. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 78. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 84–85. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 86; Trabalzini 2011 , p. 21. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 90. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 87. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 91; Trabalzini 2011 , pp. 23–24. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 92, 94–95; Trabalzini 2011 , p. 39. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 95–97; Trabalzini 2011 , pp. 39–41. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 110; Trabalzini 2011 , pp. 49, 52. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 111. ^ Trabalzini 2011 , p. 53. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 111–112. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 113–116; Trabalzini 2011 , pp. 40–47. ^ a b Kramer 1976 , pp. 115–121; Trabalzini 2011 , pp. 54–56. ^ a b Montessori 1912 . ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 123–125; Standing 1957 , pp. 53–54; Trabalzini 2011 , p. 56. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 126–131; Standing 1957 , pp. 47–50. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 135–136. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 137; Trabalzini 2011 , p. 57. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 147, 150, 155; Standing 1957 , pp. 58–61; Trabalzini 2011 , pp. 103–104. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 155. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 176. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 172, 155. ^ Trabalzini 2011 , pp. 107–108. ^ a b Kramer 1976 , p. 167. ^ Trabalzini 2011 , pp. 106–107. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 174; Trabalzini 2011 , pp. 103–104. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 159, 162–5. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 172. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 181. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 186–202. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 212–215. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 227–229. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 230–231. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 246–250. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 249–250; Trabalzini 2011 , pp. 119–120. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 269–270. ^ Trabalzini 2011 , p. 160. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 331–333. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 251. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 267. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 323. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 305. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 235–245. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 272. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 294. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 280–281. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 282; Trabalzini 2011 , p. 127. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 283, 285. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 302–304. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 326; Trabalzini 2011 , pp. 156–7. ^ Trabalzini 2011 , p. 158. ^ Trabalzini 2011 , pp. 158–160. ^ "Who is Maria Montessori?" American Montessori Society ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 246; Standing 1957 , p. 64. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 305–306. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 311. ^ Trabalzini 2011 , p. 157. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 330; Trabalzini 2011 , p. 173. ^ "Nomination Database – Peace" . Nobelprize.org . April 2020 . Retrieved 1 May 2021 . ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 337; Trabalzini 2011 , p. 161. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 339; Trabalzini 2011 , p. 162. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 340–341; Trabalzini 2011 , p. 165. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 342. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 306–307. ^ There has been confusion regarding Montessori's association with The Theosophical Society and during her stay in India she openly proclaimed that she was not a member. This was in fact accurate, but it was discovered posthumously that Montessori had in fact been a member of the society at one point. She joined the European Section of the Society on 23 May 1899, however sometime thereafter, "her membership was later dropped, although the date is not known." Wilson, C. (1985). Montessori was a Theosophist. History of Education Society Bulletin , 36 , 52–54. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 341–342. ^ Trabalzini 2011 , p. 165. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 345–346; Trabalzini 2011 , pp. 167–168. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 348; Trabalzini 2011 , p. 168. ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 348. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 348–355; Trabalzini 2011 , pp. 169–170. ^ Trabalzini 2011 , p. 170. ^ a b c Montessori, Maria (1992). "Address by Dr. Maria Montessori at the First (Preliminary) Meeting of the Governing Board (Wiesbaden, June 19, 1951) [translated from the German original]". The 40th Anniversary of the UNESCO Institute for Education . UNESCO Institute for Education. pp. 49– 51. ^ Montessori, Maria (1935). "Dr. Montessori's Message: The Forgotten Citizen". Montessori Notes . 2 (15): 162. ^ Montessori, Maria (2007). "The Forgotten Citizen". Montessori Life . 19 (1): 20. ^ a b Montessori, Maria (2019). "The Forgotten Citizen". In Sackett, G. (ed.). Citizen of the World: Key Montessori Readings . pp. 47– 53. ^ Montessori, Maria (2002). "Speech at the Governing Board 1951". In Elfert, M. (ed.). 50 Years UNESCO Institute for Education: towards an open learning world . UNESCO Institute for Education. pp. 32– 34. ^ Montessori, Maria (2016). "Protection Against the Exploitation of Children". In Schulz-Benesch, Gunter (ed.). The Child, Society and the World: Unpublished Speeches and Writings . Montessori-Pierson Publishing Company. pp. 79– 82. ISBN 978-90-79506-34-7 . ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 360–367; Trabalzini 2011 , pp. 170–172. ^ Kramer 1976 , pp. 59–67. ^ Montessori (1938), 17–23 ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 76. ^ Lillard 16 ^ Montessori (1938) 28 ^ Montessori (1938) 1–3, 28–29 ^ Montessori (1938) 62 ^ Montessori (1938) 62, 76–77 ^ Montessori (1936) 126–138 ^ Lillard, P. (1996). Montessori Today: A Comprehensive Approach to Education from Birth to Adulthood . New York: Pantheon Books. ^ Hainstock, Elizabeth G. (1 April 1997). The Essential Montessori: An Introduction to the Woman, the Writings, the Method, and the Movement (Revised ed.). New York City: Plume . ISBN 978-0452277960 . ^ Benyamin, Chaya (13 August 2021). "Montessori: An Effective Learning Approach or a Matter of Faith?" . The Perspective . Retrieved 29 August 2021 . ^ Marshall, Chloë (27 October 2017). "Montessori education: a review of the evidence base" . npj Science of Learning . 2 (1) 11. Bibcode : 2017npjSL...2...11M . doi : 10.1038/s41539-017-0012-7 . PMC 6161506 . PMID 30631457 . ^ "Montessori" . Colnect . [ dead link ] ^ "McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – KLM – Royal Dutch Airlines" . Airliners.net. 11 November 2014 . Retrieved 6 February 2022 . ^ DutchPlaneSpotter (11 November 2014). "KLM MD-11 Farewell Flights" . YouTube . Retrieved 6 February 2022 . ^ "100 Women of the Year" . Time . 5 March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 December 2022 . Retrieved 21 March 2021 . ^ "Maria Montessori: 100 Women of the Year" . Time . 5 March 2020. Archived from the original on 16 March 2025 . Retrieved 10 March 2020 . ^ Online magazine "Montessori" ^ Kramer 1976 , p. 356. ^ "A Montessori Bibliography" . Montessori Family Alliance . 13 July 2017 . Retrieved 3 January 2019 . ^ Additional publications by Maria Montessori are listed in the Montessori Bibliography Online compiled by Joel Parham and connected with the Center for Learner Agency Research and Action. ^ Much of the following information comes from: Open Worldcat ( ); and Association Montessori Internationale, "Book List" (Amsterdam: AMI, April 1995) [1 folded sheet]. ^ This publication was translated into English from the Italian by an unattributed individual. ^ As stated in the introduction to this text, "the present volume is based upon the lectures given by Dr. Maria Montessori at Ahmedabad, during the first Training Course after her internment in India." Additionally, this version is based on notes from the lectures, so it is based on notes by students – not Montessori's own writings. Montessori, M. (1949). The Absorbent Mind . The Theosophical Publishing House. . ^ This Italian-language version was personally written by Maria Montessori, whereas the English-language version from 1949 was not based on Montessori's own writings but was based on student(s) notes (in English) from her lecture. For this reason, the Italian-language edition is understood to be the authoritative version of the text. ^ This was a new English-language translation of the text, by Claude A. Claremont, based on the revised, updated, and expanded version Montessori wrote in Italian. Montessori, M. (1967). The Absorbent Mind (C. A. Claremont, Trans.). Holt, Rinehart and Winston. OCLC 299938660 References Flaherty, Tarraugh. "Maria Montessori (1870–1952)" . faculty.webster.edu - Women's Intellectual Contributions to the Study of Mind and Society . Retrieved 11 January 2025 . Hainstock, Elizabeth (1978). The Essential Montessori . New York: The New American Library. ISBN 0-451-61695-2 . Kramer, Rita (1976). Maria Montessori . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-201-09227-1 . Lillard, Angeline (2005). Montessori: The Science Behind the Genius . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516868-2 . Lillard, Paula Polk (1972). Montessori: A Modern Approach . New York: Schocken Books. ISBN 080520394X . Lillard, Paula Polk (1996). Montessori Today . New York: Schocken Books. ISBN 9780805210613 . Montessori, Maria (1912). The Montessori Method: Scientific Pedagogy as Applied to Child Education in 'The Childhood Houses' with Additions and Revisions by the Author . Translated by George, Anne E. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company. Montessori, Maria (1914). Dr. Montessori's Own Handbook . New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company. Montessori, Maria (1936). The Secret of Childhood . Translated by Carter, Barbara B. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. Inc. Montessori, Maria (1948). To Educate the Human Potential . Madras: Kalakshetra Publications Press. ISBN 9789081172455 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Montessori, Maria (1948). The Discovery of the Child . Translated by Johnstone, Mary A. Madras: Kalakshetra Publications Press. Montessori, Maria (1949). The Absorbent Mind . Madras: Theosophical Publishing House. Standing, Edwin M. (1957). Maria Montessori: Her Life and Work . New York: Plume. ISBN 0-452-26090-6 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Trabalzini, Paola (2011). "Maria Montessori Through the Seasons of the Method". The NAMTA Journal . 36 (2). Further reading Giardiello, Patricia (29 November 2022). "Maria Montessori". Childhood Studies . Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/OBO/9780199791231-0266 . ISBN 978-0-19-979123-1 . External links Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Association Montessori Internationale American Montessori Society The Centre for Montessori Studies in her native home in Chiaravalle, Italy e-text of The Montessori Method by Maria Montessori Women's Intellectual Contributions to the Study of Mind and Society The Montessori Foundation Photos of Maria Montessori (1913–1951) Works by Maria Montessori at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Maria Montessori at the Internet Archive Works by Maria Montessori at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Newspaper clippings about Maria Montessori in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Montessori Bibliography Online containing citations for sources related to Maria Montessori and Montessori education Montessori-Pierson Publishing Company where most of her works and other compilations of lectures or articles written by Montessori are available .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Philosophy of education v t e Philosophers Dewey Freire Fröbel Herbart Humboldt Locke Montessori Pestalozzi Piaget Rousseau Steiner Vygotsky more... 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Succession 2 Term 3 List of officeholders 4 Footnotes 5 Timeline 6 Latest election 7 See also 8 References 9 External links List of heads of state of the Central African Republic العربية Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk bokmål Occitan Português Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item President of the Central African Republic Président de la République centrafricaine ( French ) Presidential standard Incumbent Faustin-Archange Touadéra since 30 March 2016 Member of Council of Ministers Residence Renaissance Palace Seat Bangui Term length Seven years, renewable Constituting instrument Constitution of the Central African Republic Formation 14 August 1960 ; 65 years ago ( 1960-08-14 ) 21 September 1979 ; 46 years ago ( 1979-09-21 ) (office reestablished) First holder David Dacko Salary € 3,049 monthly [ 1 ] Politics of the Central African Republic Constitution Human rights LGBT rights Human rights LGBT rights Government President Faustin-Archange Touadéra Vice President Not appointed Prime Minister Félix Moloua Council of Ministers President Faustin-Archange Touadéra Vice President Not appointed Prime Minister Félix Moloua Council of Ministers Parliament National Assembly President : Simplice Sarandji National Assembly President : Simplice Sarandji Administrative divisions Prefectures Sub-prefectures Prefectures Sub-prefectures Prefectures Sub-prefectures Elections Recent elections General: 2020–21 2025 Political parties Recent elections General: 2020–21 2025 General: 2020–21 2025 Political parties Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister : Sylvie Baïpo-Temon Diplomatic missions of / in the Central African Republic Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister : Sylvie Baïpo-Temon Diplomatic missions of / in the Central African Republic Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Central African Republic portal Other countries Other countries .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e There have been seven heads of state of the Central African Republic and the Central African Empire since independence from France on 13 August 1960. This list includes not only those persons who were sworn into office as President of the Central African Republic but also those who served as de facto heads of state. Jean-Bédel Bokassa served as a de facto head of state (and also reigned as emperor from 1976 to 1979), while David Dacko (who served as de facto head of state from 1979 to 1981), André Kolingba , Ange-Félix Patassé , and François Bozizé were elected into office at some point during their tenure. To date, Kolingba is the only former head of state of the Central African Republic to voluntarily step down from the office through a democratic process, following the 1993 general election . The current president of the Central African Republic is Faustin-Archange Touadéra , since 30 March 2016. [ 2 ] Succession Before the adoption of the 2023 constitution , the president of the National Assembly was the constitutional successor of the president in the event of a vacancy. [ 3 ] Term Before the adoption of the 2023 constitution , [ 4 ] there was a two-term limit for the president in the Constitution of the Central African Republic . The term limit was not met by any president. [ 5 ] The constitution of 2023 removed term-limits and extended the presidential term from five years to seven years. List of officeholders No. Portrait Name (Birth–Death) Elected Term of office Political affiliation Notes Took office Left office Time in office Central African Republic (1960–1976) — David Dacko (1930–2003) President of the Provisional Government — 14 August 1960 [ 6 ] 12 December 1960 .mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)} [A] 5 years, 140 days MESAN Dacko served as president of the government from 1 May 1959 [ 7 ] until the country declared its independence on 13 August 1960. [ 8 ] 1 David Dacko (1930–2003) President 1964 12 December 1960 1 January 1966 [ 9 ] 2 Jean-Bédel Bokassa (1921–1996) President — 1 January 1966 [B] 4 December 1976 10 years, 338 days Military Bokassa seized power from Dacko in a successful coup d'état . He changed his name to Salah Eddine Ahmed Bokassa after converting to Islam on 20 October 1976. [ 10 ] MESAN [C] Central African Empire (1976–1979) 1 Bokassa I (1921–1996) Emperor — 4 December 1976 [D] 21 September 1979 [ 11 ] 2 years, 291 days MESAN Bokassa spent approximately US$20 million—one third of the country's annual budget—on his coronation ceremony on 4 December 1977. [ 12 ] Central African Republic (1979–present) 3 David Dacko (1930–2003) President 1981 21 September 1979 [E] 1 September 1981 [ 13 ] 1 year, 345 days MESAN This was Dacko's second time as president of the Central African Republic. In February 1980, Dacko established the Central African Democratic Union (UDC) as the country's only political party . [ 14 ] UDC — André Kolingba (1936–2010) Chairman of the Military Committee of National Recovery — 1 September 1981 [F] 21 September 1985 [G] 12 years, 51 days Military Kolingba seized power from Dacko in a successful coup d'état . Ange-Félix Patassé , with the assistance of François Bozizé , launched an unsuccessful coup d'état against the Kolingba government on 3 March 1982. [ 15 ] — André Kolingba (1936–2010) President and head of state 21 September 1985 21 November 1986 Kolingba established the Central African Democratic Rally (RDC) as the country's only party in May 1986. [ 16 ] RDC 4 André Kolingba (1936–2010) President 1986 [H] 21 November 1986 22 October 1993 5 Ange-Félix Patassé (1937–2011) President 1993 [I] 1999 22 October 1993 [ 17 ] 15 March 2003 9 years, 144 days MLPC Bozizé launched an unsuccessful coup d'état against the Patassé government on 28 May 2001. [ 18 ] 6 François Bozizé (born 1946) President 2005 2011 15 March 2003 [J] [ 19 ] 24 March 2013 10 years, 9 days Military Bozizé seized power from Patassé in a successful coup d'état . Shortly after, he appointed Abel Goumba as prime minister . Goumba had served as acting prime minister in 1959, before being overthrown by Dacko. [ 20 ] Independent 7 Michel Djotodia (born 1949) President — 24 March 2013 [K] 18 August 2013 292 days Military Djotodia was the leader of the Séléka rebel coalition in the ongoing civil war . — Michel Djotodia (born 1949) Head of State of the Transition 18 August 2013 10 January 2014 [L] — Alexandre-Ferdinand Nguendet (born 1972) Acting Head of State of the Transition — 10 January 2014 23 January 2014 13 days RPR Nguendet succeeded Djotodia after his resignation due to the continued conflict . — Catherine Samba-Panza (born 1954) Head of State of the Transition — 23 January 2014 30 March 2016 2 years, 67 days Independent Samba-Panza became the first female head of state of the Central African Republic. 8 Faustin-Archange Touadéra (born 1957) President 2015–16 2020–21 2025 30 March 2016 Incumbent 9 years, 292 days Independent Previously, Touadéra served as prime minister under Bozizé from 2008 until 2013. MCU Footnotes A Dacko became the official President of the Central African Republic after defeating Abel Goumba in an internal power struggle. Dacko had support from the French government . B Bokassa seized power by staging a coup d'état from 31 December 1965 until 1 January 1966. Bokassa forced Dacko to officially resign from the presidency at 03:20 WAT (02:20 UTC ) on 1 January. [ 9 ] C Bokassa staged a military coup against the Dacko government on 31 December 1965 – 1 January 1966. After becoming president, Bokassa took control of MESAN and imposed one-party rule under MESAN. D Bokassa, then- president for life of the Central African Republic, instituted a new constitution at the session of the MESAN congress and declared the republic a monarchy, the Central African Empire (CAE). Bokassa became the emperor of the CAE as "Bokassa I". [ 10 ] E By 1979, French support for Bokassa had all but eroded after the government's brutal suppression of rioting in Bangui and massacre of schoolchildren who had protested against wearing the expensive, government-required school uniforms . Dacko, who was Bokassa's personal adviser at the time, managed to leave for Paris where the French convinced him to cooperate in a coup to remove Bokassa from power and restore him to the presidency. The French successfully executed Operation Barracuda on 20–21 September 1979 and installed Dacko as president. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] F General Kolingba (who was also the armed forces chief of staff ) overthrew Dacko from the presidency in a bloodless coup. [ 16 ] G On 21 September 1985, Kolingba dissolved the Military Committee for National Recovery, [ 23 ] and created the positions of head of state and president. [ 24 ] H A constitution was adopted by a referendum on 21 November 1986 and Kolingba was elected to a six-year term in office. [ 11 ] [ 16 ] I The country held a multiparty presidential election on 22 August and 19 September 1993. Patassé was the candidate from the Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People party and ran on the platform that he would pay the previously withheld salaries to soldiers and civil servants. [ 25 ] Patassé defeated Dacko, Kolingba, Bozizé and Abel Goumba to win the election. [ 26 ] J Bozizé's second coup attempt was successful; he seized power in Bangui on 15 March 2003. [ 27 ] K Djotodia ousted Bozizé in the 2012–13 conflict ; he seized power in Bangui on 24 March 2013. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] L Under pressure from other central African heads of state gathered for a crisis summit on the situation in CAR, Djotodia resigned in N'Djamena , Chad on 10 January 2014. [ 30 ] Timeline Latest election Candidate Party Votes % Faustin-Archange Touadéra United Hearts Movement 894,556 76.15 Anicet-Georges Dologuélé Union for Central African Renewal 172,209 14.66 Henri-Marie Dondra Republican Unity 37,525 3.19 Marcelin Yalemende Independent 25,068 2.13 Serge Ghislain Djorie Collective for Political Change for a New Central Africa 21,989 1.87 Eddy Symphorien Kparekouti Party of Unity and Reconstruction 12,227 1.04 Aristide Briand Reboas Christian Democratic Party 11,185 0.95 Total 1,174,759 100.00 Valid votes 1,174,759 93.65 Invalid votes 40,231 3.21 Blank votes 39,386 3.14 Total votes 1,254,376 100.00 Registered voters/turnout 2,392,946 52.42 See also Politics of the Central African Republic History of the Central African Republic Emperor of Central Africa List of heads of government of the Central African Republic Vice President of the Central African Republic List of colonial governors of Ubangi-Shari References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Salaire des chefs d'Etat africains : Macky Sall parmi les Présidents les plus mal payés..." Dakarbuzz . 8 August 2017. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. ^ "Central African Republic's president vows peace, reforms at inauguration" , Reuters, 30 March 2016. ^ "Central African Republic 2016 Constitution - Constitute" . www.constituteproject.org . ^ "Central African Republic approves new constitution, possible third term for Touadera" . France 24 . 7 August 2023. ^ Cook, Candace; Siegle, Joseph. "Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa" . Africa Center for Strategic Studies . Retrieved 6 May 2023 . ^ Kalck 2005 , p. xxxii ^ Kalck 2005 , p. 198 ^ Kalck 2005 , p. xxxi ^ a b Titley 1997 , p. 28 ^ a b Kalck 2005 , p. xxxiv ^ a b Kalck 2005 , p. 199 ^ Carlson, Peter (19 May 2007), "His Diplomatic Coup: Getting Them on the Record" , The Washington Post , retrieved 8 June 2008 ^ Kalck 2005 , p. xxxix ^ Kalck 2005 , p. 54 ^ Kalck 2005 , p. 155 ^ a b c Kalck 2005 , p. 113 ^ The World Factbook 2002 , Directorate of Intelligence , 2002, ISBN 0-16-067601-0 , archived from the original on 18 June 2008 ^ "Situation "confused" after apparent coup attempt" , IRIN , 28 May 2001 , retrieved 8 June 2008 ^ Kalck 2005 , p. lxxiii ^ "Bozize appoints prime minister" , IRIN , 24 March 2003 , retrieved 8 June 2008 ^ Titley 1997 , p. 127 ^ Kalck 2005 , p. lxix ^ Marsden 1988 , p. 810 ^ Kalck 2005 , p. 48 ^ Appiah & Gates 1999 , p. 399 ^ Kalck 2005 , p. xlviii ^ "Rebel leader seizes power, suspends constitution" , IRIN , 17 March 2003 , retrieved 8 June 2008 ^ "Centrafrique: Michel Djotodia déclare être le nouveau président de la république centrafricaine" (in French). Radio France International. 24 March 2013 . Retrieved 24 March 2013 . ^ Madjiasra Nako; Bate Felix (18 April 2013). "Regional leaders recognise C.African Republic rebel chief" . Reuters . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . ^ "CAR interim President Michel Djotodia resigns" . BBC News . 10 January 2014 . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . ^ "Facebook post by Autorité Nationale des Elections -ANE" (in French). Autorité Nationale des Elections. 6 January 2026 – via Facebook. Appiah, K. Anthony ; Gates, Henry Louis Jr. , eds. (1999), Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience , New York City: Basic Books , ISBN 0-465-00071-1 . Kalck, Pierre (2005), Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic (3rd English ed.), Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, ISBN 0-8108-4913-5 . Marsden, Hilary, ed. (1988), Whitaker's Almanack , 1988 , London: J Whitaker and Sons, ISBN 0-85021-178-6 . Titley, Brian (1997), Dark Age: The Political Odyssey of Emperor Bokassa , Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press , ISBN 0-7735-1602-6 , OCLC 36340842 . External links Official Website Archived 29 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine Elections in the Central African Republic BBC News Timeline: Central African Republic v t e Presidents of the Central African Republic v t e Central African Republic (1960–1976) Dacko Bokassa Dacko Bokassa Central African Empire (1976–1979) Bokassa I Bokassa I Central African Republic (1979–present) Dacko Kolingba Patassé Bozizé Djotodia Nguendet * Samba-Panza Touadéra Dacko Kolingba Patassé Bozizé Djotodia Nguendet * Samba-Panza Touadéra * Acting * Acting v t e Central African Republic articles v t e History Ubangi-Shari French Equatorial Africa Kongo-Wara rebellion Central African Empire Bush War Civil War 2013–2014 Ubangi-Shari French Equatorial Africa French Equatorial Africa Kongo-Wara rebellion Central African Empire Bush War Civil War 2013–2014 2013–2014 Geography Borders Cities Ecoregions Mountains Rivers Wildlife Borders Cities Ecoregions Mountains Rivers Wildlife Borders Cities Ecoregions 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Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Other states Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland UN member states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Other states Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Heads of government UN member states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Other states Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland UN member states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Overview Toggle Overview subsection 1.1 The model of the social contract 1.1 The model of the social contract 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 Classical thought 2.2 Renaissance developments 2.1 Classical thought 2.2 Renaissance developments 3 Philosophers Toggle Philosophers subsection 3.1 Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan (1651) 3.2 John Locke's Second Treatise of Government (1689) 3.3 Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Du Contrat social (1762) 3.4 Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's individualist social contract (1851) 3.5 John Rawls' Theory of Justice (1971) 3.6 David Gauthier's Morals by Agreement (1986) 3.7 Philip Pettit's Republicanism (1997) 3.1 Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan (1651) 3.2 John Locke's Second Treatise of Government (1689) 3.3 Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Du Contrat social (1762) 3.4 Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's individualist social contract (1851) 3.5 John Rawls' Theory of Justice (1971) 3.6 David Gauthier's Morals by Agreement (1986) 3.7 Philip Pettit's Republicanism (1997) 4 Application Toggle Application subsection 4.1 Elections 4.1 Elections 5 Influence on the US Declaration of Independence Toggle Influence on the US Declaration of Independence subsection 5.1 Life, Liberty, and Property 5.2 The Right to Revolt 5.3 Thomas Jefferson's Letter 5.1 Life, Liberty, and Property 5.2 The Right to Revolt 5.3 Thomas Jefferson's Letter 6 Criticism Toggle Criticism subsection 6.1 Consent of the governed 6.2 Natural law and constitutionalism 6.3 Tacit consent 6.4 Explicit consent 6.5 Contracts must be consensual 6.1 Consent of the governed 6.2 Natural law and constitutionalism 6.3 Tacit consent 6.4 Explicit consent 6.5 Contracts must be consensual 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Social contract Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca 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li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e In moral and political philosophy , the social contract is an idea, theory, or model that usually, although not always, concerns the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual . [ 1 ] Conceptualized in the Age of Enlightenment , it is a core concept of constitutionalism , while not necessarily convened and written down in a constituent assembly and constitution . Social contract arguments typically are that individuals have consented , either explicitly or tacitly , to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to the authority (of the ruler, or to the decision of a majority) in exchange for protection of their remaining rights or maintenance of the social order . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The relation between natural and legal rights is often a topic of social contract theory. The term takes its name from The Social Contract (French: Du contrat social ou Principes du droit politique ), a 1762 book by Jean-Jacques Rousseau that discussed this concept. Although the antecedents of social contract theory are found in antiquity, in Greek and Stoic philosophy and Roman and Canon Law , the heyday of the social contract was the mid-17th to early 19th centuries, when it emerged as the leading doctrine of political legitimacy. The starting point for most social contract theories is an examination of the human condition absent any political order (termed the " state of nature " by Thomas Hobbes ). [ 4 ] In this condition, individuals' actions are bound only by their personal power and conscience , assuming that 'nature' precludes mutually beneficial social relationships. From this shared premise, social contract theorists aim to demonstrate why rational individuals would voluntarily relinquish their natural freedom in exchange for the benefits of political order. Prominent 17th- and 18th-century theorists of the social contract and natural rights included Hugo de Groot (1625), Thomas Hobbes (1651), Samuel von Pufendorf (1673), John Locke (1689), Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762) and Immanuel Kant (1797), each approaching the concept of political authority differently. Grotius posited that individual humans had natural rights . Hobbes famously said that in a "state of nature", human life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short ". In the absence of political order and law, everyone would have unlimited natural freedoms, including the "right to all things" and thus the freedom to plunder, rape and murder; there would be an endless "war of all against all" ( bellum omnium contra omnes ). To avoid this, free men contract with each other to establish political community ( civil society ) through a social contract in which they all gain security in return for subjecting themselves to an absolute sovereign, one man or an assembly of men. Though the sovereign's edicts may well be arbitrary and tyrannical, Hobbes saw absolute government as the only alternative to the terrifying anarchy of a state of nature. Hobbes asserted that humans consent to abdicate their rights in favor of the absolute authority of government (whether monarchical or parliamentary ). Alternatively, Locke and Rousseau argued that individuals acquire civil rights by accepting the obligation to respect and protect the rights of others, thereby relinquishing certain personal freedoms in the process. The central assertion that social contract theory approaches is that law and political order are not natural, but human creations. The social contract and the political order it creates are simply the means towards an end—the benefit of the individuals involved—and legitimate only to the extent that they fulfill their part of the agreement. Hobbes argued that government is not a party to the original contract; hence citizens are not obligated to submit to the government when it is too weak to act effectively to suppress factionalism and civil unrest. Overview The model of the social contract There is a general form of social contract theories, which is: I chooses R in M and this gives I* reason to endorse and comply with R in the real world insofar as the reasons I has for choosing R in M are (or can be) shared by I*. [ 5 ] I chooses R in M and this gives I* reason to endorse and comply with R in the real world insofar as the reasons I has for choosing R in M are (or can be) shared by I*. [ 5 ] With M being the deliberative setting; R rules, principles or institutions; I the (hypothetical) people in original position or state of nature making the social contract; and I* being the individuals in the real world following the social contract. [ 5 ] History Classical thought Social contract formulations are preserved in many of the world's oldest records. [ 6 ] The Indian Buddhist text of the second century BC Mahāvastu recounts the legend of Mahasammata. The story goes as follows: In the early days of the cosmic cycle mankind lived on an immaterial plane, dancing on air in a sort of fairyland, where there was no need of food or clothing, and no private property, family, government or laws. Then gradually the process of cosmic decay began its work, and mankind became earthbound, and felt the need of food and shelter. As men lost their primeval glory, distinctions of class arose, and they entered into agreements with one another, accepting the institution of private property and the family. With this theft, murder, adultery, and other crime began, and so the people met together and decided to appoint one man from among them to maintain order in return for a share of the produce of their fields and herds. He was called "the Great Chosen One" (Mahasammata), and he received the title of raja because he pleased the people. [ 7 ] In the early days of the cosmic cycle mankind lived on an immaterial plane, dancing on air in a sort of fairyland, where there was no need of food or clothing, and no private property, family, government or laws. Then gradually the process of cosmic decay began its work, and mankind became earthbound, and felt the need of food and shelter. As men lost their primeval glory, distinctions of class arose, and they entered into agreements with one another, accepting the institution of private property and the family. With this theft, murder, adultery, and other crime began, and so the people met together and decided to appoint one man from among them to maintain order in return for a share of the produce of their fields and herds. He was called "the Great Chosen One" (Mahasammata), and he received the title of raja because he pleased the people. [ 7 ] In his rock edicts , the Indian Buddhist king Asoka was said to have argued for a broad and far-reaching social contract. [ citation needed ] The Buddhist vinaya also reflects social contracts expected of the monks; one such instance is when the people of a certain town complained about monks felling saka trees, the Buddha tells his monks that they must stop and give way to social norms. [ citation needed ] Epicurus in the fourth century BC seemed to have had a strong sense of social contract, with justice and law being rooted in mutual agreement and advantage, as evidenced by these lines, among others, from his Principal Doctrines (see also Epicurean ethics ): 31. Natural justice is a pledge of reciprocal benefit, to prevent one man from harming or being harmed by another. 32. Those animals which are incapable of making binding agreements with one another not to inflict nor suffer harm are without either justice or injustice; and likewise for those peoples who either could not or would not form binding agreements not to inflict nor suffer harm. 33. There never was such a thing as absolute justice, but only agreements made in mutual dealings among men in whatever places at various times providing against the infliction or suffering of harm. [ 8 ] 31. Natural justice is a pledge of reciprocal benefit, to prevent one man from harming or being harmed by another. 32. Those animals which are incapable of making binding agreements with one another not to inflict nor suffer harm are without either justice or injustice; and likewise for those peoples who either could not or would not form binding agreements not to inflict nor suffer harm. 33. There never was such a thing as absolute justice, but only agreements made in mutual dealings among men in whatever places at various times providing against the infliction or suffering of harm. [ 8 ] The concept of the social contract was originally posed by Glaucon , as described by Plato in The Republic , Book II. They say that to do injustice is, by nature, good; to suffer injustice, evil; but that the evil is greater than the good. And so when men have both done and suffered injustice and have had experience of both, not being able to avoid the one and obtain the other, they think that they had better agree among themselves to have neither; hence there arise laws and mutual covenants; and that which is ordained by law is termed by them lawful and just. This they affirm to be the origin and nature of justice;—it is a mean or compromise, between the best of all, which is to do injustice and not be punished, and the worst of all, which is to suffer injustice without the power of retaliation; and justice, being at a middle point between the two, is tolerated not as a good, but as the lesser evil, and honoured by reason of the inability of men to do injustice. For no man who is worthy to be called a man would ever submit to such an agreement if he were able to resist; he would be mad if he did. Such is the received account, Socrates, of the nature and origin of justice. [ 9 ] They say that to do injustice is, by nature, good; to suffer injustice, evil; but that the evil is greater than the good. And so when men have both done and suffered injustice and have had experience of both, not being able to avoid the one and obtain the other, they think that they had better agree among themselves to have neither; hence there arise laws and mutual covenants; and that which is ordained by law is termed by them lawful and just. This they affirm to be the origin and nature of justice;—it is a mean or compromise, between the best of all, which is to do injustice and not be punished, and the worst of all, which is to suffer injustice without the power of retaliation; and justice, being at a middle point between the two, is tolerated not as a good, but as the lesser evil, and honoured by reason of the inability of men to do injustice. For no man who is worthy to be called a man would ever submit to such an agreement if he were able to resist; he would be mad if he did. Such is the received account, Socrates, of the nature and origin of justice. [ 9 ] The social contract theory also appears in Crito , another dialogue from Plato. Over time, the social contract theory became more widespread after Epicurus (341–270 BC), the first philosopher who saw justice as a social contract, and not as existing in Nature due to divine intervention (see below and also Epicurean ethics ), decided to bring the theory to the forefront of his society. As time went on, philosophers of traditional political and social thought, such as Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau put forward their opinions on social contract, which then caused the topic to become much more mainstream. [ citation needed ] Renaissance developments Quentin Skinner has argued that several critical modern innovations in contract theory are found in the writings from French Calvinists and Huguenots, whose work in turn was invoked by writers in the Low Countries who objected to their subjection to Spain and, later still, by Catholics in England. [ 10 ] Francisco Suárez (1548–1617), from the School of Salamanca , might be considered an early theorist of the social contract, theorizing natural law in an attempt to limit the divine right of absolute monarchy . All of these groups were led to articulate notions of popular sovereignty by means of a social covenant or contract, and all of these arguments began with proto-"state of nature" arguments, to the effect that the basis of politics is that everyone is by nature free of subjection to any government. These arguments, however, relied on a corporatist theory found in Roman law, according to which "a populus" can exist as a distinct legal entity. Thus, these arguments held that a group of people can join a government because it has the capacity to exercise a single will and make decisions with a single voice in the absence of sovereign authority—a notion rejected by Hobbes and later contract theorists. Philosophers Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan (1651) The first modern philosopher to articulate a detailed contract theory was Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679). According to Hobbes, the lives of individuals in the state of nature were "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short", a state in which self-interest and the absence of rights and contracts prevented the "social", or society. Life was "anarchic" (without leadership or the concept of sovereignty). Individuals in the state of nature were apolitical and asocial. This state of nature is followed by the social contract. The social contract was seen as an "occurrence" during which individuals came together and ceded some of their individual rights so that others would cede theirs. [ 11 ] This resulted in the establishment of the state—a sovereign entity like the individuals (now under its rule) used to be, which would create laws to regulate social interactions. Human life was thus no longer "a war of all against all". The state system, which grew out of the social contract, was, however, also anarchic (without leadership). Just as the individuals in the state of nature had been sovereigns and thus guided by self-interest and the absence of rights, so states now acted in their self-interest in competition with each other. Just like the state of nature, states were thus bound to be in conflict because there was no sovereign over and above the state (more powerful) capable of imposing some system such as social-contract laws on everyone by force. Indeed, Hobbes' work helped to serve as a basis for the realism theories of international relations, advanced by E. H. Carr and Hans Morgenthau . Hobbes wrote in Leviathan that humans ("we") need the "terrour of some Power" otherwise humans will not heed the law of reciprocity , "(in summe) doing to others, as wee would be done to". [ 12 ] John Locke's Second Treatise of Government (1689) John Locke 's conception of the social contract differed from Hobbes' in several fundamental ways, retaining only the central notion that individuals in a state of nature would willingly come together to form a state. Locke believed that individuals in a state of nature would be bound morally, by the Law of Nature, in which man has the "power... to preserve his property; that is, his life, liberty and estate against the injuries and attempts of other men". Without government to defend them against those seeking to injure or enslave them, Locke further believed people would have no security in their rights and would live in fear. Individuals, to Locke, would only agree to form a state that would provide, in part, a "neutral judge", acting to protect the lives, liberty, and property of those who lived within it. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] While Hobbes argued for near-absolute authority, Locke argued for inviolate freedom under law in his Second Treatise of Government . Locke argued that a government's legitimacy comes from the citizens' delegation to the government of their absolute right of violence (reserving the inalienable right of self-defense or "self-preservation"), along with elements of other rights (e.g. property will be liable to taxation) as necessary to achieve the goal of security through granting the state a monopoly of violence, whereby the government, as an impartial judge, may use the collective force of the populace to administer and enforce the law, rather than each man acting as his own judge, jury, and executioner—the condition in the state of nature. [ citation needed ] [ 15 ] Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Du Contrat social (1762) Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778), in his influential 1762 treatise The Social Contract , outlined a different version of social-contract theory, as the foundations of society based on the sovereignty of the " general will ". Rousseau's political theory differs in important ways from that of Locke and Hobbes. Rousseau's collectivist conception is most evident in his development of the "luminous conception" (which he credited to Denis Diderot ) of the " general will ". Summarised, the " general will " is the power of all the citizens' collective interest—not to be confused with their individual interests. Although Rousseau wrote that the British were perhaps at the time the freest people on earth, he did not approve of their representative government, nor any form of representative government. Rousseau believed that society was only legitimate when the sovereign (i.e. the " general will ") were the sole legislators . He also stated that the individual must accept "the total alienation to the whole community of each associate with all his rights". [ 16 ] In short, Rousseau meant that in order for the social contract to work, individuals must forfeit their rights to the whole so that such conditions were "equal for all". [ 17 ] [The social contract] can be reduced to the following terms: Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will; and in a body, we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole. [ 18 ] [The social contract] can be reduced to the following terms: Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will; and in a body, we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole. [ 18 ] Rousseau's other writings assert that his striking phrase that man must "be forced to be free" [ 19 ] should be understood [ according to whom? ] this way: since the indivisible and inalienable popular sovereignty decides what is good for the whole, if an individual rejects this "civil liberty" [ 20 ] in place of "natural liberty" [ 20 ] and self interest, disobeying the law, he will be forced to listen to what was decided when the people acted as a collective (as citizens ). Thus the law, inasmuch as it is created by the people acting as a body, is not a limitation of individual freedom, but rather its expression. The individual, as a citizen, explicitly agreed to be constrained if, as a private individual, he did not respect his own will as formulated in the general will. Because laws represent the restraint of "natural liberty", [ 20 ] they represent the leap made from humans in the state of nature into civil society. In this sense, the law is a civilizing force. Therefore, Rousseau believed that the laws that govern a people help to mould their character. Rousseau also analyses the social contract in terms of risk management, [ 21 ] thus suggesting the origins of the state as a form of mutual insurance . Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's individualist social contract (1851) While Rousseau's social contract is based on popular sovereignty and not on individual sovereignty, there are other theories espoused by individualists , libertarians , and anarchists that do not involve agreeing to anything more than negative rights and creates only a limited state, if any. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865) advocated a conception of social contract that did not involve an individual surrendering sovereignty to others. According to him, the social contract was not between individuals and the state, but rather among individuals who refrain from coercing or governing each other, each one maintaining complete sovereignty upon him- or herself: What really is the Social Contract? An agreement of the citizen with the government? No, that would mean but the continuation of [Rousseau's] idea. The social contract is an agreement of man with man; an agreement from which must result what we call society. In this, the notion of commutative justice, first brought forward by the primitive fact of exchange, ... is substituted for that of distributive justice ... Translating these words, contract, commutative justice, which are the language of the law, into the language of business, and you have commerce, that is to say, in its highest significance, the act by which man and man declare themselves essentially producers, and abdicate all pretension to govern each other. What really is the Social Contract? An agreement of the citizen with the government? No, that would mean but the continuation of [Rousseau's] idea. The social contract is an agreement of man with man; an agreement from which must result what we call society. In this, the notion of commutative justice, first brought forward by the primitive fact of exchange, ... is substituted for that of distributive justice ... Translating these words, contract, commutative justice, which are the language of the law, into the language of business, and you have commerce, that is to say, in its highest significance, the act by which man and man declare themselves essentially producers, and abdicate all pretension to govern each other. — Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century (1851) John Rawls' Theory of Justice (1971) Building on the work of Immanuel Kant with its presumption of limits on the state, [ 22 ] John Rawls (1921–2002), in A Theory of Justice (1971), proposed a contractarian approach whereby rational people in a hypothetical " original position " would set aside their individual preferences and capacities under a " veil of ignorance " and agree to certain general principles of justice and legal organization. This idea is also used as a game-theoretical formalization of the notion of fairness. David Gauthier's Morals by Agreement (1986) David Gauthier 's "neo-Hobbesian" theory argues that cooperation between two independent and self-interested parties is indeed possible, especially when it comes to understanding morality and politics. [ 23 ] Gauthier notably points out the advantages of cooperation between two parties when it comes to the challenge of the prisoner's dilemma . He proposes that, if two parties were to stick to the original agreed-upon arrangement and morals outlined by the contract, they would both experience an optimal result. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] In his model for the social contract, factors including trust, rationality, and self-interest keep each party honest and dissuade them from breaking the rules. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Philip Pettit's Republicanism (1997) Philip Pettit (b. 1945) has argued, in Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government (1997), that the theory of social contract, classically based on the consent of the governed , should be modified. Instead of arguing for explicit consent, which can always be manufactured, Pettit argues that the absence of an effective rebellion against it is a contract's only legitimacy. Application Elections Rousseau argued that societal laws are upheld by the collective will of the citizens whom they represent. Thus, in obeying laws, the citizen "remains free." Within elections, the will of the establishment is the will of the collective. Barring corruption, the legitimacy of the democratic government is absolute. [ 25 ] In every real democracy, magistracy is not an advantage, but a burdensome charge which cannot justly be imposed on one individual rather than another. The law alone can lay the charge on him on whom the lot falls. For, the conditions being then the same for all, and the choice not depending on any human will, there is no particular application to alter the universality of the law. In every real democracy, magistracy is not an advantage, but a burdensome charge which cannot justly be imposed on one individual rather than another. The law alone can lay the charge on him on whom the lot falls. For, the conditions being then the same for all, and the choice not depending on any human will, there is no particular application to alter the universality of the law. — Jean-Jacques Rousseau , The Social Contract or Principles of Political Right. Book IV [ 26 ] According to other social contract theorists, when the government fails to secure their natural rights (Locke) or satisfy the best interests of society, citizens can withdraw their obligation to obey or change the leadership through elections or other means including, when necessary, violence. Locke believed that natural rights were inalienable, and therefore the rule of God superseded government authority, while Rousseau believed that democracy (majority-rule) was the best way to ensure welfare while maintaining individual freedom under the rule of law. The Lockean concept of the social contract was invoked in the United States Declaration of Independence . [ 27 ] Influence on the US Declaration of Independence Ideas related to the social contract theory, particularly those of John Locke, intellectually inspired the United States Declaration of Independence. His ideas on every individual’s’ right to ‘life, liberty, and property’ as well as the people’s ‘right to revolt’ were particularly influential. Life, Liberty, and Property Locke’s idea that everyone has the right to 'life, liberty, and property' inspired the founding document. The Declaration posits, “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness” [ 28 ] . The terms ‘life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness’ reflect the ideas of John Locke, who argued for human beings’ natural rights to ‘life, liberty, and property.’ In The Second Treatise of Government, Locke has asserted that “the state of Nature (...) teaches all mankind who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions [ 29 ] . Since the “state of nature,” which largely means the condition in which humans used to live before civilization [ 30 ] , teaches humans to learn that all were born “equal and independent,” Locke emphasizes the inherent equality that exists among human beings, which is reflected in the Declaration's idea that "all men are created equal." Furthermore, Locke argued that men “have rights to life, (...) liberty, or possessions” and that “no one ought to harm another” in these rights. Since the rights to ‘life’ and ‘liberty,’ which constitute two of the three essential rights protected under the social contract, are repeated in the Declaration, Locke’s idea on the natural rights of human beings proves to be influential. As the John Locke Foundation, an independent and nonprofit think tank, establishes, "Locke’s influence can be seen throughout the Declaration of Independence" through the phrase “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” [ 31 ] The Right to Revolt Locke’s idea of ‘the right to revolt’ was also influential. The Declaration posits that, when the natural rights of human beings are violated under the social contract, “it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government” [ 32 ] . The usage of the word “right” not only shows how people should be allowed to revolt, but have a moral obligation to overthrow a tyrannical government. In a similar vein, Locke posited that people have ‘the right to revolt’ when their natural rights are violated. According to the philosopher, “Whenever the legislators endeavour to take away and destroy the property of the people, or to reduce them to slavery under arbitrary power, they put themselves into a state of war with the people, who are thereupon absolved from any farther obedience” and gain the “right to resume their original liberty” [ 33 ] . In short, if a government becomes tyrannical, such as by infringing on people’s right to property or on their freedoms, its constituents gain the freedom to overthrow the government at will. This aligns closely with the Declaration’s assertion that people gain the right to “abolish” and to “institute” a new government, showing another way in which Locke's ideas pertaining to the social contract intellectually inspired the Declaration [ 34 ] . Thomas Jefferson's Letter Thomas Jefferson, one of the main authors of the Declaration, wrote in a 1825 letter that “Locke,” along with figures such as “Aristotle, Cicero, (...) [and] Sidney,” served as great intellectual foundations for the Declaration, as the text’s “authority rests then on the harmonising sentiments” of such writers [ 35 ] . An explicit mention of Locke’s name, adding to the letter’s admission that his influence proved to be significant in serving as an inspiration for the text, further strengthens the claim that Locke's ideas, particularly those pertaining to the social contract, inspired the Declaration. Criticism Consent of the governed An early critic of social contract theory was Rousseau's friend the philosopher David Hume , who in 1742 published an essay "Of Civil Liberty". The second part of this essay, entitled "Of the Original Contract", [ 36 ] stresses that the concept of a "social contract" is a convenient fiction: As no party, in the present age can well support itself without a philosophical or speculative system of principles annexed to its political or practical one; we accordingly find that each of the factions into which this nation is divided has reared up a fabric of the former kind, in order to protect and cover that scheme of actions which it pursues. ... The one party [defenders of the absolute and divine right of kings, or Tories], by tracing up government to the DEITY, endeavor to render it so sacred and inviolate that it must be little less than sacrilege, however tyrannical it may become, to touch or invade it in the smallest article. The other party [the Whigs, or believers in constitutional monarchy], by founding government altogether on the consent of the PEOPLE suppose that there is a kind of original contract by which the subjects have tacitly reserved the power of resisting their sovereign, whenever they find themselves aggrieved by that authority with which they have for certain purposes voluntarily entrusted him. As no party, in the present age can well support itself without a philosophical or speculative system of principles annexed to its political or practical one; we accordingly find that each of the factions into which this nation is divided has reared up a fabric of the former kind, in order to protect and cover that scheme of actions which it pursues. ... The one party [defenders of the absolute and divine right of kings, or Tories], by tracing up government to the DEITY, endeavor to render it so sacred and inviolate that it must be little less than sacrilege, however tyrannical it may become, to touch or invade it in the smallest article. The other party [the Whigs, or believers in constitutional monarchy], by founding government altogether on the consent of the PEOPLE suppose that there is a kind of original contract by which the subjects have tacitly reserved the power of resisting their sovereign, whenever they find themselves aggrieved by that authority with which they have for certain purposes voluntarily entrusted him. — David Hume, "On Civil Liberty" [II.XII.1] [ 36 ] Hume argued that consent of the governed was the ideal foundation on which a government should rest, but that it had not actually occurred this way in general. My intention here is not to exclude the consent of the people from being one just foundation of government where it has place. It is surely the best and most sacred of any. I only contend that it has very seldom had place in any degree and never almost in its full extent. And that therefore some other foundation of government must also be admitted. My intention here is not to exclude the consent of the people from being one just foundation of government where it has place. It is surely the best and most sacred of any. I only contend that it has very seldom had place in any degree and never almost in its full extent. And that therefore some other foundation of government must also be admitted. — Ibid II.XII.20 Natural law and constitutionalism The legal scholar Randy Barnett has argued [ 37 ] that, while presence in the territory of a society may be necessary for consent, this does not constitute consent to all rules the society might make regardless of their content. A second condition of consent is that the rules be consistent with underlying principles of justice and the protection of natural and social rights, and have procedures for effective protection of those rights (or liberties). This has also been discussed by O. A. Brownson, [ 38 ] who argued that, in a sense, three "constitutions" are involved: first, the constitution of nature that includes all of what the Founders called " natural law "; second, the constitution of society , an unwritten and commonly understood set of rules for the society formed by a social contract before it establishes a government, by which it does establish the third, a constitution of government . To consent, a necessary condition is that the rules be constitutional in that sense. Tacit consent The theory of a tacit social contract holds that by remaining in the territory controlled by some society, which usually has a government, people give consent to join that society and be governed by its government if any. This consent is what gives legitimacy to such a government. Other writers have argued that consent to join the society is not necessarily consent to its government. For that, the government must be set up according to a constitution of government that is consistent with the superior unwritten constitutions of nature and society. [ 39 ] Explicit consent The theory of an implicit social contract also goes under the principles of explicit consent. [ 40 ] The main difference between tacit consent and explicit consent is that explicit consent is meant to leave no room for misinterpretation. Moreover, you should directly state what it is that you want and the person has to respond in a concise manner that either confirms or denies the proposition. Contracts must be consensual According to the will theory of contract, a contract is not presumed valid unless all parties voluntarily agree to it, either tacitly or explicitly, without coercion. Lysander Spooner , a 19th-century lawyer who argued before the Supreme Court of the United States and a staunch supporter of a right of contract between individuals, argued in his essay No Treason that a supposed social contract cannot be used to justify governmental actions such as taxation because government will initiate force against anyone who does not wish to enter into such a contract. As a result, he maintains that such an agreement is not voluntary and therefore cannot be considered a legitimate contract at all. As an abolitionist , he made similar arguments about the unconstitutionality of slavery in the US. Joseph Kary asserts that Modern Anglo-American law, like European civil law, is based on a will theory of contract, according to which all terms of a contract are binding on the parties because they chose those terms for themselves. This was less true when Hobbes wrote Leviathan ; at that time more importance was attached to consideration (meaning a mutual exchange of benefits necessary to the formation of a valid contract) and most contracts had implicit terms that arose from the nature of the contractual relationship rather than from the choices made by the parties. Accordingly, it has been argued that social contract theory is more consistent with the contract law of the time of Hobbes and Locke than with the contract law of the present time and that certain features in the social contract which seem anomalous, such as the belief that people are bound by a contract formulated by their distant ancestors, would not have seemed as strange to Hobbes' contemporaries as they do to people today. [ 41 ] See also Philosophy portal Mandate of Heaven Classical republicanism Consent Consent of the governed Constitution Constitutionalism Self determination Contract Epicurean ethics Federalism Mandate (politics) Mayflower Compact Monarchomachs Ordered Liberty Organic crisis The Racial Contract Rights of Man Right of rebellion Rule of law School of Salamanca Social capital Social cohesion Social Contract (Britain) – British Labour Party policy involving trade-offs between employment conditions and social welfare Social disintegration Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development Social Justice in the Liberal State Social rights (social contract theory) Social solidarity Societal collapse Consent theory Crito – dialogue by Plato Juan de Mariana Sovereign citizen movement References ^ "For the name social contract (or original contract) often covers two different kinds of contract, and, in tracing the evolution of the theory, it is well to distinguish The first] generally involved some theory of the origin of the state. The second form of social contract may be more accurately called the contract of government or the contract of submission... Generally, it has nothing to do with the origins of society, but, presupposing a society already formed, it purports to define the terms on which that society is to be governed: the people have made a contract with their ruler which determines their relations with him. They promise him obedience, while he promises his protection and good government. While he keeps his part of the bargain, they must keep theirs, but if he misgoverns the contract is broken and allegiance is at an end." J. W. Gough , The Social Contract (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1936), pp. 2–3. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Celeste Friend. "Social Contract Theory" . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Archived from the original on 18 November 2019 . Retrieved 26 December 2019 . ^ Castiglione, Dario (2015). "Introduction the Logic of Social Cooperation for Mutual Advantage – the Democratic Contract" (PDF) . Political Studies Review . 13 (2): 161– 175. doi : 10.1111/1478-9302.12080 . hdl : 10871/18609 . S2CID 145163352 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-09-22 . Retrieved 2019-02-03 . ^ Ross Harrison writes that "Hobbes seems to have invented this useful term." See Ross Harrison, Locke, Hobbs, and Confusion's Masterpiece (Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 70. The phrase "state of nature" does occur, in Thomas Aquinas 's Quaestiones disputatae de Veritate , Question 19, Article 1, Answer 13 Archived 2017-10-19 at the Wayback Machine . However, Aquinas uses it in the context of a discussion of the nature of the soul after death, not in reference to politics. ^ a b D'Agostino, Fred; Gaus, Gerald; Thrasher, John (2019), "Contemporary Approaches to the Social Contract" , in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, archived from the original on 2021-02-05 , retrieved 2020-09-08 ^ "Enlightenment" . www.timetoast.com . 29 August 1632. Archived from the original on 2016-11-10 . Retrieved 2016-11-10 . ^ AL Basham, The Wonder That Was India , p. 83 ^ Vincent Cook (2000-08-26). "Principal Doctrines" . Epicurus. Archived from the original on 2007-04-07 . Retrieved 2012-09-26 . ^ The Republic, Book II. Quoted from Archived 2011-10-16 at the Wayback Machine ^ Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought: Volume 2: The Age of the Reformation (Cambridge, 1978) ^ E.g. person A gives up his/her right to kill person B if person B does the same. ^ Hobbes, Thomas (1985). Leviathan . London: Penguin. p. 223 . ISBN 9780140431957 . ^ Gaba, Jeffery (Spring 2007). "John Locke and the Meaning of the Takings Clause" . Missouri Law Review . 72 (2). Archived from the original on 2021-03-05 . Retrieved 2018-04-19 . ^ Locke, John (1690). Two Treatises on Civil Government (PDF) . Books on Demand. ISBN 9783749437412 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) ^ Locke, John. "Second Treatise of Government" (PDF) . pp. 20– 21. ^ Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (2002). The social contract; and, the first and second discourses / Jean-Jacques Rousseau; edited and with an introduction by Susan Dunn; with essays by Gita May [and others] . New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 163. ISBN 9780300129434 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: publisher location ( link ) ^ Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (2002). The social contract; and, the first and second discourses / Jean-Jacques Rousseau; edited and with an introduction by Susan Dunn; with essays by Gita May [and others] . New Haven : Yale University Press. p. 163. ISBN 9780300129434 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: publisher location ( link ) ^ Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Œuvres complètes , ed. B. Gagnebin and M. Raymond (Paris, 1959–95), III, 361; The Collected Writings of Rousseau , ed. C. Kelley and R. Masters (Hanover, 1990–), IV, 139. ^ Oeuvres complètes , III, 364; The Collected Writings of Rousseau , IV, 141. ^ a b c Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (2002). The social contract; and, the first and second discourses / Jean-Jacques Rousseau; edited and with an introduction by Susan Dunn; with essays by Gita May [and others] . New Haven : Yale University Press. p. 167. ISBN 9780300129434 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: publisher location ( link ) ^ Gourevitch, Victor (1997). "Of the Social Contract". In Gourevitch, Victor (ed.). The Social Contract and Other Later Political Writings . Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Translated by Gourevitch, Victor (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published 2018). p. 66. ISBN 9781107150812 . Retrieved 2019-05-11 . Is it not nevertheless a gain to risk for the sake of what makes for our security just a portion of what we would have to risk for our own sakes as soon as we are deprived of it? ^ • Gerald Gaus and Shane D. Courtland, 2011, "Liberalism" Archived 2018-09-08 at the Wayback Machine , 1.1, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . • Immanuel Kant, ([1797]). The Metaphysics of Morals , Part 1. ^ a b c "Social Contract Theory [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]" . Iep.utm.edu. 2004-10-15. Archived from the original on 2011-01-16 . Retrieved 2011-01-20 . ^ a b "Contractarianism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)" . Plato.stanford.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-04-29 . Retrieved 2011-01-20 . ^ Jean Jacques Rousseau Archived 2017-10-20 at the Wayback Machine on the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ^ Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778). Social Contract & Discourses. 1913. The Social Contract or Principles of Political Right. Book IV Chapter III. Elections Archived 2023-01-06 at the Wayback Machine on Bartleby.com ^ [1] Archived 2023-01-06 at the Wayback Machine at the Southern Methodist University ^ United States, Congress. “The Declaration of Independence.” 4 July 1776. America's Founding Documents, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript. ^ Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government. 1823. Edited by Rod Hay, “The Works of John Locke,” vol. V, McMaster University Archive of the History of Economic Thought. York University, www.yorku.ca/comninel/courses/3025pdf/Locke.pdf. ^ Munro, André. “State of Nature.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 9 Sept. 2024, www.britannica.com/topic/state-of-nature-political-theory. ^ Swanzy, Brenée Goforth. “How John Locke Influenced the Declaration of Independence.” John Locke Foundation, 4 July 2019, www.johnlocke.org/john-locke-and-the-declaration-of-independence/. ^ United States, Congress. “The Declaration of Independence.” 4 July 1776. America's Founding Documents, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript. ^ Locke, John. Two Treatises of Government. 1823. Edited by Rod Hay, “The Works of John Locke,” vol. V, McMaster University Archive of the History of Economic Thought. York University, www.yorku.ca/comninel/courses/3025pdf/Locke.pdf. ^ United States, Congress. “The Declaration of Independence.” 4 July 1776. America's Founding Documents, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript. ^ Jefferson, Thomas. “Letter to Henry Lee. 8 May 1825. Founders Online, National Archives, founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/98-01-02-5212 ^ a b Hume, David. Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary, Part II, Essay XII, Of The Original Contract . ^ Restoring the Lost Constitution: The Presumption of Liberty Archived 2020-08-20 at the Wayback Machine , Randy Barnett (2004) ^ O. A. Brownson (1866). " The American Republic: its Constitution, Tendencies, and Destiny " . Archived from the original on 2011-10-04 . Retrieved 2011-02-13 . ^ O. A. Brownson (1866). " The American Republic: Its Constitution, Tendencies, and Destiny " . Archived from the original on 2011-10-04 . Retrieved 2011-02-13 . ^ "Gaining explicit consent under the GDPR" . IT Governance Blog . 2017-07-05. Archived from the original on 2018-02-09 . Retrieved 2018-02-08 . ^ Joseph Kary, "Contract Law and the Social Contract: What Legal History Can Teach Us About the Political Theory of Hobbes and Locke", 31 Ottawa Law Review 73 (Jan. 2000) Further reading Ankerl, Guy. Towards a Social Contract on a Worldwide Scale: Solidarity contracts. Research series . Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies [Pamphlet], 1980, ISBN 92-9014-165-4 . Carlyle, R. W. A History of mediæval political theory in the West . Edinburgh London: W. Blackwood and sons, 1916. Falaky, Faycal (2014). Social Contract, Masochist Contract: Aesthetics of Freedom and Submission in Rousseau . Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-4989-0 Gierke, Otto Friedrich Von and Ernst Troeltsch. Natural Law and the Theory of Society 1500 to 1800. Translated by Sir Ernest Barker, with a Lecture on "The Ideas of Natural Law and Humanity", by Ernst Troeltsch. Cambridge: The University Press, 1950. Gough, J. W.. The Social Contract . Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1936. Harrison, Ross. Hobbes, Locke, and Confusion's Empire: an Examination of Seventeenth-Century Political Philosophy . Cambridge University Press, 2003. Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan . 1651. Locke, John. Second Treatise on Government 1689. Narveson, Jan ; Trenchard, David (2008). "Contractarianism/Social Contract". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 103– 05. doi : 10.4135/9781412965811.n66 . ISBN 978-1412965804 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . Pettit, Philip. Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government . NY: Oxford U.P., 1997, ISBN 0-19-829083-7 , Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997 Pufendorf, Samuel, James Tully and Michael Silverthorne. Pufendorf: On the Duty of Man and Citizen according to Natural Law. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought . Cambridge University Press 1991. Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice (1971) Riley, Patrick. "How Coherent is the Social Contract Tradition?" Journal of the History of Ideas 34: 4 (Oct. – Dec., 1973): 543–62. Riley, Patrick. Will and Political Legitimacy: A Critical Exposition of Social Contract Theory in Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Kant, and Hegel . Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1982. Riley, Patrick. The Social Contract and Its Critics , chapter 12 in The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought . Eds. Mark Goldie and Robert Wokler . Vol 4 of The Cambridge History of Political Thought . Cambridge University Press, 2006. pp. 347–75. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. The Social Contract, or Principles of Political Right (1762) Scanlon, T. M. 1998. What We Owe To Each Other . Cambridge, Massachusetts External links Resources in your library Resources in other libraries "The Social Contract". In Our Time (7 Feb 2008). BBC Radio Program. Melvyn Bragg, moderator; with Melissa Lane, Cambridge University; Susan James, University of London; Karen O'Brien, University of Warwick. "Game Theory". In Our Time (May 10, 2012). BBC Radio Program. Melvin Bragg, moderator, with Ian Stewart, Emeritus, University of Warwick, Andrew Colman, University of Leicester, and Richard Bradley, London School of Economics. Discussion of game theory that touches on relation of game theory to the Social Contract. Foisneau, Luc. "Governing a Republic: Rousseau's General Will and the Problem of Government". Republics of Letters: A Journal for the Study of Knowledge, Politics, and the Arts 2, no. 1 (December 15, 2010) Sigmund, Paul E. "Natural Law, Consent, and Equality: William of Ockham to Richard Hooker". Published on website Natural Law, Natural Rights, and American Constitutionalism . A We the People project of the National Endowment for the Humanities. Cudd, Ann. "Contractarianism" . In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . ISSN 1095-5054 . OCLC 429049174 . D'Agostino, Fred. "Contemporary Approaches to the Social Contract" . In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . ISSN 1095-5054 . OCLC 429049174 . Fieser, James; Dowden, Bradley (eds.). "Social contract" . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . ISSN 2161-0002 . OCLC 37741658 . Jan Narveson. "The Contractarian Theory of Morals:FAQ". On website Against Politics: Anarchy Naturalized . A satirical example of a social contract for the United States from the Libertarian Party. Parody. Social Contract: A Basic Contradiction in Western Liberal Democracy , Eric Engle. 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 79 results for author: Baronchelli, A Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 arXiv:2601.10567 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CY cs.HC cs.LG cs.MA Generative AI collective behavior needs an interactionist paradigm Authors: Laura Ferrarotti , Gian Maria Campedelli , Roberto Dessì , Andrea Baronchelli , Giovanni Iacca , Kathleen M. Carley , Alex Pentland , Joel Z. Leibo , James Evans , Bruno Lepri Abstract : In this article, we argue that understanding the collective behavior of agents based on large language models (LLMs) is an essential area of inquiry, with important implications in terms of risks and benefits, impacting us as a society at many levels. We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs--namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together… ▽ More In this article, we argue that understanding the collective behavior of agents based on large language models (LLMs) is an essential area of inquiry, with important implications in terms of risks and benefits, impacting us as a society at many levels. We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs--namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together with their capability of adaptation through in-context learning--motivates the need for an interactionist paradigm consisting of alternative theoretical foundations, methodologies, and analytical tools, in order to systematically examine how prior knowledge and embedded values interact with social context to shape emergent phenomena in multi-agent generative AI systems. We propose and discuss four directions that we consider crucial for the development and deployment of LLM-based collectives, focusing on theory, methods, and trans-disciplinary dialogue. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10567 [ pdf , ps , other ] Generative AI collective behavior needs an interactionist paradigm Authors: Laura Ferrarotti , Gian Maria Campedelli , Roberto Dessì , Andrea Baronchelli , Giovanni Iacca , Kathleen M. Carley , Alex Pentland , Joel Z. Leibo , James Evans , Bruno Lepri Abstract : In this article, we argue that understanding the collective behavior of agents based on large language models (LLMs) is an essential area of inquiry, with important implications in terms of risks and benefits, impacting us as a society at many levels. We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs--namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together… ▽ More In this article, we argue that understanding the collective behavior of agents based on large language models (LLMs) is an essential area of inquiry, with important implications in terms of risks and benefits, impacting us as a society at many levels. We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs--namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together with their capability of adaptation through in-context learning--motivates the need for an interactionist paradigm consisting of alternative theoretical foundations, methodologies, and analytical tools, in order to systematically examine how prior knowledge and embedded values interact with social context to shape emergent phenomena in multi-agent generative AI systems. We propose and discuss four directions that we consider crucial for the development and deployment of LLM-based collectives, focusing on theory, methods, and trans-disciplinary dialogue. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2510.22422 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.MA cs.AI cs.CY physics.soc-ph Group size effects and collective misalignment in LLM multi-agent systems Authors: Ariel Flint , Luca Maria Aiello , Romualdo Pastor-Satorras , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Multi-agent systems of large language models (LLMs) are rapidly expanding across domains, introducing dynamics not captured by single-agent evaluations. Yet, existing work has mostly contrasted the behavior of a single agent with that of a collective of fixed size, leaving open a central question: how does group size shape dynamics? Here, we move beyond this dichotomy and systematically explore ou… ▽ More Multi-agent systems of large language models (LLMs) are rapidly expanding across domains, introducing dynamics not captured by single-agent evaluations. Yet, existing work has mostly contrasted the behavior of a single agent with that of a collective of fixed size, leaving open a central question: how does group size shape dynamics? Here, we move beyond this dichotomy and systematically explore outcomes across the full range of group sizes. We focus on multi-agent misalignment, building on recent evidence that interacting LLMs playing a simple coordination game can generate collective biases absent in individual models. First, we show that collective bias is a deeper phenomenon than previously assessed: interaction can amplify individual biases, introduce new ones, or override model-level preferences. Second, we demonstrate that group size affects the dynamics in a non-linear way, revealing model-dependent dynamical regimes. Finally, we develop a mean-field analytical approach and show that, above a critical population size, simulations converge to deterministic predictions that expose the basins of attraction of competing equilibria. These findings establish group size as a key driver of multi-agent dynamics and highlight the need to consider population-level effects when deploying LLM-based systems at scale. △ Less Submitted 25 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.22422 [ pdf , ps , other ] Group size effects and collective misalignment in LLM multi-agent systems Authors: Ariel Flint , Luca Maria Aiello , Romualdo Pastor-Satorras , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Multi-agent systems of large language models (LLMs) are rapidly expanding across domains, introducing dynamics not captured by single-agent evaluations. Yet, existing work has mostly contrasted the behavior of a single agent with that of a collective of fixed size, leaving open a central question: how does group size shape dynamics? Here, we move beyond this dichotomy and systematically explore ou… ▽ More Multi-agent systems of large language models (LLMs) are rapidly expanding across domains, introducing dynamics not captured by single-agent evaluations. Yet, existing work has mostly contrasted the behavior of a single agent with that of a collective of fixed size, leaving open a central question: how does group size shape dynamics? Here, we move beyond this dichotomy and systematically explore outcomes across the full range of group sizes. We focus on multi-agent misalignment, building on recent evidence that interacting LLMs playing a simple coordination game can generate collective biases absent in individual models. First, we show that collective bias is a deeper phenomenon than previously assessed: interaction can amplify individual biases, introduce new ones, or override model-level preferences. Second, we demonstrate that group size affects the dynamics in a non-linear way, revealing model-dependent dynamical regimes. Finally, we develop a mean-field analytical approach and show that, above a critical population size, simulations converge to deterministic predictions that expose the basins of attraction of competing equilibria. These findings establish group size as a key driver of multi-agent dynamics and highlight the need to consider population-level effects when deploying LLM-based systems at scale. △ Less Submitted 25 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2506.18600 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.GT cs.MA Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" Authors: Ariel Flint Ashery , Luca Maria Aiello , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : A potential concern when simulating populations of large language models (LLMs) is data contamination, i.e. the possibility that training data may shape outcomes in unintended ways. While this concern is important and may hinder certain experiments with multi-agent models, it does not preclude the study of genuinely emergent dynamics in LLM populations. The recent critique by Barrie and Törnberg [… ▽ More A potential concern when simulating populations of large language models (LLMs) is data contamination, i.e. the possibility that training data may shape outcomes in unintended ways. While this concern is important and may hinder certain experiments with multi-agent models, it does not preclude the study of genuinely emergent dynamics in LLM populations. The recent critique by Barrie and Törnberg [1] of the results of Flint Ashery et al. [2] offers an opportunity to clarify that self-organisation and model-dependent emergent dynamics can be studied in LLM populations, highlighting how such dynamics have been empirically observed in the specific case of social conventions. △ Less Submitted 23 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. Comments: Reply to arXiv:2505.23796 arXiv:2506.18600 [ pdf , ps , other ] Reply to "Emergent LLM behaviors are observationally equivalent to data leakage" Authors: Ariel Flint Ashery , Luca Maria Aiello , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : A potential concern when simulating populations of large language models (LLMs) is data contamination, i.e. the possibility that training data may shape outcomes in unintended ways. While this concern is important and may hinder certain experiments with multi-agent models, it does not preclude the study of genuinely emergent dynamics in LLM populations. The recent critique by Barrie and Törnberg [… ▽ More A potential concern when simulating populations of large language models (LLMs) is data contamination, i.e. the possibility that training data may shape outcomes in unintended ways. While this concern is important and may hinder certain experiments with multi-agent models, it does not preclude the study of genuinely emergent dynamics in LLM populations. The recent critique by Barrie and Törnberg [1] of the results of Flint Ashery et al. [2] offers an opportunity to clarify that self-organisation and model-dependent emergent dynamics can be studied in LLM populations, highlighting how such dynamics have been empirically observed in the specific case of social conventions. △ Less Submitted 23 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. Comments: Reply to arXiv:2505.23796 arXiv:2506.06299 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CY cs.AI cs.CL cs.LG How Malicious AI Swarms Can Threaten Democracy: The Fusion of Agentic AI and LLMs Marks a New Frontier in Information Warfare Authors: Daniel Thilo Schroeder , Meeyoung Cha , Andrea Baronchelli , Nick Bostrom , Nicholas A. Christakis , David Garcia , Amit Goldenberg , Yara Kyrychenko , Kevin Leyton-Brown , Nina Lutz , Gary Marcus , Filippo Menczer , Gordon Pennycook , David G. Rand , Maria Ressa , Frank Schweitzer , Christopher Summerfield , Audrey Tang , Jay J. Van Bavel , Sander van der Linden , Dawn Song , Jonas R. Kunst Abstract : Public opinion manipulation has entered a new phase, amplifying its roots in rhetoric and propaganda. Advances in large language models (LLMs) and autonomous agents now let influence campaigns reach unprecedented scale and precision. Researchers warn AI could foster mass manipulation. Generative tools can expand propaganda output without sacrificing credibility and inexpensively create election fa… ▽ More Public opinion manipulation has entered a new phase, amplifying its roots in rhetoric and propaganda. Advances in large language models (LLMs) and autonomous agents now let influence campaigns reach unprecedented scale and precision. Researchers warn AI could foster mass manipulation. Generative tools can expand propaganda output without sacrificing credibility and inexpensively create election falsehoods that are rated as more human-like than those written by humans. Techniques meant to refine AI reasoning, such as chain-of-thought prompting, can just as effectively be used to generate more convincing falsehoods. Enabled by these capabilities, another disruptive threat is emerging: swarms of collaborative, malicious AI agents. Fusing LLM reasoning with multi-agent architectures, these systems are capable of coordinating autonomously, infiltrating communities, and fabricating consensus cheaply. By adaptively mimicking human social dynamics, they threaten democracy. △ Less Submitted 6 October, 2025; v1 submitted 18 May, 2025; originally announced June 2025. Comments: 15 pages, 1 figure arXiv:2506.06299 [ pdf , ps , other ] How Malicious AI Swarms Can Threaten Democracy: The Fusion of Agentic AI and LLMs Marks a New Frontier in Information Warfare Authors: Daniel Thilo Schroeder , Meeyoung Cha , Andrea Baronchelli , Nick Bostrom , Nicholas A. Christakis , David Garcia , Amit Goldenberg , Yara Kyrychenko , Kevin Leyton-Brown , Nina Lutz , Gary Marcus , Filippo Menczer , Gordon Pennycook , David G. Rand , Maria Ressa , Frank Schweitzer , Christopher Summerfield , Audrey Tang , Jay J. Van Bavel , Sander van der Linden , Dawn Song , Jonas R. Kunst Abstract : Public opinion manipulation has entered a new phase, amplifying its roots in rhetoric and propaganda. Advances in large language models (LLMs) and autonomous agents now let influence campaigns reach unprecedented scale and precision. Researchers warn AI could foster mass manipulation. Generative tools can expand propaganda output without sacrificing credibility and inexpensively create election fa… ▽ More Public opinion manipulation has entered a new phase, amplifying its roots in rhetoric and propaganda. Advances in large language models (LLMs) and autonomous agents now let influence campaigns reach unprecedented scale and precision. Researchers warn AI could foster mass manipulation. Generative tools can expand propaganda output without sacrificing credibility and inexpensively create election falsehoods that are rated as more human-like than those written by humans. Techniques meant to refine AI reasoning, such as chain-of-thought prompting, can just as effectively be used to generate more convincing falsehoods. Enabled by these capabilities, another disruptive threat is emerging: swarms of collaborative, malicious AI agents. Fusing LLM reasoning with multi-agent architectures, these systems are capable of coordinating autonomously, infiltrating communities, and fabricating consensus cheaply. By adaptively mimicking human social dynamics, they threaten democracy. △ Less Submitted 6 October, 2025; v1 submitted 18 May, 2025; originally announced June 2025. Comments: 15 pages, 1 figure arXiv:2504.11090 [ pdf ] cs.SI physics.soc-ph Towards global equity in political polarization research Authors: Max Falkenberg , Matteo Cinelli , Alessandro Galeazzi , Christopher A. Bail , Rosa M Benito , Axel Bruns , Anatoliy Gruzd , David Lazer , Jae K Lee , Jennifer McCoy , Kikuko Nagayoshi , David G Rand , Antonio Scala , Alexandra Siegel , Sander van der Linden , Onur Varol , Ingmar Weber , Magdalena Wojcieszak , Fabiana Zollo , Andrea Baronchelli , Walter Quattrociocchi Abstract : With a folk understanding that political polarization refers to socio-political divisions within a society, many have proclaimed that we are more divided than ever. In this account, polarization has been blamed for populism, the erosion of social cohesion, the loss of trust in the institutions of democracy, legislative dysfunction, and the collective failure to address existential risks such as Co… ▽ More With a folk understanding that political polarization refers to socio-political divisions within a society, many have proclaimed that we are more divided than ever. In this account, polarization has been blamed for populism, the erosion of social cohesion, the loss of trust in the institutions of democracy, legislative dysfunction, and the collective failure to address existential risks such as Covid-19 or climate change. However, at a global scale there is surprisingly little academic literature which conclusively supports these claims, with half of all studies being U.S.-focused. Here, we provide an overview of the global state of research on polarization, highlighting insights that are robust across countries, those unique to specific contexts, and key gaps in the literature. We argue that addressing these gaps is urgent, but has been hindered thus far by systemic and cultural barriers, such as regionally stratified restrictions on data access and misaligned research incentives. If continued cross-disciplinary inertia means that these disparities are left unaddressed, we see a substantial risk that countries will adopt policies to tackle polarization based on inappropriate evidence, risking flawed decision-making and the weakening of democratic institutions. △ Less Submitted 15 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. Comments: 8 pages main text, 25 pages supplement arXiv:2504.11090 [ pdf ] Towards global equity in political polarization research Authors: Max Falkenberg , Matteo Cinelli , Alessandro Galeazzi , Christopher A. Bail , Rosa M Benito , Axel Bruns , Anatoliy Gruzd , David Lazer , Jae K Lee , Jennifer McCoy , Kikuko Nagayoshi , David G Rand , Antonio Scala , Alexandra Siegel , Sander van der Linden , Onur Varol , Ingmar Weber , Magdalena Wojcieszak , Fabiana Zollo , Andrea Baronchelli , Walter Quattrociocchi Abstract : With a folk understanding that political polarization refers to socio-political divisions within a society, many have proclaimed that we are more divided than ever. In this account, polarization has been blamed for populism, the erosion of social cohesion, the loss of trust in the institutions of democracy, legislative dysfunction, and the collective failure to address existential risks such as Co… ▽ More With a folk understanding that political polarization refers to socio-political divisions within a society, many have proclaimed that we are more divided than ever. In this account, polarization has been blamed for populism, the erosion of social cohesion, the loss of trust in the institutions of democracy, legislative dysfunction, and the collective failure to address existential risks such as Covid-19 or climate change. However, at a global scale there is surprisingly little academic literature which conclusively supports these claims, with half of all studies being U.S.-focused. Here, we provide an overview of the global state of research on polarization, highlighting insights that are robust across countries, those unique to specific contexts, and key gaps in the literature. We argue that addressing these gaps is urgent, but has been hindered thus far by systemic and cultural barriers, such as regionally stratified restrictions on data access and misaligned research incentives. If continued cross-disciplinary inertia means that these disparities are left unaddressed, we see a substantial risk that countries will adopt policies to tackle polarization based on inappropriate evidence, risking flawed decision-making and the weakening of democratic institutions. △ Less Submitted 15 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. Comments: 8 pages main text, 25 pages supplement arXiv:2501.12076 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI cs.CY From Niche to Mainstream: Community Size and Engagement in Social Media Conversations Authors: Jacopo Nudo , Matteo Cinelli , Andrea Baronchelli , Walter Quattrociocchi Abstract : The architecture of public discourse has been profoundly reshaped by social media platforms, which mediate interactions at an unprecedented scale and complexity. This study analyzes user behavior across six platforms over 33 years, exploring how the size of conversations and communities influences dialogue dynamics. Our findings reveal that smaller platforms foster richer, more sustained interacti… ▽ More The architecture of public discourse has been profoundly reshaped by social media platforms, which mediate interactions at an unprecedented scale and complexity. This study analyzes user behavior across six platforms over 33 years, exploring how the size of conversations and communities influences dialogue dynamics. Our findings reveal that smaller platforms foster richer, more sustained interactions, while larger platforms drive broader but shorter participation. Moreover, we observe that the propensity for users to re-engage in a conversation decreases as community size grows, with niche environments as a notable exception, where participation remains robust. These findings show an interdependence between platform architecture, user engagement, and community dynamics, shedding light on how digital ecosystems shape the structure and quality of public discourse. △ Less Submitted 21 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. arXiv:2501.12076 [ pdf , other ] From Niche to Mainstream: Community Size and Engagement in Social Media Conversations Authors: Jacopo Nudo , Matteo Cinelli , Andrea Baronchelli , Walter Quattrociocchi Abstract : The architecture of public discourse has been profoundly reshaped by social media platforms, which mediate interactions at an unprecedented scale and complexity. This study analyzes user behavior across six platforms over 33 years, exploring how the size of conversations and communities influences dialogue dynamics. Our findings reveal that smaller platforms foster richer, more sustained interacti… ▽ More The architecture of public discourse has been profoundly reshaped by social media platforms, which mediate interactions at an unprecedented scale and complexity. This study analyzes user behavior across six platforms over 33 years, exploring how the size of conversations and communities influences dialogue dynamics. Our findings reveal that smaller platforms foster richer, more sustained interactions, while larger platforms drive broader but shorter participation. Moreover, we observe that the propensity for users to re-engage in a conversation decreases as community size grows, with niche environments as a notable exception, where participation remains robust. These findings show an interdependence between platform architecture, user engagement, and community dynamics, shedding light on how digital ecosystems shape the structure and quality of public discourse. △ Less Submitted 21 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. arXiv:2501.11605 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI cs.NI Bootstrapping Social Networks: Lessons from Bluesky Starter Packs Authors: Leonhard Balduf , Saidu Sokoto , Onur Ascigil , Gareth Tyson , Ignacio Castro , Andrea Baronchelli , George Pavlou , Björn Scheuermann , Michał Król Abstract : Microblogging is a crucial mode of online communication. However, launching a new microblogging platform remains challenging, largely due to network effects. This has resulted in entrenched (and undesirable) dominance by established players, such as X/Twitter. To overcome these network effects, Bluesky, an emerging microblogging platform, introduced starter packs -- curated lists of accounts that… ▽ More Microblogging is a crucial mode of online communication. However, launching a new microblogging platform remains challenging, largely due to network effects. This has resulted in entrenched (and undesirable) dominance by established players, such as X/Twitter. To overcome these network effects, Bluesky, an emerging microblogging platform, introduced starter packs -- curated lists of accounts that users can follow with a single click. We ask if starter packs have the potential to tackle the critical problem of social bootstrapping in new online social networks? This paper is the first to address this question: we asses whether starter packs have been indeed helpful in supporting Bluesky growth. Our dataset includes $25.05 \times 10^6$ users and $335.42 \times 10^3$ starter packs with $1.73 \times 10^6$ members, covering the entire lifecycle of Bluesky. We study the usage of these starter packs, their ability to drive network and activity growth, and their potential downsides. We also quantify the benefits of starter packs for members and creators on user visibility and activity while identifying potential challenges. By evaluating starter packs' effectiveness and limitations, we contribute to the broader discourse on platform growth strategies and competitive innovation in the social media landscape. △ Less Submitted 22 January, 2025; v1 submitted 20 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. arXiv:2501.11605 [ pdf , other ] Bootstrapping Social Networks: Lessons from Bluesky Starter Packs Authors: Leonhard Balduf , Saidu Sokoto , Onur Ascigil , Gareth Tyson , Ignacio Castro , Andrea Baronchelli , George Pavlou , Björn Scheuermann , Michał Król Abstract : Microblogging is a crucial mode of online communication. However, launching a new microblogging platform remains challenging, largely due to network effects. This has resulted in entrenched (and undesirable) dominance by established players, such as X/Twitter. To overcome these network effects, Bluesky, an emerging microblogging platform, introduced starter packs -- curated lists of accounts that… ▽ More Microblogging is a crucial mode of online communication. However, launching a new microblogging platform remains challenging, largely due to network effects. This has resulted in entrenched (and undesirable) dominance by established players, such as X/Twitter. To overcome these network effects, Bluesky, an emerging microblogging platform, introduced starter packs -- curated lists of accounts that users can follow with a single click. We ask if starter packs have the potential to tackle the critical problem of social bootstrapping in new online social networks? This paper is the first to address this question: we asses whether starter packs have been indeed helpful in supporting Bluesky growth. Our dataset includes $25.05 \times 10^6$ users and $335.42 \times 10^3$ starter packs with $1.73 \times 10^6$ members, covering the entire lifecycle of Bluesky. We study the usage of these starter packs, their ability to drive network and activity growth, and their potential downsides. We also quantify the benefits of starter packs for members and creators on user visibility and activity while identifying potential challenges. By evaluating starter packs' effectiveness and limitations, we contribute to the broader discourse on platform growth strategies and competitive innovation in the social media landscape. △ Less Submitted 22 January, 2025; v1 submitted 20 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. arXiv:2412.05176 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SI cs.CY physics.soc-ph doi 10.1038/s41598-025-19776-z Ideology and polarization set the agenda on social media Authors: Edoardo Loru , Alessandro Galeazzi , Anita Bonetti , Emanuele Sangiorgio , Niccolò Di Marco , Matteo Cinelli , Max Falkenberg , Andrea Baronchelli , Walter Quattrociocchi Abstract : The abundance of information on social media has reshaped public discussions, shifting attention to the mechanisms that drive online discourse. This study analyzes large-scale Twitter (now X) data from three global debates--Climate Change, COVID-19, and the Russo-Ukrainian War--to investigate the structural dynamics of engagement. Our findings reveal that discussions are not primarily shaped by sp… ▽ More The abundance of information on social media has reshaped public discussions, shifting attention to the mechanisms that drive online discourse. This study analyzes large-scale Twitter (now X) data from three global debates--Climate Change, COVID-19, and the Russo-Ukrainian War--to investigate the structural dynamics of engagement. Our findings reveal that discussions are not primarily shaped by specific categories of actors, such as media or activists, but by shared ideological alignment. Users consistently form polarized communities, where their ideological stance in one debate predicts their positions in others. This polarization transcends individual topics, reflecting a broader pattern of ideological divides. Furthermore, the influence of individual actors within these communities appears secondary to the reinforcing effects of selective exposure and shared narratives. Overall, our results underscore that ideological alignment, rather than actor prominence, plays a central role in structuring online discourse and shaping the spread of information in polarized environments. △ Less Submitted 16 October, 2025; v1 submitted 6 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024. Comments: Please refer to published version: Journal ref: Sci Rep 15, 35816 (2025) arXiv:2412.05176 [ pdf , ps , other ] Ideology and polarization set the agenda on social media Authors: Edoardo Loru , Alessandro Galeazzi , Anita Bonetti , Emanuele Sangiorgio , Niccolò Di Marco , Matteo Cinelli , Max Falkenberg , Andrea Baronchelli , Walter Quattrociocchi Abstract : The abundance of information on social media has reshaped public discussions, shifting attention to the mechanisms that drive online discourse. This study analyzes large-scale Twitter (now X) data from three global debates--Climate Change, COVID-19, and the Russo-Ukrainian War--to investigate the structural dynamics of engagement. Our findings reveal that discussions are not primarily shaped by sp… ▽ More The abundance of information on social media has reshaped public discussions, shifting attention to the mechanisms that drive online discourse. This study analyzes large-scale Twitter (now X) data from three global debates--Climate Change, COVID-19, and the Russo-Ukrainian War--to investigate the structural dynamics of engagement. Our findings reveal that discussions are not primarily shaped by specific categories of actors, such as media or activists, but by shared ideological alignment. Users consistently form polarized communities, where their ideological stance in one debate predicts their positions in others. This polarization transcends individual topics, reflecting a broader pattern of ideological divides. Furthermore, the influence of individual actors within these communities appears secondary to the reinforcing effects of selective exposure and shared narratives. Overall, our results underscore that ideological alignment, rather than actor prominence, plays a central role in structuring online discourse and shaping the spread of information in polarized environments. △ Less Submitted 16 October, 2025; v1 submitted 6 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024. Comments: Please refer to published version: Journal ref: Sci Rep 15, 35816 (2025) arXiv:2410.08948 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.MA cs.AI cs.CY physics.soc-ph doi 10.1126/sciadv.adu9368 Emergent social conventions and collective bias in LLM populations Authors: Ariel Flint Ashery , Luca Maria Aiello , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Social conventions are the backbone of social coordination, shaping how individuals form a group. As growing populations of artificial intelligence (AI) agents communicate through natural language, a fundamental question is whether they can bootstrap the foundations of a society. Here, we present experimental results that demonstrate the spontaneous emergence of universally adopted social conventi… ▽ More Social conventions are the backbone of social coordination, shaping how individuals form a group. As growing populations of artificial intelligence (AI) agents communicate through natural language, a fundamental question is whether they can bootstrap the foundations of a society. Here, we present experimental results that demonstrate the spontaneous emergence of universally adopted social conventions in decentralized populations of large language model (LLM) agents. We then show how strong collective biases can emerge during this process, even when agents exhibit no bias individually. Last, we examine how committed minority groups of adversarial LLM agents can drive social change by imposing alternative social conventions on the larger population. Our results show that AI systems can autonomously develop social conventions without explicit programming and have implications for designing AI systems that align, and remain aligned, with human values and societal goals. △ Less Submitted 29 May, 2025; v1 submitted 11 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. Journal ref: Science Advances 11, eadu9368 (2025) arXiv:2410.08948 [ pdf , ps , other ] Emergent social conventions and collective bias in LLM populations Authors: Ariel Flint Ashery , Luca Maria Aiello , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Social conventions are the backbone of social coordination, shaping how individuals form a group. As growing populations of artificial intelligence (AI) agents communicate through natural language, a fundamental question is whether they can bootstrap the foundations of a society. Here, we present experimental results that demonstrate the spontaneous emergence of universally adopted social conventi… ▽ More Social conventions are the backbone of social coordination, shaping how individuals form a group. As growing populations of artificial intelligence (AI) agents communicate through natural language, a fundamental question is whether they can bootstrap the foundations of a society. Here, we present experimental results that demonstrate the spontaneous emergence of universally adopted social conventions in decentralized populations of large language model (LLM) agents. We then show how strong collective biases can emerge during this process, even when agents exhibit no bias individually. Last, we examine how committed minority groups of adversarial LLM agents can drive social change by imposing alternative social conventions on the larger population. Our results show that AI systems can autonomously develop social conventions without explicit programming and have implications for designing AI systems that align, and remain aligned, with human values and societal goals. △ Less Submitted 29 May, 2025; v1 submitted 11 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. Journal ref: Science Advances 11, eadu9368 (2025) arXiv:2403.07531 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI physics.soc-ph How Language, Culture, and Geography shape Online Dialogue: Insights from Koo Authors: Amin Mekacher , Max Falkenberg , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Koo is a microblogging platform based in India launched in 2020 with the explicit aim of catering to non-Western communities in their vernacular languages. With a near-complete dataset totalling over 71M posts and 399M user interactions, we show how Koo has attracted users from several countries including India, Nigeria and Brazil, but with variable levels of sustained user engagement. We highligh… ▽ More Koo is a microblogging platform based in India launched in 2020 with the explicit aim of catering to non-Western communities in their vernacular languages. With a near-complete dataset totalling over 71M posts and 399M user interactions, we show how Koo has attracted users from several countries including India, Nigeria and Brazil, but with variable levels of sustained user engagement. We highlight how Koo's interaction network has been shaped by multiple country-specific migrations and displays strong divides between linguistic and cultural communities, for instance, with English-speaking communities from India and Nigeria largely isolated from one another. Finally, we analyse the content shared by each linguistic community and identify cultural patterns that promote similar discourses across language groups. Our study raises the prospect that a multilingual and politically diverse platform like Koo may be able to cultivate vernacular communities that have, historically, not been prioritised by US-based social media platforms. △ Less Submitted 12 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024. Comments: 15 pages, 6 figures arXiv:2403.07531 [ pdf , other ] How Language, Culture, and Geography shape Online Dialogue: Insights from Koo Authors: Amin Mekacher , Max Falkenberg , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Koo is a microblogging platform based in India launched in 2020 with the explicit aim of catering to non-Western communities in their vernacular languages. With a near-complete dataset totalling over 71M posts and 399M user interactions, we show how Koo has attracted users from several countries including India, Nigeria and Brazil, but with variable levels of sustained user engagement. We highligh… ▽ More Koo is a microblogging platform based in India launched in 2020 with the explicit aim of catering to non-Western communities in their vernacular languages. With a near-complete dataset totalling over 71M posts and 399M user interactions, we show how Koo has attracted users from several countries including India, Nigeria and Brazil, but with variable levels of sustained user engagement. We highlight how Koo's interaction network has been shaped by multiple country-specific migrations and displays strong divides between linguistic and cultural communities, for instance, with English-speaking communities from India and Nigeria largely isolated from one another. Finally, we analyse the content shared by each linguistic community and identify cultural patterns that promote similar discourses across language groups. Our study raises the prospect that a multilingual and politically diverse platform like Koo may be able to cultivate vernacular communities that have, historically, not been prioritised by US-based social media platforms. △ Less Submitted 12 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024. Comments: 15 pages, 6 figures arXiv:2401.07599 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI physics.soc-ph The Koo Dataset: An Indian Microblogging Platform With Global Ambitions Authors: Amin Mekacher , Max Falkenberg , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Increasingly, alternative platforms are playing a key role in the social media ecosystem. Koo, a microblogging platform based in India, has emerged as a major new social network hosting high profile politicians from several countries (India, Brazil, Nigeria) and many internationally renowned celebrities. This paper presents the largest publicly available Koo dataset, spanning from the platform's f… ▽ More Increasingly, alternative platforms are playing a key role in the social media ecosystem. Koo, a microblogging platform based in India, has emerged as a major new social network hosting high profile politicians from several countries (India, Brazil, Nigeria) and many internationally renowned celebrities. This paper presents the largest publicly available Koo dataset, spanning from the platform's founding in early 2020 to September 2023, providing detailed metadata for 72M posts, 75M comments, 40M shares, 284M likes and 1.4M user profiles. Along with the release of the dataset, we provide an overview of the platform including a discussion of the news ecosystem on the platform, hashtag usage and user engagement. Our results highlight the pivotal role that new platforms play in shaping online communities in emerging economies and the Global South, connecting local politicians and public figures with their followers. With Koo's ambition to become the town hall for diverse non-English speaking communities, our dataset offers new opportunities for studying social media beyond a Western context. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024. Comments: 10 pages, 5 figures, 4 tables arXiv:2401.07599 [ pdf , other ] The Koo Dataset: An Indian Microblogging Platform With Global Ambitions Authors: Amin Mekacher , Max Falkenberg , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Increasingly, alternative platforms are playing a key role in the social media ecosystem. Koo, a microblogging platform based in India, has emerged as a major new social network hosting high profile politicians from several countries (India, Brazil, Nigeria) and many internationally renowned celebrities. This paper presents the largest publicly available Koo dataset, spanning from the platform's f… ▽ More Increasingly, alternative platforms are playing a key role in the social media ecosystem. Koo, a microblogging platform based in India, has emerged as a major new social network hosting high profile politicians from several countries (India, Brazil, Nigeria) and many internationally renowned celebrities. This paper presents the largest publicly available Koo dataset, spanning from the platform's founding in early 2020 to September 2023, providing detailed metadata for 72M posts, 75M comments, 40M shares, 284M likes and 1.4M user profiles. Along with the release of the dataset, we provide an overview of the platform including a discussion of the news ecosystem on the platform, hashtag usage and user engagement. Our results highlight the pivotal role that new platforms play in shaping online communities in emerging economies and the Global South, connecting local politicians and public figures with their followers. With Koo's ambition to become the town hall for diverse non-English speaking communities, our dataset offers new opportunities for studying social media beyond a Western context. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024. Comments: 10 pages, 5 figures, 4 tables arXiv:2312.00233 [ pdf , other ] cs.CY cs.HC physics.soc-ph The role of interface design on prompt-mediated creativity in Generative AI Authors: Maddalena Torricelli , Mauro Martino , Andrea Baronchelli , Luca Maria Aiello Abstract : Generative AI for the creation of images is becoming a staple in the toolkit of digital artists and visual designers. The interaction with these systems is mediated by \emph{prompting}, a process in which users write a short text to describe the desired image's content and style. The study of prompts offers an unprecedented opportunity to gain insight into the process of human creativity. Yet, our… ▽ More Generative AI for the creation of images is becoming a staple in the toolkit of digital artists and visual designers. The interaction with these systems is mediated by \emph{prompting}, a process in which users write a short text to describe the desired image's content and style. The study of prompts offers an unprecedented opportunity to gain insight into the process of human creativity. Yet, our understanding of how people use them remains limited. We analyze more than 145,000 prompts from the logs of two Generative AI platforms (Stable Diffusion and Pick-a-Pic) to shed light on how people \emph{explore} new concepts over time, and how their exploration might be influenced by different design choices in human-computer interfaces to Generative AI. We find that users exhibit a tendency towards exploration of new topics over exploitation of concepts visited previously. However, a comparative analysis of the two platforms, which differ both in scope and functionalities, reveals some stark differences. Features diverting user focus from prompting and providing instead shortcuts for quickly generating image variants are associated with a considerable reduction in both exploration of novel concepts and detail in the submitted prompts. These results carry direct implications for the design of human interfaces to Generative AI and raise new questions regarding how the process of prompting should be aided in ways that best support creativity. △ Less Submitted 17 February, 2024; v1 submitted 30 November, 2023; originally announced December 2023. Comments: Accepted for publication at WebSci'24. 6 pages, 8 figures arXiv:2312.00233 [ pdf , other ] The role of interface design on prompt-mediated creativity in Generative AI Authors: Maddalena Torricelli , Mauro Martino , Andrea Baronchelli , Luca Maria Aiello Abstract : Generative AI for the creation of images is becoming a staple in the toolkit of digital artists and visual designers. The interaction with these systems is mediated by \emph{prompting}, a process in which users write a short text to describe the desired image's content and style. The study of prompts offers an unprecedented opportunity to gain insight into the process of human creativity. Yet, our… ▽ More Generative AI for the creation of images is becoming a staple in the toolkit of digital artists and visual designers. The interaction with these systems is mediated by \emph{prompting}, a process in which users write a short text to describe the desired image's content and style. The study of prompts offers an unprecedented opportunity to gain insight into the process of human creativity. Yet, our understanding of how people use them remains limited. We analyze more than 145,000 prompts from the logs of two Generative AI platforms (Stable Diffusion and Pick-a-Pic) to shed light on how people \emph{explore} new concepts over time, and how their exploration might be influenced by different design choices in human-computer interfaces to Generative AI. We find that users exhibit a tendency towards exploration of new topics over exploitation of concepts visited previously. However, a comparative analysis of the two platforms, which differ both in scope and functionalities, reveals some stark differences. Features diverting user focus from prompting and providing instead shortcuts for quickly generating image variants are associated with a considerable reduction in both exploration of novel concepts and detail in the submitted prompts. These results carry direct implications for the design of human interfaces to Generative AI and raise new questions regarding how the process of prompting should be aided in ways that best support creativity. △ Less Submitted 17 February, 2024; v1 submitted 30 November, 2023; originally announced December 2023. Comments: Accepted for publication at WebSci'24. 6 pages, 8 figures arXiv:2307.08564 [ pdf , ps , other ] physics.soc-ph cs.AI cs.HC cs.SI econ.GN doi 10.1098/rstb.2023.0028 Shaping New Norms for AI Authors: Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : As Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly integrated into our lives, the need for new norms is urgent. However, AI evolves at a much faster pace than the characteristic time of norm formation, posing an unprecedented challenge to our societies. This paper examines possible criticalities of the processes of norm formation surrounding AI. Thus, it focuses on how new norms can be establish… ▽ More As Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly integrated into our lives, the need for new norms is urgent. However, AI evolves at a much faster pace than the characteristic time of norm formation, posing an unprecedented challenge to our societies. This paper examines possible criticalities of the processes of norm formation surrounding AI. Thus, it focuses on how new norms can be established, rather than on what these norms should be. It distinguishes different scenarios based on the centralisation or decentralisation of the norm formation process, analysing the cases where new norms are shaped by formal authorities, informal institutions, or emerge spontaneously in a bottom-up fashion. On the latter point, the paper reports a conversation with ChatGPT in which the LLM discusses some of the emerging norms it has observed. Far from seeking exhaustiveness, this article aims to offer readers interpretive tools to understand society's response to the growing pervasiveness of AI. An outlook on how AI could influence the formation of future social norms emphasises the importance for open societies to anchor their formal deliberation process in an open, inclusive, and transparent public discourse. △ Less Submitted 27 June, 2024; v1 submitted 17 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023. Journal ref: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 379(1897), 20230028 (2024) arXiv:2307.08564 [ pdf , ps , other ] Shaping New Norms for AI Authors: Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : As Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly integrated into our lives, the need for new norms is urgent. However, AI evolves at a much faster pace than the characteristic time of norm formation, posing an unprecedented challenge to our societies. This paper examines possible criticalities of the processes of norm formation surrounding AI. Thus, it focuses on how new norms can be establish… ▽ More As Artificial Intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly integrated into our lives, the need for new norms is urgent. However, AI evolves at a much faster pace than the characteristic time of norm formation, posing an unprecedented challenge to our societies. This paper examines possible criticalities of the processes of norm formation surrounding AI. Thus, it focuses on how new norms can be established, rather than on what these norms should be. It distinguishes different scenarios based on the centralisation or decentralisation of the norm formation process, analysing the cases where new norms are shaped by formal authorities, informal institutions, or emerge spontaneously in a bottom-up fashion. On the latter point, the paper reports a conversation with ChatGPT in which the LLM discusses some of the emerging norms it has observed. Far from seeking exhaustiveness, this article aims to offer readers interpretive tools to understand society's response to the growing pervasiveness of AI. An outlook on how AI could influence the formation of future social norms emphasises the importance for open societies to anchor their formal deliberation process in an open, inclusive, and transparent public discourse. △ Less Submitted 27 June, 2024; v1 submitted 17 July, 2023; originally announced July 2023. Journal ref: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 379(1897), 20230028 (2024) arXiv:2306.09485 [ pdf , other ] physics.soc-ph cs.CY econ.GN Identifying key players in dark web marketplaces Authors: Elohim Fonseca dos Reis , Alexander Teytelboym , Abeer ElBahraw , Ignacio De Loizaga , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Dark web marketplaces have been a significant outlet for illicit trade, serving millions of users worldwide for over a decade. However, not all users are the same. This paper aims to identify the key players in Bitcoin transaction networks linked to dark markets and assess their role by analysing a dataset of 40 million Bitcoin transactions involving 31 markets in the period 2011-2021. First, we p… ▽ More Dark web marketplaces have been a significant outlet for illicit trade, serving millions of users worldwide for over a decade. However, not all users are the same. This paper aims to identify the key players in Bitcoin transaction networks linked to dark markets and assess their role by analysing a dataset of 40 million Bitcoin transactions involving 31 markets in the period 2011-2021. First, we propose an algorithm that categorizes users either as buyers or sellers and shows that a large fraction of the traded volume is concentrated in a small group of elite market participants. Then, we investigate both market star-graphs and user-to-user networks and highlight the importance of a new class of users, namely `multihomers' who operate on multiple marketplaces concurrently. Specifically, we show how the networks of multihomers and seller-to-seller interactions can shed light on the resilience of the dark market ecosystem against external shocks. Our findings suggest that understanding the behavior of key players in dark web marketplaces is critical to effectively disrupting illegal activities. △ Less Submitted 15 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023. arXiv:2306.09485 [ pdf , other ] Identifying key players in dark web marketplaces Authors: Elohim Fonseca dos Reis , Alexander Teytelboym , Abeer ElBahraw , Ignacio De Loizaga , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Dark web marketplaces have been a significant outlet for illicit trade, serving millions of users worldwide for over a decade. However, not all users are the same. This paper aims to identify the key players in Bitcoin transaction networks linked to dark markets and assess their role by analysing a dataset of 40 million Bitcoin transactions involving 31 markets in the period 2011-2021. First, we p… ▽ More Dark web marketplaces have been a significant outlet for illicit trade, serving millions of users worldwide for over a decade. However, not all users are the same. This paper aims to identify the key players in Bitcoin transaction networks linked to dark markets and assess their role by analysing a dataset of 40 million Bitcoin transactions involving 31 markets in the period 2011-2021. First, we propose an algorithm that categorizes users either as buyers or sellers and shows that a large fraction of the traded volume is concentrated in a small group of elite market participants. Then, we investigate both market star-graphs and user-to-user networks and highlight the importance of a new class of users, namely `multihomers' who operate on multiple marketplaces concurrently. Specifically, we show how the networks of multihomers and seller-to-seller interactions can shed light on the resilience of the dark market ecosystem against external shocks. Our findings suggest that understanding the behavior of key players in dark web marketplaces is critical to effectively disrupting illegal activities. △ Less Submitted 15 June, 2023; originally announced June 2023. arXiv:2305.07529 [ pdf , ps , other ] physics.soc-ph cs.SI doi 10.1371/journal.pclm.0000277 Hurricanes Increase Climate Change Conversations on Twitter Authors: Maddalena Torricelli , Max Falkenberg , Alessandro Galeazzi , Fabiana Zollo , Walter Quattrociocchi , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : The public understanding of climate change plays a critical role in translating climate science into climate action. In the public discourse, climate impacts are often discussed in the context of extreme weather events. Here, we analyse 65 million Twitter posts and 240 thousand news media articles related to 18 major hurricanes from 2010 to 2022 to clarify how hurricanes impact the public discussi… ▽ More The public understanding of climate change plays a critical role in translating climate science into climate action. In the public discourse, climate impacts are often discussed in the context of extreme weather events. Here, we analyse 65 million Twitter posts and 240 thousand news media articles related to 18 major hurricanes from 2010 to 2022 to clarify how hurricanes impact the public discussion around climate change. First, we analyse news content and show that climate change is the most prominent non-hurricane specific topic discussed by the news media in relation to hurricanes. Second, we perform a comparative analysis between reliable and questionable news media outlets, finding that the language around climate change varies between news media providers. Finally, using geolocated data, we show that accounts in regions affected by hurricanes discuss climate change at a significantly higher rate than accounts in unaffected areas, with references to climate change increasing by, on average, 80% after impact, and up to 200% for the largest hurricanes. Our findings demonstrate how hurricanes have a key impact on the public awareness of climate change. △ Less Submitted 12 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023. Journal ref: PLOS Climate 2(11): e0000277, 2023 arXiv:2305.07529 [ pdf , ps , other ] Hurricanes Increase Climate Change Conversations on Twitter Authors: Maddalena Torricelli , Max Falkenberg , Alessandro Galeazzi , Fabiana Zollo , Walter Quattrociocchi , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : The public understanding of climate change plays a critical role in translating climate science into climate action. In the public discourse, climate impacts are often discussed in the context of extreme weather events. Here, we analyse 65 million Twitter posts and 240 thousand news media articles related to 18 major hurricanes from 2010 to 2022 to clarify how hurricanes impact the public discussi… ▽ More The public understanding of climate change plays a critical role in translating climate science into climate action. In the public discourse, climate impacts are often discussed in the context of extreme weather events. Here, we analyse 65 million Twitter posts and 240 thousand news media articles related to 18 major hurricanes from 2010 to 2022 to clarify how hurricanes impact the public discussion around climate change. First, we analyse news content and show that climate change is the most prominent non-hurricane specific topic discussed by the news media in relation to hurricanes. Second, we perform a comparative analysis between reliable and questionable news media outlets, finding that the language around climate change varies between news media providers. Finally, using geolocated data, we show that accounts in regions affected by hurricanes discuss climate change at a significantly higher rate than accounts in unaffected areas, with references to climate change increasing by, on average, 80% after impact, and up to 200% for the largest hurricanes. Our findings demonstrate how hurricanes have a key impact on the public awareness of climate change. △ Less Submitted 12 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023. Journal ref: PLOS Climate 2(11): e0000277, 2023 arXiv:2303.11147 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI physics.soc-ph doi 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad346 The Systemic Impact of Deplatforming on Social Media Authors: Amin Mekacher , Max Falkenberg , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Deplatforming, or banning malicious accounts from social media, is a key tool for moderating online harms. However, the consequences of deplatforming for the wider social media ecosystem have been largely overlooked so far, due to the difficulty of tracking banned users. Here, we address this gap by studying the ban-induced platform migration from Twitter to Gettr. With a matched dataset of 15M Ge… ▽ More Deplatforming, or banning malicious accounts from social media, is a key tool for moderating online harms. However, the consequences of deplatforming for the wider social media ecosystem have been largely overlooked so far, due to the difficulty of tracking banned users. Here, we address this gap by studying the ban-induced platform migration from Twitter to Gettr. With a matched dataset of 15M Gettr posts and 12M Twitter tweets, we show that users active on both platforms post similar content as users active on Gettr but banned from Twitter, but the latter have higher retention and are 5 times more active. Then, we reveal that matched users are more toxic on Twitter, where they can engage in abusive cross-ideological interactions, than Gettr. Our analysis shows that the matched cohort are ideologically aligned with the far-right, and that the ability to interact with political opponents may be part of the appeal of Twitter to these users. Finally, we identify structural changes in the Gettr network preceding the 2023 Brasilia insurrections, highlighting how deplatforming from mainstream social media can fuel poorly-regulated alternatives that may pose a risk to democratic life. △ Less Submitted 20 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023. Comments: 12 pages, 6 figures ACM Class: J.4 Journal ref: PNAS Nexus, Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2023, pgad346 arXiv:2303.11147 [ pdf , other ] The Systemic Impact of Deplatforming on Social Media Authors: Amin Mekacher , Max Falkenberg , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Deplatforming, or banning malicious accounts from social media, is a key tool for moderating online harms. However, the consequences of deplatforming for the wider social media ecosystem have been largely overlooked so far, due to the difficulty of tracking banned users. Here, we address this gap by studying the ban-induced platform migration from Twitter to Gettr. With a matched dataset of 15M Ge… ▽ More Deplatforming, or banning malicious accounts from social media, is a key tool for moderating online harms. However, the consequences of deplatforming for the wider social media ecosystem have been largely overlooked so far, due to the difficulty of tracking banned users. Here, we address this gap by studying the ban-induced platform migration from Twitter to Gettr. With a matched dataset of 15M Gettr posts and 12M Twitter tweets, we show that users active on both platforms post similar content as users active on Gettr but banned from Twitter, but the latter have higher retention and are 5 times more active. Then, we reveal that matched users are more toxic on Twitter, where they can engage in abusive cross-ideological interactions, than Gettr. Our analysis shows that the matched cohort are ideologically aligned with the far-right, and that the ability to interact with political opponents may be part of the appeal of Twitter to these users. Finally, we identify structural changes in the Gettr network preceding the 2023 Brasilia insurrections, highlighting how deplatforming from mainstream social media can fuel poorly-regulated alternatives that may pose a risk to democratic life. △ Less Submitted 20 March, 2023; originally announced March 2023. Comments: 12 pages, 6 figures ACM Class: J.4 Journal ref: PNAS Nexus, Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2023, pgad346 arXiv:2207.14260 [ pdf , other ] physics.soc-ph cs.CY doi 10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00418-1 The Concept of Decentralization Through Time and Disciplines: A Quantitative Exploration Authors: Gabriele Di Bona , Alberto Bracci , Nicola Perra , Vito Latora , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Decentralization is a pervasive concept found across disciplines, including Economics, Political Science, and Computer Science, where it is used in distinct yet interrelated ways. Here, we develop and publicly release a general pipeline to investigate the scholarly history of the term, analysing 425,144 academic publications that refer to (de)centralization. We find that the fraction of papers on… ▽ More Decentralization is a pervasive concept found across disciplines, including Economics, Political Science, and Computer Science, where it is used in distinct yet interrelated ways. Here, we develop and publicly release a general pipeline to investigate the scholarly history of the term, analysing 425,144 academic publications that refer to (de)centralization. We find that the fraction of papers on the topic has been exponentially increasing since the 1950s. In 2021, 1 author in 154 mentioned (de)centralization in the title or abstract of an article. Using both semantic information and citation patterns, we cluster papers in fields and characterize the knowledge flows between them. Our analysis reveals that the topic has independently emerged in the different fields, with small cross-disciplinary contamination. Moreover, we show how Blockchain has become the most influential field about 10 years ago, while Governance dominated before the 1990s. In summary, our findings provide a quantitative assessment of the evolution of a key yet elusive concept, which has undergone cycles of rise and fall within different fields. Our pipeline offers a powerful tool to analyze the evolution of any scholarly term in the academic literature, providing insights into the interplay between collective and independent discoveries in science. △ Less Submitted 6 October, 2023; v1 submitted 28 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022. Comments: 19 pages, 4 figures, and Supplemental Information Journal ref: EPJ Data Science 12, 42 (2023) arXiv:2207.14260 [ pdf , other ] The Concept of Decentralization Through Time and Disciplines: A Quantitative Exploration Authors: Gabriele Di Bona , Alberto Bracci , Nicola Perra , Vito Latora , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Decentralization is a pervasive concept found across disciplines, including Economics, Political Science, and Computer Science, where it is used in distinct yet interrelated ways. Here, we develop and publicly release a general pipeline to investigate the scholarly history of the term, analysing 425,144 academic publications that refer to (de)centralization. We find that the fraction of papers on… ▽ More Decentralization is a pervasive concept found across disciplines, including Economics, Political Science, and Computer Science, where it is used in distinct yet interrelated ways. Here, we develop and publicly release a general pipeline to investigate the scholarly history of the term, analysing 425,144 academic publications that refer to (de)centralization. We find that the fraction of papers on the topic has been exponentially increasing since the 1950s. In 2021, 1 author in 154 mentioned (de)centralization in the title or abstract of an article. Using both semantic information and citation patterns, we cluster papers in fields and characterize the knowledge flows between them. Our analysis reveals that the topic has independently emerged in the different fields, with small cross-disciplinary contamination. Moreover, we show how Blockchain has become the most influential field about 10 years ago, while Governance dominated before the 1990s. In summary, our findings provide a quantitative assessment of the evolution of a key yet elusive concept, which has undergone cycles of rise and fall within different fields. Our pipeline offers a powerful tool to analyze the evolution of any scholarly term in the academic literature, providing insights into the interplay between collective and independent discoveries in science. △ Less Submitted 6 October, 2023; v1 submitted 28 July, 2022; originally announced July 2022. Comments: 19 pages, 4 figures, and Supplemental Information Journal ref: EPJ Data Science 12, 42 (2023) arXiv:2204.10243 [ pdf , other ] q-fin.ST cs.CY physics.soc-ph doi 10.1038/s41598-022-17922-5 Heterogeneous rarity patterns drive price dynamics in NFT collections Authors: Amin Mekacher , Alberto Bracci , Matthieu Nadini , Mauro Martino , Laura Alessandretti , Luca Maria Aiello , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : We quantify Non Fungible Token (NFT) rarity and investigate how it impacts market behaviour by analysing a dataset of 3.7M transactions collected between January 2018 and June 2022, involving 1.4M NFTs distributed across 410 collections. First, we consider the rarity of an NFT based on the set of human-readable attributes it possesses and show that most collections present heterogeneous rarity pat… ▽ More We quantify Non Fungible Token (NFT) rarity and investigate how it impacts market behaviour by analysing a dataset of 3.7M transactions collected between January 2018 and June 2022, involving 1.4M NFTs distributed across 410 collections. First, we consider the rarity of an NFT based on the set of human-readable attributes it possesses and show that most collections present heterogeneous rarity patterns, with few rare NFTs and a large number of more common ones. Then, we analyze market performance and show that, on average, rarer NFTs: (i) sell for higher prices, (ii) are traded less frequently, (iii) guarantee higher returns on investment (ROIs), and (iv) are less risky, i.e., less prone to yield negative returns. We anticipate that these findings will be of interest to researchers as well as NFT creators, collectors, and traders. △ Less Submitted 31 August, 2022; v1 submitted 21 April, 2022; originally announced April 2022. Journal ref: Scientific reports, Volume 12, Issue 1, August 2022 arXiv:2204.10243 [ pdf , other ] Heterogeneous rarity patterns drive price dynamics in NFT collections Authors: Amin Mekacher , Alberto Bracci , Matthieu Nadini , Mauro Martino , Laura Alessandretti , Luca Maria Aiello , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : We quantify Non Fungible Token (NFT) rarity and investigate how it impacts market behaviour by analysing a dataset of 3.7M transactions collected between January 2018 and June 2022, involving 1.4M NFTs distributed across 410 collections. First, we consider the rarity of an NFT based on the set of human-readable attributes it possesses and show that most collections present heterogeneous rarity pat… ▽ More We quantify Non Fungible Token (NFT) rarity and investigate how it impacts market behaviour by analysing a dataset of 3.7M transactions collected between January 2018 and June 2022, involving 1.4M NFTs distributed across 410 collections. First, we consider the rarity of an NFT based on the set of human-readable attributes it possesses and show that most collections present heterogeneous rarity patterns, with few rare NFTs and a large number of more common ones. Then, we analyze market performance and show that, on average, rarer NFTs: (i) sell for higher prices, (ii) are traded less frequently, (iii) guarantee higher returns on investment (ROIs), and (iv) are less risky, i.e., less prone to yield negative returns. We anticipate that these findings will be of interest to researchers as well as NFT creators, collectors, and traders. △ Less Submitted 31 August, 2022; v1 submitted 21 April, 2022; originally announced April 2022. Journal ref: Scientific reports, Volume 12, Issue 1, August 2022 arXiv:2112.09065 [ pdf , other ] physics.soc-ph cs.CY cs.SI econ.GN Macroscopic properties of buyer-seller networks in online marketplaces Authors: Alberto Bracci , Jörn Boehnke , Abeer ElBahrawy , Nicola Perra , Alexander Teytelboym , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Online marketplaces are the main engines of legal and illegal e-commerce, yet their empirical properties are poorly understood due to the absence of large-scale data. We analyze two comprehensive datasets containing 245M transactions (16B USD) that took place on online marketplaces between 2010 and 2021, covering 28 dark web marketplaces, i.e., unregulated markets whose main currency is Bitcoin, a… ▽ More Online marketplaces are the main engines of legal and illegal e-commerce, yet their empirical properties are poorly understood due to the absence of large-scale data. We analyze two comprehensive datasets containing 245M transactions (16B USD) that took place on online marketplaces between 2010 and 2021, covering 28 dark web marketplaces, i.e., unregulated markets whose main currency is Bitcoin, and 144 product markets of one popular regulated e-commerce platform. We show that transactions in online marketplaces exhibit strikingly similar patterns despite significant differences in language, lifetimes, products, regulation, and technology. Specifically, we find remarkable regularities in the distributions of transaction amounts, number of transactions, inter-event times and time between first and last transactions. We show that buyer behavior is affected by the memory of past interactions and use this insight to propose a model of network formation reproducing our main empirical observations. Our findings have implications for understanding market power on online marketplaces as well as inter-marketplace competition, and provide empirical foundation for theoretical economic models of online marketplaces. △ Less Submitted 11 April, 2022; v1 submitted 16 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021. arXiv:2112.09065 [ pdf , other ] Macroscopic properties of buyer-seller networks in online marketplaces Authors: Alberto Bracci , Jörn Boehnke , Abeer ElBahrawy , Nicola Perra , Alexander Teytelboym , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Online marketplaces are the main engines of legal and illegal e-commerce, yet their empirical properties are poorly understood due to the absence of large-scale data. We analyze two comprehensive datasets containing 245M transactions (16B USD) that took place on online marketplaces between 2010 and 2021, covering 28 dark web marketplaces, i.e., unregulated markets whose main currency is Bitcoin, a… ▽ More Online marketplaces are the main engines of legal and illegal e-commerce, yet their empirical properties are poorly understood due to the absence of large-scale data. We analyze two comprehensive datasets containing 245M transactions (16B USD) that took place on online marketplaces between 2010 and 2021, covering 28 dark web marketplaces, i.e., unregulated markets whose main currency is Bitcoin, and 144 product markets of one popular regulated e-commerce platform. We show that transactions in online marketplaces exhibit strikingly similar patterns despite significant differences in language, lifetimes, products, regulation, and technology. Specifically, we find remarkable regularities in the distributions of transaction amounts, number of transactions, inter-event times and time between first and last transactions. We show that buyer behavior is affected by the memory of past interactions and use this insight to propose a model of network formation reproducing our main empirical observations. Our findings have implications for understanding market power on online marketplaces as well as inter-marketplace competition, and provide empirical foundation for theoretical economic models of online marketplaces. △ Less Submitted 11 April, 2022; v1 submitted 16 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021. arXiv:2111.01774 [ pdf , other ] physics.soc-ph cs.CY doi 10.1038/s41598-022-07492-x Emergence and structure of decentralised trade networks around dark web marketplaces Authors: Matthieu Nadini , Alberto Bracci , Abeer ElBahrawy , Philip Gradwell , Alexander Teytelboym , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Dark web marketplaces (DWMs) are online platforms that facilitate illicit trade among millions of users generating billions of dollars in annual revenue. Recently, two interview-based studies have suggested that DWMs may also promote the emergence of direct user-to-user (U2U) trading relationships. Here, we quantify the scale of, and thoroughly investigate, U2U trading around DWMs by analysing 31… ▽ More Dark web marketplaces (DWMs) are online platforms that facilitate illicit trade among millions of users generating billions of dollars in annual revenue. Recently, two interview-based studies have suggested that DWMs may also promote the emergence of direct user-to-user (U2U) trading relationships. Here, we quantify the scale of, and thoroughly investigate, U2U trading around DWMs by analysing 31 million Bitcoin transactions among users of 40 DWMs between June 2011 and Jan 2021. We find that half of the DWM users trade through U2U pairs generating a total trading volume greater than DWMs themselves. We then show that hundreds of thousands of DWM users form stable trading pairs that are persistent over time. Users in stable pairs are typically the ones with the largest trading volume on DWMs. Then, we show that new U2U pairs often form while both users are active on the same DWM, suggesting the marketplace may serve as a catalyst for new direct trading relationships. Finally, we reveal that stable U2U pairs tend to survive DWM closures and that they were not affected by COVID-19, indicating that their trading activity is resilient to external shocks. Our work unveils sophisticated patterns of trade emerging in the dark web and highlights the importance of investigating user behaviour beyond the immediate buyer-seller network on a single marketplace. △ Less Submitted 2 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021. Report number: 5425 Journal ref: Scientific Reports volume 12 (2022) arXiv:2111.01774 [ pdf , other ] Emergence and structure of decentralised trade networks around dark web marketplaces Authors: Matthieu Nadini , Alberto Bracci , Abeer ElBahrawy , Philip Gradwell , Alexander Teytelboym , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Dark web marketplaces (DWMs) are online platforms that facilitate illicit trade among millions of users generating billions of dollars in annual revenue. Recently, two interview-based studies have suggested that DWMs may also promote the emergence of direct user-to-user (U2U) trading relationships. Here, we quantify the scale of, and thoroughly investigate, U2U trading around DWMs by analysing 31… ▽ More Dark web marketplaces (DWMs) are online platforms that facilitate illicit trade among millions of users generating billions of dollars in annual revenue. Recently, two interview-based studies have suggested that DWMs may also promote the emergence of direct user-to-user (U2U) trading relationships. Here, we quantify the scale of, and thoroughly investigate, U2U trading around DWMs by analysing 31 million Bitcoin transactions among users of 40 DWMs between June 2011 and Jan 2021. We find that half of the DWM users trade through U2U pairs generating a total trading volume greater than DWMs themselves. We then show that hundreds of thousands of DWM users form stable trading pairs that are persistent over time. Users in stable pairs are typically the ones with the largest trading volume on DWMs. Then, we show that new U2U pairs often form while both users are active on the same DWM, suggesting the marketplace may serve as a catalyst for new direct trading relationships. Finally, we reveal that stable U2U pairs tend to survive DWM closures and that they were not affected by COVID-19, indicating that their trading activity is resilient to external shocks. Our work unveils sophisticated patterns of trade emerging in the dark web and highlights the importance of investigating user behaviour beyond the immediate buyer-seller network on a single marketplace. △ Less Submitted 2 November, 2021; originally announced November 2021. Report number: 5425 Journal ref: Scientific Reports volume 12 (2022) arXiv:2107.07946 [ pdf , other ] physics.soc-ph cs.SI Lack of evidence for correlation between COVID-19 infodemic and vaccine acceptance Authors: Carlo M. Valensise , Matteo Cinelli , Matthieu Nadini , Alessandro Galeazzi , Antonio Peruzzi , Gabriele Etta , Fabiana Zollo , Andrea Baronchelli , Walter Quattrociocchi Abstract : How information consumption affects behaviour is an open and widely debated research question. A popular hypothesis states that the so-called infodemic has a substantial impact on orienting individual decisions. A competing hypothesis stresses that exposure to vast amounts of even contradictory information has little effect on personal choices. The COVID-19 pandemic offered an opportunity to inves… ▽ More How information consumption affects behaviour is an open and widely debated research question. A popular hypothesis states that the so-called infodemic has a substantial impact on orienting individual decisions. A competing hypothesis stresses that exposure to vast amounts of even contradictory information has little effect on personal choices. The COVID-19 pandemic offered an opportunity to investigate this relationship, analysing the interplay between COVID-19 related information circulation and the propensity of users to get vaccinated. We analyse the vaccine infodemics on Twitter and Facebook by looking at 146M contents produced by 20M accounts between 1 January 2020 and 30 April 2021. We find that vaccine-related news triggered huge interest through social media, affecting attention patterns and the modality in which information was spreading. However, we observe that such a tumultuous information landscape translated only in minimal variations in overall vaccine acceptance as measured by Facebook's daily COVID-19 Trends and Impact Survey (previously known as COVID-19 World Symptoms Survey) on a sample of 1.6M users. Notably, the observation period includes the European Medicines Agency (EMA) investigations over blood clots cases potentially related to vaccinations, a series of events that could have eroded trust in vaccination campaigns. We conclude the paper by investigating the numerical correlation between various infodemics indices and vaccine acceptance, observing strong compatibility with a null model. This finding supports the hypothesis that altered information consumption patterns are not a reliable predictor of collective behavioural change. Instead, wider attention on social media seems to resolve in polarisation, with the vaccine-prone and the vaccine-hesitant maintaining their positions. △ Less Submitted 14 September, 2021; v1 submitted 16 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021. arXiv:2107.07946 [ pdf , other ] Lack of evidence for correlation between COVID-19 infodemic and vaccine acceptance Authors: Carlo M. Valensise , Matteo Cinelli , Matthieu Nadini , Alessandro Galeazzi , Antonio Peruzzi , Gabriele Etta , Fabiana Zollo , Andrea Baronchelli , Walter Quattrociocchi Abstract : How information consumption affects behaviour is an open and widely debated research question. A popular hypothesis states that the so-called infodemic has a substantial impact on orienting individual decisions. A competing hypothesis stresses that exposure to vast amounts of even contradictory information has little effect on personal choices. The COVID-19 pandemic offered an opportunity to inves… ▽ More How information consumption affects behaviour is an open and widely debated research question. A popular hypothesis states that the so-called infodemic has a substantial impact on orienting individual decisions. A competing hypothesis stresses that exposure to vast amounts of even contradictory information has little effect on personal choices. The COVID-19 pandemic offered an opportunity to investigate this relationship, analysing the interplay between COVID-19 related information circulation and the propensity of users to get vaccinated. We analyse the vaccine infodemics on Twitter and Facebook by looking at 146M contents produced by 20M accounts between 1 January 2020 and 30 April 2021. We find that vaccine-related news triggered huge interest through social media, affecting attention patterns and the modality in which information was spreading. However, we observe that such a tumultuous information landscape translated only in minimal variations in overall vaccine acceptance as measured by Facebook's daily COVID-19 Trends and Impact Survey (previously known as COVID-19 World Symptoms Survey) on a sample of 1.6M users. Notably, the observation period includes the European Medicines Agency (EMA) investigations over blood clots cases potentially related to vaccinations, a series of events that could have eroded trust in vaccination campaigns. We conclude the paper by investigating the numerical correlation between various infodemics indices and vaccine acceptance, observing strong compatibility with a null model. This finding supports the hypothesis that altered information consumption patterns are not a reliable predictor of collective behavioural change. Instead, wider attention on social media seems to resolve in polarisation, with the vaccine-prone and the vaccine-hesitant maintaining their positions. △ Less Submitted 14 September, 2021; v1 submitted 16 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021. arXiv:2107.07361 [ pdf , other ] physics.soc-ph cs.CY From Reddit to Wall Street: The role of committed minorities in financial collective action Authors: Lorenzo Lucchini , Luca Maria Aiello , Laura Alessandretti , Gianmarco De Francisci Morales , Michele Starnini , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : In January 2021, retail investors coordinated on Reddit to target short selling activity by hedge funds on GameStop shares, causing a surge in the share price and triggering significant losses for the funds involved. Such an effective collective action was unprecedented in finance, and its dynamics remain unclear. Here, we analyse Reddit and financial data and rationalise the events based on recen… ▽ More In January 2021, retail investors coordinated on Reddit to target short selling activity by hedge funds on GameStop shares, causing a surge in the share price and triggering significant losses for the funds involved. Such an effective collective action was unprecedented in finance, and its dynamics remain unclear. Here, we analyse Reddit and financial data and rationalise the events based on recent findings describing how a small fraction of committed individuals may trigger behavioural cascades. First, we operationalise the concept of individual commitment in financial discussions. Second, we show that the increase of commitment within Reddit predated the initial surge in price. Third, we reveal that initial committed users occupied a central position in the network of Reddit conversations. Finally, we show that the social identity of the broader Reddit community grew as the collective action unfolded. These findings shed light on financial collective action, as several observers anticipate it will grow in importance. △ Less Submitted 13 September, 2021; v1 submitted 15 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021. Comments: Main: 9 pages, 3 figures, 3 tables. Supplementary: 7 pages, 7 figures arXiv:2107.07361 [ pdf , other ] From Reddit to Wall Street: The role of committed minorities in financial collective action Authors: Lorenzo Lucchini , Luca Maria Aiello , Laura Alessandretti , Gianmarco De Francisci Morales , Michele Starnini , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : In January 2021, retail investors coordinated on Reddit to target short selling activity by hedge funds on GameStop shares, causing a surge in the share price and triggering significant losses for the funds involved. Such an effective collective action was unprecedented in finance, and its dynamics remain unclear. Here, we analyse Reddit and financial data and rationalise the events based on recen… ▽ More In January 2021, retail investors coordinated on Reddit to target short selling activity by hedge funds on GameStop shares, causing a surge in the share price and triggering significant losses for the funds involved. Such an effective collective action was unprecedented in finance, and its dynamics remain unclear. Here, we analyse Reddit and financial data and rationalise the events based on recent findings describing how a small fraction of committed individuals may trigger behavioural cascades. First, we operationalise the concept of individual commitment in financial discussions. Second, we show that the increase of commitment within Reddit predated the initial surge in price. Third, we reveal that initial committed users occupied a central position in the network of Reddit conversations. Finally, we show that the social identity of the broader Reddit community grew as the collective action unfolded. These findings shed light on financial collective action, as several observers anticipate it will grow in importance. △ Less Submitted 13 September, 2021; v1 submitted 15 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021. Comments: Main: 9 pages, 3 figures, 3 tables. Supplementary: 7 pages, 7 figures arXiv:2107.05527 [ pdf , ps , other ] physics.soc-ph cs.CY econ.GN Collective intelligence and the blockchain: Technology, communities and social experiments Authors: Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Blockchains are still perceived chiefly as a new technology. But each blockchain is also a community and a social experiment, built around social consensus. Here I discuss three examples showing how collective intelligence can help, threat or capitalize on blockchain-based ecosystems. They concern the immutability of smart contracts, code transparency and new forms of property. The examples show t… ▽ More Blockchains are still perceived chiefly as a new technology. But each blockchain is also a community and a social experiment, built around social consensus. Here I discuss three examples showing how collective intelligence can help, threat or capitalize on blockchain-based ecosystems. They concern the immutability of smart contracts, code transparency and new forms of property. The examples show that more research, new norms and, eventually, laws are needed to manage the interaction between collective behaviour and the blockchain technology. Insights from researchers in collective intelligence can help society rise up to the challenge. △ Less Submitted 12 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021. Comments: Brief "perspective" commentary piece arXiv:2107.05527 [ pdf , ps , other ] Collective intelligence and the blockchain: Technology, communities and social experiments Authors: Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Blockchains are still perceived chiefly as a new technology. But each blockchain is also a community and a social experiment, built around social consensus. Here I discuss three examples showing how collective intelligence can help, threat or capitalize on blockchain-based ecosystems. They concern the immutability of smart contracts, code transparency and new forms of property. The examples show t… ▽ More Blockchains are still perceived chiefly as a new technology. But each blockchain is also a community and a social experiment, built around social consensus. Here I discuss three examples showing how collective intelligence can help, threat or capitalize on blockchain-based ecosystems. They concern the immutability of smart contracts, code transparency and new forms of property. The examples show that more research, new norms and, eventually, laws are needed to manage the interaction between collective behaviour and the blockchain technology. Insights from researchers in collective intelligence can help society rise up to the challenge. △ Less Submitted 12 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021. Comments: Brief "perspective" commentary piece arXiv:2106.00647 [ pdf , other ] q-fin.ST cs.CY physics.soc-ph doi 10.1038/s41598-021-00053-8 Mapping the NFT revolution: market trends, trade networks and visual features Authors: Matthieu Nadini , Laura Alessandretti , Flavio Di Giacinto , Mauro Martino , Luca Maria Aiello , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Non Fungible Tokens (NFTs) are digital assets that represent objects like art, collectible, and in-game items. They are traded online, often with cryptocurrency, and are generally encoded within smart contracts on a blockchain. Public attention towards NFTs has exploded in 2021, when their market has experienced record sales, but little is known about the overall structure and evolution of its mar… ▽ More Non Fungible Tokens (NFTs) are digital assets that represent objects like art, collectible, and in-game items. They are traded online, often with cryptocurrency, and are generally encoded within smart contracts on a blockchain. Public attention towards NFTs has exploded in 2021, when their market has experienced record sales, but little is known about the overall structure and evolution of its market. Here, we analyse data concerning 6.1 million trades of 4.7 million NFTs between June 23, 2017 and April 27, 2021, obtained primarily from Ethereum and WAX blockchains. First, we characterize statistical properties of the market. Second, we build the network of interactions, show that traders typically specialize on NFTs associated with similar objects and form tight clusters with other traders that exchange the same kind of objects. Third, we cluster objects associated to NFTs according to their visual features and show that collections contain visually homogeneous objects. Finally, we investigate the predictability of NFT sales using simple machine learning algorithms and find that sale history and, secondarily, visual features are good predictors for price. We anticipate that these findings will stimulate further research on NFT production, adoption, and trading in different contexts. △ Less Submitted 20 September, 2021; v1 submitted 1 June, 2021; originally announced June 2021. Comments: Working paper, comments welcome Report number: 11, 20902 Journal ref: Scientific Reports 11, 20902 (2021) arXiv:2106.00647 [ pdf , other ] Mapping the NFT revolution: market trends, trade networks and visual features Authors: Matthieu Nadini , Laura Alessandretti , Flavio Di Giacinto , Mauro Martino , Luca Maria Aiello , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Non Fungible Tokens (NFTs) are digital assets that represent objects like art, collectible, and in-game items. They are traded online, often with cryptocurrency, and are generally encoded within smart contracts on a blockchain. Public attention towards NFTs has exploded in 2021, when their market has experienced record sales, but little is known about the overall structure and evolution of its mar… ▽ More Non Fungible Tokens (NFTs) are digital assets that represent objects like art, collectible, and in-game items. They are traded online, often with cryptocurrency, and are generally encoded within smart contracts on a blockchain. Public attention towards NFTs has exploded in 2021, when their market has experienced record sales, but little is known about the overall structure and evolution of its market. Here, we analyse data concerning 6.1 million trades of 4.7 million NFTs between June 23, 2017 and April 27, 2021, obtained primarily from Ethereum and WAX blockchains. First, we characterize statistical properties of the market. Second, we build the network of interactions, show that traders typically specialize on NFTs associated with similar objects and form tight clusters with other traders that exchange the same kind of objects. Third, we cluster objects associated to NFTs according to their visual features and show that collections contain visually homogeneous objects. Finally, we investigate the predictability of NFT sales using simple machine learning algorithms and find that sale history and, secondarily, visual features are good predictors for price. We anticipate that these findings will stimulate further research on NFT production, adoption, and trading in different contexts. △ Less Submitted 20 September, 2021; v1 submitted 1 June, 2021; originally announced June 2021. Comments: Working paper, comments welcome Report number: 11, 20902 Journal ref: Scientific Reports 11, 20902 (2021) arXiv:2103.10411 [ pdf , other ] physics.soc-ph cs.SI doi 10.1038/s42005-022-00845-y Group interactions modulate critical mass dynamics in social convention Authors: Iacopo Iacopini , Giovanni Petri , Andrea Baronchelli , Alain Barrat Abstract : How can minorities of individuals overturn social conventions? The theory of critical mass states that when a committed minority reaches a critical size, a cascade of behavioural changes can occur, overturning apparently stable social norms. Evidence comes from theoretical and empirical studies in which minorities of very different sizes, including extremely small ones, manage to bring a system to… ▽ More How can minorities of individuals overturn social conventions? The theory of critical mass states that when a committed minority reaches a critical size, a cascade of behavioural changes can occur, overturning apparently stable social norms. Evidence comes from theoretical and empirical studies in which minorities of very different sizes, including extremely small ones, manage to bring a system to its tipping point. Here, we explore this diversity of scenarios by introducing group interactions as a crucial element of realism into a model for social convention. We find that the critical mass necessary to trigger behaviour change can be very small if individuals have a limited propensity to change their views. Moreover, the ability of the committed minority to overturn existing norms depends in a complex way on the group size. Our findings reconcile the different sizes of critical mass found in previous investigations and unveil the critical role of groups in such a process. This further highlights the importance of the emerging field of higher-order networks, beyond pairwise interactions △ Less Submitted 18 March, 2022; v1 submitted 18 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021. Comments: 10 pages, 5 figures, Supplementary Material (13 pages, 12 figures) Journal ref: Commun Phys 5, 64 (2022) arXiv:2103.10411 [ pdf , other ] Group interactions modulate critical mass dynamics in social convention Authors: Iacopo Iacopini , Giovanni Petri , Andrea Baronchelli , Alain Barrat Abstract : How can minorities of individuals overturn social conventions? The theory of critical mass states that when a committed minority reaches a critical size, a cascade of behavioural changes can occur, overturning apparently stable social norms. Evidence comes from theoretical and empirical studies in which minorities of very different sizes, including extremely small ones, manage to bring a system to… ▽ More How can minorities of individuals overturn social conventions? The theory of critical mass states that when a committed minority reaches a critical size, a cascade of behavioural changes can occur, overturning apparently stable social norms. Evidence comes from theoretical and empirical studies in which minorities of very different sizes, including extremely small ones, manage to bring a system to its tipping point. Here, we explore this diversity of scenarios by introducing group interactions as a crucial element of realism into a model for social convention. We find that the critical mass necessary to trigger behaviour change can be very small if individuals have a limited propensity to change their views. Moreover, the ability of the committed minority to overturn existing norms depends in a complex way on the group size. Our findings reconcile the different sizes of critical mass found in previous investigations and unveil the critical role of groups in such a process. This further highlights the importance of the emerging field of higher-order networks, beyond pairwise interactions △ Less Submitted 18 March, 2022; v1 submitted 18 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021. Comments: 10 pages, 5 figures, Supplementary Material (13 pages, 12 figures) Journal ref: Commun Phys 5, 64 (2022) arXiv:2102.05470 [ pdf , other ] cs.CY cs.SI physics.soc-ph The illicit trade of COVID-19 vaccines on the dark web Authors: Alberto Bracci , Matthieu Nadini , Maxwell Aliapoulios , Damon McCoy , Ian Gray , Alexander Teytelboym , Angela Gallo , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Early analyses revealed that dark web marketplaces (DWMs) started offering COVID-19 related products (e.g., masks and COVID-19 tests) as soon as the COVID-19 pandemic started, when these goods were in shortage in the traditional economy. Here, we broaden the scope and depth of previous investigations by analysing 194 DWMs until July 2021, including the crucial period in which vaccines became avail… ▽ More Early analyses revealed that dark web marketplaces (DWMs) started offering COVID-19 related products (e.g., masks and COVID-19 tests) as soon as the COVID-19 pandemic started, when these goods were in shortage in the traditional economy. Here, we broaden the scope and depth of previous investigations by analysing 194 DWMs until July 2021, including the crucial period in which vaccines became available, and by considering the wider impact of the pandemic on DWMs. First, we focus on vaccines. We find 250 listings offering approved vaccines, like Pfizer/BioNTech and AstraZeneca, as well as vendors offering fabricated proofs of vaccination and COVID-19 passports. Second, we consider COVID-19 related products. We reveal that, as the regular economy has become able to satisfy the demand of these goods, DWMs have decreased their offer. Third, we analyse the profile of vendors of COVID-19 related products and vaccines. We find that most of them are specialized in a single type of listings and are willing to ship worldwide. Finally, we consider a broader set of listings mentioning COVID-19 as proxy for the general impact of the pandemic on these DWMs . Among 10,330 such listings, we show that recreational drugs are the most affected among traditional DWMs product, with COVID-19 mentions steadily increasing since March 2020. We anticipate that our effort is of interest to researchers, practitioners, and law enforcement agencies focused on the study and safeguard of public health. △ Less Submitted 4 April, 2022; v1 submitted 10 February, 2021; originally announced February 2021. Comments: For the "before the vaccine" report see arXiv:2102.05470 [ pdf , other ] The illicit trade of COVID-19 vaccines on the dark web Authors: Alberto Bracci , Matthieu Nadini , Maxwell Aliapoulios , Damon McCoy , Ian Gray , Alexander Teytelboym , Angela Gallo , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Early analyses revealed that dark web marketplaces (DWMs) started offering COVID-19 related products (e.g., masks and COVID-19 tests) as soon as the COVID-19 pandemic started, when these goods were in shortage in the traditional economy. Here, we broaden the scope and depth of previous investigations by analysing 194 DWMs until July 2021, including the crucial period in which vaccines became avail… ▽ More Early analyses revealed that dark web marketplaces (DWMs) started offering COVID-19 related products (e.g., masks and COVID-19 tests) as soon as the COVID-19 pandemic started, when these goods were in shortage in the traditional economy. Here, we broaden the scope and depth of previous investigations by analysing 194 DWMs until July 2021, including the crucial period in which vaccines became available, and by considering the wider impact of the pandemic on DWMs. First, we focus on vaccines. We find 250 listings offering approved vaccines, like Pfizer/BioNTech and AstraZeneca, as well as vendors offering fabricated proofs of vaccination and COVID-19 passports. Second, we consider COVID-19 related products. We reveal that, as the regular economy has become able to satisfy the demand of these goods, DWMs have decreased their offer. Third, we analyse the profile of vendors of COVID-19 related products and vaccines. We find that most of them are specialized in a single type of listings and are willing to ship worldwide. Finally, we consider a broader set of listings mentioning COVID-19 as proxy for the general impact of the pandemic on these DWMs . Among 10,330 such listings, we show that recreational drugs are the most affected among traditional DWMs product, with COVID-19 mentions steadily increasing since March 2020. We anticipate that our effort is of interest to researchers, practitioners, and law enforcement agencies focused on the study and safeguard of public health. △ Less Submitted 4 April, 2022; v1 submitted 10 February, 2021; originally announced February 2021. Comments: For the "before the vaccine" report see arXiv:2008.09011 [ pdf , other ] cs.DL nlin.AO physics.soc-ph PRINCIPIA: a Decentralized Peer-Review Ecosystem Authors: Andrea Mambrini , Andrea Baronchelli , Michele Starnini , Daniele Marinazzo , Manlio De Domenico Abstract : Peer review is a cornerstone of modern scientific endeavor. However, there is growing consensus that several limitations of the current peer review system, from lack of incentives to reviewers to lack of transparency, risks to undermine its benefits. Here, we introduce the PRINCIPIA ( framework for peer-review of scientific outputs (e.g., papers, grant proposals or pa… ▽ More Peer review is a cornerstone of modern scientific endeavor. However, there is growing consensus that several limitations of the current peer review system, from lack of incentives to reviewers to lack of transparency, risks to undermine its benefits. Here, we introduce the PRINCIPIA ( framework for peer-review of scientific outputs (e.g., papers, grant proposals or patents). The framework allows key players of the scientific ecosystem -- including existing publishing groups -- to create and manage peer-reviewed journals, by building a free market for reviews and publications. PRINCIPIA's referees are transparently rewarded according to their efforts and the quality of their reviews. PRINCIPIA also naturally allows to recognize the prestige of users and journals, with an intrinsic reputation system that does not depend on third-parties. PRINCIPIA re-balances the power between researchers and publishers, stimulates valuable assessments from referees, favors a fair competition between journals, and reduces the costs to access research output and to publish. △ Less Submitted 20 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020. Comments: 14 pages, 3 figures, comments and feedbacks welcome arXiv:2008.09011 [ pdf , other ] PRINCIPIA: a Decentralized Peer-Review Ecosystem Authors: Andrea Mambrini , Andrea Baronchelli , Michele Starnini , Daniele Marinazzo , Manlio De Domenico Abstract : Peer review is a cornerstone of modern scientific endeavor. However, there is growing consensus that several limitations of the current peer review system, from lack of incentives to reviewers to lack of transparency, risks to undermine its benefits. Here, we introduce the PRINCIPIA ( framework for peer-review of scientific outputs (e.g., papers, grant proposals or pa… ▽ More Peer review is a cornerstone of modern scientific endeavor. However, there is growing consensus that several limitations of the current peer review system, from lack of incentives to reviewers to lack of transparency, risks to undermine its benefits. Here, we introduce the PRINCIPIA ( framework for peer-review of scientific outputs (e.g., papers, grant proposals or patents). The framework allows key players of the scientific ecosystem -- including existing publishing groups -- to create and manage peer-reviewed journals, by building a free market for reviews and publications. PRINCIPIA's referees are transparently rewarded according to their efforts and the quality of their reviews. PRINCIPIA also naturally allows to recognize the prestige of users and journals, with an intrinsic reputation system that does not depend on third-parties. PRINCIPIA re-balances the power between researchers and publishers, stimulates valuable assessments from referees, favors a fair competition between journals, and reduces the costs to access research output and to publish. △ Less Submitted 20 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020. Comments: 14 pages, 3 figures, comments and feedbacks welcome arXiv:2008.01585 [ pdf , other ] cs.CY cs.SI physics.soc-ph doi 10.1140/epjds/s13688-021-00259-w Dark Web Marketplaces and COVID-19: before the vaccine Authors: Alberto Bracci , Matthieu Nadini , Maxwell Aliapoulios , Damon McCoy , Ian Gray , Alexander Teytelboym , Angela Gallo , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : The COVID-19 pandemic has reshaped the demand for goods and services worldwide. The combination of a public health emergency, economic distress, and misinformation-driven panic have pushed customers and vendors towards the shadow economy. In particular, dark web marketplaces (DWMs), commercial websites accessible via free software, have gained significant popularity. Here, we analyse 851,199 listi… ▽ More The COVID-19 pandemic has reshaped the demand for goods and services worldwide. The combination of a public health emergency, economic distress, and misinformation-driven panic have pushed customers and vendors towards the shadow economy. In particular, dark web marketplaces (DWMs), commercial websites accessible via free software, have gained significant popularity. Here, we analyse 851,199 listings extracted from 30 DWMs between January 1, 2020 and November 16, 2020. We identify 788 listings directly related to COVID-19 products and monitor the temporal evolution of product categories including Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), medicines (e.g., hydroxyclorochine), and medical frauds. Finally, we compare trends in their temporal evolution with variations in public attention, as measured by Twitter posts and Wikipedia page visits. We reveal how the online shadow economy has evolved during the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight the importance of a continuous monitoring of DWMs, especially now that real vaccines are available and in short supply. We anticipate our analysis will be of interest both to researchers and public agencies focused on the protection of public health. △ Less Submitted 26 January, 2021; v1 submitted 4 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020. Journal ref: EPJ Data Sci. 10, 6 (2021) arXiv:2008.01585 [ pdf , other ] Dark Web Marketplaces and COVID-19: before the vaccine Authors: Alberto Bracci , Matthieu Nadini , Maxwell Aliapoulios , Damon McCoy , Ian Gray , Alexander Teytelboym , Angela Gallo , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : The COVID-19 pandemic has reshaped the demand for goods and services worldwide. The combination of a public health emergency, economic distress, and misinformation-driven panic have pushed customers and vendors towards the shadow economy. In particular, dark web marketplaces (DWMs), commercial websites accessible via free software, have gained significant popularity. Here, we analyse 851,199 listi… ▽ More The COVID-19 pandemic has reshaped the demand for goods and services worldwide. The combination of a public health emergency, economic distress, and misinformation-driven panic have pushed customers and vendors towards the shadow economy. In particular, dark web marketplaces (DWMs), commercial websites accessible via free software, have gained significant popularity. Here, we analyse 851,199 listings extracted from 30 DWMs between January 1, 2020 and November 16, 2020. We identify 788 listings directly related to COVID-19 products and monitor the temporal evolution of product categories including Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), medicines (e.g., hydroxyclorochine), and medical frauds. Finally, we compare trends in their temporal evolution with variations in public attention, as measured by Twitter posts and Wikipedia page visits. We reveal how the online shadow economy has evolved during the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight the importance of a continuous monitoring of DWMs, especially now that real vaccines are available and in short supply. We anticipate our analysis will be of interest both to researchers and public agencies focused on the protection of public health. △ Less Submitted 26 January, 2021; v1 submitted 4 August, 2020; originally announced August 2020. Journal ref: EPJ Data Sci. 10, 6 (2021) arXiv:2004.07290 [ pdf , other ] q-fin.ST cs.SI physics.soc-ph doi 10.1126/sciadv.abd2204 From code to market: Network of developers and correlated returns of cryptocurrencies Authors: Lorenzo Lucchini , Laura Alessandretti , Bruno Lepri , Angela Gallo , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : "Code is law" is the funding principle of cryptocurrencies. The security, transferability, availability and other properties of a crypto-asset are determined by the code through which it is created. If code is open source, as it happens for most cryptocurrencies, this principle would prevent manipulations and grant transparency to users and traders. However, this approach considers cryptocurrencie… ▽ More "Code is law" is the funding principle of cryptocurrencies. The security, transferability, availability and other properties of a crypto-asset are determined by the code through which it is created. If code is open source, as it happens for most cryptocurrencies, this principle would prevent manipulations and grant transparency to users and traders. However, this approach considers cryptocurrencies as isolated entities thus neglecting possible connections between them. Here, we show that 4% of developers contribute to the code of more than one cryptocurrency and that the market reflects these cross-asset dependencies. In particular, we reveal that the first coding event linking two cryptocurrencies through a common developer leads to the synchronisation of their returns in the following months. Our results identify a clear link between the collaborative development of cryptocurrencies and their market behaviour. More broadly, our work reveals a so-far overlooked systemic dimension for the transparency of code-based ecosystems and we anticipate it will be of interest to researchers, investors and regulators. △ Less Submitted 21 December, 2020; v1 submitted 15 April, 2020; originally announced April 2020. Journal ref: Science Advances, 16 Dec 2020: Vol. 6, no. 51, eabd2204 arXiv:2004.07290 [ pdf , other ] From code to market: Network of developers and correlated returns of cryptocurrencies Authors: Lorenzo Lucchini , Laura Alessandretti , Bruno Lepri , Angela Gallo , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : "Code is law" is the funding principle of cryptocurrencies. The security, transferability, availability and other properties of a crypto-asset are determined by the code through which it is created. If code is open source, as it happens for most cryptocurrencies, this principle would prevent manipulations and grant transparency to users and traders. However, this approach considers cryptocurrencie… ▽ More "Code is law" is the funding principle of cryptocurrencies. The security, transferability, availability and other properties of a crypto-asset are determined by the code through which it is created. If code is open source, as it happens for most cryptocurrencies, this principle would prevent manipulations and grant transparency to users and traders. However, this approach considers cryptocurrencies as isolated entities thus neglecting possible connections between them. Here, we show that 4% of developers contribute to the code of more than one cryptocurrency and that the market reflects these cross-asset dependencies. In particular, we reveal that the first coding event linking two cryptocurrencies through a common developer leads to the synchronisation of their returns in the following months. Our results identify a clear link between the collaborative development of cryptocurrencies and their market behaviour. More broadly, our work reveals a so-far overlooked systemic dimension for the transparency of code-based ecosystems and we anticipate it will be of interest to researchers, investors and regulators. △ Less Submitted 21 December, 2020; v1 submitted 15 April, 2020; originally announced April 2020. Journal ref: Science Advances, 16 Dec 2020: Vol. 6, no. 51, eabd2204 arXiv:1911.09536 [ pdf , other ] cs.CY physics.soc-ph doi 10.1038/s41598-020-74416-y Collective Dynamics of Dark Web Marketplaces Authors: Abeer ElBahrawy , Laura Alessandretti , Leonid Rusnac , Daniel Goldsmith , Alexander Teytelboym , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Dark markets are commercial websites that use Bitcoin to sell or broker transactions involving drugs, weapons, and other illicit goods. Being illegal, they do not offer any user protection, and several police raids and scams have caused large losses to both customers and vendors over the past years. However, this uncertainty has not prevented a steady growth of the dark market phenomenon and a pro… ▽ More Dark markets are commercial websites that use Bitcoin to sell or broker transactions involving drugs, weapons, and other illicit goods. Being illegal, they do not offer any user protection, and several police raids and scams have caused large losses to both customers and vendors over the past years. However, this uncertainty has not prevented a steady growth of the dark market phenomenon and a proliferation of new markets. The origin of this resilience have remained unclear so far, also due to the difficulty of identifying relevant Bitcoin transaction data. Here, we investigate how the dark market ecosystem re-organises following the disappearance of a market, due to factors including raids and scams. To do so, we analyse 24 episodes of unexpected market closure through a novel datasets of 133 million Bitcoin transactions involving 31 dark markets and their users, totalling 4 billion USD. We show that coordinated user migration from the closed market to coexisting markets guarantees overall systemic resilience beyond the intrinsic fragility of individual markets. The migration is swift, efficient and common to all market closures. We find that migrants are on average more active users in comparison to non-migrants and move preferentially towards the coexisting market with the highest trading volume. Our findings shed light on the resilience of the dark market ecosystem and we anticipate that they may inform future research on the self-organisation of emerging online markets. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2021; v1 submitted 21 November, 2019; originally announced November 2019. Journal ref: Sci Rep 10, 18827 (2020) arXiv:1911.09536 [ pdf , other ] Collective Dynamics of Dark Web Marketplaces Authors: Abeer ElBahrawy , Laura Alessandretti , Leonid Rusnac , Daniel Goldsmith , Alexander Teytelboym , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Dark markets are commercial websites that use Bitcoin to sell or broker transactions involving drugs, weapons, and other illicit goods. Being illegal, they do not offer any user protection, and several police raids and scams have caused large losses to both customers and vendors over the past years. However, this uncertainty has not prevented a steady growth of the dark market phenomenon and a pro… ▽ More Dark markets are commercial websites that use Bitcoin to sell or broker transactions involving drugs, weapons, and other illicit goods. Being illegal, they do not offer any user protection, and several police raids and scams have caused large losses to both customers and vendors over the past years. However, this uncertainty has not prevented a steady growth of the dark market phenomenon and a proliferation of new markets. The origin of this resilience have remained unclear so far, also due to the difficulty of identifying relevant Bitcoin transaction data. Here, we investigate how the dark market ecosystem re-organises following the disappearance of a market, due to factors including raids and scams. To do so, we analyse 24 episodes of unexpected market closure through a novel datasets of 133 million Bitcoin transactions involving 31 dark markets and their users, totalling 4 billion USD. We show that coordinated user migration from the closed market to coexisting markets guarantees overall systemic resilience beyond the intrinsic fragility of individual markets. The migration is swift, efficient and common to all market closures. We find that migrants are on average more active users in comparison to non-migrants and move preferentially towards the coexisting market with the highest trading volume. Our findings shed light on the resilience of the dark market ecosystem and we anticipate that they may inform future research on the self-organisation of emerging online markets. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2021; v1 submitted 21 November, 2019; originally announced November 2019. Journal ref: Sci Rep 10, 18827 (2020) arXiv:1911.02008 [ pdf , other ] math.NT cs.LG hep-th stat.ML Machine Learning meets Number Theory: The Data Science of Birch-Swinnerton-Dyer Authors: Laura Alessandretti , Andrea Baronchelli , Yang-Hui He Abstract : Empirical analysis is often the first step towards the birth of a conjecture. This is the case of the Birch-Swinnerton-Dyer (BSD) Conjecture describing the rational points on an elliptic curve, one of the most celebrated unsolved problems in mathematics. Here we extend the original empirical approach, to the analysis of the Cremona database of quantities relevant to BSD, inspecting more than 2.5 m… ▽ More Empirical analysis is often the first step towards the birth of a conjecture. This is the case of the Birch-Swinnerton-Dyer (BSD) Conjecture describing the rational points on an elliptic curve, one of the most celebrated unsolved problems in mathematics. Here we extend the original empirical approach, to the analysis of the Cremona database of quantities relevant to BSD, inspecting more than 2.5 million elliptic curves by means of the latest techniques in data science, machine-learning and topological data analysis. Key quantities such as rank, Weierstrass coefficients, period, conductor, Tamagawa number, regulator and order of the Tate-Shafarevich group give rise to a high-dimensional point-cloud whose statistical properties we investigate. We reveal patterns and distributions in the rank versus Weierstrass coefficients, as well as the Beta distribution of the BSD ratio of the quantities. Via gradient boosted trees, machine learning is applied in finding inter-correlation amongst the various quantities. We anticipate that our approach will spark further research on the statistical properties of large datasets in Number Theory and more in general in pure Mathematics. △ Less Submitted 4 November, 2019; originally announced November 2019. Comments: 40 pages, 19 figures arXiv:1911.02008 [ pdf , other ] Machine Learning meets Number Theory: The Data Science of Birch-Swinnerton-Dyer Authors: Laura Alessandretti , Andrea Baronchelli , Yang-Hui He Abstract : Empirical analysis is often the first step towards the birth of a conjecture. This is the case of the Birch-Swinnerton-Dyer (BSD) Conjecture describing the rational points on an elliptic curve, one of the most celebrated unsolved problems in mathematics. Here we extend the original empirical approach, to the analysis of the Cremona database of quantities relevant to BSD, inspecting more than 2.5 m… ▽ More Empirical analysis is often the first step towards the birth of a conjecture. This is the case of the Birch-Swinnerton-Dyer (BSD) Conjecture describing the rational points on an elliptic curve, one of the most celebrated unsolved problems in mathematics. Here we extend the original empirical approach, to the analysis of the Cremona database of quantities relevant to BSD, inspecting more than 2.5 million elliptic curves by means of the latest techniques in data science, machine-learning and topological data analysis. Key quantities such as rank, Weierstrass coefficients, period, conductor, Tamagawa number, regulator and order of the Tate-Shafarevich group give rise to a high-dimensional point-cloud whose statistical properties we investigate. We reveal patterns and distributions in the rank versus Weierstrass coefficients, as well as the Beta distribution of the BSD ratio of the quantities. Via gradient boosted trees, machine learning is applied in finding inter-correlation amongst the various quantities. We anticipate that our approach will spark further research on the statistical properties of large datasets in Number Theory and more in general in pure Mathematics. △ Less Submitted 4 November, 2019; originally announced November 2019. Comments: 40 pages, 19 figures arXiv:1904.04192 [ pdf , other ] physics.soc-ph cs.SI q-fin.TR doi 10.1140/epjds/s13688-018-0180-6 The fragility of decentralised trustless socio-technical systems Authors: Manlio De Domenico , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : The blockchain technology promises to transform finance, money and even governments. However, analyses of blockchain applicability and robustness typically focus on isolated systems whose actors contribute mainly by running the consensus algorithm. Here, we highlight the importance of considering trustless platforms within the broader ecosystem that includes social and communication networks. As a… ▽ More The blockchain technology promises to transform finance, money and even governments. However, analyses of blockchain applicability and robustness typically focus on isolated systems whose actors contribute mainly by running the consensus algorithm. Here, we highlight the importance of considering trustless platforms within the broader ecosystem that includes social and communication networks. As an example, we analyse the flash-crash observed on 21st June 2017 in the Ethereum platform and show that a major phenomenon of social coordination led to a catastrophic cascade of events across several interconnected systems. We propose the concept of ``emergent centralisation'' to describe situations where a single system becomes critically important for the functioning of the whole ecosystem, and argue that such situations are likely to become more and more frequent in interconnected socio-technical systems. We anticipate that the systemic approach we propose will have implications for future assessments of trustless systems and call for the attention of policy-makers on the fragility of our interconnected and rapidly changing world. △ Less Submitted 8 April, 2019; originally announced April 2019. Comments: Commentary published in EPJ Data Science Journal ref: EPJ Data Science 8:2 (2019) arXiv:1904.04192 [ pdf , other ] The fragility of decentralised trustless socio-technical systems Authors: Manlio De Domenico , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : The blockchain technology promises to transform finance, money and even governments. However, analyses of blockchain applicability and robustness typically focus on isolated systems whose actors contribute mainly by running the consensus algorithm. Here, we highlight the importance of considering trustless platforms within the broader ecosystem that includes social and communication networks. As a… ▽ More The blockchain technology promises to transform finance, money and even governments. However, analyses of blockchain applicability and robustness typically focus on isolated systems whose actors contribute mainly by running the consensus algorithm. Here, we highlight the importance of considering trustless platforms within the broader ecosystem that includes social and communication networks. As an example, we analyse the flash-crash observed on 21st June 2017 in the Ethereum platform and show that a major phenomenon of social coordination led to a catastrophic cascade of events across several interconnected systems. We propose the concept of ``emergent centralisation'' to describe situations where a single system becomes critically important for the functioning of the whole ecosystem, and argue that such situations are likely to become more and more frequent in interconnected socio-technical systems. We anticipate that the systemic approach we propose will have implications for future assessments of trustless systems and call for the attention of policy-makers on the fragility of our interconnected and rapidly changing world. △ Less Submitted 8 April, 2019; originally announced April 2019. Comments: Commentary published in EPJ Data Science Journal ref: EPJ Data Science 8:2 (2019) arXiv:1902.04517 [ pdf , other ] physics.soc-ph cs.SI q-fin.GN doi 10.3389/fbloc.2019.00012 Wikipedia and Digital Currencies: Interplay Between Collective Attention and Market Performance Authors: Abeer ElBahrawy , Laura Alessandretti , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : The production and consumption of information about Bitcoin and other digital-, or 'crypto'-, currencies have grown together with their market capitalisation. However, a systematic investigation of the relationship between online attention and market dynamics, across multiple digital currencies, is still lacking. Here, we quantify the interplay between the attention towards digital currencies in W… ▽ More The production and consumption of information about Bitcoin and other digital-, or 'crypto'-, currencies have grown together with their market capitalisation. However, a systematic investigation of the relationship between online attention and market dynamics, across multiple digital currencies, is still lacking. Here, we quantify the interplay between the attention towards digital currencies in Wikipedia and their market performance. We consider the entire edit history of currency-related pages, and their view history from July 2015. First, we quantify the evolution of the cryptocurrency presence in Wikipedia by analysing the editorial activity and the network of co-edited pages. We find that a small community of tightly connected editors is responsible for most of the production of information about cryptocurrencies in Wikipedia. Then, we show that a simple trading strategy informed by Wikipedia views performs better, in terms of returns on investment, than classic baseline strategies for most of the covered period. Our results contribute to the recent literature on the interplay between online information and investment markets, and we anticipate it will be of interest for researchers as well as investors. △ Less Submitted 6 March, 2019; v1 submitted 12 February, 2019; originally announced February 2019. Journal ref: Frontiers in Blockchain 2:12 (2019) arXiv:1902.04517 [ pdf , other ] Wikipedia and Digital Currencies: Interplay Between Collective Attention and Market Performance Authors: Abeer ElBahrawy , Laura Alessandretti , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : The production and consumption of information about Bitcoin and other digital-, or 'crypto'-, currencies have grown together with their market capitalisation. However, a systematic investigation of the relationship between online attention and market dynamics, across multiple digital currencies, is still lacking. Here, we quantify the interplay between the attention towards digital currencies in W… ▽ More The production and consumption of information about Bitcoin and other digital-, or 'crypto'-, currencies have grown together with their market capitalisation. However, a systematic investigation of the relationship between online attention and market dynamics, across multiple digital currencies, is still lacking. Here, we quantify the interplay between the attention towards digital currencies in Wikipedia and their market performance. We consider the entire edit history of currency-related pages, and their view history from July 2015. First, we quantify the evolution of the cryptocurrency presence in Wikipedia by analysing the editorial activity and the network of co-edited pages. We find that a small community of tightly connected editors is responsible for most of the production of information about cryptocurrencies in Wikipedia. Then, we show that a simple trading strategy informed by Wikipedia views performs better, in terms of returns on investment, than classic baseline strategies for most of the covered period. Our results contribute to the recent literature on the interplay between online information and investment markets, and we anticipate it will be of interest for researchers as well as investors. △ Less Submitted 6 March, 2019; v1 submitted 12 February, 2019; originally announced February 2019. Journal ref: Frontiers in Blockchain 2:12 (2019) arXiv:1809.04328 [ pdf , other ] physics.soc-ph cs.MA q-bio.PE doi 10.1073/pnas.1721059115 The Dynamics of Norm Change in the Cultural Evolution of Language Authors: Roberta Amato , Lucas Lacasa , Albert Díaz-Guilera , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : What happens when a new social convention replaces an old one? While the possible forces favoring norm change - such as institutions or committed activists - have been identified since a long time, little is known about how a population adopts a new convention, due to the difficulties of finding representative data. Here we address this issue by looking at changes occurred to 2,541 orthographic an… ▽ More What happens when a new social convention replaces an old one? While the possible forces favoring norm change - such as institutions or committed activists - have been identified since a long time, little is known about how a population adopts a new convention, due to the difficulties of finding representative data. Here we address this issue by looking at changes occurred to 2,541 orthographic and lexical norms in English and Spanish through the analysis of a large corpora of books published between the years 1800 and 2008. We detect three markedly distinct patterns in the data, depending on whether the behavioral change results from the action of a formal institution, an informal authority or a spontaneous process of unregulated evolution. We propose a simple evolutionary model able to capture all the observed behaviors and we show that it reproduces quantitatively the empirical data. This work identifies general mechanisms of norm change and we anticipate that it will be of interest to researchers investigating the cultural evolution of language and, more broadly, human collective behavior. △ Less Submitted 12 September, 2018; originally announced September 2018. Comments: Full SI available online Journal ref: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 115, 8260 (2018) arXiv:1809.04328 [ pdf , other ] The Dynamics of Norm Change in the Cultural Evolution of Language Authors: Roberta Amato , Lucas Lacasa , Albert Díaz-Guilera , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : What happens when a new social convention replaces an old one? While the possible forces favoring norm change - such as institutions or committed activists - have been identified since a long time, little is known about how a population adopts a new convention, due to the difficulties of finding representative data. Here we address this issue by looking at changes occurred to 2,541 orthographic an… ▽ More What happens when a new social convention replaces an old one? While the possible forces favoring norm change - such as institutions or committed activists - have been identified since a long time, little is known about how a population adopts a new convention, due to the difficulties of finding representative data. Here we address this issue by looking at changes occurred to 2,541 orthographic and lexical norms in English and Spanish through the analysis of a large corpora of books published between the years 1800 and 2008. We detect three markedly distinct patterns in the data, depending on whether the behavioral change results from the action of a formal institution, an informal authority or a spontaneous process of unregulated evolution. We propose a simple evolutionary model able to capture all the observed behaviors and we show that it reproduces quantitatively the empirical data. This work identifies general mechanisms of norm change and we anticipate that it will be of interest to researchers investigating the cultural evolution of language and, more broadly, human collective behavior. △ Less Submitted 12 September, 2018; originally announced September 2018. Comments: Full SI available online Journal ref: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 115, 8260 (2018) arXiv:1805.08550 [ pdf , other ] physics.soc-ph cs.LG q-fin.GN q-fin.ST q-fin.TR doi 10.1155/2018/8983590 Anticipating cryptocurrency prices using machine learning Authors: Laura Alessandretti , Abeer ElBahrawy , Luca Maria Aiello , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Machine learning and AI-assisted trading have attracted growing interest for the past few years. Here, we use this approach to test the hypothesis that the inefficiency of the cryptocurrency market can be exploited to generate abnormal profits. We analyse daily data for $1,681$ cryptocurrencies for the period between Nov. 2015 and Apr. 2018. We show that simple trading strategies assisted by state… ▽ More Machine learning and AI-assisted trading have attracted growing interest for the past few years. Here, we use this approach to test the hypothesis that the inefficiency of the cryptocurrency market can be exploited to generate abnormal profits. We analyse daily data for $1,681$ cryptocurrencies for the period between Nov. 2015 and Apr. 2018. We show that simple trading strategies assisted by state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms outperform standard benchmarks. Our results show that nontrivial, but ultimately simple, algorithmic mechanisms can help anticipate the short-term evolution of the cryptocurrency market. △ Less Submitted 9 November, 2018; v1 submitted 22 May, 2018; originally announced May 2018. Comments: Complexity, 2018 arXiv:1805.08550 [ pdf , other ] Anticipating cryptocurrency prices using machine learning Authors: Laura Alessandretti , Abeer ElBahrawy , Luca Maria Aiello , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Machine learning and AI-assisted trading have attracted growing interest for the past few years. Here, we use this approach to test the hypothesis that the inefficiency of the cryptocurrency market can be exploited to generate abnormal profits. We analyse daily data for $1,681$ cryptocurrencies for the period between Nov. 2015 and Apr. 2018. We show that simple trading strategies assisted by state… ▽ More Machine learning and AI-assisted trading have attracted growing interest for the past few years. Here, we use this approach to test the hypothesis that the inefficiency of the cryptocurrency market can be exploited to generate abnormal profits. We analyse daily data for $1,681$ cryptocurrencies for the period between Nov. 2015 and Apr. 2018. We show that simple trading strategies assisted by state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms outperform standard benchmarks. Our results show that nontrivial, but ultimately simple, algorithmic mechanisms can help anticipate the short-term evolution of the cryptocurrency market. △ Less Submitted 9 November, 2018; v1 submitted 22 May, 2018; originally announced May 2018. Comments: Complexity, 2018 arXiv:1801.03962 [ pdf , other ] physics.soc-ph cs.SI doi 10.1140/epjds/s13688-018-0164-6 Understanding the interplay between social and spatial behaviour Authors: Laura Alessandretti , Sune Lehmann , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : According to personality psychology, personality traits determine many aspects of human behaviour. However, validating this insight in large groups has been challenging so far, due to the scarcity of multi-channel data. Here, we focus on the relationship between mobility and social behaviour by analysing trajectories and mobile phone interactions of $\sim 1,000$ individuals from two high-resolutio… ▽ More According to personality psychology, personality traits determine many aspects of human behaviour. However, validating this insight in large groups has been challenging so far, due to the scarcity of multi-channel data. Here, we focus on the relationship between mobility and social behaviour by analysing trajectories and mobile phone interactions of $\sim 1,000$ individuals from two high-resolution longitudinal datasets. We identify a connection between the way in which individuals explore new resources and exploit known assets in the social and spatial spheres. We show that different individuals balance the exploration-exploitation trade-off in different ways and we explain part of the variability in the data by the big five personality traits. We point out that, in both realms, extraversion correlates with the attitude towards exploration and routine diversity, while neuroticism and openness account for the tendency to evolve routine over long time-scales. We find no evidence for the existence of classes of individuals across the spatio-social domains. Our results bridge the fields of human geography, sociology and personality psychology and can help improve current models of mobility and tie formation. △ Less Submitted 9 November, 2018; v1 submitted 11 January, 2018; originally announced January 2018. Journal ref: Alessandretti, L., Lehmann, S. & Baronchelli, A. EPJ Data Sci. (2018) 7: 36 arXiv:1801.03962 [ pdf , other ] Understanding the interplay between social and spatial behaviour Authors: Laura Alessandretti , Sune Lehmann , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : According to personality psychology, personality traits determine many aspects of human behaviour. However, validating this insight in large groups has been challenging so far, due to the scarcity of multi-channel data. Here, we focus on the relationship between mobility and social behaviour by analysing trajectories and mobile phone interactions of $\sim 1,000$ individuals from two high-resolutio… ▽ More According to personality psychology, personality traits determine many aspects of human behaviour. However, validating this insight in large groups has been challenging so far, due to the scarcity of multi-channel data. Here, we focus on the relationship between mobility and social behaviour by analysing trajectories and mobile phone interactions of $\sim 1,000$ individuals from two high-resolution longitudinal datasets. We identify a connection between the way in which individuals explore new resources and exploit known assets in the social and spatial spheres. We show that different individuals balance the exploration-exploitation trade-off in different ways and we explain part of the variability in the data by the big five personality traits. We point out that, in both realms, extraversion correlates with the attitude towards exploration and routine diversity, while neuroticism and openness account for the tendency to evolve routine over long time-scales. We find no evidence for the existence of classes of individuals across the spatio-social domains. Our results bridge the fields of human geography, sociology and personality psychology and can help improve current models of mobility and tie formation. △ Less Submitted 9 November, 2018; v1 submitted 11 January, 2018; originally announced January 2018. Journal ref: Alessandretti, L., Lehmann, S. & Baronchelli, A. EPJ Data Sci. (2018) 7: 36 arXiv:1709.05233 [ pdf ] physics.soc-ph cs.SI The Spatial Dimension of Online Echo Chambers Authors: Marco T. Bastos , Dan Mercea , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : This study explores the geographic dependencies of echo-chamber communication on Twitter during the Brexit referendum campaign. We review the literature on filter bubbles, echo chambers, and polarization to test five hypotheses positing that echo-chamber communication is associated with homophily in the physical world, chiefly the geographic proximity between users advocating sides of the campaign… ▽ More This study explores the geographic dependencies of echo-chamber communication on Twitter during the Brexit referendum campaign. We review the literature on filter bubbles, echo chambers, and polarization to test five hypotheses positing that echo-chamber communication is associated with homophily in the physical world, chiefly the geographic proximity between users advocating sides of the campaign. The results support the hypothesis that echo chambers in the Leave campaign are associated with geographic propinquity, whereas in the Remain campaign the reverse relationship was found. This study presents evidence that geographically proximate social enclaves interact with polarized political discussion where echo-chamber communication is observed. The article concludes with a discussion of these findings and the contribution to research on filter bubbles and echo chambers. △ Less Submitted 15 September, 2017; originally announced September 2017. arXiv:1709.05233 [ pdf ] The Spatial Dimension of Online Echo Chambers Authors: Marco T. Bastos , Dan Mercea , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : This study explores the geographic dependencies of echo-chamber communication on Twitter during the Brexit referendum campaign. We review the literature on filter bubbles, echo chambers, and polarization to test five hypotheses positing that echo-chamber communication is associated with homophily in the physical world, chiefly the geographic proximity between users advocating sides of the campaign… ▽ More This study explores the geographic dependencies of echo-chamber communication on Twitter during the Brexit referendum campaign. We review the literature on filter bubbles, echo chambers, and polarization to test five hypotheses positing that echo-chamber communication is associated with homophily in the physical world, chiefly the geographic proximity between users advocating sides of the campaign. The results support the hypothesis that echo chambers in the Leave campaign are associated with geographic propinquity, whereas in the Remain campaign the reverse relationship was found. This study presents evidence that geographically proximate social enclaves interact with polarized political discussion where echo-chamber communication is observed. The article concludes with a discussion of these findings and the contribution to research on filter bubbles and echo chambers. △ Less Submitted 15 September, 2017; originally announced September 2017. arXiv:1707.06632 [ pdf , other ] physics.soc-ph cs.SI doi 10.1007/978-3-319-67217-5_32 Robust modeling of human contact networks across different scales and proximity-sensing techniques Authors: Michele Starnini , Bruno Lepri , Andrea Baronchelli , Alain Barrat , Ciro Cattuto , Romualdo Pastor-Satorras Abstract : The problem of mapping human close-range proximity networks has been tackled using a variety of technical approaches. Wearable electronic devices, in particular, have proven to be particularly successful in a variety of settings relevant for research in social science, complex networks and infectious diseases dynamics. Each device and technology used for proximity sensing (e.g., RFIDs, Bluetooth,… ▽ More The problem of mapping human close-range proximity networks has been tackled using a variety of technical approaches. Wearable electronic devices, in particular, have proven to be particularly successful in a variety of settings relevant for research in social science, complex networks and infectious diseases dynamics. Each device and technology used for proximity sensing (e.g., RFIDs, Bluetooth, low-power radio or infrared communication, etc.) comes with specific biases on the close-range relations it records. Hence it is important to assess which statistical features of the empirical proximity networks are robust across different measurement techniques, and which modeling frameworks generalize well across empirical data. Here we compare time-resolved proximity networks recorded in different experimental settings and show that some important statistical features are robust across all settings considered. The observed universality calls for a simplified modeling approach. We show that one such simple model is indeed able to reproduce the main statistical distributions characterizing the empirical temporal networks. △ Less Submitted 20 July, 2017; originally announced July 2017. Journal ref: SocInfo 2017: Social Informatics pp 536-551 arXiv:1707.06632 [ pdf , other ] Robust modeling of human contact networks across different scales and proximity-sensing techniques Authors: Michele Starnini , Bruno Lepri , Andrea Baronchelli , Alain Barrat , Ciro Cattuto , Romualdo Pastor-Satorras Abstract : The problem of mapping human close-range proximity networks has been tackled using a variety of technical approaches. Wearable electronic devices, in particular, have proven to be particularly successful in a variety of settings relevant for research in social science, complex networks and infectious diseases dynamics. Each device and technology used for proximity sensing (e.g., RFIDs, Bluetooth,… ▽ More The problem of mapping human close-range proximity networks has been tackled using a variety of technical approaches. Wearable electronic devices, in particular, have proven to be particularly successful in a variety of settings relevant for research in social science, complex networks and infectious diseases dynamics. Each device and technology used for proximity sensing (e.g., RFIDs, Bluetooth, low-power radio or infrared communication, etc.) comes with specific biases on the close-range relations it records. Hence it is important to assess which statistical features of the empirical proximity networks are robust across different measurement techniques, and which modeling frameworks generalize well across empirical data. Here we compare time-resolved proximity networks recorded in different experimental settings and show that some important statistical features are robust across all settings considered. The observed universality calls for a simplified modeling approach. We show that one such simple model is indeed able to reproduce the main statistical distributions characterizing the empirical temporal networks. △ Less Submitted 20 July, 2017; originally announced July 2017. Journal ref: SocInfo 2017: Social Informatics pp 536-551 arXiv:1705.05334 [ pdf , ps , other ] physics.soc-ph cs.SI nlin.AO q-bio.PE q-fin.GN doi 10.1098/rsos.170623 Evolutionary dynamics of the cryptocurrency market Authors: Abeer ElBahrawy , Laura Alessandretti , Anne Kandler , Romualdo Pastor-Satorras , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : The cryptocurrency market surpassed the barrier of \$100 billion market capitalization in June 2017, after months of steady growth. Despite its increasing relevance in the financial world, however, a comprehensive analysis of the whole system is still lacking, as most studies have focused exclusively on the behaviour of one (Bitcoin) or few cryptocurrencies. Here, we consider the history of the en… ▽ More The cryptocurrency market surpassed the barrier of \$100 billion market capitalization in June 2017, after months of steady growth. Despite its increasing relevance in the financial world, however, a comprehensive analysis of the whole system is still lacking, as most studies have focused exclusively on the behaviour of one (Bitcoin) or few cryptocurrencies. Here, we consider the history of the entire market and analyse the behaviour of 1,469 cryptocurrencies introduced between April 2013 and June 2017. We reveal that, while new cryptocurrencies appear and disappear continuously and their market capitalization is increasing (super-)exponentially, several statistical properties of the market have been stable for years. These include the number of active cryptocurrencies, the market share distribution and the turnover of cryptocurrencies. Adopting an ecological perspective, we show that the so-called neutral model of evolution is able to reproduce a number of key empirical observations, despite its simplicity and the assumption of no selective advantage of one cryptocurrency over another. Our results shed light on the properties of the cryptocurrency market and establish a first formal link between ecological modelling and the study of this growing system. We anticipate they will spark further research in this direction. △ Less Submitted 21 November, 2017; v1 submitted 15 May, 2017; originally announced May 2017. Journal ref: Royal Society Open Science 4, 170623 (2017) arXiv:1705.05334 [ pdf , ps , other ] Evolutionary dynamics of the cryptocurrency market Authors: Abeer ElBahrawy , Laura Alessandretti , Anne Kandler , Romualdo Pastor-Satorras , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : The cryptocurrency market surpassed the barrier of \$100 billion market capitalization in June 2017, after months of steady growth. Despite its increasing relevance in the financial world, however, a comprehensive analysis of the whole system is still lacking, as most studies have focused exclusively on the behaviour of one (Bitcoin) or few cryptocurrencies. Here, we consider the history of the en… ▽ More The cryptocurrency market surpassed the barrier of \$100 billion market capitalization in June 2017, after months of steady growth. Despite its increasing relevance in the financial world, however, a comprehensive analysis of the whole system is still lacking, as most studies have focused exclusively on the behaviour of one (Bitcoin) or few cryptocurrencies. Here, we consider the history of the entire market and analyse the behaviour of 1,469 cryptocurrencies introduced between April 2013 and June 2017. We reveal that, while new cryptocurrencies appear and disappear continuously and their market capitalization is increasing (super-)exponentially, several statistical properties of the market have been stable for years. These include the number of active cryptocurrencies, the market share distribution and the turnover of cryptocurrencies. Adopting an ecological perspective, we show that the so-called neutral model of evolution is able to reproduce a number of key empirical observations, despite its simplicity and the assumption of no selective advantage of one cryptocurrency over another. Our results shed light on the properties of the cryptocurrency market and establish a first formal link between ecological modelling and the study of this growing system. We anticipate they will spark further research in this direction. △ Less Submitted 21 November, 2017; v1 submitted 15 May, 2017; originally announced May 2017. Journal ref: Royal Society Open Science 4, 170623 (2017) arXiv:1704.07767 [ pdf , other ] physics.soc-ph cond-mat.stat-mech cs.MA cs.SI q-bio.PE doi 10.1098/rsos.172189 The Emergence of Consensus: A Primer Authors: Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : The origin of population-scale coordination has puzzled philosophers and scientists for centuries. Recently, game theory, evolutionary approaches and complex systems science have provided quantitative insights on the mechanisms of social consensus. However, the literature is vast and widely scattered across fields, making it hard for the single researcher to navigate it. This short review aims to… ▽ More The origin of population-scale coordination has puzzled philosophers and scientists for centuries. Recently, game theory, evolutionary approaches and complex systems science have provided quantitative insights on the mechanisms of social consensus. However, the literature is vast and widely scattered across fields, making it hard for the single researcher to navigate it. This short review aims to provide a compact overview of the main dimensions over which the debate has unfolded and to discuss some representative examples. It focuses on those situations in which consensus emerges 'spontaneously' in absence of centralised institutions and covers topic that include the macroscopic consequences of the different microscopic rules of behavioural contagion, the role of social networks, and the mechanisms that prevent the formation of a consensus or alter it after it has emerged. Special attention is devoted to the recent wave of experiments on the emergence of consensus in social systems. △ Less Submitted 16 March, 2018; v1 submitted 25 April, 2017; originally announced April 2017. Journal ref: Royal Society Open Science 5, 172189 (2018) arXiv:1704.07767 [ pdf , other ] The Emergence of Consensus: A Primer Authors: Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : The origin of population-scale coordination has puzzled philosophers and scientists for centuries. Recently, game theory, evolutionary approaches and complex systems science have provided quantitative insights on the mechanisms of social consensus. However, the literature is vast and widely scattered across fields, making it hard for the single researcher to navigate it. This short review aims to… ▽ More The origin of population-scale coordination has puzzled philosophers and scientists for centuries. Recently, game theory, evolutionary approaches and complex systems science have provided quantitative insights on the mechanisms of social consensus. However, the literature is vast and widely scattered across fields, making it hard for the single researcher to navigate it. This short review aims to provide a compact overview of the main dimensions over which the debate has unfolded and to discuss some representative examples. It focuses on those situations in which consensus emerges 'spontaneously' in absence of centralised institutions and covers topic that include the macroscopic consequences of the different microscopic rules of behavioural contagion, the role of social networks, and the mechanisms that prevent the formation of a consensus or alter it after it has emerged. Special attention is devoted to the recent wave of experiments on the emergence of consensus in social systems. △ Less Submitted 16 March, 2018; v1 submitted 25 April, 2017; originally announced April 2017. Journal ref: Royal Society Open Science 5, 172189 (2018) arXiv:1701.07419 [ pdf , ps , other ] physics.soc-ph cs.GT cs.MA q-bio.PE doi 10.1075/bjl.30.08bar A gentle introduction to the minimal Naming Game Authors: Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Social conventions govern countless behaviors all of us engage in every day, from how we greet each other to the languages we speak. But how can shared conventions emerge spontaneously in the absence of a central coordinating authority? The Naming Game model shows that networks of locally interacting individuals can spontaneously self-organize to produce global coordination. Here, we provide a gen… ▽ More Social conventions govern countless behaviors all of us engage in every day, from how we greet each other to the languages we speak. But how can shared conventions emerge spontaneously in the absence of a central coordinating authority? The Naming Game model shows that networks of locally interacting individuals can spontaneously self-organize to produce global coordination. Here, we provide a gentle introduction to the main features of the model, from the dynamics observed in homogeneously mixing populations to the role played by more complex social networks, and to how slight modifications of the basic interaction rules give origin to a richer phenomenology in which more conventions can co-exist indefinitely. △ Less Submitted 25 January, 2017; originally announced January 2017. Journal ref: Belgian Journal of Linguistics 30, 171 (2016) arXiv:1701.07419 [ pdf , ps , other ] A gentle introduction to the minimal Naming Game Authors: Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Social conventions govern countless behaviors all of us engage in every day, from how we greet each other to the languages we speak. But how can shared conventions emerge spontaneously in the absence of a central coordinating authority? The Naming Game model shows that networks of locally interacting individuals can spontaneously self-organize to produce global coordination. Here, we provide a gen… ▽ More Social conventions govern countless behaviors all of us engage in every day, from how we greet each other to the languages we speak. But how can shared conventions emerge spontaneously in the absence of a central coordinating authority? The Naming Game model shows that networks of locally interacting individuals can spontaneously self-organize to produce global coordination. Here, we provide a gentle introduction to the main features of the model, from the dynamics observed in homogeneously mixing populations to the role played by more complex social networks, and to how slight modifications of the basic interaction rules give origin to a richer phenomenology in which more conventions can co-exist indefinitely. △ Less Submitted 25 January, 2017; originally announced January 2017. Journal ref: Belgian Journal of Linguistics 30, 171 (2016) arXiv:1701.06449 [ pdf , other ] physics.soc-ph cond-mat.stat-mech cs.SI doi 10.1103/PhysRevE.95.052318 Random walks on activity-driven networks with attractiveness Authors: Laura Alessandretti , Kaiyuan Sun , Andrea Baronchelli , Nicola Perra Abstract : Virtually all real-world networks are dynamical entities. In social networks, the propensity of nodes to engage in social interactions (activity) and their chances to be selected by active nodes (attractiveness) are heterogeneously distributed. Here, we present a time-varying network model where each node and the dynamical formation of ties are characterised by these two features. We study how the… ▽ More Virtually all real-world networks are dynamical entities. In social networks, the propensity of nodes to engage in social interactions (activity) and their chances to be selected by active nodes (attractiveness) are heterogeneously distributed. Here, we present a time-varying network model where each node and the dynamical formation of ties are characterised by these two features. We study how these properties affect random walk processes unfolding on the network when the time scales describing the process and the network evolution are comparable. We derive analytical solutions for the stationary state and the mean first passage time of the process and we study cases informed by empirical observations of social networks. Our work shows that previously disregarded properties of real social systems such heterogeneous distributions of activity and attractiveness as well as the correlations between them, substantially affect the dynamical process unfolding on the network. △ Less Submitted 12 June, 2017; v1 submitted 23 January, 2017; originally announced January 2017. Journal ref: Phys. Rev. E 95, 052318 (2017) arXiv:1701.06449 [ pdf , other ] Random walks on activity-driven networks with attractiveness Authors: Laura Alessandretti , Kaiyuan Sun , Andrea Baronchelli , Nicola Perra Abstract : Virtually all real-world networks are dynamical entities. In social networks, the propensity of nodes to engage in social interactions (activity) and their chances to be selected by active nodes (attractiveness) are heterogeneously distributed. Here, we present a time-varying network model where each node and the dynamical formation of ties are characterised by these two features. We study how the… ▽ More Virtually all real-world networks are dynamical entities. In social networks, the propensity of nodes to engage in social interactions (activity) and their chances to be selected by active nodes (attractiveness) are heterogeneously distributed. Here, we present a time-varying network model where each node and the dynamical formation of ties are characterised by these two features. We study how these properties affect random walk processes unfolding on the network when the time scales describing the process and the network evolution are comparable. We derive analytical solutions for the stationary state and the mean first passage time of the process and we study cases informed by empirical observations of social networks. Our work shows that previously disregarded properties of real social systems such heterogeneous distributions of activity and attractiveness as well as the correlations between them, substantially affect the dynamical process unfolding on the network. △ Less Submitted 12 June, 2017; v1 submitted 23 January, 2017; originally announced January 2017. Journal ref: Phys. Rev. E 95, 052318 (2017) arXiv:1609.03526 [ pdf , other ] physics.soc-ph cs.SI Evidence for a Conserved Quantity in Human Mobility Authors: Laura Alessandretti , Piotr Sapiezynski , Vedran Sekara , Sune Lehmann , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Recent seminal works on human mobility have shown that individuals constantly exploit a small set of repeatedly visited locations. A concurrent literature has emphasized the explorative nature of human behavior, showing that the number of visited places grows steadily over time. How to reconcile these seemingly contradicting facts remains an open question. Here, we analyze high-resolution multi-ye… ▽ More Recent seminal works on human mobility have shown that individuals constantly exploit a small set of repeatedly visited locations. A concurrent literature has emphasized the explorative nature of human behavior, showing that the number of visited places grows steadily over time. How to reconcile these seemingly contradicting facts remains an open question. Here, we analyze high-resolution multi-year traces of $\sim$40,000 individuals from 4 datasets and show that this tension vanishes when the long-term evolution of mobility patterns is considered. We reveal that mobility patterns evolve significantly yet smoothly, and that the number of familiar locations an individual visits at any point is a conserved quantity with a typical size of $\sim$25 locations. We use this finding to improve state-of-the-art modeling of human mobility. Furthermore, shifting the attention from aggregated quantities to individual behavior, we show that the size of an individual's set of preferred locations correlates with the number of her social interactions. This result suggests a connection between the conserved quantity we identify, which as we show can not be understood purely on the basis of time constraints, and the `Dunbar number' describing a cognitive upper limit to an individual's number of social relations. We anticipate that our work will spark further research linking the study of Human Mobility and the Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences. △ Less Submitted 19 June, 2018; v1 submitted 12 September, 2016; originally announced September 2016. arXiv:1609.03526 [ pdf , other ] Evidence for a Conserved Quantity in Human Mobility Authors: Laura Alessandretti , Piotr Sapiezynski , Vedran Sekara , Sune Lehmann , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Recent seminal works on human mobility have shown that individuals constantly exploit a small set of repeatedly visited locations. A concurrent literature has emphasized the explorative nature of human behavior, showing that the number of visited places grows steadily over time. How to reconcile these seemingly contradicting facts remains an open question. Here, we analyze high-resolution multi-ye… ▽ More Recent seminal works on human mobility have shown that individuals constantly exploit a small set of repeatedly visited locations. A concurrent literature has emphasized the explorative nature of human behavior, showing that the number of visited places grows steadily over time. How to reconcile these seemingly contradicting facts remains an open question. Here, we analyze high-resolution multi-year traces of $\sim$40,000 individuals from 4 datasets and show that this tension vanishes when the long-term evolution of mobility patterns is considered. We reveal that mobility patterns evolve significantly yet smoothly, and that the number of familiar locations an individual visits at any point is a conserved quantity with a typical size of $\sim$25 locations. We use this finding to improve state-of-the-art modeling of human mobility. Furthermore, shifting the attention from aggregated quantities to individual behavior, we show that the size of an individual's set of preferred locations correlates with the number of her social interactions. This result suggests a connection between the conserved quantity we identify, which as we show can not be understood purely on the basis of time constraints, and the `Dunbar number' describing a cognitive upper limit to an individual's number of social relations. We anticipate that our work will spark further research linking the study of Human Mobility and the Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences. △ Less Submitted 19 June, 2018; v1 submitted 12 September, 2016; originally announced September 2016. arXiv:1606.06626 [ pdf , other ] physics.soc-ph cs.SI doi 10.1038/s41598-017-07591-0 Effects of temporal correlations in social multiplex networks Authors: Michele Starnini , Andrea Baronchelli , Romualdo Pastor-Satorras Abstract : Multi-layered networks represent a major advance in the description of natural complex systems, and their study has shed light on new physical phenomena. Despite its importance, however, the role of the temporal dimension in their structure and function has not been investigated in much detail so far. Here we study the temporal correlations between layers exhibited by real social multiplex network… ▽ More Multi-layered networks represent a major advance in the description of natural complex systems, and their study has shed light on new physical phenomena. Despite its importance, however, the role of the temporal dimension in their structure and function has not been investigated in much detail so far. Here we study the temporal correlations between layers exhibited by real social multiplex networks. At a basic level, the presence of such correlations implies a certain degree of predictability in the contact pattern, as we quantify by an extension of the entropy and mutual information analyses proposed for the single-layer case. At a different level, we demonstrate that temporal correlations are a signature of a 'multitasking' behavior of network agents, characterized by a higher level of switching between different social activities than expected in a uncorrelated pattern. Moreover, temporal correlations significantly affect the dynamics of coupled epidemic processes unfolding on the network. Our work opens the way for the systematic study of temporal multiplex networks and we anticipate it will be of interest to researchers in a broad array of fields. △ Less Submitted 6 September, 2017; v1 submitted 21 June, 2016; originally announced June 2016. Journal ref: Scientific Reports 7: 8597 (2017) arXiv:1606.06626 [ pdf , other ] Effects of temporal correlations in social multiplex networks Authors: Michele Starnini , Andrea Baronchelli , Romualdo Pastor-Satorras Abstract : Multi-layered networks represent a major advance in the description of natural complex systems, and their study has shed light on new physical phenomena. Despite its importance, however, the role of the temporal dimension in their structure and function has not been investigated in much detail so far. Here we study the temporal correlations between layers exhibited by real social multiplex network… ▽ More Multi-layered networks represent a major advance in the description of natural complex systems, and their study has shed light on new physical phenomena. Despite its importance, however, the role of the temporal dimension in their structure and function has not been investigated in much detail so far. Here we study the temporal correlations between layers exhibited by real social multiplex networks. At a basic level, the presence of such correlations implies a certain degree of predictability in the contact pattern, as we quantify by an extension of the entropy and mutual information analyses proposed for the single-layer case. At a different level, we demonstrate that temporal correlations are a signature of a 'multitasking' behavior of network agents, characterized by a higher level of switching between different social activities than expected in a uncorrelated pattern. Moreover, temporal correlations significantly affect the dynamics of coupled epidemic processes unfolding on the network. Our work opens the way for the systematic study of temporal multiplex networks and we anticipate it will be of interest to researchers in a broad array of fields. △ Less Submitted 6 September, 2017; v1 submitted 21 June, 2016; originally announced June 2016. Journal ref: Scientific Reports 7: 8597 (2017) arXiv:1603.04789 [ pdf , other ] physics.soc-ph cs.SI doi 10.1038/srep31834 Emergence of metapopulations and echo chambers in mobile agents Authors: Michele Starnini , Mattia Frasca , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Multi-agent models often describe populations segregated either in the physical space, i.e. subdivided in metapopulations, or in the ecology of opinions, i.e. partitioned in echo chambers. Here we show how the interplay between homophily and social influence controls the emergence of both kinds of segregation in a simple model of mobile agents, endowed with a continuous opinion variable. In the mo… ▽ More Multi-agent models often describe populations segregated either in the physical space, i.e. subdivided in metapopulations, or in the ecology of opinions, i.e. partitioned in echo chambers. Here we show how the interplay between homophily and social influence controls the emergence of both kinds of segregation in a simple model of mobile agents, endowed with a continuous opinion variable. In the model, physical proximity determines a progressive convergence of opinions but differing opinions result in agents moving away from each others. This feedback between mobility and social dynamics determines to the onset of a stable dynamical metapopulation scenario where physically separated groups of like-minded individuals interact with each other through the exchange of agents. The further introduction of confirmation bias in social interactions, defined as the tendency of an individual to favor opinions that match his own, leads to the emergence of echo chambers where different opinions can coexist also within the same group. We believe that the model may be of interest to researchers investigating the origin of segregation in the offline and online world. △ Less Submitted 15 March, 2016; originally announced March 2016. Journal ref: Sci Rep. 2016; 6, 31834 arXiv:1603.04789 [ pdf , other ] Emergence of metapopulations and echo chambers in mobile agents Authors: Michele Starnini , Mattia Frasca , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Multi-agent models often describe populations segregated either in the physical space, i.e. subdivided in metapopulations, or in the ecology of opinions, i.e. partitioned in echo chambers. Here we show how the interplay between homophily and social influence controls the emergence of both kinds of segregation in a simple model of mobile agents, endowed with a continuous opinion variable. In the mo… ▽ More Multi-agent models often describe populations segregated either in the physical space, i.e. subdivided in metapopulations, or in the ecology of opinions, i.e. partitioned in echo chambers. Here we show how the interplay between homophily and social influence controls the emergence of both kinds of segregation in a simple model of mobile agents, endowed with a continuous opinion variable. In the model, physical proximity determines a progressive convergence of opinions but differing opinions result in agents moving away from each others. This feedback between mobility and social dynamics determines to the onset of a stable dynamical metapopulation scenario where physically separated groups of like-minded individuals interact with each other through the exchange of agents. The further introduction of confirmation bias in social interactions, defined as the tendency of an individual to favor opinions that match his own, leads to the emergence of echo chambers where different opinions can coexist also within the same group. We believe that the model may be of interest to researchers investigating the origin of segregation in the offline and online world. △ Less Submitted 15 March, 2016; originally announced March 2016. Journal ref: Sci Rep. 2016; 6, 31834 arXiv:1601.04952 [ pdf , other ] cs.MA cs.RO cs.SI physics.soc-ph doi 10.1109/LRA.2016.2519537 Emergence of Consensus in a Multi-Robot Network: from Abstract Models to Empirical Validation Authors: Vito Trianni , Daniele De Simone , Andreagiovanni Reina , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Consensus dynamics in decentralised multiagent systems are subject to intense studies, and several different models have been proposed and analysed. Among these, the naming game stands out for its simplicity and applicability to a wide range of phenomena and applications, from semiotics to engineering. Despite the wide range of studies available, the implementation of theoretical models in real di… ▽ More Consensus dynamics in decentralised multiagent systems are subject to intense studies, and several different models have been proposed and analysed. Among these, the naming game stands out for its simplicity and applicability to a wide range of phenomena and applications, from semiotics to engineering. Despite the wide range of studies available, the implementation of theoretical models in real distributed systems is not always straightforward, as the physical platform imposes several constraints that may have a bearing on the consensus dynamics. In this paper, we investigate the effects of an implementation of the naming game for the kilobot robotic platform, in which we consider concurrent execution of games and physical interferences. Consensus dynamics are analysed in the light of the continuously evolving communication network created by the robots, highlighting how the different regimes crucially depend on the robot density and on their ability to spread widely in the experimental arena. We find that physical interferences reduce the benefits resulting from robot mobility in terms of consensus time, but also result in lower cognitive load for individual agents. △ Less Submitted 19 January, 2016; originally announced January 2016. Comments: A supporting video is available here: Journal ref: Robotics and Automation Letters, IEEE , vol.PP, no.99, pp.1 (2016) arXiv:1601.04952 [ pdf , other ] Emergence of Consensus in a Multi-Robot Network: from Abstract Models to Empirical Validation Authors: Vito Trianni , Daniele De Simone , Andreagiovanni Reina , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : Consensus dynamics in decentralised multiagent systems are subject to intense studies, and several different models have been proposed and analysed. Among these, the naming game stands out for its simplicity and applicability to a wide range of phenomena and applications, from semiotics to engineering. Despite the wide range of studies available, the implementation of theoretical models in real di… ▽ More Consensus dynamics in decentralised multiagent systems are subject to intense studies, and several different models have been proposed and analysed. Among these, the naming game stands out for its simplicity and applicability to a wide range of phenomena and applications, from semiotics to engineering. Despite the wide range of studies available, the implementation of theoretical models in real distributed systems is not always straightforward, as the physical platform imposes several constraints that may have a bearing on the consensus dynamics. In this paper, we investigate the effects of an implementation of the naming game for the kilobot robotic platform, in which we consider concurrent execution of games and physical interferences. Consensus dynamics are analysed in the light of the continuously evolving communication network created by the robots, highlighting how the different regimes crucially depend on the robot density and on their ability to spread widely in the experimental arena. We find that physical interferences reduce the benefits resulting from robot mobility in terms of consensus time, but also result in lower cognitive load for individual agents. △ Less Submitted 19 January, 2016; originally announced January 2016. Comments: A supporting video is available here: Journal ref: Robotics and Automation Letters, IEEE , vol.PP, no.99, pp.1 (2016) arXiv:1505.02138 [ pdf , ps , other ] physics.soc-ph cs.SI doi 10.1103/PhysRevE.92.042805 Committed activists and the reshaping of status-quo social consensus Authors: Dina Mistry , Qian Zhang , Nicola Perra , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : The role of committed minorities in shaping public opinion has been recently addressed with the help of multi-agent models. However, previous studies focused on homogeneous populations where zealots stand out only for their stubbornness. Here, we consider the more general case in which individuals are characterized by different propensities to communicate. In particular, we correlate commitment wi… ▽ More The role of committed minorities in shaping public opinion has been recently addressed with the help of multi-agent models. However, previous studies focused on homogeneous populations where zealots stand out only for their stubbornness. Here, we consider the more general case in which individuals are characterized by different propensities to communicate. In particular, we correlate commitment with a higher tendency to push an opinion, acknowledging the fact that individuals with unwavering dedication to a cause are also more active in their attempts to promote their message. We show that these \textit{activists} are not only more efficient in spreading their message but that their efforts require an order of magnitude fewer individuals than a randomly selected committed minority to bring the population over to a new consensus. Finally, we address the role of communities, showing that partisan divisions in the society can make it harder for committed individuals to flip the status-quo social consensus. △ Less Submitted 30 October, 2015; v1 submitted 8 May, 2015; originally announced May 2015. Journal ref: Physical Review E 92, 042805, 2015 arXiv:1505.02138 [ pdf , ps , other ] Committed activists and the reshaping of status-quo social consensus Authors: Dina Mistry , Qian Zhang , Nicola Perra , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : The role of committed minorities in shaping public opinion has been recently addressed with the help of multi-agent models. However, previous studies focused on homogeneous populations where zealots stand out only for their stubbornness. Here, we consider the more general case in which individuals are characterized by different propensities to communicate. In particular, we correlate commitment wi… ▽ More The role of committed minorities in shaping public opinion has been recently addressed with the help of multi-agent models. However, previous studies focused on homogeneous populations where zealots stand out only for their stubbornness. Here, we consider the more general case in which individuals are characterized by different propensities to communicate. In particular, we correlate commitment with a higher tendency to push an opinion, acknowledging the fact that individuals with unwavering dedication to a cause are also more active in their attempts to promote their message. We show that these \textit{activists} are not only more efficient in spreading their message but that their efforts require an order of magnitude fewer individuals than a randomly selected committed minority to bring the population over to a new consensus. Finally, we address the role of communities, showing that partisan divisions in the society can make it harder for committed individuals to flip the status-quo social consensus. △ Less Submitted 30 October, 2015; v1 submitted 8 May, 2015; originally announced May 2015. Journal ref: Physical Review E 92, 042805, 2015 arXiv:1502.06910 [ pdf ] physics.soc-ph cs.MA cs.SI q-bio.PE doi 10.1073/pnas.1418838112 The Spontaneous Emergence of Conventions: An Experimental Study of Cultural Evolution Authors: Damon Centola , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : How do shared conventions emerge in complex decentralized social systems? This question engages fields as diverse as linguistics, sociology and cognitive science. Previous empirical attempts to solve this puzzle all presuppose that formal or informal institutions, such as incentives for global agreement, coordinated leadership, or aggregated information about the population, are needed to facilita… ▽ More How do shared conventions emerge in complex decentralized social systems? This question engages fields as diverse as linguistics, sociology and cognitive science. Previous empirical attempts to solve this puzzle all presuppose that formal or informal institutions, such as incentives for global agreement, coordinated leadership, or aggregated information about the population, are needed to facilitate a solution. Evolutionary theories of social conventions, by contrast, hypothesize that such institutions are not necessary in order for social conventions to form. However, empirical tests of this hypothesis have been hindered by the difficulties of evaluating the real-time creation of new collective behaviors in large decentralized populations. Here, we present experimental results - replicated at several scales - that demonstrate the spontaneous creation of universally adopted social conventions, and show how simple changes in a population's network structure can direct the dynamics of norm formation, driving human populations with no ambition for large scale coordination to rapidly evolve shared social conventions. △ Less Submitted 24 February, 2015; originally announced February 2015. Journal ref: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 112, 1989 (2015) arXiv:1502.06910 [ pdf ] The Spontaneous Emergence of Conventions: An Experimental Study of Cultural Evolution Authors: Damon Centola , Andrea Baronchelli Abstract : How do shared conventions emerge in complex decentralized social systems? This question engages fields as diverse as linguistics, sociology and cognitive science. Previous empirical attempts to solve this puzzle all presuppose that formal or informal institutions, such as incentives for global agreement, coordinated leadership, or aggregated information about the population, are needed to facilita… ▽ More How do shared conventions emerge in complex decentralized social systems? This question engages fields as diverse as linguistics, sociology and cognitive science. Previous empirical attempts to solve this puzzle all presuppose that formal or informal institutions, such as incentives for global agreement, coordinated leadership, or aggregated information about the population, are needed to facilitate a solution. Evolutionary theories of social conventions, by contrast, hypothesize that such institutions are not necessary in order for social conventions to form. However, empirical tests of this hypothesis have been hindered by the difficulties of evaluating the real-time creation of new collective behaviors in large decentralized populations. Here, we present experimental results - replicated at several scales - that demonstrate the spontaneous creation of universally adopted social conventions, and show how simple changes in a population's network structure can direct the dynamics of norm formation, driving human populations with no ambition for large scale coordination to rapidly evolve shared social conventions. △ Less Submitted 24 February, 2015; originally announced February 2015. Journal ref: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 112, 1989 (2015) arXiv:1409.0507 [ pdf , other ] physics.soc-ph cs.MA cs.SI physics.data-an q-bio.PE doi 10.1016/j.socnet.2016.06.002 Model reproduces individual, group and collective dynamics of human contact networks Authors: Michele Starnini , Andrea Baronchelli , Romualdo Pastor-Satorras Abstract : Empirical data on the dynamics of human face-to-face interactions across a variety of social venues have recently revealed a number of context-independent structural and temporal properties of human contact networks. This universality suggests that some basic mechanisms may be responsible for the unfolding of human interactions in the physical space. Here we discuss a simple model that reproduces… ▽ More Empirical data on the dynamics of human face-to-face interactions across a variety of social venues have recently revealed a number of context-independent structural and temporal properties of human contact networks. This universality suggests that some basic mechanisms may be responsible for the unfolding of human interactions in the physical space. Here we discuss a simple model that reproduces the empirical distributions for the individual, group and collective dynamics of face-to-face contact networks. The model describes agents that move randomly in a two-dimensional space and tend to stop when meeting "attractive" peers, and reproduces accurately the empirical distributions. △ Less Submitted 6 July, 2016; v1 submitted 1 September, 2014; originally announced September 2014. Journal ref: Social Networks 47, pp. 130-137 (2016) arXiv:1409.0507 [ pdf , other ] Model reproduces individual, group and collective dynamics of human contact networks Authors: Michele Starnini , Andrea Baronchelli , Romualdo Pastor-Satorras Abstract : Empirical data on the dynamics of human face-to-face interactions across a variety of social venues have recently revealed a number of context-independent structural and temporal properties of human contact networks. This universality suggests that some basic mechanisms may be responsible for the unfolding of human interactions in the physical space. Here we discuss a simple model that reproduces… ▽ More Empirical data on the dynamics of human face-to-face interactions across a variety of social venues have recently revealed a number of context-independent structural and temporal properties of human contact networks. This universality suggests that some basic mechanisms may be responsible for the unfolding of human interactions in the physical space. Here we discuss a simple model that reproduces the empirical distributions for the individual, group and collective dynamics of face-to-face contact networks. The model describes agents that move randomly in a two-dimensional space and tend to stop when meeting "attractive" peers, and reproduces accurately the empirical distributions. △ Less Submitted 6 July, 2016; v1 submitted 1 September, 2014; originally announced September 2014. Journal ref: Social Networks 47, pp. 130-137 (2016) arXiv:1404.1006 [ pdf , other ] physics.soc-ph cs.SI doi 10.1140/epjb/e2015-60568-4 Contrasting Effects of Strong Ties on SIR and SIS Processes in Temporal Networks Authors: Kaiyuan Sun , Andrea Baronchelli , Nicola Perra Abstract : Most real networks are characterized by connectivity patterns that evolve in time following complex, non-Markovian, dynamics. Here we investigate the impact of this ubiquitous feature by studying the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) and Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible (SIS) epidemic models on activity driven networks with and without memory (i.e., Markovian and non-Markovian). We show that wh… ▽ More Most real networks are characterized by connectivity patterns that evolve in time following complex, non-Markovian, dynamics. Here we investigate the impact of this ubiquitous feature by studying the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) and Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible (SIS) epidemic models on activity driven networks with and without memory (i.e., Markovian and non-Markovian). We show that while memory inhibits the spreading process in SIR models, where the epidemic threshold is moved to larger values, it plays the opposite effect in the case of the SIS, where the threshold is lowered. The heterogeneity in tie strengths, and the frequent repetition of connections that it entails, allows in fact less virulent SIS-like diseases to survive in tightly connected local clusters that serve as reservoir for the virus. We validate this picture by evaluating the threshold of both processes in a real temporal network. Our findings confirm the important role played by non-Markovian network dynamics on dynamical processes △ Less Submitted 23 June, 2015; v1 submitted 3 April, 2014; originally announced April 2014. arXiv:1404.1006 [ pdf , other ] Contrasting Effects of Strong Ties on SIR and SIS Processes in Temporal Networks Authors: Kaiyuan Sun , Andrea Baronchelli , Nicola Perra Abstract : Most real networks are characterized by connectivity patterns that evolve in time following complex, non-Markovian, dynamics. Here we investigate the impact of this ubiquitous feature by studying the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) and Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible (SIS) epidemic models on activity driven networks with and without memory (i.e., Markovian and non-Markovian). We show that wh… ▽ More Most real networks are characterized by connectivity patterns that evolve in time following complex, non-Markovian, dynamics. Here we investigate the impact of this ubiquitous feature by studying the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) and Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible (SIS) epidemic models on activity driven networks with and without memory (i.e., Markovian and non-Markovian). We show that while memory inhibits the spreading process in SIR models, where the epidemic threshold is moved to larger values, it plays the opposite effect in the case of the SIS, where the threshold is lowered. The heterogeneity in tie strengths, and the frequent repetition of connections that it entails, allows in fact less virulent SIS-like diseases to survive in tightly connected local clusters that serve as reservoir for the virus. We validate this picture by evaluating the threshold of both processes in a real temporal network. Our findings confirm the important role played by non-Markovian network dynamics on dynamical processes △ Less Submitted 23 June, 2015; v1 submitted 3 April, 2014; originally announced April 2014. 1 2 About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations and impact 3 Aftermath Toggle Aftermath subsection 3.1 Retirement 3.1 Retirement 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Typhoon Rusa 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Português Simple English Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Typhoon Rusa rapidly intensifying north of the Mariana Islands on August 25 Meteorological history Formed August 22, 2002 ( 2002-08-22 ) Extratropical September 1, 2002 Dissipated September 4, 2002 ( 2002-09-04 ) Typhoon 10-minute sustained ( JMA ) Highest winds 150 km/h (90 mph) Lowest pressure 950 hPa ( mbar ); 28.05 inHg Category 4-equivalent typhoon 1-minute sustained ( SSHWS / JTWC ) Highest winds 215 km/h (130 mph) Lowest pressure 927 hPa ( mbar ); 27.37 inHg Overall effects Fatalities >238 total Damage $4.2 billion (2002 USD ) Areas affected .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Japan Taiwan Korea Russian Far East Japan Taiwan Korea Russian Far East IBTrACS Part of the 2002 Pacific typhoon season Typhoon Rusa was a deadly and destructive typhoon that severely affected South Korea in 2002. The twenty-first tropical depression [ a ] , the fifteenth named storm, and the tenth typhoon of the 2002 Pacific typhoon season , Rusa developed on August 22 from a monsoon trough in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, to the southeast of Japan . For several days, Rusa moved northwestward, eventually intensifying into a powerful typhoon. On August 26, the storm moved across the Amami Islands , where it left 20,000 people without power and caused two fatalities. The typhoon dropped torrential rainfall across Japan, peaking at 902 mm (35.5 in) in Tokushima Prefecture . After slightly weakening, Rusa made landfall in Goheung , South Korea with 10-minute maximum sustained winds of 140 km/h (85 mph). [ nb 1 ] The storm was able to maintain much of its intensity due to warm air and instability from a nearby cold front . Rusa weakened while moving through the country, dropping heavy rainfall that peaked at 897.5 mm (35.33 in) in Gangneung . A 24-hour total precipitation of 880 mm (35 in) in the city broke the record for the highest daily precipitation in the country; however, the heaviest rainfall was localized. Over 17,000 houses were damaged, and large areas of crop fields were flooded. In South Korea, Rusa killed at least 233 people, making it the deadliest typhoon in the country in over 43 years, and caused $4.2 billion in damage. [ nb 2 ] The typhoon also dropped heavy rainfall in the neighboring North Korea , leaving 26,000 people homeless and killing three. Rusa also destroyed large areas of crops in the country already affected by ongoing famine conditions. The typhoon later transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over eastern Russia on September 1 before dissipating three days later. Meteorological history The monsoon trough spawned a tropical depression on August 22 north of Bikini Atoll and southwest of Wake Island . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It moved to the west-northwest, a movement it would maintain for much of its duration. Early on August 23, it intensified into Tropical Storm Rusa, [ 2 ] about 1,800 km (1,100 mi) east of Guam . [ 4 ] At 1800 UTC on August 25, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) [ nb 3 ] upgraded Rusa to a typhoon while the system was northeast of the Northern Marianas Islands . The next day, the agency estimated that the typhoon attained peak winds of 150 km/h (90 mph 10 minute sustained ). [ 2 ] Around the same time, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) [ nb 4 ] estimated peak winds of 215 km/h (135 mph 1 minute sustained ). [ 3 ] While at peak intensity, Rusa struck the Japanese island of Amami Ōshima . [ 6 ] After maintaining the peak winds for about 12 hours, Rusa weakened slightly as it continued to the west-northwest, but on August 28 the JMA again reported the typhoon attained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph 10 minute sustained ). [ 2 ] Despite forecasts that it would weaken, Rusa maintained its intensity while passing south of Japan, due to minimal wind shear and warm sea surface temperatures of up to 29 °C (84 °F). [ 4 ] The typhoon again weakened slightly on August 29 while passing between the Amami Islands and Japan. Thereafter, Rusa turned to the north toward the Korean Peninsula . [ 2 ] Warm, moist air blew across the peninsula ahead of the storm, which prevented significant weakening, and an approaching cold front contributed to atmospheric instability . [ 4 ] At around 0800 UTC on August 31, Rusa made landfall on Goheung , South Korea , with winds of 140 km/h (85 mph 10 minute sustained ). [ 2 ] [ 4 ] According to the JTWC, Rusa was the most powerful typhoon to hit the country since 1959. [ 3 ] The typhoon rapidly weakened while crossing the country, deteriorating into a tropical depression early on September 1. [ 2 ] Around that time, the JTWC issued its last advisory on the system. [ 3 ] The depression turned to the northeast, and after moving through the Sea of Japan , Rusa became extratropical over Primorsky Krai in the Russian Far East late on September 1. The extratropical remnants continued northeast and dissipated on September 4 over the Kamchatka Peninsula . [ 2 ] Preparations and impact Although damage was heaviest in South Korea, Typhoon Rusa first affected Japan. [ 6 ] The threat from the storm prompted Okinawa 's government to cancel a disaster drill for the island. [ 7 ] On the island, high seas from Rusa left two United States marines missing; [ 8 ] a later news report included the two missing as storm-related fatalities. [ 9 ] In the Amami Islands, Rusa destroyed six houses, forcing 38 people to evacuate. The storm left 20,000 people without power and cancelled several flights. [ 10 ] Winds reached 104 km/h (65 mph) in Nomozaki, Nagasaki . Rains fell for seven days in the country, peaking at 902 mm (35.5 in) in Tokushima Prefecture . The heaviest of the precipitation fell in Nara Prefecture , where a station reported 84 mm (3.3 in) in one hour. At least 275 houses were flooded, and 137 houses were damaged. During its passage, Rusa injured 12 people, 4 seriously. [ 11 ] The typhoon also produced light rain and high seas along the coast of Taiwan. [ 12 ] Before Rusa affected South Korea, the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) issued high sea warnings on August 29. [ 13 ] Airports were closed in the southern portion of the country, [ 14 ] and dams let out water to prevent excessive flooding. [ 15 ] Typhoon Rusa affected much of South Korea with heavy rainfall and high winds. [ 4 ] Jeju Island off the country's southern coast reported 660 mm (26 in) of rainfall, producing flash flooding that flooded cars. On the island, high winds downed trees and left 60,000 people without power. All lower and middle schools on the island were closed, and residents were stranded after officials halted ferry and airline service. [ 14 ] On the South Korean mainland, winds reached as high as 180 km/h (110 mph). High amounts of rainfall were reported on Jeju Province and along the country's southern coast, although the heaviest rainfall was only reported in a small region. In Gangneung , located in the eastern portion of the country, severe thunderstorms developed due to high instability resulting from humid air from the east interacting with the Taebaek Mountains , producing high amounts of precipitation. The city reported the highest rainfall total in the country with 897.5 mm (35.33 in), of which 880 mm (35 in) was observed in one day. The total represented 62% of Gangneung's average yearly rainfall, and became the highest daily rainfall in the country's history, exceeding the previous record set in 1981 by 300 mm (12 in). In the South Korea interior, rainfall rates were considered a 1 in 200 year event . [ 4 ] Damage in South Korea was estimated at $4.2 billion (₩5.15 trillion KRW ). [ 6 ] Damage was heaviest in Gangneung, [ 4 ] where about 36,000 homes and 622 military buildings were flooded. At the airbase in Gangneung, floods submerged 16 jet fighters. [ 3 ] Along the coast, high winds damaged 640 boats and about 200,000 marine buildings, and 265 industrial buildings were also damaged. [ 6 ] The heavy rainfall left mudslides in the country, one of which covered ten cars in Gangneung. [ 16 ] Flooding and the landslides disrupted the country's infrastructure; [ 6 ] the storm destroyed 274 bridges and damaged roads and rails at 164 locations. [ 17 ] Rusa killed 300,000 livestock and flooded 85,000 hectares (210,000 acres) of crop fields, [ 17 ] [ 18 ] representing 6% of the country's agricultural lands, mostly affecting fruit and vegetables. [ 6 ] The storm caused the Vana H Cup KBC Augusta golf tournament to end early, [ 19 ] and a stadium to be used for the 2002 Asian Games was damaged. [ 20 ] Across the country, 88,625 people were forced to evacuate due to the typhoon, [ 3 ] and 17,046 houses were damaged. [ 21 ] High winds left 1.25 million people after blowing down 24,000 power lines. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] There were 213 deaths in the country, and another 33 were missing and presumed dead; [ 6 ] This made Rusa the deadliest typhoon in the country in more than 43 years. [ 22 ] In neighboring North Korea, Rusa produced winds of 72 km/h (45 mph) and heavy rainfall reaching 700 mm (28 in) in mountainous areas of Kangwon Province ; rainfall totaled 530 mm (21 in) in the county of Kosong . [ 17 ] The rains caused flash flooding and increased surface runoff . This occurred about a month after similarly heavy rains caused severe damage in the country. [ 23 ] The rains from Rusa damaged and flooded thousands of houses and many public buildings, [ 24 ] and destroyed 86,000 tonnes of crop fields; [ 25 ] the latter was most significant due to the country's ongoing famine conditions . [ 17 ] Damage was heaviest in Kangwon Province , and the typhoon affected four provinces and one administrative city . More than 26,000 people were left homeless in the country, although advance warning allowed for evacuations. [ 23 ] Rusa disrupted transportation by destroying 25 km (16 mi) of roads and 24 bridges; however, most of the damage was isolated to a small region. [ 25 ] There were three deaths in North Korea. [ 23 ] The typhoon also affected the Russian Far East. [ 6 ] On Sakhalin island, Rusa's remnants dropped heavy rainfall, the equivalence of two months average precipitation. The rains flooded 350 houses, but there were no deaths in the region. [ 26 ] Aftermath Following the storm, damaged buildings polluted rivers in South Korea with chemicals and heavy metals. [ 6 ] The country utilized 30,000 soldiers to assist in cleaning up and repairing storm damage. President Kim Dae-jung authorized emergency funding for disaster aid. Much of Gangneung lost power and water; as a result, relief supplies were sent to the affected citizens. [ 17 ] By ten days after Rusa struck the country, power lines were restored and transportation returned to normal. After an appeal to other residents in the country, the South Korea Red Cross chapter received $49 million in donations (₩58 billion won), mostly from the country's northwest portion. The agency provided 50,680 meals to 16,919 families, as well as clothing and cooking supplies. [ 22 ] Residents in the country raised about $60 million (₩72.1 billion won) in disaster relief, the highest such total for a disaster in the nation. [ 27 ] The Chinese Red Cross sent $20,000 to the South Korean Red Cross in the weeks after the storm. [ 28 ] On September 13, the South Korean government declared 203 cities and counties as disaster zones, [ 29 ] which entitled 8,714 families who sustained storm damage to receive government loans. [ 30 ] The combined storm damage and floods preceding the storm caused the nation's economy to contract during the third quarter of 2002. [ 31 ] The 2003 fiscal year reported a $300 million deficit for non-life insurance companies, mostly due to losses from the typhoon. [ 32 ] Crop damage from Rusa caused the price of rice to increase to their highest levels since 1980. [ 33 ] In the year after the storm, the South Korean government worked to reconstruct damaged roads and provided monthly assistance payments to families who lost their homes. [ 34 ] However, many residents remained homeless and were residing in temporary shelters. The country's Habitat for Humanity built 69 houses for storm victims in 2003, although that was only for a small portion of the overall number of people affected. [ 35 ] About a year after Rusa hit, Typhoon Maemi also struck South Korea with stronger winds, causing $3.74 billion in damage and 117 deaths. The damage total was less than from Rusa but was more significant to industrial areas. [ 36 ] In North Korea, the Red Cross provided relief supplies to residents affected by flooding. The agency's international disaster relief fund provided FR75,000 (2002 CHF (US$50,000). [ nb 5 ] . Soldiers were used to assist in search and rescue missions and to repair damaged infrastructure. Due to storm damage, the Red Cross in North Korea distributed over 2.1 million water purification tablets and over 11,000 water containers. The agency also provided 32,753 blankets and 4,931 kitchen units. [ 23 ] After the storm, people left homeless by the storm sought shelter with neighbors or in shelters. [ 23 ] A South Korean dairy company donated 42,000 cans of baby formula to North Korea. [ 38 ] Retirement Due to the storm's extensive damage in South Korea, the name Rusa was retired by the Typhoon Committee and would never be used again as a storm name in the Western Pacific basin. In 2004, it was replaced with the name Nuri , which was first used in the 2008 season . [ 39 ] See also Tropical cyclones portal Tropical cyclones in 2002 List of retired Pacific typhoon names Other typhoons that took a similar track towards South Korea: Typhoon Sarah (1959) Typhoon Dinah (1987) Typhoon Saomai (2000) Typhoon Maemi (2003) Typhoon Nari (2007) Typhoon Soulik (2018) Typhoon Haishen (2020) Typhoon Hinnamnor (2022) Typhoon Khanun (2023) Notes ^ The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) uses 10-minute sustained winds, while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) uses 1-minute sustained winds. The conversion factor between the two is 1.14. [ 1 ] ^ All damage totals are in 2002 United States dollars unless otherwise noted. ^ The Japan Meteorological Agency is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean. [ 2 ] ^ The Joint Typhoon Warning Center is a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force task force that issues tropical cyclone warnings for the western Pacific Ocean and other regions. [ 5 ] ^ The total was originally reported in Swiss francs. Total converted by website from the Oanda Corporation . [ 37 ] ^ according to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Section 2. 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The Korea Herald . 2002-09-11. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required) ^ "Government names 203 areas as disaster zones". The Korea Herald . 2002-09-14. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required) ^ "S.Korea to provide low-interest loans to typhoon victims". Xinhua. 2002-10-15. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required) ^ "South Korean growth slows in third quarter". Agence France-Presse. 2002-11-22. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required) ^ "Loss in Reinsurance Business". The Korea Times . 2004-09-15. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required) ^ "Rice output cost hits highest level". The Korea Herald . 2003-02-13. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required) ^ Andrew Petty (2003-08-01). "Still weathering the storm". The Korea Herald . – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required) ^ "What a difference a week makes". The Korea Herald . 2003-08-01. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required) ^ Guy Carpenter (2003-10-22). Typhoon Maemi Loss Report 2003 (PDF) (Report). Marsh & McLennan Companies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-07 . Retrieved 2012-07-31 . ^ "Historical Exchange Rates" . Oanda Corporation. 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-10-04 . Retrieved 2012-07-27 . ^ "Koreas: South firm to provide free infant foods to North". British Broadcasting Corporation . Yonhap News Agency. 2002-09-12. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required) ^ The Typhoon Committee. Appendix 1C: List of Names for Tropical Cyclones Adopted by the Typhoon Committee for the Western North Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea (PDF) (Typhoon Committee Operational Manual 2012 Edition). World Meteorological Organization. p. 31 . Retrieved 2012-08-02 . External links RSMC Tokyo - Typhoon Center Best Track Data of Typhoon Rusa (0215) (in Japanese) Best Track Data (Graphics) of Typhoon Rusa (0215) Best Track Data (Text) Best Track Data of Typhoon Rusa (0215) (in Japanese) Best Track Data (Graphics) of Typhoon Rusa (0215) Best Track Data (Text) JTWC Best Track Data Archived 2021-02-11 at the Wayback Machine of Typhoon 21W (Rusa) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Retired Pacific typhoon names v t e Pre-2000s Lucille (1960) Ophelia (1960) Karen (1962) Bess (1974) Hazen (1981) Bess (1982) Pamela (1982) Ike (1984) Roy (1988) Mike (1990) Mireille (1991) Thelma (1991) Omar (1992) Lucille (1960) Ophelia (1960) Karen (1962) Bess (1974) Hazen (1981) Bess (1982) Pamela (1982) Ike (1984) Roy (1988) Mike (1990) Mireille (1991) Thelma (1991) Omar (1992) 2000s Vamei (2001) Chataan (2002) Rusa (2002) Pongsona (2002) Yanyan (2003) Imbudo (2003) Maemi (2003) Sudal (2004) Tingting (2004) Rananim (2004) Matsa (2005) Nabi (2005) Longwang (2005) Chanchu (2006) Bilis (2006) Saomai (2006) Xangsane (2006) Durian (2006) Morakot (2009) Ketsana (2009) Parma (2009) Vamei (2001) Chataan (2002) Rusa (2002) Pongsona (2002) Yanyan (2003) Imbudo (2003) Maemi (2003) Sudal (2004) Tingting (2004) Rananim (2004) Matsa (2005) Nabi (2005) Longwang (2005) Chanchu (2006) Bilis (2006) Saomai (2006) Xangsane (2006) Durian (2006) Morakot (2009) Ketsana (2009) Parma (2009) 2010s Fanapi (2010) Washi (2011) Vicente (2012) Bopha (2012) Sonamu (2013) Utor (2013) Fitow (2013) Haiyan (2013) Rammasun (2014) Soudelor (2015) Mujigae (2015) Koppu (2015) Melor (2015) Meranti (2016) Sarika (2016) Haima (2016) Nock-ten (2016) Hato (2017) Kai-tak (2017) Tembin (2017) Rumbia (2018) Mangkhut (2018) Yutu (2018) Lekima (2019) Faxai (2019) Hagibis (2019) Kammuri (2019) Phanfone (2019) Fanapi (2010) Washi (2011) Vicente (2012) Bopha (2012) Sonamu (2013) Utor (2013) Fitow (2013) Haiyan (2013) Rammasun (2014) Soudelor (2015) Mujigae (2015) Koppu (2015) Melor (2015) Meranti (2016) Sarika (2016) Haima (2016) Nock-ten (2016) Hato (2017) Kai-tak (2017) Tembin (2017) Rumbia (2018) Mangkhut (2018) Yutu (2018) Lekima (2019) Faxai (2019) Hagibis (2019) Kammuri (2019) Phanfone (2019) 2020s Vongfong (2020) Linfa (2020) Molave (2020) Goni (2020) Vamco (2020) Conson (2021) Kompasu (2021) Rai (2021) Malakas (2022) Megi (2022) Ma-on (2022) Hinnamnor (2022) Noru (2022) Nalgae (2022) Doksuri (2023) Saola (2023) Haikui (2023) Ewiniar (2024) Yagi (2024) Jebi (2024) Krathon (2024) Trami (2024) Kong-rey (2024) Toraji (2024) Man-yi (2024) Usagi (2024) Vongfong (2020) Linfa (2020) Molave (2020) Goni (2020) Vamco (2020) Conson (2021) Kompasu (2021) Rai (2021) Malakas (2022) Megi (2022) Ma-on (2022) Hinnamnor (2022) Noru (2022) Nalgae (2022) Doksuri (2023) Saola (2023) Haikui (2023) Ewiniar (2024) Yagi (2024) Jebi (2024) Krathon (2024) Trami (2024) Kong-rey (2024) Toraji (2024) Man-yi (2024) Usagi (2024) v t e Tropical cyclones of the 2002 Pacific typhoon season v t e TS Tapah VSTY Mitag TD Caloy TD 04W VSTY Hagibis TD Dagul STS Noguri VSTY Rammasun VSTY Chataan VSTY Halong STS Nakri VSTY Fengshen TD Juan TS Kalmaegi TY Fung-wong STS Kammuri TD 17W TD Milenyo VSTY Phanfone TS Vongfong TY Rusa TY Sinlaku VSTY Ele TS Hagupit TS Changmi TS Mekkhala VSTY Higos STS Bavi TD 27W TD 28W STS Maysak TY Huko VSTY Haishen VSTY Pongsona Category Category 2002 Pacific typhoon season Retired Pacific typhoons Typhoons in Japan Typhoons in North Korea Typhoons in Russia Typhoons in South Korea August 2002 in Asia September 2002 in Asia Tropical cyclones in 2002 Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription-only content CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja) Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Featured articles Pages using obsolete storm path colors Commons category link from Wikidata Articles with Japanese-language sources (ja) Webarchive template wayback links This page was last edited on 26 December 2025, at 03:51 (UTC) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Rusa
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Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Artificial Intelligence Authors and titles for recent submissions Fri, 16 Jan 2026 Thu, 15 Jan 2026 Wed, 14 Jan 2026 Tue, 13 Jan 2026 Mon, 12 Jan 2026 See today's new changes Mon, 12 Jan 2026 (continued, showing 50 of 120 entries ) About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
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https://arxiv.org/list/cs.AI/recent?skip=900&show=50
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Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence Title: Diagnosing Generalization Failures in Fine-Tuned LLMs: A Cross-Architectural Study on Phishing Detection Abstract: The practice of fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) has achieved state-of-the-art performance on specialized tasks, yet diagnosing why these models become brittle and fail to generalize remains a critical open problem. To address this, we introduce and apply a multi-layered diagnostic framework to a cross-architectural study. We fine-tune Llama 3.1 8B, Gemma 2 9B, and Mistral models on a high-stakes phishing detection task and use SHAP analysis and mechanistic interpretability to uncover the root causes of their generalization failures. Our investigation reveals three critical findings: (1) Generalization is driven by a powerful synergy between architecture and data diversity. The Gemma 2 9B model achieves state-of-the-art performance (>91\% F1), but only when trained on a stylistically diverse ``generalist'' dataset. (2) Generalization is highly architecture-dependent. We diagnose a specific failure mode in Llama 3.1 8B, which performs well on a narrow domain but cannot integrate diverse data, leading to a significant performance drop. (3) Some architectures are inherently more generalizable. The Mistral model proves to be a consistent and resilient performer across multiple training paradigms. By pinpointing the flawed heuristics responsible for these failures, our work provides a concrete methodology for diagnosing and understanding generalization failures, underscoring that reliable AI requires deep validation of the interplay between architecture, data, and training strategy. Comments: 16 pages, 6 figures, 6 tables Subjects: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) Cite as: arXiv:2601.10524 [cs.AI] (or arXiv:2601.10524v1 [cs.AI] for this version) Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite Submission history Access Paper: View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar BibTeX formatted citation Bookmark Bibliographic and Citation Tools Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article Demos Recommenders and Search Tools Author Venue Institution Topic arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs . About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.10524?context=cs
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Intangiriro Umuyoboro rusange Ibiherutse guhindurwa Njyana aho ariho hose Ubufasha Inyandiko zidasanzwe Tanga impano Fungura konti Injira Tanga impano Fungura konti Injira Intangiriro Main Page Ikiganiro Soma Reba inkomoko Reba amateka Soma Reba inkomoko Reba amateka Icyo kiherekeza hano Impinduka zijyanye nabyo Bika idosiye hano Ihuza rihoraho Amakuru y'uru rupapuro Garagaza uru rubuga Get shortened URL Download QR code Create a book Manura nka PDF igice wasohora Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wiktionary Wikidata ikintu Murakaza neza ku rubuga ruhariwe Wikipediya mu Kinyarwanda Niba muvuga,mwumva kandi mu kandika ikinyarwanda, iyi Nkoranyanzimbuzi nibe iyanyu Inyandiko : gushakashaka • kwifashisha • kumenyesha Inyandiko ziboneye • Inyandiko zinoze • Ibyiciro • Amahitamo Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu Ubumenyi bwimbitse n'ubumenyi bw'ibintu karemano Ubumenyi nyamuntu Umuryango w'abantu Ikoranabuhanga Ubuzima bwa buri munsi n'imyidagaduro Ifoto y'umunsi Kwakira abantu bashya n' umuryango Iby'ingenzi • Baza ikibazo • Amahame y'abashinze wikipediya • Ambasade Ubu hari inyandiko 8.921 Amakuru arambuye kuri... 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background 2 Roles 3 Synopsis Toggle Synopsis subsection 3.1 Act 1 3.2 Act 2 3.3 Act 3 3.4 Revisions, 1717 and 1731 3.1 Act 1 3.2 Act 2 3.3 Act 3 3.4 Revisions, 1717 and 1731 4 Compositional history 5 Performance history and reception Toggle Performance history and reception subsection 5.1 Early performances 5.2 Modern revivals 5.1 Early performances 5.2 Modern revivals 6 Music 7 Arias and other musical numbers Toggle Arias and other musical numbers subsection 7.1 1717 libretto and subsequent amendments 7.1.1 Act 1 7.1.2 Act 2 7.1.3 Act 3 7.2 Additions and replacements, 1717 7.3 Additions and replacements, 1731 7.1 1717 libretto and subsequent amendments 7.1.1 Act 1 7.1.2 Act 2 7.1.3 Act 3 7.1.1 Act 1 7.1.2 Act 2 7.1.3 Act 3 7.2 Additions and replacements, 1717 7.3 Additions and replacements, 1731 8 Editions 9 Recordings 10 References Toggle References subsection 10.1 Notes 10.2 Sources 10.1 Notes 10.2 Sources 11 External links Rinaldo (opera) Alemannisch Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Latina Magyar Македонски 日本語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Rinaldo ( HWV 7) is an opera by George Frideric Handel , composed in 1711, and was the first Italian-language opera written specifically for the London stage. The libretto was prepared by Giacomo Rossi from a scenario provided by Aaron Hill , and the work was first performed at the Queen's Theatre in London's Haymarket on 24 February 1711. The story of love, war and redemption, set at the time of the First Crusade , is loosely based on Torquato Tasso 's epic poem Gerusalemme liberata ("Jerusalem Delivered"), and its staging involved many original and vivid effects. It was a great success with the public, despite negative reactions from literary critics hostile to the contemporary trend towards Italian entertainment in English theatres. Handel composed Rinaldo quickly, borrowing and adapting music from operas and other works that he had composed during a long stay in Italy in the years 1706–10, during which he established a considerable reputation. In the years following the premiere, he made numerous amendments to the score. Rinaldo is regarded by critics as one of Handel's greatest operas. Of its individual numbers, the soprano aria " Lascia ch'io pianga " has become a particular favourite, and is a popular concert piece. Handel went on to dominate opera in England for several decades. Rinaldo was revived in London regularly up to 1717, and in a revised version in 1731; of all Handel's operas, Rinaldo was the most frequently performed during his lifetime. After 1731, however, the opera was not staged for more than 200 years. Renewed interest in baroque opera during the 20th century led to the first modern professional production in Handel's birthplace, Halle , Germany, in 1954. The opera was mounted sporadically over the following thirty years; after a successful run at New York's Metropolitan Opera in 1984, performances and recordings of the work have become more frequent worldwide. Rinaldo was the first Handel opera to have found its way to the Metropolitan. [ 1 ] The opera's tercentenary in 2011 brought a modernized production at the Glyndebourne Festival . Background Handel began to compose operas at the Oper am Gänsemarkt in Hamburg, where he spent the years 1703 to 1706; his principal influences were Johann Mattheson and Reinhard Keiser . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] At that time, German opera as a genre was still not clearly defined; in Hamburg the term Singspiel ("song-play") rather than opera described music dramas that combined elements of French and Italian opera, often with passages of spoken German dialogue. The music was, in the words of historian Donald Jay Grout , "tinged with the serious, heavy formality of Lutheran Germany". [ 4 ] The first of Handel's early works in the German style was Almira , a considerable success when it was premiered on 8 January 1705. [ 5 ] Over the next three years Handel composed three more operas in the German style, but all of these are now lost. However, fragments of the music from these works have been identified in later operas. [ 6 ] In autumn 1706 Handel went to Italy. He stayed for long periods in Florence, Rome, Naples and Venice, making frequent visits to the opera houses and concert halls. He obtained introductions to leading musicians, among them Arcangelo Corelli , Alessandro and Domenico Scarlatti , and Agostino Steffani , [ 7 ] and met numerous singers and performers. From these acquaintances Handel learned the essential characteristics of Italian music, in particular (according to Dean and Knapp ) "fluency in the treatment of Italian verse, accurate declamation and flexible harmonic rhythm in recitative, ... drawing the necessary distinction between vocal and instrumental material and, above all, the release of [his] wonderful melodic gift". [ 8 ] Handel's first Italian opera, Rodrigo , showed an incomplete grasp of Italian style, with much of Keiser's Hamburg influence still evident; it was not a success when premiered in Florence, in late November or early December 1707. [ 7 ] He followed this by a lengthy visit to Rome, where opera performances were then forbidden by papal decree, [ 9 ] and honed his skills through the composition of cantatas and oratorios . In Rome, Handel met Cardinal Vincenzo Grimani , a diplomat and spare-time librettist; [ 10 ] the result of this meeting was a collaboration which produced Handel's second Italian opera, Agrippina . After this work's triumphant premiere at the Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo in Venice, on 26 December 1709, Handel became, says biographer P. H. Lang , "world famous and the idol of a spoiled and knowledgeable audience". [ 11 ] This sudden recognition led to eager competition for Handel's services. [ 12 ] Among those most keen to employ him was Prince Georg Ludwig , the Elector of Hanover and future King George I of Great Britain. In June 1710 Handel accepted the appointment of Kapellmeister to Georg's Hanover court, under terms that gave him considerable scope to pursue his own interests. On the basis of this freedom, in late 1710 Handel left Hanover for London, possibly in response to an earlier invitation from members of the English nobility. [ 13 ] By 1711, informed London audiences had become familiar with the nature of Italian opera through the numerous pastiches and adaptations that had been staged. The former Royal Academy of Music Principal, Curtis Price , writes that the popularity of these pieces was the result of a deliberate strategy aimed at the suppression of English opera. [ 14 ] Handel's music was relatively unknown in England, though his reputation from Agrippina was considerable elsewhere. A short "Italian Dialogue" he had written in honour of Queen Anne 's birthday was well received when performed at St James's Palace on 6 February 1711. [ 15 ] In London, by means which are not documented, Handel secured a commission to write an Italian opera for the Queen's Theatre in the Haymarket (it became the "King's Theatre" after King George I's accession in 1714). [ 16 ] This theatre, designed and built by Sir John Vanbrugh , had become London's main opera house; its manager, Aaron Hill, intended to mount the first Italian opera written specifically for London and had engaged an all-Italian company for the 1710–11 opera season. [ 15 ] Hill employed an Italian poet and language teacher, Giacomo Rossi, to write a libretto based on a scenario that Hill prepared himself. [ 17 ] As his subject Hill chose Gerusalemme liberata , an epic of the First Crusade by the 16th-century Italian poet Torquato Tasso ; the opera was called Rinaldo , after its main protagonist. [ 15 ] Hill was determined to exploit to the full the opportunities for lavish spectacle afforded by the theatre's machinery; his aim, according to Dean and Knapp, was "to combine the virtuosity of Italian singing with the extravagance of the 17th century masque". [ 18 ] Roles Role (in singing order) Voice type (1711) [ 12 ] Notes Premiere cast, 24 February 1711 Conductor: [ 19 ] Ref. Goffredo : leader of the First Crusade. 1096–99 contralto ( en travesti ) Tenor after 1731 revision Francesca Vanini-Boschi [ 20 ] Rinaldo : a nobleman of the House of Este alto castrato Written in soprano clef, now sung by a contralto, mezzo-soprano or countertenor Nicolò Grimaldi ("Nicolini") [ 20 ] Almirena: daughter of Goffredo soprano Isabella Girardeau [ 20 ] Eustazio : brother to Goffredo alto castrato This part was eliminated before the 1717 revival, and is often omitted from modern productions Valentino Urbani ("Valentini") [ 20 ] [ 21 ] A herald tenor Bass in 1731 revival "Lawrence" [ 20 ] Argante: Saracen king of Jerusalem bass Contralto in 1731 revival, now usually bass Giuseppe Boschi [ 20 ] Armida : Queen of Damascus, Argante's mistress soprano Contralto in 1731 revival, now usually soprano Elisabetta Pilotti-Schiavonetti [ 20 ] [ 22 ] Two mermaids sopranos Not recorded [ 20 ] A woman soprano In some productions the woman's lines are sung by a mermaid Not recorded [ 20 ] A Christian magician alto castrato Bass from 1731 revival Giuseppe Cassani [ 20 ] Mermaids, spirits, fairies, officers, guards, attendants Non-singing parts Synopsis Place : in and around the city of Jerusalem during the First Crusade Time : 1099 Act 1 The Crusader army under Goffredo is laying siege to Jerusalem, where the Saracen king Argante is confined with his troops. With Goffredo are his brother Eustazio, his daughter Almirena, and the knight Rinaldo. As Goffredo sings of the coming victory, Rinaldo declares his love for Almirena, and Goffredo confirms that she will be Rinaldo's bride when Jerusalem falls. Almirena urges Rinaldo to fight boldly and assure victory. As she departs, a herald announces the approach of Argante from the city. Eustazio surmises that the king fears defeat; this seems to be confirmed when Argante, after a grandiose entrance, requests a three-day truce to which Goffredo graciously assents. After Goffredo leaves, Argante ponders his love for Armida, the Queen of Damascus who is also a powerful sorceress, and considers the help her powers might bring him. As he muses, Armida arrives from the sky in a fiery chariot. She has divined that the Saracens' only chance of victory lies in vanquishing Rinaldo, and has the power, she claims, to achieve this. The scene changes to a garden, with fountains and birds, where Rinaldo and Almirena are celebrating their love. They are interrupted as Armida appears, and wrests Almirena from Rinaldo's embrace. Rinaldo draws his sword to defend his lover, but a black cloud descends to envelop Armida and Almirena, and they are borne away. Rinaldo mourns the loss of his loved one. When Goffredo and Eustazio arrive they comfort Rinaldo, and propose they visit a Christian magician who may have the power to save Almirena. Rinaldo, left alone, prays for strength. Act 2 A sea shore. As Goffredo, Eustazio and Rinaldo near the magician's lair, a beautiful woman calls from her boat, promising Rinaldo that she can take him to Almirena. Two mermaids sing of love's delights, and urge Rinaldo to go in the boat. He hesitates, unsure what to do, and his companions attempt to restrain him. Angry at the abduction of his loved one, Rinaldo enters the boat, which immediately sails off. Goffredo and Eustazio are shocked at Rinaldo's impulsiveness and believe that he has deserted their cause. In Armida's palace garden, Almirena mourns her captivity. Argante joins her and, overcome by her beauty, confesses that he now loves her. He promises that as proof of his feelings he will defy Armida's wrath and secure Almirena's freedom. Meanwhile, Rinaldo is brought before the triumphant Armida. As he demands that Almirena be set free, Armida finds herself drawn to his noble spirit, and declares her love. When he angrily rejects her she uses her powers to assume Almirena's form, but Rinaldo suspects trickery, and departs. Armida, resuming her own appearance, is furious at her rejection yet retains feelings of tender love. She decides on another attempt to ensnare Rinaldo, and transforms herself back into Almirena's shape, but then encounters Argante. Believing her to be Almirena, Argante repeats his earlier promises of love and freedom. Swiftly resuming her own form, Armida denounces his infidelity and vows vengeance. Argante defiantly confirms his love for Almirena and declares that he no longer needs Armida's help. She departs in a fury. Act 3 A mountainside, at the magician's cavern. Goffredo and Eustazio are told by the Magician that Almirena is being held captive in Armida's palace at the mountain-top. Ignoring the magician's warning that they will need special powers, the pair set off for the palace but are quickly driven back by Armida's monsters. The magician then gives them magic wands that transcend Armida's power, and they set off again. This time they overcome the monsters, but as they reach the gates of the palace it disappears, leaving them clinging to a rock in the midst of a stormy sea. They climb the rock and descend out of sight. In the palace garden Armida prepares to kill Almirena. Rinaldo draws his sword, but Armida is protected from his wrath by spirits. Suddenly Goffredo and Eustazio arrive, but as they touch the garden with their wands it disappears, leaving them all on an empty plain with the city of Jerusalem visible in the distance. Armida, after a last attempt to kill Almirena, also disappears as Rinaldo strikes her with his sword. The remaining four celebrate their reunion, while Goffredo announces that the attack on Jerusalem will begin the next day. In the city, Argante and Armida, in danger from a common enemy, become reconciled and prepare their troops for battle. Goffredo's army advances, and battle finally commences. After a struggle for supremacy, Jerusalem falls to Goffredo; Argante is overcome and captured by Rinaldo, while Armida is taken by Eustazio. Rinaldo and Almirena celebrate their love and forthcoming marriage. Armida, accepting her defeat, breaks the wand which is the source of her evil power and together with Argante embraces Christianity. Goffredo expresses his forgiveness to his beaten foes and sets them free, before victors and vanquished join in a chorus of reconciliation. Revisions, 1717 and 1731 The opera was frequently revised, most particularly in 1717 and in 1731; modern performances are usually a conflation of the versions available. Up to and including 1717, these changes had no significant effect on the plot. In the 1731 version, however, in act 2 Armida imitates Almirena's voice rather than assuming her appearance, and Argante declares his love to Almirena's portrait rather than to her face. In act 3 the marches and the battle scene are cut; Armida and Argante remain unrepentant and vanish in a chariot drawn by dragons before the conclusion. [ 23 ] Compositional history In a letter dedicating the new opera to Queen Anne, Hill wrote of his choice of story: "I could not chuse a finer Subject than the celebrated story of Rinaldo and Armida". He had, however, exercised "a Poet's Privilege", to render Tasso's work suitable for the stage. This "privilege" moved the opera's story a long way from Tasso's original. Hill invented a new heroine, Almirena, to provide the main love interest with the hero Rinaldo, and the relationship between Rinaldo and Armida scarcely figures in the opera. Likewise, the affair between Argante and Armida is Hill's creation, as are the conversions to Christianity, the latter possibly a sop to English susceptibilities. [ 18 ] Rossi was required to turn the elaborate scenario into verses, a relatively light task which, he said, was "the delivery of a few evenings". [ 17 ] Nevertheless, Rossi complained that Handel hardly gave him time to write: "To my great wonder I saw an entire Opera set to music by that surprising genius, with the greatest degree of perfection, in two weeks". [ 18 ] Price argues that Rossi's role was beyond that of a mere versifier, quoting Hill's words of praise for Rossi in the preface to the libretto, which suggest that Rossi was the senior partner in the birth of the libretto. Price also points to the likely influences on the structure of Rinaldo from two British semi-operas — George Granville 's The British Enchanters , and Purcell 's King Arthur . The transformations of characters to others' shapes, Price contends, is likely derived from John Dryden 's play Amphitryon . [ 24 ] Handel's speed of composition was assisted by his inclusion of arias and other numbers from his earlier Italian works, among them "Bel piacere" and "Basta che sol" from Agrippina , "Sibillar gli angui" from the dramatic cantata Aci, Galatea e Polifemo , and the mermaids' song "Il vostro maggio" from the cantata Arresta il passo . [ 18 ] Almirena's aria " Lascia ch'io pianga " had appeared in the oratorio Il trionfo del Tempo e del Disinganno . [ 23 ] The suitability of some of these insertions has been questioned by later commentators; Dean and Knapp cite Argante's "Sibillar gli angui", with its references to the hissing snakes of Alecto and the howls of Scylla , as "ludicrously inappropriate" to accompany the king's grand act 1 entrance. Many other numbers—Dean and Knapp estimate two-thirds of the arias—were adapted and partly recomposed from earlier sources. [ 18 ] In the years between the 1711 premiere and the 1717 revival, Handel made various adjustments to the score and the vocal parts, often to accommodate the requirements of new singers. Details of these changes are difficult to establish since the performing librettos and scores for these years no longer exist. For 1717, more significant revisions were made; the role of Eustazio was merged with that of Goffredo, and Argante's part was rewritten to accommodate an alto voice. Thus in this revival all the principal parts were sung in high voice ranges. [ 21 ] Handel's revisions for the 1731 revival were even more radical, since they not only affected individual musical numbers but involved alterations in the plot. The production was advertised "With New Scenes and Cloathes", but many of the changes involved reducing or eliminating the pyrotechnics and special effects that had characterised the original production. The only significant new music in the 1731 production is a long accompanied recitative for Rinaldo, though other numbers are changed or cut. Goffredo becomes a tenor, Armida a contralto, the Herald and the Magician become basses. Dean and Knapp summarise the 1731 revisions as "a striking illustration of the seeming vandalism with which Handel could treat his works in revival". [ 25 ] Performance history and reception Early performances The 19th-century music critic George Hogarth wrote of Rinaldo that "[t]he romantic interest of the subject, the charms of the music, and the splendour of the spectacle, made it an object of general attraction". [ 26 ] Its premiere at the Queen's Theatre on 24 February 1711, possibly under Handel's direction, was a triumphant success. A further 12 performances were immediately scheduled; at the end of the run, popular demand was such that two more were added. [ 27 ] Notwithstanding this enthusiasm, the financial strains of such a grand production led to legal actions against Hill from unpaid craftsmen. Nine days after the premiere the Lord Chamberlain's Office revoked the impresario's licence. [ 28 ] Under Hill's successors the opera was played at the theatre in most seasons until 1716–17, by which time it had totalled 47 performances, far more than any other opera at the Queen's. [ 29 ] The public's general enthusiasm for the opera was not shared by the writers Joseph Addison and Richard Steele , who used the pages of their new journal, The Spectator , to pour scorn and ridicule on the work. [ 30 ] Addison may have been motivated by his own failure, a few years previously, to establish a school of English opera with Rosamund , on which he had collaborated with the composer Thomas Clayton. [ 31 ] It was absurd, he wrote, that theatre audiences should be exposed to entire evenings of entertainment in a foreign tongue: "We no longer understand the language of our own stage". [ 30 ] Addison did, however, praise the singing of Nicolò Grimaldi , the celebrated alto castrato known as "Nicolini", in the title role. Steele compared the production unfavourably to a Punch and Judy show, particularly criticising certain bungled scene changes and the poor quality of effects such as thunder and lightning. [ 27 ] Hogarth made light of such comments: "Notwithstanding the influence which the Spectator influenced over the taste and manners of the age, its attacks ... seem to have had little effect in turning people from the entertainment". [ 26 ] Some sources have suggested that the opera was performed in Dublin in March or April 1711, [ 32 ] [ 33 ] though according to Dean and Knapp there is no record of such an occasion. [ 27 ] In November 1715 a version mainly in German was performed in Hamburg. This production, based on a translation by the playwright Barthold Feind, proved to be very popular and was revived in the city on numerous occasions during the 1720s. A pastiche of the opera, with additional numbers by Leonardo Leo , was presented by Leo at the Royal Court in Naples in 1718, with Nicolini singing his original role. [ 25 ] After 1716–17, Rinaldo was not seen on the London stage until 1731, when it was revived in its revised form at the King's Theatre. During these years Handel's industry was such that he was producing a new opera for this theatre every nine months. [ 34 ] The 1731 production of Rinaldo received six performances, bringing the London total for the work to 53 in Handel's lifetime, the most for any of his operas. [ 27 ] After 1731 Handel had fewer stage successes, and performances of his operas became rarer. Changes in taste and style combined, as Grout concludes, to "thrust [the operas] into ill-deserved oblivion", [ 3 ] as a result of which Rinaldo was not staged anywhere for two hundred years. [ 23 ] Modern revivals The first 20th-century production of Rinaldo which can be specifically verified was a performance in London, in February 1933, by pupils of the Hammersmith Day Continuation School, [ 23 ] though Dean and Knapp mention a shortened version, in Czech, at the Prague Conservatory in 1923. [ 25 ] The first modern professional performance was at the Halle Opera House in June 1954, under Horst-Tanu Margraf , as part of the Handel Festival . On 17 May 1961 the Handel Opera Society, directed by Charles Farncombe [ es ; fr ] , staged the work at London's Sadler's Wells Theatre , a production that was revived four years later. [ 23 ] [ 35 ] The first American performance was a concert version at Carnegie Hall on 27 March 1972, given by the Handel Society of New York , with Stephen Simon conducting and Beverly Wolff as Rinaldo. [ 36 ] The first staging of the opera in America was at the Houston Grand Opera under Lawrence Foster , in October 1975, with Marilyn Horne in the title role, a part with which she would become particularly associated on American stages. In July 1982 Horne sang the part alongside John Alexander 's Goffredo and Samuel Ramey 's Argante, in a National Arts Centre (NAC) production in Ottawa directed by Frank Corsaro . The performance, with Mario Bernardi conducting the NAC Orchestra , was applauded by Montreal Gazette critic Eric McLean for its fine music making and its displays of "architectural and sartorial splendour". [ 37 ] Eighteen months later, on 19 January 1984 Bernardi and Corsaro, with Horne, Ramey and Benita Valente from the Ottawa cast, brought the production to New York for the work's debut at the Metropolitan Opera . The production was loaned to the Met for its centennial season by the National Arts Centre of Canada "in deep appreciation of the many years during which Canadians have enjoyed opera from the Met – on tour, on radio and in New York". [ 38 ] Donal Henahan in The New York Times praised all the singers in turn, with a special mention for Valente's "plaintive and affecting" rendering of the popular aria "Lascia ch'io pianga". But, says Henahan, "the loudest cheers of the night went at last to the choreographer, Eugene Collins, and an incredibly nimble corps of tumbling warriors". [ 39 ] After ten performances at the Metropolitan Opera House the production was taken in May to Washington, D.C. , and toured in the US before returning to New York in June for several outdoor performances. [ 38 ] From the mid-1980s onwards, performances of Rinaldo became more frequent worldwide. In June 1989 it was staged at La Fenice in Venice, under John Fisher , again with Marilyn Horne. This production was criticised by critic and music scholar Stanley Sadie , in his review of the live recording, for straying too far from the composer's original intentions, particularly in the rearrangement of material and the extent of cuts. Singers were, Sadie says, allowed too much freedom to ornament their vocal lines; some of the cadenzas were "preposterous". [ 40 ] The opera reached Australia in 1999, at the Sydney Opera House under Patrick Summers , [ 41 ] and was performed there again in July–August 2005 under Trevor Pinnock , with Michael Chance as Rinaldo. [ 42 ] The new century saw a number of performances across Europe, including an appearance at the Göttingen International Handel Festival in 2004, with Nicholas McGegan conducting Concerto Köln . This production was well received by the public, but was criticised by Jochen Breiholz of Opera News for poor staging, indifferent singing and a substandard performance from the orchestra. [ 43 ] Zürich Opera 's 2008 production, directed by Jens-Daniel Herzog and conducted by William Christie , threw aside all convention by representing the action in a 21st-century airport lounge and conference centre, with Rinaldo dressed in a double-breasted navy blazer and needing a drink. "Characters go up and down on-stage escalators, and the set spins to show various areas of the lounge and terminal. There is a dissection of a small, white furry animal, a large snake, some allusions to Bond girls and character transformations. The Christians pull guns on the Muslims at a signing ceremony". It was, wrote Associated Press critic Ronald Blum, "outrageous – and entertaining". [ 44 ] A concert version of Rinaldo was given at the 2009 Edinburgh Festival , by the Bach Collegium Japan conducted by Masaaki Suzuki , with the Japanese soprano Maki Mori as Almirena. [ 42 ] During the opera's tercentenary year in 2011, the Glyndebourne Festival mounted a new production directed by Robert Carsen , designed by Gideon Davey, and conducted by Ottavio Dantone with the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment in the pit. The production is set in a school where Rinaldo is a student, initially the victim of bullying, who enters into the world of the Crusades. [ 45 ] The Glyndebourne Festival Opera brought a semi-staged version of this production to the 2011 BBC Proms . [ 46 ] Music The amount of recycled music in Rinaldo is such that Dean and Knapp call it an "anthology" of the best works from Handel's Italian period. [ 18 ] Sadie raises the question of whether the opera's dramaturgy is affected by the small amount of music written for its particular situations. He also comments on the problems raised for scholars by the extensive revisions to the music that took place during Handel's lifetime, but suggests that the available admixture creates interesting opportunities in the preparation of modern performing versions. [ 40 ] The initial popular success of Rinaldo was assisted by the employment of virtuoso singers, in particular Nicolini in the title role. [ 12 ] This part has remained in its original pitch, though in his various revisions Handel transposed the music of other leading roles to different voice types. Thus Goffredo had originally been an alto part, but in the 1717 revisions became a tenor; the Magician was transposed from alto castrato to bass, and Armida from soprano to contralto. [ 25 ] The music, Lang says, flows "beguilingly" from the spacious overture; the quieter, emotional passages are illustrated evocatively, while in the more spectacular moments Handel's innovative use of brass is exciting and inspiring. [ 47 ] The sudden blast of trumpets which announces the march in act 3 provides, say Dean and Knapp, "an effect of splendour and exhilaration that time has not dimmed". [ 48 ] The harpsichord solos which decorate "Vo' far guerra" in act 2 were originally improvised on the keyboard by Handel during performances, and were extremely popular. They were remembered and written down by William Babell , and published later as separate pieces. Lang believes that in spite of the borrowings, and the hasty manner in which the work was put together, Rinaldo is one of Handel's great operas. [ 47 ] According to Dean and Knapp, no Italian opera heard in London to that point had been supported by such "majestic" orchestral forces. [ 48 ] Critic Anthony Hicks describes the music, overall, as both "varied and excellent". [ 23 ] Dean and Knapp's verdict is more equivocal. The music for the war and pageantry scenes, they say, is "brilliantly successful", but in depicting the scenes concerned with magic, Handel misses the mark; they suggest it was not until over 15 years later, with Admeto and Orlando , that he was able to represent the supernatural convincingly in music. [ 18 ] The opera begins in the key of F , and switches to G at the beginning of the grove scene in act 1. Act 2 starts in E minor and ends in G. The final act begins and ends in B minor . [ 20 ] According to Hicks the dominant character musically, except in act 3 in which she barely sings, is Armida. Her entry cavatina "Furie terribili" gives, says Hicks, "an immediate impression of fiery passion", an energy and intensity demonstrated in her act 2 "Ah crudel", and in her later vengeance aria which is the occasion of Handel's harpsichord cadenzas. [ 23 ] Armida's act 3 duet with Argante was the last duet with bass part that Handel wrote for 30 years. Of the other set pieces, Dean and Knapp highlight Rinaldo's "Cara sposa" as an example of Handel's growing confidence with aria forms. "Or la tromba" is praised for the brilliance of its orchestration: 4 trumpets, drums, strings & oboes—the only aria Handel ever wrote for this combination. The melody for Almirena's "Lascia ch'io pianga" began its life as an Asian dance in Almira before appearing as an aria in the oratorio Il trionfo . From this simple tune and plain accompaniment Handel achieves an "intensely moving effect" in this, the best-known of all the arias. [ 49 ] Arias and other musical numbers 1717 libretto and subsequent amendments The main musical numbers from the 1711 libretto are listed, together with changes and replacements from the two major revisions of 1717 and 1731. Minor changes, transpositions, and alterations to recitative sections are not shown. New numbers introduced in 1717 and 1731 are listed separately. Other arias not listed may have been sung in Rinaldo during the years 1711–17, but in the absence of contemporary evidence from scores or librettos the extent of such changes cannot be accurately ascertained. [ 21 ] [ 25 ] Act 1 [ edit ] Sinfonia (overture) "Sovra balze scoscesi e pungenti" (Goffredo) "Combatti da forte" (Almirena) (1731: replaced with "Quel cor che mi donasti") "Ogni indugio d'un amante" (Rinaldo) "Sulla ruota di fortuna" (Eustazio) (1717: cut; 1731: revived, amended and allocated to Argante) "Sibillar gli angui d'Aletto" (Argante) (1717: replaced with "Sorte amor vuol che quest'alma", which was cut in 1731) "No, no, che quest'alma" (Goffredo) (1731: replaced with "D'instabile fortuna") "Vieni o cara, a consolarmi" (Argante) (1731: replaced with amended "Sulla ruota di fortuna") "Furie terribili!" (Armida) "Molto voglio, molto spero" (Armida) (1731: replaced with a modified version of "Combatti da forte") "Augelletti, che cantate" (Almirena) "Scherzano sul tuo volto" (Duet: Almirena and Rinaldo) Sinfonia "Cara sposa, amante cara" (Rinaldo) "Cor ingrato, ti rammembri" (Rinaldo) "Col valor, colla virtù" (Eustazio) (1717: cut) Venti, turbini, prestate (Rinaldo) Act 1 Sinfonia (overture) "Sovra balze scoscesi e pungenti" (Goffredo) "Combatti da forte" (Almirena) (1731: replaced with "Quel cor che mi donasti") "Ogni indugio d'un amante" (Rinaldo) "Sulla ruota di fortuna" (Eustazio) (1717: cut; 1731: revived, amended and allocated to Argante) "Sibillar gli angui d'Aletto" (Argante) (1717: replaced with "Sorte amor vuol che quest'alma", which was cut in 1731) "No, no, che quest'alma" (Goffredo) (1731: replaced with "D'instabile fortuna") "Vieni o cara, a consolarmi" (Argante) (1731: replaced with amended "Sulla ruota di fortuna") "Furie terribili!" (Armida) "Molto voglio, molto spero" (Armida) (1731: replaced with a modified version of "Combatti da forte") "Augelletti, che cantate" (Almirena) "Scherzano sul tuo volto" (Duet: Almirena and Rinaldo) Sinfonia "Cara sposa, amante cara" (Rinaldo) "Cor ingrato, ti rammembri" (Rinaldo) "Col valor, colla virtù" (Eustazio) (1717: cut) Venti, turbini, prestate (Rinaldo) Act 2 [ edit ] "Siam prossimi al porto" (Eustazio) (1717: cut; 1731: partly restored, sung by Goffredo) "Il vostro maggio" (Sirene) "Il tricerbero umiliato" (Rinaldo) "Mio cor, che mi sai dir?" (Goffredo) "Lascia ch'io pianga" (Almirena) "Basta che sol tu chieda" (Argante) (1717: replaced with "Ogni tua bella stilla" and in 1731 with "Per salvarti, idolo mio") "Fermati!/No, crudel!" (Duet, Armida and Rinaldo) "Abbrugio, avampo e fremo" (Rinaldo) "Dunque i lacci d'un volto" (Accompanied recitative, Armida) "Ah! crudel, Il pianto mio" (Armida) "Vo' far guerra, e vincer voglio" (Armida) Act 2 "Siam prossimi al porto" (Eustazio) (1717: cut; 1731: partly restored, sung by Goffredo) "Il vostro maggio" (Sirene) "Il tricerbero umiliato" (Rinaldo) "Mio cor, che mi sai dir?" (Goffredo) "Lascia ch'io pianga" (Almirena) "Basta che sol tu chieda" (Argante) (1717: replaced with "Ogni tua bella stilla" and in 1731 with "Per salvarti, idolo mio") "Fermati!/No, crudel!" (Duet, Armida and Rinaldo) "Abbrugio, avampo e fremo" (Rinaldo) "Dunque i lacci d'un volto" (Accompanied recitative, Armida) "Ah! crudel, Il pianto mio" (Armida) "Vo' far guerra, e vincer voglio" (Armida) Act 3 [ edit ] Sinfonia "Andate, o forti" (Mago) (1717: cut; 1731: altered and restored) "Sorge nel petto" (Goffredo) (1717: cut) "È un incendio fra due venti" (Rinaldo) Marcia (Pagan march) (1731: cut) "Al trionfo del nostro furore" (Duet, Armida and Argante) (1731: repositioned, and sung by Goffredo and Almirena) "Bel piacere e godere" (Almirena) "Di Sion nell'alta sede" (Eustazio) (1717: sung by Goffredo; 1731: sung by Argante) Marcia (Christian march) (1731: cut) "Or la tromba in suon festante" (Rinaldo) (1731: cut) Battaglia (battle) (1731: cut) "Solo dal brando" (Goffredo) (1731; cut) Vinto è sol della virtù (Coro) Act 3 Sinfonia "Andate, o forti" (Mago) (1717: cut; 1731: altered and restored) "Sorge nel petto" (Goffredo) (1717: cut) "È un incendio fra due venti" (Rinaldo) Marcia (Pagan march) (1731: cut) "Al trionfo del nostro furore" (Duet, Armida and Argante) (1731: repositioned, and sung by Goffredo and Almirena) "Bel piacere e godere" (Almirena) "Di Sion nell'alta sede" (Eustazio) (1717: sung by Goffredo; 1731: sung by Argante) Marcia (Christian march) (1731: cut) "Or la tromba in suon festante" (Rinaldo) (1731: cut) Battaglia (battle) (1731: cut) "Solo dal brando" (Goffredo) (1731; cut) Vinto è sol della virtù (Coro) Additions and replacements, 1717 Act 1: "Sorte amor vuol che quest'alma" (Argante) Act 2: "Vieni, o caro, che senza il suo core" (Almirena) Act 2: "Ogni tua bella stilla" (Argante) Act 3: "Pregio è sol d'un alma forte" (Argante) (1731: cut) Act 3: "Si t'amo" (Almirena) Additions and replacements, 1731 Act 1: "Quel cor che mi donasti" (Almirena) Act 1: "D'instabile fortuna" (Goffredo) Act 2: "Arma lo sguardo" (Armida) Act 2: "Per salvarti, idolo mio" (Argante) Act 3: "Orrori menzogneri" (accompanied recitative, Rinaldo) Editions No complete autograph score exists; fragments representing about three-quarters of the 1711 score are held by the Royal Music Library (a subdivision of the British Library in London) and the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge. The oldest complete score, dating from about 1716, is an error-strewn manuscript that may be a copy from one or more of the performing scores from that period. The manuscript bears numerous notes and corrections in Handel's hand, and was possibly the basis for the substantial revisions which he effected in 1731. It was also used by the copyist John Christopher Smith to produce two performing scores for the 1720s Hamburg performances. Further complete manuscript copies were produced by Smith and others in 1725–28 (the "Malmesbury" score), 1740 ("Lennard") and 1745 ("Granville"). These provide many variations of individual numbers. [ 50 ] During the initial run at the Queen's Theatre the publisher John Walsh printed Songs in the Opera of Rinaldo , in mainly short score form. Apart from the overture, instrumental numbers were omitted, as were the recitatives. In June 1711 Walsh published a fuller version, which included instrumental parts; he continued to publish versions of individual numbers, with a variety of orchestrations, until the 1730s. In 1717 William Babell issued an arrangement for harpsichord of the overture and seven of the arias. Friedrich Chrysander published editions of the whole opera in 1874 and in 1894, based on a study of the existing published and manuscript material. In 1993 David Kimbell, for the Hallische Händel-Ausgabe (HHA), produced a full score of the 1711 version, together with rejected draft material and the additional numbers introduced in revivals up to 1717. HHA has also produced a complete score of the 1731 version. [ 51 ] The libretto was published in London by the Queen's Theatre in February 1711, to coincide with the premiere, with Hill's English translation. Revised versions followed in 1717 and 1731 to reflect the changes introduced in those years; Rossi is believed to have prepared the Italian additions and revisions, with the 1731 English credited to "Mr. Humphreys". Feind's German versions of the libretto were published in Hamburg in 1715, 1723 and 1727. [ 52 ] Recordings The first full recording of Rinaldo (an "excerpts" disc had preceded it by two years) was made in 1977 by CBS, with Carolyn Watkinson in the title role, Ileana Cotrubaș as Almirena, and Jean-Claude Malgoire conducting La Grande Écurie et la Chambre du Roy . [ 53 ] The work, recorded in a Paris church, was based on the 1711 score; Alan Blyth in Gramophone praised the standard of the singing, and despite reservations about the sound quality, called it one of the most enjoyable of available Handel opera recordings. [ 54 ] There was no further recording of Rinaldo available until 1990, when John Fisher's heavily cut version from La Fenice was issued. [ 40 ] Another decade passed before the appearance of Christopher Hogwood 's 1999 Decca recording, again based on the original score, with the countertenor David Daniels as Rinaldo, Cecilia Bartoli as Almirena and Catherine Bott in the small part of First Mermaid. Gramophone ' s reviewer called this issue "a treat for Handel lovers – a rare recording of one of the composer's richest operas, with a strong and starry cast". [ 55 ] Since then several more versions have been made available: Harry Bicket 's 2001 recording for Arthaus, which was later issued as a DVD ; [ 56 ] [ 57 ] René Jacobs with the Freiburg Baroque Orchestra for Harmonia Mundi in 2001; [ 58 ] and a performance by the Aradia Ensemble under Kevin Mallon, recorded in 2004 and issued under the Naxos label in 2005. [ 59 ] References Notes ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} James R. Oestreich (16 June 2016). "Review: Handel's Rinaldo , with Period Brass in Good Repair" . The New York Times . Retrieved 3 November 2023 . ^ Grout and Weigel, pp. 184–185 ^ a b Grout, p. 157 ^ Grout, pp. 112–114 and pp. 116–120 ^ Dean and Knapp, pp. 64–65 ^ Dean and Knapp, pp. 69–77 ^ a b Boyden et al., p. 56 ^ Dean and Knapp, p. 84 ^ Dean, p. 86 ^ Lang, p. 91 ^ Lang, p. 106 ^ a b c Dean and Knapp, p. 181 ^ Lang, p. 110 ^ Price, p. 121 ^ a b c Hicks, Anthony . "Handel, George Frideric: 4. Hanover, Düsseldorf and London" . Oxford Music Online . Archived from the original on 9 March 2017 . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . (subscription required) ^ Lang, pp. 117–118 ^ a b Dean, Winton . "Rossi, Giacomo" . Oxford Music Online . Archived from the original on 9 March 2017 . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . (subscription required) ^ a b c d e f g Dean and Knapp, pp. 171–174 ^ It is suggested by Robert Hume in a biographical sketch of Aaron Hill that Handel conducted the orchestra. See Hume, Robert D. (1992). "Hill, Aaron". Grove Music Online (8th ed.). Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O002860 . ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0 . (subscription, Wikilibrary access, or UK public library membership required) (subscription required) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Dean and Knapp, pp. 180–181 ^ a b c Dean and Knapp, pp. 184–185 ^ Dean and Knapp, p. 168 ^ a b c d e f g Hicks, Anthony . "Rinaldo" . Oxford Music Online . Archived from the original on 9 March 2017 . Retrieved 28 January 2011 . (subscription required) ^ Price, p. 125 ^ a b c d e Dean and Knapp, pp. 186–191 ^ a b Hogarth, p. 272 ^ a b c d Dean and Knapp, pp. 182–183 ^ Hicks, Anthony . "Handel's Rinaldo – Character descriptions translated from the Italian version of the libretto" . Academy of Ancient Music . Archived from the original on 30 September 2008 . Retrieved 8 November 2008 . ^ Dean and Knapp, p. 156 ^ a b Schonberg, Harold C. (26 September 1975). "Opera in English? No, Thanks" (PDF) . The New York Times . p. 133. (subscription required) ^ Lang, pp. 120–121 ^ Lang, p. 120 ^ See, for example, Anna Menichetti in the liner notes to Nuova Era recording 6813/14, 1992 ^ Steen, p. 47 ^ Arts Council of Great Britain, Annual Report 1965–66 . Arts Council of Great Britain . 1966. p. 59. ^ Henahan, Donal (29 March 1972). " Rinaldo Has Everything a Baroque Opera Needs" . The New York Times . p. 37. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. (subscription required) ^ McLean, Eric (5 July 1982). "Festival Opera Gives Fine Account of Handel's Rinaldo " . Montreal Gazette . p. D3. ^ a b "Metropolitan Opera database" . Metropolitan Opera. Archived from the original on 11 June 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2011 . ^ Henahan, Donal (20 January 1984). "A Triumph for Handel" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. (subscription required) ^ a b c Sadie, Stanley (April 1990). "Handel: Rinaldo " . Gramophone . p. 126. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. (subscription required) ^ "Rinaldo". Opera : 55. January 2000. ^ a b " Rinaldo : Représentations" . Opéra Baroque. Archived from the original on 9 February 2011 . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . (in French) ^ Breiholz, Jochen (September 2004). " Rinaldo : Göttingen Internationale Händel-Festspiele" . Opera News . Vol. 69, no. 3. Archived from the original on 24 November 2011. (subscription required) ^ Blum, Ronald (20 June 2008). "Handel with care: Zurich Rinaldo set in airport" . Fox News . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. ^ Christiansen, Rupert (4 July 2011). " Rinaldo , Glyndebourne opera, review" . The Daily Telegraph . London. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . ^ "Prom 55 (2011): Handel – Rinaldo " . BBC Proms . 25 August 2011. Archived from the original on 7 September 2011 . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . ^ a b Lang, pp. 119–120 ^ a b Dean and Knapp, p. 179 ^ Dean and Knapp, pp. 176–178 ^ Dean and Knapp, pp. 191–194 ^ Dean and Knapp, pp. 197–205 ^ Dean and Knapp, pp. 194–196 ^ Thomas, Christopher J (1985). " Rinaldo and Rinaldo highlights". The Opera Quarterly . 3 (3): 183– 188. doi : 10.1093/oq/3.3.183 . ^ Blyth, Alan (February 1978). "Handel: Rinaldo " . Gramophone . p. 125. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. (subscription required) ^ "Handel: Rinaldo " . Gramophone . January 2000. p. 96. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. (subscription required) ^ Rohan, Michael Scott (May 2003). "Handel: Rinaldo " . Gramophone . p. 85. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. (subscription required) ^ "Handel: Rinaldo . List of recordings" . Presto Classical. Archived from the original on 25 January 2010 . Retrieved 4 February 2011 . ^ Sadie, Stanley (May 2003). "Handel: Rinaldo " . Gramophone . p. 78. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. (subscription required) ^ Quinn, Michael (September 2004). "Session Report: The Aradia Ensemble's Rinaldo " . Gramophone . p. 11. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. (subscription required) Sources Boyden, Matthew; Kimberley, Nick; Staines, Joseph (2007). The Rough Guide to Opera . London: Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-84353-538-6 – via Internet Archive . Dean, Winton (1980). "George Frideric Handel". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians . Vol. 8. London: Macmillan. pp. 85– 138. ISBN 0-333-23111-2 . Dean, Winton; Knapp, J. Merrill (1995) [1987]. Handel's operas: 1704–1726 . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198164418 . Grout, Donald Jay ; Weigel, Hermione (1947). A Short History of Opera . Vol. 1. New York: Columbia University Press. Grout, Donald Jay (1965). A Short History of Opera (One-volume ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. Hogarth, George (1835). Memoirs of the Musical Drama . Vol. 1. London: Richard Bentley . Lang, Paul Henry (1994). George Frideric Handel . New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-29227-4 . Price, Curtis (1987). "English Traditions in Handel's Rinaldo ". In Sadie, Stanley ; Hicks, Anthony (eds.). Handel: Tercentenary collection . London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-8357-1833-6 . Steen, Michael (2009). The Lives and Times of the Great Composers . London: Icon Books . p. 47. ISBN 978-1-84046-679-9 . External links 1711 libretto in Italian , handelforever.com Chrysander's 1874 version of the 1711 score : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project Chrysander's 1894 version of the 1731 score : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e George Frideric Handel v t e List of operas List of compositions List of operas List of compositions Operas Handel's lost Hamburg operas ( Florindo , Daphne ) Almira Rodrigo Agrippina Rinaldo Il pastor fido Teseo Silla Amadigi di Gaula Acis and Galatea Radamisto Muzio Scevola Floridante Ottone Flavio Giulio Cesare Tamerlano Rodelinda Scipione Alessandro Admeto Riccardo Primo Siroe Tolomeo Lotario (Handel) Partenope Poro Ezio Sosarme Catone Orlando Arianna in Creta Parnasso in festa Oreste Ariodante Alcina Atalanta Arminio Giustino Berenice Faramondo Alessandro Severo Serse Giove in Argo Imeneo Deidamia Handel's lost Hamburg operas ( Florindo , Daphne ) Almira Rodrigo Agrippina Rinaldo Il pastor fido Teseo Silla Amadigi di Gaula Acis and Galatea Radamisto Muzio Scevola Floridante Ottone Flavio Giulio Cesare Tamerlano Rodelinda Scipione Alessandro Admeto Riccardo Primo Siroe Tolomeo Lotario (Handel) Partenope Poro Ezio Sosarme Catone Orlando Arianna in Creta Parnasso in festa Oreste Ariodante Alcina Atalanta Arminio Giustino Berenice Faramondo Alessandro Severo Serse Giove in Argo Imeneo Deidamia Opera excerpts " Lascia ch'io pianga " " Ombra mai fu " " Svegliatevi nel core " " Va tacito e nascosto " " Lascia ch'io pianga " " Ombra mai fu " " Svegliatevi nel core " " Va tacito e nascosto " Incidental music The Alchemist Comus Alceste The Alchemist Comus Alceste Oratorios Il trionfo del Tempo e del Disinganno / Il trionfo del Tempo e della Verità / The Triumph of Time and Truth La resurrezione Brockes Passion Esther Deborah Athalia Saul Israel in Egypt L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato Messiah Structure Part I Part II Part III Der Messias (Mozart arr.) Scratch Messiah Samson Semele Joseph and his Brethren Hercules Belshazzar Occasional Oratorio Judas Maccabaeus Joshua Alexander Balus Susanna Solomon Theodora The Choice of Hercules Jephtha Il trionfo del Tempo e del Disinganno / Il trionfo del Tempo e della Verità / The Triumph of Time and Truth La resurrezione Brockes Passion Esther Deborah Athalia Saul Israel in Egypt L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato Messiah Structure Part I Part II Part III Der Messias (Mozart arr.) Scratch Messiah Structure Part I Part II Part III Der Messias (Mozart arr.) Scratch Messiah Samson Semele Joseph and his Brethren Hercules Belshazzar Occasional Oratorio Judas Maccabaeus Joshua Alexander Balus Susanna Solomon Theodora The Choice of Hercules Jephtha Odes and masques Aci, Galatea e Polifemo Ode for the Birthday of Queen Anne Alexander's Feast Ode For St. Cecilia's Day Aci, Galatea e Polifemo Ode for the Birthday of Queen Anne Alexander's Feast Ode For St. Cecilia's Day Cantatas Agrippina condotta a morire or Dunque sarà pur vero Allor ch'io dissi addio Aure soavi e lieti Clori, Tirsi e Fileno Dalla guerra amorosa Del bell'idolo mio Apollo e Dafne O lucenti, o sereni occhi Ero e Leandro Tra le fiamme (Il consiglio) Un'alma innamorata Agrippina condotta a morire or Dunque sarà pur vero Allor ch'io dissi addio Aure soavi e lieti Clori, Tirsi e Fileno Dalla guerra amorosa Del bell'idolo mio Apollo e Dafne O lucenti, o sereni occhi Ero e Leandro Tra le fiamme (Il consiglio) Un'alma innamorata Latin church music Dixit Dominus Gloria Nisi Dominus Salve Regina Dixit Dominus Gloria Nisi Dominus Salve Regina Anthems As Pants the Hart Zadok the Priest Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline Sing Unto God Chandos Anthems Wedding anthem for Princess Anne Foundling Hospital Anthem As Pants the Hart Zadok the Priest Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline Sing Unto God Chandos Anthems Wedding anthem for Princess Anne Foundling Hospital Anthem Canticles Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate Dettingen Te Deum Queen Caroline Te Deum Chandos Jubilate Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate Dettingen Te Deum Queen Caroline Te Deum Chandos Jubilate Oboe concertos Oboe Concerto No. 3 Oboe Concerto No. 1 Oboe Concerto No. 2 Oboe Concerto No. 3 Oboe Concerto No. 1 Oboe Concerto No. 2 Orchestral suites Water Music Music for the Royal Fireworks Water Music Music for the Royal Fireworks Flute , solo and XV solo sonatas 358 " Fitzwilliam " 359a 359b 360 361 362 363a 363b 364a 364b 365 366 367a 367b 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 378 379 358 " Fitzwilliam " 359a 359b 360 361 362 363a 363b 364a 364b 365 366 367a 367b 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 378 379 Opus Organ concertos, Op. 4 Organ concertos, Op. 7 Concerti grossi, Op. 3 Concerti grossi, Op. 6 Organ concertos, Op. 4 Organ concertos, Op. 7 Concerti grossi, Op. 3 Concerti grossi, Op. 6 Other " The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba " Germanico Nabal Gideon The Harmonious Blacksmith Keyboard suite in D minor (HWV 437) The Cuckoo and the Nightingale (HVW 295, Organ Concerto No. 13) " The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba " Germanico Nabal Gideon The Harmonious Blacksmith Keyboard suite in D minor (HWV 437) The Cuckoo and the Nightingale (HVW 295, Organ Concerto No. 13) Catalogs and collections Handel Reference Database Händel-Werke-Verzeichnis Händel-Gesellschaft Hallische Händel-Ausgabe Handel Reference Database Händel-Werke-Verzeichnis Händel-Gesellschaft Hallische Händel-Ausgabe Festivals Göttingen Halle London Göttingen Halle London Related articles British citizenship Letters and writings Will Handel at Cannons Handel House Handel & Hendrix in London Georg Händel Händel-Jahrbuch British citizenship Letters and writings Will Handel at Cannons Handel House Handel & Hendrix in London Georg Händel Händel-Jahrbuch Category Commons Audio Category Commons Audio v t e Torquato Tasso 's Jerusalem Delivered v t e Characters Armida Clorinda Tancred, Prince of Galilee Armida Clorinda Tancred, Prince of Galilee Films The Crusaders (1918) The Mighty Crusaders (1958) The Crusaders (1918) The Mighty Crusaders (1958) Operas Il combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda (1628) Armide (1686) Tancrède (1702) Rinaldo (1711) Armida al campo d'Egitto (1718) Armida abbandonata (1770) Armida (1771) Armida (1772) Armide (1777) Armida (1780) Renaud (1783) Armida (1784) Armida (1817) Armida (1904) Armida (2005) Il combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda (1628) Armide (1686) Tancrède (1702) Rinaldo (1711) Armida al campo d'Egitto (1718) Armida abbandonata (1770) Armida (1771) Armida (1772) Armide (1777) Armida (1780) Renaud (1783) Armida (1784) Armida (1817) Armida (1904) Armida (2005) Related Rinaldo Rinaldo discography Rinaldo Rinaldo discography Authority control databases International VIAF GND VIAF GND National United States France BnF data Israel United States France BnF data Israel Other MusicBrainz work 2 3 MusicBrainz work 2 3 2 3 Operas by George Frideric Handel Italian-language operas Opera seria 1711 operas Operas Operas based on Jerusalem Delivered Cultural depictions of Godfrey of Bouillon Operas set in the 11th century Pages containing links to subscription-only content Wikipedia articles incorporating the Cite Grove template Wikipedia articles incorporating the Cite Grove template with an id parameter Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Use dmy dates from September 2020 Works with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links This page was last edited on 31 December 2025, at 18:53 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life Toggle Early life subsection 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 2 Early career (1951–1955) Toggle Early career (1951–1955) subsection 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 3 Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Toggle Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) subsection 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 4 Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) Toggle Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) subsection 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 5 Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Toggle Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) subsection 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 6 Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Toggle Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) subsection 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 7 Senior Minister (1990–2004) Toggle Senior Minister (1990–2004) subsection 7.1 Condominium rebates 7.1 Condominium rebates 8 Minister Mentor (2004–2011) 9 Illness and death 10 Legacy 11 Legal suits Toggle Legal suits subsection 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 12 Political positions Toggle Political positions subsection 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 13 Personal life 14 Cultural depictions 15 Awards 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References Toggle References subsection 18.1 Works cited 18.1 Works cited 19 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 20 External links Lee Kuan Yew Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Magyar Madhurâ Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk پنجابی پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English سنڌي Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item The Honourable Lee Kuan Yew GCMG CH SPMJ DK Lee in 1975 1st Prime Minister of Singapore In office 5 June 1959 – 28 November 1990 Monarchs .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) President Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Deputy Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by Office established Lim Yew Hock (Chief Minister of Singapore) Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Secretary-General of the People's Action Party In office 20 October 1957 – 14 November 1992 Chairman Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by T. T. Rajah Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong In office 21 November 1954 – 3 August 1957 Preceded by Position established Succeeded by T. T. Rajah 1st Leader of the Opposition In office 22 April 1955 – 31 March 1959 Chief Minister David Marshall Lim Yew Hock Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Lim Yew Hock Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC In office 21 August 1991 – 23 March 2015 Preceded by Constituency established Succeeded by PAP held Majority All elections: N/A (walkover) Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC In office 2 April 1955 – 26 April 1957 Preceded by Constituency established In office 29 June 1957 – 14 August 1991 Succeeded by Constituency abolished Majority 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) Personal details Born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ( 1923-09-16 ) 16 September 1923 Singapore Died 23 March 2015 (2015-03-23) (aged 91) Singapore Resting place Mandai Crematorium and Columbarium Party People's Action Party Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Kwa Geok Choo ( m. 1950; died 2010) Children Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Parents Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Relatives Lee family Education Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Signature Chinese name Chinese 李光耀 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Lee Kuan Yew [ a ] GCMG CH SPMJ DK (born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ; 16 September 1923 – 23 March 2015), often referred to by his initials LKY , was a Singaporean statesman and barrister who was the first prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990. A founding father of the modern Singaporean state, his authoritarian political leadership transformed post-independence Singapore into a highly developed country and one of the four Asian Tigers . Born in Singapore during British colonial rule to a family of Chinese descent, Lee studied law in England at Cambridge University and was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1950. Shortly after, he returned to Singapore and practised law, founding the law firm Lee & Lee . In 1954, Lee co-founded the People's Action Party (PAP), which won significant support among the working class and trade unions in the lead up to the 1955 general election , securing him a seat in the Tanjong Pagar division and making him the de facto leader of the opposition . In 1959, Lee led the PAP to its first electoral victory , becoming Singapore's first prime minister. Seeking sovereignty from the British Empire , Lee led Singapore to a merger with Malaya along with Sarawak and Sabah , forming Malaysia in 1963. Racial strife and ideological differences later led to Singapore's expulsion from Malaysia and consequent independence in 1965. Lee oversaw major economic reforms and urban development, instituting policies promoting meritocracy , multiracialism and anti-corruption . His administration, generally characterised as an illiberal democracy with nanny state tendencies, restricted press freedoms , public assembly , labour activism and civil liberties . From 1968 to 1981 , Singapore was a de facto one-party state , with the PAP facing no opposition in Parliament. Although Lee maintained legal and institutional procedures that formally characterised Singapore as a democratic parliamentary republic , he employed defamation laws , detention without trial and social engineering to ensure continued electoral success. In justifying his policies, Lee was a major proponent of Asian values , arguing that communitarianism and limited human rights were necessary for the social cohesion , political stability and rapid economic development of Singapore. Lee stepped down as prime minister in 1990 but continued to serve in the Cabinet as senior minister until 2004 and subsequently as minister mentor until his retirement in 2011. Throughout his political career, he remained an influential figure in shaping Singapore's domestic and foreign policies, at the same time serving as an advisor to foreign leaders as an elder statesman. Lee died of pneumonia on 23 March 2015 at the age of 91. In Singapore, Lee is widely regarded as instrumental in the development of Singapore's economy , bureaucracy , education system , foreign policy , public housing and healthcare . The Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore is named in his honor. Following his death, a week of national mourning was announced, during which approximately 1.7 million people paid their respects at tribute sites around the country. Early life Childhood and early education Harry Lee Kuan Yew was born on 16 September 1923, the first child of Lee Chin Koon , who was born in Semarang during Dutch colonial rule and subsequently moved to Singapore, [ 2 ] and Chua Jim Neo , at 92 Kampong Java Road in Singapore, then part of the Straits Settlements . [ 3 ] Both of Lee's parents were English-educated third-generation Peranakan Chinese , [ 4 ] with his paternal side being of Hakka descent from Dabu County . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] He was named 'Kuan Yew', [ b ] meaning 'light and brightness', alternately meaning 'bringing great glory to one's ancestors'. Lee's paternal grandfather Lee Hoon Leong, who was described as "especially westernised", had worked on British ships as a purser , and hence gave Lee the Western name 'Harry'. [ 7 ] While the family spoke English as its first language, Lee also learned Malay. [ 3 ] Lee had three brothers and one sister, all of whom lived to old age. [ 8 ] Lee was not close to his father, who worked as a storekeeper within the Shell Oil Company and had a gambling addiction. His mother Chua often stood up against her husband for his poor financial management and parenting skills. [ 9 ] The family was considered prosperous with a high social standing compared to recent immigrants, and had the means to hire servants. [ 10 ] During the Great Depression the family fortunes declined considerably, though Lee's father retained his job at Shell. [ 3 ] Later in life, Lee described his father as a man with a nasty temper, and he credited his mother with holding the family together amidst her husband's gambling addiction. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] In 1930, Lee enrolled at Telok Kurau English School where he spent six years of his primary education. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Attending Raffles Institution in 1935, Lee did poorly in his first two years but later topped the Junior Cambridge examinations. [ 15 ] He also joined the Scouts and partook in several physical activities such as cricket, tennis, swimming as well as debates. [ 16 ] Lee was the top scorer in the Senior Cambridge examinations in 1940 across the Straits Settlements and Malaya, earning the John Anderson scholarship to attend Raffles College, as well as the Tan Jiak Kim scholarship. [ 16 ] [ c ] During the prize-awarding ceremony, Lee met his future wife Kwa Geok Choo ; she was the only girl at the school. [ 15 ] Lee's subsequent university studies at Raffles College were disrupted by the onset of World War II in Asia, with the school being converted into a medical facility in 1941. The war arrived in December of that year and following the British surrender in February 1942, the Japanese occupation of Singapore began. [ 17 ] World War II Lee was amongst the Chinese men rounded up by the Japanese Sook Ching operation. By his own account, he feared getting caught by the Kempeitai (military police) and reported with a friend to be screened. He attempted to leave the next morning but was ordered to join a group of already segregated men. Lee requested to collect his clothes first and managed to spend a second night in the dormitory before successfully leaving the site the next day when a different guard cleared him through. [ 18 ] He later learned that the group of men were likely taken to the beach and executed. [ 19 ] Lee obtained a Japanese language proficiency certificate in August 1942 and worked in a friend's company and then the Kumiai , which controlled essential items. [ 20 ] He got a job with the Japanese propaganda department ( Hōdōbu ) in late 1943 and worked for the Japanese occupation force as an English specialist. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Working at the top of the Cathay Building , he was assigned to listen to Allied radio stations for Morse code signals. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] By late 1944, Lee knew Japan had suffered major setbacks and planned to move to the Cameron Highlands with his family to avoid a possible British invasion. He was tipped off that he was being followed and abandoned the plan. [ 26 ] He engaged in private enterprises and black market sales for the rest of the war. [ 27 ] During this time, Lee helped develop a glue based on tapioca, which he sold under the name Stikfas, as a means to support himself during the war. [ 28 ] The Stikfas logo later appeared on the base of his wedding cake. [ 29 ] The rapid Japanese victory in the Malaya and Singapore campaign had a major impact on Lee as he recalled: "In 70 days of surprises, upsets and stupidities, British colonial society was shattered, and with it all the assumptions of the Englishman's superiority". [ 30 ] In a radio broadcast made in 1961, Lee said he "emerged [from the war] determined that no one—neither Japanese nor British—had the right to push and kick us around... (and) that we could govern ourselves." [ 31 ] It also influenced his perceptions of raw power and the effectiveness of harsh punishment in deterring crime. [ 32 ] University, marriage and politics Lee chose not to return to Raffles College after the war and pursued higher education in the United Kingdom. [ 9 ] He sailed from Singapore in 1946 on his 23rd birthday on the MV Britannic , arriving in the UK on 3 October. [ 33 ] He initially enrolled at the London School of Economics , but found himself disliking life in the British capital. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] He visited Cambridge in November and was introduced to W. S. Thatcher , Censor of Fitzwilliam House. He was admitted into the following year's Lent term and matriculated in January 1947, reading law at Fitzwilliam College . [ 36 ] Prior to his departure from Singapore, Lee had begun a relationship with Kwa, with whom he had kept in contact during the war. They married in secret at Stratford-upon-Avon in December. [ 9 ] Lee achieved a first class result in both the Prelims and Part I of the Tripos , and graduated with a Starred First for Part II Law in 1949. As the top student of his cohort, he was awarded the Fitzwilliam's Whitlock Prize; Lee was called to the bar from the Middle Temple in 1950. [ 36 ] If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. During his studies, Lee's political convictions and anti-colonial sentiments were hardened by personal experiences and an increasing belief that the British were ruling Singapore for their own benefit. He supported the Labour Party against the Conservatives whom he perceived as opposing decolonisation . [ 38 ] In the leadup to the 1950 United Kingdom general election , Lee engaged in politics for the first time and actively campaigned for a friend, David Widdicombe in Totnes constituency, driving Widdicombe around in a lorry and delivering several speeches on his behalf. [ 39 ] Before returning to Singapore, Lee dropped his English name, Harry. [ d ] Notwithstanding, even until the end of his life, old friends and relatives referred to him as Harry. [ 41 ] Early career (1951–1955) Litigation practice Lee and his wife returned to Singapore in August 1950 on board the MS Willem Ruys . [ 42 ] He joined the Laycock and Ong law firm founded by British lawyer John Laycock . [ 43 ] Laycock was a co-founder of the pro-British Progressive Party and Lee represented the party during the 1951 legislative council election as an election agent. [ 44 ] Lee was called to the Singapore bar on 7 August 1951. [ 45 ] During the postal union strike in May 1952, Lee negotiated a settlement marking his first step into the labour movement. [ 46 ] In due course, Lee represented nearly fifty trade unions and associations against the British authorities on a pro bono basis. [ 47 ] The disputes often centered around wages and Laycock eventually requested Lee to cease taking on such cases as it was hurting the firm. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] In May 1954, the left-wing University Socialist Club published an article 'Aggression in Asia' in the club's magazine The Fajar , and the student editors were charged with sedition. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Lee became junior counsel to Denis Pritt . The court quashed the charges and the two counsel gained a reputation through the trial, with Lee thereafter becoming a "major leader" of the movement against British rule. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] During the same year, Lee also appealed on behalf of the students arrested during the 13 May incident . The colonial government upheld the sentences, though the case enhanced Lee's reputation as a "left-wing lawyer" and marked his first involvement with the Chinese intelligentsia. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Forming the PAP During his studies in Britain, Lee met Goh Keng Swee and Toh Chin Chye via the Malayan Forum . [ 57 ] The forum sought to promote an independent Malaya which included Singapore and met at 44 Bryanston Square in London. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Lee and his contemporaries deliberately avoided the topic of forming a political party to avoid charges of subversion , beginning work on forming a political party only after returning to Singapore. [ 60 ] Lee had sought to build support among the English-educated, Malay, and Indian communities by taking on cases against the British authorities. In the course of his work, Lee became acquainted with the journalist Sinnathamby Rajaratnam ; Abdul Samad Ismail , a writer for the Malay newspaper Utusan Melayu ; and Devan Nair . [ 61 ] He next turned his attention to the Chinese-speaking majority and was introduced to Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan, leaders of the influential bus and factories unions. While the unions had been infiltrated by communists, Lee consciously sought their support as he wanted a popular front. [ 62 ] With elections approaching in 1955, Lee and his associates debated the name, ideology, and policies of the party they wanted to create at 38 Oxley Road . [ 63 ] The People's Action Party (PAP) was inaugurated on 21 November 1954 at the Victoria Memorial Hall . As the party still lacked members, trade union leaders rounded up an estimated audience of 800 to 1,500 supporters. [ 64 ] Lee had also invited Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock , presidents of the United Malays National Organisation and Malayan Chinese Association . In his inaugural speech, Lee denounced the British for the slow transition to self-rule, demanded their immediate withdrawal, and said that the PAP would pursue a Singapore-Malaya union. Lee became secretary-general of the party, a post he held until 1992, barring a brief period in 1957 when the post was taken up by T. T. Rajah . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] In July 1953, Governor John Nicoll initiated the Rendel Commission to provide for a transition to self-rule. The commission created the legislative assembly and opened 25 of 32 seats for direct contest in the upcoming 1955 election . The PAP and Labour Front , led by Lee and David Marshall respectively, both criticised the concessions as "inadequate". The PAP faced manpower constraints but decided to prioritise resources and contest four seats as a protest gesture. [ 67 ] In a rally speech, Lee said he chose the Tanjong Pagar division as it was a "working class area" and that he did not want to represent "wealthy merchants or landlords". [ 68 ] During the campaigning period, the British press labelled Lee as a " commissar " and accused the PAP of being a "communist-backed party". [ 69 ] Democratic Party (DP) challenger Lam Thian also capitalised on Lee's inability to converse in Chinese. Lee's proposal for a multilingual debate was never reciprocated by Thian, though he eventually made his maiden Chinese speech after several hours of coaching. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] On polling day, 2 April, the ruling Progressive Party captured only four seats, shocking both the British establishment and its opposition. Lee defeated his competitors and won Tanjong Pagar, with the PAP winning three of their four contested seats. He pledged to work with Marshall and the new Labour Front government. [ 72 ] As independent member Ahmad Ibrahim joined PAP following the election, PAP had 4 members in the Assembly and thus Lee became the new Leader of the Opposition. [ 73 ] Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Strikes and power struggle Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. On 23 April 1955, workers from the Hock Lee Amalgamated Bus Company began a strike under the direction of Fong Swee Suan, leader of the Singapore Buses Workers' Union (SBWU). [ 75 ] [ 76 ] As SBWU's legal advisor, Lee worked with Marshall's government to negotiate a resolution, which was initially agreed by the SBWU but then reneged on by the company. [ 77 ] Seeking to exert greater pressure, Lee, Fong and Lim Chin Siong addressed the strikers on 1 May ( May Day ), where Lee called the government a "half-past six democracy". [ 78 ] The strike subsequently escalated into a riot on 12 May . [ 79 ] Lee, Marshall and the company agreed on a further resolution on 14 May, which conceded to several of the strikers' demands. [ 80 ] In an emergency legislative assembly sitting on 16 May, Chief Secretary William Goode accused Lee of losing control of the PAP to Lim. [ 77 ] Lee was constrained between defending the actions of his colleagues and denouncing them, instead reiterating the PAP's committal to non-violence. [ 81 ] Marshall defended him and the PAP as "decent men" against Goode's accusations and called upon the party to "purge themselves of communists". [ 77 ] [ 80 ] The riot led the public to perceive the PAP as being led by "young, immature and troublesome politicians", resulting in a shortfall of new members. [ 82 ] It deepened the divide between two emerging factions, with Lee's faction advocating Fabian 's brand of socialism for gradual reform and Lim's faction, later described by Fong as "favour(ing) a more radical approach". [ 83 ] Lee was convinced that Lim and Fong's influence were pushing the party toward "political disaster". [ 74 ] After consulting his allies Toh Chin Chye , S. Rajaratnam and Byrne , Lee censured the two men privately and demanded they change strategies or leave the party. [ 84 ] By 1956, Lee believed that the PAP "had been captured by the communists" and privately endorsed the Labour Front government purge of suspected "leftists" in the aftermath of the 1956 Chinese middle schools riots . The arrestees included his rival Lim and several other PAP members. [ 85 ] When other leftist members captured six seats in the PAP central executive committee (CEC) elections on 4 August 1957, [ 86 ] Lee refused to allow his allies to assume their appointments and said that his faction had "lost their moral right" to enforce the party's founding philosophy. [ 87 ] Overtures were made by fellow CEC member T. T. Rajah to remain in his post, to which he declined. [ 86 ] The government arrested the leftist leaders on 22 August [ 88 ] [ 89 ] and Lee was restored as secretary-general on 20 October. He later blamed the attempted takeover on lax admission rules to the party [ 90 ] [ 91 ] and permanently distrusted the leftists thereafter. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] On 23 November 1958, the party constitution was amended to implement a cadre system. [ 91 ] The right to vote in party elections and run for office were revoked from ordinary party members, whom now had to seek approval from the CEC to be a cadre and regain these privileges. [ 92 ] Lee credited the Vatican system where the pope pre-selects its cardinals for the idea. [ 93 ] Merdeka talks The Labour Front government's conciliatory approach to the Hock Lee strikers led to a drastic increase in strikes. [ 80 ] Frustrated by his limited powers, Marshall demanded further constitutional reforms towards the aim of "true self-government". Lee supported Marshall in his efforts, though he initially threatened an opposition boycott over wording disputes in the agreement. [ 94 ] Between 1956 and 1958, there were three rounds of constitutional talks. [ 95 ] Lee was part of Marshall's 13-member delegation to London in April 1956. Marshall's demands for independence were repeatedly rejected by Colonial Secretary Alan Lennox-Boyd and Lee departed early over Marshall's refusal to compromise. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] He criticised Marshall for his "political ineptitude" in the British press and received widespread media and radio coverage. [ 98 ] He returned to London in March 1957 as part of a five-member delegation led by the new chief minister Lim Yew Hock . [ 99 ] Britain conceded to Singapore's self-governance but also demanded that a tripartite Internal Security Council be established, which proved controversial back home. [ 99 ] Marshall challenged Lee to seek a fresh mandate from his Tanjong Pagar constituents, which Lee accepted. [ 100 ] In the June 1957 by-elections , Lee was reelected with 68.1% of the vote. [ 101 ] Lee returned to London for the third and final talks in May 1958, [ 102 ] where it was agreed that Singapore would assume self-governance with a Yang di-Pertuan Negara as head of state, with Britain retaining control of defence and foreign policy. [ 103 ] The British House of Lords passed the State of Singapore Act on 24 July 1958, which received royal assent on 1 August, and became law following the subsequent general election. [ 104 ] 1957 and 1959 elections As the 1957 City Council election in December approached, a Hokkien-speaking candidate, Ong Eng Guan , became the PAP's new face to the Chinese electorate. [ 89 ] The 32-seat city council's functions were restricted to up-keeping public amenities within city limits, but party leaders decided to contest the election as a "dry run" for the upcoming general election. [ 105 ] Lee limited the PAP to contesting 14 seats to avoid provoking the government and formed an electoral pact with the Labour Front and United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) to jointly tackle the new Liberal Socialist Party . [ e ] [ 107 ] The PAP campaigned on a slogan to "sweep the city clean" [ 106 ] and emerged with 13 seats, allowing it to form a minority administration with UMNO's support. Lee and the rest of the CEC unanimously endorsed Ong to become mayor . [ 105 ] External image Portrait of Lee being sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore National Heritage Board Early in 1959, Communications and Works Minister Francis Thomas received evidence of corruption on Education Minister Chew Swee Kee . Thomas brought the evidence to Lee after the chief minister dismissed the matter. [ 108 ] Lee tabled a motion in the assembly on 17 February, which forced Chew's resignation. [ 108 ] As the expiry of the assembly's term approached, the PAP was initially split on whether to capture power but Lee chose to proceed. [ 109 ] While picking the candidates, Lee deliberately chose people from different racial and education backgrounds to repair the party's image of being run by intellectuals. [ 110 ] In the 1959 general election held on 30 May 1959, the PAP won a landslide victory with 43 of the 51 seats, though with only 53.4% of the popular vote which Lee noted. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] The PAP's victory reportedly created a dilemma within the 12-member CEC as there was no formal process in place to choose a prime minister-elect. [ 112 ] A vote was purportedly held between Lee and Ong Eng Guan and after both men received six votes, party chairman Toh Chin Chye cast the tie-breaking vote for Lee. [ 113 ] When interviewed nearly five decades later, Toh and one other party member recalled the vote, but Lee and several others denied the account. [ 113 ] Lee was summoned by Governor William Goode to form a new government on 1 June, to which he requested the release of arrested PAP members. [ 114 ] On 3 June, Singapore became a self-governing state, ending 140 years of direct British rule. [ 114 ] Lee was sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore on 5 June at City Hall , along with the rest of his Cabinet . [ 114 ] Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) First years in power Lee's first speech as prime minister to a 50,000-strong audience at the Padang sought to dampen his supporters' euphoria of the PAP's electoral win. [ 111 ] In the first month of Lee taking power, Singapore experienced an economic slump as foreign capital fell and Western businesses and expatriates left for Kuala Lumpur in Malaya, fearing the new government's anti-colonial zeal. [ 111 ] As part of an 'anti-yellow culture' drive, Lee banned jukeboxes and pinball machines, while the police under Home Affairs Minister Ong Pang Boon raided pubs and pornography publications. [ f ] [ 115 ] The government cracked down on secret societies , prostitution and other illegal activities, with TIME magazine later reporting that a full week passed without "kidnapping, extortion or gangland rumble(s)" for the first time. [ 115 ] Lee also spearheaded several 'mobilisation campaigns' to clean the city, introduced air-conditioning to government offices, and slashed the salaries of civil servants. The last act provoked anger from the sector, which Lee justified as necessary to balance the budget. [ 116 ] In February 1960, the Housing and Development Board (HDB) superseded the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) and assumed responsibility of public housing . With strong government support, the HDB under chairman Lim Kim San completed more flats in three years than its predecessor did in thirty-two. [ 117 ] Government expenditure for public utilities, healthcare and education also increased significantly. [ 117 ] By the end of the year, however, unemployment began to rise drastically as the economy slowed. Lee reversed anti-colonial policies and launched a five-year plan to build new industries, seeking to attract foreign investors and rival Hong Kong . [ 118 ] [ 119 ] Jurong , a swampland to the island's western coast was chosen to be the site of a new industrial estate and would house steel mills, shipyards, and oil refineries, though Finance Minister Goh Keng Swee was initially worried the venture would fail. [ 120 ] The government promoted multiculturalism by recognising Chinese, English, Malay, and Tamil as the official languages of the new state and sought to create a new national Malayan identity. The Ministry of Culture under S. Rajaratnam held free outdoor concerts with every ethnic race represented in the performances. [ 121 ] Lee also introduced the People's Association , a government-linked organisation to run community centers and youth clubs, with its leaders trained to spread the PAP's ideology. [ 121 ] Youth unemployment was alleviated by the establishment of work brigades. [ 121 ] PAP split of 1961 Lee took measures to secure his position in the aftermath of the 1957 party elections. In 1959, he delayed the release of leftist PAP members arrested under the former Labour Front government and appointed five of its leaders, [ g ] including Lim Chin Siong, as parliamentary secretaries lacking political power. [ 114 ] [ 123 ] Lee clashed further with Lim when the government sought to create a centralised labour union in the first half of 1960. [ 124 ] Trouble also arose from former mayor and Minister of National Development Ong Eng Guan , who Lee had appointed in recognition of Ong's contribution to the PAP's electoral win. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Ong's relocation of his ministry to his Hong Lim stronghold and continued castigation of the British and civil servants was regarded by his colleagues as disruptive and Lee removed several portfolios from Ong's purview in February 1960. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] In the party conference on 18 June 1960, Ong filed "16 resolutions" against the leadership, accusing Lee of failing to seek party consensus when deciding policy, not adhering to anti-colonialism and suspending left-wing unions. [ 127 ] Lee regarded it as a move to split the party and together with his allies expelled Ong from the party. [ 128 ] Ong resigned his seat in December, precipitating the Hong Lim by-election on in April 1961 which he won against a PAP candidate. [ 126 ] [ 129 ] The death of the PAP assemblyman for Anson that April triggered a second by-election. For the first time, Lim's faction openly revolted against Lee and endorsed Workers' Party chairman David Marshall who won the seat. [ 126 ] [ 130 ] Lee assumed responsibility for the two by-election defeats and submitted his resignation to party chairman Toh Chin Chye on 17 July. Toh rejected it and upheld Lee's mandate. [ 131 ] Lee moved a motion of confidence in his own government in the early hours of 21 July after a thirteen-hour debate which had begun the preceding day, narrowly surviving it with 27 "Ayes", 8 "Noes" and 16 abstentions. [ 132 ] The PAP now commanded a single seat majority in the 51-seat assembly after 13 of its members had abstained. [ 133 ] Lee expelled the 13 who had broken ranks in addition to Lim, Fong and Woodhull. [ 133 ] Leadup to referendum and merger Lee and his colleagues believed that Singapore could only survive through merger with Malaya and was unwilling to call for complete independence. [ 134 ] Merger would allow goods to be exported to the peninsula under a common market , while devolving unpopular internal security measures to Kuala Lumpur . [ 134 ] [ 135 ] Malaya's ruling Alliance Party coalition dominated by the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) had repeatedly opposed the scheme and was apprehensive that Singapore's Chinese majority would reduce 'Malay political supremacy'. [ 136 ] Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman backtracked after the PAP's Hong Lim by-election defeat, fearing a "pro-communist government" in Singapore should Lee fall from power. [ 135 ] On 27 May 1961, Tunku announced that Malaya, Singapore, and the British colonies of North Borneo and Sarawak should pursue "political and economic cooperation". [ 135 ] Lee endorsed the program six days later and commenced negotiations on the formation of Malaysia. [ 135 ] In August 1961, Lee and Tunku agreed that Singapore's defence, foreign affairs and internal security would be transferred to the federal government, while education and labour policy remained with the state government. [ 135 ] [ 137 ] Lim Chin Siong and his supporters saw Lee's ceding control of internal security—then controlled by the Internal Security Council with British, Malayan, Singaporean representatives—to the federal government as a threat as Tunku was convinced they were communists. [ 135 ] In a meeting with British Commissioner General Lord Selkirk , Selkirk reaffirmed that the British would not suspend Singapore's constitution should Lee be voted out. [ 135 ] Lee saw the meeting as a British endorsement of Lim and accused it as a plot against his government. [ 138 ] On 13 August, Lim founded the Barisan Sosialis and became its secretary-general, with 35 of 51 branches of the PAP defecting. [ 133 ] [ 139 ] Lee anticipated a Barisan win in the next election and saw 'independence through merger' as the only means for the PAP to retain power. [ 136 ] Beginning on 13 September 1961, Lee gave twelve multilingual radio speeches outlining the benefits of merger in what he called the 'Battle for Merger'. The speeches proved to be a massive success for Lee's campaign, while Barisan's demands for equal airtime were rejected. [ 140 ] Lee employed full use of state resources to suppress his opponents by revoking the Barisan's printing permits, banning or relocating its rallies, and purging its supporters from the government, while the judiciary and police engaged to "obstruct, provoke and isolate" the party. [ 141 ] The Barisan lambasted Lee for securing only 15 seats in the Malaysian parliament for Singapore in contrast to North Borneo (16) and Sarawak (24), despite both having a combined population well below Singapore's 1.7 million. [ 142 ] Singapore citizens would also be categorised as "nationals" and not be granted Malaysian citizenship. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] On 6 December, the legislative assembly voted 33–0 in favour of the agreements struck by Lee and Tunku, which the Barisan boycotted. [ 144 ] A referendum for merger was scheduled for 1 September 1962. Lee ensured that the ballot lacked a "no" option, with all three options having varying terms for admission into Malaysia. [ 142 ] The ballot was crafted by Lee and Goh Keng Swee to capitalise on a mistake which the Barisan had made the previous year. The Barisan had inadvertently endorsed merger under terms "like Penang " (a state of Malaya) with full citizenship rights, not realising that Malayan law entitled only a native-born to qualify for automatic citizenship, which would disenfranchise nearly one third of those eligible to vote; [ 145 ] it issued a clarification but never recovered from the mistake. [ 146 ] Lee placed the flag of Singapore alongside option A with the terms of Singapore retaining control of education and labour policy, while portraying the Barisan's choice as option B favouring entry into the federation with no special rights, next to the flag of Penang . [ 147 ] When Lim called for his supporters to submit blank votes , Lee countered that blank votes would count as a vote for the majority choice. 71% eventually voted for option A, while 26% cast blank votes. [ 148 ] In November, Lee embarked on a ten-month visit to all fifty-one constituencies, prioritising those with the highest count of blank votes. [ 149 ] Operation Coldstore detentions The Malayan government considered the arrests of Singapore's left-wing groups as non-negotiable for the formation of Malaysia. [ 150 ] [ 151 ] Tunku felt that Lee lacked the initiative to suppress "pro-communist elements" and warned that a Malay-led dictatorship would be instated to prevent a "socialist majority" in the next Malayan election. [ 144 ] As the Malayans increased pressure on the Internal Security Council (ISC) to take action, Lee began supporting the idea of a purge in March 1962. [ 152 ] The Malayan and Singapore special branches collaborated on an arrest list of major opposition members, though doubts arose if Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan could be classified as 'communists'. [ 152 ] Up until the end of November 1962, the British declined to support the operation without a pretext, noting that Lim and the Barisan Sosialis had not broken any laws. [ 153 ] The Brunei revolt on 8 December led by A. M. Azahari provided a "heaven-sent opportunity" to take action, as Lim had met Azahari on 3 December. [ 154 ] The Malayan government convened the ISC to discuss the operation, while Singapore's Special Branch produced alleged evidence of the communist control of Barisan. [ 154 ] On 13 December, Lord Selkirk gave his authorisation for the arrests to proceed on 16 December. However, Lee's attempt to add two Malayan parliamentarians opposed to the formation of Malaysia into the arrest list caused the Malayan representative to rescind his consent, stopping the operation. [ 154 ] Tunku suspected that Lee was trying to eliminate his entire opposition, while Lee felt that Tunku was evading his shared responsibility for the arrests. [ 149 ] An ISC meeting was scheduled to be held on 1 February 1963 to remount the operation. [ 155 ] During the interim period, Lee had added three names from the United People's Party, one of them being former PAP minister Ong Eng Guan. [ 155 ] Selkirk expressed concerns that Ong's arrest lacked any justification and Lee conceded that it was meant as a "warning" to Ong. [ 155 ] Tunku told Geofroy Tory , the British High Commissioner in Kuala Lumpur on 30 January, that 'if this operation failed, merger with Singapore was off'. [ 155 ] Selkirk was pressured to put his reservations aside and finally consented. [ 155 ] On 2 February, Operation Coldstore commenced across Singapore, with 113 detained including Lim and 23 others from Barisan Sosialis. [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Lee offered Lim a path into exile which Lim rejected. [ 158 ] The Malayans and British later pressured Lee to retract his comment when he said he "disapproved" of the operation. [ 156 ] In his memoirs, Lee portrayed himself as reluctant in supporting the operation, though declassified British documents revealed that Lee was "somewhat more enthusiastic" than he eventually admitted. [ 159 ] Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Elections and tensions On 31 August 1963, Lee declared Singapore's independence in a ceremony at the Padang and pledged loyalty to the federal government. [ 160 ] With the conclusion of the trials of Barisan Sosialis' leaders, Lee dissolved the legislative assembly on 3 September and called for a snap election . [ 161 ] [ 162 ] He touted "independence through merger" as a success and utilised television and the mass media effectively. [ 163 ] In conjunction with Sabah (formerly North Borneo) and Sarawak , Lee proclaimed Singapore as part of Malaysia in a second ceremony on 16 September accompanied by a military parade. [ 164 ] [ h ] Lim Chin Siong's arrest had, however, generated widespread sympathy for the Barisan and a close result was predicted. Australian and British officials expected a Barisan win. [ 165 ] When the PAP defeated the Barisan in a landslide victory on 21 September, it was seen as a public endorsement of merger and Lee's socio-economic policies. [ 163 ] [ 166 ] Relations between the PAP and Malaysia's ruling Alliance Party quickly deteriorated as Lee began espousing his policies to the rest of the country. The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) was also shocked by the loss of three Malay-majority seats to the PAP in the recent 1963 Singapore election. [ 167 ] Ultra-nationalists within UMNO alleged that Lee sought to overthrow the Malay monarchies and infringe on rural life . [ 167 ] Lee's attempts to reconcile the PAP with UMNO were rebuffed as the latter remained committed to the Malaysian Chinese Association . [ 167 ] Further hostility ensued when the PAP decided to contest in the 1964 Malaysian general election in contravention of a gentlemen's agreement that it disavow itself from peninsula politics, but PAP already regarded the agreement to be rendered moot as the Alliance contested the 1963 Singapore state election and broke the agreement first. [ 168 ] Lee's speeches in Malaysia attracted large crowds and he expected the PAP to win at least seven parliamentary seats. [ 169 ] The party ultimately won only one seat in Bangsar , Selangor under Devan Nair. [ 168 ] Lee and other party insiders later conceded that UMNO's portrayal of the PAP as a "Chinese party" and its lack of grassroots in the peninsula had undermined its support from the Malay majority. [ 168 ] [ 170 ] Ethnic tensions had risen prior to the April election when UMNO secretary-general Syed Jaafar Albar utilised the Utusan Melayu to accuse Lee of evicting Malays from their homes in March 1964. [ 171 ] Lee explained personally to the affected neighbourhoods that the scheme was part of an urban renewal plan and that eviction notices had been sent to everyone irrespective of race. [ 172 ] Albar responded by warning Lee to not "treat the sons of the soil as step-children" and led calls for the deaths of Lee and Social Affairs Minister Othman bin Wok on 12 July. [ 172 ] On 21 July, the 1964 race riots in Singapore erupted during a celebration of Prophet Muhammad's birthday , lasting four days, killing 22 and injuring 461. [ 173 ] Further riots occurred in late-August and early-September resulting in communities self-segregating from each other, which Lee characterised as "terribly disheartening" and against "everything we had believed in and worked for". [ 171 ] Lee never forgot the Malay PAP leaders who stood against UMNO during the turmoil and as late as 1998, paid tribute to them for Singapore's survival. [ 174 ] Malaysian Malaysia and separation Lee's perceptions that merger was becoming infeasible was also due to the federal government's obstruction of his industrialisation program and its imposition of new taxes on Singapore in the November 1964 federal budget. [ 172 ] Tunku mentioned to deputy prime minister Goh Keng Swee in December 1964 about his desire to have Singapore “hived off” from Malaysia. [ 175 ] Lee authorized Goh to renegotiate with Deputy Prime Minister Abdul Razak Hussein on Singapore's place in the federation in early 1965. [ 172 ] Seeking to provide an alternative to the Alliance Party government, Lee and his colleagues formed the Malaysian Solidarity Convention (MSC) with the Malayan and Sarawakian opposition on 9 May, with its goals for a Malaysian Malaysia and race-blind society. [ 172 ] [ 176 ] The MSC was seen by UMNO as a threat to the Malay monopoly of power and special rights granted to Malays under Article 153 . [ 177 ] [ 178 ] UMNO supreme council member and future prime minister Mahathir Mohamad called the PAP "pro-Chinese, communist-oriented and positively anti-Malay", while others called for Lee's arrest under the Internal Security Act for trying to split the federation. [ 177 ] [ 179 ] Mathathir in his speech stated the huaren (ethnic Chinese) of Singapore were of "the insular, selfish and arrogant type of which Mr. Lee is a good example...They are in fact Chinese first, seeing China as the center of the world and Malaysia as a very poor second". [ 180 ] Such fears were sincerely felt by the UMNO leaders as one UMNO politician who was friendly with Lee privately told him: "You Chinese are too energetic and clever for us...we cannot stand the pressure". [ 181 ] Many UMNO politicians felt threatened by Lee, a politician who sought to appeal to both ethnic Chinese and Malay voters. [ 180 ] Albar warned in a speech that the Malay voters of Singapore must have been "misled" into voting for the PAP, and the UNMO would not allow this to happen in the next election. [ 180 ] Lee later wrote of Tunku that was "a nice man", but "he was a prince who understood power and knew how to use it. He did not carry a big stick, but he had many hatchet-bearers who would do the job for him while he looked the other way and appeared as benign as ever". [ 180 ] Tunku was a Malay aristocrat who spent his undergraduate years at Cambridge by his own admission on "fast women" rather than studying and whom Lee contemptuously noted had been awarded a degree at Cambridge that he did not deserve solely because he was an aristocrat. [ 182 ] Tunku in turn felt threatened by Lee, a man who had worked his way up via his intelligence and self-discipline, which made him very different from the people in his world. [ 182 ] On 26 May 1965, Lee addressed the Malaysian parliament for the final time, delivering his speech entirely in the Malay language. He challenged the Alliance Party to commit itself to a Malaysian Malaysia and denounce its extremists, and also argued that the PAP could better uplift the livelihood of the Malays. [ 177 ] Then-social affairs minister Othman Wok later recounted: "I noticed that while he was speaking, the Alliance leaders sitting in front of us, they sank lower and lower because they were embarrassed this man (Lee) could speak Malay better than them". [ 183 ] Then-national development minister Lim Kim San also noted: "That was the turning point. They perceived [Lee] as a dangerous man who could one day be the prime minister of Malaya. This was the speech that changed history." [ 183 ] Prime Minister Tunku labelled the speech as the final straw which contributed to his decision in July 1965, while being treated for shingles in London, [ 184 ] [ 185 ] that Singapore's secession was necessary. [ 186 ] The more extreme UMNO politicians such as Albar were pressing to have Lee arrested and martial law proclaimed, but Tunku chose to accept Singapore's secession instead. [ 182 ] The British government received allegations of a plot to arrest Lee, and thus the British prime minister Harold Wilson quietly pressured Tunku against taking any such action, warning of potential repercussions on the Malaysian government. [ 182 ] As Britain was defending Malaysia from Indonesian attempts to annex the country, Britain was in a strong position to apply pressure on Malaysia. Lee in his memoirs stated that Singapore owed Wilson a major debt for his role in pressuring Tunku for a peaceful resolution of the crisis, calling Wilson a "good friend". [ 187 ] On 13 July 1965, Deputy Prime Minister Goh Keng Swee met with Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak Hussein and Home Affairs Minister Ismail Abdul Rahman , in Razak's office while Tunku was still overseas, being treated for shingles. Goh proposed separation of Singapore from Malaysia, before reporting back to Lee about the proposal. [ 188 ] Lee agreed, and during another meeting between Goh, Razak and Ismail on 20 July 1965, Goh told the Malaysians that Lee had given the greenlight for separation arrangements to be done quickly. [ 185 ] [ 188 ] Lee then summoned Law Minister E. W. Barker to draft documents effecting Singapore's separation from the federation and its proclamation of independence. To ensure that a 1962 agreement to draw water from Johor was retained, Lee insisted that it be enshrined in the separation agreement and Malaysian constitution. [ 189 ] The negotiations of post-separation relations were held in utmost secrecy and Lee tried to prevent secession to the last minute, trying to convince Tunku upon his return from London to continue negotiating a looser confederation. However, Tunku's mind was already made up. [ 188 ] Lee was persuaded to finally relent by Goh on 7 August. [ 177 ] [ 190 ] That day, Lee and several cabinet ministers signed the separation agreement at Razak's home, which stipulated continued co-operation in trade and mutual defence. [ 191 ] Cabinet ministers Toh Chin Chye and S. Rajaratnam , were asked to meet Lee in Kuala Lumpur. Upon being informed of the impending separation, they refused to sign the agreement at first and were distraught at the idea, before the fear of further violence and bloodshed finally convinced them to sign. [ 192 ] Lee returned to Singapore the following day and convened the rest of his cabinet to sign the document, whereupon it was flown back to Kuala Lumpur. [ 190 ] [ 193 ] On 9 August 1965 at 10am, Tunku convened the Malaysian parliament and moved the Constitution and Malaysia (Singapore Amendment) Bill 1965 , which passed unanimously by a vote of 126–0 with no PAP representatives present. [ 194 ] Singapore's independence was announced locally via radio at the same time and Lee broke the news to senior diplomats and civil servants. [ 193 ] [ 195 ] In a televised press conference that day, Lee fought back tears and briefly stopped to regain his composure as he formally announced the news to an anxious population: [ 196 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Despite the momentous event, Lee did not call for the parliament to convene to reconcile the issues that Singapore would face immediately as a new nation. Without giving further instructions on who should act in his absence, he went into isolation for six weeks, unreachable by phone, at Changi Cottage . According to then-deputy prime minister Toh Chin Chye , the parliament hung in "suspended animation" until the sitting in December that year. [ 198 ] In his memoirs, Lee said that he was unable to sleep and was prescribed tranquilizers from doctors. Upon learning of Lee's condition from the British High Commissioner to Singapore, John Robb, the British prime minister, Harold Wilson , expressed concern, in response to which Lee replied: Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Lee began to seek international recognition of Singapore's independence. Singapore joined the United Nations on 21 September 1965, and founded the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) on 8 August 1967 with four other South-East Asian countries. Lee made his first official visit to Indonesia on 25 May 1973, just a few years after the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation under Sukarno 's regime. Relations between Singapore and Indonesia substantially improved as subsequent visits were made between the two countries. Singapore has never had a dominant culture to which immigrants could assimilate, even though Malay was the dominant language at that time. [ 201 ] Together with efforts from the government and ruling party, Lee tried to create a unique Singaporean identity in the 1970s and 1980s—one which heavily recognised racial consciousness within the umbrella of multiculturalism . Lee and his government stressed the importance of maintaining religious tolerance and racial harmony, and they were ready to use the law to counter any threat that might incite ethnic and religious violence. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] For example, Lee warned against "insensitive evangelisation", by which he referred to instances of Christian proselytising directed at Malays. In 1974 the government advised the Bible Society of Singapore to stop publishing religious material in Malay. [ 204 ] Defence The vulnerability of Singapore was deeply felt, with threats from multiple sources, including the communists and Indonesia with its confrontational stance. Adding to this vulnerability was the impending withdrawal of British forces from East of Suez . As Singapore gained admission to the United Nations, Lee quickly sought international recognition of Singapore's independence. He appointed Goh Keng Swee as Minister for the Interior and Defence to build up the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) and requested help from other countries, particularly Israel and Taiwan, for advice, training and facilities. [ 205 ] In 1967, Lee introduced conscription for all able-bodied male Singaporean citizens 18 years of age to serve National Service (NS) either in the SAF, Singapore Police Force or the Singapore Civil Defence Force . By 1971, Singapore had 17 national service battalions (16,000 men) with 14 battalions (11,000 men) in the reserves. [ 206 ] In 1975, Lee and Republic of China premier Chiang Ching-kuo signed an agreement permitting Singaporean troops to train in Taiwan, under the codename " Project Starlight ". [ 207 ] Economy One of Lee's most urgent tasks upon Singapore's independence was to address high unemployment. Together with his economic aide, Economic Development Board chairman Hon Sui Sen , and in consultation with Dutch economist Albert Winsemius , Lee set up factories and initially focused on the manufacturing industry. Before the British completely withdrew from Singapore in 1971, Lee also persuaded the British not to destroy their dock and had the British naval dockyard later converted for civilian use. Eventually, Lee and his cabinet decided the best way to boost Singapore's economy was to attract foreign investments from multinational corporations (MNCs). By establishing First World infrastructure and standards in Singapore, the new nation could attract American, Japanese and European business. By the 1970s multinational corporations like Texas Instruments , Hewlett-Packard , and General Electric began turning Singapore into a major electronics exporter. [ 208 ] Workers were frequently trained to familiarise themselves with the work systems and cultures of foreign companies. The government also started several new industries, such as steel mills under 'National Iron and Steel Mills', service industries like Neptune Orient Lines , and the Singapore Airlines . [ 209 ] Lee and his cabinet also worked to establish Singapore as an international financial centre. Foreign bankers were assured of the reliability of Singapore's social conditions, with top-class infrastructure and skilled professionals, and investors were made to understand that the Singapore government would pursue sound macroeconomic policies, with budget surpluses , leading to a stable valued Singapore dollar. [ 210 ] Throughout the tenure of his office, Lee placed great importance on developing the economy, and his attention to detail on this aspect went even to the extent of connecting it with other facets of Singapore, including the country's extensive and meticulous tending of its international image of being a "Garden City". [ 211 ] The 1967 "Garden City" planning initiative included prominent roadside greenery along the East Coast Parkway (ECP) highway connecting Singapore Changi Airport with Singapore Central Area . [ 212 ] Anti-corruption measures Lee introduced legislation giving the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) greater power to conduct arrests, search, call up witnesses, and investigate bank accounts and income-tax returns of suspected persons and their families. [ 213 ] Lee believed that ministers should be well paid in order to maintain a clean and honest government. On 21 November 1986, Lee received a complaint of corruption against then Minister for National Development Teh Cheang Wan . [ 214 ] Lee authorised the CPIB to carry out investigations on Teh, but Teh committed suicide before any charges could be pressed against him. [ 215 ] In 1994, he proposed to link the salaries of ministers, judges, and top civil servants to the salaries of top professionals in the private sector, arguing that this would help recruit and retain talent to serve in the public sector. [ 216 ] Population policies In the late 1960s, fearing that Singapore's growing population might overburden the developing economy, Lee started a " Stop at Two " family planning campaign. Couples were urged to undergo sterilisation after their second child. Third or fourth children were given lower priorities in education and such families received fewer economic rebates . [ 216 ] In 1983, Lee sparked the "Great Marriage Debate" when he encouraged Singapore men to choose highly educated women as wives. [ 217 ] He was concerned that a large number of graduate women were unmarried. [ 218 ] Some sections of the population, including graduate women, were upset by his views. [ 218 ] Nevertheless, a match-making agency, the Social Development Unit (SDU), [ 219 ] was set up to promote socialising among men and women graduates. [ 216 ] In the Graduate Mothers Scheme, Lee also introduced incentives such as tax rebates , schooling, and housing priorities for graduate mothers who had three or four children, in a reversal of the over-successful "Stop at Two" family planning campaign in the 1960s and 1970s. Lee suggested that perhaps the campaign for women's rights had been too successful: Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. — Lee Kuan Yew, "Talent for the future", 14 August 1983 [ 220 ] The uproar over the proposal led to a swing of 12.9 per cent against the PAP government in the 1984 general election . In 1985, some especially controversial portions of the policy, that gave education and housing priorities to educated women, were abandoned or modified. [ 216 ] [ 221 ] By the late 1990s the birth rate had fallen so low that Lee's successor Goh Chok Tong extended these incentives to all married women, and gave even more incentives, such as the "baby bonus" scheme. [ 216 ] Water resources Singapore has traditionally relied on water from Malaysia. However, this reliance has made Singapore subject to the possibility of price increases and allowed Malaysian officials to use the water reliance as political leverage by threatening to cut off supply . To reduce this problem, Lee decided to experiment with water recycling in 1974. [ 222 ] As a result of such efforts, Singapore has achieved self-sufficiency with its water supply since the mid-2010s. [ 223 ] Under Lee tree planting was pursued, in 1963 he began a tree-planting campaign which aimed to plant 10,000 saplings a year and in 1971 a 'Tree-Planting Day' was established. One of the goals of this was to increase rainfall. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] He also made efforts to clean Singapore's waters for collection and use. [ 226 ] Environment Lee envisioned Singapore as a garden city , [ 227 ] declaring that "no other hallmark of success will be more distinctive than that of achieving our position as the cleanest and greenest city in Southeast Asia ". [ 228 ] He later said that " greening is the most cost-effective project I have launched". [ 229 ] Lee set up an 'Anti-Pollution Unit' stating that its importance resided in giving citizens "respite from city centres" and in the small size of Singapore which made it necessary to "preserve a clean and gracious environment for rich and poor alike". [ 230 ] In 1995 Lee declared "I have always believed that a blighted urban landscape, a concrete jungle, destroys the human spirit. We need the greenery of nature to lift our spirits". [ 231 ] Lee saw this as a means of attracting tourists and businesspeople to the city. [ 232 ] He wrote that "without a word being said, they would know that Singaporeans were competent, disciplined, and reliable, a people who would learn the skills they required soon enough". [ 233 ] After independence Lee sought for "some dramatic way to distinguish ourselves from other Third World countries. I settled for a clean and green Singapore" [ 234 ] because "if we had First World standards then business people and tourists would make us a base for their business and tours of the region". [ 235 ] Lee considered air conditioning the most important invention of the 20th century for Singapore. [ 236 ] Air quality relates to work quality and as such Lee made sure air conditioning was installed in the offices of the Singaporean civil service in the 1960s. [ 237 ] Foreign policy Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad Lee looked forward to improving relationships with Mahathir Mohamad upon the latter's promotion to Deputy Prime Minister. Knowing that Mahathir was in line to become the next Prime Minister of Malaysia , Lee invited Mahathir to visit Singapore in 1978. The first and subsequent visits improved both personal and diplomatic relationships between them. Then UMNO 's Secretary-General Mahathir asked Lee to cut off all links with the Democratic Action Party (DAP); in exchange, Mahathir undertook not to interfere in the affairs of Malay Singaporeans . [ 238 ] In June 1988, Lee and Mahathir reached an agreement in Kuala Lumpur to build the Linggui dam on the Johor River . [ 239 ] Lee said he had made more progress solving bilateral issues with Dr Mahathir from 1981 to 1990 than in the previous 12 years with the latter's two predecessors. [ 179 ] Mahathir ordered the lifting of the ban on the export of construction materials to Singapore in 1981, agreed to sort out Malaysia's claim to Pedra Branca island and affirmed it would honour the 1962 Water Agreement. [ 179 ] One day before Lee left office in November 1990, Malaysia and Singapore signed the Malaysia–Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990 (POA). Malayan Railways (KTM) would vacate the Tanjong Pagar railway station and move to Bukit Timah while all KTM's land between Bukit Timah and Tanjong Pagar would revert to Singapore. Railway land at Tanjong Pagar would be handed over to a private limited company for joint development, the equity of which would be divided 60% to Malaysia and 40% to Singapore. However, Prime Minister Mahathir expressed his displeasure with the POA, for it failed to include a piece of railway land in Bukit Timah for joint development in 1993. Following Lee's death, Mahathir posted a blog post that suggested his respect for Lee despite their differences, stating that while "I am afraid on most other issues we could not agree [...] [h]is passage marks the end of the period when those who fought for independence lead their countries and knew the value of independence. ASEAN lost a strong leadership after President Suharto and Lee Kuan Yew". [ 240 ] Indonesia In March 1967, the president of Indonesia , Sukarno , who had initiated the Konfrontasi , resigned from the presidency under pressure by military general Suharto amidst the 30 September Movement . A clemency plea by President Suharto for Osman bin Mohamed Ali and Harun bin Said, the perpetrators of the MacDonald House bombing in March 1965 during Konfrontasi , was rejected. The Singapore Embassy in Jakarta was occupied on the day of the saboteurs' hanging by 300 students. [ 241 ] [ 242 ] However, Bilateral relations between Singapore and Indonesia would improve after 1973, when Lee visited the graves of Harun and Osman in Indonesia ( nyekar ) and scattered flowers on them. [ 243 ] This was followed by Suharto's visit to Singapore in 1974. [ 244 ] From the 1980s, exchanges would sharply increase between the two countries in politics, tourism, defence, business, and student and community-based exchanges. [ 243 ] Lee and Suharto developed a strong relationship, with the growing trust between both leaders developing into friendship. Lee and Suharto regarded each other as trustworthy and reliable. Lee kept up his relationship with Suharto until his death in 2008, even advising him and his children during the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis which led to Suharto's fall from power. [ 245 ] In 1978, Suharto rallied ASEAN to oppose Australia's newly proclaimed integrated civil aviation policy, which cut Kangaroo Route air access to Singapore while providing inducements to Indonesia and other countries in the region. Suharto believed that ASEAN should not give in to such tactics and inducements, and Australia relented. [ 245 ] Singapore remains a crucial stopover for Kangaroo Route flights between the United Kingdom and Australia. [ 245 ] Singapore and Indonesia entered joint projects such as the Batam Industrial Park, Bintan Resorts , the Riau Water Agreement and the Air Combat Manoeuvring Range in Pekan Baru proceeded smoothly. Swift implementation of factory and hotel development proposals by foreign investors demonstrated Singapore's honesty and reliability to Suharto. [ 245 ] United States In his book The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew , Lee detailed an incident where in 1960, the CIA allegedly attempted to bribe certain members of his party, the PAP, in an attempt to create division and weaken his leadership, however the official had reported the bribery attempt instead of accepting the money. [ 246 ] [ 247 ] According to Lee, this was part of a broader strategy by the United States to influence the political landscape in Southeast Asia during the Cold War. [ 248 ] He mentioned that he confronted the CIA's representative in Singapore and demanded an explanation and compensation for this interference. After having two CIA agents arrested, Lee requested 3.5 million dollars in economic aid in exchange for the covert release of the two agents. The Americans rejected this offer and presented a counter-offer of 3.3 million dollars to be given directly to Lee and the People's Action Party, but the men were later released without any financial exchange. However instead of taking a passive approach, Lee negotiated with the CIA and eventually the US government agreed to pay a sum of 3.3 million dollars in formal economic aid to Singapore, which Lee claimed was to ensure that the U.S. would not interfere in Singapore's internal affairs. Lee revealed this incident in 1965, which led to the Americans to deny it ever occurred; however, Lee later made public a letter of apology from the US Secretary of State Dean Rusk over the incident. [ 249 ] [ 250 ] [ 251 ] Lee fully supported the US involvement in the Vietnam War . Even as the war began to lose its popularity in the United States, Lee made his first official visit to the United States in October 1967, and declared to President Lyndon B. Johnson that his support for the war in Vietnam was "unequivocal". Lee saw the war as necessary for states in Southeast Asia like Singapore to buy time for stabilising their governments and economies. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] Lee cultivated close relationships with presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan , [ 254 ] as well as former secretaries of state Henry Kissinger [ 255 ] and George Shultz . [ 256 ] In 1967 Nixon, who was running for president in 1968, visited Singapore and met with Lee, who advised that the United States had much to gain by engaging with China, culminating in Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China . [ 257 ] [ 258 ] In the 1980s, closer defence relations between Singapore and the United States enabled Singapore to acquire advanced American weapon platforms and capabilities. The United States provided Singapore with aircraft such as the F-16 and the E-2C airborne early warning (AEW) to strengthen its air defences. [ 259 ] In October 1985, Lee made a state visit to the United States on the invitation of President Reagan and addressed a joint session of the United States Congress . Lee stressed to Congress the importance of free trade and urged it not to turn towards protectionism: It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] In May 1988, E. Mason "Hank" Hendrickson was serving as the First Secretary of the United States Embassy when he was expelled by the Singapore government. [ 260 ] [ 261 ] The Singapore government alleged that Hendrickson attempted to interfere in Singapore's internal affairs by cultivating opposition figures in a " Marxist conspiracy ". [ 262 ] Then-First Deputy Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong claimed that Hendrickson's alleged conspiracy could have resulted in the election of 20 or 30 opposition politicians to Parliament, which in his words could lead to "horrendous" effects, possibly even the paralysis and fall of the Singapore government. [ 263 ] In the aftermath of Hendrickson's expulsion, the U.S. State Department praised Hendrickson's performance in Singapore and denied any impropriety in his actions. [ 260 ] The State Department also expelled Robert Chua, a senior-level Singaporean diplomat equal in rank to Hendrickson, from Washington, D.C., in response. [ 264 ] [ 265 ] The State Department's refusal to reprimand Hendrickson, along with its expulsion of the Singaporean diplomat, sparked a rare protest in Singapore by the National Trades Union Congress ; they drove buses around the U.S. embassy, held a rally attended by four thousand workers, and issued a statement deriding the U.S. as "sneaky, arrogant, and untrustworthy". [ 266 ] China Singapore did not establish diplomatic relations with China until the U.S. and Southeast Asia had decided they wanted to do so in order to avoid portraying a pro-China bias. [ 267 ] [ 268 ] His official visits to China starting in 1976 were conducted in English, to assure other countries that he represented Singapore, and not a "Third China" (the first two being the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) and People's Republic of China ). [ 269 ] In November 1978, after China had stabilised following political turmoil in the aftermath of Mao Zedong 's death and the Gang of Four , Deng Xiaoping visited Singapore and met Lee. Deng, who was very impressed with Singapore's economic development, greenery and housing, and later sent tens of thousands of Chinese to Singapore and countries around the world to learn from their experiences and bring back their knowledge as part of the reform and opening up beginning in December 1978. Lee, on the other hand, advised Deng to stop exporting Communist ideologies to Southeast Asia, an advice that Deng later followed. [ 270 ] [ 271 ] This culminated in the exchange of Trade Offices between the two nations in September 1981. [ 272 ] In 1985, commercial air services between mainland China and Singapore commenced [ 273 ] and China appointed Goh Keng Swee , Singapore's finance minister in the post-independence years, as advisor on the development of Special Economic Zones . [ 274 ] On 3 October 1990, Singapore revised diplomatic relations from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China. United Kingdom Lee developed friendships with Prime Ministers Harold Wilson [ 275 ] and Margaret Thatcher . [ 275 ] Lee regarded Wilson's support and swift recognition of Singapore's independence crucial to Singapore's survival in its early days. Singapore was still heavily dependent on Britain for its defence and economy, and the British military bases were contributing over 20 percent to Singapore's gross national product. About 15 per cent of Singapore's workforce had jobs linked to British military bases on the island. [ 276 ] However, mounting economic problems in Britain led to a weakening faith in the pound sterling, and the Singapore Government began reducing its sterling holdings from about 90 percent to just 50 percent by November 1967, when the Labour government devaluated pound sterling. Chancellor of the Exchequer Roy Jenkins , in a letter to Goh Keng Swee, expressed his “regret that [Singapore] did not take [the UK] into their confidence” when diversifying out of Sterling. To which Goh retorted in reply that Singapore sustained losses of about US$157 million as a result of the pound's devaluation. [ 277 ] No longer able to afford its military commitment in Southeast Asia, Britain announced in January 1968, the total withdrawal of its troops East of Suez, with the pullout from Malaysia and Singapore to be done by 31 March 1971 – four years earlier than planned. The announcement came as a shock to Singapore, because the British had earlier committed to a phased withdrawal. [ 278 ] As the first batch of 900 national servicemen had just started their training on 17 August 1967, Singapore was ill-equipped to take up its own defence. It was projected that about 25,000 base workers in Singapore would be rendered unemployed in 1971 as a result of the military withdrawal. When informed of the decision, Lee's government responded with dismay and anger. Lee threatened to withdraw from the sterling area , give the dockyards to the Japanese, and disrupt British shipping and trade. He also suggested that if the British forces withdrew too quickly, he would have to “hire mercenaries to defend Singapore”. [ 278 ] Lee and Minister for Finance Goh Keng Swee left for London, meeting with British political leaders, rallying for support through television appearances. With intense lobbying by Lee and Goh, the Wilson government went ahead with withdrawal, but agreed to a compromise to extend the withdrawal deadline from March to December 1971. Lee successfully negotiated with the British for a soft loan of £50 million, free transfer of key assets, help with operating air defence systems, and training of military staff. Plans were set up to oversee the conversion and commercialisation of lands and facilities including the naval bases that had belonged to the British, which later proved instrumental in propelling Singapore's shipbuilding industry forward. [ 278 ] Singapore acquired a squadron of British Hawker Hunter planes for its new air force, arriving in Singapore in 1970. To make up for Britain's withdrawal, Singapore's military spending was tripled, and an air force and a navy were added to support the army. When Wilson's Labour government lost the 1970 election to the Conservatives under Edward Heath , the new Conservative government facilitated the Five Power Defence Arrangements , comprising the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore, to give a deterrent message that any attack on Singapore or Malaysia would lead to a potential intervention of British, Australian and New Zealand forces. Although most of the British troops had withdrawn from Singapore by October 1971, a small contingent of British, Australian and New Zealand forces stayed on as a token military presence. The last British soldier left Singapore in March 1976. [ 278 ] Lee and Thatcher, who became Britain's prime minister in 1979, admired each other's leadership qualities and had "ideological convergence" in policies like cracking down on trade union power, privatisation, low taxation and trimming the excesses of the welfare state. Lee also advised Thatcher while Britain was negotiating with China on the handover of Hong Kong . [ 279 ] Australia Australia, under Prime Minister Robert Menzies was one of the first countries to recognise Singapore's independence. [ 280 ] However, Lee would later clash with Australian leaders John Gorton and Gough Whitlam who were inclined to pull Australia back from the Five Power Defence Arrangement (FPDA). [ 281 ] Lee clashed fiercely with Whitlam. Whitlam was initially reluctant to take too many of the Vietnamese boat people and tried to make Singapore take the first refugees from the Vietnam War. Lee retorted that Whitlam ‘a very sympathetic Prime Minister who believes the White Australia policy is most deplorable and damnable and here is his chance.’ [ 282 ] Lee criticised Whitlam's pro-Asian rhetoric as political posturing because of his stance on the Vietnam boat refugees, and blocking Asian imports into Australia. In his memoirs, Lee wrote of his verbal jousts with Whitlam at Commonwealth meetings. Lee called Whitlam ‘quick-witted but also quick-tempered’, and was glad to see the end of the ‘acerbic’ Whitlam, calling it ‘a relief when their Governor-General removed Whitlam…’. [ 282 ] Singapore-Australia relations improved with Whitlam's successor, Malcolm Fraser . Lee held him in high regard for his support in confronting communism and defending the FPDA. [ 282 ] However, he urged Fraser to reform the Australian economy, prompting the famous remark from Lee that Australia was in danger of becoming the "poor white trash of Asia" [ 283 ] if it did not open up its economy. The comments were widely circulated in Australian political circles. Bob Hawke , who led the Labor party to a victory over Fraser in 1983, said "I thought [Lee] was right, and his harsh but fair comment helped galvanise my determination to undertake the reforms that would save us from that fate and set us on a better path." [ 283 ] Upon Lee's death, Hawke said "Lee Kuan Yew was a great friend of Australia, if at times an outspoken one". [ 283 ] Singapore was Australia's strongest backer within ASEAN in the effort to create APEC in 1989. [ 282 ] Cambodia Lee opposed the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978. [ 284 ] The Singapore government organised an international campaign to condemn Vietnam and provided aid to the Khmer Rouge which was fighting against Vietnamese occupation during the Cambodian–Vietnamese War from 1978 to 1989. In his memoirs, Lee recounted that in 1982, "Singapore gave the first few hundreds of several batches of AK-47 rifles, hand grenades, ammunition and communication equipment" to the Khmer Rouge resistance forces. [ 285 ] [ 286 ] Senior Minister (1990–2004) After leading the PAP to victory in seven elections, Lee stepped down on 28 November 1990, handing over the prime ministership to Goh Chok Tong . [ 287 ] By that time, he had become the world's longest-serving prime minister. [ 288 ] This was the first leadership transition since independence. Goh was elected as the new prime minister by the younger ministers then in office. When Goh Chok Tong became head of government, Lee remained in the cabinet with a non-executive position of Senior Minister [ 289 ] and played a role he described as advisory. Lee subsequently stepped down as secretary-general of the PAP and was succeeded by Goh Chok Tong on 2 December 1992. [ 290 ] Condominium rebates In April 1996, Lee and his son, Lee Hsien Loong , disclosed that they had purchased apartments located at Nassim Jade and Scotts 28 from Hotel Properties Ltd, a real estate developer listed on the Stock Exchange of Singapore, at substantial discounts ranging from 5 to 12 per cent. [ 291 ] The dispute arose amidst rampant property speculation in Singapore. [ 292 ] Upon learning of the issue, Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong swiftly initiated an immediate investigation into the matter. While Singapore law permits the provision of special discounts or rebates to relatives and associates of directors, it is imperative that such transactions receive approval from shareholders. [ 293 ] This disclosure prompted sufficient public disquiet for Lee to appear before Parliament to explain the purchases. [ 294 ] Lee said that as he was a prominent figure, the developer had a "legitimate incentive" to provide discounts for publicity, and that he had previously purchased a car and acquired services from his tailor and cobbler at a discount. [ 295 ] The amount saved was donated to charity. [ 292 ] Minister Mentor (2004–2011) In December 2004, Lee stepped down to become Minister Mentor. Expressing concern about the declining proficiency of Mandarin among younger Chinese Singaporeans , he started a year-long campaign called " 华语 Cool! " (Mandarin is Cool!) to garner interest in using Mandarin. [ 296 ] On 13 September 2008, Lee underwent treatment for abnormal heart rhythm ( atrial flutter ) at Singapore General Hospital . The treatment was successful, and he was well enough to address a philanthropy forum via video link from the hospital. [ 297 ] On 28 September 2010, he was hospitalised for a chest infection, cancelling plans to attend the wake of the Senior Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Balaji Sadasivan . [ 298 ] In November 2010, Lee's private conversations with James Steinberg , US Deputy Secretary of State , on 30 May 2009 were among the leaked US Embassy cables . In a US Embassy report classified as "Secret", Lee gave his assessment of a number of Asian leaders and views on political developments in North Asia, including implications for nuclear proliferation. [ 299 ] In January 2011, the Straits Times Press published the book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . [ 300 ] Targeted at younger Singaporeans, it was based on 16 interviews with Lee by seven local journalists in 2008–2009. The first print run of 45,000 copies sold out in less than a month after it was launched in January 2011. Another batch of 55,000 copies was made available shortly after. [ 301 ] After the 2011 general elections in which the Workers' Party , a major opposition political party in Singapore, made unprecedented gains by winning a Group Representation Constituency (GRC), Lee announced that he decided to leave the Cabinet for his son, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong , and his team to have a clean slate. [ 302 ] Some analysts, such as Citigroup economist Kit Wei Zheng, believed that the senior Lee had contributed to the PAP's poor performance. [ 303 ] In particular, he stated during campaigning that the voters of Aljunied constituency had "five years to live and repent" if they elected the Workers' Party , which some viewed as having backfired for the PAP as the opposition went on to win Aljunied. [ 304 ] In a column in the Sunday Times on 6 November 2011, Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, revealed that her father had peripheral neuropathy . [ 305 ] In the column, she recounted how she first noticed her father's ailments when she accompanied him to meet the former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in Connecticut in October 2009. Wei Ling, a neurologist, "did a few simple neurological tests and decided the nerves to his legs were not working as they should". A day later, when interviewed at a constituency tree-planting event, Lee stated: "I have no doubt at all that this has not affected my mind, my will nor my resolve" and that "people in wheel chairs can make a contribution. I've still got two legs, I will make a contribution". [ 306 ] Illness and death External videos State funeral service for the late Mr Lee Kuan Yew on 29 March 2015 , Prime Minister's Office On 15 February 2013, Lee was admitted to Singapore General Hospital following a prolonged cardiac dysrhythmia , which was followed by a brief stoppage of blood flow to the brain. [ 307 ] [ 308 ] [ 309 ] [ 310 ] For the first time in his career as a Member of Parliament (MP), Lee missed the annual Chinese New Year dinner at his constituency , where he was supposed to be the guest-of-honour. [ 311 ] [ 312 ] He was subsequently discharged, but continued to receive anti-coagulant therapy. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] [ 315 ] The following year, Lee missed his constituency's Chinese New Year dinner for the second consecutive time owing to bodily bacterial invasion. [ 316 ] In April 2014, a photo depicting a thin and frail Lee was released online, drawing strong reactions from netizens. [ 317 ] According to Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, Lee had discussed euthanasia which is not a legal option in Singapore. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] On 5 February 2015, Lee was hospitalised for pneumonia and was put on a ventilator at the intensive care unit of Singapore General Hospital, although his condition was reported initially as "stable". [ 320 ] [ 321 ] A 26 February update stated that he was again being given antibiotics, while being sedated and still under mechanical ventilation. [ 322 ] [ 323 ] From 17 to 22 March, Lee continued weakening as he developed an infection while on life support, and he was described as "critically ill". [ 324 ] [ 325 ] [ 326 ] On 18 March that year, a death hoax website reported false news of Lee's death. The suspect is an unidentified minor who created a false webpage that resembled the PMO official website. [ 327 ] Several international news organisations reported on Lee's death based on this and later retracted their statements. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] On 23 March 2015, Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced his father's death at the age of 91. [ 330 ] Lee had died at 03:18 Singapore Standard Time ( UTC+08:00 ). [ 330 ] [ 331 ] A week of national mourning took place, [ 332 ] during which time Lee was lying in state at Parliament House . As a mark of respect, State flags at all Government buildings were flown at half-mast . During this time, 1.7 million Singaporean residents as well as world leaders paid tribute to him at Parliament house and community tribute sites throughout the country. [ 333 ] [ 334 ] [ 335 ] A state funeral for Lee was held on 29 March and attended by world leaders. [ 336 ] Later that day, Lee was cremated in a private ceremony at the Mandai Crematorium . [ 337 ] Legacy I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. As prime minister from 1959 to 1990, Lee presided over many of Singapore's advancements. He oversaw Singapore's transformation from an island nation with a high illiteracy rate and no natural resources into a developed country with a high-income economy within a single generation, commonly termed (from his autobiography) as 'From the third world to the first world'. [ 339 ] [ 340 ] [ 341 ] [ 342 ] Singapore's gross national product per capita (GNP) rose from $1,240 in 1959 to $18,437 in 1990. The unemployment rate in Singapore dropped from 13.5% in 1959 to 1.7% in 1990. External trade increased from $7.3 billion in 1959 to $205 billion in 1990. In other areas, the life expectancy at birth for Singaporeans rose from 65 years in 1960 to 74 years in 1990. The population of Singapore increased from 1.6 million in 1959 to 3 million in 1990. The number of public flats in Singapore rose from 22,975 in 1959 (then under the Singapore Improvement Trust ) to 667,575 in 1990. The Singaporean literacy rate increased from 52% in 1957 to 90% in 1990. Telephone lines per 100 Singaporeans increased from 3 in 1960 to 38 in 1990. Visitor arrivals to Singapore rose from 100,000 in 1960 to 5.3 million in 1990. [ 343 ] These economic accomplishments were achieved in large part due to Lee's stewardship of public administration through relevant and targeted public policy ; Lee introduced measures to jumpstart manufacturing of finished goods for export ( export-oriented industrialisation ) and sought to create a conducive business environment in the trading nation to attract foreign direct investment (through the establishment of the Economic Development Board , EDB). [ 339 ] [ 344 ] Lee also forged a symbiotic and mutually dependent relationship between the PAP and the national trade union, the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), whereby the PAP receives a degree of grassroots labour input, whilst NTUC is led by prominent PAP politicians who usually have ministerial portfolios within the Government . [ 345 ] The Government's tight control over trade union activities and industrial relations ensured near-total industrial peace, which was assessed to be a prerequisite for rapid economic development . [ 346 ] Lee was a staunch promoter of economic globalisation and a vocal opponent of protectionism . [ 347 ] [ 348 ] Lee said that Singapore's only natural resources are its people and their strong work ethic. [ 349 ] In addition, Lee was focused on social policies such as improving and mandating higher public standards for education, sanitation and hygiene , whilst concurrently improving public health by expanding modern health care and greatly increasing the quantity and quality of high-rise affordable housing (through the establishment of the Housing and Development Board , HDB) for working- and middle-class families. [ 339 ] [ 344 ] [ 350 ] [ 351 ] Various world leaders have praised Lee's governance and political achievements. British Foreign Secretary George Brown called Lee "the best bloody Englishman east of Suez". [ 352 ] Former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger once wrote of Lee: "One of the asymmetries of history is the lack of correspondence between the abilities of some leaders and the power of their countries." Former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher praised "his way of penetrating the fog of propaganda and expressing with unique clarity the issues of our time and the way to tackle them". [ 353 ] Former president of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev stated in his memoirs that after the independence of Kazakhstan from the Soviet Union in 1991, he met Lee and stated Lee's "observations and advice became for us [Kazakhstan] guidelines in the development of long-term state strategies." [ 354 ] Lee's achievements in Singapore were a major source of inspiration on Communist leadership in China , who made a major effort, especially under Deng Xiaoping , to emulate his policies of economic growth, entrepreneurship and suppression of dissent . [ 355 ] [ 356 ] From 1996 to 2019, 55,000 Chinese officials were sent to Singapore to study its methods. [ 357 ] [ 358 ] He has also had a major influence on thinking in Russia in recent years. [ 359 ] [ 358 ] On the other hand, proponents of liberal democracy especially in the West criticised Lee's rule as authoritarian and as intolerant of dissent, citing his numerous attempts to sue political opponents and newspapers who express unfavourable opinions of Lee. Reporters Without Borders , an international media advocacy group , requested Lee and other senior Singaporean officials to stop taking libel suits against journalists. [ 360 ] Lee was a co-inventor of " Asian values ". [ 361 ] [ 362 ] [ 363 ] [ 364 ] Lee was criticised for curtailing press freedoms , often imposing limits on public protests which prevented further occurrences, restricting labour movements from industrial action or strike action, suppressing wage growth of skilled workers (in order to be competitive with developing countries ) amid widening and high levels of income inequality along with wealth inequality (relative to other developed countries ), had encouraged an elitist mindset as well as filing defamation lawsuits against prominent political opponents . [ 365 ] [ 366 ] [ 367 ] [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] [ 371 ] However, supporters argued in retrospect that his actions were necessary for the country's early development, and various international political analysts note that Lee's governance was generally pragmatic and benevolent . [ better source needed ] [ 372 ] During the three decades in which Lee held office, Singapore grew from a developing country to one of the most developed nations in Asia and the world. [ 373 ] Singapore was described as an illiberal democracy and a nanny state under his rule. [ 374 ] [ 375 ] [ 376 ] [ 377 ] [ 378 ] Legal suits Action against Far Eastern Economic Review In April 1977, just months after a general election which saw the People's Action Party winning all 69 seats, the Internal Security Department , under orders from Lee, detained Ho Kwon Ping , the Singapore correspondent of the Far Eastern Economic Review , as well as his predecessor Arun Senkuttavan, over their reporting. Ho was detained under the Internal Security Act which allows for indefinite trial, held in solitary confinement for two months, and charged with endangering national security. Following a televised confession in which Ho confessed to "pro-communist activities", [ 379 ] he was fined $3,000. Lee Kuan Yew later charged FEER editor, Derek Davies, of participating in "a diabolical international Communist plot" to poison relations between Singapore and neighbouring Malaysia. In 1987 Lee restricted sale of the Review in Singapore after it published an article about the detention of Roman Catholic church workers , reducing circulation of the magazine from 9,000 to 500 copies, [ 380 ] on the grounds that it was "interfering in the domestic politics of Singapore." [ 381 ] On 24 September 2008 the High Court of Singapore , in a summary judgment by Justice Woo Bih Li , ruled that the Far Eastern Economic Review magazine (Hugo Restall, editor), defamed Lee and his son, the prime minister, Lee Hsien Loong . The court found the 2006 article "Singapore's 'Martyr': Chee Soon Juan " suggested that Lee "ha[d] been running and continue[d] to run Singapore in the same corrupt manner as Durai operated [the National Kidney Foundation] and he ha[d] been using libel actions to suppress those who questioned [him] to avoid exposure of his corruption". [ 382 ] The court ordered the Review, owned by Dow Jones & Company (in turn owned by Rupert Murdoch 's News Corp), to pay damages to the complainants. The magazine appealed but lost. [ 382 ] [ 383 ] Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam Lee commenced proceedings for slander against opposition leader J. B. Jeyaretnam for comments he made at a Workers' Party rally in the 1988 general election . Lee alleged that Jeyaretnam's speech at the rally implied he had tried to cover up the corruption of the former Minister for National Development , Teh Cheang Wan , by aiding and abetting his suicide. The action was heard by Justice Lai Kew Chai , who ruled against Jeyaretnam and ordered him to pay damages of S$260,000 plus costs to Lee. Jeyaretnam lost an appeal against the judgment. Action against Devan Nair In 1999, former president of Singapore Devan Nair , who was living in Canada, remarked in an interview with the Toronto -based The Globe and Mail that Lee's technique of suing his opponents into bankruptcy or oblivion was an abrogation of political rights. Nair also described Lee as "an increasingly self-righteous know-all" surrounded by "department store dummies". In response to these remarks, Lee sued Nair in a Canadian court and Nair countersued. Lee then brought a motion to have Nair's counterclaim thrown out of court, argued that it disclosed no reasonable cause of action and constituted an inflammatory attack on the integrity of the Singaporean government . However, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice refused to throw out the counterclaim, holding that Nair had a reasonable cause of action as Lee had abused the process of litigation. [ 384 ] Lee wrote in one of his memoirs that Nair was forced to resign as president due to his alleged alcoholism , a charge which Nair denied. [ 385 ] International Herald Tribune defamation case In 2010 Lee, together with his son Lee Hsien Loong, and Goh Chok Tong, threatened legal action against The New York Times Company , which owns the International Herald Tribune , regarding an op-ed piece titled "All in the Family" of 15 February 2010 by Philip Bowring , a freelance columnist and former editor of the Far Eastern Economic Review . The International Herald Tribune apologised in March that readers of the article may "infer that the younger Lee did not achieve his position through merit". The New York Times Company and Bowring also agreed to pay S$60,000 to Lee Hsien Loong, S$50,000 to Lee and S$50,000 to Goh (totalling about US$114,000 at the time), in addition to legal costs. The case stemmed from a 1994 settlement between the three Singaporean leaders and the paper about an article, also by Bowring, that referred to "dynastic politics" in East Asian countries, including Singapore. In that settlement, Bowring agreed not to say or imply that the younger Lee had attained his position through nepotism by his father Lee Kuan Yew. In response, media-rights watchdog Reporters Without Borders wrote an open letter to urge Lee and other top officials of the Singapore government to stop taking "libel actions" against journalists. [ 386 ] [ 387 ] [ 388 ] Political positions Criticism of Chinese marginalisation On 15 September 2006, at the Raffles Forum hosted by the School of Public Policy , Lee made a remark as to how the "Malaysian and Indonesian governments systematically marginalise its Chinese people", by bringing up topics such as the May 1998 riots of Indonesia and Ketuanan Melayu , which subsequently caused a short diplomatic spat. [ 389 ] He then described the systematic marginalisation of the Chinese in Malaysia, which aroused a strong response from the Malaysian government. Politicians in Malaysia and Indonesia expressed dissatisfaction with this and demanded the Singaporean government explain and apologise for Lee's remarks. [ 390 ] [ 391 ] Former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad criticised Lee Kuan Yew for his "arrogance and disrespect" for neighbouring countries and countered that Malaysia could also question Singapore's marginalisation of its local Malays and other minorities such as the Eurasians and Indians. Former Indonesian president B. J. Habibie also described the " little red dot " term in reference to Singapore as an incentive for Indonesian youth to learn from Singapore's achievements, and that the original intention was distorted. On 30 September, while Lee Kuan Yew apologised to the Malaysian prime minister at the time Abdullah Badawi for his remarks, [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] he did not fully retract his remarks. [ 395 ] [ 396 ] Eugenics Lee expressed views that have been characterised as pro- eugenics . [ 397 ] He maintained that the educational background and intelligence of parents played a decisive role in shaping the abilities of their children, and he promoted policies designed to encourage highly educated women to have more children. Concerned by the sharp decline in Singapore's total fertility rate (TFR), Lee introduced the "Graduate Mothers' Scheme" in 1983, which offered tax incentives for children born to women with university degrees and gave priority in primary school admissions to the children of graduate mothers with three or more offspring. [ 398 ] In his speech at the 1983 National Day Rally , Lee stated that if women graduates "were not in the breeding pool", society might become more "stupid" and that "there will be less bright people to support dumb people in the next generation." [ 399 ] [ 400 ] In June 1984, Lee's government introduced grants for low-income and low-education women to undergo sterilisation . Women whose husbands and themselves lacked passes at the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level and had fewer than three children could receive a $10,000 grant for sterilisation. Sterilised lower-class parents were also given priority in primary school admission for their existing first and second children. The controversy surrounding the proposal contributed to a 12.9 per cent swing against the PAP in the general election later that year , although the party still secured 64 per cent of the popular vote and the vast majority of seats. By 1985, particularly contentious aspects of the policy, such as granting education and housing advantages to educated women, were either abandoned or modified. A proponent of nature over nurture , Lee asserted that " intelligence is 80% nature and 20% nurture " and attributed the achievements of his children to genetics. [ 401 ] Islam In 1999, in a discussion forum, Lee was asked whether the emotional bonds of various ethnic groups in Singapore could be a hurdle to nation building, Lee replied by alluding that an ethnic Malay and highly religious officer of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) might be hesitant to engage against an hypothetical war with Singapore's direct neighbours such as Malaysia. [ 402 ] In 2011, leaked diplomatic cables attributed to Lee some controversial comments regarding Islam . The cables quoted Lee as having described Islam as a "venomous religion". Lee called the remarks "false" and looked up to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA)'s filenote of the meeting and found no record of the claim, stating that he was referring to extremists such as the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI). He added that he recognises that Muslims in Singapore are largely rational and that one of the solutions to extremism was to give "moderate Muslims the courage to stand up and speak out against radicals who hijacked Islam to recruit volunteers for their violent ends". [ 403 ] [ 404 ] In his book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths to Keep Singapore Going , Lee stated that Singaporean Muslims faced difficulties in integrating because of their religion and urged them to "be less strict on Islamic observances". His remarks drew fire from Malay–Muslim leaders and MPs in Singapore, prompting a strong reaction from his son Lee Hsien Loong , the Prime Minister at that time, who said his views differs from his father and that he values and respects the Malay–Muslim community "who have done a good deal to strengthen our harmony and social cohesion." Lee Kuan Yew eventually made a further comment that his comment was "out of date" and that he recognises the efforts made by Muslims to integrate with the other communities. [ 405 ] [ 406 ] Homosexuality Section 377A of the Penal Code , which was first introduced in 1938 under British colonial rule that criminalised sex between adult males, remained enforced under Lee's premiership. In his later years, Lee appeared to become more supportive of LGBTQ+ issues and rights, expressing a belief that homosexuality was genetic and questioning the rationale behind its criminalisation. [ 407 ] [ 408 ] In 2007, he believed that homosexuality would eventually be accepted in Singapore, but advocated for a measured and "pragmatic approach" toward the matter "to maintain social cohesion." [ 409 ] Section 377A was eventually repealed in 2022. Corporal punishment One of Lee's abiding beliefs was in the efficacy of corporal punishment in the form of caning . [ 410 ] In his autobiography The Singapore Story , Lee described his time at Raffles Institution in the 1930s, mentioning that he was often caned there for chronic lateness by the then headmaster, D. W. McLeod. He added that he never understood why Western educationists were so much against corporal punishment as "it did my fellow students and me no harm". [ 411 ] Lee's government inherited judicial corporal punishment from British rule, but greatly expanded its scope. Under the British, it had been used as a penalty for offences involving personal violence, amounting to a handful of caning sentences per year. The PAP government under Lee extended its use to an ever-expanding range of crimes. [ 412 ] By 1993, it was mandatory for 42 offences and optional for a further 42. [ 413 ] Those routinely ordered by the courts to be caned now include drug addicts and illegal immigrants. From 602 canings in 1987, the figure rose to 3,244 in 1993 [ 414 ] and to 6,404 in 2007. [ 415 ] In 1994, judicial caning was publicised in the rest of the world when an American teenager, Michael P. Fay , was caned under the vandalism legislation. [ 410 ] School corporal punishment (for male students only) was likewise inherited from the British, and is still in use in schools, permitted under legislation from 1957. [ 416 ] Lee also introduced caning in the Singapore Armed Forces , and Singapore is one of the few countries in the world where corporal punishment is an official penalty in military discipline. [ 417 ] Press In his interview with Charlie Rose in October 2000, when asked whether he believed in the idea of a free press, Lee responded "I believe in truth" and "I don't believe that the press should be crusading and putting a spin on things" and asserted that newspapers should keep news reporting and editorials separate. [ 418 ] Immigration Lee believed that the benefits of immigration had to be carefully balanced against the associated "social load". In a speech he made in 1971, Lee explained that it was necessary to have non-Singapore workers take up jobs that Singaporeans were not willing to do, but observed that it was important that the number of such migrant workers be carefully controlled because "[t]hey dirty the place... they litter... if you take too many... they will bring us down to their values because it's easier to be untidy, scruffy, dirty, anti-social than to be disciplined, well-behaved and a good citizen". [ 419 ] Personal life Lee and his wife, Kwa Geok Choo , were married on 30 September 1950. Both spoke English as their first language . Lee first started learning Chinese in 1955, at the age of 32. [ 420 ] [ 421 ] During World War II , he learned the Japanese language to help him survive, and worked as a Japanese translator during the Japanese occupation of Singapore . [ 422 ] Lee and Kwa have two sons and a daughter. [ 423 ] His elder son, Lee Hsien Loong , was the third prime minister of Singapore. Several members of the Lee family hold prominent positions in the Singapore society. His younger son Lee Hsien Yang was president and CEO of SingTel , and Chairman of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS). [ 424 ] Lee's daughter Lee Wei Ling , a neurologist and epileptologist, was director of the National Neuroscience Institute . Lee's daughter-in-law Ho Ching was executive director and CEO of Temasek Holdings . [ 424 ] [ 425 ] His wife Kwa Geok Choo died on 2 October 2010, at the age of 89. Lee had variously described himself as an agnostic [ 426 ] and a "nominal Buddhist". [ 427 ] He also mentioned that he was brought up in a family which practiced Chinese ancestor worship but stopped after his father died, [ 426 ] and that he "neither [denies] nor [accepts] that there is a God". [ 428 ] [ 429 ] In his later years, Lee practised meditation under the tutelage of Benedictine monk Laurence Freeman , director of the World Community for Christian Meditation . [ 426 ] [ 430 ] Lee was diagnosed with dyslexia in adulthood. [ 431 ] Lee was a founding member of the Fondation Chirac 's honour committee, which was launched by former French president Jacques Chirac to promote world peace. [ 432 ] He was also a member of David Rockefeller 's "International Council", which included Henry Kissinger , Riley P. Bechtel , George Shultz and others. Additionally, he was one of the "Forbes' Brain Trust", along with Paul Johnson and Ernesto Zedillo . Cultural depictions In 1979, oil painter Chua Mia Tee depicted Lee's return from London after the Merdeka Talks . [ 433 ] In the early 1980s, Lee agreed to have a sculpture and oil painting of him done, on the condition that they not be exhibited in his lifetime. The works, respectively by British sculptor Sydney Harpley and American portrait painter Marion Pike , were commissioned by a group of Singaporeans, including first Chief Minister David Marshall . They are now part of the National Heritage Board 's national collection, [ 434 ] but only the bronze bust has gone on public display, briefly at the Istana and Parliament House . [ 435 ] An artist's proof of the sculpture was exhibited in 2025. [ 436 ] In 1991, Chua Mia Tee presented an oil painting of Lee to the Minister himself, depicting him against a backdrop of Singapore's transformation. [ 437 ] The untitled painting was commissioned by fifth president Ong Teng Cheong . [ 438 ] In 1992, artist Lai Kui Fang presented historical oil paintings of Lee's 1959 swearing-in ceremony as prime minister, which are now part of the National Museum of Singapore 's collection. [ 439 ] Also in 1992, watercolourist Ong Kim Seng painted Lee visiting the aftermath of the Bukit Ho Swee fire , based on a 1961 photograph. The painting was reproduced in The Straits Times and sold to an unknown collector. In 2025, Ong recreated the painting, on a larger canvas, for an exhibition. [ 440 ] In 2008, artist Ben Puah unveiled Hero , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 441 ] In 2009, artist Richard Lim Han presented Singapore Guidance Angel , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 442 ] In the same year, freelance designer, Christopher "Treewizard" Pereira, began making caricature figurines of Lee which range from 12 cm to 30 cm. Comics artist and painter Sonny Liew depicted Lee as part of the series Eric Khoo is a Hotel Magnate at Mulan Gallery. [ 443 ] [ 444 ] In addition, Cultural Medallion recipient Tan Swie Hian also began a painting of Lee and his late wife titled A Couple . The painting, which took Tan five years to complete, was partially damaged by a fire in 2013. It depicts Lee and Kwa in their youth, is based on a 1946 black-and-white photograph of the couple in Cambridge University and incorporates in its background Tan's poem in memory of Kwa. A Couple was purchased by art collector Wu Hsioh Kwang. [ 445 ] In 2010, Valentine Willie Fine Art gallery asked 19 local artists to imagine a future without Lee. The resulting exhibition, Beyond LKY , included artist a triptych of Lee as a father figure looming over a tiny kneeling figure with the words, "Papa can you hear me"; an installation of a broken piano with a tape recorder playing a crackling version of Singapore's National Anthem ; white ceramic chains hanging on a wall; and an installation of hammers smashed together. [ 446 ] [ 447 ] That year, Korean artist Kim Dong Yoo depicted Lee in Lee Kuan Yew & Queen Elizabeth II (2010), an oil-on-canvas portrait of Lee using small images of Queen Elizabeth II 's head, a reference to Singapore being a former British colony and current member of the Commonwealth. [ 448 ] Indian-Swiss novelist Meira Chand 's A Different Sky , published by UK's Harvill Secker in 2010, features Lee in his early years as a lawyer and co-founder of the People's Action Party . [ 449 ] In 2011, the iris image of Lee's eye was captured and artistically rendered to resemble a sand art gallery piece. His eye image with his autograph was auctioned off to raise funds for the Singapore Eye Research Institute. [ 450 ] In 2012, urban artist Sam Lo depicted Lee in their controversial Limpeh series, featuring his image in Shepard Fairey -inspired stickers, mirrors and collages. [ 451 ] In 2013, poet Cyril Wong published The Dictator's Eyebrow , a poetry collection revolving around a Lee-like figure and his eyebrow's thirst for recognition and power. [ 452 ] In the same year, a group of Tamil poets from three countries, including Singapore Literature Prize winner Ramanathan Vairavan, produced Lee Kuan Yew 90 , a collection of 90 new poems celebrating Lee's legacy. [ 453 ] Artist Sukeshi Sondhi also staged An Icon & A Legend , a solo exhibition at featuring 20 pop art style paintings of Lee. [ 454 ] Speed painter Brad Blaze was commissioned to craft a portrait of Lee, Trailblazer: Singapore , to raise funds for Reach Community Services Society. [ 455 ] [ 456 ] In August, a bronze bust of Lee, cast by contemporary French artist-sculptor Nacera Kainou, was unveiled at the Singapore University of Technology and Design as an early birthday present to Lee from the Lyon-Singapore Association and the municipality of Lyon. [ 457 ] In 2014, Bruneian painter Huifong Ng landed an exhibition after painting a portrait of Lee. [ 458 ] In May of that year, illustrator Patrick Yee produced the children's picture book A Boy Named Harry: The Childhood of Lee Kuan Yew , published by Epigram Books . The series was later translated into Mandarin. [ 459 ] Chinese artist Ren Zhenyu also created expressionist portraits of Lee in electric hues as part of his Pop and Politics series. Vietnamese artist Mai Huy Dung has crafted a series of oil painting portraits of Lee. [ 460 ] [ 461 ] Ukrainian artist Oleg Lazarenko also depicted Lee as part of his painting Lion of Singapore . [ 462 ] In October 2014, cartoonist Morgan Chua released LKY: Political Cartoons , an anthology of cartoons about Lee published by Epigram Books , featuring a 1971 Singapore Herald cartoon of Lee on a tank threatening to crush a baby representing press freedoms. [ 463 ] The Madame Tussauds Singapore museum also unveiled a wax figure of Lee and his late wife, Madam Kwa Geok Choo seated and smiling together against a backdrop of red flowers formed in the shape of two hearts. The statues were created based on a photograph that was taken by Madam Kwa's niece, Ms Kwa Kim Li, of the pair on Valentine's Day in 2008 at Sentosa . [ 464 ] [ 465 ] In February 2015, weeks before Lee's death, Helmi Yusof of The Business Times reported on how "[i]n the last few years, artworks featuring Lee Kuan Yew have turned into a flourishing cottage industry". [ 466 ] Artworks included Jeffrey Koh's seven LKY Pez candy-dispenser sculptures, paintings of Lee in the manner of Van Gogh , and Korean sculptor Park Seung Mo's three-dimensional image of Lee made using stainless steel wires. [ 467 ] In the same month, illustrator Patrick Yee launched the second title in his picture book series about Lee, called Harry Grows Up: The Early Years of Lee Kuan Yew , at an exhibition at the National Library, Singapore . [ 468 ] In March, Singaporean artist Fan Shaohua and Lebanese-British artist Laudi Abilama exhibited their portraits of Lee. [ 469 ] In the same month, the National Parks Board named a Singapore Botanic Gardens orchid hybrid called the "Aranda Lee Kuan Yew" in honour of Lee's efforts work in conservation and environmentalism. [ 470 ] Also in March, a portrait of Lee by Ong Yi Teck, comprising Lee's name written about 18,000 times, went viral on social media. The portrait was made in tribute to Lee, who was then critically ill. [ 471 ] Days after Lee died in 2015, the Asian edition of Time featured the late Lee Kuan Yew on its cover, [ 472 ] while the 16-year-old blogger Amos Yee released a video, Lee Kuan Yew is Finally Dead! , which criticised Lee and negatively compared him to Jesus Christ . Yee also posted on his blog a stick-figure cartoon depicting Lee having sex with Margaret Thatcher , a personal and political ally of Lee's. [ 473 ] For his actions, Yee was charged with insulting religious feelings and obscenity, and sentenced to four weeks imprisonment despite his youth. [ 474 ] In April 2015, an exhibition of 300 oil paintings on Lee and Singapore opened at Suntec City . Presented by art collector Vincent Chua, The Singapore Story featured 80 portraits of Lee and a life-size statue of Lee shaking hands with Deng Xiaoping when the Chinese statesman visited Singapore in 1978. [ 475 ] [ 476 ] In May, Sonny Liew released his graphic novel The Art of Charlie Chan Hock Chye , in which Lee is central, while Patrick Yee launched the third and final title in his Harry Lee picture book series, Harry Builds a Nation: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew , which were later translated to Chinese. [ 477 ] In July 2015, veteran actor Lim Kay Tong portrayed Lee in the historical film 1965 , including a re-enactment of the iconic press conference when Lee announced that Singapore would be separated from Malaysia [ 478 ] That same month, actor Adrian Pang played Lee in The LKY Musical opposite Sharon Au 's Kwa Geok Choo . [ 479 ] In October 2015, sculptor Lim Leong Seng exhibited a 75 cm bronze sculpture he made of Lee, entitled Weathering Storms As One . [ 480 ] In November 2015, the Singaporean Honorary Consulate General in Barcelona unveiled a bust of Lee at Cap Roig Gardens in Costa Brava , [ 481 ] while pop artist Andre Tan showed his series of portraits of Lee, 1965 and Father of the Nation ( 国父 ) at the Affordable Art Fair Singapore. [ 482 ] In 2016, to mark the first death anniversary of Lee, Lee's brother Lee Suan Yew and nephew Shaun Lee completed the art installation by young Singaporeans of Singapore flag erasers put together to form Lee's face, titled Our Father, Our Country, Our Flag . [ 483 ] In 2023, the centenary of Lee's birth, American artist Daniel Arsham was commissioned to create two sculptures of Lee, Eroded Bronze LKY Bust 1:1 and LKY Full Body 1:2 , using bronze, stainless steel, and patina. [ 484 ] They were exhibited, along with AI-generated videos and portraits of Lee, at the immersive exhibition Now Is Not The Time in September. [ 485 ] In the same month, paintings of Lee were exhibited at Tanjong Pagar Community Club in the show LKY100 . [ 486 ] In 2024, Singaporean artist David Chan showed his painting Lee And Raffles – 5 Stars Rising at Art Seasons Gallery's booth at the Art SG fair, where it sold to a collector. [ 487 ] In 2025 , Lee's ten-year death anniversary and "SG60" (Singapore's 60th year of independence), INSTINC gallery's exhibition 10 Years: Remembering LKY showcased artworks reflecting on Lee's legacy, including portraits of Lee by Boo Sze Yang , Chang Hui Fang , and Laudi Abilama ; Justin Lee 's series LKY Quotes ; and Yeo Shih Yun 's screenprint of Lee planting a tree in 1973. [ 488 ] The exhibition was a follow-up to Remembering LKY in 2015. [ 489 ] In July, Cuturi Gallery showcased Singaporean artist Yom Bo Sung's small-scale sculpture of Lee, Elegy , as part of the exhibition Sixty Summers Here . [ 490 ] Also in July, the group exhibition Artist’s Proof: Singapore At 60 showed, alongside an artist's proof of Harpley's bust of Lee, cartoonist Sonny Liew's figurine of Lee, as part of commissioned project "P.A.P. x P.A."; Foo Kwee Horng's painting portrait of Lee, Majulah (2016); a portrait of Lee by Rajesh P Kargutkar; and Jon Chan's oil paintings of the offices of Lee and former political detainee Chia Thye Poh . [ 491 ] [ 492 ] In August, movie director Jack Neo uploaded a music video for his song, "We Are Singapore", including AI-generated images of the late Lee. [ 493 ] Awards Lee received a number of state decorations , including the Order of the Companions of Honour (1970), Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (1972), the Ancient Order of Sikatuna (1974), [ 494 ] the Freedom of the City of London (1982), the Seri Paduka Mahkota Johor (1984), the Nishan-e-Quaid-i-Azam (1988) and the Order of the Rising Sun (1967). [ 495 ] In 1999, Lee was named one of Time 's Most Influential People of the 20th Century. [ 41 ] In 2002, Lee became a fellow of Imperial College London in recognition of his promotion of international trade and industry and development of science and engineering study initiatives with the United Kingdom. [ 496 ] In 2006, Lee was presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . In 2007, Lee was conferred an honorary Doctorate in Law at the Australian National University in Canberra , albeit amid protest from 150 students and staff. [ 497 ] In September 2009, Lee was awarded the Armenian Order of Honor by President Serzh Sargsyan for his activities directed at the establishment and deepening of bilateral cooperation between Armenia and Singapore, during Lee's official visit to Armenia. [ 498 ] In October 2009, the US–Asean Business Council conferred upon Lee its first Lifetime Achievement award, at its 25th anniversary gala dinner in Washington, D.C. His tribute, the former United States Secretary of State and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize winner Henry Kissinger . [ 499 ] A day later he met United States President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in the White House . [ 500 ] [ 501 ] On 15 November 2009, Lee was awarded the Russian Order of Friendship by President Dmitry Medvedev on the sidelines of APEC Singapore 2009 . [ 502 ] On 29 April 2010, Lee was named in the Time 100 list as one of the people who most affect our world. [ 503 ] On 14 January 2011, Lee received the inaugural Gryphon Award from his alma mater, Raffles Institution, given to illustrious Rafflesians who have made exceptional contributions to the nation. [ 504 ] On 19 October 2011, Lee received the Lincoln Medal in Washington DC—an honour reserved for people who have exemplified the legacy and character embodied by Abraham Lincoln . [ 505 ] On 21 February 2012, Lee was conferred the Kazakhstan Order of Friendship by Ambassador Yerlan Baudarbek-Kozhatayev, at The Istana . [ 506 ] On 10 September 2013, Lee was conferred Russia's Order of Honour by Ambassador Leonid Moiseev for his contributions for forging friendship and co-operation with the Russian Federal and scientific and cultural relations development. [ 507 ] On 22 May 2014, the title of Honorary Doctor of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was presented by the Russian government to Lee. [ 508 ] In 2016, Lee was conferred the Order of the Paulownia Flowers . The award was backdated to 23 March 2015, the date of his death. [ 509 ] In December 2018, China conferred a posthumous China Reform Friendship Medal on Lee for his "critical role in promoting Singapore's participation in China's reform journey". In former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping's southern tour , he urged Chinese leaders to learn from the Singapore model. Alan Chan Heng Loon, Singapore–China Foundation chairman and Lee's chief private secretary, said that Mr. Lee's administration did a lot to build China-Singapore ties. [ 510 ] See also Government of Singapore Politics of Singapore Political positions of Lee Kuan Yew Zhonghandi Notes ^ Chinese : See § Chinese name ^ Kuan Yew is a transliteration of a dialect word stemming from the Chinese words 光耀 ( guāng yào ); the Hanyu Pinyin used to romanise the latter word did not exist until 1958. ^ The former college is not to be confused with Raffles Institution which Lee also attended as part of his secondary education. ^ In his memoir The Singapore Story , Lee relates that he tried unsuccessfully to drop 'Harry' when being called to the bar at the Middle Temple, but had stopped using the name by then. He succeeded when called to the Singapore bar the following year. [ 40 ] ^ The Liberal Socialist Party was formed from a merger between the pro-British Democratic Party and Progressive Party . [ 106 ] ^ The term 'yellow culture' refers to 'degenerate' behaviours in contemporary Chinese culture during the era. ^ The five were Lim Chin Siong , Fong Swee Suan, Devan Nair , James Puthucheary and S Woodhull . [ 122 ] ^ Unlike the chief ministers of Sabah and Sarawak , Lee's position as the prime minister of Singapore remained unchanged even with the existence of the prime minister of Malaysia for the entire country. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES DEWAN RA'AYAT (HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES) OFFICIAL REPORT" (PDF) . 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Washington, DC. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017 – via National Archives . ^ "Obama welcomes 'legendary' Lee Kuan Yew" . Agence France-Presse. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 26 February 2010 . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . ^ "Remarks by President Obama and Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore before Meeting" . whitehouse.gov (Press release). Washington, DC. 29 October 2009. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017 – via National Archives . ^ Hoe Yeen Nie (16 November 2009). "Russia, S'pore move towards closer ties with new governmental body" . Channel NewsAsia . Singapore. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew – The 2010 TIME 100" . Time . New York. 29 April 2010. Archived from the original on 2 May 2010 . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . ^ "S'pore must preserve meritocracy in govt schools, says MM Lee" . Channel NewsAsia . Singapore. Archived from the original on 14 January 2011 . Retrieved 13 January 2011 . ^ Marks, Simon (19 October 2011). "Former MM Lee Kuan Yew receives Lincoln Medal" . Channel NewsAsia . Singapore. Archived from the original on 20 October 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . ^ Chan, Joanne (21 February 2012). "Lee Kuan Yew conferred Order of Friendship by Kazakhstan" . Channel NewsAsia . Singapore. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012 . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . ^ Kumar, Chitra (6 January 2014). "Former MM Lee Kuan Yew conferred Russia's Order of Honour" . Channel NewsAsia . Singapore. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014 . Retrieved 6 January 2014 . ^ "Moscow honours Lee Kuan Yew with doctorate" . The Straits Times . Singapore. 24 May 2014. Archived from the original on 26 May 2014 . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew to be conferred one of Japan's highest awards" . Channel NewsAsia . Singapore. 3 February 2016. Archived from the original on 6 February 2016 . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew lauded for critical role in China's reform and opening-up" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 . Works cited Sandhu, Kernial Singh; Wheatley, Paul (1989). Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789813035423 . Josey, Alex (1980). Lee Kuan Yew Vol. 2 . Times Books International. ISBN 9789971650438 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 21 October 2020 . Chan, Heng Chee (1984). A Sensation of Independence: A Political Biography of David Marshall . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195826074 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Conboy, Kenneth J. (January 1989), "Opportunities for Bush to Bolster the U.S.-Singapore Relationship" (PDF) , Asian Studies Backgrounder , 86 , archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021 , retrieved 3 March 2010 Régnier, Philippe (1991). Singapore: A City-state in South-East Asia . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 9789814713573 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Jones, Matthew (2000). "Creating Malaysia: Singapore security, the Borneo territories, and the contours of British policy, 1961–63" . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 28 (2): 85– 109. doi : 10.1080/03086530008583091 . S2CID 159579207 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 9 June 2021 . Hefner, Robert W. (2001). The Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia . University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824824877 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Mauzy, Diane K.; Milne, Robert Stephen (2002). Singapore Politics Under the People's Action Party . Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415246538 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 1 May 2021 . Yao, Souchou (2007). Singapore: The State and the Culture of Excess . Routledge. ISBN 9780415417112 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Weatherbee, Donald E. (2008). Historical Dictionary of United States-Southeast Asia Relations . Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810864054 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Lee, Edwin (2008). Singapore: The Unexpected Nation . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789812307965 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Turnbull, C. M. (2009). A History of Modern Singapore: 1819–2005 . NUS Press. ISBN 9789971694302 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Frost, Mark R.; Balasingamchow, Yu-Mei (2009). Singapore: A Biography . Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 9789814385169 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Yap, Sonny; Lim, Richard; Leong, Weng K. (2010). Men in White: The Untold Story of Singapore's Ruling Political Party . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814266512 . Pike, Francis (2010). Empires at War A Short History of Modern Asia Since World War II . London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9780857730299 . Poh, Soo K; Tan, Jing Quee; Koh, Kay Yew (2010). The Fajar Generation: The University Socialist Club and the Politics of Postwar Malaya and Singapore . SIRD. ISBN 9789833782864 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Quah, Jon S.T. (2011). Curbing Corruption in Asian Countries: An Impossible Dream? . Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 9780857248190 . Leo, Suryadinata (2012). Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume I & II . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789814345217 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Josey, Alex (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: The Crucial Years . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814435499 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Tortajada, Cecilia; Joshi, Yugal; Biswas, Asit K. (2013). The Singapore Water Story: Sustainable Development in an Urban City-state . Routledge. ISBN 9780415657822 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Plate, Tom (2013). Giants of Asia: Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew . Marshall Cavendish Intl. ISBN 9789814398619 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kah Seng, Loh (2013). Squatters into Citizens: The 1961 Bukit Ho Swee Fire and the Making of Modern Singapore . NUS Press. ISBN 9788776941222 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Soo, Kai Poh; Hong, Lysa; Chen, Guofang (2013). The 1963 Operation Coldstore in Singapore, Commemorating 50 years . Strategic Information and Research Development Centre. ISBN 9789670630106 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Cotterell, Arthur (2014). A History of South-East Asia . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814634700 . Barr, Michael D. (2014). The Ruling Elite of Singapore: Networks of Power and Influence . Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780857723680 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Oei, Anthony (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: Blazing The Freedom Trail . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814677875 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 28 July 2021 . Yeow, Stephanie (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: A Pictorial Memoir . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814642088 . Chew, Melanie (2015). Leaders Of Singapore . World Scientific. ISBN 9789810073336 . Zheng, Yongnian; Liang, Fook Lye (2015). Singapore-China Relations: 50 Years . World Scientific. ISBN 9789814713573 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kwa, Chong Guan; Heng, Derek; Borschberg, Peter; Tan, Tai Yong (2019). Seven Hundred Years: A History of Singapore . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814868334 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 30 July 2021 . Jayakumar, Shashi (2021). A History of the People's Action Party, 1985–2021 . NUS Press. ISBN 9789813251281 . Further reading Primary sources Lee, Kuan Yew (1998). The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . Times Editions. ISBN 9789812049834 . —— (2000). From Third World to First: 1965–2000: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780060197766 . —— (2005). Keeping My Mandarin Alive: Lee Kuan Yew's Language Learning Experience . World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 9789812563828 . —— (2011). Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . Straits Times Press. ISBN 978-9814266727 . —— (2012). My Lifelong Challenge: Singapore's Bilingual Journey . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342032 . —— (2013a). The Wit and Wisdom of Lee Kuan Yew . Didier Millet. ISBN 9789814385282 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . —— (2013b). One Man's View of the World . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342568 . —— (2014). The Battle for Merger . National Archives of Singapore. ISBN 9789814342773 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Other sources Kassim, Yang Razali; Ali, Mushahid, eds. (2016). Reflections: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew . Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. doi : 10.1142/9811 . ISBN 978-9814723886 . Allison, Graham T.; Blackwill, Robert D.; Ali, Wyne (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: Grand Master's Insights on China, the United States and the World . The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262019125 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2017 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Koh, Buck Song (2011). Brand Singapore: How Nation Branding Built Asia's Leading Global City . Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9814328159 . Plate, Tom (2010). Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew: Citizen Singapore: How to Build a Nation . Giants of Asia Series. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9812616760 . Barr, Michael D. (2000). Lee Kuan Yew: The Beliefs Behind the Man . Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-0878408160 . Datta-Ray, Sunanda K. (2009). Looking East to Look West: Lee Kuan Yew's Mission India . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-9814279048 . Gordon, Uri (2000). "Machiavelli's Tiger: Lee Kwan Yew and Singapore's Authoritarian regime" . King, Rodney (2008). The Singapore Miracle, Myth and Reality (2 ed.). Insight Press. ISBN 978-0977556700 . Fernandez, Warren; Tan, Sumiko; Lam, Sally; Tay, Hwee Peng (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: The Man and His Ideas . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-9814677684 . Lama, Murat (2016). Lee Kuan Yew: Singapour et le renouveau de la Chine (in French). Paris: Manitoba/Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-89020-3 . Minchin, James (1986). No Man is an Island: A Study of Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew . Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-0868619064 . Bellows, Thomas J. (1989), "Singapore in 1988: The Transition Moves Forward", Asian Survey , 29 (2): 145– 153, doi : 10.2307/2644574 , JSTOR 2644574 External links Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Resources in your library Resources in other libraries @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikimedia Commons Appearances on C-SPAN Portraits of Lee Kuan Yew at the National Portrait Gallery, London Quotations related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikiquote Political offices New office Prime Minister of Singapore 1959–1990 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Preceded by Hon Sui Sen Minister for Finance Acting 1983 Succeeded by Tony Tan Vacant Title last held by S. Rajaratnam 1988 Senior Minister 1990–2004 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong New office Minister Mentor 2004–2011 Position abolished Parliament of Singapore New constituency Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC 1959–1991 Constituency abolished Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC 1991–2015 Succeeded by Joan Pereira (Tanjong Pagar ward) Party political offices New office Secretary-General of the People's Action Party 1954–1992 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Prime ministers of Singapore v t e Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) v t e Legal profession in Singapore v t e Executive officers Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Lucien Wong Judicial officers Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Notable lawyers Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Notable academics Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Politicians with legal backgrounds Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Major law firms Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Law schools NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law Legal organisations Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Member of multiple Parliaments of Singapore .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) v t e Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Fu, H Y Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) v t e Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Seng, H T Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 September 2001 Toggle September 2001 subsection 1.1 Tuesday, September 11 1.2 Wednesday, September 12 1.3 Thursday, September 13 1.4 Friday, September 14 1.5 Saturday, September 15 1.6 Sunday, September 16 1.7 Monday, September 17 1.8 Tuesday, September 18 1.9 Wednesday, September 19 1.10 Thursday, September 20 1.11 Friday, September 21 1.12 Saturday, September 22 1.13 Sunday, September 23 1.14 Week of Monday, September 24 1.15 Monday, September 24 1.16 Tuesday, September 25 1.17 Wednesday, September 26 1.18 Thursday, September 27 1.19 Friday, September 28 1.20 Saturday, September 29 1.21 Sunday, September 30 1.1 Tuesday, September 11 1.2 Wednesday, September 12 1.3 Thursday, September 13 1.4 Friday, September 14 1.5 Saturday, September 15 1.6 Sunday, September 16 1.7 Monday, September 17 1.8 Tuesday, September 18 1.9 Wednesday, September 19 1.10 Thursday, September 20 1.11 Friday, September 21 1.12 Saturday, September 22 1.13 Sunday, September 23 1.14 Week of Monday, September 24 1.15 Monday, September 24 1.16 Tuesday, September 25 1.17 Wednesday, September 26 1.18 Thursday, September 27 1.19 Friday, September 28 1.20 Saturday, September 29 1.21 Sunday, September 30 2 See also 3 References Timeline for September following the September 11 attacks العربية Tiếng Việt Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Timeline for September following the September 11 attacks" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate. ( February 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article may lack focus or may be about more than one topic . Please help improve this article , possibly by splitting the article or organising a disambiguation page . There might be further discussion about this on the talk page . ( February 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Timeline for September following the September 11 attacks" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate. ( February 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article may lack focus or may be about more than one topic . Please help improve this article , possibly by splitting the article or organising a disambiguation page . There might be further discussion about this on the talk page . ( February 2021 ) September 11 attacks Timeline Planning September 11, 2001 World Trade Center collapse Remainder of September October Post-October Planning September 11, 2001 World Trade Center collapse Remainder of September October Post-October Victims Casualties List A–G H–N O–Z Casualties List A–G H–N O–Z A–G H–N O–Z Hijacked airliners American Airlines Flight 11 United Airlines Flight 175 American Airlines Flight 77 United Airlines Flight 93 Suspected hijackings Korean Air Flight 085 Delta Air Lines Flight 1989 American Airlines Flight 11 United Airlines Flight 175 American Airlines Flight 77 United Airlines Flight 93 Suspected hijackings Korean Air Flight 085 Delta Air Lines Flight 1989 Crash sites World Trade Center site The Pentagon Stonycreek / Shanksville, Pennsylvania World Trade Center site site The Pentagon Stonycreek / Shanksville, Pennsylvania Aftermath Immediate repercussions artwork destroyed buildings destroyed closings and cancellations detentions Communication Economy Local health Airport security Reactions conspiracy theories Rudy Giuliani Unsuccessful terrorist plots Immediate repercussions artwork destroyed buildings destroyed closings and cancellations detentions artwork destroyed buildings destroyed closings and cancellations detentions Communication Economy Local health Airport security Reactions conspiracy theories conspiracy theories Rudy Giuliani Unsuccessful terrorist plots Response U.S. government response U.S. military response War on terror Afghanistan North-West Pakistan Rescue and recovery effort maritime response Financial assistance Operation SUPPORT Operation Yellow Ribbon Memorials and services 9/11 Memorial and Museum Flight 93 National Memorial Pentagon Memorial Victims of Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon Memorial World Trade Center Health Program Killing of Osama bin Laden Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri U.S. government response U.S. military response War on terror Afghanistan North-West Pakistan War on terror Afghanistan North-West Pakistan Rescue and recovery effort maritime response maritime response Financial assistance Operation SUPPORT Operation Yellow Ribbon Memorials and services 9/11 Memorial and Museum Flight 93 National Memorial Pentagon Memorial Victims of Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon Memorial 9/11 Memorial and Museum Flight 93 National Memorial Pentagon Memorial Victims of Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon Memorial World Trade Center Health Program Killing of Osama bin Laden Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri Perpetrators Responsibility Al-Qaeda Osama bin Laden Alleged Saudi role Motives Hijackers 20th hijacker Hamburg cell Trials Responsibility Al-Qaeda Osama bin Laden Alleged Saudi role Motives Hijackers 20th hijacker 20th hijacker Hamburg cell Trials Inquiries U.S. congressional inquiry the 28 pages September 11 intelligence before the attacks August 2001 CIA warning Phoenix Memo 9/11 Commission Commission Report criticism NIST investigation PENTTBOM ThinThread U.S. congressional inquiry the 28 pages the 28 pages September 11 intelligence before the attacks August 2001 CIA warning Phoenix Memo August 2001 CIA warning Phoenix Memo 9/11 Commission Commission Report criticism Commission Report criticism NIST investigation PENTTBOM ThinThread Cultural effects Cultural references songs comics books Cartoonists Remember 9/11 Entertainment affected Humor Lost artworks Clear Channel memorandum Cultural references songs comics books songs comics books Cartoonists Remember 9/11 Entertainment affected Humor Lost artworks Clear Channel memorandum Media documentation 9/10: The Final Hours The Falling Man Impending Death Dust Lady Raising the Flag at Ground Zero View from Williamsburg, Brooklyn, on Manhattan, 9/11 WPIX September 11 broadcast September 11 Photo Project 9/11 (2002 film) 9/11: One Day in America 102 Minutes That Changed America The Love We Make 9-11 (book) Perfect Soldiers 9/10: The Final Hours The Falling Man Impending Death Dust Lady Raising the Flag at Ground Zero View from Williamsburg, Brooklyn, on Manhattan, 9/11 WPIX September 11 broadcast September 11 Photo Project 9/11 (2002 film) 9/11: One Day in America 102 Minutes That Changed America The Love We Make 9-11 (book) Perfect Soldiers Miscellaneous War games Patriot Day Tourist Guy hoax Iraq War Twin Towers II Disappearance of Sneha Anne Philip Disappearance of Michele Anne Harris Murder of Balbir Singh Sodhi Killing of Henryk Siwiak Mark Anthony Stroman Larme Price Rudi Dekkers Alicia Esteve Head Jersey Girls Emma E. Booker Elementary School War games Patriot Day Tourist Guy hoax Iraq War Twin Towers II Disappearance of Sneha Anne Philip Disappearance of Michele Anne Harris Murder of Balbir Singh Sodhi Killing of Henryk Siwiak Mark Anthony Stroman Larme Price Rudi Dekkers Alicia Esteve Head Jersey Girls Emma E. Booker Elementary School .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The September 11 attacks of 2001 were a major event that had a significant long-lasting impact even beyond the day of the attacks itself. This article summarizes events which relate to the attacks in the remaining days of September 2001. News coverage was significant in the period after the attacks which meant that many of these events were reported on quickly by news agencies at the time. All times, except where otherwise noted, are in Eastern Daylight Time (EDT), or UTC−04:00 . September 2001 Tuesday, September 11 CBS and CNN report that a van filled with explosives has been stopped on the George Washington Bridge . [ 1 ] According to the report, the New Jersey police claimed there were enough explosives to destroy the entire bridge. [ 2 ] The FBI denied the report. Wednesday, September 12 2:30 a.m. : According to a later report, three Israeli men had been arrested because they had been seen celebrating the attack, [ 3 ] although there were no explosives involved. Before 3:15 a.m. : The Boston Herald reports that at least five Arab men have been identified as suspects. Two of them were brothers, and one a trained pilot. Their passports have been traced to the United Arab Emirates . A car, rented in Portland, Maine , has been seized from the Logan International Airport garage, containing flight training manuals in Arabic. According to CNN , the FBI can neither confirm nor deny this. The men had been in a fight with a man shortly before take-off; this man later recalled the incident and called the police. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Before 3:50 a.m. : The Jerusalem Post reports that Osama bin Laden has given a speech denying any connection to the attacks, which he called admirable. 4:35 a.m. : CNN reports that search warrants have been issued in south Florida because of information from the passenger lists of the hijacked planes. [ 6 ] After 7:00 a.m. : PAPD Officer John McLoughlin , who was in an underground corridor between the two towers when the South Tower collapsed, is pulled alive from the rubble of the World Trade Center . 10:00 a.m. : Congress reconvenes. 10:53 a.m. : President George W. Bush holds a cabinet meeting, saying that the attacks "were more than acts of terror. They were acts of war." Bush later that day tours the Pentagon to oversee the rescue and recovery efforts. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] 12:30 p.m. (approximately), Genelle Guzman-McMillan is pulled from the rubble of the North Tower of the World Trade Center, and is the last person recovered alive from the buildings' collapse zones. [ 10 ] 1:10 p.m. (approximately): armed FBI agents storm the Westin Hotel in Boston to investigate a room rented by a passenger on one plane. [ 11 ] They encounter and detain three people in the room and call in a bomb squad to investigate a suspicious package. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] 3:58 p.m. : The FBI announces they have evidence showing the White House and Air Force One were intended targets of the attacks. Later this is recanted, and blamed on administration staffers misunderstanding the security information they received. 5:00 p.m. : Attorney General John Ashcroft announces that some of the hijackers were pilots trained in the US. [ 14 ] 7:00 p.m. : Candlelight vigils are held in Washington Square , Union Square , Central Park , and various other locations in New York City, as well as across the country. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Late evening : The Chicago Tribune reports that an anti-Arab rally was held by a crowd of a few hundred people near Bridgeview mosque in Bridgeview, Illinois . Three were arrested by the over 100 policemen there, two for disorderly conduct and one for reckless driving . [ 19 ] Thursday, September 13 Some commercial flights resume, and several airports are reopened, but under strict security protocols from the FAA. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Before 1:00 a.m. : German police raid an apartment in Hamburg , apparently at the behest of the FBI , believed to have been used by suspect passengers on the airline flight list. [ 22 ] It is believed to be the first police action outside the U.S. connected with the attack. [ 23 ] Two people are taken into provisional custody, one is an airport worker. Both are later released, but re-arrested in late 2002. [ citation needed ] The United States National Transportation Safety Board , which usually investigates air disasters, issued a press release stating that the NTSB would assist the Federal Bureau of Investigation , and that the FBI would be "the lead investigative agency". Between 4:15 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. : 10 people are detained at New York airports, reportedly including people who had boarded planes under false pretenses, people who had been trained to fly aircraft at the same schools as the previous terrorists, and people who had attempted to bring knives and other weapons past airport security. [ 24 ] Some of these people had already been identified by the FBI as potential suspects. Three are removed from planes ready for departure by police SWAT teams, one resists arrest. It is later found that none of them were planning a hijacking. [ 25 ] 4:20 p.m. : The flight data recorder from United Airlines Flight 93 is recovered, fifteen feet below the surface of the ground. [ 26 ] It is announced that Ahmad Shah Massoud , the military leader of the anti-Taliban Northern Alliance , died on September 9 from wounds received during an al-Qaeda suicide attack. His death was widely reported in the following days. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] On the orders of Queen Elizabeth II , the ' Star-Spangled Banner ' is played during the changing of the guard at Buckingham Palace , marking the first time that the national anthem of a foreign nation was played at Buckingham Palace outside of an official state visit . This unprecedented act was witnessed by a huge crowd, many singing along. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] At the orders of Vladimir Putin , Russia observes a moment's silence at noontime ( Moscow time) with flags placed at half-staff throughout Russia "in memory of terrorist acts' victims". At 8:00 p.m. , the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) holds a special live broadcast of WWF SmackDown! from the Compaq Center in Houston, Texas , dedicated to the victims and heroes of the attacks. This live broadcast made UPN the first major television network to resume regular programs after the attacks. Not only was this the first major sporting event since the events of September 11, but it was also the first public assembly of its size. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] All storylines are put on hold for this tribute show, as various wrestlers and other individuals give their best wishes to the families of the victims and congratulate all of the workers and firefighters in New York. Friday, September 14 The National Day of Prayer and Remembrance [ 35 ] Church and memorial services are held throughout the world. These include a special service held in London, which was attended by a black-clad Queen and 1,500 mourners. A three-minute silence at noon Paris time was observed throughout Europe. "The Star-Spangled Banner" is performed or sung in front of the Brandenburg Gate and at mass gatherings in Edinburgh , Paris , and Ottawa . [ 36 ] National days of mourning are observed in Ireland [ 37 ] and South Korea . Ireland was brought to a standstill on the day, because the government had ordered schools, offices, and stores across the country closed because a public holiday as part of the national day of mourning had been declared. The New York City Office of Emergency Management completes setup of an Emergency Operations Center after a 32-hour construction marathon, at Pier 92. This facility served to replace the Office of Emergency Management office formerly housed in the basement of 7 World Trade Center , and destroyed on the afternoon of September 11. [ 38 ] The United States Department of Defense (DoD) releases a revised estimate and the names of unaccounted. 125 people are missing: 74 Army, 42 Navy, 9 Defense agency. The original estimate for Defense Agencies was 10, which inadvertently included one DoD employee on American Airlines Flight 77 , Mr. Bryan C. Jack . Resumption of package deliveries from national carriers such as UPS and Federal Express. Nine of the ten detained at New York airports were released. One is still being questioned about immigration status. Authorities suspected one of them was holding a false pilot certificate, but he was a pilot. [ 39 ] He was carrying papers, including a visa, which were owned by his brother in Boston, who happened to live in the same building as three of the people suspected of involvement in the hijackings. There was no hijacking attempts at either airport on the 13th, only suspicious circumstances. The Pentagon reports recovering both black boxes from flight AA 77 which crashed into the Pentagon. [ 40 ] The names of the 19 suspected hijackers are released by the FBI . [ 41 ] Arrests are made in the Netherlands and Belgium and apartments searched [ by whom? ] in the Philippines and on a Carnival cruise ship in Florida . The connection to the Sept. 11th attack is not immediately clear. [ citation needed ] 12:00 PM , Service led by Rev. Billy Graham at Washington National Cathedral , with President George W. Bush and past and present top officials in attendance. [ 42 ] Bush gave remarks, beginning with "We are here in the middle hour of our grief." [ 43 ] [ 44 ] Canadian television covers a memorial service on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, which Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien , Governor General Adrienne Clarkson , and U.S. Ambassador to Canada Paul Cellucci presided over, and more than 100,000 people attended. [ 45 ] 2:15 PM Colin Powell press briefing. [ 46 ] [ independent source needed ] [ importance? ] 3:40 PM President George W. Bush arrives in New York City. Later delivers 'Bullhorn Address'. [ 47 ] 8:30 PM : The cockpit voice recorder from United Airlines Flight 93 is recovered, twenty-five feet below the surface of the ground. [ 26 ] Saturday, September 15 The Department of Defense releases a casualty update: Aerographer's Mate First Class Edward Thomas Earhart , 26, Salt Lick, Kentucky, is confirmed dead. Herbert W. Homer , a civilian employee of the Defense Contract Management Agency , was previously listed in error as unaccounted for at the Pentagon; he was among the passengers aboard United Airlines Flight 175 . [ 48 ] Before 8:00 AM , New York authorities end request for donations of emergency supplies . Before 2:30 PM , Iran announces that it has closed its border with Afghanistan. [ 49 ] Before 2:30 PM , the official New York City missing count has risen to 4972. Over 150 bodies have been found, 92 positively identified. Before 2:30 PM , the official death count at the Pentagon has risen to 189, including the 64 in the plane. 3:00 PM approx., a funeral mass is held for the Rev. Mychal Judge . [ 50 ] 3:00 PM approx., a funeral is held for fire chief Peter J. Ganci, Jr. in New Jersey. [ 51 ] Afterwards mayor Rudy Giuliani breaks his policy [ further explanation needed ] of never making public comments after the funeral, saying "All eyes are on New York City." [ This quote needs a citation ] Before 3:00 PM , The New York Stock Exchange is successfully tested for its morning open at 9:30 am EDT. [ 52 ] Before 3:00 PM , Colin Powell says both Pakistan and Iran have closed their borders with Afghanistan. After intensive pressure from the Bush administration, [ 53 ] Pakistan has agreed to act as a staging area for American air strikes or forces. [ 54 ] Afternoon: Four gunmen, including Francisco Roque, 42, go on a shooting rampage. They drove up in two pick-up trucks to a Chevron station in Mesa, Arizona , owned by Balbir Singh Sodhi , a 52-year-old Sikh from Punjab, India , and shot him dead, possibly mistaking him for an Arab because of his turban. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] They kill no-one else, but hit another gas station and a home. In October 2003, Roque is sentenced by an Arizona jury to death by lethal injection (commuted later to life imprisonment). [ 57 ] [ 58 ] Afternoon: An Egyptian-born Coptic Christian, Adel Karas, 48, is shot dead by two men inside his International Market grocery store in San Gabriel, California . [ 56 ] [ 59 ] 11:05 PM , a Pakistani immigrant and businessman, Waqar Hasan , 46, is shot dead in his store, Mom's Grocery, in downtown Dallas , Texas — again, possibly because of his turban. Congress subsequently passed a private bill granting his family permanent residence. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Sunday, September 16 The NFL cancels games for the weekend. These games were rescheduled to be played the week after the regular season was supposed to end, delaying the playoffs and Super Bowl XXXVI . [ 62 ] [ 63 ] NASCAR postpones the New Hampshire 300 scheduled to be held at the New Hampshire International Speedway . The race is rescheduled for the day after Thanksgiving. Support races were cancelled, while a Craftsman Truck Series race at Texas Motor Speedway is postponed until October. [ 64 ] [ 65 ] Day of mourning in Australia for victims of September 11. This had been proclaimed by Australian Prime Minister John Howard earlier that week. [ 66 ] He had been in Washington at the time of the attacks. [ 67 ] The Department of Defense releases a casualty update: Cmdr. Dan Frederic Shanower , 40, of Naperville, Ill. is confirmed dead. The number of dead or unaccounted at the Pentagon remains 124, not including the 64 passengers on American Airlines Flight 77 . 88 remains have been recovered from the Pentagon and transported to Dover Air Force Base, Del. for identification. [ 68 ] Lower Manhattan east of Broadway is opened to pedestrians. Tens of thousands of Afghan refugees stream toward the closed borders with Iran and Pakistan (there are already two million refugees in each country from the twenty years of Afghan-Soviet War then Afghan Civil War ). Food and other aid can no longer get in. [ 69 ] PM, A 20-year-old Saudi Arabian student is stabbed three times in Boston by assailants yelling anti-Arab abuse as he leaves a nightclub. Monday, September 17 The U.S. demands that Pakistan close its borders to Afghan refugees . Pakistan immediately complies. Major League Baseball games recommence kicked off by Jack Buck 's poem "For America" and speech where he said "I don't know about you, but as for me, the question has already been answered: Should we be here? Yes!". [ 70 ] The Department of Defense (DoD) releases a casualty update: 9 DoD employees and 2 passengers accounted for, and 124 DoD employees still unaccounted for. To date, 97 remains have been recovered and transported to Dover Air Force Base, Delaware. for identification. Eleven have been identified. Search and rescue operations continue. [ 71 ] The Northern Alliance in Afghanistan offers fifteen to thirty-thousand troops in support of attacks on the Taliban . 6:00 AM Staten Island Ferry resumes operation. New Brooklyn ferry also commences service. [ 72 ] 8:30 AM approx. The US Federal Reserve cuts the prime interest rate by half a percent to three percent. [ 73 ] 9:30 AM The NYSE , Mercantile Exchange, and NASDAQ open for the first time after the longest hiatus in history after two minutes of silence. The markets plummet. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] 11:08 AM The World Bank and IMF cancel the annual meeting scheduled for September 29 and 30 at Washington, D.C. [ 76 ] 4:00 PM Dow Jones Industrial Average closes down 684.81 points (7.13%) in heavy trading. NASDAQ was down 6.84%, S&P 500 4.93%. [ 74 ] Airline stocks were down over 40 percent. [ 77 ] Insurance , financial , and travel and leisure stocks were also down heavily. Military contractor , savings and loans , telecom , and pharmaceutical stocks gained. [ 78 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ] 4:00 PM EDT Rudy Giuliani conference on casualties: 5,422 missing, 201 known dead, 135 identified . For the week to date, crime in New York City has been down 34 percent over the same week last year. 40,000 tons of debris have been removed. Conference of many Islamic leaders to meet in Afghanistan to determine their response to the U.S. ultimatum. [ 81 ] The Lebanese Hezbollah -owned satellite channel Al-Manar comes out with a news piece arguing that the Israeli secret services and Zionist supporters of them were most likely responsible, and claiming that 4,000 Israelis had stayed away from work at the World Trade Center that day. This false claim would soon become the most widespread of the 9/11 conspiracy claims regarding Jews or Israel . [ 82 ] David Letterman returns to the air on CBS with a heartfelt monologue giving his own personal thoughts and condolences about the attacks. Letterman is not censored when he asks out loud if the motivation for the attacks "makes any goddamned sense." Jay Leno and Conan O'Brien also return to the air on NBC , and Jon Stewart would return to the air on Comedy Central three nights later. [ 83 ] [ 84 ] [ 85 ] [ 86 ] Unknown time : Senator John McCain honors Mark Bingham , Todd Beamer , Tom Burnett and Jeremy Glick , passengers on board United Airlines Flight 93 , who risked their own lives to bring the Boeing 757 down, just to make sure the hijackers—mainly the pilot Ziad Jarrah —do not reach their target, the United States Capitol , and kill more civilians. Tuesday, September 18 12:30 PM Rudy Giuliani press briefing: 49,553 tons removed to Fresh Kills Landfill in 3,788 trucks. 218 confirmed dead, 152 identified. 37 uniformed officers, 32 firefighters, 2 E.M.T.'s, 2 Port Authority Police officers and one New Jersey Fire Department firefighter. [ 87 ] 2:30 PM Ari Fleischer press briefing. The U.S. intends to go after terrorism whenever it threatens the United States, not all terrorism. [ 88 ] 2:50 PM US Attorney General John Ashcroft press briefing: federal investigators have received over 96,000 tips: 54,000 on a dedicated website, 9,000 on the hotline and more than 33,000 in FBI field offices . There may have been more than four planes targeted for hijacking. INS will have 48 hours (or unlimited time under emergencies) instead of the previous 24 in which to decide whether to charge detained individuals. This will allow them to detain the 75 individuals held in connection with the investigation indefinitely. Permanent anti-terrorism task forces under the US Attorney General and FBI will be established to blur the lines between local and federal law enforcement and the federal intelligence agencies. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] [ 91 ] In Karachi , Pakistan more than 5,000 radical Islamist students mount the largest demonstration yet against possible US military action against Afghanistan . By the standards of Karachi politics, where rallies of over fifty thousand people are common, this is regarded as unexpectedly small. Hundreds of police and paramilitary troops prevent the protesters from marching on the US consulate . An effigy of George W. Bush is lit. A mass candle vigil is held in Tehran , Iran to mourn the loss of life in the United States. [ 92 ] Wednesday, September 19 The Department of Defense orders over 100 combat aircraft , including fighters , bombers , and support aircraft to military bases in the Persian Gulf . Three aircraft carrier groups will soon be within operational distance of west Asia. 2:20 PM approx. Rudy Giuliani and George Pataki press briefing: two lanes of Brooklyn Bridge into city to open Thursday. The government is opening up 5.5 million ft 2 (511,000 m 2 ) of real estate for business. Individual family grants of up to $14,000 are available from the Dept. of Labor. The State Dept. of Health is giving $60 million to NYC hospitals. The business assistance center at 633 Third Ave. has received 5000 calls and 700 visitors. The city is hoping to get Battery Park North and South open in the next two days. The prayer service Sunday 9/23 at Yankee Stadium will be by ticket for families and the uniformed services (fire, police, etc.), and simulcast at Jumbotrons at Staten Island and Brooklyn baseball stadiums. The city has determined it would be too early for the Central Park memorial service originally planned. 4:00 PM , Dow Jones Industrial Average closes down 144.27 (1.62%) to 8759.13. Other indexes are down similarly. At its lowest point, the Dow Jones was down over 420 points. [ 93 ] Thursday, September 20 Stock markets continue dramatic slide. Pakistani general/President Pervez Musharraf gives a speech asking the country to go along with government decision to support the United States—allowing flights over airspace, supplying intelligence, etc. He warns of "very grave consequences" if Pakistan did not cooperate with the United States. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Forty Senators visit New York City to see the rescue and recovery effort firsthand. The official number of missing persons at the WTC rises dramatically to 6333, due to reports coming in from foreign countries. President Bush gives speech to joint session of Congress , with British Prime Minister Tony Blair , Rudy Giuliani, and Governor Pataki in attendance. He thanks the world for its support of the United States, and announces that the United States is at war with terrorism and demands countries choose to be "with us or with the terrorists." He limits the enemy to terrorist groups with "global reach." Five unconditional demands are imposed on the Taliban, including the immediate closedown of all terrorist training camps and the delivery of all al-Qaeda leaders to US authorities. He creates a new cabinet-level office, the Department of Homeland Security and names Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge as its head. His speech is interrupted with applause on many occasions. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] Conference of Afghan Islamic clerics advise Taliban leader Mohammad Shah to invite Osama bin Laden to leave Afghanistan by his own choice. [ 98 ] New York Philharmonic memorial concert of Brahms' Ein Deutsches Requiem in Avery Fisher Hall . The concert is led off by the national anthem, and on the stage is a flag which appeared on stage during all Philharmonic World War II concerts. All proceeds go to disaster relief. At the request of the Philharmonic director, all applause is held, and the audience filed out in silence. [ 99 ] Friday, September 21 1.15 AM BST Increased racial tensions in Peterborough , England , see seventeen-year-old boy Ross Parker murdered by a gang of up to ten Muslims of Pakistani background who had sought a white male to attack. In December 2002 Shaied Nazir, Ahmed Ali Awan, and Sarfraz Ali are sentenced to life imprisonment for the racist murder. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] [ 102 ] [ 103 ] 4:00 AM Final version of airline assistance bill is written. [ importance? ] In the morning hours, the Congress approves a bill to prop up the airline industry and establish a federal fund for victims. The cost of the mostly open-ended fund may reach about $ 15 billion. Victims of earlier terrorist attacks, including those linked to al-Qaida , were not included in the fund. [ 104 ] In Afghanistan, fighting begins between the Northern Alliance and the Taliban. [ 105 ] Afghanistan press conference announces willingness to turn Osama bin Laden forcibly over only with evidence. The United States reiterates it will not negotiate on demands. The US never releases the evidence demanded. [ 106 ] Tens of thousands demonstrate in Pakistan against the government's cooperation with United States. One person is shot dead while three others are injured. [ 107 ] The official number of missing persons at the WTC continues to fluctuate, 6300s to 6500s. They come from over 60 countries. Stock markets continue dramatic slide. (For the United States, worst week since 1930s). [ 108 ] A two-hour live telethon entitled America: A Tribute to Heroes , with musical performances and spoken tributes by top American performers, is simultaneously broadcast on nearly every network. [ 109 ] Yemeni-American, Mr. Ali M. Al-Mansoob/Mr. Ali Al Mansouri, 44, is fatally shot 12 times in the back in Detroit, allegedly by a man angry about the terrorist attacks. In the first major sporting event in New York City since the attack, a baseball game at Shea Stadium , the New York Mets ' Mike Piazza hits a two-run, game-winning home run in the bottom of the eighth inning against the Atlanta Braves to defeat the Braves, 3–2. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] Saturday, September 22 The United Arab Emirates , one of the few countries that had recognized the Taliban as the legitimate government of Afghanistan, rescinds the recognition. [ 112 ] Hundreds of millions of dollars of donations have been raised for American relief agencies. The United States reschedules Pakistan 's debt, and drops sanctions against Pakistan in return for its help with the "war on terror". [ 113 ] Sunday, September 23 The official count of bodies found at the site of the World Trade Center is 261; 194 have been identified. The official missing count at the World Trade Center is 6,453. The Taliban claim they cannot find Osama bin Laden to deliver request that he leave the country of his own will. [ 114 ] The Taliban shoot down an unmanned United States spy plane . [ 115 ] [ importance? ] NFL games recommence. Interfaith memorial service, known as "Prayer for America," is held at Yankee Stadium . [ 116 ] NASCAR's MBNA Cal Ripken Jr. 400 is hosted at Dover International Speedway , most drivers having special paint jobs with American flags for honor of the attacks. During " God Bless the USA ", composed and performed at the race by Lee Greenwood , the aftermath of the World Trade Center was aired. For the first time ever, security measures prevent anyone who is not a track employee from working the race, with a nearby military base handling logistics. Dale Earnhardt Jr. wins the event and celebrates by driving around the track with an American flag out the window. [ 64 ] Week of Monday, September 24 U.S. stock markets rebound somewhat. Over 100,000 tons of debris have been removed from the World Trade Center site. It is clear that no remains will be found for a significant number of people. [ 117 ] The United States to present evidence of Osama bin Laden's connection secretly to some coalition governments. [ 118 ] Saudi Arabia cuts diplomatic ties with the Taliban regime in Afghanistan . [ 119 ] Hundreds of people, mostly in the United States and European Union , have been arrested or detained in the ongoing investigation. Legislation (soon to become the Patriot Act ) granting intelligence and law enforcement agencies more latitude in surveillance and inter-agency communication is debated in Washington, D.C. Many are concerned about the effects on civil liberties and the general atmosphere of openness in the United States . [ 120 ] [ 121 ] The United Nations warns of humanitarian disaster if 1.5 million expected Afghan refugees have nowhere to go, or in any case in two-three weeks when food relief supplies run out. [ 122 ] All borders have been closed, Pakistan may accept more refugees although there are already 2 million from the previous 23 years of war. The United States reveals that special forces are now, and/or have been recently, operating in Afghanistan already or in recent days. Monday, September 24 The official count of bodies found at the site of the World Trade Center is 276; 206 have been identified. The official missing count at the World Trade Center remains 6,453. After losing upwards of 1,300 points in the previous week, the Dow Jones Industrial Average posts its eighth biggest net gain in its history. It gains 368.05 points to 8,603.86. [ 123 ] 95% of United Airlines Flight 93 is recovered, 80% left in the crater by the crash, and 15% outside of it. The crater is refilled. Significant fighting is going on between the Northern Alliance and the Taliban . [ 124 ] Russia pledges to increase aid to the Northern Alliance. [ 125 ] Tuesday, September 25 The official count of bodies found at the site of the World Trade Center is 279; 209 have been identified. The official missing count at the World Trade Center is 6,398. The United States freezes assets of a list of terrorist groups included in this "war" (not the same as the existing 30-country list of terrorist organizations). [ 126 ] [ 127 ] The list: Al-Qaida /Islamic Army, Abu Sayyaf Group , Armed Islamic Group (GIA), Harakat ul-Mujahidin (HUM), Al-Jihad (Egyptian Islamic Jihad), Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU), Asbat al-Ansar , Salafist Group for Call and Combat (GSPC), Libyan Islamic Fighting Group , Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya (AIAI), Islamic Army of Aden , Osama bin Laden , Muhammad Atif (aka, Subhi Abu Sitta, Abu Hafs Al Masri) Sayf al-Adl , Shaykh Sai'id (aka, Mustafa Muhammad Ahmad), Abu Hafs the Mauritanian (aka, Mahfouz Ould al-Walid , Khalid Al-Shanqiti), Ibn Al-Shaykh al-Libi , Abu Zubaydah (aka, Zayn al-Abidin Muhammad Husayn, Tariq), Abd al-Hadi al-Iraqi (aka, Abu Abdallah), Ayman al-Zawahiri , Thirwat Salah Shihata , Tariq Anwar al-Sayyid Ahmad (aka, Fathi, Amr al-Fatih), Muhammad Salah (aka, Nasr Fahmi Nasr Hasanayn), Makhtab Al-Khidamat /Al Kifah, Wafa Humanitarian Organization , Al Rashid Trust, Mamoun Darkazanli Import-Export Company . [ citation needed ] The FBI is investigating over 90 claims of hate violence related to 9/11 attacks. Wednesday, September 26 The official count of bodies found at the site of the World Trade Center is 300; 232 have been identified. The official missing count at the World Trade Center is 6,347. Shimon Peres and Yasser Arafat meet in Lisbon, and agree to pursue a more permanent ceasefire. [ 128 ] Jesse Jackson reports receiving an invitation from the Taliban to come to Afghanistan as part of a peace delegation. They deny making the invitation, but welcome him to come. The United States government frowns on it, but will not stand in the way. [ 129 ] Thursday, September 27 The official count of bodies found at the site of the World Trade Center is 305; 238 have been identified. The official missing count at the World Trade Center is 5,960. The FBI releases photos of all 19 hijackers, and possible nationalities and aliases. [ 130 ] Friday, September 28 The official count of bodies found at the site of the World Trade Center is 306; no new identifications are made. The official missing count at the World Trade Center remains 5,960. FBI Press Conference release of an untranslated handwritten 4-page hijackers' letter written in Arabic and found in three separate copies at Dulles , the Pennsylvania crash site , and in Mohamed Atta 's suitcase. It includes Islamic prayers, instructions for a last night of life, and a practical checklist of final reminders for the mission. [ 131 ] Saturday, September 29 The official count of bodies found at the site of the World Trade Center is 309; 248 have been identified. The official missing count at the World Trade Center is 5,641. Al Gore makes his biggest speech since he lost his bid for the presidency, and strongly supports President Bush and the bipartisan atmosphere prevailing since the attack. [ 132 ] Thousands take part in the first protest by the ANSWER Coalition . [ 133 ] The organisation will be one of the most influential in the post–September 11 anti-war movement , drawing millions to protest both the Invasion of Afghanistan and the Iraq War. Sunday, September 30 The official count of bodies found at the site of the World Trade Center is 314; 255 have been identified. The official missing count at the World Trade Center is 5,657. Senator Chuck Schumer proposes holding the Super Bowl XXXVI at Giants Stadium . [ 134 ] [ 135 ] The Taliban ambassador to Pakistan, Mullah Abdul Salam Zaeef , admits that the Taliban regime is protecting Osama bin Laden in an unknown location in Afghanistan, that he had been given the ulema recommendation 3 days prior, that he has turned down the option to leave the country voluntarily, and that the Taliban would be open to negotiations with the US given evidence of bin Laden's culpability in the 9/11 attacks. [ 136 ] [ 137 ] John Ashcroft expresses skepticism as well as anger at the Taliban's refusal to accept conditions. [ 138 ] Tony Blair says that he has seen "incontrovertible evidence" linking Osama bin Laden to the attacks on the United States. [ 139 ] See also Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks Timeline for October following the September 11 attacks Timeline beyond October following the September 11 attacks References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "A Number Of Men Arrested With Explosives On Jersey Turnpike" . 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CBC . Archived from the original on 2022-11-13 . Retrieved 2021-02-08 . ^ "Taliban invites Jesse Jackson to lead mission" . The Hartford Courant . September 27, 2001. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. ^ The FBI releases 19 photographs of individuals believed to be the hijackers of the four airliners that crashed on September 11, 01 Archived 2001-12-15 at the Wayback Machine FBI, national Press Release September 27, 2001 ^ FBI Releases Copy of 4 Page Letter Linked to Hijackers Archived 2010-09-07 at the Wayback Machine FBI, Press Conference national Press Release , September 28, 2001 Translated: Instructions for the Last Night Archived 2016-04-25 at the Wayback Machine , PBS Frontline , "Inside the Terror Network, tracking their personal stories." The British newspaper The Observer published this translation, provided for The New York Times by Capital Communications Group , a Washington-based international consulting firm, and by Imad Musa, a translator. Some notable excerpts: ..."Make an oath to die and renew your intentions..."... "Check your weapon before you leave and long before you leave. (You must make your knife sharp and must not discomfort your animal during the slaughter). " ... "All of their equipment and gates and technology will not prevent, nor harm, except by God's will. The believers do not fear such things. ..." ... "When the confrontation begins, strike like champions who do not want to go back to this world. Shout, 'Allahu Akbar,' because this strikes fear in the hearts of the non-believers. God said: 'Strike above the neck, and strike at all of their extremities.' Know that the gardens of paradise are waiting for you in all their beauty, and the women of paradise are waiting, calling out, 'Come hither, friend of God.' They have dressed in their most beautiful clothing..." ... "If you slaughter, do not cause the discomfort of those you are killing, because this is one of the practices of the prophet, peace be upon him..." ... "Do not seek revenge for yourself. Strike for God's sake..." ... "Then implement the way of the prophet in taking prisoners. Take prisoners and kill them. As Almighty God said: 'No prophet should have prisoners until he has soaked the land with blood... " ... "How beautiful it is for one to read God's words, such as: 'And those who prefer the afterlife over this world should fight for the sake of God.' And His words: 'Do not suppose that those who are killed for the sake of God are dead; they are alive ... '." ... "Either end your life while praying, seconds before the target, or make your last words: 'There is no God but God, Muhammad is His messenger'." ^ Berke, Richard L. (2001-09-30). "Bush 'Is My Commander,' Gore Declares in Call for Unity" . The New York Times . Des Moines (Iowa). Archived from the original on 2016-08-19 . Retrieved 2016-07-08 . ^ "Anti-war rallies in Washington, New York" . CNN . September 29, 2001. Archived from the original on April 21, 2021. ^ Furman, Bruce (2001-09-30). "SCHUMER KICKS OFF MOVE FOR NEXT SUPER BOWL HERE" . New York Post . Archived from the original on 2024-03-29 . Retrieved 2021-02-08 . ^ Altavilla, John (October 7, 2001). "GIANTS STADIUM WASN'T AN OPTION" . The Hartford Courant . Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. ^ "Taliban Officials Urge Osama bin Laden to Leave" . PBS NewsHour . 2001-09-27. Archived from the original on 2021-02-08 . Retrieved 2021-02-08 . ^ Harding, Luke; Campbell, Duncan (30 September 2001). "Taliban admit sheltering Bin Laden" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. ^ "Text: Ashcroft on CNN's 'Late Edition' " . The Washington Post . September 30, 2001 . Retrieved August 29, 2024 . ^ Cowell, Alan (2001-10-01). "A NATION CHALLENGED: THE BRITISH; Blair Says He's Seen Proof of bin Laden Role (Published 2001)" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 2021-03-23 . Retrieved 2021-02-08 . v t e September 11 attacks v t e Timeline Air traffic control Planning September 11, 2001 World Trade Center collapse 7 World Trade Center collapse Remainder of September October Post-October Air traffic control Planning September 11, 2001 World Trade Center collapse 7 World Trade Center collapse 7 World Trade Center collapse Remainder of September October Post-October Victims Casualties List A–G H–N O–Z Casualties List A–G H–N O–Z A–G H–N O–Z Hijacked airliners American Airlines Flight 11 United Airlines Flight 175 American Airlines Flight 77 United Airlines Flight 93 American Airlines Flight 11 United Airlines Flight 175 American Airlines Flight 77 United Airlines Flight 93 Crash sites World Trade Center site The Pentagon Stonycreek / Shanksville, Pennsylvania World Trade Center site site The Pentagon Stonycreek / Shanksville, Pennsylvania Aftermath Immediate repercussions artwork destroyed buildings destroyed closings and cancellations detentions Communication Post-9/11 economy local health airport security Reactions conspiracy theories Rudy Giuliani Unsuccessful terrorist plots Immediate repercussions artwork destroyed buildings destroyed closings and cancellations detentions artwork destroyed buildings destroyed closings and cancellations detentions Communication Post-9/11 economy local health airport security economy local health airport security Reactions conspiracy theories conspiracy theories Rudy Giuliani Unsuccessful terrorist plots Response U.S. government response U.S. military response War on terror Afghanistan North-West Pakistan Rescue and recovery effort maritime response Financial assistance Operation SUPPORT Operation Yellow Ribbon Memorials and services 9/11 Memorial and Museum Flight 93 National Memorial Pentagon Memorial Victims of Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon Memorial World Trade Center Health Program Killing of Osama bin Laden Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri U.S. government response U.S. military response War on terror Afghanistan North-West Pakistan War on terror Afghanistan North-West Pakistan Rescue and recovery effort maritime response maritime response Financial assistance Operation SUPPORT Operation Yellow Ribbon Memorials and services 9/11 Memorial and Museum Flight 93 National Memorial Pentagon Memorial Victims of Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon Memorial 9/11 Memorial and Museum Flight 93 National Memorial Pentagon Memorial Victims of Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon Memorial World Trade Center Health Program Killing of Osama bin Laden Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri Perpetrators Responsibility Al-Qaeda Osama bin Laden Alleged Saudi role Motives Hijackers 20th hijacker Hamburg cell Trials Responsibility Al-Qaeda Osama bin Laden Alleged Saudi role Motives Hijackers 20th hijacker 20th hijacker Hamburg cell Trials Inquiries U.S. congressional inquiry the 28 pages September 11 intelligence before the attacks August 2001 CIA warning Phoenix Memo 9/11 Commission Commission Report criticism NIST investigation PENTTBOM ThinThread U.S. congressional inquiry the 28 pages the 28 pages September 11 intelligence before the attacks August 2001 CIA warning Phoenix Memo August 2001 CIA warning Phoenix Memo 9/11 Commission Commission Report criticism Commission Report criticism NIST investigation PENTTBOM ThinThread Cultural effects Cultural references songs comics books Cartoonists Remember 9/11 Impact on the entertainment industry Humor Lost artworks Clear Channel memorandum Digital Archive Cultural references songs comics books songs comics books Cartoonists Remember 9/11 Impact on the entertainment industry Humor Lost artworks Clear Channel memorandum Digital Archive Media documentation 9/10: The Final Hours The Falling Man Impending Death Marcy Borders Raising the Flag at Ground Zero View from Williamsburg, Brooklyn, on Manhattan, 9/11 WPIX September 11 broadcast September 11 Photo Project 9/11 (2002 film) One Day in America 102 Minutes That Changed America The Love We Make 9-11 (book) Perfect Soldiers 9/10: The Final Hours The Falling Man Impending Death Marcy Borders Raising the Flag at Ground Zero View from Williamsburg, Brooklyn, on Manhattan, 9/11 WPIX September 11 broadcast September 11 Photo Project 9/11 (2002 film) One Day in America 102 Minutes That Changed America The Love We Make 9-11 (book) Perfect Soldiers Miscellaneous Edna Cintrón War games Patriot Day Blind Tourist Guy hoax Iraq War Twin Towers II Disappearance of Sneha Anne Philip Disappearance of Michele Anne Harris Murder of Balbir Singh Sodhi Killing of Henryk Siwiak Mark Anthony Stroman Larme Price Rudi Dekkers Alicia Esteve Head Jersey Girls Emma E. Booker Elementary School Edna Cintrón War games Patriot Day Blind Tourist Guy hoax Iraq War Twin Towers II Disappearance of Sneha Anne Philip Disappearance of Michele Anne Harris Murder of Balbir Singh Sodhi Killing of Henryk Siwiak Mark Anthony Stroman Larme Price Rudi Dekkers Alicia Esteve Head Jersey Girls Emma E. Booker Elementary School Category Category Aftermath of the September 11 attacks Timelines of the September 11 attacks Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description with empty Wikidata description Articles needing additional references from September 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from February 2021 Wikipedia articles lacking focus from February 2021 All Wikipedia articles lacking focus Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021 Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2021 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2021 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2021 Articles with unsourced quotes This page was last edited on 27 December 2025, at 09:27 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life Toggle Early life subsection 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 2 Early career (1951–1955) Toggle Early career (1951–1955) subsection 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 3 Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Toggle Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) subsection 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 4 Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) Toggle Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) subsection 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 5 Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Toggle Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) subsection 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 6 Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Toggle Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) subsection 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 7 Senior Minister (1990–2004) Toggle Senior Minister (1990–2004) subsection 7.1 Condominium rebates 7.1 Condominium rebates 8 Minister Mentor (2004–2011) 9 Illness and death 10 Legacy 11 Legal suits Toggle Legal suits subsection 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 12 Political positions Toggle Political positions subsection 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 13 Personal life 14 Cultural depictions 15 Awards 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References Toggle References subsection 18.1 Works cited 18.1 Works cited 19 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 20 External links Lee Kuan Yew Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Magyar Madhurâ Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk پنجابی پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English سنڌي Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item The Honourable Lee Kuan Yew GCMG CH SPMJ DK Lee in 1975 1st Prime Minister of Singapore In office 5 June 1959 – 28 November 1990 Monarchs .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) President Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Deputy Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by Office established Lim Yew Hock (Chief Minister of Singapore) Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Secretary-General of the People's Action Party In office 20 October 1957 – 14 November 1992 Chairman Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by T. T. Rajah Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong In office 21 November 1954 – 3 August 1957 Preceded by Position established Succeeded by T. T. Rajah 1st Leader of the Opposition In office 22 April 1955 – 31 March 1959 Chief Minister David Marshall Lim Yew Hock Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Lim Yew Hock Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC In office 21 August 1991 – 23 March 2015 Preceded by Constituency established Succeeded by PAP held Majority All elections: N/A (walkover) Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC In office 2 April 1955 – 26 April 1957 Preceded by Constituency established In office 29 June 1957 – 14 August 1991 Succeeded by Constituency abolished Majority 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) Personal details Born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ( 1923-09-16 ) 16 September 1923 Singapore Died 23 March 2015 (2015-03-23) (aged 91) Singapore Resting place Mandai Crematorium and Columbarium Party People's Action Party Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Kwa Geok Choo ( m. 1950; died 2010) Children Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Parents Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Relatives Lee family Education Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Signature Chinese name Chinese 李光耀 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Lee Kuan Yew [ a ] GCMG CH SPMJ DK (born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ; 16 September 1923 – 23 March 2015), often referred to by his initials LKY , was a Singaporean statesman and barrister who was the first prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990. A founding father of the modern Singaporean state, his authoritarian political leadership transformed post-independence Singapore into a highly developed country and one of the four Asian Tigers . Born in Singapore during British colonial rule to a family of Chinese descent, Lee studied law in England at Cambridge University and was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1950. Shortly after, he returned to Singapore and practised law, founding the law firm Lee & Lee . In 1954, Lee co-founded the People's Action Party (PAP), which won significant support among the working class and trade unions in the lead up to the 1955 general election , securing him a seat in the Tanjong Pagar division and making him the de facto leader of the opposition . In 1959, Lee led the PAP to its first electoral victory , becoming Singapore's first prime minister. Seeking sovereignty from the British Empire , Lee led Singapore to a merger with Malaya along with Sarawak and Sabah , forming Malaysia in 1963. Racial strife and ideological differences later led to Singapore's expulsion from Malaysia and consequent independence in 1965. Lee oversaw major economic reforms and urban development, instituting policies promoting meritocracy , multiracialism and anti-corruption . His administration, generally characterised as an illiberal democracy with nanny state tendencies, restricted press freedoms , public assembly , labour activism and civil liberties . From 1968 to 1981 , Singapore was a de facto one-party state , with the PAP facing no opposition in Parliament. Although Lee maintained legal and institutional procedures that formally characterised Singapore as a democratic parliamentary republic , he employed defamation laws , detention without trial and social engineering to ensure continued electoral success. In justifying his policies, Lee was a major proponent of Asian values , arguing that communitarianism and limited human rights were necessary for the social cohesion , political stability and rapid economic development of Singapore. Lee stepped down as prime minister in 1990 but continued to serve in the Cabinet as senior minister until 2004 and subsequently as minister mentor until his retirement in 2011. Throughout his political career, he remained an influential figure in shaping Singapore's domestic and foreign policies, at the same time serving as an advisor to foreign leaders as an elder statesman. Lee died of pneumonia on 23 March 2015 at the age of 91. In Singapore, Lee is widely regarded as instrumental in the development of Singapore's economy , bureaucracy , education system , foreign policy , public housing and healthcare . The Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore is named in his honor. Following his death, a week of national mourning was announced, during which approximately 1.7 million people paid their respects at tribute sites around the country. Early life Childhood and early education Harry Lee Kuan Yew was born on 16 September 1923, the first child of Lee Chin Koon , who was born in Semarang during Dutch colonial rule and subsequently moved to Singapore, [ 2 ] and Chua Jim Neo , at 92 Kampong Java Road in Singapore, then part of the Straits Settlements . [ 3 ] Both of Lee's parents were English-educated third-generation Peranakan Chinese , [ 4 ] with his paternal side being of Hakka descent from Dabu County . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] He was named 'Kuan Yew', [ b ] meaning 'light and brightness', alternately meaning 'bringing great glory to one's ancestors'. Lee's paternal grandfather Lee Hoon Leong, who was described as "especially westernised", had worked on British ships as a purser , and hence gave Lee the Western name 'Harry'. [ 7 ] While the family spoke English as its first language, Lee also learned Malay. [ 3 ] Lee had three brothers and one sister, all of whom lived to old age. [ 8 ] Lee was not close to his father, who worked as a storekeeper within the Shell Oil Company and had a gambling addiction. His mother Chua often stood up against her husband for his poor financial management and parenting skills. [ 9 ] The family was considered prosperous with a high social standing compared to recent immigrants, and had the means to hire servants. [ 10 ] During the Great Depression the family fortunes declined considerably, though Lee's father retained his job at Shell. [ 3 ] Later in life, Lee described his father as a man with a nasty temper, and he credited his mother with holding the family together amidst her husband's gambling addiction. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] In 1930, Lee enrolled at Telok Kurau English School where he spent six years of his primary education. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Attending Raffles Institution in 1935, Lee did poorly in his first two years but later topped the Junior Cambridge examinations. [ 15 ] He also joined the Scouts and partook in several physical activities such as cricket, tennis, swimming as well as debates. [ 16 ] Lee was the top scorer in the Senior Cambridge examinations in 1940 across the Straits Settlements and Malaya, earning the John Anderson scholarship to attend Raffles College, as well as the Tan Jiak Kim scholarship. [ 16 ] [ c ] During the prize-awarding ceremony, Lee met his future wife Kwa Geok Choo ; she was the only girl at the school. [ 15 ] Lee's subsequent university studies at Raffles College were disrupted by the onset of World War II in Asia, with the school being converted into a medical facility in 1941. The war arrived in December of that year and following the British surrender in February 1942, the Japanese occupation of Singapore began. [ 17 ] World War II Lee was amongst the Chinese men rounded up by the Japanese Sook Ching operation. By his own account, he feared getting caught by the Kempeitai (military police) and reported with a friend to be screened. He attempted to leave the next morning but was ordered to join a group of already segregated men. Lee requested to collect his clothes first and managed to spend a second night in the dormitory before successfully leaving the site the next day when a different guard cleared him through. [ 18 ] He later learned that the group of men were likely taken to the beach and executed. [ 19 ] Lee obtained a Japanese language proficiency certificate in August 1942 and worked in a friend's company and then the Kumiai , which controlled essential items. [ 20 ] He got a job with the Japanese propaganda department ( Hōdōbu ) in late 1943 and worked for the Japanese occupation force as an English specialist. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Working at the top of the Cathay Building , he was assigned to listen to Allied radio stations for Morse code signals. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] By late 1944, Lee knew Japan had suffered major setbacks and planned to move to the Cameron Highlands with his family to avoid a possible British invasion. He was tipped off that he was being followed and abandoned the plan. [ 26 ] He engaged in private enterprises and black market sales for the rest of the war. [ 27 ] During this time, Lee helped develop a glue based on tapioca, which he sold under the name Stikfas, as a means to support himself during the war. [ 28 ] The Stikfas logo later appeared on the base of his wedding cake. [ 29 ] The rapid Japanese victory in the Malaya and Singapore campaign had a major impact on Lee as he recalled: "In 70 days of surprises, upsets and stupidities, British colonial society was shattered, and with it all the assumptions of the Englishman's superiority". [ 30 ] In a radio broadcast made in 1961, Lee said he "emerged [from the war] determined that no one—neither Japanese nor British—had the right to push and kick us around... (and) that we could govern ourselves." [ 31 ] It also influenced his perceptions of raw power and the effectiveness of harsh punishment in deterring crime. [ 32 ] University, marriage and politics Lee chose not to return to Raffles College after the war and pursued higher education in the United Kingdom. [ 9 ] He sailed from Singapore in 1946 on his 23rd birthday on the MV Britannic , arriving in the UK on 3 October. [ 33 ] He initially enrolled at the London School of Economics , but found himself disliking life in the British capital. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] He visited Cambridge in November and was introduced to W. S. Thatcher , Censor of Fitzwilliam House. He was admitted into the following year's Lent term and matriculated in January 1947, reading law at Fitzwilliam College . [ 36 ] Prior to his departure from Singapore, Lee had begun a relationship with Kwa, with whom he had kept in contact during the war. They married in secret at Stratford-upon-Avon in December. [ 9 ] Lee achieved a first class result in both the Prelims and Part I of the Tripos , and graduated with a Starred First for Part II Law in 1949. As the top student of his cohort, he was awarded the Fitzwilliam's Whitlock Prize; Lee was called to the bar from the Middle Temple in 1950. [ 36 ] If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. During his studies, Lee's political convictions and anti-colonial sentiments were hardened by personal experiences and an increasing belief that the British were ruling Singapore for their own benefit. He supported the Labour Party against the Conservatives whom he perceived as opposing decolonisation . [ 38 ] In the leadup to the 1950 United Kingdom general election , Lee engaged in politics for the first time and actively campaigned for a friend, David Widdicombe in Totnes constituency, driving Widdicombe around in a lorry and delivering several speeches on his behalf. [ 39 ] Before returning to Singapore, Lee dropped his English name, Harry. [ d ] Notwithstanding, even until the end of his life, old friends and relatives referred to him as Harry. [ 41 ] Early career (1951–1955) Litigation practice Lee and his wife returned to Singapore in August 1950 on board the MS Willem Ruys . [ 42 ] He joined the Laycock and Ong law firm founded by British lawyer John Laycock . [ 43 ] Laycock was a co-founder of the pro-British Progressive Party and Lee represented the party during the 1951 legislative council election as an election agent. [ 44 ] Lee was called to the Singapore bar on 7 August 1951. [ 45 ] During the postal union strike in May 1952, Lee negotiated a settlement marking his first step into the labour movement. [ 46 ] In due course, Lee represented nearly fifty trade unions and associations against the British authorities on a pro bono basis. [ 47 ] The disputes often centered around wages and Laycock eventually requested Lee to cease taking on such cases as it was hurting the firm. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] In May 1954, the left-wing University Socialist Club published an article 'Aggression in Asia' in the club's magazine The Fajar , and the student editors were charged with sedition. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Lee became junior counsel to Denis Pritt . The court quashed the charges and the two counsel gained a reputation through the trial, with Lee thereafter becoming a "major leader" of the movement against British rule. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] During the same year, Lee also appealed on behalf of the students arrested during the 13 May incident . The colonial government upheld the sentences, though the case enhanced Lee's reputation as a "left-wing lawyer" and marked his first involvement with the Chinese intelligentsia. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Forming the PAP During his studies in Britain, Lee met Goh Keng Swee and Toh Chin Chye via the Malayan Forum . [ 57 ] The forum sought to promote an independent Malaya which included Singapore and met at 44 Bryanston Square in London. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Lee and his contemporaries deliberately avoided the topic of forming a political party to avoid charges of subversion , beginning work on forming a political party only after returning to Singapore. [ 60 ] Lee had sought to build support among the English-educated, Malay, and Indian communities by taking on cases against the British authorities. In the course of his work, Lee became acquainted with the journalist Sinnathamby Rajaratnam ; Abdul Samad Ismail , a writer for the Malay newspaper Utusan Melayu ; and Devan Nair . [ 61 ] He next turned his attention to the Chinese-speaking majority and was introduced to Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan, leaders of the influential bus and factories unions. While the unions had been infiltrated by communists, Lee consciously sought their support as he wanted a popular front. [ 62 ] With elections approaching in 1955, Lee and his associates debated the name, ideology, and policies of the party they wanted to create at 38 Oxley Road . [ 63 ] The People's Action Party (PAP) was inaugurated on 21 November 1954 at the Victoria Memorial Hall . As the party still lacked members, trade union leaders rounded up an estimated audience of 800 to 1,500 supporters. [ 64 ] Lee had also invited Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock , presidents of the United Malays National Organisation and Malayan Chinese Association . In his inaugural speech, Lee denounced the British for the slow transition to self-rule, demanded their immediate withdrawal, and said that the PAP would pursue a Singapore-Malaya union. Lee became secretary-general of the party, a post he held until 1992, barring a brief period in 1957 when the post was taken up by T. T. Rajah . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] In July 1953, Governor John Nicoll initiated the Rendel Commission to provide for a transition to self-rule. The commission created the legislative assembly and opened 25 of 32 seats for direct contest in the upcoming 1955 election . The PAP and Labour Front , led by Lee and David Marshall respectively, both criticised the concessions as "inadequate". The PAP faced manpower constraints but decided to prioritise resources and contest four seats as a protest gesture. [ 67 ] In a rally speech, Lee said he chose the Tanjong Pagar division as it was a "working class area" and that he did not want to represent "wealthy merchants or landlords". [ 68 ] During the campaigning period, the British press labelled Lee as a " commissar " and accused the PAP of being a "communist-backed party". [ 69 ] Democratic Party (DP) challenger Lam Thian also capitalised on Lee's inability to converse in Chinese. Lee's proposal for a multilingual debate was never reciprocated by Thian, though he eventually made his maiden Chinese speech after several hours of coaching. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] On polling day, 2 April, the ruling Progressive Party captured only four seats, shocking both the British establishment and its opposition. Lee defeated his competitors and won Tanjong Pagar, with the PAP winning three of their four contested seats. He pledged to work with Marshall and the new Labour Front government. [ 72 ] As independent member Ahmad Ibrahim joined PAP following the election, PAP had 4 members in the Assembly and thus Lee became the new Leader of the Opposition. [ 73 ] Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Strikes and power struggle Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. On 23 April 1955, workers from the Hock Lee Amalgamated Bus Company began a strike under the direction of Fong Swee Suan, leader of the Singapore Buses Workers' Union (SBWU). [ 75 ] [ 76 ] As SBWU's legal advisor, Lee worked with Marshall's government to negotiate a resolution, which was initially agreed by the SBWU but then reneged on by the company. [ 77 ] Seeking to exert greater pressure, Lee, Fong and Lim Chin Siong addressed the strikers on 1 May ( May Day ), where Lee called the government a "half-past six democracy". [ 78 ] The strike subsequently escalated into a riot on 12 May . [ 79 ] Lee, Marshall and the company agreed on a further resolution on 14 May, which conceded to several of the strikers' demands. [ 80 ] In an emergency legislative assembly sitting on 16 May, Chief Secretary William Goode accused Lee of losing control of the PAP to Lim. [ 77 ] Lee was constrained between defending the actions of his colleagues and denouncing them, instead reiterating the PAP's committal to non-violence. [ 81 ] Marshall defended him and the PAP as "decent men" against Goode's accusations and called upon the party to "purge themselves of communists". [ 77 ] [ 80 ] The riot led the public to perceive the PAP as being led by "young, immature and troublesome politicians", resulting in a shortfall of new members. [ 82 ] It deepened the divide between two emerging factions, with Lee's faction advocating Fabian 's brand of socialism for gradual reform and Lim's faction, later described by Fong as "favour(ing) a more radical approach". [ 83 ] Lee was convinced that Lim and Fong's influence were pushing the party toward "political disaster". [ 74 ] After consulting his allies Toh Chin Chye , S. Rajaratnam and Byrne , Lee censured the two men privately and demanded they change strategies or leave the party. [ 84 ] By 1956, Lee believed that the PAP "had been captured by the communists" and privately endorsed the Labour Front government purge of suspected "leftists" in the aftermath of the 1956 Chinese middle schools riots . The arrestees included his rival Lim and several other PAP members. [ 85 ] When other leftist members captured six seats in the PAP central executive committee (CEC) elections on 4 August 1957, [ 86 ] Lee refused to allow his allies to assume their appointments and said that his faction had "lost their moral right" to enforce the party's founding philosophy. [ 87 ] Overtures were made by fellow CEC member T. T. Rajah to remain in his post, to which he declined. [ 86 ] The government arrested the leftist leaders on 22 August [ 88 ] [ 89 ] and Lee was restored as secretary-general on 20 October. He later blamed the attempted takeover on lax admission rules to the party [ 90 ] [ 91 ] and permanently distrusted the leftists thereafter. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] On 23 November 1958, the party constitution was amended to implement a cadre system. [ 91 ] The right to vote in party elections and run for office were revoked from ordinary party members, whom now had to seek approval from the CEC to be a cadre and regain these privileges. [ 92 ] Lee credited the Vatican system where the pope pre-selects its cardinals for the idea. [ 93 ] Merdeka talks The Labour Front government's conciliatory approach to the Hock Lee strikers led to a drastic increase in strikes. [ 80 ] Frustrated by his limited powers, Marshall demanded further constitutional reforms towards the aim of "true self-government". Lee supported Marshall in his efforts, though he initially threatened an opposition boycott over wording disputes in the agreement. [ 94 ] Between 1956 and 1958, there were three rounds of constitutional talks. [ 95 ] Lee was part of Marshall's 13-member delegation to London in April 1956. Marshall's demands for independence were repeatedly rejected by Colonial Secretary Alan Lennox-Boyd and Lee departed early over Marshall's refusal to compromise. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] He criticised Marshall for his "political ineptitude" in the British press and received widespread media and radio coverage. [ 98 ] He returned to London in March 1957 as part of a five-member delegation led by the new chief minister Lim Yew Hock . [ 99 ] Britain conceded to Singapore's self-governance but also demanded that a tripartite Internal Security Council be established, which proved controversial back home. [ 99 ] Marshall challenged Lee to seek a fresh mandate from his Tanjong Pagar constituents, which Lee accepted. [ 100 ] In the June 1957 by-elections , Lee was reelected with 68.1% of the vote. [ 101 ] Lee returned to London for the third and final talks in May 1958, [ 102 ] where it was agreed that Singapore would assume self-governance with a Yang di-Pertuan Negara as head of state, with Britain retaining control of defence and foreign policy. [ 103 ] The British House of Lords passed the State of Singapore Act on 24 July 1958, which received royal assent on 1 August, and became law following the subsequent general election. [ 104 ] 1957 and 1959 elections As the 1957 City Council election in December approached, a Hokkien-speaking candidate, Ong Eng Guan , became the PAP's new face to the Chinese electorate. [ 89 ] The 32-seat city council's functions were restricted to up-keeping public amenities within city limits, but party leaders decided to contest the election as a "dry run" for the upcoming general election. [ 105 ] Lee limited the PAP to contesting 14 seats to avoid provoking the government and formed an electoral pact with the Labour Front and United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) to jointly tackle the new Liberal Socialist Party . [ e ] [ 107 ] The PAP campaigned on a slogan to "sweep the city clean" [ 106 ] and emerged with 13 seats, allowing it to form a minority administration with UMNO's support. Lee and the rest of the CEC unanimously endorsed Ong to become mayor . [ 105 ] External image Portrait of Lee being sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore National Heritage Board Early in 1959, Communications and Works Minister Francis Thomas received evidence of corruption on Education Minister Chew Swee Kee . Thomas brought the evidence to Lee after the chief minister dismissed the matter. [ 108 ] Lee tabled a motion in the assembly on 17 February, which forced Chew's resignation. [ 108 ] As the expiry of the assembly's term approached, the PAP was initially split on whether to capture power but Lee chose to proceed. [ 109 ] While picking the candidates, Lee deliberately chose people from different racial and education backgrounds to repair the party's image of being run by intellectuals. [ 110 ] In the 1959 general election held on 30 May 1959, the PAP won a landslide victory with 43 of the 51 seats, though with only 53.4% of the popular vote which Lee noted. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] The PAP's victory reportedly created a dilemma within the 12-member CEC as there was no formal process in place to choose a prime minister-elect. [ 112 ] A vote was purportedly held between Lee and Ong Eng Guan and after both men received six votes, party chairman Toh Chin Chye cast the tie-breaking vote for Lee. [ 113 ] When interviewed nearly five decades later, Toh and one other party member recalled the vote, but Lee and several others denied the account. [ 113 ] Lee was summoned by Governor William Goode to form a new government on 1 June, to which he requested the release of arrested PAP members. [ 114 ] On 3 June, Singapore became a self-governing state, ending 140 years of direct British rule. [ 114 ] Lee was sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore on 5 June at City Hall , along with the rest of his Cabinet . [ 114 ] Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) First years in power Lee's first speech as prime minister to a 50,000-strong audience at the Padang sought to dampen his supporters' euphoria of the PAP's electoral win. [ 111 ] In the first month of Lee taking power, Singapore experienced an economic slump as foreign capital fell and Western businesses and expatriates left for Kuala Lumpur in Malaya, fearing the new government's anti-colonial zeal. [ 111 ] As part of an 'anti-yellow culture' drive, Lee banned jukeboxes and pinball machines, while the police under Home Affairs Minister Ong Pang Boon raided pubs and pornography publications. [ f ] [ 115 ] The government cracked down on secret societies , prostitution and other illegal activities, with TIME magazine later reporting that a full week passed without "kidnapping, extortion or gangland rumble(s)" for the first time. [ 115 ] Lee also spearheaded several 'mobilisation campaigns' to clean the city, introduced air-conditioning to government offices, and slashed the salaries of civil servants. The last act provoked anger from the sector, which Lee justified as necessary to balance the budget. [ 116 ] In February 1960, the Housing and Development Board (HDB) superseded the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) and assumed responsibility of public housing . With strong government support, the HDB under chairman Lim Kim San completed more flats in three years than its predecessor did in thirty-two. [ 117 ] Government expenditure for public utilities, healthcare and education also increased significantly. [ 117 ] By the end of the year, however, unemployment began to rise drastically as the economy slowed. Lee reversed anti-colonial policies and launched a five-year plan to build new industries, seeking to attract foreign investors and rival Hong Kong . [ 118 ] [ 119 ] Jurong , a swampland to the island's western coast was chosen to be the site of a new industrial estate and would house steel mills, shipyards, and oil refineries, though Finance Minister Goh Keng Swee was initially worried the venture would fail. [ 120 ] The government promoted multiculturalism by recognising Chinese, English, Malay, and Tamil as the official languages of the new state and sought to create a new national Malayan identity. The Ministry of Culture under S. Rajaratnam held free outdoor concerts with every ethnic race represented in the performances. [ 121 ] Lee also introduced the People's Association , a government-linked organisation to run community centers and youth clubs, with its leaders trained to spread the PAP's ideology. [ 121 ] Youth unemployment was alleviated by the establishment of work brigades. [ 121 ] PAP split of 1961 Lee took measures to secure his position in the aftermath of the 1957 party elections. In 1959, he delayed the release of leftist PAP members arrested under the former Labour Front government and appointed five of its leaders, [ g ] including Lim Chin Siong, as parliamentary secretaries lacking political power. [ 114 ] [ 123 ] Lee clashed further with Lim when the government sought to create a centralised labour union in the first half of 1960. [ 124 ] Trouble also arose from former mayor and Minister of National Development Ong Eng Guan , who Lee had appointed in recognition of Ong's contribution to the PAP's electoral win. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Ong's relocation of his ministry to his Hong Lim stronghold and continued castigation of the British and civil servants was regarded by his colleagues as disruptive and Lee removed several portfolios from Ong's purview in February 1960. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] In the party conference on 18 June 1960, Ong filed "16 resolutions" against the leadership, accusing Lee of failing to seek party consensus when deciding policy, not adhering to anti-colonialism and suspending left-wing unions. [ 127 ] Lee regarded it as a move to split the party and together with his allies expelled Ong from the party. [ 128 ] Ong resigned his seat in December, precipitating the Hong Lim by-election on in April 1961 which he won against a PAP candidate. [ 126 ] [ 129 ] The death of the PAP assemblyman for Anson that April triggered a second by-election. For the first time, Lim's faction openly revolted against Lee and endorsed Workers' Party chairman David Marshall who won the seat. [ 126 ] [ 130 ] Lee assumed responsibility for the two by-election defeats and submitted his resignation to party chairman Toh Chin Chye on 17 July. Toh rejected it and upheld Lee's mandate. [ 131 ] Lee moved a motion of confidence in his own government in the early hours of 21 July after a thirteen-hour debate which had begun the preceding day, narrowly surviving it with 27 "Ayes", 8 "Noes" and 16 abstentions. [ 132 ] The PAP now commanded a single seat majority in the 51-seat assembly after 13 of its members had abstained. [ 133 ] Lee expelled the 13 who had broken ranks in addition to Lim, Fong and Woodhull. [ 133 ] Leadup to referendum and merger Lee and his colleagues believed that Singapore could only survive through merger with Malaya and was unwilling to call for complete independence. [ 134 ] Merger would allow goods to be exported to the peninsula under a common market , while devolving unpopular internal security measures to Kuala Lumpur . [ 134 ] [ 135 ] Malaya's ruling Alliance Party coalition dominated by the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) had repeatedly opposed the scheme and was apprehensive that Singapore's Chinese majority would reduce 'Malay political supremacy'. [ 136 ] Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman backtracked after the PAP's Hong Lim by-election defeat, fearing a "pro-communist government" in Singapore should Lee fall from power. [ 135 ] On 27 May 1961, Tunku announced that Malaya, Singapore, and the British colonies of North Borneo and Sarawak should pursue "political and economic cooperation". [ 135 ] Lee endorsed the program six days later and commenced negotiations on the formation of Malaysia. [ 135 ] In August 1961, Lee and Tunku agreed that Singapore's defence, foreign affairs and internal security would be transferred to the federal government, while education and labour policy remained with the state government. [ 135 ] [ 137 ] Lim Chin Siong and his supporters saw Lee's ceding control of internal security—then controlled by the Internal Security Council with British, Malayan, Singaporean representatives—to the federal government as a threat as Tunku was convinced they were communists. [ 135 ] In a meeting with British Commissioner General Lord Selkirk , Selkirk reaffirmed that the British would not suspend Singapore's constitution should Lee be voted out. [ 135 ] Lee saw the meeting as a British endorsement of Lim and accused it as a plot against his government. [ 138 ] On 13 August, Lim founded the Barisan Sosialis and became its secretary-general, with 35 of 51 branches of the PAP defecting. [ 133 ] [ 139 ] Lee anticipated a Barisan win in the next election and saw 'independence through merger' as the only means for the PAP to retain power. [ 136 ] Beginning on 13 September 1961, Lee gave twelve multilingual radio speeches outlining the benefits of merger in what he called the 'Battle for Merger'. The speeches proved to be a massive success for Lee's campaign, while Barisan's demands for equal airtime were rejected. [ 140 ] Lee employed full use of state resources to suppress his opponents by revoking the Barisan's printing permits, banning or relocating its rallies, and purging its supporters from the government, while the judiciary and police engaged to "obstruct, provoke and isolate" the party. [ 141 ] The Barisan lambasted Lee for securing only 15 seats in the Malaysian parliament for Singapore in contrast to North Borneo (16) and Sarawak (24), despite both having a combined population well below Singapore's 1.7 million. [ 142 ] Singapore citizens would also be categorised as "nationals" and not be granted Malaysian citizenship. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] On 6 December, the legislative assembly voted 33–0 in favour of the agreements struck by Lee and Tunku, which the Barisan boycotted. [ 144 ] A referendum for merger was scheduled for 1 September 1962. Lee ensured that the ballot lacked a "no" option, with all three options having varying terms for admission into Malaysia. [ 142 ] The ballot was crafted by Lee and Goh Keng Swee to capitalise on a mistake which the Barisan had made the previous year. The Barisan had inadvertently endorsed merger under terms "like Penang " (a state of Malaya) with full citizenship rights, not realising that Malayan law entitled only a native-born to qualify for automatic citizenship, which would disenfranchise nearly one third of those eligible to vote; [ 145 ] it issued a clarification but never recovered from the mistake. [ 146 ] Lee placed the flag of Singapore alongside option A with the terms of Singapore retaining control of education and labour policy, while portraying the Barisan's choice as option B favouring entry into the federation with no special rights, next to the flag of Penang . [ 147 ] When Lim called for his supporters to submit blank votes , Lee countered that blank votes would count as a vote for the majority choice. 71% eventually voted for option A, while 26% cast blank votes. [ 148 ] In November, Lee embarked on a ten-month visit to all fifty-one constituencies, prioritising those with the highest count of blank votes. [ 149 ] Operation Coldstore detentions The Malayan government considered the arrests of Singapore's left-wing groups as non-negotiable for the formation of Malaysia. [ 150 ] [ 151 ] Tunku felt that Lee lacked the initiative to suppress "pro-communist elements" and warned that a Malay-led dictatorship would be instated to prevent a "socialist majority" in the next Malayan election. [ 144 ] As the Malayans increased pressure on the Internal Security Council (ISC) to take action, Lee began supporting the idea of a purge in March 1962. [ 152 ] The Malayan and Singapore special branches collaborated on an arrest list of major opposition members, though doubts arose if Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan could be classified as 'communists'. [ 152 ] Up until the end of November 1962, the British declined to support the operation without a pretext, noting that Lim and the Barisan Sosialis had not broken any laws. [ 153 ] The Brunei revolt on 8 December led by A. M. Azahari provided a "heaven-sent opportunity" to take action, as Lim had met Azahari on 3 December. [ 154 ] The Malayan government convened the ISC to discuss the operation, while Singapore's Special Branch produced alleged evidence of the communist control of Barisan. [ 154 ] On 13 December, Lord Selkirk gave his authorisation for the arrests to proceed on 16 December. However, Lee's attempt to add two Malayan parliamentarians opposed to the formation of Malaysia into the arrest list caused the Malayan representative to rescind his consent, stopping the operation. [ 154 ] Tunku suspected that Lee was trying to eliminate his entire opposition, while Lee felt that Tunku was evading his shared responsibility for the arrests. [ 149 ] An ISC meeting was scheduled to be held on 1 February 1963 to remount the operation. [ 155 ] During the interim period, Lee had added three names from the United People's Party, one of them being former PAP minister Ong Eng Guan. [ 155 ] Selkirk expressed concerns that Ong's arrest lacked any justification and Lee conceded that it was meant as a "warning" to Ong. [ 155 ] Tunku told Geofroy Tory , the British High Commissioner in Kuala Lumpur on 30 January, that 'if this operation failed, merger with Singapore was off'. [ 155 ] Selkirk was pressured to put his reservations aside and finally consented. [ 155 ] On 2 February, Operation Coldstore commenced across Singapore, with 113 detained including Lim and 23 others from Barisan Sosialis. [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Lee offered Lim a path into exile which Lim rejected. [ 158 ] The Malayans and British later pressured Lee to retract his comment when he said he "disapproved" of the operation. [ 156 ] In his memoirs, Lee portrayed himself as reluctant in supporting the operation, though declassified British documents revealed that Lee was "somewhat more enthusiastic" than he eventually admitted. [ 159 ] Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Elections and tensions On 31 August 1963, Lee declared Singapore's independence in a ceremony at the Padang and pledged loyalty to the federal government. [ 160 ] With the conclusion of the trials of Barisan Sosialis' leaders, Lee dissolved the legislative assembly on 3 September and called for a snap election . [ 161 ] [ 162 ] He touted "independence through merger" as a success and utilised television and the mass media effectively. [ 163 ] In conjunction with Sabah (formerly North Borneo) and Sarawak , Lee proclaimed Singapore as part of Malaysia in a second ceremony on 16 September accompanied by a military parade. [ 164 ] [ h ] Lim Chin Siong's arrest had, however, generated widespread sympathy for the Barisan and a close result was predicted. Australian and British officials expected a Barisan win. [ 165 ] When the PAP defeated the Barisan in a landslide victory on 21 September, it was seen as a public endorsement of merger and Lee's socio-economic policies. [ 163 ] [ 166 ] Relations between the PAP and Malaysia's ruling Alliance Party quickly deteriorated as Lee began espousing his policies to the rest of the country. The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) was also shocked by the loss of three Malay-majority seats to the PAP in the recent 1963 Singapore election. [ 167 ] Ultra-nationalists within UMNO alleged that Lee sought to overthrow the Malay monarchies and infringe on rural life . [ 167 ] Lee's attempts to reconcile the PAP with UMNO were rebuffed as the latter remained committed to the Malaysian Chinese Association . [ 167 ] Further hostility ensued when the PAP decided to contest in the 1964 Malaysian general election in contravention of a gentlemen's agreement that it disavow itself from peninsula politics, but PAP already regarded the agreement to be rendered moot as the Alliance contested the 1963 Singapore state election and broke the agreement first. [ 168 ] Lee's speeches in Malaysia attracted large crowds and he expected the PAP to win at least seven parliamentary seats. [ 169 ] The party ultimately won only one seat in Bangsar , Selangor under Devan Nair. [ 168 ] Lee and other party insiders later conceded that UMNO's portrayal of the PAP as a "Chinese party" and its lack of grassroots in the peninsula had undermined its support from the Malay majority. [ 168 ] [ 170 ] Ethnic tensions had risen prior to the April election when UMNO secretary-general Syed Jaafar Albar utilised the Utusan Melayu to accuse Lee of evicting Malays from their homes in March 1964. [ 171 ] Lee explained personally to the affected neighbourhoods that the scheme was part of an urban renewal plan and that eviction notices had been sent to everyone irrespective of race. [ 172 ] Albar responded by warning Lee to not "treat the sons of the soil as step-children" and led calls for the deaths of Lee and Social Affairs Minister Othman bin Wok on 12 July. [ 172 ] On 21 July, the 1964 race riots in Singapore erupted during a celebration of Prophet Muhammad's birthday , lasting four days, killing 22 and injuring 461. [ 173 ] Further riots occurred in late-August and early-September resulting in communities self-segregating from each other, which Lee characterised as "terribly disheartening" and against "everything we had believed in and worked for". [ 171 ] Lee never forgot the Malay PAP leaders who stood against UMNO during the turmoil and as late as 1998, paid tribute to them for Singapore's survival. [ 174 ] Malaysian Malaysia and separation Lee's perceptions that merger was becoming infeasible was also due to the federal government's obstruction of his industrialisation program and its imposition of new taxes on Singapore in the November 1964 federal budget. [ 172 ] Tunku mentioned to deputy prime minister Goh Keng Swee in December 1964 about his desire to have Singapore “hived off” from Malaysia. [ 175 ] Lee authorized Goh to renegotiate with Deputy Prime Minister Abdul Razak Hussein on Singapore's place in the federation in early 1965. [ 172 ] Seeking to provide an alternative to the Alliance Party government, Lee and his colleagues formed the Malaysian Solidarity Convention (MSC) with the Malayan and Sarawakian opposition on 9 May, with its goals for a Malaysian Malaysia and race-blind society. [ 172 ] [ 176 ] The MSC was seen by UMNO as a threat to the Malay monopoly of power and special rights granted to Malays under Article 153 . [ 177 ] [ 178 ] UMNO supreme council member and future prime minister Mahathir Mohamad called the PAP "pro-Chinese, communist-oriented and positively anti-Malay", while others called for Lee's arrest under the Internal Security Act for trying to split the federation. [ 177 ] [ 179 ] Mathathir in his speech stated the huaren (ethnic Chinese) of Singapore were of "the insular, selfish and arrogant type of which Mr. Lee is a good example...They are in fact Chinese first, seeing China as the center of the world and Malaysia as a very poor second". [ 180 ] Such fears were sincerely felt by the UMNO leaders as one UMNO politician who was friendly with Lee privately told him: "You Chinese are too energetic and clever for us...we cannot stand the pressure". [ 181 ] Many UMNO politicians felt threatened by Lee, a politician who sought to appeal to both ethnic Chinese and Malay voters. [ 180 ] Albar warned in a speech that the Malay voters of Singapore must have been "misled" into voting for the PAP, and the UNMO would not allow this to happen in the next election. [ 180 ] Lee later wrote of Tunku that was "a nice man", but "he was a prince who understood power and knew how to use it. He did not carry a big stick, but he had many hatchet-bearers who would do the job for him while he looked the other way and appeared as benign as ever". [ 180 ] Tunku was a Malay aristocrat who spent his undergraduate years at Cambridge by his own admission on "fast women" rather than studying and whom Lee contemptuously noted had been awarded a degree at Cambridge that he did not deserve solely because he was an aristocrat. [ 182 ] Tunku in turn felt threatened by Lee, a man who had worked his way up via his intelligence and self-discipline, which made him very different from the people in his world. [ 182 ] On 26 May 1965, Lee addressed the Malaysian parliament for the final time, delivering his speech entirely in the Malay language. He challenged the Alliance Party to commit itself to a Malaysian Malaysia and denounce its extremists, and also argued that the PAP could better uplift the livelihood of the Malays. [ 177 ] Then-social affairs minister Othman Wok later recounted: "I noticed that while he was speaking, the Alliance leaders sitting in front of us, they sank lower and lower because they were embarrassed this man (Lee) could speak Malay better than them". [ 183 ] Then-national development minister Lim Kim San also noted: "That was the turning point. They perceived [Lee] as a dangerous man who could one day be the prime minister of Malaya. This was the speech that changed history." [ 183 ] Prime Minister Tunku labelled the speech as the final straw which contributed to his decision in July 1965, while being treated for shingles in London, [ 184 ] [ 185 ] that Singapore's secession was necessary. [ 186 ] The more extreme UMNO politicians such as Albar were pressing to have Lee arrested and martial law proclaimed, but Tunku chose to accept Singapore's secession instead. [ 182 ] The British government received allegations of a plot to arrest Lee, and thus the British prime minister Harold Wilson quietly pressured Tunku against taking any such action, warning of potential repercussions on the Malaysian government. [ 182 ] As Britain was defending Malaysia from Indonesian attempts to annex the country, Britain was in a strong position to apply pressure on Malaysia. Lee in his memoirs stated that Singapore owed Wilson a major debt for his role in pressuring Tunku for a peaceful resolution of the crisis, calling Wilson a "good friend". [ 187 ] On 13 July 1965, Deputy Prime Minister Goh Keng Swee met with Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak Hussein and Home Affairs Minister Ismail Abdul Rahman , in Razak's office while Tunku was still overseas, being treated for shingles. Goh proposed separation of Singapore from Malaysia, before reporting back to Lee about the proposal. [ 188 ] Lee agreed, and during another meeting between Goh, Razak and Ismail on 20 July 1965, Goh told the Malaysians that Lee had given the greenlight for separation arrangements to be done quickly. [ 185 ] [ 188 ] Lee then summoned Law Minister E. W. Barker to draft documents effecting Singapore's separation from the federation and its proclamation of independence. To ensure that a 1962 agreement to draw water from Johor was retained, Lee insisted that it be enshrined in the separation agreement and Malaysian constitution. [ 189 ] The negotiations of post-separation relations were held in utmost secrecy and Lee tried to prevent secession to the last minute, trying to convince Tunku upon his return from London to continue negotiating a looser confederation. However, Tunku's mind was already made up. [ 188 ] Lee was persuaded to finally relent by Goh on 7 August. [ 177 ] [ 190 ] That day, Lee and several cabinet ministers signed the separation agreement at Razak's home, which stipulated continued co-operation in trade and mutual defence. [ 191 ] Cabinet ministers Toh Chin Chye and S. Rajaratnam , were asked to meet Lee in Kuala Lumpur. Upon being informed of the impending separation, they refused to sign the agreement at first and were distraught at the idea, before the fear of further violence and bloodshed finally convinced them to sign. [ 192 ] Lee returned to Singapore the following day and convened the rest of his cabinet to sign the document, whereupon it was flown back to Kuala Lumpur. [ 190 ] [ 193 ] On 9 August 1965 at 10am, Tunku convened the Malaysian parliament and moved the Constitution and Malaysia (Singapore Amendment) Bill 1965 , which passed unanimously by a vote of 126–0 with no PAP representatives present. [ 194 ] Singapore's independence was announced locally via radio at the same time and Lee broke the news to senior diplomats and civil servants. [ 193 ] [ 195 ] In a televised press conference that day, Lee fought back tears and briefly stopped to regain his composure as he formally announced the news to an anxious population: [ 196 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Despite the momentous event, Lee did not call for the parliament to convene to reconcile the issues that Singapore would face immediately as a new nation. Without giving further instructions on who should act in his absence, he went into isolation for six weeks, unreachable by phone, at Changi Cottage . According to then-deputy prime minister Toh Chin Chye , the parliament hung in "suspended animation" until the sitting in December that year. [ 198 ] In his memoirs, Lee said that he was unable to sleep and was prescribed tranquilizers from doctors. Upon learning of Lee's condition from the British High Commissioner to Singapore, John Robb, the British prime minister, Harold Wilson , expressed concern, in response to which Lee replied: Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Lee began to seek international recognition of Singapore's independence. Singapore joined the United Nations on 21 September 1965, and founded the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) on 8 August 1967 with four other South-East Asian countries. Lee made his first official visit to Indonesia on 25 May 1973, just a few years after the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation under Sukarno 's regime. Relations between Singapore and Indonesia substantially improved as subsequent visits were made between the two countries. Singapore has never had a dominant culture to which immigrants could assimilate, even though Malay was the dominant language at that time. [ 201 ] Together with efforts from the government and ruling party, Lee tried to create a unique Singaporean identity in the 1970s and 1980s—one which heavily recognised racial consciousness within the umbrella of multiculturalism . Lee and his government stressed the importance of maintaining religious tolerance and racial harmony, and they were ready to use the law to counter any threat that might incite ethnic and religious violence. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] For example, Lee warned against "insensitive evangelisation", by which he referred to instances of Christian proselytising directed at Malays. In 1974 the government advised the Bible Society of Singapore to stop publishing religious material in Malay. [ 204 ] Defence The vulnerability of Singapore was deeply felt, with threats from multiple sources, including the communists and Indonesia with its confrontational stance. Adding to this vulnerability was the impending withdrawal of British forces from East of Suez . As Singapore gained admission to the United Nations, Lee quickly sought international recognition of Singapore's independence. He appointed Goh Keng Swee as Minister for the Interior and Defence to build up the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) and requested help from other countries, particularly Israel and Taiwan, for advice, training and facilities. [ 205 ] In 1967, Lee introduced conscription for all able-bodied male Singaporean citizens 18 years of age to serve National Service (NS) either in the SAF, Singapore Police Force or the Singapore Civil Defence Force . By 1971, Singapore had 17 national service battalions (16,000 men) with 14 battalions (11,000 men) in the reserves. [ 206 ] In 1975, Lee and Republic of China premier Chiang Ching-kuo signed an agreement permitting Singaporean troops to train in Taiwan, under the codename " Project Starlight ". [ 207 ] Economy One of Lee's most urgent tasks upon Singapore's independence was to address high unemployment. Together with his economic aide, Economic Development Board chairman Hon Sui Sen , and in consultation with Dutch economist Albert Winsemius , Lee set up factories and initially focused on the manufacturing industry. Before the British completely withdrew from Singapore in 1971, Lee also persuaded the British not to destroy their dock and had the British naval dockyard later converted for civilian use. Eventually, Lee and his cabinet decided the best way to boost Singapore's economy was to attract foreign investments from multinational corporations (MNCs). By establishing First World infrastructure and standards in Singapore, the new nation could attract American, Japanese and European business. By the 1970s multinational corporations like Texas Instruments , Hewlett-Packard , and General Electric began turning Singapore into a major electronics exporter. [ 208 ] Workers were frequently trained to familiarise themselves with the work systems and cultures of foreign companies. The government also started several new industries, such as steel mills under 'National Iron and Steel Mills', service industries like Neptune Orient Lines , and the Singapore Airlines . [ 209 ] Lee and his cabinet also worked to establish Singapore as an international financial centre. Foreign bankers were assured of the reliability of Singapore's social conditions, with top-class infrastructure and skilled professionals, and investors were made to understand that the Singapore government would pursue sound macroeconomic policies, with budget surpluses , leading to a stable valued Singapore dollar. [ 210 ] Throughout the tenure of his office, Lee placed great importance on developing the economy, and his attention to detail on this aspect went even to the extent of connecting it with other facets of Singapore, including the country's extensive and meticulous tending of its international image of being a "Garden City". [ 211 ] The 1967 "Garden City" planning initiative included prominent roadside greenery along the East Coast Parkway (ECP) highway connecting Singapore Changi Airport with Singapore Central Area . [ 212 ] Anti-corruption measures Lee introduced legislation giving the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) greater power to conduct arrests, search, call up witnesses, and investigate bank accounts and income-tax returns of suspected persons and their families. [ 213 ] Lee believed that ministers should be well paid in order to maintain a clean and honest government. On 21 November 1986, Lee received a complaint of corruption against then Minister for National Development Teh Cheang Wan . [ 214 ] Lee authorised the CPIB to carry out investigations on Teh, but Teh committed suicide before any charges could be pressed against him. [ 215 ] In 1994, he proposed to link the salaries of ministers, judges, and top civil servants to the salaries of top professionals in the private sector, arguing that this would help recruit and retain talent to serve in the public sector. [ 216 ] Population policies In the late 1960s, fearing that Singapore's growing population might overburden the developing economy, Lee started a " Stop at Two " family planning campaign. Couples were urged to undergo sterilisation after their second child. Third or fourth children were given lower priorities in education and such families received fewer economic rebates . [ 216 ] In 1983, Lee sparked the "Great Marriage Debate" when he encouraged Singapore men to choose highly educated women as wives. [ 217 ] He was concerned that a large number of graduate women were unmarried. [ 218 ] Some sections of the population, including graduate women, were upset by his views. [ 218 ] Nevertheless, a match-making agency, the Social Development Unit (SDU), [ 219 ] was set up to promote socialising among men and women graduates. [ 216 ] In the Graduate Mothers Scheme, Lee also introduced incentives such as tax rebates , schooling, and housing priorities for graduate mothers who had three or four children, in a reversal of the over-successful "Stop at Two" family planning campaign in the 1960s and 1970s. Lee suggested that perhaps the campaign for women's rights had been too successful: Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. — Lee Kuan Yew, "Talent for the future", 14 August 1983 [ 220 ] The uproar over the proposal led to a swing of 12.9 per cent against the PAP government in the 1984 general election . In 1985, some especially controversial portions of the policy, that gave education and housing priorities to educated women, were abandoned or modified. [ 216 ] [ 221 ] By the late 1990s the birth rate had fallen so low that Lee's successor Goh Chok Tong extended these incentives to all married women, and gave even more incentives, such as the "baby bonus" scheme. [ 216 ] Water resources Singapore has traditionally relied on water from Malaysia. However, this reliance has made Singapore subject to the possibility of price increases and allowed Malaysian officials to use the water reliance as political leverage by threatening to cut off supply . To reduce this problem, Lee decided to experiment with water recycling in 1974. [ 222 ] As a result of such efforts, Singapore has achieved self-sufficiency with its water supply since the mid-2010s. [ 223 ] Under Lee tree planting was pursued, in 1963 he began a tree-planting campaign which aimed to plant 10,000 saplings a year and in 1971 a 'Tree-Planting Day' was established. One of the goals of this was to increase rainfall. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] He also made efforts to clean Singapore's waters for collection and use. [ 226 ] Environment Lee envisioned Singapore as a garden city , [ 227 ] declaring that "no other hallmark of success will be more distinctive than that of achieving our position as the cleanest and greenest city in Southeast Asia ". [ 228 ] He later said that " greening is the most cost-effective project I have launched". [ 229 ] Lee set up an 'Anti-Pollution Unit' stating that its importance resided in giving citizens "respite from city centres" and in the small size of Singapore which made it necessary to "preserve a clean and gracious environment for rich and poor alike". [ 230 ] In 1995 Lee declared "I have always believed that a blighted urban landscape, a concrete jungle, destroys the human spirit. We need the greenery of nature to lift our spirits". [ 231 ] Lee saw this as a means of attracting tourists and businesspeople to the city. [ 232 ] He wrote that "without a word being said, they would know that Singaporeans were competent, disciplined, and reliable, a people who would learn the skills they required soon enough". [ 233 ] After independence Lee sought for "some dramatic way to distinguish ourselves from other Third World countries. I settled for a clean and green Singapore" [ 234 ] because "if we had First World standards then business people and tourists would make us a base for their business and tours of the region". [ 235 ] Lee considered air conditioning the most important invention of the 20th century for Singapore. [ 236 ] Air quality relates to work quality and as such Lee made sure air conditioning was installed in the offices of the Singaporean civil service in the 1960s. [ 237 ] Foreign policy Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad Lee looked forward to improving relationships with Mahathir Mohamad upon the latter's promotion to Deputy Prime Minister. Knowing that Mahathir was in line to become the next Prime Minister of Malaysia , Lee invited Mahathir to visit Singapore in 1978. The first and subsequent visits improved both personal and diplomatic relationships between them. Then UMNO 's Secretary-General Mahathir asked Lee to cut off all links with the Democratic Action Party (DAP); in exchange, Mahathir undertook not to interfere in the affairs of Malay Singaporeans . [ 238 ] In June 1988, Lee and Mahathir reached an agreement in Kuala Lumpur to build the Linggui dam on the Johor River . [ 239 ] Lee said he had made more progress solving bilateral issues with Dr Mahathir from 1981 to 1990 than in the previous 12 years with the latter's two predecessors. [ 179 ] Mahathir ordered the lifting of the ban on the export of construction materials to Singapore in 1981, agreed to sort out Malaysia's claim to Pedra Branca island and affirmed it would honour the 1962 Water Agreement. [ 179 ] One day before Lee left office in November 1990, Malaysia and Singapore signed the Malaysia–Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990 (POA). Malayan Railways (KTM) would vacate the Tanjong Pagar railway station and move to Bukit Timah while all KTM's land between Bukit Timah and Tanjong Pagar would revert to Singapore. Railway land at Tanjong Pagar would be handed over to a private limited company for joint development, the equity of which would be divided 60% to Malaysia and 40% to Singapore. However, Prime Minister Mahathir expressed his displeasure with the POA, for it failed to include a piece of railway land in Bukit Timah for joint development in 1993. Following Lee's death, Mahathir posted a blog post that suggested his respect for Lee despite their differences, stating that while "I am afraid on most other issues we could not agree [...] [h]is passage marks the end of the period when those who fought for independence lead their countries and knew the value of independence. ASEAN lost a strong leadership after President Suharto and Lee Kuan Yew". [ 240 ] Indonesia In March 1967, the president of Indonesia , Sukarno , who had initiated the Konfrontasi , resigned from the presidency under pressure by military general Suharto amidst the 30 September Movement . A clemency plea by President Suharto for Osman bin Mohamed Ali and Harun bin Said, the perpetrators of the MacDonald House bombing in March 1965 during Konfrontasi , was rejected. The Singapore Embassy in Jakarta was occupied on the day of the saboteurs' hanging by 300 students. [ 241 ] [ 242 ] However, Bilateral relations between Singapore and Indonesia would improve after 1973, when Lee visited the graves of Harun and Osman in Indonesia ( nyekar ) and scattered flowers on them. [ 243 ] This was followed by Suharto's visit to Singapore in 1974. [ 244 ] From the 1980s, exchanges would sharply increase between the two countries in politics, tourism, defence, business, and student and community-based exchanges. [ 243 ] Lee and Suharto developed a strong relationship, with the growing trust between both leaders developing into friendship. Lee and Suharto regarded each other as trustworthy and reliable. Lee kept up his relationship with Suharto until his death in 2008, even advising him and his children during the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis which led to Suharto's fall from power. [ 245 ] In 1978, Suharto rallied ASEAN to oppose Australia's newly proclaimed integrated civil aviation policy, which cut Kangaroo Route air access to Singapore while providing inducements to Indonesia and other countries in the region. Suharto believed that ASEAN should not give in to such tactics and inducements, and Australia relented. [ 245 ] Singapore remains a crucial stopover for Kangaroo Route flights between the United Kingdom and Australia. [ 245 ] Singapore and Indonesia entered joint projects such as the Batam Industrial Park, Bintan Resorts , the Riau Water Agreement and the Air Combat Manoeuvring Range in Pekan Baru proceeded smoothly. Swift implementation of factory and hotel development proposals by foreign investors demonstrated Singapore's honesty and reliability to Suharto. [ 245 ] United States In his book The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew , Lee detailed an incident where in 1960, the CIA allegedly attempted to bribe certain members of his party, the PAP, in an attempt to create division and weaken his leadership, however the official had reported the bribery attempt instead of accepting the money. [ 246 ] [ 247 ] According to Lee, this was part of a broader strategy by the United States to influence the political landscape in Southeast Asia during the Cold War. [ 248 ] He mentioned that he confronted the CIA's representative in Singapore and demanded an explanation and compensation for this interference. After having two CIA agents arrested, Lee requested 3.5 million dollars in economic aid in exchange for the covert release of the two agents. The Americans rejected this offer and presented a counter-offer of 3.3 million dollars to be given directly to Lee and the People's Action Party, but the men were later released without any financial exchange. However instead of taking a passive approach, Lee negotiated with the CIA and eventually the US government agreed to pay a sum of 3.3 million dollars in formal economic aid to Singapore, which Lee claimed was to ensure that the U.S. would not interfere in Singapore's internal affairs. Lee revealed this incident in 1965, which led to the Americans to deny it ever occurred; however, Lee later made public a letter of apology from the US Secretary of State Dean Rusk over the incident. [ 249 ] [ 250 ] [ 251 ] Lee fully supported the US involvement in the Vietnam War . Even as the war began to lose its popularity in the United States, Lee made his first official visit to the United States in October 1967, and declared to President Lyndon B. Johnson that his support for the war in Vietnam was "unequivocal". Lee saw the war as necessary for states in Southeast Asia like Singapore to buy time for stabilising their governments and economies. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] Lee cultivated close relationships with presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan , [ 254 ] as well as former secretaries of state Henry Kissinger [ 255 ] and George Shultz . [ 256 ] In 1967 Nixon, who was running for president in 1968, visited Singapore and met with Lee, who advised that the United States had much to gain by engaging with China, culminating in Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China . [ 257 ] [ 258 ] In the 1980s, closer defence relations between Singapore and the United States enabled Singapore to acquire advanced American weapon platforms and capabilities. The United States provided Singapore with aircraft such as the F-16 and the E-2C airborne early warning (AEW) to strengthen its air defences. [ 259 ] In October 1985, Lee made a state visit to the United States on the invitation of President Reagan and addressed a joint session of the United States Congress . Lee stressed to Congress the importance of free trade and urged it not to turn towards protectionism: It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] In May 1988, E. Mason "Hank" Hendrickson was serving as the First Secretary of the United States Embassy when he was expelled by the Singapore government. [ 260 ] [ 261 ] The Singapore government alleged that Hendrickson attempted to interfere in Singapore's internal affairs by cultivating opposition figures in a " Marxist conspiracy ". [ 262 ] Then-First Deputy Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong claimed that Hendrickson's alleged conspiracy could have resulted in the election of 20 or 30 opposition politicians to Parliament, which in his words could lead to "horrendous" effects, possibly even the paralysis and fall of the Singapore government. [ 263 ] In the aftermath of Hendrickson's expulsion, the U.S. State Department praised Hendrickson's performance in Singapore and denied any impropriety in his actions. [ 260 ] The State Department also expelled Robert Chua, a senior-level Singaporean diplomat equal in rank to Hendrickson, from Washington, D.C., in response. [ 264 ] [ 265 ] The State Department's refusal to reprimand Hendrickson, along with its expulsion of the Singaporean diplomat, sparked a rare protest in Singapore by the National Trades Union Congress ; they drove buses around the U.S. embassy, held a rally attended by four thousand workers, and issued a statement deriding the U.S. as "sneaky, arrogant, and untrustworthy". [ 266 ] China Singapore did not establish diplomatic relations with China until the U.S. and Southeast Asia had decided they wanted to do so in order to avoid portraying a pro-China bias. [ 267 ] [ 268 ] His official visits to China starting in 1976 were conducted in English, to assure other countries that he represented Singapore, and not a "Third China" (the first two being the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) and People's Republic of China ). [ 269 ] In November 1978, after China had stabilised following political turmoil in the aftermath of Mao Zedong 's death and the Gang of Four , Deng Xiaoping visited Singapore and met Lee. Deng, who was very impressed with Singapore's economic development, greenery and housing, and later sent tens of thousands of Chinese to Singapore and countries around the world to learn from their experiences and bring back their knowledge as part of the reform and opening up beginning in December 1978. Lee, on the other hand, advised Deng to stop exporting Communist ideologies to Southeast Asia, an advice that Deng later followed. [ 270 ] [ 271 ] This culminated in the exchange of Trade Offices between the two nations in September 1981. [ 272 ] In 1985, commercial air services between mainland China and Singapore commenced [ 273 ] and China appointed Goh Keng Swee , Singapore's finance minister in the post-independence years, as advisor on the development of Special Economic Zones . [ 274 ] On 3 October 1990, Singapore revised diplomatic relations from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China. United Kingdom Lee developed friendships with Prime Ministers Harold Wilson [ 275 ] and Margaret Thatcher . [ 275 ] Lee regarded Wilson's support and swift recognition of Singapore's independence crucial to Singapore's survival in its early days. Singapore was still heavily dependent on Britain for its defence and economy, and the British military bases were contributing over 20 percent to Singapore's gross national product. About 15 per cent of Singapore's workforce had jobs linked to British military bases on the island. [ 276 ] However, mounting economic problems in Britain led to a weakening faith in the pound sterling, and the Singapore Government began reducing its sterling holdings from about 90 percent to just 50 percent by November 1967, when the Labour government devaluated pound sterling. Chancellor of the Exchequer Roy Jenkins , in a letter to Goh Keng Swee, expressed his “regret that [Singapore] did not take [the UK] into their confidence” when diversifying out of Sterling. To which Goh retorted in reply that Singapore sustained losses of about US$157 million as a result of the pound's devaluation. [ 277 ] No longer able to afford its military commitment in Southeast Asia, Britain announced in January 1968, the total withdrawal of its troops East of Suez, with the pullout from Malaysia and Singapore to be done by 31 March 1971 – four years earlier than planned. The announcement came as a shock to Singapore, because the British had earlier committed to a phased withdrawal. [ 278 ] As the first batch of 900 national servicemen had just started their training on 17 August 1967, Singapore was ill-equipped to take up its own defence. It was projected that about 25,000 base workers in Singapore would be rendered unemployed in 1971 as a result of the military withdrawal. When informed of the decision, Lee's government responded with dismay and anger. Lee threatened to withdraw from the sterling area , give the dockyards to the Japanese, and disrupt British shipping and trade. He also suggested that if the British forces withdrew too quickly, he would have to “hire mercenaries to defend Singapore”. [ 278 ] Lee and Minister for Finance Goh Keng Swee left for London, meeting with British political leaders, rallying for support through television appearances. With intense lobbying by Lee and Goh, the Wilson government went ahead with withdrawal, but agreed to a compromise to extend the withdrawal deadline from March to December 1971. Lee successfully negotiated with the British for a soft loan of £50 million, free transfer of key assets, help with operating air defence systems, and training of military staff. Plans were set up to oversee the conversion and commercialisation of lands and facilities including the naval bases that had belonged to the British, which later proved instrumental in propelling Singapore's shipbuilding industry forward. [ 278 ] Singapore acquired a squadron of British Hawker Hunter planes for its new air force, arriving in Singapore in 1970. To make up for Britain's withdrawal, Singapore's military spending was tripled, and an air force and a navy were added to support the army. When Wilson's Labour government lost the 1970 election to the Conservatives under Edward Heath , the new Conservative government facilitated the Five Power Defence Arrangements , comprising the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore, to give a deterrent message that any attack on Singapore or Malaysia would lead to a potential intervention of British, Australian and New Zealand forces. Although most of the British troops had withdrawn from Singapore by October 1971, a small contingent of British, Australian and New Zealand forces stayed on as a token military presence. The last British soldier left Singapore in March 1976. [ 278 ] Lee and Thatcher, who became Britain's prime minister in 1979, admired each other's leadership qualities and had "ideological convergence" in policies like cracking down on trade union power, privatisation, low taxation and trimming the excesses of the welfare state. Lee also advised Thatcher while Britain was negotiating with China on the handover of Hong Kong . [ 279 ] Australia Australia, under Prime Minister Robert Menzies was one of the first countries to recognise Singapore's independence. [ 280 ] However, Lee would later clash with Australian leaders John Gorton and Gough Whitlam who were inclined to pull Australia back from the Five Power Defence Arrangement (FPDA). [ 281 ] Lee clashed fiercely with Whitlam. Whitlam was initially reluctant to take too many of the Vietnamese boat people and tried to make Singapore take the first refugees from the Vietnam War. Lee retorted that Whitlam ‘a very sympathetic Prime Minister who believes the White Australia policy is most deplorable and damnable and here is his chance.’ [ 282 ] Lee criticised Whitlam's pro-Asian rhetoric as political posturing because of his stance on the Vietnam boat refugees, and blocking Asian imports into Australia. In his memoirs, Lee wrote of his verbal jousts with Whitlam at Commonwealth meetings. Lee called Whitlam ‘quick-witted but also quick-tempered’, and was glad to see the end of the ‘acerbic’ Whitlam, calling it ‘a relief when their Governor-General removed Whitlam…’. [ 282 ] Singapore-Australia relations improved with Whitlam's successor, Malcolm Fraser . Lee held him in high regard for his support in confronting communism and defending the FPDA. [ 282 ] However, he urged Fraser to reform the Australian economy, prompting the famous remark from Lee that Australia was in danger of becoming the "poor white trash of Asia" [ 283 ] if it did not open up its economy. The comments were widely circulated in Australian political circles. Bob Hawke , who led the Labor party to a victory over Fraser in 1983, said "I thought [Lee] was right, and his harsh but fair comment helped galvanise my determination to undertake the reforms that would save us from that fate and set us on a better path." [ 283 ] Upon Lee's death, Hawke said "Lee Kuan Yew was a great friend of Australia, if at times an outspoken one". [ 283 ] Singapore was Australia's strongest backer within ASEAN in the effort to create APEC in 1989. [ 282 ] Cambodia Lee opposed the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978. [ 284 ] The Singapore government organised an international campaign to condemn Vietnam and provided aid to the Khmer Rouge which was fighting against Vietnamese occupation during the Cambodian–Vietnamese War from 1978 to 1989. In his memoirs, Lee recounted that in 1982, "Singapore gave the first few hundreds of several batches of AK-47 rifles, hand grenades, ammunition and communication equipment" to the Khmer Rouge resistance forces. [ 285 ] [ 286 ] Senior Minister (1990–2004) After leading the PAP to victory in seven elections, Lee stepped down on 28 November 1990, handing over the prime ministership to Goh Chok Tong . [ 287 ] By that time, he had become the world's longest-serving prime minister. [ 288 ] This was the first leadership transition since independence. Goh was elected as the new prime minister by the younger ministers then in office. When Goh Chok Tong became head of government, Lee remained in the cabinet with a non-executive position of Senior Minister [ 289 ] and played a role he described as advisory. Lee subsequently stepped down as secretary-general of the PAP and was succeeded by Goh Chok Tong on 2 December 1992. [ 290 ] Condominium rebates In April 1996, Lee and his son, Lee Hsien Loong , disclosed that they had purchased apartments located at Nassim Jade and Scotts 28 from Hotel Properties Ltd, a real estate developer listed on the Stock Exchange of Singapore, at substantial discounts ranging from 5 to 12 per cent. [ 291 ] The dispute arose amidst rampant property speculation in Singapore. [ 292 ] Upon learning of the issue, Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong swiftly initiated an immediate investigation into the matter. While Singapore law permits the provision of special discounts or rebates to relatives and associates of directors, it is imperative that such transactions receive approval from shareholders. [ 293 ] This disclosure prompted sufficient public disquiet for Lee to appear before Parliament to explain the purchases. [ 294 ] Lee said that as he was a prominent figure, the developer had a "legitimate incentive" to provide discounts for publicity, and that he had previously purchased a car and acquired services from his tailor and cobbler at a discount. [ 295 ] The amount saved was donated to charity. [ 292 ] Minister Mentor (2004–2011) In December 2004, Lee stepped down to become Minister Mentor. Expressing concern about the declining proficiency of Mandarin among younger Chinese Singaporeans , he started a year-long campaign called " 华语 Cool! " (Mandarin is Cool!) to garner interest in using Mandarin. [ 296 ] On 13 September 2008, Lee underwent treatment for abnormal heart rhythm ( atrial flutter ) at Singapore General Hospital . The treatment was successful, and he was well enough to address a philanthropy forum via video link from the hospital. [ 297 ] On 28 September 2010, he was hospitalised for a chest infection, cancelling plans to attend the wake of the Senior Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Balaji Sadasivan . [ 298 ] In November 2010, Lee's private conversations with James Steinberg , US Deputy Secretary of State , on 30 May 2009 were among the leaked US Embassy cables . In a US Embassy report classified as "Secret", Lee gave his assessment of a number of Asian leaders and views on political developments in North Asia, including implications for nuclear proliferation. [ 299 ] In January 2011, the Straits Times Press published the book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . [ 300 ] Targeted at younger Singaporeans, it was based on 16 interviews with Lee by seven local journalists in 2008–2009. The first print run of 45,000 copies sold out in less than a month after it was launched in January 2011. Another batch of 55,000 copies was made available shortly after. [ 301 ] After the 2011 general elections in which the Workers' Party , a major opposition political party in Singapore, made unprecedented gains by winning a Group Representation Constituency (GRC), Lee announced that he decided to leave the Cabinet for his son, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong , and his team to have a clean slate. [ 302 ] Some analysts, such as Citigroup economist Kit Wei Zheng, believed that the senior Lee had contributed to the PAP's poor performance. [ 303 ] In particular, he stated during campaigning that the voters of Aljunied constituency had "five years to live and repent" if they elected the Workers' Party , which some viewed as having backfired for the PAP as the opposition went on to win Aljunied. [ 304 ] In a column in the Sunday Times on 6 November 2011, Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, revealed that her father had peripheral neuropathy . [ 305 ] In the column, she recounted how she first noticed her father's ailments when she accompanied him to meet the former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in Connecticut in October 2009. Wei Ling, a neurologist, "did a few simple neurological tests and decided the nerves to his legs were not working as they should". A day later, when interviewed at a constituency tree-planting event, Lee stated: "I have no doubt at all that this has not affected my mind, my will nor my resolve" and that "people in wheel chairs can make a contribution. I've still got two legs, I will make a contribution". [ 306 ] Illness and death External videos State funeral service for the late Mr Lee Kuan Yew on 29 March 2015 , Prime Minister's Office On 15 February 2013, Lee was admitted to Singapore General Hospital following a prolonged cardiac dysrhythmia , which was followed by a brief stoppage of blood flow to the brain. [ 307 ] [ 308 ] [ 309 ] [ 310 ] For the first time in his career as a Member of Parliament (MP), Lee missed the annual Chinese New Year dinner at his constituency , where he was supposed to be the guest-of-honour. [ 311 ] [ 312 ] He was subsequently discharged, but continued to receive anti-coagulant therapy. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] [ 315 ] The following year, Lee missed his constituency's Chinese New Year dinner for the second consecutive time owing to bodily bacterial invasion. [ 316 ] In April 2014, a photo depicting a thin and frail Lee was released online, drawing strong reactions from netizens. [ 317 ] According to Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, Lee had discussed euthanasia which is not a legal option in Singapore. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] On 5 February 2015, Lee was hospitalised for pneumonia and was put on a ventilator at the intensive care unit of Singapore General Hospital, although his condition was reported initially as "stable". [ 320 ] [ 321 ] A 26 February update stated that he was again being given antibiotics, while being sedated and still under mechanical ventilation. [ 322 ] [ 323 ] From 17 to 22 March, Lee continued weakening as he developed an infection while on life support, and he was described as "critically ill". [ 324 ] [ 325 ] [ 326 ] On 18 March that year, a death hoax website reported false news of Lee's death. The suspect is an unidentified minor who created a false webpage that resembled the PMO official website. [ 327 ] Several international news organisations reported on Lee's death based on this and later retracted their statements. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] On 23 March 2015, Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced his father's death at the age of 91. [ 330 ] Lee had died at 03:18 Singapore Standard Time ( UTC+08:00 ). [ 330 ] [ 331 ] A week of national mourning took place, [ 332 ] during which time Lee was lying in state at Parliament House . As a mark of respect, State flags at all Government buildings were flown at half-mast . During this time, 1.7 million Singaporean residents as well as world leaders paid tribute to him at Parliament house and community tribute sites throughout the country. [ 333 ] [ 334 ] [ 335 ] A state funeral for Lee was held on 29 March and attended by world leaders. [ 336 ] Later that day, Lee was cremated in a private ceremony at the Mandai Crematorium . [ 337 ] Legacy I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. As prime minister from 1959 to 1990, Lee presided over many of Singapore's advancements. He oversaw Singapore's transformation from an island nation with a high illiteracy rate and no natural resources into a developed country with a high-income economy within a single generation, commonly termed (from his autobiography) as 'From the third world to the first world'. [ 339 ] [ 340 ] [ 341 ] [ 342 ] Singapore's gross national product per capita (GNP) rose from $1,240 in 1959 to $18,437 in 1990. The unemployment rate in Singapore dropped from 13.5% in 1959 to 1.7% in 1990. External trade increased from $7.3 billion in 1959 to $205 billion in 1990. In other areas, the life expectancy at birth for Singaporeans rose from 65 years in 1960 to 74 years in 1990. The population of Singapore increased from 1.6 million in 1959 to 3 million in 1990. The number of public flats in Singapore rose from 22,975 in 1959 (then under the Singapore Improvement Trust ) to 667,575 in 1990. The Singaporean literacy rate increased from 52% in 1957 to 90% in 1990. Telephone lines per 100 Singaporeans increased from 3 in 1960 to 38 in 1990. Visitor arrivals to Singapore rose from 100,000 in 1960 to 5.3 million in 1990. [ 343 ] These economic accomplishments were achieved in large part due to Lee's stewardship of public administration through relevant and targeted public policy ; Lee introduced measures to jumpstart manufacturing of finished goods for export ( export-oriented industrialisation ) and sought to create a conducive business environment in the trading nation to attract foreign direct investment (through the establishment of the Economic Development Board , EDB). [ 339 ] [ 344 ] Lee also forged a symbiotic and mutually dependent relationship between the PAP and the national trade union, the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), whereby the PAP receives a degree of grassroots labour input, whilst NTUC is led by prominent PAP politicians who usually have ministerial portfolios within the Government . [ 345 ] The Government's tight control over trade union activities and industrial relations ensured near-total industrial peace, which was assessed to be a prerequisite for rapid economic development . [ 346 ] Lee was a staunch promoter of economic globalisation and a vocal opponent of protectionism . [ 347 ] [ 348 ] Lee said that Singapore's only natural resources are its people and their strong work ethic. [ 349 ] In addition, Lee was focused on social policies such as improving and mandating higher public standards for education, sanitation and hygiene , whilst concurrently improving public health by expanding modern health care and greatly increasing the quantity and quality of high-rise affordable housing (through the establishment of the Housing and Development Board , HDB) for working- and middle-class families. [ 339 ] [ 344 ] [ 350 ] [ 351 ] Various world leaders have praised Lee's governance and political achievements. British Foreign Secretary George Brown called Lee "the best bloody Englishman east of Suez". [ 352 ] Former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger once wrote of Lee: "One of the asymmetries of history is the lack of correspondence between the abilities of some leaders and the power of their countries." Former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher praised "his way of penetrating the fog of propaganda and expressing with unique clarity the issues of our time and the way to tackle them". [ 353 ] Former president of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev stated in his memoirs that after the independence of Kazakhstan from the Soviet Union in 1991, he met Lee and stated Lee's "observations and advice became for us [Kazakhstan] guidelines in the development of long-term state strategies." [ 354 ] Lee's achievements in Singapore were a major source of inspiration on Communist leadership in China , who made a major effort, especially under Deng Xiaoping , to emulate his policies of economic growth, entrepreneurship and suppression of dissent . [ 355 ] [ 356 ] From 1996 to 2019, 55,000 Chinese officials were sent to Singapore to study its methods. [ 357 ] [ 358 ] He has also had a major influence on thinking in Russia in recent years. [ 359 ] [ 358 ] On the other hand, proponents of liberal democracy especially in the West criticised Lee's rule as authoritarian and as intolerant of dissent, citing his numerous attempts to sue political opponents and newspapers who express unfavourable opinions of Lee. Reporters Without Borders , an international media advocacy group , requested Lee and other senior Singaporean officials to stop taking libel suits against journalists. [ 360 ] Lee was a co-inventor of " Asian values ". [ 361 ] [ 362 ] [ 363 ] [ 364 ] Lee was criticised for curtailing press freedoms , often imposing limits on public protests which prevented further occurrences, restricting labour movements from industrial action or strike action, suppressing wage growth of skilled workers (in order to be competitive with developing countries ) amid widening and high levels of income inequality along with wealth inequality (relative to other developed countries ), had encouraged an elitist mindset as well as filing defamation lawsuits against prominent political opponents . [ 365 ] [ 366 ] [ 367 ] [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] [ 371 ] However, supporters argued in retrospect that his actions were necessary for the country's early development, and various international political analysts note that Lee's governance was generally pragmatic and benevolent . [ better source needed ] [ 372 ] During the three decades in which Lee held office, Singapore grew from a developing country to one of the most developed nations in Asia and the world. [ 373 ] Singapore was described as an illiberal democracy and a nanny state under his rule. [ 374 ] [ 375 ] [ 376 ] [ 377 ] [ 378 ] Legal suits Action against Far Eastern Economic Review In April 1977, just months after a general election which saw the People's Action Party winning all 69 seats, the Internal Security Department , under orders from Lee, detained Ho Kwon Ping , the Singapore correspondent of the Far Eastern Economic Review , as well as his predecessor Arun Senkuttavan, over their reporting. Ho was detained under the Internal Security Act which allows for indefinite trial, held in solitary confinement for two months, and charged with endangering national security. Following a televised confession in which Ho confessed to "pro-communist activities", [ 379 ] he was fined $3,000. Lee Kuan Yew later charged FEER editor, Derek Davies, of participating in "a diabolical international Communist plot" to poison relations between Singapore and neighbouring Malaysia. In 1987 Lee restricted sale of the Review in Singapore after it published an article about the detention of Roman Catholic church workers , reducing circulation of the magazine from 9,000 to 500 copies, [ 380 ] on the grounds that it was "interfering in the domestic politics of Singapore." [ 381 ] On 24 September 2008 the High Court of Singapore , in a summary judgment by Justice Woo Bih Li , ruled that the Far Eastern Economic Review magazine (Hugo Restall, editor), defamed Lee and his son, the prime minister, Lee Hsien Loong . The court found the 2006 article "Singapore's 'Martyr': Chee Soon Juan " suggested that Lee "ha[d] been running and continue[d] to run Singapore in the same corrupt manner as Durai operated [the National Kidney Foundation] and he ha[d] been using libel actions to suppress those who questioned [him] to avoid exposure of his corruption". [ 382 ] The court ordered the Review, owned by Dow Jones & Company (in turn owned by Rupert Murdoch 's News Corp), to pay damages to the complainants. The magazine appealed but lost. [ 382 ] [ 383 ] Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam Lee commenced proceedings for slander against opposition leader J. B. Jeyaretnam for comments he made at a Workers' Party rally in the 1988 general election . Lee alleged that Jeyaretnam's speech at the rally implied he had tried to cover up the corruption of the former Minister for National Development , Teh Cheang Wan , by aiding and abetting his suicide. The action was heard by Justice Lai Kew Chai , who ruled against Jeyaretnam and ordered him to pay damages of S$260,000 plus costs to Lee. Jeyaretnam lost an appeal against the judgment. Action against Devan Nair In 1999, former president of Singapore Devan Nair , who was living in Canada, remarked in an interview with the Toronto -based The Globe and Mail that Lee's technique of suing his opponents into bankruptcy or oblivion was an abrogation of political rights. Nair also described Lee as "an increasingly self-righteous know-all" surrounded by "department store dummies". In response to these remarks, Lee sued Nair in a Canadian court and Nair countersued. Lee then brought a motion to have Nair's counterclaim thrown out of court, argued that it disclosed no reasonable cause of action and constituted an inflammatory attack on the integrity of the Singaporean government . However, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice refused to throw out the counterclaim, holding that Nair had a reasonable cause of action as Lee had abused the process of litigation. [ 384 ] Lee wrote in one of his memoirs that Nair was forced to resign as president due to his alleged alcoholism , a charge which Nair denied. [ 385 ] International Herald Tribune defamation case In 2010 Lee, together with his son Lee Hsien Loong, and Goh Chok Tong, threatened legal action against The New York Times Company , which owns the International Herald Tribune , regarding an op-ed piece titled "All in the Family" of 15 February 2010 by Philip Bowring , a freelance columnist and former editor of the Far Eastern Economic Review . The International Herald Tribune apologised in March that readers of the article may "infer that the younger Lee did not achieve his position through merit". The New York Times Company and Bowring also agreed to pay S$60,000 to Lee Hsien Loong, S$50,000 to Lee and S$50,000 to Goh (totalling about US$114,000 at the time), in addition to legal costs. The case stemmed from a 1994 settlement between the three Singaporean leaders and the paper about an article, also by Bowring, that referred to "dynastic politics" in East Asian countries, including Singapore. In that settlement, Bowring agreed not to say or imply that the younger Lee had attained his position through nepotism by his father Lee Kuan Yew. In response, media-rights watchdog Reporters Without Borders wrote an open letter to urge Lee and other top officials of the Singapore government to stop taking "libel actions" against journalists. [ 386 ] [ 387 ] [ 388 ] Political positions Criticism of Chinese marginalisation On 15 September 2006, at the Raffles Forum hosted by the School of Public Policy , Lee made a remark as to how the "Malaysian and Indonesian governments systematically marginalise its Chinese people", by bringing up topics such as the May 1998 riots of Indonesia and Ketuanan Melayu , which subsequently caused a short diplomatic spat. [ 389 ] He then described the systematic marginalisation of the Chinese in Malaysia, which aroused a strong response from the Malaysian government. Politicians in Malaysia and Indonesia expressed dissatisfaction with this and demanded the Singaporean government explain and apologise for Lee's remarks. [ 390 ] [ 391 ] Former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad criticised Lee Kuan Yew for his "arrogance and disrespect" for neighbouring countries and countered that Malaysia could also question Singapore's marginalisation of its local Malays and other minorities such as the Eurasians and Indians. Former Indonesian president B. J. Habibie also described the " little red dot " term in reference to Singapore as an incentive for Indonesian youth to learn from Singapore's achievements, and that the original intention was distorted. On 30 September, while Lee Kuan Yew apologised to the Malaysian prime minister at the time Abdullah Badawi for his remarks, [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] he did not fully retract his remarks. [ 395 ] [ 396 ] Eugenics Lee expressed views that have been characterised as pro- eugenics . [ 397 ] He maintained that the educational background and intelligence of parents played a decisive role in shaping the abilities of their children, and he promoted policies designed to encourage highly educated women to have more children. Concerned by the sharp decline in Singapore's total fertility rate (TFR), Lee introduced the "Graduate Mothers' Scheme" in 1983, which offered tax incentives for children born to women with university degrees and gave priority in primary school admissions to the children of graduate mothers with three or more offspring. [ 398 ] In his speech at the 1983 National Day Rally , Lee stated that if women graduates "were not in the breeding pool", society might become more "stupid" and that "there will be less bright people to support dumb people in the next generation." [ 399 ] [ 400 ] In June 1984, Lee's government introduced grants for low-income and low-education women to undergo sterilisation . Women whose husbands and themselves lacked passes at the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level and had fewer than three children could receive a $10,000 grant for sterilisation. Sterilised lower-class parents were also given priority in primary school admission for their existing first and second children. The controversy surrounding the proposal contributed to a 12.9 per cent swing against the PAP in the general election later that year , although the party still secured 64 per cent of the popular vote and the vast majority of seats. By 1985, particularly contentious aspects of the policy, such as granting education and housing advantages to educated women, were either abandoned or modified. A proponent of nature over nurture , Lee asserted that " intelligence is 80% nature and 20% nurture " and attributed the achievements of his children to genetics. [ 401 ] Islam In 1999, in a discussion forum, Lee was asked whether the emotional bonds of various ethnic groups in Singapore could be a hurdle to nation building, Lee replied by alluding that an ethnic Malay and highly religious officer of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) might be hesitant to engage against an hypothetical war with Singapore's direct neighbours such as Malaysia. [ 402 ] In 2011, leaked diplomatic cables attributed to Lee some controversial comments regarding Islam . The cables quoted Lee as having described Islam as a "venomous religion". Lee called the remarks "false" and looked up to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA)'s filenote of the meeting and found no record of the claim, stating that he was referring to extremists such as the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI). He added that he recognises that Muslims in Singapore are largely rational and that one of the solutions to extremism was to give "moderate Muslims the courage to stand up and speak out against radicals who hijacked Islam to recruit volunteers for their violent ends". [ 403 ] [ 404 ] In his book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths to Keep Singapore Going , Lee stated that Singaporean Muslims faced difficulties in integrating because of their religion and urged them to "be less strict on Islamic observances". His remarks drew fire from Malay–Muslim leaders and MPs in Singapore, prompting a strong reaction from his son Lee Hsien Loong , the Prime Minister at that time, who said his views differs from his father and that he values and respects the Malay–Muslim community "who have done a good deal to strengthen our harmony and social cohesion." Lee Kuan Yew eventually made a further comment that his comment was "out of date" and that he recognises the efforts made by Muslims to integrate with the other communities. [ 405 ] [ 406 ] Homosexuality Section 377A of the Penal Code , which was first introduced in 1938 under British colonial rule that criminalised sex between adult males, remained enforced under Lee's premiership. In his later years, Lee appeared to become more supportive of LGBTQ+ issues and rights, expressing a belief that homosexuality was genetic and questioning the rationale behind its criminalisation. [ 407 ] [ 408 ] In 2007, he believed that homosexuality would eventually be accepted in Singapore, but advocated for a measured and "pragmatic approach" toward the matter "to maintain social cohesion." [ 409 ] Section 377A was eventually repealed in 2022. Corporal punishment One of Lee's abiding beliefs was in the efficacy of corporal punishment in the form of caning . [ 410 ] In his autobiography The Singapore Story , Lee described his time at Raffles Institution in the 1930s, mentioning that he was often caned there for chronic lateness by the then headmaster, D. W. McLeod. He added that he never understood why Western educationists were so much against corporal punishment as "it did my fellow students and me no harm". [ 411 ] Lee's government inherited judicial corporal punishment from British rule, but greatly expanded its scope. Under the British, it had been used as a penalty for offences involving personal violence, amounting to a handful of caning sentences per year. The PAP government under Lee extended its use to an ever-expanding range of crimes. [ 412 ] By 1993, it was mandatory for 42 offences and optional for a further 42. [ 413 ] Those routinely ordered by the courts to be caned now include drug addicts and illegal immigrants. From 602 canings in 1987, the figure rose to 3,244 in 1993 [ 414 ] and to 6,404 in 2007. [ 415 ] In 1994, judicial caning was publicised in the rest of the world when an American teenager, Michael P. Fay , was caned under the vandalism legislation. [ 410 ] School corporal punishment (for male students only) was likewise inherited from the British, and is still in use in schools, permitted under legislation from 1957. [ 416 ] Lee also introduced caning in the Singapore Armed Forces , and Singapore is one of the few countries in the world where corporal punishment is an official penalty in military discipline. [ 417 ] Press In his interview with Charlie Rose in October 2000, when asked whether he believed in the idea of a free press, Lee responded "I believe in truth" and "I don't believe that the press should be crusading and putting a spin on things" and asserted that newspapers should keep news reporting and editorials separate. [ 418 ] Immigration Lee believed that the benefits of immigration had to be carefully balanced against the associated "social load". In a speech he made in 1971, Lee explained that it was necessary to have non-Singapore workers take up jobs that Singaporeans were not willing to do, but observed that it was important that the number of such migrant workers be carefully controlled because "[t]hey dirty the place... they litter... if you take too many... they will bring us down to their values because it's easier to be untidy, scruffy, dirty, anti-social than to be disciplined, well-behaved and a good citizen". [ 419 ] Personal life Lee and his wife, Kwa Geok Choo , were married on 30 September 1950. Both spoke English as their first language . Lee first started learning Chinese in 1955, at the age of 32. [ 420 ] [ 421 ] During World War II , he learned the Japanese language to help him survive, and worked as a Japanese translator during the Japanese occupation of Singapore . [ 422 ] Lee and Kwa have two sons and a daughter. [ 423 ] His elder son, Lee Hsien Loong , was the third prime minister of Singapore. Several members of the Lee family hold prominent positions in the Singapore society. His younger son Lee Hsien Yang was president and CEO of SingTel , and Chairman of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS). [ 424 ] Lee's daughter Lee Wei Ling , a neurologist and epileptologist, was director of the National Neuroscience Institute . Lee's daughter-in-law Ho Ching was executive director and CEO of Temasek Holdings . [ 424 ] [ 425 ] His wife Kwa Geok Choo died on 2 October 2010, at the age of 89. Lee had variously described himself as an agnostic [ 426 ] and a "nominal Buddhist". [ 427 ] He also mentioned that he was brought up in a family which practiced Chinese ancestor worship but stopped after his father died, [ 426 ] and that he "neither [denies] nor [accepts] that there is a God". [ 428 ] [ 429 ] In his later years, Lee practised meditation under the tutelage of Benedictine monk Laurence Freeman , director of the World Community for Christian Meditation . [ 426 ] [ 430 ] Lee was diagnosed with dyslexia in adulthood. [ 431 ] Lee was a founding member of the Fondation Chirac 's honour committee, which was launched by former French president Jacques Chirac to promote world peace. [ 432 ] He was also a member of David Rockefeller 's "International Council", which included Henry Kissinger , Riley P. Bechtel , George Shultz and others. Additionally, he was one of the "Forbes' Brain Trust", along with Paul Johnson and Ernesto Zedillo . Cultural depictions In 1979, oil painter Chua Mia Tee depicted Lee's return from London after the Merdeka Talks . [ 433 ] In the early 1980s, Lee agreed to have a sculpture and oil painting of him done, on the condition that they not be exhibited in his lifetime. The works, respectively by British sculptor Sydney Harpley and American portrait painter Marion Pike , were commissioned by a group of Singaporeans, including first Chief Minister David Marshall . They are now part of the National Heritage Board 's national collection, [ 434 ] but only the bronze bust has gone on public display, briefly at the Istana and Parliament House . [ 435 ] An artist's proof of the sculpture was exhibited in 2025. [ 436 ] In 1991, Chua Mia Tee presented an oil painting of Lee to the Minister himself, depicting him against a backdrop of Singapore's transformation. [ 437 ] The untitled painting was commissioned by fifth president Ong Teng Cheong . [ 438 ] In 1992, artist Lai Kui Fang presented historical oil paintings of Lee's 1959 swearing-in ceremony as prime minister, which are now part of the National Museum of Singapore 's collection. [ 439 ] Also in 1992, watercolourist Ong Kim Seng painted Lee visiting the aftermath of the Bukit Ho Swee fire , based on a 1961 photograph. The painting was reproduced in The Straits Times and sold to an unknown collector. In 2025, Ong recreated the painting, on a larger canvas, for an exhibition. [ 440 ] In 2008, artist Ben Puah unveiled Hero , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 441 ] In 2009, artist Richard Lim Han presented Singapore Guidance Angel , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 442 ] In the same year, freelance designer, Christopher "Treewizard" Pereira, began making caricature figurines of Lee which range from 12 cm to 30 cm. Comics artist and painter Sonny Liew depicted Lee as part of the series Eric Khoo is a Hotel Magnate at Mulan Gallery. [ 443 ] [ 444 ] In addition, Cultural Medallion recipient Tan Swie Hian also began a painting of Lee and his late wife titled A Couple . The painting, which took Tan five years to complete, was partially damaged by a fire in 2013. It depicts Lee and Kwa in their youth, is based on a 1946 black-and-white photograph of the couple in Cambridge University and incorporates in its background Tan's poem in memory of Kwa. A Couple was purchased by art collector Wu Hsioh Kwang. [ 445 ] In 2010, Valentine Willie Fine Art gallery asked 19 local artists to imagine a future without Lee. The resulting exhibition, Beyond LKY , included artist a triptych of Lee as a father figure looming over a tiny kneeling figure with the words, "Papa can you hear me"; an installation of a broken piano with a tape recorder playing a crackling version of Singapore's National Anthem ; white ceramic chains hanging on a wall; and an installation of hammers smashed together. [ 446 ] [ 447 ] That year, Korean artist Kim Dong Yoo depicted Lee in Lee Kuan Yew & Queen Elizabeth II (2010), an oil-on-canvas portrait of Lee using small images of Queen Elizabeth II 's head, a reference to Singapore being a former British colony and current member of the Commonwealth. [ 448 ] Indian-Swiss novelist Meira Chand 's A Different Sky , published by UK's Harvill Secker in 2010, features Lee in his early years as a lawyer and co-founder of the People's Action Party . [ 449 ] In 2011, the iris image of Lee's eye was captured and artistically rendered to resemble a sand art gallery piece. His eye image with his autograph was auctioned off to raise funds for the Singapore Eye Research Institute. [ 450 ] In 2012, urban artist Sam Lo depicted Lee in their controversial Limpeh series, featuring his image in Shepard Fairey -inspired stickers, mirrors and collages. [ 451 ] In 2013, poet Cyril Wong published The Dictator's Eyebrow , a poetry collection revolving around a Lee-like figure and his eyebrow's thirst for recognition and power. [ 452 ] In the same year, a group of Tamil poets from three countries, including Singapore Literature Prize winner Ramanathan Vairavan, produced Lee Kuan Yew 90 , a collection of 90 new poems celebrating Lee's legacy. [ 453 ] Artist Sukeshi Sondhi also staged An Icon & A Legend , a solo exhibition at featuring 20 pop art style paintings of Lee. [ 454 ] Speed painter Brad Blaze was commissioned to craft a portrait of Lee, Trailblazer: Singapore , to raise funds for Reach Community Services Society. [ 455 ] [ 456 ] In August, a bronze bust of Lee, cast by contemporary French artist-sculptor Nacera Kainou, was unveiled at the Singapore University of Technology and Design as an early birthday present to Lee from the Lyon-Singapore Association and the municipality of Lyon. [ 457 ] In 2014, Bruneian painter Huifong Ng landed an exhibition after painting a portrait of Lee. [ 458 ] In May of that year, illustrator Patrick Yee produced the children's picture book A Boy Named Harry: The Childhood of Lee Kuan Yew , published by Epigram Books . The series was later translated into Mandarin. [ 459 ] Chinese artist Ren Zhenyu also created expressionist portraits of Lee in electric hues as part of his Pop and Politics series. Vietnamese artist Mai Huy Dung has crafted a series of oil painting portraits of Lee. [ 460 ] [ 461 ] Ukrainian artist Oleg Lazarenko also depicted Lee as part of his painting Lion of Singapore . [ 462 ] In October 2014, cartoonist Morgan Chua released LKY: Political Cartoons , an anthology of cartoons about Lee published by Epigram Books , featuring a 1971 Singapore Herald cartoon of Lee on a tank threatening to crush a baby representing press freedoms. [ 463 ] The Madame Tussauds Singapore museum also unveiled a wax figure of Lee and his late wife, Madam Kwa Geok Choo seated and smiling together against a backdrop of red flowers formed in the shape of two hearts. The statues were created based on a photograph that was taken by Madam Kwa's niece, Ms Kwa Kim Li, of the pair on Valentine's Day in 2008 at Sentosa . [ 464 ] [ 465 ] In February 2015, weeks before Lee's death, Helmi Yusof of The Business Times reported on how "[i]n the last few years, artworks featuring Lee Kuan Yew have turned into a flourishing cottage industry". [ 466 ] Artworks included Jeffrey Koh's seven LKY Pez candy-dispenser sculptures, paintings of Lee in the manner of Van Gogh , and Korean sculptor Park Seung Mo's three-dimensional image of Lee made using stainless steel wires. [ 467 ] In the same month, illustrator Patrick Yee launched the second title in his picture book series about Lee, called Harry Grows Up: The Early Years of Lee Kuan Yew , at an exhibition at the National Library, Singapore . [ 468 ] In March, Singaporean artist Fan Shaohua and Lebanese-British artist Laudi Abilama exhibited their portraits of Lee. [ 469 ] In the same month, the National Parks Board named a Singapore Botanic Gardens orchid hybrid called the "Aranda Lee Kuan Yew" in honour of Lee's efforts work in conservation and environmentalism. [ 470 ] Also in March, a portrait of Lee by Ong Yi Teck, comprising Lee's name written about 18,000 times, went viral on social media. The portrait was made in tribute to Lee, who was then critically ill. [ 471 ] Days after Lee died in 2015, the Asian edition of Time featured the late Lee Kuan Yew on its cover, [ 472 ] while the 16-year-old blogger Amos Yee released a video, Lee Kuan Yew is Finally Dead! , which criticised Lee and negatively compared him to Jesus Christ . Yee also posted on his blog a stick-figure cartoon depicting Lee having sex with Margaret Thatcher , a personal and political ally of Lee's. [ 473 ] For his actions, Yee was charged with insulting religious feelings and obscenity, and sentenced to four weeks imprisonment despite his youth. [ 474 ] In April 2015, an exhibition of 300 oil paintings on Lee and Singapore opened at Suntec City . Presented by art collector Vincent Chua, The Singapore Story featured 80 portraits of Lee and a life-size statue of Lee shaking hands with Deng Xiaoping when the Chinese statesman visited Singapore in 1978. [ 475 ] [ 476 ] In May, Sonny Liew released his graphic novel The Art of Charlie Chan Hock Chye , in which Lee is central, while Patrick Yee launched the third and final title in his Harry Lee picture book series, Harry Builds a Nation: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew , which were later translated to Chinese. [ 477 ] In July 2015, veteran actor Lim Kay Tong portrayed Lee in the historical film 1965 , including a re-enactment of the iconic press conference when Lee announced that Singapore would be separated from Malaysia [ 478 ] That same month, actor Adrian Pang played Lee in The LKY Musical opposite Sharon Au 's Kwa Geok Choo . [ 479 ] In October 2015, sculptor Lim Leong Seng exhibited a 75 cm bronze sculpture he made of Lee, entitled Weathering Storms As One . [ 480 ] In November 2015, the Singaporean Honorary Consulate General in Barcelona unveiled a bust of Lee at Cap Roig Gardens in Costa Brava , [ 481 ] while pop artist Andre Tan showed his series of portraits of Lee, 1965 and Father of the Nation ( 国父 ) at the Affordable Art Fair Singapore. [ 482 ] In 2016, to mark the first death anniversary of Lee, Lee's brother Lee Suan Yew and nephew Shaun Lee completed the art installation by young Singaporeans of Singapore flag erasers put together to form Lee's face, titled Our Father, Our Country, Our Flag . [ 483 ] In 2023, the centenary of Lee's birth, American artist Daniel Arsham was commissioned to create two sculptures of Lee, Eroded Bronze LKY Bust 1:1 and LKY Full Body 1:2 , using bronze, stainless steel, and patina. [ 484 ] They were exhibited, along with AI-generated videos and portraits of Lee, at the immersive exhibition Now Is Not The Time in September. [ 485 ] In the same month, paintings of Lee were exhibited at Tanjong Pagar Community Club in the show LKY100 . [ 486 ] In 2024, Singaporean artist David Chan showed his painting Lee And Raffles – 5 Stars Rising at Art Seasons Gallery's booth at the Art SG fair, where it sold to a collector. [ 487 ] In 2025 , Lee's ten-year death anniversary and "SG60" (Singapore's 60th year of independence), INSTINC gallery's exhibition 10 Years: Remembering LKY showcased artworks reflecting on Lee's legacy, including portraits of Lee by Boo Sze Yang , Chang Hui Fang , and Laudi Abilama ; Justin Lee 's series LKY Quotes ; and Yeo Shih Yun 's screenprint of Lee planting a tree in 1973. [ 488 ] The exhibition was a follow-up to Remembering LKY in 2015. [ 489 ] In July, Cuturi Gallery showcased Singaporean artist Yom Bo Sung's small-scale sculpture of Lee, Elegy , as part of the exhibition Sixty Summers Here . [ 490 ] Also in July, the group exhibition Artist’s Proof: Singapore At 60 showed, alongside an artist's proof of Harpley's bust of Lee, cartoonist Sonny Liew's figurine of Lee, as part of commissioned project "P.A.P. x P.A."; Foo Kwee Horng's painting portrait of Lee, Majulah (2016); a portrait of Lee by Rajesh P Kargutkar; and Jon Chan's oil paintings of the offices of Lee and former political detainee Chia Thye Poh . [ 491 ] [ 492 ] In August, movie director Jack Neo uploaded a music video for his song, "We Are Singapore", including AI-generated images of the late Lee. [ 493 ] Awards Lee received a number of state decorations , including the Order of the Companions of Honour (1970), Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (1972), the Ancient Order of Sikatuna (1974), [ 494 ] the Freedom of the City of London (1982), the Seri Paduka Mahkota Johor (1984), the Nishan-e-Quaid-i-Azam (1988) and the Order of the Rising Sun (1967). [ 495 ] In 1999, Lee was named one of Time 's Most Influential People of the 20th Century. [ 41 ] In 2002, Lee became a fellow of Imperial College London in recognition of his promotion of international trade and industry and development of science and engineering study initiatives with the United Kingdom. [ 496 ] In 2006, Lee was presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . In 2007, Lee was conferred an honorary Doctorate in Law at the Australian National University in Canberra , albeit amid protest from 150 students and staff. [ 497 ] In September 2009, Lee was awarded the Armenian Order of Honor by President Serzh Sargsyan for his activities directed at the establishment and deepening of bilateral cooperation between Armenia and Singapore, during Lee's official visit to Armenia. [ 498 ] In October 2009, the US–Asean Business Council conferred upon Lee its first Lifetime Achievement award, at its 25th anniversary gala dinner in Washington, D.C. His tribute, the former United States Secretary of State and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize winner Henry Kissinger . [ 499 ] A day later he met United States President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in the White House . [ 500 ] [ 501 ] On 15 November 2009, Lee was awarded the Russian Order of Friendship by President Dmitry Medvedev on the sidelines of APEC Singapore 2009 . [ 502 ] On 29 April 2010, Lee was named in the Time 100 list as one of the people who most affect our world. [ 503 ] On 14 January 2011, Lee received the inaugural Gryphon Award from his alma mater, Raffles Institution, given to illustrious Rafflesians who have made exceptional contributions to the nation. [ 504 ] On 19 October 2011, Lee received the Lincoln Medal in Washington DC—an honour reserved for people who have exemplified the legacy and character embodied by Abraham Lincoln . [ 505 ] On 21 February 2012, Lee was conferred the Kazakhstan Order of Friendship by Ambassador Yerlan Baudarbek-Kozhatayev, at The Istana . [ 506 ] On 10 September 2013, Lee was conferred Russia's Order of Honour by Ambassador Leonid Moiseev for his contributions for forging friendship and co-operation with the Russian Federal and scientific and cultural relations development. [ 507 ] On 22 May 2014, the title of Honorary Doctor of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was presented by the Russian government to Lee. [ 508 ] In 2016, Lee was conferred the Order of the Paulownia Flowers . The award was backdated to 23 March 2015, the date of his death. [ 509 ] In December 2018, China conferred a posthumous China Reform Friendship Medal on Lee for his "critical role in promoting Singapore's participation in China's reform journey". In former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping's southern tour , he urged Chinese leaders to learn from the Singapore model. Alan Chan Heng Loon, Singapore–China Foundation chairman and Lee's chief private secretary, said that Mr. Lee's administration did a lot to build China-Singapore ties. [ 510 ] See also Government of Singapore Politics of Singapore Political positions of Lee Kuan Yew Zhonghandi Notes ^ Chinese : See § Chinese name ^ Kuan Yew is a transliteration of a dialect word stemming from the Chinese words 光耀 ( guāng yào ); the Hanyu Pinyin used to romanise the latter word did not exist until 1958. ^ The former college is not to be confused with Raffles Institution which Lee also attended as part of his secondary education. ^ In his memoir The Singapore Story , Lee relates that he tried unsuccessfully to drop 'Harry' when being called to the bar at the Middle Temple, but had stopped using the name by then. He succeeded when called to the Singapore bar the following year. [ 40 ] ^ The Liberal Socialist Party was formed from a merger between the pro-British Democratic Party and Progressive Party . [ 106 ] ^ The term 'yellow culture' refers to 'degenerate' behaviours in contemporary Chinese culture during the era. ^ The five were Lim Chin Siong , Fong Swee Suan, Devan Nair , James Puthucheary and S Woodhull . [ 122 ] ^ Unlike the chief ministers of Sabah and Sarawak , Lee's position as the prime minister of Singapore remained unchanged even with the existence of the prime minister of Malaysia for the entire country. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES DEWAN RA'AYAT (HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES) OFFICIAL REPORT" (PDF) . 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Retrieved 8 February 2016 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew lauded for critical role in China's reform and opening-up" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 . Works cited Sandhu, Kernial Singh; Wheatley, Paul (1989). Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789813035423 . Josey, Alex (1980). Lee Kuan Yew Vol. 2 . Times Books International. ISBN 9789971650438 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 21 October 2020 . Chan, Heng Chee (1984). A Sensation of Independence: A Political Biography of David Marshall . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195826074 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Conboy, Kenneth J. (January 1989), "Opportunities for Bush to Bolster the U.S.-Singapore Relationship" (PDF) , Asian Studies Backgrounder , 86 , archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021 , retrieved 3 March 2010 Régnier, Philippe (1991). Singapore: A City-state in South-East Asia . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 9789814713573 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Jones, Matthew (2000). "Creating Malaysia: Singapore security, the Borneo territories, and the contours of British policy, 1961–63" . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 28 (2): 85– 109. doi : 10.1080/03086530008583091 . S2CID 159579207 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 9 June 2021 . Hefner, Robert W. (2001). The Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia . University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824824877 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Mauzy, Diane K.; Milne, Robert Stephen (2002). Singapore Politics Under the People's Action Party . Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415246538 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 1 May 2021 . Yao, Souchou (2007). Singapore: The State and the Culture of Excess . Routledge. ISBN 9780415417112 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Weatherbee, Donald E. (2008). Historical Dictionary of United States-Southeast Asia Relations . Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810864054 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Lee, Edwin (2008). Singapore: The Unexpected Nation . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789812307965 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Turnbull, C. M. (2009). A History of Modern Singapore: 1819–2005 . NUS Press. ISBN 9789971694302 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Frost, Mark R.; Balasingamchow, Yu-Mei (2009). Singapore: A Biography . Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 9789814385169 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Yap, Sonny; Lim, Richard; Leong, Weng K. (2010). Men in White: The Untold Story of Singapore's Ruling Political Party . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814266512 . Pike, Francis (2010). Empires at War A Short History of Modern Asia Since World War II . London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9780857730299 . Poh, Soo K; Tan, Jing Quee; Koh, Kay Yew (2010). The Fajar Generation: The University Socialist Club and the Politics of Postwar Malaya and Singapore . SIRD. ISBN 9789833782864 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Quah, Jon S.T. (2011). Curbing Corruption in Asian Countries: An Impossible Dream? . Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 9780857248190 . Leo, Suryadinata (2012). Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume I & II . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789814345217 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Josey, Alex (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: The Crucial Years . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814435499 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Tortajada, Cecilia; Joshi, Yugal; Biswas, Asit K. (2013). The Singapore Water Story: Sustainable Development in an Urban City-state . Routledge. ISBN 9780415657822 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Plate, Tom (2013). Giants of Asia: Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew . Marshall Cavendish Intl. ISBN 9789814398619 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kah Seng, Loh (2013). Squatters into Citizens: The 1961 Bukit Ho Swee Fire and the Making of Modern Singapore . NUS Press. ISBN 9788776941222 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Soo, Kai Poh; Hong, Lysa; Chen, Guofang (2013). The 1963 Operation Coldstore in Singapore, Commemorating 50 years . Strategic Information and Research Development Centre. ISBN 9789670630106 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Cotterell, Arthur (2014). A History of South-East Asia . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814634700 . Barr, Michael D. (2014). The Ruling Elite of Singapore: Networks of Power and Influence . Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780857723680 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Oei, Anthony (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: Blazing The Freedom Trail . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814677875 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 28 July 2021 . Yeow, Stephanie (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: A Pictorial Memoir . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814642088 . Chew, Melanie (2015). Leaders Of Singapore . World Scientific. ISBN 9789810073336 . Zheng, Yongnian; Liang, Fook Lye (2015). Singapore-China Relations: 50 Years . World Scientific. ISBN 9789814713573 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kwa, Chong Guan; Heng, Derek; Borschberg, Peter; Tan, Tai Yong (2019). Seven Hundred Years: A History of Singapore . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814868334 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 30 July 2021 . Jayakumar, Shashi (2021). A History of the People's Action Party, 1985–2021 . NUS Press. ISBN 9789813251281 . Further reading Primary sources Lee, Kuan Yew (1998). The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . Times Editions. ISBN 9789812049834 . —— (2000). From Third World to First: 1965–2000: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780060197766 . —— (2005). Keeping My Mandarin Alive: Lee Kuan Yew's Language Learning Experience . World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 9789812563828 . —— (2011). Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . Straits Times Press. ISBN 978-9814266727 . —— (2012). My Lifelong Challenge: Singapore's Bilingual Journey . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342032 . —— (2013a). The Wit and Wisdom of Lee Kuan Yew . Didier Millet. ISBN 9789814385282 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . —— (2013b). One Man's View of the World . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342568 . —— (2014). The Battle for Merger . National Archives of Singapore. ISBN 9789814342773 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Other sources Kassim, Yang Razali; Ali, Mushahid, eds. (2016). Reflections: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew . Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. doi : 10.1142/9811 . ISBN 978-9814723886 . Allison, Graham T.; Blackwill, Robert D.; Ali, Wyne (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: Grand Master's Insights on China, the United States and the World . The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262019125 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2017 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Koh, Buck Song (2011). Brand Singapore: How Nation Branding Built Asia's Leading Global City . Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9814328159 . Plate, Tom (2010). Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew: Citizen Singapore: How to Build a Nation . Giants of Asia Series. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9812616760 . Barr, Michael D. (2000). Lee Kuan Yew: The Beliefs Behind the Man . Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-0878408160 . Datta-Ray, Sunanda K. (2009). Looking East to Look West: Lee Kuan Yew's Mission India . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-9814279048 . Gordon, Uri (2000). "Machiavelli's Tiger: Lee Kwan Yew and Singapore's Authoritarian regime" . King, Rodney (2008). The Singapore Miracle, Myth and Reality (2 ed.). Insight Press. ISBN 978-0977556700 . Fernandez, Warren; Tan, Sumiko; Lam, Sally; Tay, Hwee Peng (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: The Man and His Ideas . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-9814677684 . Lama, Murat (2016). Lee Kuan Yew: Singapour et le renouveau de la Chine (in French). Paris: Manitoba/Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-89020-3 . Minchin, James (1986). No Man is an Island: A Study of Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew . Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-0868619064 . Bellows, Thomas J. (1989), "Singapore in 1988: The Transition Moves Forward", Asian Survey , 29 (2): 145– 153, doi : 10.2307/2644574 , JSTOR 2644574 External links Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Resources in your library Resources in other libraries @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikimedia Commons Appearances on C-SPAN Portraits of Lee Kuan Yew at the National Portrait Gallery, London Quotations related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikiquote Political offices New office Prime Minister of Singapore 1959–1990 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Preceded by Hon Sui Sen Minister for Finance Acting 1983 Succeeded by Tony Tan Vacant Title last held by S. Rajaratnam 1988 Senior Minister 1990–2004 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong New office Minister Mentor 2004–2011 Position abolished Parliament of Singapore New constituency Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC 1959–1991 Constituency abolished Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC 1991–2015 Succeeded by Joan Pereira (Tanjong Pagar ward) Party political offices New office Secretary-General of the People's Action Party 1954–1992 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Prime ministers of Singapore v t e Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) v t e Legal profession in Singapore v t e Executive officers Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Lucien Wong Judicial officers Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Notable lawyers Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Notable academics Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Politicians with legal backgrounds Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Major law firms Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Law schools NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law Legal organisations Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Member of multiple Parliaments of Singapore .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) v t e Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Fu, H Y Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) v t e Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Seng, H T Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–48 of 48 results for author: Iacca, G Show abstracts Hide abstracts arXiv:2601.10567 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CY cs.HC cs.LG cs.MA Generative AI collective behavior needs an interactionist paradigm Authors: Laura Ferrarotti , Gian Maria Campedelli , Roberto Dessì , Andrea Baronchelli , Giovanni Iacca , Kathleen M. Carley , Alex Pentland , Joel Z. Leibo , James Evans , Bruno Lepri Abstract : In this article, we argue that understanding the collective behavior of agents based on large language models (LLMs) is an essential area of inquiry, with important implications in terms of risks and benefits, impacting us as a society at many levels. We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs--namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together… ▽ More In this article, we argue that understanding the collective behavior of agents based on large language models (LLMs) is an essential area of inquiry, with important implications in terms of risks and benefits, impacting us as a society at many levels. We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs--namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together with their capability of adaptation through in-context learning--motivates the need for an interactionist paradigm consisting of alternative theoretical foundations, methodologies, and analytical tools, in order to systematically examine how prior knowledge and embedded values interact with social context to shape emergent phenomena in multi-agent generative AI systems. We propose and discuss four directions that we consider crucial for the development and deployment of LLM-based collectives, focusing on theory, methods, and trans-disciplinary dialogue. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10567 [ pdf , ps , other ] Generative AI collective behavior needs an interactionist paradigm Authors: Laura Ferrarotti , Gian Maria Campedelli , Roberto Dessì , Andrea Baronchelli , Giovanni Iacca , Kathleen M. Carley , Alex Pentland , Joel Z. Leibo , James Evans , Bruno Lepri Abstract : In this article, we argue that understanding the collective behavior of agents based on large language models (LLMs) is an essential area of inquiry, with important implications in terms of risks and benefits, impacting us as a society at many levels. We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs--namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together… ▽ More In this article, we argue that understanding the collective behavior of agents based on large language models (LLMs) is an essential area of inquiry, with important implications in terms of risks and benefits, impacting us as a society at many levels. We claim that the distinctive nature of LLMs--namely, their initialization with extensive pre-trained knowledge and implicit social priors, together with their capability of adaptation through in-context learning--motivates the need for an interactionist paradigm consisting of alternative theoretical foundations, methodologies, and analytical tools, in order to systematically examine how prior knowledge and embedded values interact with social context to shape emergent phenomena in multi-agent generative AI systems. We propose and discuss four directions that we consider crucial for the development and deployment of LLM-based collectives, focusing on theory, methods, and trans-disciplinary dialogue. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2505.07634 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO cs.AI cs.CV Neural Brain: A Neuroscience-inspired Framework for Embodied Agents Authors: Jian Liu , Xiongtao Shi , Thai Duy Nguyen , Haitian Zhang , Tianxiang Zhang , Wei Sun , Yanjie Li , Athanasios V. Vasilakos , Giovanni Iacca , Arshad Ali Khan , Arvind Kumar , Jae Won Cho , Ajmal Mian , Lihua Xie , Erik Cambria , Lin Wang Abstract : The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) has shifted from static, data-driven models to dynamic systems capable of perceiving and interacting with real-world environments. Despite advancements in pattern recognition and symbolic reasoning, current AI systems, such as large language models, remain disembodied, unable to physically engage with the world. This limitation has driven the ris… ▽ More The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) has shifted from static, data-driven models to dynamic systems capable of perceiving and interacting with real-world environments. Despite advancements in pattern recognition and symbolic reasoning, current AI systems, such as large language models, remain disembodied, unable to physically engage with the world. This limitation has driven the rise of embodied AI, where autonomous agents, such as humanoid robots, must navigate and manipulate unstructured environments with human-like adaptability. At the core of this challenge lies the concept of Neural Brain, a central intelligence system designed to drive embodied agents with human-like adaptability. A Neural Brain must seamlessly integrate multimodal sensing and perception with cognitive capabilities. Achieving this also requires an adaptive memory system and energy-efficient hardware-software co-design, enabling real-time action in dynamic environments. This paper introduces a unified framework for the Neural Brain of embodied agents, addressing two fundamental challenges: (1) defining the core components of Neural Brain and (2) bridging the gap between static AI models and the dynamic adaptability required for real-world deployment. To this end, we propose a biologically inspired architecture that integrates multimodal active sensing, perception-cognition-action function, neuroplasticity-based memory storage and updating, and neuromorphic hardware/software optimization. Furthermore, we also review the latest research on embodied agents across these four aspects and analyze the gap between current AI systems and human intelligence. By synthesizing insights from neuroscience, we outline a roadmap towards the development of generalizable, autonomous agents capable of human-level intelligence in real-world scenarios. △ Less Submitted 6 October, 2025; v1 submitted 12 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: 51 pages, 17 figures, 9 tables arXiv:2505.07634 [ pdf , ps , other ] Neural Brain: A Neuroscience-inspired Framework for Embodied Agents Authors: Jian Liu , Xiongtao Shi , Thai Duy Nguyen , Haitian Zhang , Tianxiang Zhang , Wei Sun , Yanjie Li , Athanasios V. Vasilakos , Giovanni Iacca , Arshad Ali Khan , Arvind Kumar , Jae Won Cho , Ajmal Mian , Lihua Xie , Erik Cambria , Lin Wang Abstract : The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) has shifted from static, data-driven models to dynamic systems capable of perceiving and interacting with real-world environments. Despite advancements in pattern recognition and symbolic reasoning, current AI systems, such as large language models, remain disembodied, unable to physically engage with the world. This limitation has driven the ris… ▽ More The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) has shifted from static, data-driven models to dynamic systems capable of perceiving and interacting with real-world environments. Despite advancements in pattern recognition and symbolic reasoning, current AI systems, such as large language models, remain disembodied, unable to physically engage with the world. This limitation has driven the rise of embodied AI, where autonomous agents, such as humanoid robots, must navigate and manipulate unstructured environments with human-like adaptability. At the core of this challenge lies the concept of Neural Brain, a central intelligence system designed to drive embodied agents with human-like adaptability. A Neural Brain must seamlessly integrate multimodal sensing and perception with cognitive capabilities. Achieving this also requires an adaptive memory system and energy-efficient hardware-software co-design, enabling real-time action in dynamic environments. This paper introduces a unified framework for the Neural Brain of embodied agents, addressing two fundamental challenges: (1) defining the core components of Neural Brain and (2) bridging the gap between static AI models and the dynamic adaptability required for real-world deployment. To this end, we propose a biologically inspired architecture that integrates multimodal active sensing, perception-cognition-action function, neuroplasticity-based memory storage and updating, and neuromorphic hardware/software optimization. Furthermore, we also review the latest research on embodied agents across these four aspects and analyze the gap between current AI systems and human intelligence. By synthesizing insights from neuroscience, we outline a roadmap towards the development of generalizable, autonomous agents capable of human-level intelligence in real-world scenarios. △ Less Submitted 6 October, 2025; v1 submitted 12 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: 51 pages, 17 figures, 9 tables arXiv:2505.05515 [ pdf , other ] q-bio.NC cs.LG Nature's Insight: A Novel Framework and Comprehensive Analysis of Agentic Reasoning Through the Lens of Neuroscience Authors: Zinan Liu , Haoran Li , Jingyi Lu , Gaoyuan Ma , Xu Hong , Giovanni Iacca , Arvind Kumar , Shaojun Tang , Lin Wang Abstract : Autonomous AI is no longer a hard-to-reach concept, it enables the agents to move beyond executing tasks to independently addressing complex problems, adapting to change while handling the uncertainty of the environment. However, what makes the agents truly autonomous? It is agentic reasoning, that is crucial for foundation models to develop symbolic logic, statistical correlations, or large-scale… ▽ More Autonomous AI is no longer a hard-to-reach concept, it enables the agents to move beyond executing tasks to independently addressing complex problems, adapting to change while handling the uncertainty of the environment. However, what makes the agents truly autonomous? It is agentic reasoning, that is crucial for foundation models to develop symbolic logic, statistical correlations, or large-scale pattern recognition to process information, draw inferences, and make decisions. However, it remains unclear why and how existing agentic reasoning approaches work, in comparison to biological reasoning, which instead is deeply rooted in neural mechanisms involving hierarchical cognition, multimodal integration, and dynamic interactions. In this work, we propose a novel neuroscience-inspired framework for agentic reasoning. Grounded in three neuroscience-based definitions and supported by mathematical and biological foundations, we propose a unified framework modeling reasoning from perception to action, encompassing four core types, perceptual, dimensional, logical, and interactive, inspired by distinct functional roles observed in the human brain. We apply this framework to systematically classify and analyze existing AI reasoning methods, evaluating their theoretical foundations, computational designs, and practical limitations. We also explore its implications for building more generalizable, cognitively aligned agents in physical and virtual environments. Finally, building on our framework, we outline future directions and propose new neural-inspired reasoning methods, analogous to chain-of-thought prompting. By bridging cognitive neuroscience and AI, this work offers a theoretical foundation and practical roadmap for advancing agentic reasoning in intelligent systems. The associated project can be found at: . △ Less Submitted 7 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: 39 pages, 17 figures arXiv:2505.05515 [ pdf , other ] Nature's Insight: A Novel Framework and Comprehensive Analysis of Agentic Reasoning Through the Lens of Neuroscience Authors: Zinan Liu , Haoran Li , Jingyi Lu , Gaoyuan Ma , Xu Hong , Giovanni Iacca , Arvind Kumar , Shaojun Tang , Lin Wang Abstract : Autonomous AI is no longer a hard-to-reach concept, it enables the agents to move beyond executing tasks to independently addressing complex problems, adapting to change while handling the uncertainty of the environment. However, what makes the agents truly autonomous? It is agentic reasoning, that is crucial for foundation models to develop symbolic logic, statistical correlations, or large-scale… ▽ More Autonomous AI is no longer a hard-to-reach concept, it enables the agents to move beyond executing tasks to independently addressing complex problems, adapting to change while handling the uncertainty of the environment. However, what makes the agents truly autonomous? It is agentic reasoning, that is crucial for foundation models to develop symbolic logic, statistical correlations, or large-scale pattern recognition to process information, draw inferences, and make decisions. However, it remains unclear why and how existing agentic reasoning approaches work, in comparison to biological reasoning, which instead is deeply rooted in neural mechanisms involving hierarchical cognition, multimodal integration, and dynamic interactions. In this work, we propose a novel neuroscience-inspired framework for agentic reasoning. Grounded in three neuroscience-based definitions and supported by mathematical and biological foundations, we propose a unified framework modeling reasoning from perception to action, encompassing four core types, perceptual, dimensional, logical, and interactive, inspired by distinct functional roles observed in the human brain. We apply this framework to systematically classify and analyze existing AI reasoning methods, evaluating their theoretical foundations, computational designs, and practical limitations. We also explore its implications for building more generalizable, cognitively aligned agents in physical and virtual environments. Finally, building on our framework, we outline future directions and propose new neural-inspired reasoning methods, analogous to chain-of-thought prompting. By bridging cognitive neuroscience and AI, this work offers a theoretical foundation and practical roadmap for advancing agentic reasoning in intelligent systems. The associated project can be found at: . △ Less Submitted 7 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: 39 pages, 17 figures arXiv:2504.12023 [ pdf , other ] cs.NE Evolutionary Reinforcement Learning for Interpretable Decision-Making in Supply Chain Management Authors: Stefano Genetti , Alberto Longobardi , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : In the context of Industry 4.0, Supply Chain Management (SCM) faces challenges in adopting advanced optimization techniques due to the "black-box" nature of most AI-based solutions, which causes reluctance among company stakeholders. To overcome this issue, in this work, we employ an Interpretable Artificial Intelligence (IAI) approach that combines evolutionary computation with Reinforcement Lear… ▽ More In the context of Industry 4.0, Supply Chain Management (SCM) faces challenges in adopting advanced optimization techniques due to the "black-box" nature of most AI-based solutions, which causes reluctance among company stakeholders. To overcome this issue, in this work, we employ an Interpretable Artificial Intelligence (IAI) approach that combines evolutionary computation with Reinforcement Learning (RL) to generate interpretable decision-making policies in the form of decision trees. This IAI solution is embedded within a simulation-based optimization framework specifically designed to handle the inherent uncertainties and stochastic behaviors of modern supply chains. To our knowledge, this marks the first attempt to combine IAI with simulation-based optimization for decision-making in SCM. The methodology is tested on two supply chain optimization problems, one fictional and one from the real world, and its performance is compared against widely used optimization and RL algorithms. The results reveal that the interpretable approach delivers competitive, and sometimes better, performance, challenging the prevailing notion that there must be a trade-off between interpretability and optimization efficiency. Additionally, the developed framework demonstrates strong potential for industrial applications, offering seamless integration with various Python-based algorithms. △ Less Submitted 16 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. Comments: Accepted at 28th European Conference on the Applications of Evolutionary and bio-inspired Computation (EvoStar 2025) arXiv:2504.12023 [ pdf , other ] Evolutionary Reinforcement Learning for Interpretable Decision-Making in Supply Chain Management Authors: Stefano Genetti , Alberto Longobardi , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : In the context of Industry 4.0, Supply Chain Management (SCM) faces challenges in adopting advanced optimization techniques due to the "black-box" nature of most AI-based solutions, which causes reluctance among company stakeholders. To overcome this issue, in this work, we employ an Interpretable Artificial Intelligence (IAI) approach that combines evolutionary computation with Reinforcement Lear… ▽ More In the context of Industry 4.0, Supply Chain Management (SCM) faces challenges in adopting advanced optimization techniques due to the "black-box" nature of most AI-based solutions, which causes reluctance among company stakeholders. To overcome this issue, in this work, we employ an Interpretable Artificial Intelligence (IAI) approach that combines evolutionary computation with Reinforcement Learning (RL) to generate interpretable decision-making policies in the form of decision trees. This IAI solution is embedded within a simulation-based optimization framework specifically designed to handle the inherent uncertainties and stochastic behaviors of modern supply chains. To our knowledge, this marks the first attempt to combine IAI with simulation-based optimization for decision-making in SCM. The methodology is tested on two supply chain optimization problems, one fictional and one from the real world, and its performance is compared against widely used optimization and RL algorithms. The results reveal that the interpretable approach delivers competitive, and sometimes better, performance, challenging the prevailing notion that there must be a trade-off between interpretability and optimization efficiency. Additionally, the developed framework demonstrates strong potential for industrial applications, offering seamless integration with various Python-based algorithms. △ Less Submitted 16 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. Comments: Accepted at 28th European Conference on the Applications of Evolutionary and bio-inspired Computation (EvoStar 2025) arXiv:2503.11609 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV cs.LG cs.MM Rethinking Few-Shot Adaptation of Vision-Language Models in Two Stages Authors: Matteo Farina , Massimiliano Mancini , Giovanni Iacca , Elisa Ricci Abstract : An old-school recipe for training a classifier is to (i) learn a good feature extractor and (ii) optimize a linear layer atop. When only a handful of samples are available per category, as in Few-Shot Adaptation (FSA), data are insufficient to fit a large number of parameters, rendering the above impractical. This is especially true with large pre-trained Vision-Language Models (VLMs), which motiv… ▽ More An old-school recipe for training a classifier is to (i) learn a good feature extractor and (ii) optimize a linear layer atop. When only a handful of samples are available per category, as in Few-Shot Adaptation (FSA), data are insufficient to fit a large number of parameters, rendering the above impractical. This is especially true with large pre-trained Vision-Language Models (VLMs), which motivated successful research at the intersection of Parameter-Efficient Fine-tuning (PEFT) and FSA. In this work, we start by analyzing the learning dynamics of PEFT techniques when trained on few-shot data from only a subset of categories, referred to as the ``base'' classes. We show that such dynamics naturally splits into two distinct phases: (i) task-level feature extraction and (ii) specialization to the available concepts. To accommodate this dynamic, we then depart from prompt- or adapter-based methods and tackle FSA differently. Specifically, given a fixed computational budget, we split it to (i) learn a task-specific feature extractor via PEFT and (ii) train a linear classifier on top. We call this scheme Two-Stage Few-Shot Adaptation (2SFS). Differently from established methods, our scheme enables a novel form of selective inference at a category level, i.e., at test time, only novel categories are embedded by the adapted text encoder, while embeddings of base categories are available within the classifier. Results with fixed hyperparameters across two settings, three backbones, and eleven datasets, show that 2SFS matches or surpasses the state-of-the-art, while established methods degrade significantly across settings. △ Less Submitted 14 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. Comments: Camera-ready version for CVPR 2025 (w/ SuppMat, 23 pages) arXiv:2503.11609 [ pdf , other ] Rethinking Few-Shot Adaptation of Vision-Language Models in Two Stages Authors: Matteo Farina , Massimiliano Mancini , Giovanni Iacca , Elisa Ricci Abstract : An old-school recipe for training a classifier is to (i) learn a good feature extractor and (ii) optimize a linear layer atop. When only a handful of samples are available per category, as in Few-Shot Adaptation (FSA), data are insufficient to fit a large number of parameters, rendering the above impractical. This is especially true with large pre-trained Vision-Language Models (VLMs), which motiv… ▽ More An old-school recipe for training a classifier is to (i) learn a good feature extractor and (ii) optimize a linear layer atop. When only a handful of samples are available per category, as in Few-Shot Adaptation (FSA), data are insufficient to fit a large number of parameters, rendering the above impractical. This is especially true with large pre-trained Vision-Language Models (VLMs), which motivated successful research at the intersection of Parameter-Efficient Fine-tuning (PEFT) and FSA. In this work, we start by analyzing the learning dynamics of PEFT techniques when trained on few-shot data from only a subset of categories, referred to as the ``base'' classes. We show that such dynamics naturally splits into two distinct phases: (i) task-level feature extraction and (ii) specialization to the available concepts. To accommodate this dynamic, we then depart from prompt- or adapter-based methods and tackle FSA differently. Specifically, given a fixed computational budget, we split it to (i) learn a task-specific feature extractor via PEFT and (ii) train a linear classifier on top. We call this scheme Two-Stage Few-Shot Adaptation (2SFS). Differently from established methods, our scheme enables a novel form of selective inference at a category level, i.e., at test time, only novel categories are embedded by the adapted text encoder, while embeddings of base categories are available within the classifier. Results with fixed hyperparameters across two settings, three backbones, and eleven datasets, show that 2SFS matches or surpasses the state-of-the-art, while established methods degrade significantly across settings. △ Less Submitted 14 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. Comments: Camera-ready version for CVPR 2025 (w/ SuppMat, 23 pages) arXiv:2501.17771 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.LG 2SSP: A Two-Stage Framework for Structured Pruning of LLMs Authors: Fabrizio Sandri , Elia Cunegatti , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : We propose a novel Two-Stage framework for Structured Pruning (\textsc{2SSP}) for pruning Large Language Models (LLMs), which combines two different strategies of pruning, namely Width and Depth Pruning. The first stage (Width Pruning) removes entire neurons, hence their corresponding rows and columns, aiming to preserve the connectivity among the pruned structures in the intermediate state of the… ▽ More We propose a novel Two-Stage framework for Structured Pruning (\textsc{2SSP}) for pruning Large Language Models (LLMs), which combines two different strategies of pruning, namely Width and Depth Pruning. The first stage (Width Pruning) removes entire neurons, hence their corresponding rows and columns, aiming to preserve the connectivity among the pruned structures in the intermediate state of the Feed-Forward Networks in each Transformer block. This is done based on an importance score measuring the impact of each neuron on the output magnitude. The second stage (Depth Pruning), instead, removes entire Attention submodules. This is done by applying an iterative process that removes the Attention with the minimum impact on a given metric of interest (in our case, perplexity). We also propose a novel mechanism to balance the sparsity rate of the two stages w.r.t. to the desired global sparsity. We test \textsc{2SSP} on four LLM families and three sparsity rates (25\%, 37.5\%, and 50\%), measuring the resulting perplexity over three language modeling datasets as well as the performance over six downstream tasks. Our method consistently outperforms five state-of-the-art competitors over three language modeling and six downstream tasks, with an up to two-order-of-magnitude gain in terms of pruning time. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 17 August, 2025; v1 submitted 29 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. Comments: Published in Transactions on Machine Learning Research (TMLR) arXiv:2501.17771 [ pdf , ps , other ] 2SSP: A Two-Stage Framework for Structured Pruning of LLMs Authors: Fabrizio Sandri , Elia Cunegatti , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : We propose a novel Two-Stage framework for Structured Pruning (\textsc{2SSP}) for pruning Large Language Models (LLMs), which combines two different strategies of pruning, namely Width and Depth Pruning. The first stage (Width Pruning) removes entire neurons, hence their corresponding rows and columns, aiming to preserve the connectivity among the pruned structures in the intermediate state of the… ▽ More We propose a novel Two-Stage framework for Structured Pruning (\textsc{2SSP}) for pruning Large Language Models (LLMs), which combines two different strategies of pruning, namely Width and Depth Pruning. The first stage (Width Pruning) removes entire neurons, hence their corresponding rows and columns, aiming to preserve the connectivity among the pruned structures in the intermediate state of the Feed-Forward Networks in each Transformer block. This is done based on an importance score measuring the impact of each neuron on the output magnitude. The second stage (Depth Pruning), instead, removes entire Attention submodules. This is done by applying an iterative process that removes the Attention with the minimum impact on a given metric of interest (in our case, perplexity). We also propose a novel mechanism to balance the sparsity rate of the two stages w.r.t. to the desired global sparsity. We test \textsc{2SSP} on four LLM families and three sparsity rates (25\%, 37.5\%, and 50\%), measuring the resulting perplexity over three language modeling datasets as well as the performance over six downstream tasks. Our method consistently outperforms five state-of-the-art competitors over three language modeling and six downstream tasks, with an up to two-order-of-magnitude gain in terms of pruning time. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 17 August, 2025; v1 submitted 29 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. Comments: Published in Transactions on Machine Learning Research (TMLR) arXiv:2412.13053 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG cs.AI doi 10.1609/aaai.v39i20.35394 SMOSE: Sparse Mixture of Shallow Experts for Interpretable Reinforcement Learning in Continuous Control Tasks Authors: Mátyás Vincze , Laura Ferrarotti , Leonardo Lucio Custode , Bruno Lepri , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Continuous control tasks often involve high-dimensional, dynamic, and non-linear environments. State-of-the-art performance in these tasks is achieved through complex closed-box policies that are effective, but suffer from an inherent opacity. Interpretable policies, while generally underperforming compared to their closed-box counterparts, advantageously facilitate transparent decision-making wit… ▽ More Continuous control tasks often involve high-dimensional, dynamic, and non-linear environments. State-of-the-art performance in these tasks is achieved through complex closed-box policies that are effective, but suffer from an inherent opacity. Interpretable policies, while generally underperforming compared to their closed-box counterparts, advantageously facilitate transparent decision-making within automated systems. Hence, their usage is often essential for diagnosing and mitigating errors, supporting ethical and legal accountability, and fostering trust among stakeholders. In this paper, we propose SMOSE, a novel method to train sparsely activated interpretable controllers, based on a top-1 Mixture-of-Experts architecture. SMOSE combines a set of interpretable decisionmakers, trained to be experts in different basic skills, and an interpretable router that assigns tasks among the experts. The training is carried out via state-of-the-art Reinforcement Learning algorithms, exploiting load-balancing techniques to ensure fair expert usage. We then distill decision trees from the weights of the router, significantly improving the ease of interpretation. We evaluate SMOSE on six benchmark environments from MuJoCo: our method outperforms recent interpretable baselines and narrows the gap with noninterpretable state-of-the-art algorithms △ Less Submitted 17 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024. Comments: To be published in the Proceedings of the 39th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-25) MSC Class: 68 ACM Class: I.2.6; I.2.8 arXiv:2412.13053 [ pdf , other ] SMOSE: Sparse Mixture of Shallow Experts for Interpretable Reinforcement Learning in Continuous Control Tasks Authors: Mátyás Vincze , Laura Ferrarotti , Leonardo Lucio Custode , Bruno Lepri , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Continuous control tasks often involve high-dimensional, dynamic, and non-linear environments. State-of-the-art performance in these tasks is achieved through complex closed-box policies that are effective, but suffer from an inherent opacity. Interpretable policies, while generally underperforming compared to their closed-box counterparts, advantageously facilitate transparent decision-making wit… ▽ More Continuous control tasks often involve high-dimensional, dynamic, and non-linear environments. State-of-the-art performance in these tasks is achieved through complex closed-box policies that are effective, but suffer from an inherent opacity. Interpretable policies, while generally underperforming compared to their closed-box counterparts, advantageously facilitate transparent decision-making within automated systems. Hence, their usage is often essential for diagnosing and mitigating errors, supporting ethical and legal accountability, and fostering trust among stakeholders. In this paper, we propose SMOSE, a novel method to train sparsely activated interpretable controllers, based on a top-1 Mixture-of-Experts architecture. SMOSE combines a set of interpretable decisionmakers, trained to be experts in different basic skills, and an interpretable router that assigns tasks among the experts. The training is carried out via state-of-the-art Reinforcement Learning algorithms, exploiting load-balancing techniques to ensure fair expert usage. We then distill decision trees from the weights of the router, significantly improving the ease of interpretation. We evaluate SMOSE on six benchmark environments from MuJoCo: our method outperforms recent interpretable baselines and narrows the gap with noninterpretable state-of-the-art algorithms △ Less Submitted 17 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024. Comments: To be published in the Proceedings of the 39th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-25) MSC Class: 68 ACM Class: I.2.6; I.2.8 arXiv:2411.07066 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI cs.CL Zeroth-Order Adaptive Neuron Alignment Based Pruning without Re-Training Authors: Elia Cunegatti , Leonardo Lucio Custode , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Network pruning focuses on algorithms that aim to reduce a given model's computational cost by removing a subset of its parameters while having minimal impact on performance. Throughout the last decade, the most widely used pruning paradigm has been pruning and re-training, which nowadays is inconvenient due to the vast amount of pre-trained models, which are, in any case, too expensive to re-trai… ▽ More Network pruning focuses on algorithms that aim to reduce a given model's computational cost by removing a subset of its parameters while having minimal impact on performance. Throughout the last decade, the most widely used pruning paradigm has been pruning and re-training, which nowadays is inconvenient due to the vast amount of pre-trained models, which are, in any case, too expensive to re-train. In this paper, we exploit functional information from dense pre-trained models, i.e., their input activations, to obtain sparse models that maximize the activations' alignment with respect to their corresponding dense models. Hence, we propose \textbf{NeuroAl}, a \emph{top-up} algorithm that can be used on top of any given pruning algorithm for LLMs, which modifies the block-wise and row-wise sparsity, exploiting information from both the dense model and its sparse version to maximize the \emph{neuron alignment} among activations. Different from existing methods, our approach adaptively selects the best hyperparameters for the block-wise and row-wise sparsity ratios w.r.t. the model and the desired sparsity, and requires \emph{no re-training}. We test our method over $\sim$300 test cases with four LLM families, three sparsity ratios, and ten language tasks (three language modeling and seven zero-shot datasets), showing how it consistently outperforms the latest state-of-the-art methods in terms of performance-runtime trade-off. The code is available at \href{ △ Less Submitted 10 November, 2025; v1 submitted 11 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024. Comments: Published in Transactions on Machine Learning Research (TMLR) arXiv:2411.07066 [ pdf , ps , other ] Zeroth-Order Adaptive Neuron Alignment Based Pruning without Re-Training Authors: Elia Cunegatti , Leonardo Lucio Custode , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Network pruning focuses on algorithms that aim to reduce a given model's computational cost by removing a subset of its parameters while having minimal impact on performance. Throughout the last decade, the most widely used pruning paradigm has been pruning and re-training, which nowadays is inconvenient due to the vast amount of pre-trained models, which are, in any case, too expensive to re-trai… ▽ More Network pruning focuses on algorithms that aim to reduce a given model's computational cost by removing a subset of its parameters while having minimal impact on performance. Throughout the last decade, the most widely used pruning paradigm has been pruning and re-training, which nowadays is inconvenient due to the vast amount of pre-trained models, which are, in any case, too expensive to re-train. In this paper, we exploit functional information from dense pre-trained models, i.e., their input activations, to obtain sparse models that maximize the activations' alignment with respect to their corresponding dense models. Hence, we propose \textbf{NeuroAl}, a \emph{top-up} algorithm that can be used on top of any given pruning algorithm for LLMs, which modifies the block-wise and row-wise sparsity, exploiting information from both the dense model and its sparse version to maximize the \emph{neuron alignment} among activations. Different from existing methods, our approach adaptively selects the best hyperparameters for the block-wise and row-wise sparsity ratios w.r.t. the model and the desired sparsity, and requires \emph{no re-training}. We test our method over $\sim$300 test cases with four LLM families, three sparsity ratios, and ten language tasks (three language modeling and seven zero-shot datasets), showing how it consistently outperforms the latest state-of-the-art methods in terms of performance-runtime trade-off. The code is available at \href{ △ Less Submitted 10 November, 2025; v1 submitted 11 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024. Comments: Published in Transactions on Machine Learning Research (TMLR) arXiv:2408.02451 [ pdf , other ] cs.NE doi 10.1145/3638530.3664163 An investigation on the use of Large Language Models for hyperparameter tuning in Evolutionary Algorithms Authors: Leonardo Lucio Custode , Fabio Caraffini , Anil Yaman , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Hyperparameter optimization is a crucial problem in Evolutionary Computation. In fact, the values of the hyperparameters directly impact the trajectory taken by the optimization process, and their choice requires extensive reasoning by human operators. Although a variety of self-adaptive Evolutionary Algorithms have been proposed in the literature, no definitive solution has been found. In this wo… ▽ More Hyperparameter optimization is a crucial problem in Evolutionary Computation. In fact, the values of the hyperparameters directly impact the trajectory taken by the optimization process, and their choice requires extensive reasoning by human operators. Although a variety of self-adaptive Evolutionary Algorithms have been proposed in the literature, no definitive solution has been found. In this work, we perform a preliminary investigation to automate the reasoning process that leads to the choice of hyperparameter values. We employ two open-source Large Language Models (LLMs), namely Llama2-70b and Mixtral, to analyze the optimization logs online and provide novel real-time hyperparameter recommendations. We study our approach in the context of step-size adaptation for (1+1)-ES. The results suggest that LLMs can be an effective method for optimizing hyperparameters in Evolution Strategies, encouraging further research in this direction. △ Less Submitted 5 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024. Comments: Proceedings of the GECCO'24 Companion: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion arXiv:2408.02451 [ pdf , other ] An investigation on the use of Large Language Models for hyperparameter tuning in Evolutionary Algorithms Authors: Leonardo Lucio Custode , Fabio Caraffini , Anil Yaman , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Hyperparameter optimization is a crucial problem in Evolutionary Computation. In fact, the values of the hyperparameters directly impact the trajectory taken by the optimization process, and their choice requires extensive reasoning by human operators. Although a variety of self-adaptive Evolutionary Algorithms have been proposed in the literature, no definitive solution has been found. In this wo… ▽ More Hyperparameter optimization is a crucial problem in Evolutionary Computation. In fact, the values of the hyperparameters directly impact the trajectory taken by the optimization process, and their choice requires extensive reasoning by human operators. Although a variety of self-adaptive Evolutionary Algorithms have been proposed in the literature, no definitive solution has been found. In this work, we perform a preliminary investigation to automate the reasoning process that leads to the choice of hyperparameter values. We employ two open-source Large Language Models (LLMs), namely Llama2-70b and Mixtral, to analyze the optimization logs online and provide novel real-time hyperparameter recommendations. We study our approach in the context of step-size adaptation for (1+1)-ES. The results suggest that LLMs can be an effective method for optimizing hyperparameters in Evolution Strategies, encouraging further research in this direction. △ Less Submitted 5 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024. Comments: Proceedings of the GECCO'24 Companion: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion arXiv:2407.13965 [ pdf , other ] cs.NE The Effect of Training Schedules on Morphological Robustness and Generalization Authors: Edoardo Barba , Anil Yaman , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Robustness and generalizability are the key properties of artificial neural network (ANN)-based controllers for maintaining a reliable performance in case of changes. It is demonstrated that exposing the ANNs to variations during training processes can improve their robustness and generalization capabilities. However, the way in which this variation is introduced can have a significant impact. In… ▽ More Robustness and generalizability are the key properties of artificial neural network (ANN)-based controllers for maintaining a reliable performance in case of changes. It is demonstrated that exposing the ANNs to variations during training processes can improve their robustness and generalization capabilities. However, the way in which this variation is introduced can have a significant impact. In this paper, we define various training schedules to specify how these variations are introduced during an evolutionary learning process. In particular, we focus on morphological robustness and generalizability concerned with finding an ANN-based controller that can provide sufficient performance on a range of physical variations. Then, we perform an extensive analysis of the effect of these training schedules on morphological generalization. Furthermore, we formalize the process of training sample selection (i.e., morphological variations) to improve generalization as a reinforcement learning problem. Overall, our results provide deeper insights into the role of variability and the ways of enhancing the generalization property of evolved ANN-based controllers. △ Less Submitted 18 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024. arXiv:2407.13965 [ pdf , other ] The Effect of Training Schedules on Morphological Robustness and Generalization Authors: Edoardo Barba , Anil Yaman , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Robustness and generalizability are the key properties of artificial neural network (ANN)-based controllers for maintaining a reliable performance in case of changes. It is demonstrated that exposing the ANNs to variations during training processes can improve their robustness and generalization capabilities. However, the way in which this variation is introduced can have a significant impact. In… ▽ More Robustness and generalizability are the key properties of artificial neural network (ANN)-based controllers for maintaining a reliable performance in case of changes. It is demonstrated that exposing the ANNs to variations during training processes can improve their robustness and generalization capabilities. However, the way in which this variation is introduced can have a significant impact. In this paper, we define various training schedules to specify how these variations are introduced during an evolutionary learning process. In particular, we focus on morphological robustness and generalizability concerned with finding an ANN-based controller that can provide sufficient performance on a range of physical variations. Then, we perform an extensive analysis of the effect of these training schedules on morphological generalization. Furthermore, we formalize the process of training sample selection (i.e., morphological variations) to improve generalization as a reinforcement learning problem. Overall, our results provide deeper insights into the role of variability and the ways of enhancing the generalization property of evolved ANN-based controllers. △ Less Submitted 18 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024. arXiv:2406.07811 [ pdf , other ] cs.NE cs.AI cs.LG Evolutionary Computation and Explainable AI: A Roadmap to Understandable Intelligent Systems Authors: Ryan Zhou , Jaume Bacardit , Alexander Brownlee , Stefano Cagnoni , Martin Fyvie , Giovanni Iacca , John McCall , Niki van Stein , David Walker , Ting Hu Abstract : Artificial intelligence methods are being increasingly applied across various domains, but their often opaque nature has raised concerns about accountability and trust. In response, the field of explainable AI (XAI) has emerged to address the need for human-understandable AI systems. Evolutionary computation (EC), a family of powerful optimization and learning algorithms, offers significant potent… ▽ More Artificial intelligence methods are being increasingly applied across various domains, but their often opaque nature has raised concerns about accountability and trust. In response, the field of explainable AI (XAI) has emerged to address the need for human-understandable AI systems. Evolutionary computation (EC), a family of powerful optimization and learning algorithms, offers significant potential to contribute to XAI, and vice versa. This paper provides an introduction to XAI and reviews current techniques for explaining machine learning models. We then explore how EC can be leveraged in XAI and examine existing XAI approaches that incorporate EC techniques. Furthermore, we discuss the application of XAI principles within EC itself, investigating how these principles can illuminate the behavior and outcomes of EC algorithms, their (automatic) configuration, and the underlying problem landscapes they optimize. Finally, we discuss open challenges in XAI and highlight opportunities for future research at the intersection of XAI and EC. Our goal is to demonstrate EC's suitability for addressing current explainability challenges and to encourage further exploration of these methods, ultimately contributing to the development of more understandable and trustworthy ML models and EC algorithms. △ Less Submitted 17 October, 2024; v1 submitted 11 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024. Comments: 24 pages, 4 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2306.14786 arXiv:2406.07811 [ pdf , other ] Evolutionary Computation and Explainable AI: A Roadmap to Understandable Intelligent Systems Authors: Ryan Zhou , Jaume Bacardit , Alexander Brownlee , Stefano Cagnoni , Martin Fyvie , Giovanni Iacca , John McCall , Niki van Stein , David Walker , Ting Hu Abstract : Artificial intelligence methods are being increasingly applied across various domains, but their often opaque nature has raised concerns about accountability and trust. In response, the field of explainable AI (XAI) has emerged to address the need for human-understandable AI systems. Evolutionary computation (EC), a family of powerful optimization and learning algorithms, offers significant potent… ▽ More Artificial intelligence methods are being increasingly applied across various domains, but their often opaque nature has raised concerns about accountability and trust. In response, the field of explainable AI (XAI) has emerged to address the need for human-understandable AI systems. Evolutionary computation (EC), a family of powerful optimization and learning algorithms, offers significant potential to contribute to XAI, and vice versa. This paper provides an introduction to XAI and reviews current techniques for explaining machine learning models. We then explore how EC can be leveraged in XAI and examine existing XAI approaches that incorporate EC techniques. Furthermore, we discuss the application of XAI principles within EC itself, investigating how these principles can illuminate the behavior and outcomes of EC algorithms, their (automatic) configuration, and the underlying problem landscapes they optimize. Finally, we discuss open challenges in XAI and highlight opportunities for future research at the intersection of XAI and EC. Our goal is to demonstrate EC's suitability for addressing current explainability challenges and to encourage further exploration of these methods, ultimately contributing to the development of more understandable and trustworthy ML models and EC algorithms. △ Less Submitted 17 October, 2024; v1 submitted 11 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024. Comments: 24 pages, 4 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2306.14786 arXiv:2405.18330 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV cs.AI Frustratingly Easy Test-Time Adaptation of Vision-Language Models Authors: Matteo Farina , Gianni Franchi , Giovanni Iacca , Massimiliano Mancini , Elisa Ricci Abstract : Vision-Language Models seamlessly discriminate among arbitrary semantic categories, yet they still suffer from poor generalization when presented with challenging examples. For this reason, Episodic Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) strategies have recently emerged as powerful techniques to adapt VLMs in the presence of a single unlabeled image. The recent literature on TTA is dominated by the paradigm o… ▽ More Vision-Language Models seamlessly discriminate among arbitrary semantic categories, yet they still suffer from poor generalization when presented with challenging examples. For this reason, Episodic Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) strategies have recently emerged as powerful techniques to adapt VLMs in the presence of a single unlabeled image. The recent literature on TTA is dominated by the paradigm of prompt tuning by Marginal Entropy Minimization, which, relying on online backpropagation, inevitably slows down inference while increasing memory. In this work, we theoretically investigate the properties of this approach and unveil that a surprisingly strong TTA method lies dormant and hidden within it. We term this approach ZERO (TTA with "zero" temperature), whose design is both incredibly effective and frustratingly simple: augment N times, predict, retain the most confident predictions, and marginalize after setting the Softmax temperature to zero. Remarkably, ZERO requires a single batched forward pass through the vision encoder only and no backward passes. We thoroughly evaluate our approach following the experimental protocol established in the literature and show that ZERO largely surpasses or compares favorably w.r.t. the state-of-the-art while being almost 10x faster and 13x more memory-friendly than standard Test-Time Prompt Tuning. Thanks to its simplicity and comparatively negligible computation, ZERO can serve as a strong baseline for future work in this field. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 2 November, 2024; v1 submitted 28 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. Comments: Camera-ready version for NeurIPS 2024 arXiv:2405.18330 [ pdf , other ] Frustratingly Easy Test-Time Adaptation of Vision-Language Models Authors: Matteo Farina , Gianni Franchi , Giovanni Iacca , Massimiliano Mancini , Elisa Ricci Abstract : Vision-Language Models seamlessly discriminate among arbitrary semantic categories, yet they still suffer from poor generalization when presented with challenging examples. For this reason, Episodic Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) strategies have recently emerged as powerful techniques to adapt VLMs in the presence of a single unlabeled image. The recent literature on TTA is dominated by the paradigm o… ▽ More Vision-Language Models seamlessly discriminate among arbitrary semantic categories, yet they still suffer from poor generalization when presented with challenging examples. For this reason, Episodic Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) strategies have recently emerged as powerful techniques to adapt VLMs in the presence of a single unlabeled image. The recent literature on TTA is dominated by the paradigm of prompt tuning by Marginal Entropy Minimization, which, relying on online backpropagation, inevitably slows down inference while increasing memory. In this work, we theoretically investigate the properties of this approach and unveil that a surprisingly strong TTA method lies dormant and hidden within it. We term this approach ZERO (TTA with "zero" temperature), whose design is both incredibly effective and frustratingly simple: augment N times, predict, retain the most confident predictions, and marginalize after setting the Softmax temperature to zero. Remarkably, ZERO requires a single batched forward pass through the vision encoder only and no backward passes. We thoroughly evaluate our approach following the experimental protocol established in the literature and show that ZERO largely surpasses or compares favorably w.r.t. the state-of-the-art while being almost 10x faster and 13x more memory-friendly than standard Test-Time Prompt Tuning. Thanks to its simplicity and comparatively negligible computation, ZERO can serve as a strong baseline for future work in this field. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 2 November, 2024; v1 submitted 28 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. Comments: Camera-ready version for NeurIPS 2024 arXiv:2405.10187 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI cs.NE Influence Maximization in Hypergraphs using Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms Authors: Stefano Genetti , Eros Ribaga , Elia Cunegatti , Quintino Francesco Lotito , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : The Influence Maximization (IM) problem is a well-known NP-hard combinatorial problem over graphs whose goal is to find the set of nodes in a network that spreads influence at most. Among the various methods for solving the IM problem, evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have been shown to be particularly effective. While the literature on the topic is particularly ample, only a few attempts have been m… ▽ More The Influence Maximization (IM) problem is a well-known NP-hard combinatorial problem over graphs whose goal is to find the set of nodes in a network that spreads influence at most. Among the various methods for solving the IM problem, evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have been shown to be particularly effective. While the literature on the topic is particularly ample, only a few attempts have been made at solving the IM problem over higher-order networks, namely extensions of standard graphs that can capture interactions that involve more than two nodes. Hypergraphs are a valuable tool for modeling complex interaction networks in various domains; however, they require rethinking of several graph-based problems, including IM. In this work, we propose a multi-objective EA for the IM problem over hypergraphs that leverages smart initialization and hypergraph-aware mutation. While the existing methods rely on greedy or heuristic methods, to our best knowledge this is the first attempt at applying EAs to this problem. Our results over nine real-world datasets and three propagation models, compared with five baseline algorithms, reveal that our method achieves in most cases state-of-the-art results in terms of hypervolume and solution diversity. △ Less Submitted 16 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. arXiv:2405.10187 [ pdf , other ] Influence Maximization in Hypergraphs using Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms Authors: Stefano Genetti , Eros Ribaga , Elia Cunegatti , Quintino Francesco Lotito , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : The Influence Maximization (IM) problem is a well-known NP-hard combinatorial problem over graphs whose goal is to find the set of nodes in a network that spreads influence at most. Among the various methods for solving the IM problem, evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have been shown to be particularly effective. While the literature on the topic is particularly ample, only a few attempts have been m… ▽ More The Influence Maximization (IM) problem is a well-known NP-hard combinatorial problem over graphs whose goal is to find the set of nodes in a network that spreads influence at most. Among the various methods for solving the IM problem, evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have been shown to be particularly effective. While the literature on the topic is particularly ample, only a few attempts have been made at solving the IM problem over higher-order networks, namely extensions of standard graphs that can capture interactions that involve more than two nodes. Hypergraphs are a valuable tool for modeling complex interaction networks in various domains; however, they require rethinking of several graph-based problems, including IM. In this work, we propose a multi-objective EA for the IM problem over hypergraphs that leverages smart initialization and hypergraph-aware mutation. While the existing methods rely on greedy or heuristic methods, to our best knowledge this is the first attempt at applying EAs to this problem. Our results over nine real-world datasets and three propagation models, compared with five baseline algorithms, reveal that our method achieves in most cases state-of-the-art results in terms of hypervolume and solution diversity. △ Less Submitted 16 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. arXiv:2404.05621 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV MULTIFLOW: Shifting Towards Task-Agnostic Vision-Language Pruning Authors: Matteo Farina , Massimiliano Mancini , Elia Cunegatti , Gaowen Liu , Giovanni Iacca , Elisa Ricci Abstract : While excellent in transfer learning, Vision-Language models (VLMs) come with high computational costs due to their large number of parameters. To address this issue, removing parameters via model pruning is a viable solution. However, existing techniques for VLMs are task-specific, and thus require pruning the network from scratch for each new task of interest. In this work, we explore a new dire… ▽ More While excellent in transfer learning, Vision-Language models (VLMs) come with high computational costs due to their large number of parameters. To address this issue, removing parameters via model pruning is a viable solution. However, existing techniques for VLMs are task-specific, and thus require pruning the network from scratch for each new task of interest. In this work, we explore a new direction: Task-Agnostic Vision-Language Pruning (TA-VLP). Given a pretrained VLM, the goal is to find a unique pruned counterpart transferable to multiple unknown downstream tasks. In this challenging setting, the transferable representations already encoded in the pretrained model are a key aspect to preserve. Thus, we propose Multimodal Flow Pruning (MULTIFLOW), a first, gradient-free, pruning framework for TA-VLP where: (i) the importance of a parameter is expressed in terms of its magnitude and its information flow, by incorporating the saliency of the neurons it connects; and (ii) pruning is driven by the emergent (multimodal) distribution of the VLM parameters after pretraining. We benchmark eight state-of-the-art pruning algorithms in the context of TA-VLP, experimenting with two VLMs, three vision-language tasks, and three pruning ratios. Our experimental results show that MULTIFLOW outperforms recent sophisticated, combinatorial competitors in the vast majority of the cases, paving the way towards addressing TA-VLP. The code is publicly available at △ Less Submitted 8 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024. Comments: CVPR 2024 arXiv:2404.05621 [ pdf , other ] MULTIFLOW: Shifting Towards Task-Agnostic Vision-Language Pruning Authors: Matteo Farina , Massimiliano Mancini , Elia Cunegatti , Gaowen Liu , Giovanni Iacca , Elisa Ricci Abstract : While excellent in transfer learning, Vision-Language models (VLMs) come with high computational costs due to their large number of parameters. To address this issue, removing parameters via model pruning is a viable solution. However, existing techniques for VLMs are task-specific, and thus require pruning the network from scratch for each new task of interest. In this work, we explore a new dire… ▽ More While excellent in transfer learning, Vision-Language models (VLMs) come with high computational costs due to their large number of parameters. To address this issue, removing parameters via model pruning is a viable solution. However, existing techniques for VLMs are task-specific, and thus require pruning the network from scratch for each new task of interest. In this work, we explore a new direction: Task-Agnostic Vision-Language Pruning (TA-VLP). Given a pretrained VLM, the goal is to find a unique pruned counterpart transferable to multiple unknown downstream tasks. In this challenging setting, the transferable representations already encoded in the pretrained model are a key aspect to preserve. Thus, we propose Multimodal Flow Pruning (MULTIFLOW), a first, gradient-free, pruning framework for TA-VLP where: (i) the importance of a parameter is expressed in terms of its magnitude and its information flow, by incorporating the saliency of the neurons it connects; and (ii) pruning is driven by the emergent (multimodal) distribution of the VLM parameters after pretraining. We benchmark eight state-of-the-art pruning algorithms in the context of TA-VLP, experimenting with two VLMs, three vision-language tasks, and three pruning ratios. Our experimental results show that MULTIFLOW outperforms recent sophisticated, combinatorial competitors in the vast majority of the cases, paving the way towards addressing TA-VLP. The code is publicly available at △ Less Submitted 8 April, 2024; originally announced April 2024. Comments: CVPR 2024 arXiv:2403.18755 [ pdf , other ] cs.NE cs.AI cs.SI doi 10.1145/3638530.3654161 Many-Objective Evolutionary Influence Maximization: Balancing Spread, Budget, Fairness, and Time Authors: Elia Cunegatti , Leonardo Lucio Custode , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : The Influence Maximization (IM) problem seeks to discover the set of nodes in a graph that can spread the information propagation at most. This problem is known to be NP-hard, and it is usually studied by maximizing the influence (spread) and, optionally, optimizing a second objective, such as minimizing the seed set size or maximizing the influence fairness. However, in many practical scenarios m… ▽ More The Influence Maximization (IM) problem seeks to discover the set of nodes in a graph that can spread the information propagation at most. This problem is known to be NP-hard, and it is usually studied by maximizing the influence (spread) and, optionally, optimizing a second objective, such as minimizing the seed set size or maximizing the influence fairness. However, in many practical scenarios multiple aspects of the IM problem must be optimized at the same time. In this work, we propose a first case study where several IM-specific objective functions, namely budget, fairness, communities, and time, are optimized on top of the maximization of influence and minimization of the seed set size. To this aim, we introduce MOEIM (Many-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm for Influence Maximization) a Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA) based on NSGA-II incorporating graph-aware operators and a smart initialization. We compare MOEIM in two experimental settings, including a total of nine graph datasets, two heuristic methods, a related MOEA, and a state-of-the-art Deep Learning approach. The experiments show that MOEIM overall outperforms the competitors in most of the tested many-objective settings. To conclude, we also investigate the correlation between the objectives, leading to novel insights into the topic. The codebase is available at △ Less Submitted 28 March, 2024; v1 submitted 27 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024. Comments: To appear in Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO 24 Companion), July 14 18, 2024, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. ACM, New York, NY, USA arXiv:2403.18755 [ pdf , other ] Many-Objective Evolutionary Influence Maximization: Balancing Spread, Budget, Fairness, and Time Authors: Elia Cunegatti , Leonardo Lucio Custode , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : The Influence Maximization (IM) problem seeks to discover the set of nodes in a graph that can spread the information propagation at most. This problem is known to be NP-hard, and it is usually studied by maximizing the influence (spread) and, optionally, optimizing a second objective, such as minimizing the seed set size or maximizing the influence fairness. However, in many practical scenarios m… ▽ More The Influence Maximization (IM) problem seeks to discover the set of nodes in a graph that can spread the information propagation at most. This problem is known to be NP-hard, and it is usually studied by maximizing the influence (spread) and, optionally, optimizing a second objective, such as minimizing the seed set size or maximizing the influence fairness. However, in many practical scenarios multiple aspects of the IM problem must be optimized at the same time. In this work, we propose a first case study where several IM-specific objective functions, namely budget, fairness, communities, and time, are optimized on top of the maximization of influence and minimization of the seed set size. To this aim, we introduce MOEIM (Many-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm for Influence Maximization) a Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA) based on NSGA-II incorporating graph-aware operators and a smart initialization. We compare MOEIM in two experimental settings, including a total of nine graph datasets, two heuristic methods, a related MOEA, and a state-of-the-art Deep Learning approach. The experiments show that MOEIM overall outperforms the competitors in most of the tested many-objective settings. To conclude, we also investigate the correlation between the objectives, leading to novel insights into the topic. The codebase is available at △ Less Submitted 28 March, 2024; v1 submitted 27 March, 2024; originally announced March 2024. Comments: To appear in Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO 24 Companion), July 14 18, 2024, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. ACM, New York, NY, USA arXiv:2403.12076 [ pdf , other ] cs.NE cs.AI cs.LG Neuron-centric Hebbian Learning Authors: Andrea Ferigo , Elia Cunegatti , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : One of the most striking capabilities behind the learning mechanisms of the brain is the adaptation, through structural and functional plasticity, of its synapses. While synapses have the fundamental role of transmitting information across the brain, several studies show that it is the neuron activations that produce changes on synapses. Yet, most plasticity models devised for artificial Neural Ne… ▽ More One of the most striking capabilities behind the learning mechanisms of the brain is the adaptation, through structural and functional plasticity, of its synapses. While synapses have the fundamental role of transmitting information across the brain, several studies show that it is the neuron activations that produce changes on synapses. Yet, most plasticity models devised for artificial Neural Networks (NNs), e.g., the ABCD rule, focus on synapses, rather than neurons, therefore optimizing synaptic-specific Hebbian parameters. This approach, however, increases the complexity of the optimization process since each synapse is associated to multiple Hebbian parameters. To overcome this limitation, we propose a novel plasticity model, called Neuron-centric Hebbian Learning (NcHL), where optimization focuses on neuron- rather than synaptic-specific Hebbian parameters. Compared to the ABCD rule, NcHL reduces the parameters from $5W$ to $5N$, being $W$ and $N$ the number of weights and neurons, and usually $N \ll W$. We also devise a ``weightless'' NcHL model, which requires less memory by approximating the weights based on a record of neuron activations. Our experiments on two robotic locomotion tasks reveal that NcHL performs comparably to the ABCD rule, despite using up to $\sim97$ times less parameters, thus allowing for scalable plasticity △ Less Submitted 16 April, 2024; v1 submitted 16 February, 2024; originally announced March 2024. Comments: Accepted at Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO 2024) arXiv:2403.12076 [ pdf , other ] Neuron-centric Hebbian Learning Authors: Andrea Ferigo , Elia Cunegatti , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : One of the most striking capabilities behind the learning mechanisms of the brain is the adaptation, through structural and functional plasticity, of its synapses. While synapses have the fundamental role of transmitting information across the brain, several studies show that it is the neuron activations that produce changes on synapses. Yet, most plasticity models devised for artificial Neural Ne… ▽ More One of the most striking capabilities behind the learning mechanisms of the brain is the adaptation, through structural and functional plasticity, of its synapses. While synapses have the fundamental role of transmitting information across the brain, several studies show that it is the neuron activations that produce changes on synapses. Yet, most plasticity models devised for artificial Neural Networks (NNs), e.g., the ABCD rule, focus on synapses, rather than neurons, therefore optimizing synaptic-specific Hebbian parameters. This approach, however, increases the complexity of the optimization process since each synapse is associated to multiple Hebbian parameters. To overcome this limitation, we propose a novel plasticity model, called Neuron-centric Hebbian Learning (NcHL), where optimization focuses on neuron- rather than synaptic-specific Hebbian parameters. Compared to the ABCD rule, NcHL reduces the parameters from $5W$ to $5N$, being $W$ and $N$ the number of weights and neurons, and usually $N \ll W$. We also devise a ``weightless'' NcHL model, which requires less memory by approximating the weights based on a record of neuron activations. Our experiments on two robotic locomotion tasks reveal that NcHL performs comparably to the ABCD rule, despite using up to $\sim97$ times less parameters, thus allowing for scalable plasticity △ Less Submitted 16 April, 2024; v1 submitted 16 February, 2024; originally announced March 2024. Comments: Accepted at Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO 2024) arXiv:2402.09030 [ pdf , other ] cs.RO Awareness in robotics: An early perspective from the viewpoint of the EIC Pathfinder Challenge "Awareness Inside'' Authors: Cosimo Della Santina , Carlos Hernandez Corbato , Burak Sisman , Luis A. Leiva , Ioannis Arapakis , Michalis Vakalellis , Jean Vanderdonckt , Luis Fernando D'Haro , Guido Manzi , Cristina Becchio , Aïda Elamrani , Mohsen Alirezaei , Ginevra Castellano , Dimos V. Dimarogonas , Arabinda Ghosh , Sofie Haesaert , Sadegh Soudjani , Sybert Stroeve , Paul Verschure , Davide Bacciu , Ophelia Deroy , Bahador Bahrami , Claudio Gallicchio , Sabine Hauert , Ricardo Sanz , et al. (6 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Consciousness has been historically a heavily debated topic in engineering, science, and philosophy. On the contrary, awareness had less success in raising the interest of scholars in the past. However, things are changing as more and more researchers are getting interested in answering questions concerning what awareness is and how it can be artificially generated. The landscape is rapidly evolvi… ▽ More Consciousness has been historically a heavily debated topic in engineering, science, and philosophy. On the contrary, awareness had less success in raising the interest of scholars in the past. However, things are changing as more and more researchers are getting interested in answering questions concerning what awareness is and how it can be artificially generated. The landscape is rapidly evolving, with multiple voices and interpretations of the concept being conceived and techniques being developed. The goal of this paper is to summarize and discuss the ones among these voices connected with projects funded by the EIC Pathfinder Challenge called ``Awareness Inside'', a nonrecurring call for proposals within Horizon Europe designed specifically for fostering research on natural and synthetic awareness. In this perspective, we dedicate special attention to challenges and promises of applying synthetic awareness in robotics, as the development of mature techniques in this new field is expected to have a special impact on generating more capable and trustworthy embodied systems. △ Less Submitted 14 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024. arXiv:2402.09030 [ pdf , other ] Awareness in robotics: An early perspective from the viewpoint of the EIC Pathfinder Challenge "Awareness Inside'' Authors: Cosimo Della Santina , Carlos Hernandez Corbato , Burak Sisman , Luis A. Leiva , Ioannis Arapakis , Michalis Vakalellis , Jean Vanderdonckt , Luis Fernando D'Haro , Guido Manzi , Cristina Becchio , Aïda Elamrani , Mohsen Alirezaei , Ginevra Castellano , Dimos V. Dimarogonas , Arabinda Ghosh , Sofie Haesaert , Sadegh Soudjani , Sybert Stroeve , Paul Verschure , Davide Bacciu , Ophelia Deroy , Bahador Bahrami , Claudio Gallicchio , Sabine Hauert , Ricardo Sanz , et al. (6 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Consciousness has been historically a heavily debated topic in engineering, science, and philosophy. On the contrary, awareness had less success in raising the interest of scholars in the past. However, things are changing as more and more researchers are getting interested in answering questions concerning what awareness is and how it can be artificially generated. The landscape is rapidly evolvi… ▽ More Consciousness has been historically a heavily debated topic in engineering, science, and philosophy. On the contrary, awareness had less success in raising the interest of scholars in the past. However, things are changing as more and more researchers are getting interested in answering questions concerning what awareness is and how it can be artificially generated. The landscape is rapidly evolving, with multiple voices and interpretations of the concept being conceived and techniques being developed. The goal of this paper is to summarize and discuss the ones among these voices connected with projects funded by the EIC Pathfinder Challenge called ``Awareness Inside'', a nonrecurring call for proposals within Horizon Europe designed specifically for fostering research on natural and synthetic awareness. In this perspective, we dedicate special attention to challenges and promises of applying synthetic awareness in robotics, as the development of mature techniques in this new field is expected to have a special impact on generating more capable and trustworthy embodied systems. △ Less Submitted 14 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024. arXiv:2401.15480 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG cs.AI cs.MA Social Interpretable Reinforcement Learning Authors: Leonardo Lucio Custode , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Reinforcement Learning (RL) bears the promise of being a game-changer in many applications. However, since most of the literature in the field is currently focused on opaque models, the use of RL in high-stakes scenarios, where interpretability is crucial, is still limited. Recently, some approaches to interpretable RL, e.g., based on Decision Trees, have been proposed, but one of the main limitat… ▽ More Reinforcement Learning (RL) bears the promise of being a game-changer in many applications. However, since most of the literature in the field is currently focused on opaque models, the use of RL in high-stakes scenarios, where interpretability is crucial, is still limited. Recently, some approaches to interpretable RL, e.g., based on Decision Trees, have been proposed, but one of the main limitations of these techniques is their training cost. To overcome this limitation, we propose a new method, called Social Interpretable RL (SIRL), that can substantially reduce the number of episodes needed for training. Our method mimics a social learning process, where each agent in a group learns to solve a given task based both on its own individual experience as well as the experience acquired together with its peers. Our approach is divided into the following two phases. (1) In the collaborative phase, all the agents in the population interact with a shared instance of the environment, where each agent observes the state and independently proposes an action. Then, voting is performed to choose the action that will actually be deployed in the environment. (2) In the individual phase, then, each agent refines its individual performance by interacting with its own instance of the environment. This mechanism makes the agents experience a larger number of episodes with little impact on the computational cost of the process. Our results (on 6 widely-known RL benchmarks) show that SIRL not only reduces the computational cost by a factor varying from a minimum of 43% to a maximum 76%, but it also increases the convergence speed and, often, improves the quality of the solutions. △ Less Submitted 21 January, 2025; v1 submitted 27 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024. Comments: 45 pages, 25 figures, accepted at evo*2025 ACM Class: I.2.6; I.2.8 arXiv:2401.15480 [ pdf , other ] Social Interpretable Reinforcement Learning Authors: Leonardo Lucio Custode , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Reinforcement Learning (RL) bears the promise of being a game-changer in many applications. However, since most of the literature in the field is currently focused on opaque models, the use of RL in high-stakes scenarios, where interpretability is crucial, is still limited. Recently, some approaches to interpretable RL, e.g., based on Decision Trees, have been proposed, but one of the main limitat… ▽ More Reinforcement Learning (RL) bears the promise of being a game-changer in many applications. However, since most of the literature in the field is currently focused on opaque models, the use of RL in high-stakes scenarios, where interpretability is crucial, is still limited. Recently, some approaches to interpretable RL, e.g., based on Decision Trees, have been proposed, but one of the main limitations of these techniques is their training cost. To overcome this limitation, we propose a new method, called Social Interpretable RL (SIRL), that can substantially reduce the number of episodes needed for training. Our method mimics a social learning process, where each agent in a group learns to solve a given task based both on its own individual experience as well as the experience acquired together with its peers. Our approach is divided into the following two phases. (1) In the collaborative phase, all the agents in the population interact with a shared instance of the environment, where each agent observes the state and independently proposes an action. Then, voting is performed to choose the action that will actually be deployed in the environment. (2) In the individual phase, then, each agent refines its individual performance by interacting with its own instance of the environment. This mechanism makes the agents experience a larger number of episodes with little impact on the computational cost of the process. Our results (on 6 widely-known RL benchmarks) show that SIRL not only reduces the computational cost by a factor varying from a minimum of 43% to a maximum 76%, but it also increases the convergence speed and, often, improves the quality of the solutions. △ Less Submitted 21 January, 2025; v1 submitted 27 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024. Comments: 45 pages, 25 figures, accepted at evo*2025 ACM Class: I.2.6; I.2.8 arXiv:2305.16886 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Understanding Sparse Neural Networks from their Topology via Multipartite Graph Representations Authors: Elia Cunegatti , Matteo Farina , Doina Bucur , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Pruning-at-Initialization (PaI) algorithms provide Sparse Neural Networks (SNNs) which are computationally more efficient than their dense counterparts, and try to avoid performance degradation. While much emphasis has been directed towards \emph{how} to prune, we still do not know \emph{what topological metrics} of the SNNs characterize \emph{good performance}. From prior work, we have layer-wise… ▽ More Pruning-at-Initialization (PaI) algorithms provide Sparse Neural Networks (SNNs) which are computationally more efficient than their dense counterparts, and try to avoid performance degradation. While much emphasis has been directed towards \emph{how} to prune, we still do not know \emph{what topological metrics} of the SNNs characterize \emph{good performance}. From prior work, we have layer-wise topological metrics by which SNN performance can be predicted: the Ramanujan-based metrics. To exploit these metrics, proper ways to represent network layers via Graph Encodings (GEs) are needed, with Bipartite Graph Encodings (BGEs) being the \emph{de-facto} standard at the current stage. Nevertheless, existing BGEs neglect the impact of the inputs, and do not characterize the SNN in an end-to-end manner. Additionally, thanks to a thorough study of the Ramanujan-based metrics, we discover that they are only as good as the \emph{layer-wise density} as performance predictors, when paired with BGEs. To close both gaps, we design a comprehensive topological analysis for SNNs with both linear and convolutional layers, via (i) a new input-aware Multipartite Graph Encoding (MGE) for SNNs and (ii) the design of new end-to-end topological metrics over the MGE. With these novelties, we show the following: (a) The proposed MGE allows to extract topological metrics that are much better predictors of the accuracy drop than metrics computed from current input-agnostic BGEs; (b) Which metrics are important at different sparsity levels and for different architectures; (c) A mixture of our topological metrics can rank PaI algorithms more effectively than Ramanujan-based metrics. The codebase is publicly available at △ Less Submitted 25 April, 2024; v1 submitted 26 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023. Comments: Accepted at Transactions on Machine Learning Research (TMLR) arXiv:2305.16886 [ pdf , other ] Understanding Sparse Neural Networks from their Topology via Multipartite Graph Representations Authors: Elia Cunegatti , Matteo Farina , Doina Bucur , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Pruning-at-Initialization (PaI) algorithms provide Sparse Neural Networks (SNNs) which are computationally more efficient than their dense counterparts, and try to avoid performance degradation. While much emphasis has been directed towards \emph{how} to prune, we still do not know \emph{what topological metrics} of the SNNs characterize \emph{good performance}. From prior work, we have layer-wise… ▽ More Pruning-at-Initialization (PaI) algorithms provide Sparse Neural Networks (SNNs) which are computationally more efficient than their dense counterparts, and try to avoid performance degradation. While much emphasis has been directed towards \emph{how} to prune, we still do not know \emph{what topological metrics} of the SNNs characterize \emph{good performance}. From prior work, we have layer-wise topological metrics by which SNN performance can be predicted: the Ramanujan-based metrics. To exploit these metrics, proper ways to represent network layers via Graph Encodings (GEs) are needed, with Bipartite Graph Encodings (BGEs) being the \emph{de-facto} standard at the current stage. Nevertheless, existing BGEs neglect the impact of the inputs, and do not characterize the SNN in an end-to-end manner. Additionally, thanks to a thorough study of the Ramanujan-based metrics, we discover that they are only as good as the \emph{layer-wise density} as performance predictors, when paired with BGEs. To close both gaps, we design a comprehensive topological analysis for SNNs with both linear and convolutional layers, via (i) a new input-aware Multipartite Graph Encoding (MGE) for SNNs and (ii) the design of new end-to-end topological metrics over the MGE. With these novelties, we show the following: (a) The proposed MGE allows to extract topological metrics that are much better predictors of the accuracy drop than metrics computed from current input-agnostic BGEs; (b) Which metrics are important at different sparsity levels and for different architectures; (c) A mixture of our topological metrics can rank PaI algorithms more effectively than Ramanujan-based metrics. The codebase is publicly available at △ Less Submitted 25 April, 2024; v1 submitted 26 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023. Comments: Accepted at Transactions on Machine Learning Research (TMLR) arXiv:2304.01086 [ pdf , other ] cs.NE cs.LG doi 10.1145/3583133.3590531 Self-building Neural Networks Authors: Andrea Ferigo , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : During the first part of life, the brain develops while it learns through a process called synaptogenesis. The neurons, growing and interacting with each other, create synapses. However, eventually the brain prunes those synapses. While previous work focused on learning and pruning independently, in this work we propose a biologically plausible model that, thanks to a combination of Hebbian learni… ▽ More During the first part of life, the brain develops while it learns through a process called synaptogenesis. The neurons, growing and interacting with each other, create synapses. However, eventually the brain prunes those synapses. While previous work focused on learning and pruning independently, in this work we propose a biologically plausible model that, thanks to a combination of Hebbian learning and pruning, aims to simulate the synaptogenesis process. In this way, while learning how to solve the task, the agent translates its experience into a particular network structure. Namely, the network structure builds itself during the execution of the task. We call this approach Self-building Neural Network (SBNN). We compare our proposed SBNN with traditional neural networks (NNs) over three classical control tasks from OpenAI. The results show that our model performs generally better than traditional NNs. Moreover, we observe that the performance decay while increasing the pruning rate is smaller in our model than with NNs. Finally, we perform a validation test, testing the models over tasks unseen during the learning phase. In this case, the results show that SBNNs can adapt to new tasks better than the traditional NNs, especially when over $80\%$ of the weights are pruned. △ Less Submitted 3 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023. Comments: To appear in the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion (GECCO '23 Companion) Proceedings, July 15--19, 2023, Lisbon, Portugal arXiv:2304.01086 [ pdf , other ] Self-building Neural Networks Authors: Andrea Ferigo , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : During the first part of life, the brain develops while it learns through a process called synaptogenesis. The neurons, growing and interacting with each other, create synapses. However, eventually the brain prunes those synapses. While previous work focused on learning and pruning independently, in this work we propose a biologically plausible model that, thanks to a combination of Hebbian learni… ▽ More During the first part of life, the brain develops while it learns through a process called synaptogenesis. The neurons, growing and interacting with each other, create synapses. However, eventually the brain prunes those synapses. While previous work focused on learning and pruning independently, in this work we propose a biologically plausible model that, thanks to a combination of Hebbian learning and pruning, aims to simulate the synaptogenesis process. In this way, while learning how to solve the task, the agent translates its experience into a particular network structure. Namely, the network structure builds itself during the execution of the task. We call this approach Self-building Neural Network (SBNN). We compare our proposed SBNN with traditional neural networks (NNs) over three classical control tasks from OpenAI. The results show that our model performs generally better than traditional NNs. Moreover, we observe that the performance decay while increasing the pruning rate is smaller in our model than with NNs. Finally, we perform a validation test, testing the models over tasks unseen during the learning phase. In this case, the results show that SBNNs can adapt to new tasks better than the traditional NNs, especially when over $80\%$ of the weights are pruned. △ Less Submitted 3 April, 2023; originally announced April 2023. Comments: To appear in the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion (GECCO '23 Companion) Proceedings, July 15--19, 2023, Lisbon, Portugal arXiv:2208.12758 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.NE cs.AI cs.LG Quality Diversity Evolutionary Learning of Decision Trees Authors: Andrea Ferigo , Leonardo Lucio Custode , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Addressing the need for explainable Machine Learning has emerged as one of the most important research directions in modern Artificial Intelligence (AI). While the current dominant paradigm in the field is based on black-box models, typically in the form of (deep) neural networks, these models lack direct interpretability for human users, i.e., their outcomes (and, even more so, their inner workin… ▽ More Addressing the need for explainable Machine Learning has emerged as one of the most important research directions in modern Artificial Intelligence (AI). While the current dominant paradigm in the field is based on black-box models, typically in the form of (deep) neural networks, these models lack direct interpretability for human users, i.e., their outcomes (and, even more so, their inner working) are opaque and hard to understand. This is hindering the adoption of AI in safety-critical applications, where high interests are at stake. In these applications, explainable by design models, such as decision trees, may be more suitable, as they provide interpretability. Recent works have proposed the hybridization of decision trees and Reinforcement Learning, to combine the advantages of the two approaches. So far, however, these works have focused on the optimization of those hybrid models. Here, we apply MAP-Elites for diversifying hybrid models over a feature space that captures both the model complexity and its behavioral variability. We apply our method on two well-known control problems from the OpenAI Gym library, on which we discuss the "illumination" patterns projected by MAP-Elites, comparing its results against existing similar approaches. △ Less Submitted 17 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022. arXiv:2208.12758 [ pdf , ps , other ] Quality Diversity Evolutionary Learning of Decision Trees Authors: Andrea Ferigo , Leonardo Lucio Custode , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Addressing the need for explainable Machine Learning has emerged as one of the most important research directions in modern Artificial Intelligence (AI). While the current dominant paradigm in the field is based on black-box models, typically in the form of (deep) neural networks, these models lack direct interpretability for human users, i.e., their outcomes (and, even more so, their inner workin… ▽ More Addressing the need for explainable Machine Learning has emerged as one of the most important research directions in modern Artificial Intelligence (AI). While the current dominant paradigm in the field is based on black-box models, typically in the form of (deep) neural networks, these models lack direct interpretability for human users, i.e., their outcomes (and, even more so, their inner working) are opaque and hard to understand. This is hindering the adoption of AI in safety-critical applications, where high interests are at stake. In these applications, explainable by design models, such as decision trees, may be more suitable, as they provide interpretability. Recent works have proposed the hybridization of decision trees and Reinforcement Learning, to combine the advantages of the two approaches. So far, however, these works have focused on the optimization of those hybrid models. Here, we apply MAP-Elites for diversifying hybrid models over a feature space that captures both the model complexity and its behavioral variability. We apply our method on two well-known control problems from the OpenAI Gym library, on which we discuss the "illumination" patterns projected by MAP-Elites, comparing its results against existing similar approaches. △ Less Submitted 17 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022. arXiv:2208.05568 [ pdf , other ] cs.MA cs.AI cs.NE doi 10.1098/rspb.2023.1716 The emergence of division of labor through decentralized social sanctioning Authors: Anil Yaman , Joel Z. Leibo , Giovanni Iacca , Sang Wan Lee Abstract : Human ecological success relies on our characteristic ability to flexibly self-organize into cooperative social groups, the most successful of which employ substantial specialization and division of labor. Unlike most other animals, humans learn by trial and error during their lives what role to take on. However, when some critical roles are more attractive than others, and individuals are self-in… ▽ More Human ecological success relies on our characteristic ability to flexibly self-organize into cooperative social groups, the most successful of which employ substantial specialization and division of labor. Unlike most other animals, humans learn by trial and error during their lives what role to take on. However, when some critical roles are more attractive than others, and individuals are self-interested, then there is a social dilemma: each individual would prefer others take on the critical but unremunerative roles so they may remain free to take one that pays better. But disaster occurs if all act thusly and a critical role goes unfilled. In such situations learning an optimum role distribution may not be possible. Consequently, a fundamental question is: how can division of labor emerge in groups of self-interested lifetime-learning individuals? Here we show that by introducing a model of social norms, which we regard as emergent patterns of decentralized social sanctioning, it becomes possible for groups of self-interested individuals to learn a productive division of labor involving all critical roles. Such social norms work by redistributing rewards within the population to disincentivize antisocial roles while incentivizing prosocial roles that do not intrinsically pay as well as others. △ Less Submitted 30 September, 2023; v1 submitted 10 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022. arXiv:2208.05568 [ pdf , other ] The emergence of division of labor through decentralized social sanctioning Authors: Anil Yaman , Joel Z. Leibo , Giovanni Iacca , Sang Wan Lee Abstract : Human ecological success relies on our characteristic ability to flexibly self-organize into cooperative social groups, the most successful of which employ substantial specialization and division of labor. Unlike most other animals, humans learn by trial and error during their lives what role to take on. However, when some critical roles are more attractive than others, and individuals are self-in… ▽ More Human ecological success relies on our characteristic ability to flexibly self-organize into cooperative social groups, the most successful of which employ substantial specialization and division of labor. Unlike most other animals, humans learn by trial and error during their lives what role to take on. However, when some critical roles are more attractive than others, and individuals are self-interested, then there is a social dilemma: each individual would prefer others take on the critical but unremunerative roles so they may remain free to take one that pays better. But disaster occurs if all act thusly and a critical role goes unfilled. In such situations learning an optimum role distribution may not be possible. Consequently, a fundamental question is: how can division of labor emerge in groups of self-interested lifetime-learning individuals? Here we show that by introducing a model of social norms, which we regard as emergent patterns of decentralized social sanctioning, it becomes possible for groups of self-interested individuals to learn a productive division of labor involving all critical roles. Such social norms work by redistributing rewards within the population to disincentivize antisocial roles while incentivizing prosocial roles that do not intrinsically pay as well as others. △ Less Submitted 30 September, 2023; v1 submitted 10 August, 2022; originally announced August 2022. arXiv:2206.12233 [ pdf , other ] cs.NE cs.LG doi 10.1145/3520304.3533983 Reinforcement learning based adaptive metaheuristics Authors: Michele Tessari , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Parameter adaptation, that is the capability to automatically adjust an algorithm's hyperparameters depending on the problem being faced, is one of the main trends in evolutionary computation applied to numerical optimization. While several handcrafted adaptation policies have been proposed over the years to address this problem, only few attempts have been done so far at applying machine learning… ▽ More Parameter adaptation, that is the capability to automatically adjust an algorithm's hyperparameters depending on the problem being faced, is one of the main trends in evolutionary computation applied to numerical optimization. While several handcrafted adaptation policies have been proposed over the years to address this problem, only few attempts have been done so far at applying machine learning to learn such policies. Here, we introduce a general-purpose framework for performing parameter adaptation in continuous-domain metaheuristics based on state-of-the-art reinforcement learning algorithms. We demonstrate the applicability of this framework on two algorithms, namely Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategies (CMA-ES) and Differential Evolution (DE), for which we learn, respectively, adaptation policies for the step-size (for CMA-ES), and the scale factor and crossover rate (for DE). We train these policies on a set of 46 benchmark functions at different dimensionalities, with various inputs to the policies, in two settings: one policy per function, and one global policy for all functions. Compared, respectively, to the Cumulative Step-size Adaptation (CSA) policy and to two well-known adaptive DE variants (iDE and jDE), our policies are able to produce competitive results in the majority of cases, especially in the case of DE. △ Less Submitted 29 June, 2022; v1 submitted 24 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022. Comments: To appear in the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO) 2022, Companion Proceedings arXiv:2206.12233 [ pdf , other ] Reinforcement learning based adaptive metaheuristics Authors: Michele Tessari , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Parameter adaptation, that is the capability to automatically adjust an algorithm's hyperparameters depending on the problem being faced, is one of the main trends in evolutionary computation applied to numerical optimization. While several handcrafted adaptation policies have been proposed over the years to address this problem, only few attempts have been done so far at applying machine learning… ▽ More Parameter adaptation, that is the capability to automatically adjust an algorithm's hyperparameters depending on the problem being faced, is one of the main trends in evolutionary computation applied to numerical optimization. While several handcrafted adaptation policies have been proposed over the years to address this problem, only few attempts have been done so far at applying machine learning to learn such policies. Here, we introduce a general-purpose framework for performing parameter adaptation in continuous-domain metaheuristics based on state-of-the-art reinforcement learning algorithms. We demonstrate the applicability of this framework on two algorithms, namely Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategies (CMA-ES) and Differential Evolution (DE), for which we learn, respectively, adaptation policies for the step-size (for CMA-ES), and the scale factor and crossover rate (for DE). We train these policies on a set of 46 benchmark functions at different dimensionalities, with various inputs to the policies, in two settings: one policy per function, and one global policy for all functions. Compared, respectively, to the Cumulative Step-size Adaptation (CSA) policy and to two well-known adaptive DE variants (iDE and jDE), our policies are able to produce competitive results in the majority of cases, especially in the case of DE. △ Less Submitted 29 June, 2022; v1 submitted 24 June, 2022; originally announced June 2022. Comments: To appear in the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO) 2022, Companion Proceedings arXiv:2204.13190 [ pdf , other ] cs.NE Online Distributed Evolutionary Optimization of Time Division Multiple Access Protocols Authors: Anil Yaman , Tim van der Lee , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : With the advent of cheap, miniaturized electronics, ubiquitous networking has reached an unprecedented level of complexity, scale and heterogeneity, becoming the core of several modern applications such as smart industry, smart buildings and smart cities. A crucial element for network performance is the protocol stack, namely the sets of rules and data formats that determine how the nodes in the n… ▽ More With the advent of cheap, miniaturized electronics, ubiquitous networking has reached an unprecedented level of complexity, scale and heterogeneity, becoming the core of several modern applications such as smart industry, smart buildings and smart cities. A crucial element for network performance is the protocol stack, namely the sets of rules and data formats that determine how the nodes in the network exchange information. A great effort has been put to devise formal techniques to synthesize (offline) network protocols, starting from system specifications and strict assumptions on the network environment. However, offline design can be hard to apply in the most modern network applications, either due to numerical complexity, or to the fact that the environment might be unknown and the specifications might not available. In these cases, online protocol design and adaptation has the potential to offer a much more scalable and robust solution. Nevertheless, so far only a few attempts have been done towards online automatic protocol design. Here, we envision a protocol as an emergent property of a network, obtained by an environment-driven Distributed Hill Climbing algorithm that uses node-local reinforcement signals to evolve, at runtime and without any central coordination, a network protocol from scratch. We test this approach with a 3-state Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol and we observe its emergence in networks of various scales and with various settings. We also show how Distributed Hill Climbing can reach different trade-offs in terms of energy consumption and protocol performance. △ Less Submitted 27 April, 2022; originally announced April 2022. arXiv:2204.13190 [ pdf , other ] Online Distributed Evolutionary Optimization of Time Division Multiple Access Protocols Authors: Anil Yaman , Tim van der Lee , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : With the advent of cheap, miniaturized electronics, ubiquitous networking has reached an unprecedented level of complexity, scale and heterogeneity, becoming the core of several modern applications such as smart industry, smart buildings and smart cities. A crucial element for network performance is the protocol stack, namely the sets of rules and data formats that determine how the nodes in the n… ▽ More With the advent of cheap, miniaturized electronics, ubiquitous networking has reached an unprecedented level of complexity, scale and heterogeneity, becoming the core of several modern applications such as smart industry, smart buildings and smart cities. A crucial element for network performance is the protocol stack, namely the sets of rules and data formats that determine how the nodes in the network exchange information. A great effort has been put to devise formal techniques to synthesize (offline) network protocols, starting from system specifications and strict assumptions on the network environment. However, offline design can be hard to apply in the most modern network applications, either due to numerical complexity, or to the fact that the environment might be unknown and the specifications might not available. In these cases, online protocol design and adaptation has the potential to offer a much more scalable and robust solution. Nevertheless, so far only a few attempts have been done towards online automatic protocol design. Here, we envision a protocol as an emergent property of a network, obtained by an environment-driven Distributed Hill Climbing algorithm that uses node-local reinforcement signals to evolve, at runtime and without any central coordination, a network protocol from scratch. We test this approach with a 3-state Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol and we observe its emergence in networks of various scales and with various settings. We also show how Distributed Hill Climbing can reach different trade-offs in terms of energy consumption and protocol performance. △ Less Submitted 27 April, 2022; originally announced April 2022. arXiv:2204.06250 [ pdf , other ] cs.SI cs.AI cs.LG cs.NE doi 10.1007/978-3-031-14721-0_15 Large-scale multi-objective influence maximisation with network downscaling Authors: Elia Cunegatti , Giovanni Iacca , Doina Bucur Abstract : Finding the most influential nodes in a network is a computationally hard problem with several possible applications in various kinds of network-based problems. While several methods have been proposed for tackling the influence maximisation (IM) problem, their runtime typically scales poorly when the network size increases. Here, we propose an original method, based on network downscaling, that a… ▽ More Finding the most influential nodes in a network is a computationally hard problem with several possible applications in various kinds of network-based problems. While several methods have been proposed for tackling the influence maximisation (IM) problem, their runtime typically scales poorly when the network size increases. Here, we propose an original method, based on network downscaling, that allows a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) to solve the IM problem on a reduced scale network, while preserving the relevant properties of the original network. The downscaled solution is then upscaled to the original network, using a mechanism based on centrality metrics such as PageRank. Our results on eight large networks (including two with $\sim$50k nodes) demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method with a more than 10-fold runtime gain compared to the time needed on the original network, and an up to $82\%$ time reduction compared to CELF. △ Less Submitted 22 June, 2022; v1 submitted 13 April, 2022; originally announced April 2022. arXiv:2204.06250 [ pdf , other ] Large-scale multi-objective influence maximisation with network downscaling Authors: Elia Cunegatti , Giovanni Iacca , Doina Bucur Abstract : Finding the most influential nodes in a network is a computationally hard problem with several possible applications in various kinds of network-based problems. While several methods have been proposed for tackling the influence maximisation (IM) problem, their runtime typically scales poorly when the network size increases. Here, we propose an original method, based on network downscaling, that a… ▽ More Finding the most influential nodes in a network is a computationally hard problem with several possible applications in various kinds of network-based problems. While several methods have been proposed for tackling the influence maximisation (IM) problem, their runtime typically scales poorly when the network size increases. Here, we propose an original method, based on network downscaling, that allows a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) to solve the IM problem on a reduced scale network, while preserving the relevant properties of the original network. The downscaled solution is then upscaled to the original network, using a mechanism based on centrality metrics such as PageRank. Our results on eight large networks (including two with $\sim$50k nodes) demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method with a more than 10-fold runtime gain compared to the time needed on the original network, and an up to $82\%$ time reduction compared to CELF. △ Less Submitted 22 June, 2022; v1 submitted 13 April, 2022; originally announced April 2022. arXiv:2204.04256 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG cs.AI cs.CY doi 10.1145/3520304.3533959 Interpretable AI for policy-making in pandemics Authors: Leonardo Lucio Custode , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Since the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, governments have applied restrictions in order to slow down its spreading. However, creating such policies is hard, especially because the government needs to trade-off the spreading of the pandemic with the economic losses. For this reason, several works have applied machine learning techniques, often with the help of special-purpose simulators, to g… ▽ More Since the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, governments have applied restrictions in order to slow down its spreading. However, creating such policies is hard, especially because the government needs to trade-off the spreading of the pandemic with the economic losses. For this reason, several works have applied machine learning techniques, often with the help of special-purpose simulators, to generate policies that were more effective than the ones obtained by governments. While the performance of such approaches are promising, they suffer from a fundamental issue: since such approaches are based on black-box machine learning, their real-world applicability is limited, because these policies cannot be analyzed, nor tested, and thus they are not trustable. In this work, we employ a recently developed hybrid approach, which combines reinforcement learning with evolutionary computation, for the generation of interpretable policies for containing the pandemic. These policies, trained on an existing simulator, aim to reduce the spreading of the pandemic while minimizing the economic losses. Our results show that our approach is able to find solutions that are extremely simple, yet very powerful. In fact, our approach has significantly better performance (in simulated scenarios) than both previous work and government policies. △ Less Submitted 30 April, 2022; v1 submitted 8 April, 2022; originally announced April 2022. Comments: 6 pages, 3 figures, submitted to GECCO 2022 ACM Class: I.5.4; I.2.6 Journal ref: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion (GECCO '22 Companion), July 9--13, 2022, Boston, MA, USA arXiv:2204.04256 [ pdf , other ] Interpretable AI for policy-making in pandemics Authors: Leonardo Lucio Custode , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Since the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, governments have applied restrictions in order to slow down its spreading. However, creating such policies is hard, especially because the government needs to trade-off the spreading of the pandemic with the economic losses. For this reason, several works have applied machine learning techniques, often with the help of special-purpose simulators, to g… ▽ More Since the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, governments have applied restrictions in order to slow down its spreading. However, creating such policies is hard, especially because the government needs to trade-off the spreading of the pandemic with the economic losses. For this reason, several works have applied machine learning techniques, often with the help of special-purpose simulators, to generate policies that were more effective than the ones obtained by governments. While the performance of such approaches are promising, they suffer from a fundamental issue: since such approaches are based on black-box machine learning, their real-world applicability is limited, because these policies cannot be analyzed, nor tested, and thus they are not trustable. In this work, we employ a recently developed hybrid approach, which combines reinforcement learning with evolutionary computation, for the generation of interpretable policies for containing the pandemic. These policies, trained on an existing simulator, aim to reduce the spreading of the pandemic while minimizing the economic losses. Our results show that our approach is able to find solutions that are extremely simple, yet very powerful. In fact, our approach has significantly better performance (in simulated scenarios) than both previous work and government policies. △ Less Submitted 30 April, 2022; v1 submitted 8 April, 2022; originally announced April 2022. Comments: 6 pages, 3 figures, submitted to GECCO 2022 ACM Class: I.5.4; I.2.6 Journal ref: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion (GECCO '22 Companion), July 9--13, 2022, Boston, MA, USA arXiv:2202.04943 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG cs.AI doi 10.1145/3520304.3528897 Interpretable pipelines with evolutionarily optimized modules for RL tasks with visual inputs Authors: Leonardo Lucio Custode , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : The importance of explainability in AI has become a pressing concern, for which several explainable AI (XAI) approaches have been recently proposed. However, most of the available XAI techniques are post-hoc methods, which however may be only partially reliable, as they do not reflect exactly the state of the original models. Thus, a more direct way for achieving XAI is through interpretable (also… ▽ More The importance of explainability in AI has become a pressing concern, for which several explainable AI (XAI) approaches have been recently proposed. However, most of the available XAI techniques are post-hoc methods, which however may be only partially reliable, as they do not reflect exactly the state of the original models. Thus, a more direct way for achieving XAI is through interpretable (also called glass-box) models. These models have been shown to obtain comparable (and, in some cases, better) performance with respect to black-boxes models in various tasks such as classification and reinforcement learning. However, they struggle when working with raw data, especially when the input dimensionality increases and the raw inputs alone do not give valuable insights on the decision-making process. Here, we propose to use end-to-end pipelines composed of multiple interpretable models co-optimized by means of evolutionary algorithms, that allows us to decompose the decision-making process into two parts: computing high-level features from raw data, and reasoning on the extracted high-level features. We test our approach in reinforcement learning environments from the Atari benchmark, where we obtain comparable results (with respect to black-box approaches) in settings without stochastic frame-skipping, while performance degrades in frame-skipping settings. △ Less Submitted 10 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022. Comments: 9 pages, 6 figures, submitted to GECCO 2022 ACM Class: I.5.4; I.2.10 arXiv:2202.04943 [ pdf , other ] Interpretable pipelines with evolutionarily optimized modules for RL tasks with visual inputs Authors: Leonardo Lucio Custode , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : The importance of explainability in AI has become a pressing concern, for which several explainable AI (XAI) approaches have been recently proposed. However, most of the available XAI techniques are post-hoc methods, which however may be only partially reliable, as they do not reflect exactly the state of the original models. Thus, a more direct way for achieving XAI is through interpretable (also… ▽ More The importance of explainability in AI has become a pressing concern, for which several explainable AI (XAI) approaches have been recently proposed. However, most of the available XAI techniques are post-hoc methods, which however may be only partially reliable, as they do not reflect exactly the state of the original models. Thus, a more direct way for achieving XAI is through interpretable (also called glass-box) models. These models have been shown to obtain comparable (and, in some cases, better) performance with respect to black-boxes models in various tasks such as classification and reinforcement learning. However, they struggle when working with raw data, especially when the input dimensionality increases and the raw inputs alone do not give valuable insights on the decision-making process. Here, we propose to use end-to-end pipelines composed of multiple interpretable models co-optimized by means of evolutionary algorithms, that allows us to decompose the decision-making process into two parts: computing high-level features from raw data, and reasoning on the extracted high-level features. We test our approach in reinforcement learning environments from the Atari benchmark, where we obtain comparable results (with respect to black-box approaches) in settings without stochastic frame-skipping, while performance degrades in frame-skipping settings. △ Less Submitted 10 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022. Comments: 9 pages, 6 figures, submitted to GECCO 2022 ACM Class: I.5.4; I.2.10 arXiv:2104.15064 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV cs.LG cs.NE doi 10.1145/3449726.3463137 Black-box adversarial attacks using Evolution Strategies Authors: Hao Qiu , Leonardo Lucio Custode , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : In the last decade, deep neural networks have proven to be very powerful in computer vision tasks, starting a revolution in the computer vision and machine learning fields. However, deep neural networks, usually, are not robust to perturbations of the input data. In fact, several studies showed that slightly changing the content of the images can cause a dramatic decrease in the accuracy of the at… ▽ More In the last decade, deep neural networks have proven to be very powerful in computer vision tasks, starting a revolution in the computer vision and machine learning fields. However, deep neural networks, usually, are not robust to perturbations of the input data. In fact, several studies showed that slightly changing the content of the images can cause a dramatic decrease in the accuracy of the attacked neural network. Several methods able to generate adversarial samples make use of gradients, which usually are not available to an attacker in real-world scenarios. As opposed to this class of attacks, another class of adversarial attacks, called black-box adversarial attacks, emerged, which does not make use of information on the gradients, being more suitable for real-world attack scenarios. In this work, we compare three well-known evolution strategies on the generation of black-box adversarial attacks for image classification tasks. While our results show that the attacked neural networks can be, in most cases, easily fooled by all the algorithms under comparison, they also show that some black-box optimization algorithms may be better in "harder" setups, both in terms of attack success rate and efficiency (i.e., number of queries). △ Less Submitted 30 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021. Comments: To be published in the proceedings of ACM Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO) Companion 2021 arXiv:2104.15064 [ pdf , other ] Black-box adversarial attacks using Evolution Strategies Authors: Hao Qiu , Leonardo Lucio Custode , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : In the last decade, deep neural networks have proven to be very powerful in computer vision tasks, starting a revolution in the computer vision and machine learning fields. However, deep neural networks, usually, are not robust to perturbations of the input data. In fact, several studies showed that slightly changing the content of the images can cause a dramatic decrease in the accuracy of the at… ▽ More In the last decade, deep neural networks have proven to be very powerful in computer vision tasks, starting a revolution in the computer vision and machine learning fields. However, deep neural networks, usually, are not robust to perturbations of the input data. In fact, several studies showed that slightly changing the content of the images can cause a dramatic decrease in the accuracy of the attacked neural network. Several methods able to generate adversarial samples make use of gradients, which usually are not available to an attacker in real-world scenarios. As opposed to this class of attacks, another class of adversarial attacks, called black-box adversarial attacks, emerged, which does not make use of information on the gradients, being more suitable for real-world attack scenarios. In this work, we compare three well-known evolution strategies on the generation of black-box adversarial attacks for image classification tasks. While our results show that the attacked neural networks can be, in most cases, easily fooled by all the algorithms under comparison, they also show that some black-box optimization algorithms may be better in "harder" setups, both in terms of attack success rate and efficiency (i.e., number of queries). △ Less Submitted 30 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021. Comments: To be published in the proceedings of ACM Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO) Companion 2021 arXiv:2104.14909 [ pdf , other ] cs.NE cs.SI doi 10.1145/3449726.3463138 Graph-Aware Evolutionary Algorithms for Influence Maximization Authors: Kateryna Konotopska , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Social networks represent nowadays in many contexts the main source of information transmission and the way opinions and actions are influenced. For instance, generic advertisements are way less powerful than suggestions from our contacts. However, this process hugely depends on the influence of people who disseminate these suggestions. Therefore modern marketing often involves paying some targete… ▽ More Social networks represent nowadays in many contexts the main source of information transmission and the way opinions and actions are influenced. For instance, generic advertisements are way less powerful than suggestions from our contacts. However, this process hugely depends on the influence of people who disseminate these suggestions. Therefore modern marketing often involves paying some targeted users, or influencers, for advertising products or ideas. Finding the set of nodes in a social network that lead to the highest information spread -- the so-called Influence Maximization (IM) problem -- is therefore a pressing question and as such it has recently attracted a great research interest. In particular, several approaches based on Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) have been proposed, although they are known to scale poorly with the graph size. In this paper, we tackle this limitation in two ways. Firstly, we use approximate fitness functions to speed up the EA. Secondly, we include into the EA various graph-aware mechanisms, such as smart initialization, custom mutations and node filtering, to facilitate the EA convergence. Our experiments show that the proposed modifications allow to obtain a relevant runtime gain and also improve, in some cases, the spread results. △ Less Submitted 30 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021. Comments: To be published in the proceedings of ACM Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO) Companion 2021 arXiv:2104.14909 [ pdf , other ] Graph-Aware Evolutionary Algorithms for Influence Maximization Authors: Kateryna Konotopska , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Social networks represent nowadays in many contexts the main source of information transmission and the way opinions and actions are influenced. For instance, generic advertisements are way less powerful than suggestions from our contacts. However, this process hugely depends on the influence of people who disseminate these suggestions. Therefore modern marketing often involves paying some targete… ▽ More Social networks represent nowadays in many contexts the main source of information transmission and the way opinions and actions are influenced. For instance, generic advertisements are way less powerful than suggestions from our contacts. However, this process hugely depends on the influence of people who disseminate these suggestions. Therefore modern marketing often involves paying some targeted users, or influencers, for advertising products or ideas. Finding the set of nodes in a social network that lead to the highest information spread -- the so-called Influence Maximization (IM) problem -- is therefore a pressing question and as such it has recently attracted a great research interest. In particular, several approaches based on Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) have been proposed, although they are known to scale poorly with the graph size. In this paper, we tackle this limitation in two ways. Firstly, we use approximate fitness functions to speed up the EA. Secondly, we include into the EA various graph-aware mechanisms, such as smart initialization, custom mutations and node filtering, to facilitate the EA convergence. Our experiments show that the proposed modifications allow to obtain a relevant runtime gain and also improve, in some cases, the spread results. △ Less Submitted 30 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021. Comments: To be published in the proceedings of ACM Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO) Companion 2021 arXiv:2104.12175 [ pdf , other ] cs.RO cs.NE doi 10.1145/3449639.3459311 Seeking Quality Diversity in Evolutionary Co-design of Morphology and Control of Soft Tensegrity Modular Robots Authors: Enrico Zardini , Davide Zappetti , Davide Zambrano , Giovanni Iacca , Dario Floreano Abstract : Designing optimal soft modular robots is difficult, due to non-trivial interactions between morphology and controller. Evolutionary algorithms (EAs), combined with physical simulators, represent a valid tool to overcome this issue. In this work, we investigate algorithmic solutions to improve the Quality Diversity of co-evolved designs of Tensegrity Soft Modular Robots (TSMRs) for two robotic task… ▽ More Designing optimal soft modular robots is difficult, due to non-trivial interactions between morphology and controller. Evolutionary algorithms (EAs), combined with physical simulators, represent a valid tool to overcome this issue. In this work, we investigate algorithmic solutions to improve the Quality Diversity of co-evolved designs of Tensegrity Soft Modular Robots (TSMRs) for two robotic tasks, namely goal reaching and squeezing trough a narrow passage. To this aim, we use three different EAs, i.e., MAP-Elites and two custom algorithms: one based on Viability Evolution (ViE) and NEAT (ViE-NEAT), the other named Double Map MAP-Elites (DM-ME) and devised to seek diversity while co-evolving robot morphologies and neural network (NN)-based controllers. In detail, DM-ME extends MAP-Elites in that it uses two distinct feature maps, referring to morphologies and controllers respectively, and integrates a mechanism to automatically define the NN-related feature descriptor. Considering the fitness, in the goal-reaching task ViE-NEAT outperforms MAP-Elites and results equivalent to DM-ME. Instead, when considering diversity in terms of "illumination" of the feature space, DM-ME outperforms the other two algorithms on both tasks, providing a richer pool of possible robotic designs, whereas ViE-NEAT shows comparable performance to MAP-Elites on goal reaching, although it does not exploit any map. △ Less Submitted 25 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021. Comments: To be published in the proceedings of ACM Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO) 2021 arXiv:2104.12175 [ pdf , other ] Seeking Quality Diversity in Evolutionary Co-design of Morphology and Control of Soft Tensegrity Modular Robots Authors: Enrico Zardini , Davide Zappetti , Davide Zambrano , Giovanni Iacca , Dario Floreano Abstract : Designing optimal soft modular robots is difficult, due to non-trivial interactions between morphology and controller. Evolutionary algorithms (EAs), combined with physical simulators, represent a valid tool to overcome this issue. In this work, we investigate algorithmic solutions to improve the Quality Diversity of co-evolved designs of Tensegrity Soft Modular Robots (TSMRs) for two robotic task… ▽ More Designing optimal soft modular robots is difficult, due to non-trivial interactions between morphology and controller. Evolutionary algorithms (EAs), combined with physical simulators, represent a valid tool to overcome this issue. In this work, we investigate algorithmic solutions to improve the Quality Diversity of co-evolved designs of Tensegrity Soft Modular Robots (TSMRs) for two robotic tasks, namely goal reaching and squeezing trough a narrow passage. To this aim, we use three different EAs, i.e., MAP-Elites and two custom algorithms: one based on Viability Evolution (ViE) and NEAT (ViE-NEAT), the other named Double Map MAP-Elites (DM-ME) and devised to seek diversity while co-evolving robot morphologies and neural network (NN)-based controllers. In detail, DM-ME extends MAP-Elites in that it uses two distinct feature maps, referring to morphologies and controllers respectively, and integrates a mechanism to automatically define the NN-related feature descriptor. Considering the fitness, in the goal-reaching task ViE-NEAT outperforms MAP-Elites and results equivalent to DM-ME. Instead, when considering diversity in terms of "illumination" of the feature space, DM-ME outperforms the other two algorithms on both tasks, providing a richer pool of possible robotic designs, whereas ViE-NEAT shows comparable performance to MAP-Elites on goal reaching, although it does not exploit any map. △ Less Submitted 25 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021. Comments: To be published in the proceedings of ACM Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO) 2021 arXiv:2103.16897 [ pdf , other ] cs.NE cs.AI doi 10.1007/978-3-319-55849-3_42 A Framework for Knowledge Integrated Evolutionary Algorithms Authors: Ahmed Hallawa , Anil Yaman , Giovanni Iacca , Gerd Ascheid Abstract : One of the main reasons for the success of Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) is their general-purposeness, i.e., the fact that they can be applied straightforwardly to a broad range of optimization problems, without any specific prior knowledge. On the other hand, it has been shown that incorporating a priori knowledge, such as expert knowledge or empirical findings, can significantly improve the perf… ▽ More One of the main reasons for the success of Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) is their general-purposeness, i.e., the fact that they can be applied straightforwardly to a broad range of optimization problems, without any specific prior knowledge. On the other hand, it has been shown that incorporating a priori knowledge, such as expert knowledge or empirical findings, can significantly improve the performance of an EA. However, integrating knowledge in EAs poses numerous challenges. It is often the case that the features of the search space are unknown, hence any knowledge associated with the search space properties can be hardly used. In addition, a priori knowledge is typically problem-specific and hard to generalize. In this paper, we propose a framework, called Knowledge Integrated Evolutionary Algorithm (KIEA), which facilitates the integration of existing knowledge into EAs. Notably, the KIEA framework is EA-agnostic (i.e., it works with any evolutionary algorithm), problem-independent (i.e., it is not dedicated to a specific type of problems), expandable (i.e., its knowledge base can grow over time). Furthermore, the framework integrates knowledge while the EA is running, thus optimizing the use of the needed computational power. In the preliminary experiments shown here, we observe that the KIEA framework produces in the worst case an 80% improvement on the converge time, w.r.t. the corresponding "knowledge-free" EA counterpart. △ Less Submitted 31 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021. Comments: Published in: Squillero G., Sim K. (eds) Applications of Evolutionary Computation. EvoApplications 2017. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 10199. Springer, Cham arXiv:2103.16897 [ pdf , other ] A Framework for Knowledge Integrated Evolutionary Algorithms Authors: Ahmed Hallawa , Anil Yaman , Giovanni Iacca , Gerd Ascheid Abstract : One of the main reasons for the success of Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) is their general-purposeness, i.e., the fact that they can be applied straightforwardly to a broad range of optimization problems, without any specific prior knowledge. On the other hand, it has been shown that incorporating a priori knowledge, such as expert knowledge or empirical findings, can significantly improve the perf… ▽ More One of the main reasons for the success of Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) is their general-purposeness, i.e., the fact that they can be applied straightforwardly to a broad range of optimization problems, without any specific prior knowledge. On the other hand, it has been shown that incorporating a priori knowledge, such as expert knowledge or empirical findings, can significantly improve the performance of an EA. However, integrating knowledge in EAs poses numerous challenges. It is often the case that the features of the search space are unknown, hence any knowledge associated with the search space properties can be hardly used. In addition, a priori knowledge is typically problem-specific and hard to generalize. In this paper, we propose a framework, called Knowledge Integrated Evolutionary Algorithm (KIEA), which facilitates the integration of existing knowledge into EAs. Notably, the KIEA framework is EA-agnostic (i.e., it works with any evolutionary algorithm), problem-independent (i.e., it is not dedicated to a specific type of problems), expandable (i.e., its knowledge base can grow over time). Furthermore, the framework integrates knowledge while the EA is running, thus optimizing the use of the needed computational power. In the preliminary experiments shown here, we observe that the KIEA framework produces in the worst case an 80% improvement on the converge time, w.r.t. the corresponding "knowledge-free" EA counterpart. △ Less Submitted 31 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021. Comments: Published in: Squillero G., Sim K. (eds) Applications of Evolutionary Computation. EvoApplications 2017. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 10199. Springer, Cham arXiv:2103.16882 [ pdf , other ] cs.NE doi 10.1145/3449639.3459273 A Signal-Centric Perspective on the Evolution of Symbolic Communication Authors: Quintino Francesco Lotito , Leonardo Lucio Custode , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : The evolution of symbolic communication is a longstanding open research question in biology. While some theories suggest that it originated from sub-symbolic communication (i.e., iconic or indexical), little experimental evidence exists on how organisms can actually evolve to define a shared set of symbols with unique interpretable meaning, thus being capable of encoding and decoding discrete info… ▽ More The evolution of symbolic communication is a longstanding open research question in biology. While some theories suggest that it originated from sub-symbolic communication (i.e., iconic or indexical), little experimental evidence exists on how organisms can actually evolve to define a shared set of symbols with unique interpretable meaning, thus being capable of encoding and decoding discrete information. Here, we use a simple synthetic model composed of sender and receiver agents controlled by Continuous-Time Recurrent Neural Networks, which are optimized by means of neuro-evolution. We characterize signal decoding as either regression or classification, with limited and unlimited signal amplitude. First, we show how this choice affects the complexity of the evolutionary search, and leads to different levels of generalization. We then assess the effect of noise, and test the evolved signaling system in a referential game. In various settings, we observe agents evolving to share a dictionary of symbols, with each symbol spontaneously associated to a 1-D unique signal. Finally, we analyze the constellation of signals associated to the evolved signaling systems and note that in most cases these resemble a Pulse Amplitude Modulation system. △ Less Submitted 31 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021. Comments: To be published in the proceedings of ACM Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO) 2021 arXiv:2103.16882 [ pdf , other ] A Signal-Centric Perspective on the Evolution of Symbolic Communication Authors: Quintino Francesco Lotito , Leonardo Lucio Custode , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : The evolution of symbolic communication is a longstanding open research question in biology. While some theories suggest that it originated from sub-symbolic communication (i.e., iconic or indexical), little experimental evidence exists on how organisms can actually evolve to define a shared set of symbols with unique interpretable meaning, thus being capable of encoding and decoding discrete info… ▽ More The evolution of symbolic communication is a longstanding open research question in biology. While some theories suggest that it originated from sub-symbolic communication (i.e., iconic or indexical), little experimental evidence exists on how organisms can actually evolve to define a shared set of symbols with unique interpretable meaning, thus being capable of encoding and decoding discrete information. Here, we use a simple synthetic model composed of sender and receiver agents controlled by Continuous-Time Recurrent Neural Networks, which are optimized by means of neuro-evolution. We characterize signal decoding as either regression or classification, with limited and unlimited signal amplitude. First, we show how this choice affects the complexity of the evolutionary search, and leads to different levels of generalization. We then assess the effect of noise, and test the evolved signaling system in a referential game. In various settings, we observe agents evolving to share a dictionary of symbols, with each symbol spontaneously associated to a 1-D unique signal. Finally, we analyze the constellation of signals associated to the evolved signaling systems and note that in most cases these resemble a Pulse Amplitude Modulation system. △ Less Submitted 31 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021. Comments: To be published in the proceedings of ACM Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO) 2021 arXiv:2103.07428 [ pdf , other ] cs.NI cs.NE doi 10.1145/3453683 Genetic Improvement of Routing Protocols for Delay Tolerant Networks Authors: Michela Lorandi , Leonardo Lucio Custode , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Routing plays a fundamental role in network applications, but it is especially challenging in Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs). These are a kind of mobile ad hoc networks made of e.g. (possibly, unmanned) vehicles and humans where, despite a lack of continuous connectivity, data must be transmitted while the network conditions change due to the nodes' mobility. In these contexts, routing is NP-hard… ▽ More Routing plays a fundamental role in network applications, but it is especially challenging in Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs). These are a kind of mobile ad hoc networks made of e.g. (possibly, unmanned) vehicles and humans where, despite a lack of continuous connectivity, data must be transmitted while the network conditions change due to the nodes' mobility. In these contexts, routing is NP-hard and is usually solved by heuristic "store and forward" replication-based approaches, where multiple copies of the same message are moved and stored across nodes in the hope that at least one will reach its destination. Still, the existing routing protocols produce relatively low delivery probabilities. Here, we genetically improve two routing protocols widely adopted in DTNs, namely Epidemic and PRoPHET, in the attempt to optimize their delivery probability. First, we dissect them into their fundamental components, i.e., functionalities such as checking if a node can transfer data, or sending messages to all connections. Then, we apply Genetic Improvement (GI) to manipulate these components as terminal nodes of evolving trees. We apply this methodology, in silico, to six test cases of urban networks made of hundreds of nodes, and find that GI produces consistent gains in delivery probability in four cases. We then verify if this improvement entails a worsening of other relevant network metrics, such as latency and buffer time. Finally, we compare the logics of the best evolved protocols with those of the baseline protocols, and we discuss the generalizability of the results across test cases. △ Less Submitted 12 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021. Comments: To be published in ACM Transactions on Evolutionary Learning and Optimization arXiv:2103.07428 [ pdf , other ] Genetic Improvement of Routing Protocols for Delay Tolerant Networks Authors: Michela Lorandi , Leonardo Lucio Custode , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Routing plays a fundamental role in network applications, but it is especially challenging in Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs). These are a kind of mobile ad hoc networks made of e.g. (possibly, unmanned) vehicles and humans where, despite a lack of continuous connectivity, data must be transmitted while the network conditions change due to the nodes' mobility. In these contexts, routing is NP-hard… ▽ More Routing plays a fundamental role in network applications, but it is especially challenging in Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs). These are a kind of mobile ad hoc networks made of e.g. (possibly, unmanned) vehicles and humans where, despite a lack of continuous connectivity, data must be transmitted while the network conditions change due to the nodes' mobility. In these contexts, routing is NP-hard and is usually solved by heuristic "store and forward" replication-based approaches, where multiple copies of the same message are moved and stored across nodes in the hope that at least one will reach its destination. Still, the existing routing protocols produce relatively low delivery probabilities. Here, we genetically improve two routing protocols widely adopted in DTNs, namely Epidemic and PRoPHET, in the attempt to optimize their delivery probability. First, we dissect them into their fundamental components, i.e., functionalities such as checking if a node can transfer data, or sending messages to all connections. Then, we apply Genetic Improvement (GI) to manipulate these components as terminal nodes of evolving trees. We apply this methodology, in silico, to six test cases of urban networks made of hundreds of nodes, and find that GI produces consistent gains in delivery probability in four cases. We then verify if this improvement entails a worsening of other relevant network metrics, such as latency and buffer time. Finally, we compare the logics of the best evolved protocols with those of the baseline protocols, and we discuss the generalizability of the results across test cases. △ Less Submitted 12 March, 2021; originally announced March 2021. Comments: To be published in ACM Transactions on Evolutionary Learning and Optimization arXiv:2012.07723 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG doi 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3236260 Evolutionary learning of interpretable decision trees Authors: Leonardo Lucio Custode , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Reinforcement learning techniques achieved human-level performance in several tasks in the last decade. However, in recent years, the need for interpretability emerged: we want to be able to understand how a system works and the reasons behind its decisions. Not only we need interpretability to assess the safety of the produced systems, we also need it to extract knowledge about unknown problems.… ▽ More Reinforcement learning techniques achieved human-level performance in several tasks in the last decade. However, in recent years, the need for interpretability emerged: we want to be able to understand how a system works and the reasons behind its decisions. Not only we need interpretability to assess the safety of the produced systems, we also need it to extract knowledge about unknown problems. While some techniques that optimize decision trees for reinforcement learning do exist, they usually employ greedy algorithms or they do not exploit the rewards given by the environment. This means that these techniques may easily get stuck in local optima. In this work, we propose a novel approach to interpretable reinforcement learning that uses decision trees. We present a two-level optimization scheme that combines the advantages of evolutionary algorithms with the advantages of Q-learning. This way we decompose the problem into two sub-problems: the problem of finding a meaningful and useful decomposition of the state space, and the problem of associating an action to each state. We test the proposed method on three well-known reinforcement learning benchmarks, on which it results competitive with respect to the state-of-the-art in both performance and interpretability. Finally, we perform an ablation study that confirms that using the two-level optimization scheme gives a boost in performance in non-trivial environments with respect to a one-layer optimization technique. △ Less Submitted 21 April, 2021; v1 submitted 14 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020. Comments: 69 pages, 31 figures, code available at: ACM Class: I.2.2; I.2.6 Journal ref: IEEE Access (2023) arXiv:2012.07723 [ pdf , other ] Evolutionary learning of interpretable decision trees Authors: Leonardo Lucio Custode , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Reinforcement learning techniques achieved human-level performance in several tasks in the last decade. However, in recent years, the need for interpretability emerged: we want to be able to understand how a system works and the reasons behind its decisions. Not only we need interpretability to assess the safety of the produced systems, we also need it to extract knowledge about unknown problems.… ▽ More Reinforcement learning techniques achieved human-level performance in several tasks in the last decade. However, in recent years, the need for interpretability emerged: we want to be able to understand how a system works and the reasons behind its decisions. Not only we need interpretability to assess the safety of the produced systems, we also need it to extract knowledge about unknown problems. While some techniques that optimize decision trees for reinforcement learning do exist, they usually employ greedy algorithms or they do not exploit the rewards given by the environment. This means that these techniques may easily get stuck in local optima. In this work, we propose a novel approach to interpretable reinforcement learning that uses decision trees. We present a two-level optimization scheme that combines the advantages of evolutionary algorithms with the advantages of Q-learning. This way we decompose the problem into two sub-problems: the problem of finding a meaningful and useful decomposition of the state space, and the problem of associating an action to each state. We test the proposed method on three well-known reinforcement learning benchmarks, on which it results competitive with respect to the state-of-the-art in both performance and interpretability. Finally, we perform an ablation study that confirms that using the two-level optimization scheme gives a boost in performance in non-trivial environments with respect to a one-layer optimization technique. △ Less Submitted 21 April, 2021; v1 submitted 14 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020. Comments: 69 pages, 31 figures, code available at: ACM Class: I.2.2; I.2.6 Journal ref: IEEE Access (2023) arXiv:2007.04725 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG cs.AI cs.NE stat.ML EVO-RL: Evolutionary-Driven Reinforcement Learning Authors: Ahmed Hallawa , Thorsten Born , Anke Schmeink , Guido Dartmann , Arne Peine , Lukas Martin , Giovanni Iacca , A. E. Eiben , Gerd Ascheid Abstract : In this work, we propose a novel approach for reinforcement learning driven by evolutionary computation. Our algorithm, dubbed as Evolutionary-Driven Reinforcement Learning (evo-RL), embeds the reinforcement learning algorithm in an evolutionary cycle, where we distinctly differentiate between purely evolvable (instinctive) behaviour versus purely learnable behaviour. Furthermore, we propose that… ▽ More In this work, we propose a novel approach for reinforcement learning driven by evolutionary computation. Our algorithm, dubbed as Evolutionary-Driven Reinforcement Learning (evo-RL), embeds the reinforcement learning algorithm in an evolutionary cycle, where we distinctly differentiate between purely evolvable (instinctive) behaviour versus purely learnable behaviour. Furthermore, we propose that this distinction is decided by the evolutionary process, thus allowing evo-RL to be adaptive to different environments. In addition, evo-RL facilitates learning on environments with rewardless states, which makes it more suited for real-world problems with incomplete information. To show that evo-RL leads to state-of-the-art performance, we present the performance of different state-of-the-art reinforcement learning algorithms when operating within evo-RL and compare it with the case when these same algorithms are executed independently. Results show that reinforcement learning algorithms embedded within our evo-RL approach significantly outperform the stand-alone versions of the same RL algorithms on OpenAI Gym control problems with rewardless states constrained by the same computational budget. △ Less Submitted 10 July, 2020; v1 submitted 9 July, 2020; originally announced July 2020. Comments: 9 pages, 7 figures arXiv:2007.04725 [ pdf , other ] EVO-RL: Evolutionary-Driven Reinforcement Learning Authors: Ahmed Hallawa , Thorsten Born , Anke Schmeink , Guido Dartmann , Arne Peine , Lukas Martin , Giovanni Iacca , A. E. Eiben , Gerd Ascheid Abstract : In this work, we propose a novel approach for reinforcement learning driven by evolutionary computation. Our algorithm, dubbed as Evolutionary-Driven Reinforcement Learning (evo-RL), embeds the reinforcement learning algorithm in an evolutionary cycle, where we distinctly differentiate between purely evolvable (instinctive) behaviour versus purely learnable behaviour. Furthermore, we propose that… ▽ More In this work, we propose a novel approach for reinforcement learning driven by evolutionary computation. Our algorithm, dubbed as Evolutionary-Driven Reinforcement Learning (evo-RL), embeds the reinforcement learning algorithm in an evolutionary cycle, where we distinctly differentiate between purely evolvable (instinctive) behaviour versus purely learnable behaviour. Furthermore, we propose that this distinction is decided by the evolutionary process, thus allowing evo-RL to be adaptive to different environments. In addition, evo-RL facilitates learning on environments with rewardless states, which makes it more suited for real-world problems with incomplete information. To show that evo-RL leads to state-of-the-art performance, we present the performance of different state-of-the-art reinforcement learning algorithms when operating within evo-RL and compare it with the case when these same algorithms are executed independently. Results show that reinforcement learning algorithms embedded within our evo-RL approach significantly outperform the stand-alone versions of the same RL algorithms on OpenAI Gym control problems with rewardless states constrained by the same computational budget. △ Less Submitted 10 July, 2020; v1 submitted 9 July, 2020; originally announced July 2020. Comments: 9 pages, 7 figures arXiv:2003.12848 [ pdf , other ] cs.NE doi 10.1016/j.asoc.2020.106993 Distributed Embodied Evolution over Networks Authors: Anil Yaman , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : In several network problems the optimum behavior of the agents (i.e., the nodes of the network) is not known before deployment. Furthermore, the agents might be required to adapt, i.e. change their behavior based on the environment conditions. In these scenarios, offline optimization is usually costly and inefficient, while online methods might be more suitable. In this work, we use a distributed… ▽ More In several network problems the optimum behavior of the agents (i.e., the nodes of the network) is not known before deployment. Furthermore, the agents might be required to adapt, i.e. change their behavior based on the environment conditions. In these scenarios, offline optimization is usually costly and inefficient, while online methods might be more suitable. In this work, we use a distributed Embodied Evolution approach to optimize spatially distributed, locally interacting agents by allowing them to exchange their behavior parameters and learn from each other to adapt to a certain task within a given environment. Our results on several test scenarios show that the local exchange of information, performed by means of crossover of behavior parameters with neighbors, allows the network to conduct the optimization process more efficiently than the cases where local interactions are not allowed, even when there are large differences on the optimal behavior parameters within each agent's neighborhood. △ Less Submitted 20 December, 2020; v1 submitted 28 March, 2020; originally announced March 2020. Journal ref: Applied Soft Computing (2020) 106993 arXiv:2003.12848 [ pdf , other ] Distributed Embodied Evolution over Networks Authors: Anil Yaman , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : In several network problems the optimum behavior of the agents (i.e., the nodes of the network) is not known before deployment. Furthermore, the agents might be required to adapt, i.e. change their behavior based on the environment conditions. In these scenarios, offline optimization is usually costly and inefficient, while online methods might be more suitable. In this work, we use a distributed… ▽ More In several network problems the optimum behavior of the agents (i.e., the nodes of the network) is not known before deployment. Furthermore, the agents might be required to adapt, i.e. change their behavior based on the environment conditions. In these scenarios, offline optimization is usually costly and inefficient, while online methods might be more suitable. In this work, we use a distributed Embodied Evolution approach to optimize spatially distributed, locally interacting agents by allowing them to exchange their behavior parameters and learn from each other to adapt to a certain task within a given environment. Our results on several test scenarios show that the local exchange of information, performed by means of crossover of behavior parameters with neighbors, allows the network to conduct the optimization process more efficiently than the cases where local interactions are not allowed, even when there are large differences on the optimal behavior parameters within each agent's neighborhood. △ Less Submitted 20 December, 2020; v1 submitted 28 March, 2020; originally announced March 2020. Journal ref: Applied Soft Computing (2020) 106993 arXiv:2002.03620 [ pdf , other ] cs.NE cs.AI doi 10.1145/3377929.3389976 Novelty Producing Synaptic Plasticity Authors: Anil Yaman , Giovanni Iacca , Decebal Constantin Mocanu , George Fletcher , Mykola Pechenizkiy Abstract : A learning process with the plasticity property often requires reinforcement signals to guide the process. However, in some tasks (e.g. maze-navigation), it is very difficult (or impossible) to measure the performance of an agent (i.e. a fitness value) to provide reinforcements since the position of the goal is not known. This requires finding the correct behavior among a vast number of possible b… ▽ More A learning process with the plasticity property often requires reinforcement signals to guide the process. However, in some tasks (e.g. maze-navigation), it is very difficult (or impossible) to measure the performance of an agent (i.e. a fitness value) to provide reinforcements since the position of the goal is not known. This requires finding the correct behavior among a vast number of possible behaviors without having the knowledge of the reinforcement signals. In these cases, an exhaustive search may be needed. However, this might not be feasible especially when optimizing artificial neural networks in continuous domains. In this work, we introduce novelty producing synaptic plasticity (NPSP), where we evolve synaptic plasticity rules to produce as many novel behaviors as possible to find the behavior that can solve the problem. We evaluate the NPSP on maze-navigation on deceptive maze environments that require complex actions and the achievement of subgoals to complete. Our results show that the search heuristic used with the proposed NPSP is indeed capable of producing much more novel behaviors in comparison with a random search taken as baseline. △ Less Submitted 10 February, 2020; originally announced February 2020. arXiv:2002.03620 [ pdf , other ] Novelty Producing Synaptic Plasticity Authors: Anil Yaman , Giovanni Iacca , Decebal Constantin Mocanu , George Fletcher , Mykola Pechenizkiy Abstract : A learning process with the plasticity property often requires reinforcement signals to guide the process. However, in some tasks (e.g. maze-navigation), it is very difficult (or impossible) to measure the performance of an agent (i.e. a fitness value) to provide reinforcements since the position of the goal is not known. This requires finding the correct behavior among a vast number of possible b… ▽ More A learning process with the plasticity property often requires reinforcement signals to guide the process. However, in some tasks (e.g. maze-navigation), it is very difficult (or impossible) to measure the performance of an agent (i.e. a fitness value) to provide reinforcements since the position of the goal is not known. This requires finding the correct behavior among a vast number of possible behaviors without having the knowledge of the reinforcement signals. In these cases, an exhaustive search may be needed. However, this might not be feasible especially when optimizing artificial neural networks in continuous domains. In this work, we introduce novelty producing synaptic plasticity (NPSP), where we evolve synaptic plasticity rules to produce as many novel behaviors as possible to find the behavior that can solve the problem. We evaluate the NPSP on maze-navigation on deceptive maze environments that require complex actions and the achievement of subgoals to complete. Our results show that the search heuristic used with the proposed NPSP is indeed capable of producing much more novel behaviors in comparison with a random search taken as baseline. △ Less Submitted 10 February, 2020; originally announced February 2020. arXiv:1905.06252 [ pdf , other ] cs.NE cs.CV doi 10.1007/978-3-030-30642-7_20 Regularized Evolutionary Algorithm for Dynamic Neural Topology Search Authors: Cristiano Saltori , Subhankar Roy , Nicu Sebe , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Designing neural networks for object recognition requires considerable architecture engineering. As a remedy, neuro-evolutionary network architecture search, which automatically searches for optimal network architectures using evolutionary algorithms, has recently become very popular. Although very effective, evolutionary algorithms rely heavily on having a large population of individuals (i.e., n… ▽ More Designing neural networks for object recognition requires considerable architecture engineering. As a remedy, neuro-evolutionary network architecture search, which automatically searches for optimal network architectures using evolutionary algorithms, has recently become very popular. Although very effective, evolutionary algorithms rely heavily on having a large population of individuals (i.e., network architectures) and is therefore memory expensive. In this work, we propose a Regularized Evolutionary Algorithm with low memory footprint to evolve a dynamic image classifier. In details, we introduce novel custom operators that regularize the evolutionary process of a micro-population of 10 individuals. We conduct experiments on three different digits datasets (MNIST, USPS, SVHN) and show that our evolutionary method obtains competitive results with the current state-of-the-art. △ Less Submitted 19 August, 2019; v1 submitted 15 May, 2019; originally announced May 2019. arXiv:1905.06252 [ pdf , other ] Regularized Evolutionary Algorithm for Dynamic Neural Topology Search Authors: Cristiano Saltori , Subhankar Roy , Nicu Sebe , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Designing neural networks for object recognition requires considerable architecture engineering. As a remedy, neuro-evolutionary network architecture search, which automatically searches for optimal network architectures using evolutionary algorithms, has recently become very popular. Although very effective, evolutionary algorithms rely heavily on having a large population of individuals (i.e., n… ▽ More Designing neural networks for object recognition requires considerable architecture engineering. As a remedy, neuro-evolutionary network architecture search, which automatically searches for optimal network architectures using evolutionary algorithms, has recently become very popular. Although very effective, evolutionary algorithms rely heavily on having a large population of individuals (i.e., network architectures) and is therefore memory expensive. In this work, we propose a Regularized Evolutionary Algorithm with low memory footprint to evolve a dynamic image classifier. In details, we introduce novel custom operators that regularize the evolutionary process of a micro-population of 10 individuals. We conduct experiments on three different digits datasets (MNIST, USPS, SVHN) and show that our evolutionary method obtains competitive results with the current state-of-the-art. △ Less Submitted 19 August, 2019; v1 submitted 15 May, 2019; originally announced May 2019. arXiv:1904.01709 [ pdf , other ] cs.NE doi 10.1162/evco_a_00286 Evolving Plasticity for Autonomous Learning under Changing Environmental Conditions Authors: Anil Yaman , Giovanni Iacca , Decebal Constantin Mocanu , Matt Coler , George Fletcher , Mykola Pechenizkiy Abstract : A fundamental aspect of learning in biological neural networks is the plasticity property which allows them to modify their configurations during their lifetime. Hebbian learning is a biologically plausible mechanism for modeling the plasticity property in artificial neural networks (ANNs), based on the local interactions of neurons. However, the emergence of a coherent global learning behavior fr… ▽ More A fundamental aspect of learning in biological neural networks is the plasticity property which allows them to modify their configurations during their lifetime. Hebbian learning is a biologically plausible mechanism for modeling the plasticity property in artificial neural networks (ANNs), based on the local interactions of neurons. However, the emergence of a coherent global learning behavior from local Hebbian plasticity rules is not very well understood. The goal of this work is to discover interpretable local Hebbian learning rules that can provide autonomous global learning. To achieve this, we use a discrete representation to encode the learning rules in a finite search space. These rules are then used to perform synaptic changes, based on the local interactions of the neurons. We employ genetic algorithms to optimize these rules to allow learning on two separate tasks (a foraging and a prey-predator scenario) in online lifetime learning settings. The resulting evolved rules converged into a set of well-defined interpretable types, that are thoroughly discussed. Notably, the performance of these rules, while adapting the ANNs during the learning tasks, is comparable to that of offline learning methods such as hill climbing. △ Less Submitted 7 December, 2020; v1 submitted 2 April, 2019; originally announced April 2019. Comments: Evolutionary Computation Journal Journal ref: Evolutionary Computation 1 25, 2020 arXiv:1904.01709 [ pdf , other ] Evolving Plasticity for Autonomous Learning under Changing Environmental Conditions Authors: Anil Yaman , Giovanni Iacca , Decebal Constantin Mocanu , Matt Coler , George Fletcher , Mykola Pechenizkiy Abstract : A fundamental aspect of learning in biological neural networks is the plasticity property which allows them to modify their configurations during their lifetime. Hebbian learning is a biologically plausible mechanism for modeling the plasticity property in artificial neural networks (ANNs), based on the local interactions of neurons. However, the emergence of a coherent global learning behavior fr… ▽ More A fundamental aspect of learning in biological neural networks is the plasticity property which allows them to modify their configurations during their lifetime. Hebbian learning is a biologically plausible mechanism for modeling the plasticity property in artificial neural networks (ANNs), based on the local interactions of neurons. However, the emergence of a coherent global learning behavior from local Hebbian plasticity rules is not very well understood. The goal of this work is to discover interpretable local Hebbian learning rules that can provide autonomous global learning. To achieve this, we use a discrete representation to encode the learning rules in a finite search space. These rules are then used to perform synaptic changes, based on the local interactions of the neurons. We employ genetic algorithms to optimize these rules to allow learning on two separate tasks (a foraging and a prey-predator scenario) in online lifetime learning settings. The resulting evolved rules converged into a set of well-defined interpretable types, that are thoroughly discussed. Notably, the performance of these rules, while adapting the ANNs during the learning tasks, is comparable to that of offline learning methods such as hill climbing. △ Less Submitted 7 December, 2020; v1 submitted 2 April, 2019; originally announced April 2019. Comments: Evolutionary Computation Journal Journal ref: Evolutionary Computation 1 25, 2020 arXiv:1903.09393 [ pdf , other ] cs.NE doi 10.1145/3321707.3321723 Learning with Delayed Synaptic Plasticity Authors: Anil Yaman , Giovanni Iacca , Decebal Constantin Mocanu , George Fletcher , Mykola Pechenizkiy Abstract : The plasticity property of biological neural networks allows them to perform learning and optimize their behavior by changing their configuration. Inspired by biology, plasticity can be modeled in artificial neural networks by using Hebbian learning rules, i.e. rules that update synapses based on the neuron activations and reinforcement signals. However, the distal reward problem arises when the r… ▽ More The plasticity property of biological neural networks allows them to perform learning and optimize their behavior by changing their configuration. Inspired by biology, plasticity can be modeled in artificial neural networks by using Hebbian learning rules, i.e. rules that update synapses based on the neuron activations and reinforcement signals. However, the distal reward problem arises when the reinforcement signals are not available immediately after each network output to associate the neuron activations that contributed to receiving the reinforcement signal. In this work, we extend Hebbian plasticity rules to allow learning in distal reward cases. We propose the use of neuron activation traces (NATs) to provide additional data storage in each synapse to keep track of the activation of the neurons. Delayed reinforcement signals are provided after each episode relative to the networks' performance during the previous episode. We employ genetic algorithms to evolve delayed synaptic plasticity (DSP) rules and perform synaptic updates based on NATs and delayed reinforcement signals. We compare DSP with an analogous hill climbing algorithm that does not incorporate domain knowledge introduced with the NATs, and show that the synaptic updates performed by the DSP rules demonstrate more effective training performance relative to the HC algorithm. △ Less Submitted 17 April, 2019; v1 submitted 22 March, 2019; originally announced March 2019. Comments: GECCO2019 arXiv:1903.09393 [ pdf , other ] Learning with Delayed Synaptic Plasticity Authors: Anil Yaman , Giovanni Iacca , Decebal Constantin Mocanu , George Fletcher , Mykola Pechenizkiy Abstract : The plasticity property of biological neural networks allows them to perform learning and optimize their behavior by changing their configuration. Inspired by biology, plasticity can be modeled in artificial neural networks by using Hebbian learning rules, i.e. rules that update synapses based on the neuron activations and reinforcement signals. However, the distal reward problem arises when the r… ▽ More The plasticity property of biological neural networks allows them to perform learning and optimize their behavior by changing their configuration. Inspired by biology, plasticity can be modeled in artificial neural networks by using Hebbian learning rules, i.e. rules that update synapses based on the neuron activations and reinforcement signals. However, the distal reward problem arises when the reinforcement signals are not available immediately after each network output to associate the neuron activations that contributed to receiving the reinforcement signal. In this work, we extend Hebbian plasticity rules to allow learning in distal reward cases. We propose the use of neuron activation traces (NATs) to provide additional data storage in each synapse to keep track of the activation of the neurons. Delayed reinforcement signals are provided after each episode relative to the networks' performance during the previous episode. We employ genetic algorithms to evolve delayed synaptic plasticity (DSP) rules and perform synaptic updates based on NATs and delayed reinforcement signals. We compare DSP with an analogous hill climbing algorithm that does not incorporate domain knowledge introduced with the NATs, and show that the synaptic updates performed by the DSP rules demonstrate more effective training performance relative to the HC algorithm. △ Less Submitted 17 April, 2019; v1 submitted 22 March, 2019; originally announced March 2019. Comments: GECCO2019 arXiv:1902.00703 [ pdf , other ] cs.NE doi 10.1145/3319619.3321939 Evaluating MAP-Elites on Constrained Optimization Problems Authors: Stefano Fioravanzo , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Constrained optimization problems are often characterized by multiple constraints that, in the practice, must be satisfied with different tolerance levels. While some constraints are hard and as such must be satisfied with zero-tolerance, others may be soft, such that non-zero violations are acceptable. Here, we evaluate the applicability of MAP-Elites to "illuminate" constrained search spaces by… ▽ More Constrained optimization problems are often characterized by multiple constraints that, in the practice, must be satisfied with different tolerance levels. While some constraints are hard and as such must be satisfied with zero-tolerance, others may be soft, such that non-zero violations are acceptable. Here, we evaluate the applicability of MAP-Elites to "illuminate" constrained search spaces by mapping them into feature spaces where each feature corresponds to a different constraint. On the one hand, MAP-Elites implicitly preserves diversity, thus allowing a good exploration of the search space. On the other hand, it provides an effective visualization that facilitates a better understanding of how constraint violations correlate with the objective function. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach on a large set of benchmark problems, in various dimensionalities, and with different algorithmic configurations. As expected, numerical results show that a basic version of MAP-Elites cannot compete on all problems (especially those with equality constraints) with state-of-the-art algorithms that use gradient information or advanced constraint handling techniques. Nevertheless, it has a higher potential at finding constraint violations vs. objectives trade-offs and providing new problem information. As such, it could be used in the future as an effective building-block for designing new constrained optimization algorithms. △ Less Submitted 5 April, 2019; v1 submitted 2 February, 2019; originally announced February 2019. arXiv:1902.00703 [ pdf , other ] Evaluating MAP-Elites on Constrained Optimization Problems Authors: Stefano Fioravanzo , Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Constrained optimization problems are often characterized by multiple constraints that, in the practice, must be satisfied with different tolerance levels. While some constraints are hard and as such must be satisfied with zero-tolerance, others may be soft, such that non-zero violations are acceptable. Here, we evaluate the applicability of MAP-Elites to "illuminate" constrained search spaces by… ▽ More Constrained optimization problems are often characterized by multiple constraints that, in the practice, must be satisfied with different tolerance levels. While some constraints are hard and as such must be satisfied with zero-tolerance, others may be soft, such that non-zero violations are acceptable. Here, we evaluate the applicability of MAP-Elites to "illuminate" constrained search spaces by mapping them into feature spaces where each feature corresponds to a different constraint. On the one hand, MAP-Elites implicitly preserves diversity, thus allowing a good exploration of the search space. On the other hand, it provides an effective visualization that facilitates a better understanding of how constraint violations correlate with the objective function. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach on a large set of benchmark problems, in various dimensionalities, and with different algorithmic configurations. As expected, numerical results show that a basic version of MAP-Elites cannot compete on all problems (especially those with equality constraints) with state-of-the-art algorithms that use gradient information or advanced constraint handling techniques. Nevertheless, it has a higher potential at finding constraint violations vs. objectives trade-offs and providing new problem information. As such, it could be used in the future as an effective building-block for designing new constrained optimization algorithms. △ Less Submitted 5 April, 2019; v1 submitted 2 February, 2019; originally announced February 2019. arXiv:1810.08669 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI doi 10.1016/j.ins.2011.11.025 Ockham's Razor in Memetic Computing: Three Stage Optimal Memetic Exploration Authors: G. Iacca , F. Neri , E. Mininno , Y. S. Ong , M. H. Lim Abstract : Memetic Computing is a subject in computer science which considers complex structures as the combination of simple agents, memes, whose evolutionary interactions lead to intelligent structures capable of problem-solving. This paper focuses on Memetic Computing optimization algorithms and proposes a counter-tendency approach for algorithmic design. Research in the field tends to go in the direction… ▽ More Memetic Computing is a subject in computer science which considers complex structures as the combination of simple agents, memes, whose evolutionary interactions lead to intelligent structures capable of problem-solving. This paper focuses on Memetic Computing optimization algorithms and proposes a counter-tendency approach for algorithmic design. Research in the field tends to go in the direction of improving existing algorithms by combining different methods or through the formulation of more complicated structures. Contrary to this trend, we instead focus on simplicity, proposing a structurally simple algorithm with emphasis on processing only one solution at a time. The proposed algorithm, namely Three Stage Optimal Memetic Exploration, is composed of three memes; the first stochastic and with a long search radius, the second stochastic and with a moderate search radius and the third deterministic and with a short search radius. The bottom-up combination of the three operators by means of a natural trial and error logic, generates a robust and efficient optimizer, capable of competing with modern complex and computationally expensive algorithms. This is suggestive of the fact that complexity in algorithmic structures can be unnecessary, if not detrimental, and that simple bottom-up approaches are likely to be competitive is here invoked as an extension to Memetic Computing basing on the philosophical concept of Ockham's Razor. An extensive experimental setup on various test problems and one digital signal processing application is presented. Numerical results show that the proposed approach, despite its simplicity and low computational cost displays a very good performance on several problems, and is competitive with sophisticated algorithms representing the-state-of-the-art in computational intelligence optimization. △ Less Submitted 5 October, 2018; originally announced October 2018. Journal ref: Information Sciences, Volume 188, pp 17-43, 2012 arXiv:1810.08669 [ pdf , ps , other ] Ockham's Razor in Memetic Computing: Three Stage Optimal Memetic Exploration Authors: G. Iacca , F. Neri , E. Mininno , Y. S. Ong , M. H. Lim Abstract : Memetic Computing is a subject in computer science which considers complex structures as the combination of simple agents, memes, whose evolutionary interactions lead to intelligent structures capable of problem-solving. This paper focuses on Memetic Computing optimization algorithms and proposes a counter-tendency approach for algorithmic design. Research in the field tends to go in the direction… ▽ More Memetic Computing is a subject in computer science which considers complex structures as the combination of simple agents, memes, whose evolutionary interactions lead to intelligent structures capable of problem-solving. This paper focuses on Memetic Computing optimization algorithms and proposes a counter-tendency approach for algorithmic design. Research in the field tends to go in the direction of improving existing algorithms by combining different methods or through the formulation of more complicated structures. Contrary to this trend, we instead focus on simplicity, proposing a structurally simple algorithm with emphasis on processing only one solution at a time. The proposed algorithm, namely Three Stage Optimal Memetic Exploration, is composed of three memes; the first stochastic and with a long search radius, the second stochastic and with a moderate search radius and the third deterministic and with a short search radius. The bottom-up combination of the three operators by means of a natural trial and error logic, generates a robust and efficient optimizer, capable of competing with modern complex and computationally expensive algorithms. This is suggestive of the fact that complexity in algorithmic structures can be unnecessary, if not detrimental, and that simple bottom-up approaches are likely to be competitive is here invoked as an extension to Memetic Computing basing on the philosophical concept of Ockham's Razor. An extensive experimental setup on various test problems and one digital signal processing application is presented. Numerical results show that the proposed approach, despite its simplicity and low computational cost displays a very good performance on several problems, and is competitive with sophisticated algorithms representing the-state-of-the-art in computational intelligence optimization. △ Less Submitted 5 October, 2018; originally announced October 2018. Journal ref: Information Sciences, Volume 188, pp 17-43, 2012 arXiv:1810.05018 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.NE doi 10.1142/S0129065714500087 Multi-Strategy Coevolving Aging Particle Optimization Authors: Giovanni Iacca , Fabio Caraffini , Ferrante Neri Abstract : We propose Multi-Strategy Coevolving Aging Particles (MS-CAP), a novel population-based algorithm for black-box optimization. In a memetic fashion, MS-CAP combines two components with complementary algorithm logics. In the first stage, each particle is perturbed independently along each dimension with a progressively shrinking (decaying) radius, and attracted towards the current best solution with… ▽ More We propose Multi-Strategy Coevolving Aging Particles (MS-CAP), a novel population-based algorithm for black-box optimization. In a memetic fashion, MS-CAP combines two components with complementary algorithm logics. In the first stage, each particle is perturbed independently along each dimension with a progressively shrinking (decaying) radius, and attracted towards the current best solution with an increasing force. In the second phase, the particles are mutated and recombined according to a multi-strategy approach in the fashion of the ensemble of mutation strategies in Differential Evolution. The proposed algorithm is tested, at different dimensionalities, on two complete black-box optimization benchmarks proposed at the Congress on Evolutionary Computation 2010 and 2013. To demonstrate the applicability of the approach, we also test MS-CAP to train a Feedforward Neural Network modelling the kinematics of an 8-link robot manipulator. The numerical results show that MS-CAP, for the setting considered in this study, tends to outperform the state-of-the-art optimization algorithms on a large set of problems, thus resulting in a robust and versatile optimizer. △ Less Submitted 11 October, 2018; originally announced October 2018. Journal ref: International Journal of Neural Systems, Volume 24, Issue 1, December 2013 arXiv:1810.05018 [ pdf , ps , other ] Multi-Strategy Coevolving Aging Particle Optimization Authors: Giovanni Iacca , Fabio Caraffini , Ferrante Neri Abstract : We propose Multi-Strategy Coevolving Aging Particles (MS-CAP), a novel population-based algorithm for black-box optimization. In a memetic fashion, MS-CAP combines two components with complementary algorithm logics. In the first stage, each particle is perturbed independently along each dimension with a progressively shrinking (decaying) radius, and attracted towards the current best solution with… ▽ More We propose Multi-Strategy Coevolving Aging Particles (MS-CAP), a novel population-based algorithm for black-box optimization. In a memetic fashion, MS-CAP combines two components with complementary algorithm logics. In the first stage, each particle is perturbed independently along each dimension with a progressively shrinking (decaying) radius, and attracted towards the current best solution with an increasing force. In the second phase, the particles are mutated and recombined according to a multi-strategy approach in the fashion of the ensemble of mutation strategies in Differential Evolution. The proposed algorithm is tested, at different dimensionalities, on two complete black-box optimization benchmarks proposed at the Congress on Evolutionary Computation 2010 and 2013. To demonstrate the applicability of the approach, we also test MS-CAP to train a Feedforward Neural Network modelling the kinematics of an 8-link robot manipulator. The numerical results show that MS-CAP, for the setting considered in this study, tends to outperform the state-of-the-art optimization algorithms on a large set of problems, thus resulting in a robust and versatile optimizer. △ Less Submitted 11 October, 2018; originally announced October 2018. Journal ref: International Journal of Neural Systems, Volume 24, Issue 1, December 2013 arXiv:1810.02713 [ pdf , other ] cs.NE cs.CR cs.NI doi 10.1016/j.asoc.2015.11.024 Optimizing groups of colluding strong attackers in mobile urban communication networks with evolutionary algorithms Authors: D. Bucur , G. Iacca , M. Gaudesi , G. Squillero , A. Tonda Abstract : In novel forms of the Social Internet of Things, any mobile user within communication range may help routing messages for another user in the network. The resulting message delivery rate depends both on the users' mobility patterns and the message load in the network. This new type of configuration, however, poses new challenges to security, amongst them, assessing the effect that a group of collu… ▽ More In novel forms of the Social Internet of Things, any mobile user within communication range may help routing messages for another user in the network. The resulting message delivery rate depends both on the users' mobility patterns and the message load in the network. This new type of configuration, however, poses new challenges to security, amongst them, assessing the effect that a group of colluding malicious participants can have on the global message delivery rate in such a network is far from trivial. In this work, after modeling such a question as an optimization problem, we are able to find quite interesting results by coupling a network simulator with an evolutionary algorithm. The chosen algorithm is specifically designed to solve problems whose solutions can be decomposed into parts sharing the same structure. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach on two medium-sized Delay-Tolerant Networks, realistically simulated in the urban contexts of two cities with very different route topology: Venice and San Francisco. In all experiments, our methodology produces attack patterns that greatly lower network performance with respect to previous studies on the subject, as the evolutionary core is able to exploit the specific weaknesses of each target configuration. △ Less Submitted 5 October, 2018; originally announced October 2018. Journal ref: Applied Soft Computing, Volume 40, pp 416-426, 2016 arXiv:1810.02713 [ pdf , other ] Optimizing groups of colluding strong attackers in mobile urban communication networks with evolutionary algorithms Authors: D. Bucur , G. Iacca , M. Gaudesi , G. Squillero , A. Tonda Abstract : In novel forms of the Social Internet of Things, any mobile user within communication range may help routing messages for another user in the network. The resulting message delivery rate depends both on the users' mobility patterns and the message load in the network. This new type of configuration, however, poses new challenges to security, amongst them, assessing the effect that a group of collu… ▽ More In novel forms of the Social Internet of Things, any mobile user within communication range may help routing messages for another user in the network. The resulting message delivery rate depends both on the users' mobility patterns and the message load in the network. This new type of configuration, however, poses new challenges to security, amongst them, assessing the effect that a group of colluding malicious participants can have on the global message delivery rate in such a network is far from trivial. In this work, after modeling such a question as an optimization problem, we are able to find quite interesting results by coupling a network simulator with an evolutionary algorithm. The chosen algorithm is specifically designed to solve problems whose solutions can be decomposed into parts sharing the same structure. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach on two medium-sized Delay-Tolerant Networks, realistically simulated in the urban contexts of two cities with very different route topology: Venice and San Francisco. In all experiments, our methodology produces attack patterns that greatly lower network performance with respect to previous studies on the subject, as the evolutionary core is able to exploit the specific weaknesses of each target configuration. △ Less Submitted 5 October, 2018; originally announced October 2018. Journal ref: Applied Soft Computing, Volume 40, pp 416-426, 2016 arXiv:1810.02702 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.NE doi 10.1109/TEVC.2015.2428292 Memetic Viability Evolution for Constrained Optimization Authors: A. Maesani , G. Iacca , D. Floreano Abstract : The performance of evolutionary algorithms can be heavily undermined when constraints limit the feasible areas of the search space. For instance, while Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy is one of the most efficient algorithms for unconstrained optimization problems, it cannot be readily applied to constrained ones. Here, we used concepts from Memetic Computing, i.e. the harmonious co… ▽ More The performance of evolutionary algorithms can be heavily undermined when constraints limit the feasible areas of the search space. For instance, while Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy is one of the most efficient algorithms for unconstrained optimization problems, it cannot be readily applied to constrained ones. Here, we used concepts from Memetic Computing, i.e. the harmonious combination of multiple units of algorithmic information, and Viability Evolution, an alternative abstraction of artificial evolution, to devise a novel approach for solving optimization problems with inequality constraints. Viability Evolution emphasizes elimination of solutions not satisfying viability criteria, defined as boundaries on objectives and constraints. These boundaries are adapted during the search to drive a population of local search units, based on Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy, towards feasible regions. These units can be recombined by means of Differential Evolution operators. Of crucial importance for the performance of our method, an adaptive scheduler toggles between exploitation and exploration by selecting to advance one of the local search units and/or recombine them. The proposed algorithm can outperform several state-of-the-art methods on a diverse set of benchmark and engineering problems, both for quality of solutions and computational resources needed. △ Less Submitted 5 October, 2018; originally announced October 2018. Journal ref: IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, Volume 20, pp 125-144, 2016 arXiv:1810.02702 [ pdf , ps , other ] Memetic Viability Evolution for Constrained Optimization Authors: A. Maesani , G. Iacca , D. Floreano Abstract : The performance of evolutionary algorithms can be heavily undermined when constraints limit the feasible areas of the search space. For instance, while Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy is one of the most efficient algorithms for unconstrained optimization problems, it cannot be readily applied to constrained ones. Here, we used concepts from Memetic Computing, i.e. the harmonious co… ▽ More The performance of evolutionary algorithms can be heavily undermined when constraints limit the feasible areas of the search space. For instance, while Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy is one of the most efficient algorithms for unconstrained optimization problems, it cannot be readily applied to constrained ones. Here, we used concepts from Memetic Computing, i.e. the harmonious combination of multiple units of algorithmic information, and Viability Evolution, an alternative abstraction of artificial evolution, to devise a novel approach for solving optimization problems with inequality constraints. Viability Evolution emphasizes elimination of solutions not satisfying viability criteria, defined as boundaries on objectives and constraints. These boundaries are adapted during the search to drive a population of local search units, based on Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy, towards feasible regions. These units can be recombined by means of Differential Evolution operators. Of crucial importance for the performance of our method, an adaptive scheduler toggles between exploitation and exploration by selecting to advance one of the local search units and/or recombine them. The proposed algorithm can outperform several state-of-the-art methods on a diverse set of benchmark and engineering problems, both for quality of solutions and computational resources needed. △ Less Submitted 5 October, 2018; originally announced October 2018. Journal ref: IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, Volume 20, pp 125-144, 2016 arXiv:1810.02679 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.NE cs.DC cs.NI doi 10.1007/s00500-013-1091-x Distributed optimization in wireless sensor networks: an island-model framework Authors: Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is an emerging technology in several application domains, ranging from urban surveillance to environmental and structural monitoring. Computational Intelligence (CI) techniques are particularly suitable for enhancing these systems. However, when embedding CI into wireless sensors, severe hardware limitations must be taken into account. In this paper we investigate t… ▽ More Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is an emerging technology in several application domains, ranging from urban surveillance to environmental and structural monitoring. Computational Intelligence (CI) techniques are particularly suitable for enhancing these systems. However, when embedding CI into wireless sensors, severe hardware limitations must be taken into account. In this paper we investigate the possibility to perform an online, distributed optimization process within a WSN. Such a system might be used, for example, to implement advanced network features like distributed modelling, self-optimizing protocols, and anomaly detection, to name a few. The proposed approach, called DOWSN (Distributed Optimization for WSN) is an island-model infrastructure in which each node executes a simple, computationally cheap (both in terms of CPU and memory) optimization algorithm, and shares promising solutions with its neighbors. We perform extensive tests of different DOWSN configurations on a benchmark made up of continuous optimization problems; we analyze the influence of the network parameters (number of nodes, inter-node communication period and probability of accepting incoming solutions) on the optimization performance. Finally, we profile energy and memory consumption of DOWSN to show the efficient usage of the limited hardware resources available on the sensor nodes. △ Less Submitted 5 October, 2018; originally announced October 2018. Journal ref: Soft Computing, Volume 17, pp 2257-2277, 2013 arXiv:1810.02679 [ pdf , ps , other ] Distributed optimization in wireless sensor networks: an island-model framework Authors: Giovanni Iacca Abstract : Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is an emerging technology in several application domains, ranging from urban surveillance to environmental and structural monitoring. Computational Intelligence (CI) techniques are particularly suitable for enhancing these systems. However, when embedding CI into wireless sensors, severe hardware limitations must be taken into account. In this paper we investigate t… ▽ More Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is an emerging technology in several application domains, ranging from urban surveillance to environmental and structural monitoring. Computational Intelligence (CI) techniques are particularly suitable for enhancing these systems. However, when embedding CI into wireless sensors, severe hardware limitations must be taken into account. In this paper we investigate the possibility to perform an online, distributed optimization process within a WSN. Such a system might be used, for example, to implement advanced network features like distributed modelling, self-optimizing protocols, and anomaly detection, to name a few. The proposed approach, called DOWSN (Distributed Optimization for WSN) is an island-model infrastructure in which each node executes a simple, computationally cheap (both in terms of CPU and memory) optimization algorithm, and shares promising solutions with its neighbors. We perform extensive tests of different DOWSN configurations on a benchmark made up of continuous optimization problems; we analyze the influence of the network parameters (number of nodes, inter-node communication period and probability of accepting incoming solutions) on the optimization performance. Finally, we profile energy and memory consumption of DOWSN to show the efficient usage of the limited hardware resources available on the sensor nodes. △ Less Submitted 5 October, 2018; originally announced October 2018. Journal ref: Soft Computing, Volume 17, pp 2257-2277, 2013 arXiv:1809.04343 [ pdf , other ] cs.AI doi 10.1007/978-3-030-16692-2_35 Compact Optimization Algorithms with Re-sampled Inheritance Authors: Giovanni Iacca , Fabio Caraffini Abstract : Compact optimization algorithms are a class of Estimation of Distribution Algorithms (EDAs) characterized by extremely limited memory requirements (hence they are called "compact"). As all EDAs, compact algorithms build and update a probabilistic model of the distribution of solutions within the search space, as opposed to population-based algorithms that instead make use of an explicit population… ▽ More Compact optimization algorithms are a class of Estimation of Distribution Algorithms (EDAs) characterized by extremely limited memory requirements (hence they are called "compact"). As all EDAs, compact algorithms build and update a probabilistic model of the distribution of solutions within the search space, as opposed to population-based algorithms that instead make use of an explicit population of solutions. In addition to that, to keep their memory consumption low, compact algorithms purposely employ simple probabilistic models that can be described with a small number of parameters. Despite their simplicity, compact algorithms have shown good performances on a broad range of benchmark functions and real-world problems. However, compact algorithms also come with some drawbacks, i.e. they tend to premature convergence and show poorer performance on non-separable problems. To overcome these limitations, here we investigate a possible algorithmic scheme obtained by combining compact algorithms with a non-disruptive restart mechanism taken from the literature, named Re-Sampled Inheritance (RI). The resulting compact algorithms with RI are tested on the CEC 2014 benchmark functions. The numerical results show on the one hand that the use of RI consistently enhances the performances of compact algorithms, still keeping a limited usage of memory. On the other hand, our experiments show that among the tested algorithms, the best performance is obtained by compact Differential Evolution with RI. △ Less Submitted 7 April, 2019; v1 submitted 12 September, 2018; originally announced September 2018. arXiv:1809.04343 [ pdf , other ] Compact Optimization Algorithms with Re-sampled Inheritance Authors: Giovanni Iacca , Fabio Caraffini Abstract : Compact optimization algorithms are a class of Estimation of Distribution Algorithms (EDAs) characterized by extremely limited memory requirements (hence they are called "compact"). As all EDAs, compact algorithms build and update a probabilistic model of the distribution of solutions within the search space, as opposed to population-based algorithms that instead make use of an explicit population… ▽ More Compact optimization algorithms are a class of Estimation of Distribution Algorithms (EDAs) characterized by extremely limited memory requirements (hence they are called "compact"). As all EDAs, compact algorithms build and update a probabilistic model of the distribution of solutions within the search space, as opposed to population-based algorithms that instead make use of an explicit population of solutions. In addition to that, to keep their memory consumption low, compact algorithms purposely employ simple probabilistic models that can be described with a small number of parameters. Despite their simplicity, compact algorithms have shown good performances on a broad range of benchmark functions and real-world problems. However, compact algorithms also come with some drawbacks, i.e. they tend to premature convergence and show poorer performance on non-separable problems. To overcome these limitations, here we investigate a possible algorithmic scheme obtained by combining compact algorithms with a non-disruptive restart mechanism taken from the literature, named Re-Sampled Inheritance (RI). The resulting compact algorithms with RI are tested on the CEC 2014 benchmark functions. The numerical results show on the one hand that the use of RI consistently enhances the performances of compact algorithms, still keeping a limited usage of memory. On the other hand, our experiments show that among the tested algorithms, the best performance is obtained by compact Differential Evolution with RI. △ Less Submitted 7 April, 2019; v1 submitted 12 September, 2018; originally announced September 2018. arXiv:1804.07234 [ pdf , other ] cs.NE doi 10.1145/3205455.3205555 Limited Evaluation Cooperative Co-evolutionary Differential Evolution for Large-scale Neuroevolution Authors: Anil Yaman , Decebal Constantin Mocanu , Giovanni Iacca , George Fletcher , Mykola Pechenizkiy Abstract : Many real-world control and classification tasks involve a large number of features. When artificial neural networks (ANNs) are used for modeling these tasks, the network architectures tend to be large. Neuroevolution is an effective approach for optimizing ANNs; however, there are two bottlenecks that make their application challenging in case of high-dimensional networks using direct encoding. F… ▽ More Many real-world control and classification tasks involve a large number of features. When artificial neural networks (ANNs) are used for modeling these tasks, the network architectures tend to be large. Neuroevolution is an effective approach for optimizing ANNs; however, there are two bottlenecks that make their application challenging in case of high-dimensional networks using direct encoding. First, classic evolutionary algorithms tend not to scale well for searching large parameter spaces; second, the network evaluation over a large number of training instances is in general time-consuming. In this work, we propose an approach called the Limited Evaluation Cooperative Co-evolutionary Differential Evolution algorithm (LECCDE) to optimize high-dimensional ANNs. The proposed method aims to optimize the pre-synaptic weights of each post-synaptic neuron in different subpopulations using a Cooperative Co-evolutionary Differential Evolution algorithm, and employs a limited evaluation scheme where fitness evaluation is performed on a relatively small number of training instances based on fitness inheritance. We test LECCDE on three datasets with various sizes, and our results show that cooperative co-evolution significantly improves the test error comparing to standard Differential Evolution, while the limited evaluation scheme facilitates a significant reduction in computing time. △ Less Submitted 6 May, 2018; v1 submitted 19 April, 2018; originally announced April 2018. arXiv:1804.07234 [ pdf , other ] Limited Evaluation Cooperative Co-evolutionary Differential Evolution for Large-scale Neuroevolution Authors: Anil Yaman , Decebal Constantin Mocanu , Giovanni Iacca , George Fletcher , Mykola Pechenizkiy Abstract : Many real-world control and classification tasks involve a large number of features. When artificial neural networks (ANNs) are used for modeling these tasks, the network architectures tend to be large. Neuroevolution is an effective approach for optimizing ANNs; however, there are two bottlenecks that make their application challenging in case of high-dimensional networks using direct encoding. F… ▽ More Many real-world control and classification tasks involve a large number of features. When artificial neural networks (ANNs) are used for modeling these tasks, the network architectures tend to be large. Neuroevolution is an effective approach for optimizing ANNs; however, there are two bottlenecks that make their application challenging in case of high-dimensional networks using direct encoding. First, classic evolutionary algorithms tend not to scale well for searching large parameter spaces; second, the network evaluation over a large number of training instances is in general time-consuming. In this work, we propose an approach called the Limited Evaluation Cooperative Co-evolutionary Differential Evolution algorithm (LECCDE) to optimize high-dimensional ANNs. The proposed method aims to optimize the pre-synaptic weights of each post-synaptic neuron in different subpopulations using a Cooperative Co-evolutionary Differential Evolution algorithm, and employs a limited evaluation scheme where fitness evaluation is performed on a relatively small number of training instances based on fitness inheritance. We test LECCDE on three datasets with various sizes, and our results show that cooperative co-evolution significantly improves the test error comparing to standard Differential Evolution, while the limited evaluation scheme facilitates a significant reduction in computing time. △ Less Submitted 6 May, 2018; v1 submitted 19 April, 2018; originally announced April 2018. 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 150 results for author: Wen, M Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 3 4 arXiv:2601.10527 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL cs.CV cs.LG A Safety Report on GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5 Authors: Xingjun Ma , Yixu Wang , Hengyuan Xu , Yutao Wu , Yifan Ding , Yunhan Zhao , Zilong Wang , Jiabin Hua , Ming Wen , Jianan Liu , Ranjie Duan , Yifeng Gao , Yingshui Tan , Yunhao Chen , Hui Xue , Xin Wang , Wei Cheng , Jingjing Chen , Zuxuan Wu , Bo Li , Yu-Gang Jiang Abstract : The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this… ▽ More The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this report, we present an integrated safety evaluation of 7 frontier models: GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5. We evaluate each model across language, vision-language, and image generation settings using a unified protocol that integrates benchmark evaluation, adversarial evaluation, multilingual evaluation, and compliance evaluation. Aggregating our evaluations into safety leaderboards and model safety profiles across multiple evaluation modes reveals a sharply heterogeneous safety landscape. While GPT-5.2 demonstrates consistently strong and balanced safety performance across evaluations, other models exhibit pronounced trade-offs among benchmark safety, adversarial alignment, multilingual generalization, and regulatory compliance. Both language and vision-language modalities show significant vulnerability under adversarial evaluation, with all models degrading substantially despite strong results on standard benchmarks. Text-to-image models achieve relatively stronger alignment in regulated visual risk categories, yet remain brittle under adversarial or semantically ambiguous prompts. Overall, these results show that safety in frontier models is inherently multidimensional--shaped by modality, language, and evaluation scheme, underscoring the need for standardized safety evaluations to accurately assess real-world risk and guide responsible model development and deployment. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 42 pages, 24 figures arXiv:2601.10527 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Safety Report on GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5 Authors: Xingjun Ma , Yixu Wang , Hengyuan Xu , Yutao Wu , Yifan Ding , Yunhan Zhao , Zilong Wang , Jiabin Hua , Ming Wen , Jianan Liu , Ranjie Duan , Yifeng Gao , Yingshui Tan , Yunhao Chen , Hui Xue , Xin Wang , Wei Cheng , Jingjing Chen , Zuxuan Wu , Bo Li , Yu-Gang Jiang Abstract : The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this… ▽ More The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this report, we present an integrated safety evaluation of 7 frontier models: GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5. We evaluate each model across language, vision-language, and image generation settings using a unified protocol that integrates benchmark evaluation, adversarial evaluation, multilingual evaluation, and compliance evaluation. Aggregating our evaluations into safety leaderboards and model safety profiles across multiple evaluation modes reveals a sharply heterogeneous safety landscape. While GPT-5.2 demonstrates consistently strong and balanced safety performance across evaluations, other models exhibit pronounced trade-offs among benchmark safety, adversarial alignment, multilingual generalization, and regulatory compliance. Both language and vision-language modalities show significant vulnerability under adversarial evaluation, with all models degrading substantially despite strong results on standard benchmarks. Text-to-image models achieve relatively stronger alignment in regulated visual risk categories, yet remain brittle under adversarial or semantically ambiguous prompts. Overall, these results show that safety in frontier models is inherently multidimensional--shaped by modality, language, and evaluation scheme, underscoring the need for standardized safety evaluations to accurately assess real-world risk and guide responsible model development and deployment. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 42 pages, 24 figures arXiv:2601.03192 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL MemRL: Self-Evolving Agents via Runtime Reinforcement Learning on Episodic Memory Authors: Shengtao Zhang , Jiaqian Wang , Ruiwen Zhou , Junwei Liao , Yuchen Feng , Weinan Zhang , Ying Wen , Zhiyu Li , Feiyu Xiong , Yutao Qi , Bo Tang , Muning Wen Abstract : The hallmark of human intelligence is the ability to master new skills through Constructive Episodic Simulation-retrieving past experiences to synthesize solutions for novel tasks. While Large Language Models possess strong reasoning capabilities, they struggle to emulate this self-evolution: fine-tuning is computationally expensive and prone to catastrophic forgetting, while existing memory-based… ▽ More The hallmark of human intelligence is the ability to master new skills through Constructive Episodic Simulation-retrieving past experiences to synthesize solutions for novel tasks. While Large Language Models possess strong reasoning capabilities, they struggle to emulate this self-evolution: fine-tuning is computationally expensive and prone to catastrophic forgetting, while existing memory-based methods rely on passive semantic matching that often retrieves noise. To address these challenges, we propose MemRL, a framework that enables agents to self-evolve via non-parametric reinforcement learning on episodic memory. MemRL explicitly separates the stable reasoning of a frozen LLM from the plastic, evolving memory. Unlike traditional methods, MemRL employs a Two-Phase Retrieval mechanism that filters candidates by semantic relevance and then selects them based on learned Q-values (utility). These utilities are continuously refined via environmental feedback in an trial-and-error manner, allowing the agent to distinguish high-value strategies from similar noise. Extensive experiments on HLE, BigCodeBench, ALFWorld, and Lifelong Agent Bench demonstrate that MemRL significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baselines. Our analysis experiments confirm that MemRL effectively reconciles the stability-plasticity dilemma, enabling continuous runtime improvement without weight updates. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 23 pages, 11 figures arXiv:2601.03192 [ pdf , ps , other ] MemRL: Self-Evolving Agents via Runtime Reinforcement Learning on Episodic Memory Authors: Shengtao Zhang , Jiaqian Wang , Ruiwen Zhou , Junwei Liao , Yuchen Feng , Weinan Zhang , Ying Wen , Zhiyu Li , Feiyu Xiong , Yutao Qi , Bo Tang , Muning Wen Abstract : The hallmark of human intelligence is the ability to master new skills through Constructive Episodic Simulation-retrieving past experiences to synthesize solutions for novel tasks. While Large Language Models possess strong reasoning capabilities, they struggle to emulate this self-evolution: fine-tuning is computationally expensive and prone to catastrophic forgetting, while existing memory-based… ▽ More The hallmark of human intelligence is the ability to master new skills through Constructive Episodic Simulation-retrieving past experiences to synthesize solutions for novel tasks. While Large Language Models possess strong reasoning capabilities, they struggle to emulate this self-evolution: fine-tuning is computationally expensive and prone to catastrophic forgetting, while existing memory-based methods rely on passive semantic matching that often retrieves noise. To address these challenges, we propose MemRL, a framework that enables agents to self-evolve via non-parametric reinforcement learning on episodic memory. MemRL explicitly separates the stable reasoning of a frozen LLM from the plastic, evolving memory. Unlike traditional methods, MemRL employs a Two-Phase Retrieval mechanism that filters candidates by semantic relevance and then selects them based on learned Q-values (utility). These utilities are continuously refined via environmental feedback in an trial-and-error manner, allowing the agent to distinguish high-value strategies from similar noise. Extensive experiments on HLE, BigCodeBench, ALFWorld, and Lifelong Agent Bench demonstrate that MemRL significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baselines. Our analysis experiments confirm that MemRL effectively reconciles the stability-plasticity dilemma, enabling continuous runtime improvement without weight updates. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 23 pages, 11 figures arXiv:2512.14776 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT Low-Complexity Channel Estimation for Internet of Vehicles AFDM Communications With Sparse Bayesian Learning Authors: Xiangxiang Li , Haiyan Wang , Yao Ge , Xiaohong Shen , Miaowen Wen , Shun Zhang , Yong Liang Guan Abstract : Affine frequency division multiplexing (AFDM) has been considered as a promising waveform to enable high-reliable connectivity in the internet of vehicles. However, accurate channel estimation is critical and challenging to achieve the expected performance of the AFDM systems in doubly-dispersive channels. In this paper, we propose a sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) framework for AFDM systems and de… ▽ More Affine frequency division multiplexing (AFDM) has been considered as a promising waveform to enable high-reliable connectivity in the internet of vehicles. However, accurate channel estimation is critical and challenging to achieve the expected performance of the AFDM systems in doubly-dispersive channels. In this paper, we propose a sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) framework for AFDM systems and develop a dynamic grid update strategy with two off-grid channel estimation methods, i.e., grid-refinement SBL (GR-SBL) and grid-evolution SBL (GE-SBL) estimators. Specifically, the GR-SBL employs a localized grid refinement method and dynamically updates grid for a high-precision estimation. The GE-SBL estimator approximates the off-grid components via first-order linear approximation and enables gradual grid evolution for estimation accuracy enhancement. Furthermore, we develop a distributed computing scheme to decompose the large-dimensional channel estimation model into multiple manageable small-dimensional sub-models for complexity reduction of GR-SBL and GE-SBL, denoted as distributed GR-SBL (D-GR-SBL) and distributed GE-SBL (D-GE-SBL) estimators, which also support parallel processing to reduce the computational latency. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that the proposed channel estimators outperform existing competitive schemes. The GR-SBL estimator achieves high-precision estimation with fine step sizes at the cost of high complexity, while the GE-SBL estimator provides a better trade-off between performance and complexity. The proposed D-GR-SBL and D-GE-SBL estimators effectively reduce complexity and maintain comparable performance to GR-SBL and GE-SBL estimators, respectively. △ Less Submitted 16 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.14776 [ pdf , ps , other ] Low-Complexity Channel Estimation for Internet of Vehicles AFDM Communications With Sparse Bayesian Learning Authors: Xiangxiang Li , Haiyan Wang , Yao Ge , Xiaohong Shen , Miaowen Wen , Shun Zhang , Yong Liang Guan Abstract : Affine frequency division multiplexing (AFDM) has been considered as a promising waveform to enable high-reliable connectivity in the internet of vehicles. However, accurate channel estimation is critical and challenging to achieve the expected performance of the AFDM systems in doubly-dispersive channels. In this paper, we propose a sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) framework for AFDM systems and de… ▽ More Affine frequency division multiplexing (AFDM) has been considered as a promising waveform to enable high-reliable connectivity in the internet of vehicles. However, accurate channel estimation is critical and challenging to achieve the expected performance of the AFDM systems in doubly-dispersive channels. In this paper, we propose a sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) framework for AFDM systems and develop a dynamic grid update strategy with two off-grid channel estimation methods, i.e., grid-refinement SBL (GR-SBL) and grid-evolution SBL (GE-SBL) estimators. Specifically, the GR-SBL employs a localized grid refinement method and dynamically updates grid for a high-precision estimation. The GE-SBL estimator approximates the off-grid components via first-order linear approximation and enables gradual grid evolution for estimation accuracy enhancement. Furthermore, we develop a distributed computing scheme to decompose the large-dimensional channel estimation model into multiple manageable small-dimensional sub-models for complexity reduction of GR-SBL and GE-SBL, denoted as distributed GR-SBL (D-GR-SBL) and distributed GE-SBL (D-GE-SBL) estimators, which also support parallel processing to reduce the computational latency. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that the proposed channel estimators outperform existing competitive schemes. The GR-SBL estimator achieves high-precision estimation with fine step sizes at the cost of high complexity, while the GE-SBL estimator provides a better trade-off between performance and complexity. The proposed D-GR-SBL and D-GE-SBL estimators effectively reduce complexity and maintain comparable performance to GR-SBL and GE-SBL estimators, respectively. △ Less Submitted 16 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.02461 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT Artificial Noise Aided Physical Layer Security for Near-Field MIMO with Fluid Antenna Systems Authors: Peng Zhang , Jian Dang , Miaowen Wen , Ziyang Liu , Chen Zhao , Huaifeng Shi , Chengsheng Pan , Zaichen Zhang Abstract : With the evolution of wireless systems toward large-scale arrays and high-frequency reconfigurable architectures, fluid antenna systems (FAS) operating in the near-field (NF) regime provide new degrees of freedom (DoF) for physical layer security (PLS). This paper proposes an artificial-noise (AN)-aided PLS scheme for NF fluid-antenna multiple-input multiple-output (FA-MIMO) systems, with joint be… ▽ More With the evolution of wireless systems toward large-scale arrays and high-frequency reconfigurable architectures, fluid antenna systems (FAS) operating in the near-field (NF) regime provide new degrees of freedom (DoF) for physical layer security (PLS). This paper proposes an artificial-noise (AN)-aided PLS scheme for NF fluid-antenna multiple-input multiple-output (FA-MIMO) systems, with joint beamforming (BF) and AN design for both compact and large arrays. An alternating-optimization (AO) framework addresses the sparsity-constrained non-convex design by splitting it into a continuous BF/AN joint-design subproblem and a discrete FAS port-selection subproblem. Closed-form fully digital BF/AN solutions are obtained via a generalized spectral water-filling procedure within a block coordinate descent (BCD) surrogate and realized by a hardware-efficient hybrid beamforming (HBF) architecture that embeds AN in the baseband without extra radio-frequency (RF) chains. For FAS port selection, a row-energy based prune--refit rule, aligned with Karush--Kuhn--Tucker (KKT) conditions of a group-sparsity surrogate, enables efficient active-port determination. Simulation results confirm that the proposed design exploits the geometry and position-domain DoF of FAS and significantly improves secrecy performance, particularly for non-extremely-large arrays where NF beam focusing alone is inadequate. △ Less Submitted 2 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.02461 [ pdf , ps , other ] Artificial Noise Aided Physical Layer Security for Near-Field MIMO with Fluid Antenna Systems Authors: Peng Zhang , Jian Dang , Miaowen Wen , Ziyang Liu , Chen Zhao , Huaifeng Shi , Chengsheng Pan , Zaichen Zhang Abstract : With the evolution of wireless systems toward large-scale arrays and high-frequency reconfigurable architectures, fluid antenna systems (FAS) operating in the near-field (NF) regime provide new degrees of freedom (DoF) for physical layer security (PLS). This paper proposes an artificial-noise (AN)-aided PLS scheme for NF fluid-antenna multiple-input multiple-output (FA-MIMO) systems, with joint be… ▽ More With the evolution of wireless systems toward large-scale arrays and high-frequency reconfigurable architectures, fluid antenna systems (FAS) operating in the near-field (NF) regime provide new degrees of freedom (DoF) for physical layer security (PLS). This paper proposes an artificial-noise (AN)-aided PLS scheme for NF fluid-antenna multiple-input multiple-output (FA-MIMO) systems, with joint beamforming (BF) and AN design for both compact and large arrays. An alternating-optimization (AO) framework addresses the sparsity-constrained non-convex design by splitting it into a continuous BF/AN joint-design subproblem and a discrete FAS port-selection subproblem. Closed-form fully digital BF/AN solutions are obtained via a generalized spectral water-filling procedure within a block coordinate descent (BCD) surrogate and realized by a hardware-efficient hybrid beamforming (HBF) architecture that embeds AN in the baseband without extra radio-frequency (RF) chains. For FAS port selection, a row-energy based prune--refit rule, aligned with Karush--Kuhn--Tucker (KKT) conditions of a group-sparsity surrogate, enables efficient active-port determination. Simulation results confirm that the proposed design exploits the geometry and position-domain DoF of FAS and significantly improves secrecy performance, particularly for non-extremely-large arrays where NF beam focusing alone is inadequate. △ Less Submitted 2 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2511.11019 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.SE PATCHEVAL: A New Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs on Patching Real-World Vulnerabilities Authors: Zichao Wei , Jun Zeng , Ming Wen , Zeliang Yu , Kai Cheng , Yiding Zhu , Jingyi Guo , Shiqi Zhou , Le Yin , Xiaodong Su , Zhechao Ma Abstract : Software vulnerabilities are increasing at an alarming rate. However, manual patching is both time-consuming and resource-intensive, while existing automated vulnerability repair (AVR) techniques remain limited in effectiveness. Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have opened a new paradigm for AVR, demonstrating remarkable progress. To examine the capability of LLMs in AVR, several vu… ▽ More Software vulnerabilities are increasing at an alarming rate. However, manual patching is both time-consuming and resource-intensive, while existing automated vulnerability repair (AVR) techniques remain limited in effectiveness. Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have opened a new paradigm for AVR, demonstrating remarkable progress. To examine the capability of LLMs in AVR, several vulnerability benchmarks have been proposed recently. However, they still suffer from key limitations of outdated vulnerabilities, limited language coverage, unreliable patch validation, and insufficient reproducibility. To overcome these challenges, we introduce PATCHEVAL, a multilingual benchmark for Go, JavaScript, and Python, languages for which existing benchmarks remain unexplored. PATCHEVAL curates a dataset of 1,000 vulnerabilities drawn from CVEs reported between 2015 and 2025, covering 65 distinct CWEs. A subset of 230 CVEs is further equipped with runtime sandbox environments, enabling patch verification through both security tests and functionality tests. To provide a systematic comparison of LLM-based vulnerability repair, we evaluate a series of state-of-the-art LLMs and agents, presenting an in-depth analysis that empirically yields key insights to guide future research in AVR. △ Less Submitted 14 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.11019 [ pdf , ps , other ] PATCHEVAL: A New Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs on Patching Real-World Vulnerabilities Authors: Zichao Wei , Jun Zeng , Ming Wen , Zeliang Yu , Kai Cheng , Yiding Zhu , Jingyi Guo , Shiqi Zhou , Le Yin , Xiaodong Su , Zhechao Ma Abstract : Software vulnerabilities are increasing at an alarming rate. However, manual patching is both time-consuming and resource-intensive, while existing automated vulnerability repair (AVR) techniques remain limited in effectiveness. Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have opened a new paradigm for AVR, demonstrating remarkable progress. To examine the capability of LLMs in AVR, several vu… ▽ More Software vulnerabilities are increasing at an alarming rate. However, manual patching is both time-consuming and resource-intensive, while existing automated vulnerability repair (AVR) techniques remain limited in effectiveness. Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have opened a new paradigm for AVR, demonstrating remarkable progress. To examine the capability of LLMs in AVR, several vulnerability benchmarks have been proposed recently. However, they still suffer from key limitations of outdated vulnerabilities, limited language coverage, unreliable patch validation, and insufficient reproducibility. To overcome these challenges, we introduce PATCHEVAL, a multilingual benchmark for Go, JavaScript, and Python, languages for which existing benchmarks remain unexplored. PATCHEVAL curates a dataset of 1,000 vulnerabilities drawn from CVEs reported between 2015 and 2025, covering 65 distinct CWEs. A subset of 230 CVEs is further equipped with runtime sandbox environments, enabling patch verification through both security tests and functionality tests. To provide a systematic comparison of LLM-based vulnerability repair, we evaluate a series of state-of-the-art LLMs and agents, presenting an in-depth analysis that empirically yields key insights to guide future research in AVR. △ Less Submitted 14 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2510.23021 [ pdf , ps , other ] eess.SP cs.RO eess.SY Planning Oriented Integrated Sensing and Communication Authors: Xibin Jin , Guoliang Li , Shuai Wang , Fan Liu , Miaowen Wen , Huseyin Arslan , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Chengzhong Xu Abstract : Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) enables simultaneous localization, environment perception, and data exchange for connected autonomous vehicles. However, most existing ISAC designs prioritize sensing accuracy and communication throughput, treating all targets uniformly and overlooking the impact of critical obstacles on motion efficiency. To overcome this limitation, we propose a planni… ▽ More Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) enables simultaneous localization, environment perception, and data exchange for connected autonomous vehicles. However, most existing ISAC designs prioritize sensing accuracy and communication throughput, treating all targets uniformly and overlooking the impact of critical obstacles on motion efficiency. To overcome this limitation, we propose a planning-oriented ISAC (PISAC) framework that reduces the sensing uncertainty of planning-bottleneck obstacles and expands the safe navigable path for the ego-vehicle, thereby bridging the gap between physical-layer optimization and motion-level planning. The core of PISAC lies in deriving a closed-form safety bound that explicitly links ISAC transmit power to sensing uncertainty, based on the Cramér-Rao Bound and occupancy inflation principles. Using this model, we formulate a bilevel power allocation and motion planning (PAMP) problem, where the inner layer optimizes the ISAC beam power distribution and the outer layer computes a collision-free trajectory under uncertainty-aware safety constraints. Comprehensive simulations in high-fidelity urban driving environments demonstrate that PISAC achieves up to 40% higher success rates and over 5% shorter traversal times than existing ISAC-based and communication-oriented benchmarks, validating its effectiveness in enhancing both safety and efficiency. △ Less Submitted 27 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.23021 [ pdf , ps , other ] Planning Oriented Integrated Sensing and Communication Authors: Xibin Jin , Guoliang Li , Shuai Wang , Fan Liu , Miaowen Wen , Huseyin Arslan , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Chengzhong Xu Abstract : Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) enables simultaneous localization, environment perception, and data exchange for connected autonomous vehicles. However, most existing ISAC designs prioritize sensing accuracy and communication throughput, treating all targets uniformly and overlooking the impact of critical obstacles on motion efficiency. To overcome this limitation, we propose a planni… ▽ More Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) enables simultaneous localization, environment perception, and data exchange for connected autonomous vehicles. However, most existing ISAC designs prioritize sensing accuracy and communication throughput, treating all targets uniformly and overlooking the impact of critical obstacles on motion efficiency. To overcome this limitation, we propose a planning-oriented ISAC (PISAC) framework that reduces the sensing uncertainty of planning-bottleneck obstacles and expands the safe navigable path for the ego-vehicle, thereby bridging the gap between physical-layer optimization and motion-level planning. The core of PISAC lies in deriving a closed-form safety bound that explicitly links ISAC transmit power to sensing uncertainty, based on the Cramér-Rao Bound and occupancy inflation principles. Using this model, we formulate a bilevel power allocation and motion planning (PAMP) problem, where the inner layer optimizes the ISAC beam power distribution and the outer layer computes a collision-free trajectory under uncertainty-aware safety constraints. Comprehensive simulations in high-fidelity urban driving environments demonstrate that PISAC achieves up to 40% higher success rates and over 5% shorter traversal times than existing ISAC-based and communication-oriented benchmarks, validating its effectiveness in enhancing both safety and efficiency. △ Less Submitted 27 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.16424 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO Learning to Optimize Edge Robotics: A Fast Integrated Perception-Motion-Communication Approach Authors: Dan Guo , Xibin Jin , Shuai Wang , Zhigang Wen , Miaowen Wen , Chengzhong Xu Abstract : Edge robotics involves frequent exchanges of large-volume multi-modal data. Existing methods ignore the interdependency between robotic functionalities and communication conditions, leading to excessive communication overhead. This paper revolutionizes edge robotics systems through integrated perception, motion, and communication (IPMC). As such, robots can dynamically adapt their communication st… ▽ More Edge robotics involves frequent exchanges of large-volume multi-modal data. Existing methods ignore the interdependency between robotic functionalities and communication conditions, leading to excessive communication overhead. This paper revolutionizes edge robotics systems through integrated perception, motion, and communication (IPMC). As such, robots can dynamically adapt their communication strategies (i.e., compression ratio, transmission frequency, transmit power) by leveraging the knowledge of robotic perception and motion dynamics, thus reducing the need for excessive sensor data uploads. Furthermore, by leveraging the learning to optimize (LTO) paradigm, an imitation learning neural network is designed and implemented, which reduces the computational complexity by over 10x compared to state-of-the art optimization solvers. Experiments demonstrate the superiority of the proposed IPMC and the real-time execution capability of LTO. △ Less Submitted 18 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.16424 [ pdf , ps , other ] Learning to Optimize Edge Robotics: A Fast Integrated Perception-Motion-Communication Approach Authors: Dan Guo , Xibin Jin , Shuai Wang , Zhigang Wen , Miaowen Wen , Chengzhong Xu Abstract : Edge robotics involves frequent exchanges of large-volume multi-modal data. Existing methods ignore the interdependency between robotic functionalities and communication conditions, leading to excessive communication overhead. This paper revolutionizes edge robotics systems through integrated perception, motion, and communication (IPMC). As such, robots can dynamically adapt their communication st… ▽ More Edge robotics involves frequent exchanges of large-volume multi-modal data. Existing methods ignore the interdependency between robotic functionalities and communication conditions, leading to excessive communication overhead. This paper revolutionizes edge robotics systems through integrated perception, motion, and communication (IPMC). As such, robots can dynamically adapt their communication strategies (i.e., compression ratio, transmission frequency, transmit power) by leveraging the knowledge of robotic perception and motion dynamics, thus reducing the need for excessive sensor data uploads. Furthermore, by leveraging the learning to optimize (LTO) paradigm, an imitation learning neural network is designed and implemented, which reduces the computational complexity by over 10x compared to state-of-the art optimization solvers. Experiments demonstrate the superiority of the proposed IPMC and the real-time execution capability of LTO. △ Less Submitted 18 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.13186 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV STT-GS: Sample-Then-Transmit Edge Gaussian Splatting with Joint Client Selection and Power Control Authors: Zhen Li , Xibin Jin , Guoliang Li , Shuai Wang , Miaowen Wen , Huseyin Arslan , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Chengzhong Xu Abstract : Edge Gaussian splatting (EGS), which aggregates data from distributed clients (e.g., drones) and trains a global GS model at the edge (e.g., ground server), is an emerging paradigm for scene reconstruction in low-altitude economy. Unlike traditional edge resource management methods that emphasize communication throughput or general-purpose learning performance, EGS explicitly aims to maximize the… ▽ More Edge Gaussian splatting (EGS), which aggregates data from distributed clients (e.g., drones) and trains a global GS model at the edge (e.g., ground server), is an emerging paradigm for scene reconstruction in low-altitude economy. Unlike traditional edge resource management methods that emphasize communication throughput or general-purpose learning performance, EGS explicitly aims to maximize the GS qualities, rendering existing approaches inapplicable. To address this problem, this paper formulates a novel GS-oriented objective function that distinguishes the heterogeneous view contributions of different clients. However, evaluating this function in turn requires clients' images, leading to a causality dilemma. To this end, this paper further proposes a sample-then-transmit EGS (or STT-GS for short) strategy, which first samples a subset of images as pilot data from each client for loss prediction. Based on the first-stage evaluation, communication resources are then prioritized towards more valuable clients. To achieve efficient sampling, a feature-domain clustering (FDC) scheme is proposed to select the most representative data and pilot transmission time minimization (PTTM) is adopted to reduce the pilot overhead. Subsequently, we develop a joint client selection and power control (JCSPC) framework to maximize the GS-oriented function under communication resource constraints. Despite the nonconvexity of the problem, we propose a low-complexity efficient solution based on the penalty alternating majorization minimization (PAMM) algorithm. Experiments reveal that the proposed scheme significantly outperforms existing benchmarks on real-world datasets. The GS-oriented objective can be accurately predicted with low sampling ratios (e.g., 10%), and our method achieves an excellent tradeoff between view contributions and communication costs. △ Less Submitted 3 December, 2025; v1 submitted 15 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.13186 [ pdf , ps , other ] STT-GS: Sample-Then-Transmit Edge Gaussian Splatting with Joint Client Selection and Power Control Authors: Zhen Li , Xibin Jin , Guoliang Li , Shuai Wang , Miaowen Wen , Huseyin Arslan , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Chengzhong Xu Abstract : Edge Gaussian splatting (EGS), which aggregates data from distributed clients (e.g., drones) and trains a global GS model at the edge (e.g., ground server), is an emerging paradigm for scene reconstruction in low-altitude economy. Unlike traditional edge resource management methods that emphasize communication throughput or general-purpose learning performance, EGS explicitly aims to maximize the… ▽ More Edge Gaussian splatting (EGS), which aggregates data from distributed clients (e.g., drones) and trains a global GS model at the edge (e.g., ground server), is an emerging paradigm for scene reconstruction in low-altitude economy. Unlike traditional edge resource management methods that emphasize communication throughput or general-purpose learning performance, EGS explicitly aims to maximize the GS qualities, rendering existing approaches inapplicable. To address this problem, this paper formulates a novel GS-oriented objective function that distinguishes the heterogeneous view contributions of different clients. However, evaluating this function in turn requires clients' images, leading to a causality dilemma. To this end, this paper further proposes a sample-then-transmit EGS (or STT-GS for short) strategy, which first samples a subset of images as pilot data from each client for loss prediction. Based on the first-stage evaluation, communication resources are then prioritized towards more valuable clients. To achieve efficient sampling, a feature-domain clustering (FDC) scheme is proposed to select the most representative data and pilot transmission time minimization (PTTM) is adopted to reduce the pilot overhead. Subsequently, we develop a joint client selection and power control (JCSPC) framework to maximize the GS-oriented function under communication resource constraints. Despite the nonconvexity of the problem, we propose a low-complexity efficient solution based on the penalty alternating majorization minimization (PAMM) algorithm. Experiments reveal that the proposed scheme significantly outperforms existing benchmarks on real-world datasets. The GS-oriented objective can be accurately predicted with low sampling ratios (e.g., 10%), and our method achieves an excellent tradeoff between view contributions and communication costs. △ Less Submitted 3 December, 2025; v1 submitted 15 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2509.23206 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI PARL-MT: Learning to Call Functions in Multi-Turn Conversation with Progress Awareness Authors: Huacan Chai , Zijie Cao , Maolin Ran , Yingxuan Yang , Jianghao Lin , Xin Peng , Hairui Wang , Renjie Ding , Ziyu Wan , Muning Wen , Weiwen Liu , Weinan Zhang , Fei Huang , Ying Wen Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive success in single-turn function calling, yet real-world applications such as travel planning or multi-stage data analysis typically unfold across multi-turn conversations. In these settings, LLMs must not only issue accurate function calls at each step but also maintain progress awareness, the ability to summarize past interactions and plan fut… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive success in single-turn function calling, yet real-world applications such as travel planning or multi-stage data analysis typically unfold across multi-turn conversations. In these settings, LLMs must not only issue accurate function calls at each step but also maintain progress awareness, the ability to summarize past interactions and plan future actions to ensure coherent, long-horizon task execution. Existing approaches, however, either reduce multi-turn training to isolated single-turn samples, which neglects task-level planning, or employ end-to-end reinforcement learning (RL) that struggles with redundancy and lacks explicit integration of progress awareness. To overcome these limitations, we introduce PARL-MT, a framework that explicitly incorporates progress awareness into LLM training for multi-turn function calling. PARL-MT combines (i) a Progress Awareness Generation (PAG) pipeline, which automatically constructs datasets coupling conversation summaries with future task planning, and (ii) a Progress Awareness-Guided Reinforcement Learning (PAG-RL) algorithm, which integrates progress awareness into RL training to reduce contextual redundancy and improve alignment between local actions and global task completion. Empirical results on two public benchmarks demonstrate that PARL-MT significantly outperforms existing methods, highlighting the effectiveness of progress awareness in enabling robust and efficient multi-turn function calling. △ Less Submitted 8 October, 2025; v1 submitted 27 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2509.23206 [ pdf , ps , other ] PARL-MT: Learning to Call Functions in Multi-Turn Conversation with Progress Awareness Authors: Huacan Chai , Zijie Cao , Maolin Ran , Yingxuan Yang , Jianghao Lin , Xin Peng , Hairui Wang , Renjie Ding , Ziyu Wan , Muning Wen , Weiwen Liu , Weinan Zhang , Fei Huang , Ying Wen Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive success in single-turn function calling, yet real-world applications such as travel planning or multi-stage data analysis typically unfold across multi-turn conversations. In these settings, LLMs must not only issue accurate function calls at each step but also maintain progress awareness, the ability to summarize past interactions and plan fut… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive success in single-turn function calling, yet real-world applications such as travel planning or multi-stage data analysis typically unfold across multi-turn conversations. In these settings, LLMs must not only issue accurate function calls at each step but also maintain progress awareness, the ability to summarize past interactions and plan future actions to ensure coherent, long-horizon task execution. Existing approaches, however, either reduce multi-turn training to isolated single-turn samples, which neglects task-level planning, or employ end-to-end reinforcement learning (RL) that struggles with redundancy and lacks explicit integration of progress awareness. To overcome these limitations, we introduce PARL-MT, a framework that explicitly incorporates progress awareness into LLM training for multi-turn function calling. PARL-MT combines (i) a Progress Awareness Generation (PAG) pipeline, which automatically constructs datasets coupling conversation summaries with future task planning, and (ii) a Progress Awareness-Guided Reinforcement Learning (PAG-RL) algorithm, which integrates progress awareness into RL training to reduce contextual redundancy and improve alignment between local actions and global task completion. Empirical results on two public benchmarks demonstrate that PARL-MT significantly outperforms existing methods, highlighting the effectiveness of progress awareness in enabling robust and efficient multi-turn function calling. △ Less Submitted 8 October, 2025; v1 submitted 27 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2509.11327 [ pdf , ps , other ] q-bio.SC cs.IT Learning to Equalize: Data-Driven Frequency-Domain Signal Recovery in Molecular Communications Authors: Cheng Xiang , Yu Huang , Miaowen Wen , Weiqiang Tan , Chan-Byoung Chae Abstract : In molecular communications (MC), inter-symbol interference (ISI) and noise are key factors that degrade communication reliability. Although time-domain equalization can effectively mitigate these effects, it often entails high computational complexity concerning the channel memory. In contrast, frequency-domain equalization (FDE) offers greater computational efficiency but typically requires prio… ▽ More In molecular communications (MC), inter-symbol interference (ISI) and noise are key factors that degrade communication reliability. Although time-domain equalization can effectively mitigate these effects, it often entails high computational complexity concerning the channel memory. In contrast, frequency-domain equalization (FDE) offers greater computational efficiency but typically requires prior knowledge of the channel model. To address this limitation, this letter proposes FDE techniques based on long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks, enabling temporal correlation modeling in MC channels to improve ISI and noise suppression. To eliminate the reliance on prior channel information in conventional FDE methods, a supervised training strategy is employed for channel-adaptive equalization. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed LSTM-FDE significantly reduces the bit error rate compared to traditional FDE and feedforward neural network-based equalizers. This performance gain is attributed to the LSTM's temporal modeling capabilities, which enhance noise suppression and accelerate model convergence, while maintaining comparable computational efficiency. △ Less Submitted 21 November, 2025; v1 submitted 14 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2509.11327 [ pdf , ps , other ] Learning to Equalize: Data-Driven Frequency-Domain Signal Recovery in Molecular Communications Authors: Cheng Xiang , Yu Huang , Miaowen Wen , Weiqiang Tan , Chan-Byoung Chae Abstract : In molecular communications (MC), inter-symbol interference (ISI) and noise are key factors that degrade communication reliability. Although time-domain equalization can effectively mitigate these effects, it often entails high computational complexity concerning the channel memory. In contrast, frequency-domain equalization (FDE) offers greater computational efficiency but typically requires prio… ▽ More In molecular communications (MC), inter-symbol interference (ISI) and noise are key factors that degrade communication reliability. Although time-domain equalization can effectively mitigate these effects, it often entails high computational complexity concerning the channel memory. In contrast, frequency-domain equalization (FDE) offers greater computational efficiency but typically requires prior knowledge of the channel model. To address this limitation, this letter proposes FDE techniques based on long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks, enabling temporal correlation modeling in MC channels to improve ISI and noise suppression. To eliminate the reliance on prior channel information in conventional FDE methods, a supervised training strategy is employed for channel-adaptive equalization. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed LSTM-FDE significantly reduces the bit error rate compared to traditional FDE and feedforward neural network-based equalizers. This performance gain is attributed to the LSTM's temporal modeling capabilities, which enhance noise suppression and accelerate model convergence, while maintaining comparable computational efficiency. △ Less Submitted 21 November, 2025; v1 submitted 14 September, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2508.09142 [ pdf , ps , other ] eess.SP cs.AI Bayesian-Driven Graph Reasoning for Active Radio Map Construction Authors: Wenlihan Lu , Shijian Gao , Miaowen Wen , Yuxuan Liang , Liuqing Yang , Chan-Byoung Chae , H. Vincent Poor Abstract : With the emergence of the low-altitude economy, radio maps have become essential for ensuring reliable wireless connectivity to aerial platforms. Autonomous aerial agents are commonly deployed for data collection using waypoint-based navigation; however, their limited battery capacity significantly constrains coverage and efficiency. To address this, we propose an uncertainty-aware radio map (URAM… ▽ More With the emergence of the low-altitude economy, radio maps have become essential for ensuring reliable wireless connectivity to aerial platforms. Autonomous aerial agents are commonly deployed for data collection using waypoint-based navigation; however, their limited battery capacity significantly constrains coverage and efficiency. To address this, we propose an uncertainty-aware radio map (URAM) reconstruction framework that explicitly leverages graph-based reasoning tailored for waypoint navigation. Our approach integrates two key deep learning components: (1) a Bayesian neural network that estimates spatial uncertainty in real time, and (2) an attention-based reinforcement learning policy that performs global reasoning over a probabilistic roadmap, using uncertainty estimates to plan informative and energy-efficient trajectories. This graph-based reasoning enables intelligent, non-myopic trajectory planning, guiding agents toward the most informative regions while satisfying safety constraints. Experimental results show that URAM improves reconstruction accuracy by up to 34% over existing baselines. △ Less Submitted 22 August, 2025; v1 submitted 28 July, 2025; originally announced August 2025. arXiv:2508.09142 [ pdf , ps , other ] Bayesian-Driven Graph Reasoning for Active Radio Map Construction Authors: Wenlihan Lu , Shijian Gao , Miaowen Wen , Yuxuan Liang , Liuqing Yang , Chan-Byoung Chae , H. Vincent Poor Abstract : With the emergence of the low-altitude economy, radio maps have become essential for ensuring reliable wireless connectivity to aerial platforms. Autonomous aerial agents are commonly deployed for data collection using waypoint-based navigation; however, their limited battery capacity significantly constrains coverage and efficiency. To address this, we propose an uncertainty-aware radio map (URAM… ▽ More With the emergence of the low-altitude economy, radio maps have become essential for ensuring reliable wireless connectivity to aerial platforms. Autonomous aerial agents are commonly deployed for data collection using waypoint-based navigation; however, their limited battery capacity significantly constrains coverage and efficiency. To address this, we propose an uncertainty-aware radio map (URAM) reconstruction framework that explicitly leverages graph-based reasoning tailored for waypoint navigation. Our approach integrates two key deep learning components: (1) a Bayesian neural network that estimates spatial uncertainty in real time, and (2) an attention-based reinforcement learning policy that performs global reasoning over a probabilistic roadmap, using uncertainty estimates to plan informative and energy-efficient trajectories. This graph-based reasoning enables intelligent, non-myopic trajectory planning, guiding agents toward the most informative regions while satisfying safety constraints. Experimental results show that URAM improves reconstruction accuracy by up to 34% over existing baselines. △ Less Submitted 22 August, 2025; v1 submitted 28 July, 2025; originally announced August 2025. arXiv:2508.04415 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.NI Empowering Nanoscale Connectivity through Molecular Communication: A Case Study of Virus Infection Authors: Xuan Chen , Yu Huang , Miaowen Wen , Shahid Mumtaz , Fatih Gulec , Anwer Al-Dulaimi , Andrew W. Eckford Abstract : The Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT), envisioned as a revolutionary healthcare paradigm, shows promise for epidemic control. This paper explores the potential of using molecular communication (MC) to address the challenges in constructing IoBNT for epidemic prevention, specifically focusing on modeling viral transmission, detecting the virus/infected individuals, and identifying virus mutations… ▽ More The Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT), envisioned as a revolutionary healthcare paradigm, shows promise for epidemic control. This paper explores the potential of using molecular communication (MC) to address the challenges in constructing IoBNT for epidemic prevention, specifically focusing on modeling viral transmission, detecting the virus/infected individuals, and identifying virus mutations. First, the MC channels in macroscale and microscale scenarios are discussed to match viral transmission in both scales separately. Besides, the detection methods for these two scales are also studied, along with the localization mechanism designed for the virus/infected individuals. Moreover, an identification strategy is proposed to determine potential virus mutations, which is validated through simulation using the ORF3a protein as a benchmark. Finally, open research issues are discussed. In summary, this paper aims to analyze viral transmission through MC and combat viral spread using signal processing techniques within MC. △ Less Submitted 6 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. Comments: Accepted for publication in IEEE Communications Magazine arXiv:2508.04415 [ pdf , ps , other ] Empowering Nanoscale Connectivity through Molecular Communication: A Case Study of Virus Infection Authors: Xuan Chen , Yu Huang , Miaowen Wen , Shahid Mumtaz , Fatih Gulec , Anwer Al-Dulaimi , Andrew W. Eckford Abstract : The Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT), envisioned as a revolutionary healthcare paradigm, shows promise for epidemic control. This paper explores the potential of using molecular communication (MC) to address the challenges in constructing IoBNT for epidemic prevention, specifically focusing on modeling viral transmission, detecting the virus/infected individuals, and identifying virus mutations… ▽ More The Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT), envisioned as a revolutionary healthcare paradigm, shows promise for epidemic control. This paper explores the potential of using molecular communication (MC) to address the challenges in constructing IoBNT for epidemic prevention, specifically focusing on modeling viral transmission, detecting the virus/infected individuals, and identifying virus mutations. First, the MC channels in macroscale and microscale scenarios are discussed to match viral transmission in both scales separately. Besides, the detection methods for these two scales are also studied, along with the localization mechanism designed for the virus/infected individuals. Moreover, an identification strategy is proposed to determine potential virus mutations, which is validated through simulation using the ORF3a protein as a benchmark. Finally, open research issues are discussed. In summary, this paper aims to analyze viral transmission through MC and combat viral spread using signal processing techniques within MC. △ Less Submitted 6 August, 2025; originally announced August 2025. Comments: Accepted for publication in IEEE Communications Magazine arXiv:2507.16853 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO cs.MA MobileUse: A GUI Agent with Hierarchical Reflection for Autonomous Mobile Operation Authors: Ning Li , Xiangmou Qu , Jiamu Zhou , Jun Wang , Muning Wen , Kounianhua Du , Xingyu Lou , Qiuying Peng , Jun Wang , Weinan Zhang Abstract : Recent advances in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have enabled the development of mobile agents that can understand visual inputs and follow user instructions, unlocking new possibilities for automating complex tasks on mobile devices. However, applying these models to real-world mobile scenarios remains a significant challenge due to the long-horizon task execution, difficulty in error… ▽ More Recent advances in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have enabled the development of mobile agents that can understand visual inputs and follow user instructions, unlocking new possibilities for automating complex tasks on mobile devices. However, applying these models to real-world mobile scenarios remains a significant challenge due to the long-horizon task execution, difficulty in error recovery, and the cold-start problem in unfamiliar environments. To address these challenges, we propose MobileUse, a GUI agent designed for robust and adaptive mobile task execution. To improve resilience in long-horizon tasks and dynamic environments, we introduce a hierarchical reflection architecture that enables the agent to self-monitor, detect, and recover from errors across multiple temporal scales-ranging from individual actions to overall task completion-while maintaining efficiency through a reflection-on-demand strategy. To tackle cold-start issues, we further introduce a proactive exploration module, which enriches the agent's understanding of the environment through self-planned exploration. Evaluations on AndroidWorld and AndroidLab benchmarks demonstrate that MobileUse establishes new state-of-the-art performance, achieving success rates of 62.9% and 44.2%, respectively. To facilitate real-world applications, we release an out-of-the-box toolkit for automated task execution on physical mobile devices, which is available at △ Less Submitted 21 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. Comments: A technical report on a GUI agent based on multi-agent systems arXiv:2507.16853 [ pdf , ps , other ] MobileUse: A GUI Agent with Hierarchical Reflection for Autonomous Mobile Operation Authors: Ning Li , Xiangmou Qu , Jiamu Zhou , Jun Wang , Muning Wen , Kounianhua Du , Xingyu Lou , Qiuying Peng , Jun Wang , Weinan Zhang Abstract : Recent advances in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have enabled the development of mobile agents that can understand visual inputs and follow user instructions, unlocking new possibilities for automating complex tasks on mobile devices. However, applying these models to real-world mobile scenarios remains a significant challenge due to the long-horizon task execution, difficulty in error… ▽ More Recent advances in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have enabled the development of mobile agents that can understand visual inputs and follow user instructions, unlocking new possibilities for automating complex tasks on mobile devices. However, applying these models to real-world mobile scenarios remains a significant challenge due to the long-horizon task execution, difficulty in error recovery, and the cold-start problem in unfamiliar environments. To address these challenges, we propose MobileUse, a GUI agent designed for robust and adaptive mobile task execution. To improve resilience in long-horizon tasks and dynamic environments, we introduce a hierarchical reflection architecture that enables the agent to self-monitor, detect, and recover from errors across multiple temporal scales-ranging from individual actions to overall task completion-while maintaining efficiency through a reflection-on-demand strategy. To tackle cold-start issues, we further introduce a proactive exploration module, which enriches the agent's understanding of the environment through self-planned exploration. Evaluations on AndroidWorld and AndroidLab benchmarks demonstrate that MobileUse establishes new state-of-the-art performance, achieving success rates of 62.9% and 44.2%, respectively. To facilitate real-world applications, we release an out-of-the-box toolkit for automated task execution on physical mobile devices, which is available at △ Less Submitted 21 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. Comments: A technical report on a GUI agent based on multi-agent systems arXiv:2507.09990 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.AI Differentially Private Federated Low Rank Adaptation Beyond Fixed-Matrix Authors: Ming Wen , Jiaqi Zhu , Yuedong Xu , Yipeng Zhou , Dingding Han Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) typically require fine-tuning for domain-specific tasks, and LoRA offers a computationally efficient approach by training low-rank adapters. LoRA is also communication-efficient for federated LLMs when multiple users collaboratively fine-tune a global LLM model without sharing their proprietary raw data. However, even the transmission of local adapters between a server… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) typically require fine-tuning for domain-specific tasks, and LoRA offers a computationally efficient approach by training low-rank adapters. LoRA is also communication-efficient for federated LLMs when multiple users collaboratively fine-tune a global LLM model without sharing their proprietary raw data. However, even the transmission of local adapters between a server and clients risks serious privacy leakage. Applying differential privacy (DP) to federated LoRA encounters a dilemma: adding noise to both adapters amplifies synthetic noise on the model, while fixing one adapter impairs the learnability of fine-tuning. In this paper, we propose FedASK (Differentially Private Federated Low Rank Adaptation with Double Sketching) , a novel federated LoRA framework to enable effective updating of both low-rank adapters with robust differential privacy. Inspired by randomized SVD, our key idea is a two-stage sketching pipeline. This pipeline first aggregates carefully sketched, privacy-preserving local updates, and then reconstructs the global matrices on the server to facilitate effective updating of both adapters. We theoretically prove FedASK's differential privacy guarantee and its exact aggregation property. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that FedASK consistently outperforms baseline methods across a variety of privacy settings and data distributions. △ Less Submitted 14 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. Comments: 23 pages, NeurIPS 2025 under review arXiv:2507.09990 [ pdf , ps , other ] Differentially Private Federated Low Rank Adaptation Beyond Fixed-Matrix Authors: Ming Wen , Jiaqi Zhu , Yuedong Xu , Yipeng Zhou , Dingding Han Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) typically require fine-tuning for domain-specific tasks, and LoRA offers a computationally efficient approach by training low-rank adapters. LoRA is also communication-efficient for federated LLMs when multiple users collaboratively fine-tune a global LLM model without sharing their proprietary raw data. However, even the transmission of local adapters between a server… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) typically require fine-tuning for domain-specific tasks, and LoRA offers a computationally efficient approach by training low-rank adapters. LoRA is also communication-efficient for federated LLMs when multiple users collaboratively fine-tune a global LLM model without sharing their proprietary raw data. However, even the transmission of local adapters between a server and clients risks serious privacy leakage. Applying differential privacy (DP) to federated LoRA encounters a dilemma: adding noise to both adapters amplifies synthetic noise on the model, while fixing one adapter impairs the learnability of fine-tuning. In this paper, we propose FedASK (Differentially Private Federated Low Rank Adaptation with Double Sketching) , a novel federated LoRA framework to enable effective updating of both low-rank adapters with robust differential privacy. Inspired by randomized SVD, our key idea is a two-stage sketching pipeline. This pipeline first aggregates carefully sketched, privacy-preserving local updates, and then reconstructs the global matrices on the server to facilitate effective updating of both adapters. We theoretically prove FedASK's differential privacy guarantee and its exact aggregation property. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that FedASK consistently outperforms baseline methods across a variety of privacy settings and data distributions. △ Less Submitted 14 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. Comments: 23 pages, NeurIPS 2025 under review arXiv:2507.04961 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV InterGSEdit: Interactive 3D Gaussian Splatting Editing with 3D Geometry-Consistent Attention Prior Authors: Minghao Wen , Shengjie Wu , Kangkan Wang , Dong Liang Abstract : 3D Gaussian Splatting based 3D editing has demonstrated impressive performance in recent years. However, the multi-view editing often exhibits significant local inconsistency, especially in areas of non-rigid deformation, which lead to local artifacts, texture blurring, or semantic variations in edited 3D scenes. We also found that the existing editing methods, which rely entirely on text prompts… ▽ More 3D Gaussian Splatting based 3D editing has demonstrated impressive performance in recent years. However, the multi-view editing often exhibits significant local inconsistency, especially in areas of non-rigid deformation, which lead to local artifacts, texture blurring, or semantic variations in edited 3D scenes. We also found that the existing editing methods, which rely entirely on text prompts make the editing process a "one-shot deal", making it difficult for users to control the editing degree flexibly. In response to these challenges, we present InterGSEdit, a novel framework for high-quality 3DGS editing via interactively selecting key views with users' preferences. We propose a CLIP-based Semantic Consistency Selection (CSCS) strategy to adaptively screen a group of semantically consistent reference views for each user-selected key view. Then, the cross-attention maps derived from the reference views are used in a weighted Gaussian Splatting unprojection to construct the 3D Geometry-Consistent Attention Prior ($GAP^{3D}$). We project $GAP^{3D}$ to obtain 3D-constrained attention, which are fused with 2D cross-attention via Attention Fusion Network (AFN). AFN employs an adaptive attention strategy that prioritizes 3D-constrained attention for geometric consistency during early inference, and gradually prioritizes 2D cross-attention maps in diffusion for fine-grained features during the later inference. Extensive experiments demonstrate that InterGSEdit achieves state-of-the-art performance, delivering consistent, high-fidelity 3DGS editing with improved user experience. △ Less Submitted 7 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. arXiv:2507.04961 [ pdf , ps , other ] InterGSEdit: Interactive 3D Gaussian Splatting Editing with 3D Geometry-Consistent Attention Prior Authors: Minghao Wen , Shengjie Wu , Kangkan Wang , Dong Liang Abstract : 3D Gaussian Splatting based 3D editing has demonstrated impressive performance in recent years. However, the multi-view editing often exhibits significant local inconsistency, especially in areas of non-rigid deformation, which lead to local artifacts, texture blurring, or semantic variations in edited 3D scenes. We also found that the existing editing methods, which rely entirely on text prompts… ▽ More 3D Gaussian Splatting based 3D editing has demonstrated impressive performance in recent years. However, the multi-view editing often exhibits significant local inconsistency, especially in areas of non-rigid deformation, which lead to local artifacts, texture blurring, or semantic variations in edited 3D scenes. We also found that the existing editing methods, which rely entirely on text prompts make the editing process a "one-shot deal", making it difficult for users to control the editing degree flexibly. In response to these challenges, we present InterGSEdit, a novel framework for high-quality 3DGS editing via interactively selecting key views with users' preferences. We propose a CLIP-based Semantic Consistency Selection (CSCS) strategy to adaptively screen a group of semantically consistent reference views for each user-selected key view. Then, the cross-attention maps derived from the reference views are used in a weighted Gaussian Splatting unprojection to construct the 3D Geometry-Consistent Attention Prior ($GAP^{3D}$). We project $GAP^{3D}$ to obtain 3D-constrained attention, which are fused with 2D cross-attention via Attention Fusion Network (AFN). AFN employs an adaptive attention strategy that prioritizes 3D-constrained attention for geometric consistency during early inference, and gradually prioritizes 2D cross-attention maps in diffusion for fine-grained features during the later inference. Extensive experiments demonstrate that InterGSEdit achieves state-of-the-art performance, delivering consistent, high-fidelity 3DGS editing with improved user experience. △ Less Submitted 7 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. arXiv:2507.03537 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.PF cs.IT Affine Frequency Division Multiplexing Over Wideband Doubly-Dispersive Channels With Time-Scaling Effects Authors: Xiangxiang Li , Haiyan Wang , Yao Ge , Xiaohong Shen , Yong Liang Guan , Miaowen Wen , Chau Yuen Abstract : The recently proposed affine frequency division multiplexing (AFDM) modulation has been considered as a promising technology for narrowband doubly-dispersive channels. However, the time-scaling effects, i.e., pulse widening and pulse shortening phenomena, in extreme wideband doubly-dispersive channels have not been considered in the literatures. In this paper, we investigate such wideband transmis… ▽ More The recently proposed affine frequency division multiplexing (AFDM) modulation has been considered as a promising technology for narrowband doubly-dispersive channels. However, the time-scaling effects, i.e., pulse widening and pulse shortening phenomena, in extreme wideband doubly-dispersive channels have not been considered in the literatures. In this paper, we investigate such wideband transmission and develop an efficient transmission structure with chirp-periodic prefix (CPP) and chirp-periodic suffix (CPS) for AFDM system. We derive the input-output relationship of AFDM system under time-scaled wideband doubly-dispersive channels and demonstrate the sparsity in discrete affine Fourier (DAF) domain equivalent channels. We further optimize the AFDM chirp parameters to accommodate the time-scaling characteristics in wideband doubly-dispersive channels and verify the superiority of the derived chirp parameters by pairwise error probability (PEP) analysis. We also develop an efficient cross domain distributed orthogonal approximate message passing (CD-D-OAMP) algorithm for AFDM symbol detection and analyze its corresponding state evolution. By analyzing the detection complexity of CD-D-OAMP detector and evaluating the error performance of AFDM systems based on simulations, we demonstrate that the AFDM system with our optimized chirp parameters outperforms the existing competitive modulation schemes in time-scaled wideband doubly-dispersive channels. Moreover, our proposed CD-D-OAMP detector can achieve the desirable trade-off between the complexity and performance, while supporting parallel computing to significantly reduce the computational latency. △ Less Submitted 4 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. arXiv:2507.03537 [ pdf , ps , other ] Affine Frequency Division Multiplexing Over Wideband Doubly-Dispersive Channels With Time-Scaling Effects Authors: Xiangxiang Li , Haiyan Wang , Yao Ge , Xiaohong Shen , Yong Liang Guan , Miaowen Wen , Chau Yuen Abstract : The recently proposed affine frequency division multiplexing (AFDM) modulation has been considered as a promising technology for narrowband doubly-dispersive channels. However, the time-scaling effects, i.e., pulse widening and pulse shortening phenomena, in extreme wideband doubly-dispersive channels have not been considered in the literatures. In this paper, we investigate such wideband transmis… ▽ More The recently proposed affine frequency division multiplexing (AFDM) modulation has been considered as a promising technology for narrowband doubly-dispersive channels. However, the time-scaling effects, i.e., pulse widening and pulse shortening phenomena, in extreme wideband doubly-dispersive channels have not been considered in the literatures. In this paper, we investigate such wideband transmission and develop an efficient transmission structure with chirp-periodic prefix (CPP) and chirp-periodic suffix (CPS) for AFDM system. We derive the input-output relationship of AFDM system under time-scaled wideband doubly-dispersive channels and demonstrate the sparsity in discrete affine Fourier (DAF) domain equivalent channels. We further optimize the AFDM chirp parameters to accommodate the time-scaling characteristics in wideband doubly-dispersive channels and verify the superiority of the derived chirp parameters by pairwise error probability (PEP) analysis. We also develop an efficient cross domain distributed orthogonal approximate message passing (CD-D-OAMP) algorithm for AFDM symbol detection and analyze its corresponding state evolution. By analyzing the detection complexity of CD-D-OAMP detector and evaluating the error performance of AFDM systems based on simulations, we demonstrate that the AFDM system with our optimized chirp parameters outperforms the existing competitive modulation schemes in time-scaled wideband doubly-dispersive channels. Moreover, our proposed CD-D-OAMP detector can achieve the desirable trade-off between the complexity and performance, while supporting parallel computing to significantly reduce the computational latency. △ Less Submitted 4 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. arXiv:2506.19774 [ pdf , ps , other ] eess.AS cs.AI cs.CL cs.SD Kling-Foley: Multimodal Diffusion Transformer for High-Quality Video-to-Audio Generation Authors: Jun Wang , Xijuan Zeng , Chunyu Qiang , Ruilong Chen , Shiyao Wang , Le Wang , Wangjing Zhou , Pengfei Cai , Jiahui Zhao , Nan Li , Zihan Li , Yuzhe Liang , Xiaopeng Wang , Haorui Zheng , Ming Wen , Kang Yin , Yiran Wang , Nan Li , Feng Deng , Liang Dong , Chen Zhang , Di Zhang , Kun Gai Abstract : We propose Kling-Foley, a large-scale multimodal Video-to-Audio generation model that synthesizes high-quality audio synchronized with video content. In Kling-Foley, we introduce multimodal diffusion transformers to model the interactions between video, audio, and text modalities, and combine it with a visual semantic representation module and an audio-visual synchronization module to enhance alig… ▽ More We propose Kling-Foley, a large-scale multimodal Video-to-Audio generation model that synthesizes high-quality audio synchronized with video content. In Kling-Foley, we introduce multimodal diffusion transformers to model the interactions between video, audio, and text modalities, and combine it with a visual semantic representation module and an audio-visual synchronization module to enhance alignment capabilities. Specifically, these modules align video conditions with latent audio elements at the frame level, thereby improving semantic alignment and audio-visual synchronization. Together with text conditions, this integrated approach enables precise generation of video-matching sound effects. In addition, we propose a universal latent audio codec that can achieve high-quality modeling in various scenarios such as sound effects, speech, singing, and music. We employ a stereo rendering method that imbues synthesized audio with a spatial presence. At the same time, in order to make up for the incomplete types and annotations of the open-source benchmark, we also open-source an industrial-level benchmark Kling-Audio-Eval. Our experiments show that Kling-Foley trained with the flow matching objective achieves new audio-visual SOTA performance among public models in terms of distribution matching, semantic alignment, temporal alignment and audio quality. △ Less Submitted 24 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. arXiv:2506.19774 [ pdf , ps , other ] Kling-Foley: Multimodal Diffusion Transformer for High-Quality Video-to-Audio Generation Authors: Jun Wang , Xijuan Zeng , Chunyu Qiang , Ruilong Chen , Shiyao Wang , Le Wang , Wangjing Zhou , Pengfei Cai , Jiahui Zhao , Nan Li , Zihan Li , Yuzhe Liang , Xiaopeng Wang , Haorui Zheng , Ming Wen , Kang Yin , Yiran Wang , Nan Li , Feng Deng , Liang Dong , Chen Zhang , Di Zhang , Kun Gai Abstract : We propose Kling-Foley, a large-scale multimodal Video-to-Audio generation model that synthesizes high-quality audio synchronized with video content. In Kling-Foley, we introduce multimodal diffusion transformers to model the interactions between video, audio, and text modalities, and combine it with a visual semantic representation module and an audio-visual synchronization module to enhance alig… ▽ More We propose Kling-Foley, a large-scale multimodal Video-to-Audio generation model that synthesizes high-quality audio synchronized with video content. In Kling-Foley, we introduce multimodal diffusion transformers to model the interactions between video, audio, and text modalities, and combine it with a visual semantic representation module and an audio-visual synchronization module to enhance alignment capabilities. Specifically, these modules align video conditions with latent audio elements at the frame level, thereby improving semantic alignment and audio-visual synchronization. Together with text conditions, this integrated approach enables precise generation of video-matching sound effects. In addition, we propose a universal latent audio codec that can achieve high-quality modeling in various scenarios such as sound effects, speech, singing, and music. We employ a stereo rendering method that imbues synthesized audio with a spatial presence. At the same time, in order to make up for the incomplete types and annotations of the open-source benchmark, we also open-source an industrial-level benchmark Kling-Audio-Eval. Our experiments show that Kling-Foley trained with the flow matching objective achieves new audio-visual SOTA performance among public models in terms of distribution matching, semantic alignment, temporal alignment and audio quality. △ Less Submitted 24 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. arXiv:2506.13586 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT Intelligent Rotatable Antenna for Integrated Sensing, Communication, and Computation: Challenges and Opportunities Authors: Xue Xiong , Beixiong Zheng , Wen Wu , Weihua Zhu , Miaowen Wen , Shaoe Lin , Yong Zeng Abstract : Integrated sensing, communication, and computation (ISCC) has emerged as a promising paradigm for enabling intelligent services in future sixth-generation (6G) networks. However, existing ISCC systems based on fixed-antenna architectures inherently lack spatial adaptability to cope with the signal degradation and dynamic environmental conditions. Recently, non-fixed flexible antenna architectures,… ▽ More Integrated sensing, communication, and computation (ISCC) has emerged as a promising paradigm for enabling intelligent services in future sixth-generation (6G) networks. However, existing ISCC systems based on fixed-antenna architectures inherently lack spatial adaptability to cope with the signal degradation and dynamic environmental conditions. Recently, non-fixed flexible antenna architectures, such as fluid antenna system (FAS), movable antenna (MA), and pinching antenna, have garnered significant interest. Among them, intelligent rotatable antenna (IRA) is an emerging technology that offers significant potential to better support the comprehensive services of target sensing, data transmission, and edge computing. This article investigates a novel IRA-enabled ISCC framework to enhance received signal strength, wider coverage, and spatial adaptability to dynamic wireless environments by flexibly adjusting the boresight of directional antennas. Building upon this, we introduce the fundamentals of IRA technology and explore IRA's benefits for improving system performance while providing potential task-oriented applications. Then, we discuss the main design issues and provide solutions for implementing IRA-based ISCC systems. Finally, experimental results are provided to demonstrate the great potential of IRA-enabled ISCC system, thus paving the way for more robust and efficient future wireless networks. △ Less Submitted 16 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. Comments: 8 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2506.13586 [ pdf , ps , other ] Intelligent Rotatable Antenna for Integrated Sensing, Communication, and Computation: Challenges and Opportunities Authors: Xue Xiong , Beixiong Zheng , Wen Wu , Weihua Zhu , Miaowen Wen , Shaoe Lin , Yong Zeng Abstract : Integrated sensing, communication, and computation (ISCC) has emerged as a promising paradigm for enabling intelligent services in future sixth-generation (6G) networks. However, existing ISCC systems based on fixed-antenna architectures inherently lack spatial adaptability to cope with the signal degradation and dynamic environmental conditions. Recently, non-fixed flexible antenna architectures,… ▽ More Integrated sensing, communication, and computation (ISCC) has emerged as a promising paradigm for enabling intelligent services in future sixth-generation (6G) networks. However, existing ISCC systems based on fixed-antenna architectures inherently lack spatial adaptability to cope with the signal degradation and dynamic environmental conditions. Recently, non-fixed flexible antenna architectures, such as fluid antenna system (FAS), movable antenna (MA), and pinching antenna, have garnered significant interest. Among them, intelligent rotatable antenna (IRA) is an emerging technology that offers significant potential to better support the comprehensive services of target sensing, data transmission, and edge computing. This article investigates a novel IRA-enabled ISCC framework to enhance received signal strength, wider coverage, and spatial adaptability to dynamic wireless environments by flexibly adjusting the boresight of directional antennas. Building upon this, we introduce the fundamentals of IRA technology and explore IRA's benefits for improving system performance while providing potential task-oriented applications. Then, we discuss the main design issues and provide solutions for implementing IRA-based ISCC systems. Finally, experimental results are provided to demonstrate the great potential of IRA-enabled ISCC system, thus paving the way for more robust and efficient future wireless networks. △ Less Submitted 16 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. Comments: 8 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2506.12103 [ pdf , other ] cs.AI cs.CY cs.LG The Amazon Nova Family of Models: Technical Report and Model Card Authors: Amazon AGI , Aaron Langford , Aayush Shah , Abhanshu Gupta , Abhimanyu Bhatter , Abhinav Goyal , Abhinav Mathur , Abhinav Mohanty , Abhishek Kumar , Abhishek Sethi , Abi Komma , Abner Pena , Achin Jain , Adam Kunysz , Adam Opyrchal , Adarsh Singh , Aditya Rawal , Adok Achar Budihal Prasad , Adrià de Gispert , Agnika Kumar , Aishwarya Aryamane , Ajay Nair , Akilan M , Akshaya Iyengar , Akshaya Vishnu Kudlu Shanbhogue , et al. (761 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present Amazon Nova, a new generation of state-of-the-art foundation models that deliver frontier intelligence and industry-leading price performance. Amazon Nova Pro is a highly-capable multimodal model with the best combination of accuracy, speed, and cost for a wide range of tasks. Amazon Nova Lite is a low-cost multimodal model that is lightning fast for processing images, video, documents… ▽ More We present Amazon Nova, a new generation of state-of-the-art foundation models that deliver frontier intelligence and industry-leading price performance. Amazon Nova Pro is a highly-capable multimodal model with the best combination of accuracy, speed, and cost for a wide range of tasks. Amazon Nova Lite is a low-cost multimodal model that is lightning fast for processing images, video, documents and text. Amazon Nova Micro is a text-only model that delivers our lowest-latency responses at very low cost. Amazon Nova Canvas is an image generation model that creates professional grade images with rich customization controls. Amazon Nova Reel is a video generation model offering high-quality outputs, customization, and motion control. Our models were built responsibly and with a commitment to customer trust, security, and reliability. We report benchmarking results for core capabilities, agentic performance, long context, functional adaptation, runtime performance, and human evaluation. △ Less Submitted 17 March, 2025; originally announced June 2025. Comments: 48 pages, 10 figures Report number: 20250317 arXiv:2506.12103 [ pdf , other ] The Amazon Nova Family of Models: Technical Report and Model Card Authors: Amazon AGI , Aaron Langford , Aayush Shah , Abhanshu Gupta , Abhimanyu Bhatter , Abhinav Goyal , Abhinav Mathur , Abhinav Mohanty , Abhishek Kumar , Abhishek Sethi , Abi Komma , Abner Pena , Achin Jain , Adam Kunysz , Adam Opyrchal , Adarsh Singh , Aditya Rawal , Adok Achar Budihal Prasad , Adrià de Gispert , Agnika Kumar , Aishwarya Aryamane , Ajay Nair , Akilan M , Akshaya Iyengar , Akshaya Vishnu Kudlu Shanbhogue , et al. (761 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present Amazon Nova, a new generation of state-of-the-art foundation models that deliver frontier intelligence and industry-leading price performance. Amazon Nova Pro is a highly-capable multimodal model with the best combination of accuracy, speed, and cost for a wide range of tasks. Amazon Nova Lite is a low-cost multimodal model that is lightning fast for processing images, video, documents… ▽ More We present Amazon Nova, a new generation of state-of-the-art foundation models that deliver frontier intelligence and industry-leading price performance. Amazon Nova Pro is a highly-capable multimodal model with the best combination of accuracy, speed, and cost for a wide range of tasks. Amazon Nova Lite is a low-cost multimodal model that is lightning fast for processing images, video, documents and text. Amazon Nova Micro is a text-only model that delivers our lowest-latency responses at very low cost. Amazon Nova Canvas is an image generation model that creates professional grade images with rich customization controls. Amazon Nova Reel is a video generation model offering high-quality outputs, customization, and motion control. Our models were built responsibly and with a commitment to customer trust, security, and reliability. We report benchmarking results for core capabilities, agentic performance, long context, functional adaptation, runtime performance, and human evaluation. △ Less Submitted 17 March, 2025; originally announced June 2025. Comments: 48 pages, 10 figures Report number: 20250317 arXiv:2506.05919 [ pdf , ps , other ] eess.SY cs.IT RSMA-Enabled Covert Communications Against Multiple Spatially Random Wardens Authors: Xinyue Pei , Jihao Liu , Xuewen Luo , Xingwei Wang , Yingyang Chen , Miaowen Wen , Theodoros A. Tsiftsis Abstract : This work investigates covert communication in a rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA)-based multi-user multiple-input single-output system, where the random locations of the wardens follow a homogeneous Poisson point process. To demonstrate practical deployment scenarios, imperfect channel state information at the transmitter is considered. Closed-form expressions for the statistics of the receiv… ▽ More This work investigates covert communication in a rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA)-based multi-user multiple-input single-output system, where the random locations of the wardens follow a homogeneous Poisson point process. To demonstrate practical deployment scenarios, imperfect channel state information at the transmitter is considered. Closed-form expressions for the statistics of the received signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, along with the analytical formulations for the covertness constraint, outage probability, and effective covert throughput (ECT), are derived. Subsequently, an ECT maximization problem is formulated under covertness and power allocation constraints. This optimization problem is addressed using an alternating optimization-assisted genetic algorithm (AO-GA). Simulation results corroborate the theoretical analysis and demonstrate the superiority of RSMA over conventional multiple access schemes, as well as the effectiveness of the proposed AO-GA. △ Less Submitted 6 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. arXiv:2506.05919 [ pdf , ps , other ] RSMA-Enabled Covert Communications Against Multiple Spatially Random Wardens Authors: Xinyue Pei , Jihao Liu , Xuewen Luo , Xingwei Wang , Yingyang Chen , Miaowen Wen , Theodoros A. Tsiftsis Abstract : This work investigates covert communication in a rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA)-based multi-user multiple-input single-output system, where the random locations of the wardens follow a homogeneous Poisson point process. To demonstrate practical deployment scenarios, imperfect channel state information at the transmitter is considered. Closed-form expressions for the statistics of the receiv… ▽ More This work investigates covert communication in a rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA)-based multi-user multiple-input single-output system, where the random locations of the wardens follow a homogeneous Poisson point process. To demonstrate practical deployment scenarios, imperfect channel state information at the transmitter is considered. Closed-form expressions for the statistics of the received signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, along with the analytical formulations for the covertness constraint, outage probability, and effective covert throughput (ECT), are derived. Subsequently, an ECT maximization problem is formulated under covertness and power allocation constraints. This optimization problem is addressed using an alternating optimization-assisted genetic algorithm (AO-GA). Simulation results corroborate the theoretical analysis and demonstrate the superiority of RSMA over conventional multiple access schemes, as well as the effectiveness of the proposed AO-GA. △ Less Submitted 6 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. arXiv:2505.21069 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SE doi 10.1145/3729386 CXXCrafter: An LLM-Based Agent for Automated C/C++ Open Source Software Building Authors: Zhengmin Yu , Yuan Zhang , Ming Wen , Yinan Nie , Wenhui Zhang , Min Yang Abstract : Project building is pivotal to support various program analysis tasks, such as generating intermediate rep- resentation code for static analysis and preparing binary code for vulnerability reproduction. However, automating the building process for C/C++ projects is a highly complex endeavor, involving tremendous technical challenges, such as intricate dependency management, diverse build systems,… ▽ More Project building is pivotal to support various program analysis tasks, such as generating intermediate rep- resentation code for static analysis and preparing binary code for vulnerability reproduction. However, automating the building process for C/C++ projects is a highly complex endeavor, involving tremendous technical challenges, such as intricate dependency management, diverse build systems, varied toolchains, and multifaceted error handling mechanisms. Consequently, building C/C++ projects often proves to be difficult in practice, hindering the progress of downstream applications. Unfortunately, research on facilitating the building of C/C++ projects remains to be inadequate. The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) offers promising solutions to automated software building. Trained on extensive corpora, LLMs can help unify diverse build systems through their comprehension capabilities and address complex errors by leveraging tacit knowledge storage. Moreover, LLM-based agents can be systematically designed to dynamically interact with the environment, effectively managing dynamic building issues. Motivated by these opportunities, we first conduct an empirical study to systematically analyze the current challenges in the C/C++ project building process. Particularly, we observe that most popular C/C++ projects encounter an average of five errors when relying solely on the default build systems. Based on our study, we develop an automated build system called CXXCrafter to specifically address the above-mentioned challenges, such as dependency resolution. Our evaluation on open-source software demonstrates that CXXCrafter achieves a success rate of 78% in project building. Specifically, among the Top100 dataset, 72 projects are built successfully by both CXXCrafter and manual efforts, 3 by CXXCrafter only, and 14 manually only. ... △ Less Submitted 27 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.21069 [ pdf , ps , other ] CXXCrafter: An LLM-Based Agent for Automated C/C++ Open Source Software Building Authors: Zhengmin Yu , Yuan Zhang , Ming Wen , Yinan Nie , Wenhui Zhang , Min Yang Abstract : Project building is pivotal to support various program analysis tasks, such as generating intermediate rep- resentation code for static analysis and preparing binary code for vulnerability reproduction. However, automating the building process for C/C++ projects is a highly complex endeavor, involving tremendous technical challenges, such as intricate dependency management, diverse build systems,… ▽ More Project building is pivotal to support various program analysis tasks, such as generating intermediate rep- resentation code for static analysis and preparing binary code for vulnerability reproduction. However, automating the building process for C/C++ projects is a highly complex endeavor, involving tremendous technical challenges, such as intricate dependency management, diverse build systems, varied toolchains, and multifaceted error handling mechanisms. Consequently, building C/C++ projects often proves to be difficult in practice, hindering the progress of downstream applications. Unfortunately, research on facilitating the building of C/C++ projects remains to be inadequate. The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) offers promising solutions to automated software building. Trained on extensive corpora, LLMs can help unify diverse build systems through their comprehension capabilities and address complex errors by leveraging tacit knowledge storage. Moreover, LLM-based agents can be systematically designed to dynamically interact with the environment, effectively managing dynamic building issues. Motivated by these opportunities, we first conduct an empirical study to systematically analyze the current challenges in the C/C++ project building process. Particularly, we observe that most popular C/C++ projects encounter an average of five errors when relying solely on the default build systems. Based on our study, we develop an automated build system called CXXCrafter to specifically address the above-mentioned challenges, such as dependency resolution. Our evaluation on open-source software demonstrates that CXXCrafter achieves a success rate of 78% in project building. Specifically, among the Top100 dataset, 72 projects are built successfully by both CXXCrafter and manual efforts, 3 by CXXCrafter only, and 14 manually only. ... △ Less Submitted 27 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.09394 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT math.NA Generalized Code Index Modulation Aided AFDM for Spread Spectrum Systems Authors: Mi Qian , Fei Ji , Yao Ge , Miaowen Wen , Yong Liang Guan Abstract : The recently proposed affine frequency division multiplexing (AFDM) is a new transmission waveform that has shown excellent performance in high-mobility environments, making it a sensible option for the next-generation wireless networks. In this paper, we investigate an energy-efficient generalized code index modulation scheme for AFDM by leveraging spread spectrum, referred to as GCIM-AFDM-SS, to… ▽ More The recently proposed affine frequency division multiplexing (AFDM) is a new transmission waveform that has shown excellent performance in high-mobility environments, making it a sensible option for the next-generation wireless networks. In this paper, we investigate an energy-efficient generalized code index modulation scheme for AFDM by leveraging spread spectrum, referred to as GCIM-AFDM-SS, to combat the interference caused by the doubly dispersive channels. Specifically, the information bits are conveyed by the transmitted symbols as well as the indices of the selected spreading codes in our proposed GCIM-AFDM-SS scheme. To avoid extensive computations, we also develop a lowcomplexity maximal ratio combining (MRC) detector algorithm, which recovers the spreading codes first and demodulates the symbols afterwards. Moreover, an upper bound on the bit error rate (BER) of the proposed GCIM-AFDM-SS system with maximum-likelihood (ML) detection is derived. Numerical results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed GCIM-AFDM-SS system over the classical AFDM spread spectrum (AFDM-SS) and the existing index modulated AFDM (IM-AFDM) systems. △ Less Submitted 14 July, 2025; v1 submitted 14 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.09394 [ pdf , ps , other ] Generalized Code Index Modulation Aided AFDM for Spread Spectrum Systems Authors: Mi Qian , Fei Ji , Yao Ge , Miaowen Wen , Yong Liang Guan Abstract : The recently proposed affine frequency division multiplexing (AFDM) is a new transmission waveform that has shown excellent performance in high-mobility environments, making it a sensible option for the next-generation wireless networks. In this paper, we investigate an energy-efficient generalized code index modulation scheme for AFDM by leveraging spread spectrum, referred to as GCIM-AFDM-SS, to… ▽ More The recently proposed affine frequency division multiplexing (AFDM) is a new transmission waveform that has shown excellent performance in high-mobility environments, making it a sensible option for the next-generation wireless networks. In this paper, we investigate an energy-efficient generalized code index modulation scheme for AFDM by leveraging spread spectrum, referred to as GCIM-AFDM-SS, to combat the interference caused by the doubly dispersive channels. Specifically, the information bits are conveyed by the transmitted symbols as well as the indices of the selected spreading codes in our proposed GCIM-AFDM-SS scheme. To avoid extensive computations, we also develop a lowcomplexity maximal ratio combining (MRC) detector algorithm, which recovers the spreading codes first and demodulates the symbols afterwards. Moreover, an upper bound on the bit error rate (BER) of the proposed GCIM-AFDM-SS system with maximum-likelihood (ML) detection is derived. Numerical results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed GCIM-AFDM-SS system over the classical AFDM spread spectrum (AFDM-SS) and the existing index modulated AFDM (IM-AFDM) systems. △ Less Submitted 14 July, 2025; v1 submitted 14 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.06944 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT Radio Map-Enabled 3D Trajectory and Communication Optimization for Low-Altitude Air-Ground Cooperation Authors: Menghao Hu , Tong Zhang , Shuai Wang , Chiya Zhang , Changyang She , Gaojie Chen , Miaowen Wen Abstract : Low-altitude economy includes the application of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) serving ground robots. This paper investigates the 3-dimensional (3D) trajectory and communication optimization for low-altitude air-ground cooperation systems, where mobile unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) upload data to UAVs. We propose a joint optimization algorithm to maximize the minimal sum-rate of UGVs while ens… ▽ More Low-altitude economy includes the application of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) serving ground robots. This paper investigates the 3-dimensional (3D) trajectory and communication optimization for low-altitude air-ground cooperation systems, where mobile unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) upload data to UAVs. We propose a joint optimization algorithm to maximize the minimal sum-rate of UGVs while ensuring quality of service and navigation constraints. The proposed algorithm integrates a successive convex approximation (SCA)-penalty method for UGV-UAV scheduling, an SCA-based approach for UGV transmit power control, and a novel warm-start particle swarm optimization with cross mutation (WS-PSO-CM). The WS-PSO-CM leverages convex optimization results from a statistical channel model to initialize particle swarm, significantly improving the performance, compared with celebrated PSO-CM. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves a $45.8$\% higher minimal sum-rate compared to the baseline PSO-CM under the same iterations. This gain can be translated to reducing computational time by $46.7$\% of PSO-CM. Furthermore, our simulation results reveal that UAVs dynamically adjust trajectories to avoid interference by buildings, and maintain proximity to UGVs to mitigate path-loss. △ Less Submitted 14 September, 2025; v1 submitted 11 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: 6 pages; 7 figures; accepted by GC-2026-Workshops arXiv:2505.06944 [ pdf , ps , other ] Radio Map-Enabled 3D Trajectory and Communication Optimization for Low-Altitude Air-Ground Cooperation Authors: Menghao Hu , Tong Zhang , Shuai Wang , Chiya Zhang , Changyang She , Gaojie Chen , Miaowen Wen Abstract : Low-altitude economy includes the application of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) serving ground robots. This paper investigates the 3-dimensional (3D) trajectory and communication optimization for low-altitude air-ground cooperation systems, where mobile unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) upload data to UAVs. We propose a joint optimization algorithm to maximize the minimal sum-rate of UGVs while ens… ▽ More Low-altitude economy includes the application of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) serving ground robots. This paper investigates the 3-dimensional (3D) trajectory and communication optimization for low-altitude air-ground cooperation systems, where mobile unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) upload data to UAVs. We propose a joint optimization algorithm to maximize the minimal sum-rate of UGVs while ensuring quality of service and navigation constraints. The proposed algorithm integrates a successive convex approximation (SCA)-penalty method for UGV-UAV scheduling, an SCA-based approach for UGV transmit power control, and a novel warm-start particle swarm optimization with cross mutation (WS-PSO-CM). The WS-PSO-CM leverages convex optimization results from a statistical channel model to initialize particle swarm, significantly improving the performance, compared with celebrated PSO-CM. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves a $45.8$\% higher minimal sum-rate compared to the baseline PSO-CM under the same iterations. This gain can be translated to reducing computational time by $46.7$\% of PSO-CM. Furthermore, our simulation results reveal that UAVs dynamically adjust trajectories to avoid interference by buildings, and maintain proximity to UGVs to mitigate path-loss. △ Less Submitted 14 September, 2025; v1 submitted 11 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: 6 pages; 7 figures; accepted by GC-2026-Workshops arXiv:2505.06517 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.RO Edge-Enabled VIO with Long-Tracked Features for High-Accuracy Low-Altitude IoT Navigation Authors: Xiaohong Huang , Cui Yang , Miaowen Wen Abstract : This paper presents a visual-inertial odometry (VIO) method using long-tracked features. Long-tracked features can constrain more visual frames, reducing localization drift. However, they may also lead to accumulated matching errors and drift in feature tracking. Current VIO methods adjust observation weights based on re-projection errors, yet this approach has flaws. Re-projection errors depend o… ▽ More This paper presents a visual-inertial odometry (VIO) method using long-tracked features. Long-tracked features can constrain more visual frames, reducing localization drift. However, they may also lead to accumulated matching errors and drift in feature tracking. Current VIO methods adjust observation weights based on re-projection errors, yet this approach has flaws. Re-projection errors depend on estimated camera poses and map points, so increased errors might come from estimation inaccuracies, not actual feature tracking errors. This can mislead the optimization process and make long-tracked features ineffective for suppressing localization drift. Furthermore, long-tracked features constrain a larger number of frames, which poses a significant challenge to real-time performance of the system. To tackle these issues, we propose an active decoupling mechanism for accumulated errors in long-tracked feature utilization. We introduce a visual reference frame reset strategy to eliminate accumulated tracking errors and a depth prediction strategy to leverage the long-term constraint. To ensure real time preformane, we implement three strategies for efficient system state estimation: a parallel elimination strategy based on predefined elimination order, an inverse-depth elimination simplification strategy, and an elimination skipping strategy. Experiments on various datasets show that our method offers higher positioning accuracy with relatively short consumption time, making it more suitable for edge-enabled low-altitude IoT navigation, where high-accuracy positioning and real-time operation on edge device are required. The code will be published at github. △ Less Submitted 10 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: 9 pages with 9 figures arXiv:2505.06517 [ pdf , ps , other ] Edge-Enabled VIO with Long-Tracked Features for High-Accuracy Low-Altitude IoT Navigation Authors: Xiaohong Huang , Cui Yang , Miaowen Wen Abstract : This paper presents a visual-inertial odometry (VIO) method using long-tracked features. Long-tracked features can constrain more visual frames, reducing localization drift. However, they may also lead to accumulated matching errors and drift in feature tracking. Current VIO methods adjust observation weights based on re-projection errors, yet this approach has flaws. Re-projection errors depend o… ▽ More This paper presents a visual-inertial odometry (VIO) method using long-tracked features. Long-tracked features can constrain more visual frames, reducing localization drift. However, they may also lead to accumulated matching errors and drift in feature tracking. Current VIO methods adjust observation weights based on re-projection errors, yet this approach has flaws. Re-projection errors depend on estimated camera poses and map points, so increased errors might come from estimation inaccuracies, not actual feature tracking errors. This can mislead the optimization process and make long-tracked features ineffective for suppressing localization drift. Furthermore, long-tracked features constrain a larger number of frames, which poses a significant challenge to real-time performance of the system. To tackle these issues, we propose an active decoupling mechanism for accumulated errors in long-tracked feature utilization. We introduce a visual reference frame reset strategy to eliminate accumulated tracking errors and a depth prediction strategy to leverage the long-term constraint. To ensure real time preformane, we implement three strategies for efficient system state estimation: a parallel elimination strategy based on predefined elimination order, an inverse-depth elimination simplification strategy, and an elimination skipping strategy. Experiments on various datasets show that our method offers higher positioning accuracy with relatively short consumption time, making it more suitable for edge-enabled low-altitude IoT navigation, where high-accuracy positioning and real-time operation on edge device are required. The code will be published at github. △ Less Submitted 10 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: 9 pages with 9 figures arXiv:2504.16736 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI A Survey of AI Agent Protocols Authors: Yingxuan Yang , Huacan Chai , Yuanyi Song , Siyuan Qi , Muning Wen , Ning Li , Junwei Liao , Haoyi Hu , Jianghao Lin , Gaowei Chang , Weiwen Liu , Ying Wen , Yong Yu , Weinan Zhang Abstract : The rapid development of large language models (LLMs) has led to the widespread deployment of LLM agents across diverse industries, including customer service, content generation, data analysis, and even healthcare. However, as more LLM agents are deployed, a major issue has emerged: there is no standard way for these agents to communicate with external tools or data sources. This lack of standard… ▽ More The rapid development of large language models (LLMs) has led to the widespread deployment of LLM agents across diverse industries, including customer service, content generation, data analysis, and even healthcare. However, as more LLM agents are deployed, a major issue has emerged: there is no standard way for these agents to communicate with external tools or data sources. This lack of standardized protocols makes it difficult for agents to work together or scale effectively, and it limits their ability to tackle complex, real-world tasks. A unified communication protocol for LLM agents could change this. It would allow agents and tools to interact more smoothly, encourage collaboration, and triggering the formation of collective intelligence. In this paper, we provide the first comprehensive analysis of existing agent protocols, proposing a systematic two-dimensional classification that differentiates context-oriented versus inter-agent protocols and general-purpose versus domain-specific protocols. Additionally, we conduct a comparative performance analysis of these protocols across key dimensions such as security, scalability, and latency. Finally, we explore the future landscape of agent protocols by identifying critical research directions and characteristics necessary for next-generation protocols. These characteristics include adaptability, privacy preservation, and group-based interaction, as well as trends toward layered architectures and collective intelligence infrastructures. We expect this work to serve as a practical reference for both researchers and engineers seeking to design, evaluate, or integrate robust communication infrastructures for intelligent agents. △ Less Submitted 21 June, 2025; v1 submitted 23 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. arXiv:2504.16736 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Survey of AI Agent Protocols Authors: Yingxuan Yang , Huacan Chai , Yuanyi Song , Siyuan Qi , Muning Wen , Ning Li , Junwei Liao , Haoyi Hu , Jianghao Lin , Gaowei Chang , Weiwen Liu , Ying Wen , Yong Yu , Weinan Zhang Abstract : The rapid development of large language models (LLMs) has led to the widespread deployment of LLM agents across diverse industries, including customer service, content generation, data analysis, and even healthcare. However, as more LLM agents are deployed, a major issue has emerged: there is no standard way for these agents to communicate with external tools or data sources. This lack of standard… ▽ More The rapid development of large language models (LLMs) has led to the widespread deployment of LLM agents across diverse industries, including customer service, content generation, data analysis, and even healthcare. However, as more LLM agents are deployed, a major issue has emerged: there is no standard way for these agents to communicate with external tools or data sources. This lack of standardized protocols makes it difficult for agents to work together or scale effectively, and it limits their ability to tackle complex, real-world tasks. A unified communication protocol for LLM agents could change this. It would allow agents and tools to interact more smoothly, encourage collaboration, and triggering the formation of collective intelligence. In this paper, we provide the first comprehensive analysis of existing agent protocols, proposing a systematic two-dimensional classification that differentiates context-oriented versus inter-agent protocols and general-purpose versus domain-specific protocols. Additionally, we conduct a comparative performance analysis of these protocols across key dimensions such as security, scalability, and latency. Finally, we explore the future landscape of agent protocols by identifying critical research directions and characteristics necessary for next-generation protocols. These characteristics include adaptability, privacy preservation, and group-based interaction, as well as trends toward layered architectures and collective intelligence infrastructures. We expect this work to serve as a practical reference for both researchers and engineers seeking to design, evaluate, or integrate robust communication infrastructures for intelligent agents. △ Less Submitted 21 June, 2025; v1 submitted 23 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. arXiv:2504.16129 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.MA cs.AI cs.LG cs.RO MARFT: Multi-Agent Reinforcement Fine-Tuning Authors: Junwei Liao , Muning Wen , Jun Wang , Weinan Zhang Abstract : LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in addressing complex, agentic tasks, from generating high-quality presentation slides to even conducting sophisticated scientific research. Meanwhile, RL has been widely recognized for its effectiveness in enhancing agent intelligence, but limited research has investigated the fine-tuning of LaMAS using foundational RL techni… ▽ More LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in addressing complex, agentic tasks, from generating high-quality presentation slides to even conducting sophisticated scientific research. Meanwhile, RL has been widely recognized for its effectiveness in enhancing agent intelligence, but limited research has investigated the fine-tuning of LaMAS using foundational RL techniques. Moreover, the direct application of MARL methods to LaMAS introduces significant challenges, stemming from the unique characteristics and mechanisms inherent to LaMAS. To address these challenges, this article presents a comprehensive study of LLM-based MARL and proposes a novel paradigm termed Multi-Agent Reinforcement Fine-Tuning (MARFT). We introduce a brand-new MG called Flex-MG, which aligns with the LaMAS optimization in real-world applications and a universal algorithmic framework tailored specifically for LaMAS, outlining the conceptual foundations, key distinctions, and practical implementation strategies. We review the evolution from RL to RFT, setting the stage for a parallel analysis in the multi-agent domain. In the context of LaMAS, we elucidate critical differences between MARL and MARFT. These differences motivate a transition toward a LaMAS-oriented formulation of RFT. Central to this work is a robust and scalable MARFT framework. We detail the core algorithm and provide a complete, open-source implementation to facilitate adoption and further research. The latter sections of the paper explore real-world application perspectives and opening challenges in MARFT. By bridging theoretical underpinnings with practical methodologies, this work serves as a roadmap for researchers seeking to advance MARFT toward resilient and adaptive solutions in agentic systems. Our implementation of the proposed framework is publicly available at: △ Less Submitted 3 November, 2025; v1 submitted 21 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. Comments: 42 pages arXiv:2504.16129 [ pdf , ps , other ] MARFT: Multi-Agent Reinforcement Fine-Tuning Authors: Junwei Liao , Muning Wen , Jun Wang , Weinan Zhang Abstract : LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in addressing complex, agentic tasks, from generating high-quality presentation slides to even conducting sophisticated scientific research. Meanwhile, RL has been widely recognized for its effectiveness in enhancing agent intelligence, but limited research has investigated the fine-tuning of LaMAS using foundational RL techni… ▽ More LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in addressing complex, agentic tasks, from generating high-quality presentation slides to even conducting sophisticated scientific research. Meanwhile, RL has been widely recognized for its effectiveness in enhancing agent intelligence, but limited research has investigated the fine-tuning of LaMAS using foundational RL techniques. Moreover, the direct application of MARL methods to LaMAS introduces significant challenges, stemming from the unique characteristics and mechanisms inherent to LaMAS. To address these challenges, this article presents a comprehensive study of LLM-based MARL and proposes a novel paradigm termed Multi-Agent Reinforcement Fine-Tuning (MARFT). We introduce a brand-new MG called Flex-MG, which aligns with the LaMAS optimization in real-world applications and a universal algorithmic framework tailored specifically for LaMAS, outlining the conceptual foundations, key distinctions, and practical implementation strategies. We review the evolution from RL to RFT, setting the stage for a parallel analysis in the multi-agent domain. In the context of LaMAS, we elucidate critical differences between MARL and MARFT. These differences motivate a transition toward a LaMAS-oriented formulation of RFT. Central to this work is a robust and scalable MARFT framework. We detail the core algorithm and provide a complete, open-source implementation to facilitate adoption and further research. The latter sections of the paper explore real-world application perspectives and opening challenges in MARFT. By bridging theoretical underpinnings with practical methodologies, this work serves as a roadmap for researchers seeking to advance MARFT toward resilient and adaptive solutions in agentic systems. Our implementation of the proposed framework is publicly available at: △ Less Submitted 3 November, 2025; v1 submitted 21 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. Comments: 42 pages arXiv:2504.08865 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DC An Empirical Study of Production Incidents in Generative AI Cloud Services Authors: Haoran Yan , Yinfang Chen , Minghua Ma , Ming Wen , Shan Lu , Shenglin Zhang , Tianyin Xu , Rujia Wang , Chetan Bansal , Saravan Rajmohan , Qingwei Lin , Chaoyun Zhang , Dongmei Zhang Abstract : The ever-increasing demand for generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) has motivated cloud-based GenAI services such as Azure OpenAI Service and Amazon Bedrock. Like any large-scale cloud service, failures are inevitable in cloud-based GenAI services, resulting in user dissatisfaction and significant monetary losses. However, GenAI cloud services, featured by their massive parameter scales, har… ▽ More The ever-increasing demand for generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) has motivated cloud-based GenAI services such as Azure OpenAI Service and Amazon Bedrock. Like any large-scale cloud service, failures are inevitable in cloud-based GenAI services, resulting in user dissatisfaction and significant monetary losses. However, GenAI cloud services, featured by their massive parameter scales, hardware demands, and usage patterns, present unique challenges, including generated content quality issues and privacy concerns, compared to traditional cloud services. To understand the production reliability of GenAI cloud services, we analyzed production incidents from a leading GenAI cloud service provider spanning in the past four years. Our study (1) presents the general characteristics of GenAI cloud service incidents at different stages of the incident life cycle; (2) identifies the symptoms and impacts of these incidents on GenAI cloud service quality and availability; (3) uncovers why these incidents occurred and how they were resolved; (4) discusses open research challenges in terms of incident detection, triage, and mitigation, and sheds light on potential solutions. △ Less Submitted 14 August, 2025; v1 submitted 11 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. arXiv:2504.08865 [ pdf , ps , other ] An Empirical Study of Production Incidents in Generative AI Cloud Services Authors: Haoran Yan , Yinfang Chen , Minghua Ma , Ming Wen , Shan Lu , Shenglin Zhang , Tianyin Xu , Rujia Wang , Chetan Bansal , Saravan Rajmohan , Qingwei Lin , Chaoyun Zhang , Dongmei Zhang Abstract : The ever-increasing demand for generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) has motivated cloud-based GenAI services such as Azure OpenAI Service and Amazon Bedrock. Like any large-scale cloud service, failures are inevitable in cloud-based GenAI services, resulting in user dissatisfaction and significant monetary losses. However, GenAI cloud services, featured by their massive parameter scales, har… ▽ More The ever-increasing demand for generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) has motivated cloud-based GenAI services such as Azure OpenAI Service and Amazon Bedrock. Like any large-scale cloud service, failures are inevitable in cloud-based GenAI services, resulting in user dissatisfaction and significant monetary losses. However, GenAI cloud services, featured by their massive parameter scales, hardware demands, and usage patterns, present unique challenges, including generated content quality issues and privacy concerns, compared to traditional cloud services. To understand the production reliability of GenAI cloud services, we analyzed production incidents from a leading GenAI cloud service provider spanning in the past four years. Our study (1) presents the general characteristics of GenAI cloud service incidents at different stages of the incident life cycle; (2) identifies the symptoms and impacts of these incidents on GenAI cloud service quality and availability; (3) uncovers why these incidents occurred and how they were resolved; (4) discusses open research challenges in terms of incident detection, triage, and mitigation, and sheds light on potential solutions. △ Less Submitted 14 August, 2025; v1 submitted 11 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. arXiv:2503.11218 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV Towards General Multimodal Visual Tracking Authors: Andong Lu , Mai Wen , Jinhu Wang , Yuanzhi Guo , Chenglong Li , Jin Tang , Bin Luo Abstract : Existing multimodal tracking studies focus on bi-modal scenarios such as RGB-Thermal, RGB-Event, and RGB-Language. Although promising tracking performance is achieved through leveraging complementary cues from different sources, it remains challenging in complex scenes due to the limitations of bi-modal scenarios. In this work, we introduce a general multimodal visual tracking task that fully expl… ▽ More Existing multimodal tracking studies focus on bi-modal scenarios such as RGB-Thermal, RGB-Event, and RGB-Language. Although promising tracking performance is achieved through leveraging complementary cues from different sources, it remains challenging in complex scenes due to the limitations of bi-modal scenarios. In this work, we introduce a general multimodal visual tracking task that fully exploits the advantages of four modalities, including RGB, thermal infrared, event, and language, for robust tracking under challenging conditions. To provide a comprehensive evaluation platform for general multimodal visual tracking, we construct QuadTrack600, a large-scale, high-quality benchmark comprising 600 video sequences (totaling 384.7K high-resolution (640x480) frame groups). In each frame group, all four modalities are spatially aligned and meticulously annotated with bounding boxes, while 21 sequence-level challenge attributes are provided for detailed performance analysis. Despite quad-modal data provides richer information, the differences in information quantity among modalities and the computational burden from four modalities are two challenging issues in fusing four modalities. To handle these issues, we propose a novel approach called QuadFusion, which incorporates an efficient Multiscale Fusion Mamba with four different scanning scales to achieve sufficient interactions of the four modalities while overcoming the exponential computational burden, for general multimodal visual tracking. Extensive experiments on the QuadTrack600 dataset and three bi-modal tracking datasets, including LasHeR, VisEvent, and TNL2K, validate the effectiveness of our QuadFusion. △ Less Submitted 14 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. Comments: In peer review arXiv:2503.11218 [ pdf , other ] Towards General Multimodal Visual Tracking Authors: Andong Lu , Mai Wen , Jinhu Wang , Yuanzhi Guo , Chenglong Li , Jin Tang , Bin Luo Abstract : Existing multimodal tracking studies focus on bi-modal scenarios such as RGB-Thermal, RGB-Event, and RGB-Language. Although promising tracking performance is achieved through leveraging complementary cues from different sources, it remains challenging in complex scenes due to the limitations of bi-modal scenarios. In this work, we introduce a general multimodal visual tracking task that fully expl… ▽ More Existing multimodal tracking studies focus on bi-modal scenarios such as RGB-Thermal, RGB-Event, and RGB-Language. Although promising tracking performance is achieved through leveraging complementary cues from different sources, it remains challenging in complex scenes due to the limitations of bi-modal scenarios. In this work, we introduce a general multimodal visual tracking task that fully exploits the advantages of four modalities, including RGB, thermal infrared, event, and language, for robust tracking under challenging conditions. To provide a comprehensive evaluation platform for general multimodal visual tracking, we construct QuadTrack600, a large-scale, high-quality benchmark comprising 600 video sequences (totaling 384.7K high-resolution (640x480) frame groups). In each frame group, all four modalities are spatially aligned and meticulously annotated with bounding boxes, while 21 sequence-level challenge attributes are provided for detailed performance analysis. Despite quad-modal data provides richer information, the differences in information quantity among modalities and the computational burden from four modalities are two challenging issues in fusing four modalities. To handle these issues, we propose a novel approach called QuadFusion, which incorporates an efficient Multiscale Fusion Mamba with four different scanning scales to achieve sufficient interactions of the four modalities while overcoming the exponential computational burden, for general multimodal visual tracking. Extensive experiments on the QuadTrack600 dataset and three bi-modal tracking datasets, including LasHeR, VisEvent, and TNL2K, validate the effectiveness of our QuadFusion. △ Less Submitted 14 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. Comments: In peer review arXiv:2503.01932 [ pdf ] cond-mat.mtrl-sci cs.LG A General Neural Network Potential for Energetic Materials with C, H, N, and O elements Authors: Mingjie Wen , Jiahe Han , Wenjuan Li , Xiaoya Chang , Qingzhao Chu , Dongping Chen Abstract : The discovery and optimization of high-energy materials (HEMs) are constrained by the prohibitive computational expense and prolonged development cycles inherent in conventional approaches. In this work, we develop a general neural network potential (NNP) that efficiently predicts the structural, mechanical, and decomposition properties of HEMs composed of C, H, N, and O. Our framework leverages p… ▽ More The discovery and optimization of high-energy materials (HEMs) are constrained by the prohibitive computational expense and prolonged development cycles inherent in conventional approaches. In this work, we develop a general neural network potential (NNP) that efficiently predicts the structural, mechanical, and decomposition properties of HEMs composed of C, H, N, and O. Our framework leverages pre-trained NNP models, fine-tuned using transfer learning on energy and force data derived from density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This strategy enables rapid adaptation across 20 different HEM systems while maintaining DFT-level accuracy, significantly reducing computational costs. A key aspect of this work is the ability of NNP model to capture the chemical activity space of HEMs, accurately describe the key atomic interactions and reaction mechanisms during thermal decomposition. The general NNP model has been applied in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and validated with experimental data for various HEM structures. Results show that the NNP model accurately predicts the structural, mechanical, and decomposition properties of HEMs by effectively describing their chemical activity space. Compared to traditional force fields, it offers superior DFT-level accuracy and generalization across both microscopic and macroscopic properties, reducing the computational and experimental costs. This work provides an efficient strategy for the design and development of HEMs and proposes a promising framework for integrating DFT, machine learning, and experimental methods in materials research. (To facilitate further research and practical applications, we open-source our NNP model on GitHub: △ Less Submitted 2 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. Comments: 41 pages,16 figures arXiv:2503.01932 [ pdf ] A General Neural Network Potential for Energetic Materials with C, H, N, and O elements Authors: Mingjie Wen , Jiahe Han , Wenjuan Li , Xiaoya Chang , Qingzhao Chu , Dongping Chen Abstract : The discovery and optimization of high-energy materials (HEMs) are constrained by the prohibitive computational expense and prolonged development cycles inherent in conventional approaches. In this work, we develop a general neural network potential (NNP) that efficiently predicts the structural, mechanical, and decomposition properties of HEMs composed of C, H, N, and O. Our framework leverages p… ▽ More The discovery and optimization of high-energy materials (HEMs) are constrained by the prohibitive computational expense and prolonged development cycles inherent in conventional approaches. In this work, we develop a general neural network potential (NNP) that efficiently predicts the structural, mechanical, and decomposition properties of HEMs composed of C, H, N, and O. Our framework leverages pre-trained NNP models, fine-tuned using transfer learning on energy and force data derived from density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This strategy enables rapid adaptation across 20 different HEM systems while maintaining DFT-level accuracy, significantly reducing computational costs. A key aspect of this work is the ability of NNP model to capture the chemical activity space of HEMs, accurately describe the key atomic interactions and reaction mechanisms during thermal decomposition. The general NNP model has been applied in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and validated with experimental data for various HEM structures. Results show that the NNP model accurately predicts the structural, mechanical, and decomposition properties of HEMs by effectively describing their chemical activity space. Compared to traditional force fields, it offers superior DFT-level accuracy and generalization across both microscopic and macroscopic properties, reducing the computational and experimental costs. This work provides an efficient strategy for the design and development of HEMs and proposes a promising framework for integrating DFT, machine learning, and experimental methods in materials research. (To facilitate further research and practical applications, we open-source our NNP model on GitHub: △ Less Submitted 2 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. Comments: 41 pages,16 figures arXiv:2502.19652 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG cs.AI cs.RO Robust Gymnasium: A Unified Modular Benchmark for Robust Reinforcement Learning Authors: Shangding Gu , Laixi Shi , Muning Wen , Ming Jin , Eric Mazumdar , Yuejie Chi , Adam Wierman , Costas Spanos Abstract : Driven by inherent uncertainty and the sim-to-real gap, robust reinforcement learning (RL) seeks to improve resilience against the complexity and variability in agent-environment sequential interactions. Despite the existence of a large number of RL benchmarks, there is a lack of standardized benchmarks for robust RL. Current robust RL policies often focus on a specific type of uncertainty and are… ▽ More Driven by inherent uncertainty and the sim-to-real gap, robust reinforcement learning (RL) seeks to improve resilience against the complexity and variability in agent-environment sequential interactions. Despite the existence of a large number of RL benchmarks, there is a lack of standardized benchmarks for robust RL. Current robust RL policies often focus on a specific type of uncertainty and are evaluated in distinct, one-off environments. In this work, we introduce Robust-Gymnasium, a unified modular benchmark designed for robust RL that supports a wide variety of disruptions across all key RL components-agents' observed state and reward, agents' actions, and the environment. Offering over sixty diverse task environments spanning control and robotics, safe RL, and multi-agent RL, it provides an open-source and user-friendly tool for the community to assess current methods and foster the development of robust RL algorithms. In addition, we benchmark existing standard and robust RL algorithms within this framework, uncovering significant deficiencies in each and offering new insights. △ Less Submitted 26 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. arXiv:2502.19652 [ pdf , other ] Robust Gymnasium: A Unified Modular Benchmark for Robust Reinforcement Learning Authors: Shangding Gu , Laixi Shi , Muning Wen , Ming Jin , Eric Mazumdar , Yuejie Chi , Adam Wierman , Costas Spanos Abstract : Driven by inherent uncertainty and the sim-to-real gap, robust reinforcement learning (RL) seeks to improve resilience against the complexity and variability in agent-environment sequential interactions. Despite the existence of a large number of RL benchmarks, there is a lack of standardized benchmarks for robust RL. Current robust RL policies often focus on a specific type of uncertainty and are… ▽ More Driven by inherent uncertainty and the sim-to-real gap, robust reinforcement learning (RL) seeks to improve resilience against the complexity and variability in agent-environment sequential interactions. Despite the existence of a large number of RL benchmarks, there is a lack of standardized benchmarks for robust RL. Current robust RL policies often focus on a specific type of uncertainty and are evaluated in distinct, one-off environments. In this work, we introduce Robust-Gymnasium, a unified modular benchmark designed for robust RL that supports a wide variety of disruptions across all key RL components-agents' observed state and reward, agents' actions, and the environment. Offering over sixty diverse task environments spanning control and robotics, safe RL, and multi-agent RL, it provides an open-source and user-friendly tool for the community to assess current methods and foster the development of robust RL algorithms. In addition, we benchmark existing standard and robust RL algorithms within this framework, uncovering significant deficiencies in each and offering new insights. △ Less Submitted 26 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. arXiv:2502.16496 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG cs.AI cs.MA PMAT: Optimizing Action Generation Order in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Authors: Kun Hu , Muning Wen , Xihuai Wang , Shao Zhang , Yiwei Shi , Minne Li , Minglong Li , Ying Wen Abstract : Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) faces challenges in coordinating agents due to complex interdependencies within multi-agent systems. Most MARL algorithms use the simultaneous decision-making paradigm but ignore the action-level dependencies among agents, which reduces coordination efficiency. In contrast, the sequential decision-making paradigm provides finer-grained supervision for agen… ▽ More Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) faces challenges in coordinating agents due to complex interdependencies within multi-agent systems. Most MARL algorithms use the simultaneous decision-making paradigm but ignore the action-level dependencies among agents, which reduces coordination efficiency. In contrast, the sequential decision-making paradigm provides finer-grained supervision for agent decision order, presenting the potential for handling dependencies via better decision order management. However, determining the optimal decision order remains a challenge. In this paper, we introduce Action Generation with Plackett-Luce Sampling (AGPS), a novel mechanism for agent decision order optimization. We model the order determination task as a Plackett-Luce sampling process to address issues such as ranking instability and vanishing gradient during the network training process. AGPS realizes credit-based decision order determination by establishing a bridge between the significance of agents' local observations and their decision credits, thus facilitating order optimization and dependency management. Integrating AGPS with the Multi-Agent Transformer, we propose the Prioritized Multi-Agent Transformer (PMAT), a sequential decision-making MARL algorithm with decision order optimization. Experiments on benchmarks including StarCraft II Multi-Agent Challenge, Google Research Football, and Multi-Agent MuJoCo show that PMAT outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms, greatly enhancing coordination efficiency. △ Less Submitted 23 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. Comments: Accepted by AAMAS 2025 arXiv:2502.16496 [ pdf , other ] PMAT: Optimizing Action Generation Order in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Authors: Kun Hu , Muning Wen , Xihuai Wang , Shao Zhang , Yiwei Shi , Minne Li , Minglong Li , Ying Wen Abstract : Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) faces challenges in coordinating agents due to complex interdependencies within multi-agent systems. Most MARL algorithms use the simultaneous decision-making paradigm but ignore the action-level dependencies among agents, which reduces coordination efficiency. In contrast, the sequential decision-making paradigm provides finer-grained supervision for agen… ▽ More Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) faces challenges in coordinating agents due to complex interdependencies within multi-agent systems. Most MARL algorithms use the simultaneous decision-making paradigm but ignore the action-level dependencies among agents, which reduces coordination efficiency. In contrast, the sequential decision-making paradigm provides finer-grained supervision for agent decision order, presenting the potential for handling dependencies via better decision order management. However, determining the optimal decision order remains a challenge. In this paper, we introduce Action Generation with Plackett-Luce Sampling (AGPS), a novel mechanism for agent decision order optimization. We model the order determination task as a Plackett-Luce sampling process to address issues such as ranking instability and vanishing gradient during the network training process. AGPS realizes credit-based decision order determination by establishing a bridge between the significance of agents' local observations and their decision credits, thus facilitating order optimization and dependency management. Integrating AGPS with the Multi-Agent Transformer, we propose the Prioritized Multi-Agent Transformer (PMAT), a sequential decision-making MARL algorithm with decision order optimization. Experiments on benchmarks including StarCraft II Multi-Agent Challenge, Google Research Football, and Multi-Agent MuJoCo show that PMAT outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms, greatly enhancing coordination efficiency. △ Less Submitted 23 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. Comments: Accepted by AAMAS 2025 arXiv:2502.09089 [ pdf , other ] cs.IR Semantic Ads Retrieval at Walmart eCommerce with Language Models Progressively Trained on Multiple Knowledge Domains Authors: Zhaodong Wang , Weizhi Du , Md Omar Faruk Rokon , Pooshpendu Adhikary , Yanbing Xue , Jiaxuan Xu , Jianghong Zhou , Kuang-chih Lee , Musen Wen Abstract : Sponsored search in e-commerce poses several unique and complex challenges. These challenges stem from factors such as the asymmetric language structure between search queries and product names, the inherent ambiguity in user search intent, and the vast volume of sparse and imbalanced search corpus data. The role of the retrieval component within a sponsored search system is pivotal, serving as th… ▽ More Sponsored search in e-commerce poses several unique and complex challenges. These challenges stem from factors such as the asymmetric language structure between search queries and product names, the inherent ambiguity in user search intent, and the vast volume of sparse and imbalanced search corpus data. The role of the retrieval component within a sponsored search system is pivotal, serving as the initial step that directly affects the subsequent ranking and bidding systems. In this paper, we present an end-to-end solution tailored to optimize the ads retrieval system on Walmart.com. Our approach is to pretrain the BERT-like classification model with product category information, enhancing the model's understanding of Walmart product semantics. Second, we design a two-tower Siamese Network structure for embedding structures to augment training efficiency. Third, we introduce a Human-in-the-loop Progressive Fusion Training method to ensure robust model performance. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of this pipeline. It enhances the search relevance metric by up to 16% compared to a baseline DSSM-based model. Moreover, our large-scale online A/B testing demonstrates that our approach surpasses the ad revenue of the existing production model. △ Less Submitted 13 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. arXiv:2502.09089 [ pdf , other ] Semantic Ads Retrieval at Walmart eCommerce with Language Models Progressively Trained on Multiple Knowledge Domains Authors: Zhaodong Wang , Weizhi Du , Md Omar Faruk Rokon , Pooshpendu Adhikary , Yanbing Xue , Jiaxuan Xu , Jianghong Zhou , Kuang-chih Lee , Musen Wen Abstract : Sponsored search in e-commerce poses several unique and complex challenges. These challenges stem from factors such as the asymmetric language structure between search queries and product names, the inherent ambiguity in user search intent, and the vast volume of sparse and imbalanced search corpus data. The role of the retrieval component within a sponsored search system is pivotal, serving as th… ▽ More Sponsored search in e-commerce poses several unique and complex challenges. These challenges stem from factors such as the asymmetric language structure between search queries and product names, the inherent ambiguity in user search intent, and the vast volume of sparse and imbalanced search corpus data. The role of the retrieval component within a sponsored search system is pivotal, serving as the initial step that directly affects the subsequent ranking and bidding systems. In this paper, we present an end-to-end solution tailored to optimize the ads retrieval system on Walmart.com. Our approach is to pretrain the BERT-like classification model with product category information, enhancing the model's understanding of Walmart product semantics. Second, we design a two-tower Siamese Network structure for embedding structures to augment training efficiency. Third, we introduce a Human-in-the-loop Progressive Fusion Training method to ensure robust model performance. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of this pipeline. It enhances the search relevance metric by up to 16% compared to a baseline DSSM-based model. Moreover, our large-scale online A/B testing demonstrates that our approach surpasses the ad revenue of the existing production model. △ Less Submitted 13 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. arXiv:2502.08378 [ pdf , other ] cs.RO cs.AI cs.LG Learning Humanoid Standing-up Control across Diverse Postures Authors: Tao Huang , Junli Ren , Huayi Wang , Zirui Wang , Qingwei Ben , Muning Wen , Xiao Chen , Jianan Li , Jiangmiao Pang Abstract : Standing-up control is crucial for humanoid robots, with the potential for integration into current locomotion and loco-manipulation systems, such as fall recovery. Existing approaches are either limited to simulations that overlook hardware constraints or rely on predefined ground-specific motion trajectories, failing to enable standing up across postures in real-world scenes. To bridge this gap,… ▽ More Standing-up control is crucial for humanoid robots, with the potential for integration into current locomotion and loco-manipulation systems, such as fall recovery. Existing approaches are either limited to simulations that overlook hardware constraints or rely on predefined ground-specific motion trajectories, failing to enable standing up across postures in real-world scenes. To bridge this gap, we present HoST (Humanoid Standing-up Control), a reinforcement learning framework that learns standing-up control from scratch, enabling robust sim-to-real transfer across diverse postures. HoST effectively learns posture-adaptive motions by leveraging a multi-critic architecture and curriculum-based training on diverse simulated terrains. To ensure successful real-world deployment, we constrain the motion with smoothness regularization and implicit motion speed bound to alleviate oscillatory and violent motions on physical hardware, respectively. After simulation-based training, the learned control policies are directly deployed on the Unitree G1 humanoid robot. Our experimental results demonstrate that the controllers achieve smooth, stable, and robust standing-up motions across a wide range of laboratory and outdoor environments. Videos and code are available at △ Less Submitted 19 April, 2025; v1 submitted 12 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. Comments: Accepted to RSS 2025, Humanoid Standing-up Control, 12 pages arXiv:2502.08378 [ pdf , other ] Learning Humanoid Standing-up Control across Diverse Postures Authors: Tao Huang , Junli Ren , Huayi Wang , Zirui Wang , Qingwei Ben , Muning Wen , Xiao Chen , Jianan Li , Jiangmiao Pang Abstract : Standing-up control is crucial for humanoid robots, with the potential for integration into current locomotion and loco-manipulation systems, such as fall recovery. Existing approaches are either limited to simulations that overlook hardware constraints or rely on predefined ground-specific motion trajectories, failing to enable standing up across postures in real-world scenes. To bridge this gap,… ▽ More Standing-up control is crucial for humanoid robots, with the potential for integration into current locomotion and loco-manipulation systems, such as fall recovery. Existing approaches are either limited to simulations that overlook hardware constraints or rely on predefined ground-specific motion trajectories, failing to enable standing up across postures in real-world scenes. To bridge this gap, we present HoST (Humanoid Standing-up Control), a reinforcement learning framework that learns standing-up control from scratch, enabling robust sim-to-real transfer across diverse postures. HoST effectively learns posture-adaptive motions by leveraging a multi-critic architecture and curriculum-based training on diverse simulated terrains. To ensure successful real-world deployment, we constrain the motion with smoothness regularization and implicit motion speed bound to alleviate oscillatory and violent motions on physical hardware, respectively. After simulation-based training, the learned control policies are directly deployed on the Unitree G1 humanoid robot. Our experimental results demonstrate that the controllers achieve smooth, stable, and robust standing-up motions across a wide range of laboratory and outdoor environments. Videos and code are available at △ Less Submitted 19 April, 2025; v1 submitted 12 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. Comments: Accepted to RSS 2025, Humanoid Standing-up Control, 12 pages arXiv:2502.08277 [ pdf , other ] cs.IR cs.SI ChorusCVR: Chorus Supervision for Entire Space Post-Click Conversion Rate Modeling Authors: Wei Cheng , Yucheng Lu , Boyang Xia , Jiangxia Cao , Kuan Xu , Mingxing Wen , Wei Jiang , Jiaming Zhang , Zhaojie Liu , Liyin Hong , Kun Gai , Guorui Zhou Abstract : Post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation is a vital task in many recommender systems of revenue businesses, e.g., e-commerce and advertising. In a perspective of sample, a typical CVR positive sample usually goes through a funnel of exposure to click to conversion. For lack of post-event labels for un-clicked samples, CVR learning task commonly only utilizes clicked samples, rather than all exp… ▽ More Post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation is a vital task in many recommender systems of revenue businesses, e.g., e-commerce and advertising. In a perspective of sample, a typical CVR positive sample usually goes through a funnel of exposure to click to conversion. For lack of post-event labels for un-clicked samples, CVR learning task commonly only utilizes clicked samples, rather than all exposed samples as for click-through rate (CTR) learning task. However, during online inference, CVR and CTR are estimated on the same assumed exposure space, which leads to a inconsistency of sample space between training and inference, i.e., sample selection bias (SSB). To alleviate SSB, previous wisdom proposes to design novel auxiliary tasks to enable the CVR learning on un-click training samples, such as CTCVR and counterfactual CVR, etc. Although alleviating SSB to some extent, none of them pay attention to the discrimination between ambiguous negative samples (un-clicked) and factual negative samples (clicked but un-converted) during modelling, which makes CVR model lacks robustness. To full this gap, we propose a novel ChorusCVR model to realize debiased CVR learning in entire-space. △ Less Submitted 14 February, 2025; v1 submitted 12 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. Comments: Work in progress arXiv:2502.08277 [ pdf , other ] ChorusCVR: Chorus Supervision for Entire Space Post-Click Conversion Rate Modeling Authors: Wei Cheng , Yucheng Lu , Boyang Xia , Jiangxia Cao , Kuan Xu , Mingxing Wen , Wei Jiang , Jiaming Zhang , Zhaojie Liu , Liyin Hong , Kun Gai , Guorui Zhou Abstract : Post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation is a vital task in many recommender systems of revenue businesses, e.g., e-commerce and advertising. In a perspective of sample, a typical CVR positive sample usually goes through a funnel of exposure to click to conversion. For lack of post-event labels for un-clicked samples, CVR learning task commonly only utilizes clicked samples, rather than all exp… ▽ More Post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation is a vital task in many recommender systems of revenue businesses, e.g., e-commerce and advertising. In a perspective of sample, a typical CVR positive sample usually goes through a funnel of exposure to click to conversion. For lack of post-event labels for un-clicked samples, CVR learning task commonly only utilizes clicked samples, rather than all exposed samples as for click-through rate (CTR) learning task. However, during online inference, CVR and CTR are estimated on the same assumed exposure space, which leads to a inconsistency of sample space between training and inference, i.e., sample selection bias (SSB). To alleviate SSB, previous wisdom proposes to design novel auxiliary tasks to enable the CVR learning on un-click training samples, such as CTCVR and counterfactual CVR, etc. Although alleviating SSB to some extent, none of them pay attention to the discrimination between ambiguous negative samples (un-clicked) and factual negative samples (clicked but un-converted) during modelling, which makes CVR model lacks robustness. To full this gap, we propose a novel ChorusCVR model to realize debiased CVR learning in entire-space. △ Less Submitted 14 February, 2025; v1 submitted 12 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. Comments: Work in progress arXiv:2502.00510 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL Understanding and Optimizing Agentic Workflows via Shapley value Authors: Yingxuan Yang , Bo Huang , Siyuan Qi , Chao Feng , Haoyi Hu , Yuxuan Zhu , Jinbo Hu , Haoran Zhao , Ziyi He , Xiao Liu , Muning Wen , Zongyu Wang , Lin Qiu , Xuezhi Cao , Xunliang Cai , Yong Yu , Weinan Zhang Abstract : Agentic workflows have become the dominant paradigm for building complex AI systems, orchestrating specialized components, such as planning, reasoning, action execution, and reflection, to tackle sophisticated real-world tasks. However, systematically analyzing and optimizing these workflows remains challenging due to intricate component interdependencies and the lack of principled attribution met… ▽ More Agentic workflows have become the dominant paradigm for building complex AI systems, orchestrating specialized components, such as planning, reasoning, action execution, and reflection, to tackle sophisticated real-world tasks. However, systematically analyzing and optimizing these workflows remains challenging due to intricate component interdependencies and the lack of principled attribution methods. In this work, we introduce ShapleyFlow, the first framework that employs cooperative game theory to analyze and optimize agentic workflows. By applying the Shapley value to evaluate all possible component configurations, ShapleyFlow enables fine-grained attribution of each component's contribution and facilitates the identification of task-specific optimal configurations. Through a constructed dataset evaluated across 7 scenarios, such as navigation, math and OS, we demonstrate 3 key contributions: (1) Theoretical Framework: a principled game-theoretic approach for the attribution of contributions in agentic workflows. (2) Optimal Workflow Discovery: ShapleyFlow identifies task-specific component configurations that consistently outperform workflows relying on a single LLM across all tested tasks. (3) Comprehensive Analysis: we construct and analyze over 1,500 tasks, providing actionable insights and design guidelines for optimizing workflows across multiple domains. △ Less Submitted 4 November, 2025; v1 submitted 1 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. arXiv:2502.00510 [ pdf , ps , other ] Understanding and Optimizing Agentic Workflows via Shapley value Authors: Yingxuan Yang , Bo Huang , Siyuan Qi , Chao Feng , Haoyi Hu , Yuxuan Zhu , Jinbo Hu , Haoran Zhao , Ziyi He , Xiao Liu , Muning Wen , Zongyu Wang , Lin Qiu , Xuezhi Cao , Xunliang Cai , Yong Yu , Weinan Zhang Abstract : Agentic workflows have become the dominant paradigm for building complex AI systems, orchestrating specialized components, such as planning, reasoning, action execution, and reflection, to tackle sophisticated real-world tasks. However, systematically analyzing and optimizing these workflows remains challenging due to intricate component interdependencies and the lack of principled attribution met… ▽ More Agentic workflows have become the dominant paradigm for building complex AI systems, orchestrating specialized components, such as planning, reasoning, action execution, and reflection, to tackle sophisticated real-world tasks. However, systematically analyzing and optimizing these workflows remains challenging due to intricate component interdependencies and the lack of principled attribution methods. In this work, we introduce ShapleyFlow, the first framework that employs cooperative game theory to analyze and optimize agentic workflows. By applying the Shapley value to evaluate all possible component configurations, ShapleyFlow enables fine-grained attribution of each component's contribution and facilitates the identification of task-specific optimal configurations. Through a constructed dataset evaluated across 7 scenarios, such as navigation, math and OS, we demonstrate 3 key contributions: (1) Theoretical Framework: a principled game-theoretic approach for the attribution of contributions in agentic workflows. (2) Optimal Workflow Discovery: ShapleyFlow identifies task-specific component configurations that consistently outperform workflows relying on a single LLM across all tested tasks. (3) Comprehensive Analysis: we construct and analyze over 1,500 tasks, providing actionable insights and design guidelines for optimizing workflows across multiple domains. △ Less Submitted 4 November, 2025; v1 submitted 1 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. arXiv:2412.16516 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL cs.HC HammerBench: Fine-Grained Function-Calling Evaluation in Real Mobile Device Scenarios Authors: Jun Wang , Jiamu Zhou , Muning Wen , Xiaoyun Mo , Haoyu Zhang , Qiqiang Lin , Cheng Jin , Xihuai Wang , Weinan Zhang , Qiuying Peng , Jun Wang Abstract : Evaluating the performance of LLMs in multi-turn human-agent interactions presents significant challenges, particularly due to the complexity and variability of user behavior. In this paper, we introduce HammerBench, a novel benchmark framework for assessing LLMs' function-calling capabilities in real-world, multi-turn dialogues. HammerBench simulates diverse mobile assistant use cases, incorporat… ▽ More Evaluating the performance of LLMs in multi-turn human-agent interactions presents significant challenges, particularly due to the complexity and variability of user behavior. In this paper, we introduce HammerBench, a novel benchmark framework for assessing LLMs' function-calling capabilities in real-world, multi-turn dialogues. HammerBench simulates diverse mobile assistant use cases, incorporating imperfect instructions, dynamic question-answer trajectories, intent and argument shifts, and the indirect use of external information through pronouns. To construct this benchmark, we curate a comprehensive dataset derived from popular mobile app functionalities and anonymized user logs, complemented by a cost-effective data generation pipeline leveraging open-source models. HammerBench is further augmented with fine-grained interaction snapshots and metrics, enabling detailed evaluation of function-calling performance across individual conversational turns. We demonstrate the effectiveness of HammerBench by evaluating several leading LLMs and uncovering key performance trends. Our experiments reveal that different types of parameter name errors are a significant source of failure across different interaction scenarios, highlighting critical areas for further improvement in LLM robustness for mobile assistant applications. △ Less Submitted 17 February, 2025; v1 submitted 21 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024. arXiv:2412.16516 [ pdf , other ] HammerBench: Fine-Grained Function-Calling Evaluation in Real Mobile Device Scenarios Authors: Jun Wang , Jiamu Zhou , Muning Wen , Xiaoyun Mo , Haoyu Zhang , Qiqiang Lin , Cheng Jin , Xihuai Wang , Weinan Zhang , Qiuying Peng , Jun Wang Abstract : Evaluating the performance of LLMs in multi-turn human-agent interactions presents significant challenges, particularly due to the complexity and variability of user behavior. In this paper, we introduce HammerBench, a novel benchmark framework for assessing LLMs' function-calling capabilities in real-world, multi-turn dialogues. HammerBench simulates diverse mobile assistant use cases, incorporat… ▽ More Evaluating the performance of LLMs in multi-turn human-agent interactions presents significant challenges, particularly due to the complexity and variability of user behavior. In this paper, we introduce HammerBench, a novel benchmark framework for assessing LLMs' function-calling capabilities in real-world, multi-turn dialogues. HammerBench simulates diverse mobile assistant use cases, incorporating imperfect instructions, dynamic question-answer trajectories, intent and argument shifts, and the indirect use of external information through pronouns. To construct this benchmark, we curate a comprehensive dataset derived from popular mobile app functionalities and anonymized user logs, complemented by a cost-effective data generation pipeline leveraging open-source models. HammerBench is further augmented with fine-grained interaction snapshots and metrics, enabling detailed evaluation of function-calling performance across individual conversational turns. We demonstrate the effectiveness of HammerBench by evaluating several leading LLMs and uncovering key performance trends. Our experiments reveal that different types of parameter name errors are a significant source of failure across different interaction scenarios, highlighting critical areas for further improvement in LLM robustness for mobile assistant applications. △ Less Submitted 17 February, 2025; v1 submitted 21 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024. arXiv:2411.11739 [ pdf , other ] cs.IR cs.AI QARM: Quantitative Alignment Multi-Modal Recommendation at Kuaishou Authors: Xinchen Luo , Jiangxia Cao , Tianyu Sun , Jinkai Yu , Rui Huang , Wei Yuan , Hezheng Lin , Yichen Zheng , Shiyao Wang , Qigen Hu , Changqing Qiu , Jiaqi Zhang , Xu Zhang , Zhiheng Yan , Jingming Zhang , Simin Zhang , Mingxing Wen , Zhaojie Liu , Kun Gai , Guorui Zhou Abstract : In recent years, with the significant evolution of multi-modal large models, many recommender researchers realized the potential of multi-modal information for user interest modeling. In industry, a wide-used modeling architecture is a cascading paradigm: (1) first pre-training a multi-modal model to provide omnipotent representations for downstream services; (2) The downstream recommendation mode… ▽ More In recent years, with the significant evolution of multi-modal large models, many recommender researchers realized the potential of multi-modal information for user interest modeling. In industry, a wide-used modeling architecture is a cascading paradigm: (1) first pre-training a multi-modal model to provide omnipotent representations for downstream services; (2) The downstream recommendation model takes the multi-modal representation as additional input to fit real user-item behaviours. Although such paradigm achieves remarkable improvements, however, there still exist two problems that limit model performance: (1) Representation Unmatching: The pre-trained multi-modal model is always supervised by the classic NLP/CV tasks, while the recommendation models are supervised by real user-item interaction. As a result, the two fundamentally different tasks' goals were relatively separate, and there was a lack of consistent objective on their representations; (2) Representation Unlearning: The generated multi-modal representations are always stored in cache store and serve as extra fixed input of recommendation model, thus could not be updated by recommendation model gradient, further unfriendly for downstream training. Inspired by the two difficulties challenges in downstream tasks usage, we introduce a quantitative multi-modal framework to customize the specialized and trainable multi-modal information for different downstream models. △ Less Submitted 18 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024. Comments: Work in progress MSC Class: N/A arXiv:2411.11739 [ pdf , other ] QARM: Quantitative Alignment Multi-Modal Recommendation at Kuaishou Authors: Xinchen Luo , Jiangxia Cao , Tianyu Sun , Jinkai Yu , Rui Huang , Wei Yuan , Hezheng Lin , Yichen Zheng , Shiyao Wang , Qigen Hu , Changqing Qiu , Jiaqi Zhang , Xu Zhang , Zhiheng Yan , Jingming Zhang , Simin Zhang , Mingxing Wen , Zhaojie Liu , Kun Gai , Guorui Zhou Abstract : In recent years, with the significant evolution of multi-modal large models, many recommender researchers realized the potential of multi-modal information for user interest modeling. In industry, a wide-used modeling architecture is a cascading paradigm: (1) first pre-training a multi-modal model to provide omnipotent representations for downstream services; (2) The downstream recommendation mode… ▽ More In recent years, with the significant evolution of multi-modal large models, many recommender researchers realized the potential of multi-modal information for user interest modeling. In industry, a wide-used modeling architecture is a cascading paradigm: (1) first pre-training a multi-modal model to provide omnipotent representations for downstream services; (2) The downstream recommendation model takes the multi-modal representation as additional input to fit real user-item behaviours. Although such paradigm achieves remarkable improvements, however, there still exist two problems that limit model performance: (1) Representation Unmatching: The pre-trained multi-modal model is always supervised by the classic NLP/CV tasks, while the recommendation models are supervised by real user-item interaction. As a result, the two fundamentally different tasks' goals were relatively separate, and there was a lack of consistent objective on their representations; (2) Representation Unlearning: The generated multi-modal representations are always stored in cache store and serve as extra fixed input of recommendation model, thus could not be updated by recommendation model gradient, further unfriendly for downstream training. Inspired by the two difficulties challenges in downstream tasks usage, we introduce a quantitative multi-modal framework to customize the specialized and trainable multi-modal information for different downstream models. △ Less Submitted 18 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024. Comments: Work in progress MSC Class: N/A arXiv:2411.02740 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cond-mat.mtrl-sci physics.app-ph physics.comp-ph physics.data-an An information-matching approach to optimal experimental design and active learning Authors: Yonatan Kurniawan , Tracianne B. Neilsen , Benjamin L. Francis , Alex M. Stankovic , Mingjian Wen , Ilia Nikiforov , Ellad B. Tadmor , Vasily V. Bulatov , Vincenzo Lordi , Mark K. Transtrum Abstract : The efficacy of mathematical models heavily depends on the quality of the training data, yet collecting sufficient data is often expensive and challenging. Many modeling applications require inferring parameters only as a means to predict other quantities of interest (QoI). Because models often contain many unidentifiable (sloppy) parameters, QoIs often depend on a relatively small number of param… ▽ More The efficacy of mathematical models heavily depends on the quality of the training data, yet collecting sufficient data is often expensive and challenging. Many modeling applications require inferring parameters only as a means to predict other quantities of interest (QoI). Because models often contain many unidentifiable (sloppy) parameters, QoIs often depend on a relatively small number of parameter combinations. Therefore, we introduce an information-matching criterion based on the Fisher Information Matrix to select the most informative training data from a candidate pool. This method ensures that the selected data contain sufficient information to learn only those parameters that are needed to constrain downstream QoIs. It is formulated as a convex optimization problem, making it scalable to large models and datasets. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach across various modeling problems in diverse scientific fields, including power systems and underwater acoustics. Finally, we use information-matching as a query function within an Active Learning loop for material science applications. In all these applications, we find that a relatively small set of optimal training data can provide the necessary information for achieving precise predictions. These results are encouraging for diverse future applications, particularly active learning in large machine learning models. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 4 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024. arXiv:2411.02740 [ pdf , ps , other ] An information-matching approach to optimal experimental design and active learning Authors: Yonatan Kurniawan , Tracianne B. Neilsen , Benjamin L. Francis , Alex M. Stankovic , Mingjian Wen , Ilia Nikiforov , Ellad B. Tadmor , Vasily V. Bulatov , Vincenzo Lordi , Mark K. Transtrum Abstract : The efficacy of mathematical models heavily depends on the quality of the training data, yet collecting sufficient data is often expensive and challenging. Many modeling applications require inferring parameters only as a means to predict other quantities of interest (QoI). Because models often contain many unidentifiable (sloppy) parameters, QoIs often depend on a relatively small number of param… ▽ More The efficacy of mathematical models heavily depends on the quality of the training data, yet collecting sufficient data is often expensive and challenging. Many modeling applications require inferring parameters only as a means to predict other quantities of interest (QoI). Because models often contain many unidentifiable (sloppy) parameters, QoIs often depend on a relatively small number of parameter combinations. Therefore, we introduce an information-matching criterion based on the Fisher Information Matrix to select the most informative training data from a candidate pool. This method ensures that the selected data contain sufficient information to learn only those parameters that are needed to constrain downstream QoIs. It is formulated as a convex optimization problem, making it scalable to large models and datasets. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach across various modeling problems in diverse scientific fields, including power systems and underwater acoustics. Finally, we use information-matching as a query function within an Active Learning loop for material science applications. In all these applications, we find that a relatively small set of optimal training data can provide the necessary information for achieving precise predictions. These results are encouraging for diverse future applications, particularly active learning in large machine learning models. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 4 November, 2024; originally announced November 2024. arXiv:2410.23074 [ pdf , other ] cs.SE cs.CL Multi-Programming Language Sandbox for LLMs Authors: Shihan Dou , Jiazheng Zhang , Jianxiang Zang , Yunbo Tao , Weikang Zhou , Haoxiang Jia , Shichun Liu , Yuming Yang , Zhiheng Xi , Shenxi Wu , Shaoqing Zhang , Muling Wu , Changze Lv , Limao Xiong , Wenyu Zhan , Lin Zhang , Rongxiang Weng , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Yueming Wu , Ming Wen , Rui Zheng , Tao Ji , Yixin Cao , Tao Gui , et al. (3 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We introduce MPLSandbox, an out-of-the-box multi-programming language sandbox designed to provide unified and comprehensive feedback from compiler and analysis tools for Large Language Models (LLMs). It can automatically identify the programming language of the code, compiling and executing it within an isolated sub-sandbox to ensure safety and stability. In addition, MPLSandbox also integrates bo… ▽ More We introduce MPLSandbox, an out-of-the-box multi-programming language sandbox designed to provide unified and comprehensive feedback from compiler and analysis tools for Large Language Models (LLMs). It can automatically identify the programming language of the code, compiling and executing it within an isolated sub-sandbox to ensure safety and stability. In addition, MPLSandbox also integrates both traditional and LLM-based code analysis tools, providing a comprehensive analysis of generated code. MPLSandbox can be effortlessly integrated into the training and deployment of LLMs to improve the quality and correctness of their generated code. It also helps researchers streamline their workflows for various LLM-based code-related tasks, reducing the development cost. To validate the effectiveness of MPLSandbox, we integrate it into training and deployment approaches, and also employ it to optimize workflows for a wide range of real-world code-related tasks. Our goal is to enhance researcher productivity on LLM-based code-related tasks by simplifying and automating workflows through delegation to MPLSandbox. △ Less Submitted 5 November, 2024; v1 submitted 30 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. Comments: 25 pages, 14 figures arXiv:2410.23074 [ pdf , other ] Multi-Programming Language Sandbox for LLMs Authors: Shihan Dou , Jiazheng Zhang , Jianxiang Zang , Yunbo Tao , Weikang Zhou , Haoxiang Jia , Shichun Liu , Yuming Yang , Zhiheng Xi , Shenxi Wu , Shaoqing Zhang , Muling Wu , Changze Lv , Limao Xiong , Wenyu Zhan , Lin Zhang , Rongxiang Weng , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Yueming Wu , Ming Wen , Rui Zheng , Tao Ji , Yixin Cao , Tao Gui , et al. (3 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We introduce MPLSandbox, an out-of-the-box multi-programming language sandbox designed to provide unified and comprehensive feedback from compiler and analysis tools for Large Language Models (LLMs). It can automatically identify the programming language of the code, compiling and executing it within an isolated sub-sandbox to ensure safety and stability. In addition, MPLSandbox also integrates bo… ▽ More We introduce MPLSandbox, an out-of-the-box multi-programming language sandbox designed to provide unified and comprehensive feedback from compiler and analysis tools for Large Language Models (LLMs). It can automatically identify the programming language of the code, compiling and executing it within an isolated sub-sandbox to ensure safety and stability. In addition, MPLSandbox also integrates both traditional and LLM-based code analysis tools, providing a comprehensive analysis of generated code. MPLSandbox can be effortlessly integrated into the training and deployment of LLMs to improve the quality and correctness of their generated code. It also helps researchers streamline their workflows for various LLM-based code-related tasks, reducing the development cost. To validate the effectiveness of MPLSandbox, we integrate it into training and deployment approaches, and also employ it to optimize workflows for a wide range of real-world code-related tasks. Our goal is to enhance researcher productivity on LLM-based code-related tasks by simplifying and automating workflows through delegation to MPLSandbox. △ Less Submitted 5 November, 2024; v1 submitted 30 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. Comments: 25 pages, 14 figures arXiv:2410.14115 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG cs.AI cs.DC math.OC A Communication and Computation Efficient Fully First-order Method for Decentralized Bilevel Optimization Authors: Min Wen , Chengchang Liu , Ahmed Abdelmoniem , Yipeng Zhou , Yuedong Xu Abstract : Bilevel optimization, crucial for hyperparameter tuning, meta-learning and reinforcement learning, remains less explored in the decentralized learning paradigm, such as decentralized federated learning (DFL). Typically, decentralized bilevel methods rely on both gradients and Hessian matrices to approximate hypergradients of upper-level models. However, acquiring and sharing the second-order oracl… ▽ More Bilevel optimization, crucial for hyperparameter tuning, meta-learning and reinforcement learning, remains less explored in the decentralized learning paradigm, such as decentralized federated learning (DFL). Typically, decentralized bilevel methods rely on both gradients and Hessian matrices to approximate hypergradients of upper-level models. However, acquiring and sharing the second-order oracle is compute and communication intensive. % and sharing this information incurs heavy communication overhead. To overcome these challenges, this paper introduces a fully first-order decentralized method for decentralized Bilevel optimization, $\text{C}^2$DFB which is both compute- and communicate-efficient. In $\text{C}^2$DFB, each learning node optimizes a min-min-max problem to approximate hypergradient by exclusively using gradients information. To reduce the traffic load at the inner-loop of solving the lower-level problem, $\text{C}^2$DFB incorporates a lightweight communication protocol for efficiently transmitting compressed residuals of local parameters. % during the inner loops. Rigorous theoretical analysis ensures its convergence % of the algorithm, indicating a first-order oracle calls of $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(ε^{-4})$. Experiments on hyperparameter tuning and hyper-representation tasks validate the superiority of $\text{C}^2$DFB across various typologies and heterogeneous data distributions. △ Less Submitted 17 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. Comments: 19 Pages arXiv:2410.14115 [ pdf , other ] A Communication and Computation Efficient Fully First-order Method for Decentralized Bilevel Optimization Authors: Min Wen , Chengchang Liu , Ahmed Abdelmoniem , Yipeng Zhou , Yuedong Xu Abstract : Bilevel optimization, crucial for hyperparameter tuning, meta-learning and reinforcement learning, remains less explored in the decentralized learning paradigm, such as decentralized federated learning (DFL). Typically, decentralized bilevel methods rely on both gradients and Hessian matrices to approximate hypergradients of upper-level models. However, acquiring and sharing the second-order oracl… ▽ More Bilevel optimization, crucial for hyperparameter tuning, meta-learning and reinforcement learning, remains less explored in the decentralized learning paradigm, such as decentralized federated learning (DFL). Typically, decentralized bilevel methods rely on both gradients and Hessian matrices to approximate hypergradients of upper-level models. However, acquiring and sharing the second-order oracle is compute and communication intensive. % and sharing this information incurs heavy communication overhead. To overcome these challenges, this paper introduces a fully first-order decentralized method for decentralized Bilevel optimization, $\text{C}^2$DFB which is both compute- and communicate-efficient. In $\text{C}^2$DFB, each learning node optimizes a min-min-max problem to approximate hypergradient by exclusively using gradients information. To reduce the traffic load at the inner-loop of solving the lower-level problem, $\text{C}^2$DFB incorporates a lightweight communication protocol for efficiently transmitting compressed residuals of local parameters. % during the inner loops. Rigorous theoretical analysis ensures its convergence % of the algorithm, indicating a first-order oracle calls of $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(ε^{-4})$. Experiments on hyperparameter tuning and hyper-representation tasks validate the superiority of $\text{C}^2$DFB across various typologies and heterogeneous data distributions. △ Less Submitted 17 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. Comments: 19 Pages arXiv:2410.13332 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL Fine-Tuning Language Models on Multiple Datasets for Citation Intention Classification Authors: Zeren Shui , Petros Karypis , Daniel S. Karls , Mingjian Wen , Saurav Manchanda , Ellad B. Tadmor , George Karypis Abstract : Citation intention Classification (CIC) tools classify citations by their intention (e.g., background, motivation) and assist readers in evaluating the contribution of scientific literature. Prior research has shown that pretrained language models (PLMs) such as SciBERT can achieve state-of-the-art performance on CIC benchmarks. PLMs are trained via self-supervision tasks on a large corpus of gene… ▽ More Citation intention Classification (CIC) tools classify citations by their intention (e.g., background, motivation) and assist readers in evaluating the contribution of scientific literature. Prior research has shown that pretrained language models (PLMs) such as SciBERT can achieve state-of-the-art performance on CIC benchmarks. PLMs are trained via self-supervision tasks on a large corpus of general text and can quickly adapt to CIC tasks via moderate fine-tuning on the corresponding dataset. Despite their advantages, PLMs can easily overfit small datasets during fine-tuning. In this paper, we propose a multi-task learning (MTL) framework that jointly fine-tunes PLMs on a dataset of primary interest together with multiple auxiliary CIC datasets to take advantage of additional supervision signals. We develop a data-driven task relation learning (TRL) method that controls the contribution of auxiliary datasets to avoid negative transfer and expensive hyper-parameter tuning. We conduct experiments on three CIC datasets and show that fine-tuning with additional datasets can improve the PLMs' generalization performance on the primary dataset. PLMs fine-tuned with our proposed framework outperform the current state-of-the-art models by 7% to 11% on small datasets while aligning with the best-performing model on a large dataset. △ Less Submitted 17 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. Comments: To be appear as a Findings paper at EMNLP 2024 arXiv:2410.13332 [ pdf , other ] Fine-Tuning Language Models on Multiple Datasets for Citation Intention Classification Authors: Zeren Shui , Petros Karypis , Daniel S. Karls , Mingjian Wen , Saurav Manchanda , Ellad B. Tadmor , George Karypis Abstract : Citation intention Classification (CIC) tools classify citations by their intention (e.g., background, motivation) and assist readers in evaluating the contribution of scientific literature. Prior research has shown that pretrained language models (PLMs) such as SciBERT can achieve state-of-the-art performance on CIC benchmarks. PLMs are trained via self-supervision tasks on a large corpus of gene… ▽ More Citation intention Classification (CIC) tools classify citations by their intention (e.g., background, motivation) and assist readers in evaluating the contribution of scientific literature. Prior research has shown that pretrained language models (PLMs) such as SciBERT can achieve state-of-the-art performance on CIC benchmarks. PLMs are trained via self-supervision tasks on a large corpus of general text and can quickly adapt to CIC tasks via moderate fine-tuning on the corresponding dataset. Despite their advantages, PLMs can easily overfit small datasets during fine-tuning. In this paper, we propose a multi-task learning (MTL) framework that jointly fine-tunes PLMs on a dataset of primary interest together with multiple auxiliary CIC datasets to take advantage of additional supervision signals. We develop a data-driven task relation learning (TRL) method that controls the contribution of auxiliary datasets to avoid negative transfer and expensive hyper-parameter tuning. We conduct experiments on three CIC datasets and show that fine-tuning with additional datasets can improve the PLMs' generalization performance on the primary dataset. PLMs fine-tuned with our proposed framework outperform the current state-of-the-art models by 7% to 11% on small datasets while aligning with the best-performing model on a large dataset. △ Less Submitted 17 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. Comments: To be appear as a Findings paper at EMNLP 2024 arXiv:2410.09671 [ pdf , other ] cs.AI cs.CL OpenR: An Open Source Framework for Advanced Reasoning with Large Language Models Authors: Jun Wang , Meng Fang , Ziyu Wan , Muning Wen , Jiachen Zhu , Anjie Liu , Ziqin Gong , Yan Song , Lei Chen , Lionel M. Ni , Linyi Yang , Ying Wen , Weinan Zhang Abstract : In this technical report, we introduce OpenR, an open-source framework designed to integrate key components for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). OpenR unifies data acquisition, reinforcement learning training (both online and offline), and non-autoregressive decoding into a cohesive software platform. Our goal is to establish an open-source platform and communi… ▽ More In this technical report, we introduce OpenR, an open-source framework designed to integrate key components for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). OpenR unifies data acquisition, reinforcement learning training (both online and offline), and non-autoregressive decoding into a cohesive software platform. Our goal is to establish an open-source platform and community to accelerate the development of LLM reasoning. Inspired by the success of OpenAI's o1 model, which demonstrated improved reasoning abilities through step-by-step reasoning and reinforcement learning, OpenR integrates test-time compute, reinforcement learning, and process supervision to improve reasoning in LLMs. Our work is the first to provide an open-source framework that explores the core techniques of OpenAI's o1 model with reinforcement learning, achieving advanced reasoning capabilities beyond traditional autoregressive methods. We demonstrate the efficacy of OpenR by evaluating it on the MATH dataset, utilising publicly available data and search methods. Our initial experiments confirm substantial gains, with relative improvements in reasoning and performance driven by test-time computation and reinforcement learning through process reward models. The OpenR framework, including code, models, and datasets, is accessible at △ Less Submitted 12 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. arXiv:2410.09671 [ pdf , other ] OpenR: An Open Source Framework for Advanced Reasoning with Large Language Models Authors: Jun Wang , Meng Fang , Ziyu Wan , Muning Wen , Jiachen Zhu , Anjie Liu , Ziqin Gong , Yan Song , Lei Chen , Lionel M. Ni , Linyi Yang , Ying Wen , Weinan Zhang Abstract : In this technical report, we introduce OpenR, an open-source framework designed to integrate key components for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). OpenR unifies data acquisition, reinforcement learning training (both online and offline), and non-autoregressive decoding into a cohesive software platform. Our goal is to establish an open-source platform and communi… ▽ More In this technical report, we introduce OpenR, an open-source framework designed to integrate key components for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). OpenR unifies data acquisition, reinforcement learning training (both online and offline), and non-autoregressive decoding into a cohesive software platform. Our goal is to establish an open-source platform and community to accelerate the development of LLM reasoning. Inspired by the success of OpenAI's o1 model, which demonstrated improved reasoning abilities through step-by-step reasoning and reinforcement learning, OpenR integrates test-time compute, reinforcement learning, and process supervision to improve reasoning in LLMs. Our work is the first to provide an open-source framework that explores the core techniques of OpenAI's o1 model with reinforcement learning, achieving advanced reasoning capabilities beyond traditional autoregressive methods. We demonstrate the efficacy of OpenR by evaluating it on the MATH dataset, utilising publicly available data and search methods. Our initial experiments confirm substantial gains, with relative improvements in reasoning and performance driven by test-time computation and reinforcement learning through process reward models. The OpenR framework, including code, models, and datasets, is accessible at △ Less Submitted 12 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. arXiv:2410.04587 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG cs.AI cs.SE Hammer: Robust Function-Calling for On-Device Language Models via Function Masking Authors: Qiqiang Lin , Muning Wen , Qiuying Peng , Guanyu Nie , Junwei Liao , Jun Wang , Xiaoyun Mo , Jiamu Zhou , Cheng Cheng , Yin Zhao , Jun Wang , Weinan Zhang Abstract : Large language models have demonstrated impressive value in performing as autonomous agents when equipped with external tools and API calls. Nonetheless, effectively harnessing their potential for executing complex tasks crucially relies on enhancements in their function calling capabilities. This paper identifies a critical gap in existing function calling models, where performance varies signifi… ▽ More Large language models have demonstrated impressive value in performing as autonomous agents when equipped with external tools and API calls. Nonetheless, effectively harnessing their potential for executing complex tasks crucially relies on enhancements in their function calling capabilities. This paper identifies a critical gap in existing function calling models, where performance varies significantly across benchmarks, often due to being misled by specific naming conventions. To address such an issue, we introduce Hammer, a novel family of foundation models specifically engineered for on-device function calling. Hammer employs an augmented dataset that enhances models' sensitivity to irrelevant functions and incorporates function masking techniques to minimize misleading. Our empirical evaluations reveal that Hammer not only outperforms larger models but also demonstrates robust generalization across diverse benchmarks, achieving sota results. Our open source contributions include a specialized dataset for irrelevance detection, a tuning framework for enhanced generalization, and the Hammer models, establishing a new standard for function calling performance. △ Less Submitted 10 October, 2024; v1 submitted 6 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. arXiv:2410.04587 [ pdf , other ] Hammer: Robust Function-Calling for On-Device Language Models via Function Masking Authors: Qiqiang Lin , Muning Wen , Qiuying Peng , Guanyu Nie , Junwei Liao , Jun Wang , Xiaoyun Mo , Jiamu Zhou , Cheng Cheng , Yin Zhao , Jun Wang , Weinan Zhang Abstract : Large language models have demonstrated impressive value in performing as autonomous agents when equipped with external tools and API calls. Nonetheless, effectively harnessing their potential for executing complex tasks crucially relies on enhancements in their function calling capabilities. This paper identifies a critical gap in existing function calling models, where performance varies signifi… ▽ More Large language models have demonstrated impressive value in performing as autonomous agents when equipped with external tools and API calls. Nonetheless, effectively harnessing their potential for executing complex tasks crucially relies on enhancements in their function calling capabilities. This paper identifies a critical gap in existing function calling models, where performance varies significantly across benchmarks, often due to being misled by specific naming conventions. To address such an issue, we introduce Hammer, a novel family of foundation models specifically engineered for on-device function calling. Hammer employs an augmented dataset that enhances models' sensitivity to irrelevant functions and incorporates function masking techniques to minimize misleading. Our empirical evaluations reveal that Hammer not only outperforms larger models but also demonstrates robust generalization across diverse benchmarks, achieving sota results. Our open source contributions include a specialized dataset for irrelevance detection, a tuning framework for enhanced generalization, and the Hammer models, establishing a new standard for function calling performance. △ Less Submitted 10 October, 2024; v1 submitted 6 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. arXiv:2410.00313 [ pdf , other ] cs.IT eess.SP Pre-Chirp-Domain Index Modulation for Full-Diversity Affine Frequency Division Multiplexing towards 6G Authors: Guangyao Liu , Tianqi Mao , Zhenyu Xiao , Miaowen Wen , Ruiqi Liu , Jingjing Zhao , Ertugrul Basar , Zhaocheng Wang , Sheng Chen Abstract : Affine frequency division multiplexing (AFDM), tailored as a superior multicarrier technique utilizing chirp signals for high-mobility communications, is envisioned as a promising candidate for the sixth-generation (6G) wireless network. AFDM is based on the discrete affine Fourier transform (DAFT) with two adjustable parameters of the chirp signals, termed as the pre-chirp and post-chirp paramete… ▽ More Affine frequency division multiplexing (AFDM), tailored as a superior multicarrier technique utilizing chirp signals for high-mobility communications, is envisioned as a promising candidate for the sixth-generation (6G) wireless network. AFDM is based on the discrete affine Fourier transform (DAFT) with two adjustable parameters of the chirp signals, termed as the pre-chirp and post-chirp parameters, respectively. We show that the pre-chirp counterpart can be flexibly manipulated for additional degree-of-freedom (DoF). Therefore, this paper proposes a novel AFDM scheme with the pre-chirp index modulation (PIM) philosophy (AFDM-PIM), which can implicitly convey extra information bits through dynamic pre-chirp parameter assignment, thus enhancing both spectral and energy efficiency. Specifically, we first demonstrate that the subcarrier orthogonality is still maintained by applying distinct pre-chirp parameters to various subcarriers in the AFDM modulation process. Inspired by this property, each AFDM subcarrier is constituted with a unique pre-chirp signal according to the incoming bits. By such arrangement, extra binary bits can be embedded into the index patterns of pre-chirp parameter assignment without additional energy consumption. For performance analysis, we derive the asymptotically tight upper bounds on the average bit error rates (BERs) of the proposed schemes with maximum-likelihood (ML) detection, and validate that the proposed AFDM-PIM can achieve the optimal diversity order under doubly dispersive channels. Based on the derivations, we further propose an optimal pre-chirp alphabet design to enhance the BER performance via intelligent optimization algorithms. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed AFDM-PIM outperforms the classical benchmarks under doubly dispersive channel. △ Less Submitted 23 April, 2025; v1 submitted 30 September, 2024; originally announced October 2024. arXiv:2410.00313 [ pdf , other ] Pre-Chirp-Domain Index Modulation for Full-Diversity Affine Frequency Division Multiplexing towards 6G Authors: Guangyao Liu , Tianqi Mao , Zhenyu Xiao , Miaowen Wen , Ruiqi Liu , Jingjing Zhao , Ertugrul Basar , Zhaocheng Wang , Sheng Chen Abstract : Affine frequency division multiplexing (AFDM), tailored as a superior multicarrier technique utilizing chirp signals for high-mobility communications, is envisioned as a promising candidate for the sixth-generation (6G) wireless network. AFDM is based on the discrete affine Fourier transform (DAFT) with two adjustable parameters of the chirp signals, termed as the pre-chirp and post-chirp paramete… ▽ More Affine frequency division multiplexing (AFDM), tailored as a superior multicarrier technique utilizing chirp signals for high-mobility communications, is envisioned as a promising candidate for the sixth-generation (6G) wireless network. AFDM is based on the discrete affine Fourier transform (DAFT) with two adjustable parameters of the chirp signals, termed as the pre-chirp and post-chirp parameters, respectively. We show that the pre-chirp counterpart can be flexibly manipulated for additional degree-of-freedom (DoF). Therefore, this paper proposes a novel AFDM scheme with the pre-chirp index modulation (PIM) philosophy (AFDM-PIM), which can implicitly convey extra information bits through dynamic pre-chirp parameter assignment, thus enhancing both spectral and energy efficiency. Specifically, we first demonstrate that the subcarrier orthogonality is still maintained by applying distinct pre-chirp parameters to various subcarriers in the AFDM modulation process. Inspired by this property, each AFDM subcarrier is constituted with a unique pre-chirp signal according to the incoming bits. By such arrangement, extra binary bits can be embedded into the index patterns of pre-chirp parameter assignment without additional energy consumption. For performance analysis, we derive the asymptotically tight upper bounds on the average bit error rates (BERs) of the proposed schemes with maximum-likelihood (ML) detection, and validate that the proposed AFDM-PIM can achieve the optimal diversity order under doubly dispersive channels. Based on the derivations, we further propose an optimal pre-chirp alphabet design to enhance the BER performance via intelligent optimization algorithms. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed AFDM-PIM outperforms the classical benchmarks under doubly dispersive channel. △ Less Submitted 23 April, 2025; v1 submitted 30 September, 2024; originally announced October 2024. arXiv:2409.09541 [ pdf , other ] cs.AI cs.LG Autonomous Goal Detection and Cessation in Reinforcement Learning: A Case Study on Source Term Estimation Authors: Yiwei Shi , Muning Wen , Qi Zhang , Weinan Zhang , Cunjia Liu , Weiru Liu Abstract : Reinforcement Learning has revolutionized decision-making processes in dynamic environments, yet it often struggles with autonomously detecting and achieving goals without clear feedback signals. For example, in a Source Term Estimation problem, the lack of precise environmental information makes it challenging to provide clear feedback signals and to define and evaluate how the source's location… ▽ More Reinforcement Learning has revolutionized decision-making processes in dynamic environments, yet it often struggles with autonomously detecting and achieving goals without clear feedback signals. For example, in a Source Term Estimation problem, the lack of precise environmental information makes it challenging to provide clear feedback signals and to define and evaluate how the source's location is determined. To address this challenge, the Autonomous Goal Detection and Cessation (AGDC) module was developed, enhancing various RL algorithms by incorporating a self-feedback mechanism for autonomous goal detection and cessation upon task completion. Our method effectively identifies and ceases undefined goals by approximating the agent's belief, significantly enhancing the capabilities of RL algorithms in environments with limited feedback. To validate effectiveness of our approach, we integrated AGDC with deep Q-Network, proximal policy optimization, and deep deterministic policy gradient algorithms, and evaluated its performance on the Source Term Estimation problem. The experimental results showed that AGDC-enhanced RL algorithms significantly outperformed traditional statistical methods such as infotaxis, entrotaxis, and dual control for exploitation and exploration, as well as a non-statistical random action selection method. These improvements were evident in terms of success rate, mean traveled distance, and search time, highlighting AGDC's effectiveness and efficiency in complex, real-world scenarios. △ Less Submitted 12 December, 2024; v1 submitted 14 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024. arXiv:2409.09541 [ pdf , other ] Autonomous Goal Detection and Cessation in Reinforcement Learning: A Case Study on Source Term Estimation Authors: Yiwei Shi , Muning Wen , Qi Zhang , Weinan Zhang , Cunjia Liu , Weiru Liu Abstract : Reinforcement Learning has revolutionized decision-making processes in dynamic environments, yet it often struggles with autonomously detecting and achieving goals without clear feedback signals. For example, in a Source Term Estimation problem, the lack of precise environmental information makes it challenging to provide clear feedback signals and to define and evaluate how the source's location… ▽ More Reinforcement Learning has revolutionized decision-making processes in dynamic environments, yet it often struggles with autonomously detecting and achieving goals without clear feedback signals. For example, in a Source Term Estimation problem, the lack of precise environmental information makes it challenging to provide clear feedback signals and to define and evaluate how the source's location is determined. To address this challenge, the Autonomous Goal Detection and Cessation (AGDC) module was developed, enhancing various RL algorithms by incorporating a self-feedback mechanism for autonomous goal detection and cessation upon task completion. Our method effectively identifies and ceases undefined goals by approximating the agent's belief, significantly enhancing the capabilities of RL algorithms in environments with limited feedback. To validate effectiveness of our approach, we integrated AGDC with deep Q-Network, proximal policy optimization, and deep deterministic policy gradient algorithms, and evaluated its performance on the Source Term Estimation problem. The experimental results showed that AGDC-enhanced RL algorithms significantly outperformed traditional statistical methods such as infotaxis, entrotaxis, and dual control for exploitation and exploration, as well as a non-statistical random action selection method. These improvements were evident in terms of success rate, mean traveled distance, and search time, highlighting AGDC's effectiveness and efficiency in complex, real-world scenarios. △ Less Submitted 12 December, 2024; v1 submitted 14 September, 2024; originally announced September 2024. arXiv:2408.13001 [ pdf , other ] cs.AI CRUXEval-X: A Benchmark for Multilingual Code Reasoning, Understanding and Execution Authors: Ruiyang Xu , Jialun Cao , Yaojie Lu , Ming Wen , Hongyu Lin , Xianpei Han , Ben He , Shing-Chi Cheung , Le Sun Abstract : Code benchmarks such as HumanEval are widely adopted to evaluate Large Language Models' (LLMs) coding capabilities. However, there is an unignorable programming language bias in existing code benchmarks -- over 95% code generation benchmarks are dominated by Python, leaving the LLMs' capabilities in other programming languages such as Java and C/C++ unknown. Moreover, coding task bias is also cruc… ▽ More Code benchmarks such as HumanEval are widely adopted to evaluate Large Language Models' (LLMs) coding capabilities. However, there is an unignorable programming language bias in existing code benchmarks -- over 95% code generation benchmarks are dominated by Python, leaving the LLMs' capabilities in other programming languages such as Java and C/C++ unknown. Moreover, coding task bias is also crucial. Most benchmarks focus on code generation capability, while benchmarks for code reasoning (given input, reasoning output; and given output, reasoning input), an essential coding capability, are insufficient. Yet, constructing multi-lingual benchmarks can be expensive and labor-intensive, and codes in contest websites such as Leetcode suffer from data contamination during training. To fill this gap, we propose CRUXEVAL-X, a multi-lingual code reasoning benchmark that contains 19 programming languages. It comprises at least 600 subjects for each language, along with 19K content-consistent tests in total. In particular, the construction pipeline of CRUXEVAL-X works in a fully automated and test-guided manner, which iteratively generates and repairs based on execution feedback. Also, to cross language barriers (e.g., dynamic/static type systems in Python/C++), we formulated various transition rules between language pairs to facilitate translation. Our intensive evaluation of 24 representative LLMs reveals the correlation between language pairs. For example, TypeScript and JavaScript show a significant positive correlation, while Racket has less correlation with other languages. More interestingly, even a model trained solely on Python can achieve at most 34.4% Pass@1 in other languages, revealing the cross-language generalization of LLMs. △ Less Submitted 16 May, 2025; v1 submitted 23 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024. Comments: 18pages, Accepted to ACL 2025 Main Conference arXiv:2408.13001 [ pdf , other ] CRUXEval-X: A Benchmark for Multilingual Code Reasoning, Understanding and Execution Authors: Ruiyang Xu , Jialun Cao , Yaojie Lu , Ming Wen , Hongyu Lin , Xianpei Han , Ben He , Shing-Chi Cheung , Le Sun Abstract : Code benchmarks such as HumanEval are widely adopted to evaluate Large Language Models' (LLMs) coding capabilities. However, there is an unignorable programming language bias in existing code benchmarks -- over 95% code generation benchmarks are dominated by Python, leaving the LLMs' capabilities in other programming languages such as Java and C/C++ unknown. Moreover, coding task bias is also cruc… ▽ More Code benchmarks such as HumanEval are widely adopted to evaluate Large Language Models' (LLMs) coding capabilities. However, there is an unignorable programming language bias in existing code benchmarks -- over 95% code generation benchmarks are dominated by Python, leaving the LLMs' capabilities in other programming languages such as Java and C/C++ unknown. Moreover, coding task bias is also crucial. Most benchmarks focus on code generation capability, while benchmarks for code reasoning (given input, reasoning output; and given output, reasoning input), an essential coding capability, are insufficient. Yet, constructing multi-lingual benchmarks can be expensive and labor-intensive, and codes in contest websites such as Leetcode suffer from data contamination during training. To fill this gap, we propose CRUXEVAL-X, a multi-lingual code reasoning benchmark that contains 19 programming languages. It comprises at least 600 subjects for each language, along with 19K content-consistent tests in total. In particular, the construction pipeline of CRUXEVAL-X works in a fully automated and test-guided manner, which iteratively generates and repairs based on execution feedback. Also, to cross language barriers (e.g., dynamic/static type systems in Python/C++), we formulated various transition rules between language pairs to facilitate translation. Our intensive evaluation of 24 representative LLMs reveals the correlation between language pairs. For example, TypeScript and JavaScript show a significant positive correlation, while Racket has less correlation with other languages. More interestingly, even a model trained solely on Python can achieve at most 34.4% Pass@1 in other languages, revealing the cross-language generalization of LLMs. △ Less Submitted 16 May, 2025; v1 submitted 23 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024. Comments: 18pages, Accepted to ACL 2025 Main Conference arXiv:2408.05541 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL P3: A Policy-Driven, Pace-Adaptive, and Diversity-Promoted Framework for data pruning in LLM Training Authors: Yingxuan Yang , Huayi Wang , Muning Wen , Xiaoyun Mo , Qiuying Peng , Jun Wang , Weinan Zhang Abstract : In the rapidly advancing field of Large Language Models (LLMs), effectively leveraging existing datasets during fine-tuning to maximize the model's potential is of paramount importance. This paper introduces P3, an adaptive framework aimed at optimizing the task-specific fine-tuning process through iterative data pruning. P3 consists of three key components: (1) Policy-driven Difficulty Measuremen… ▽ More In the rapidly advancing field of Large Language Models (LLMs), effectively leveraging existing datasets during fine-tuning to maximize the model's potential is of paramount importance. This paper introduces P3, an adaptive framework aimed at optimizing the task-specific fine-tuning process through iterative data pruning. P3 consists of three key components: (1) Policy-driven Difficulty Measurement, which dynamically assesses data difficulty based on the model's real-time performance, replacing static metrics with adaptable evaluations; (2) Pace-Adaptive Selection, leveraging self-paced learning to progressively introduce more challenging data, thereby enhancing model capability; (3) Diversity Promotion, incorporating Determinantal Point Process (DPP) to ensure data diversity across epochs, enriching the learning process. We validate P3 on the reasoning scenarios, APPS and MATH, demonstrating significant improvements over traditional data pruning methods. By advancing dynamic data selection and utilization strategies, P3 contributes both a theoretical framework and concrete approach to fully exploit existing data for LLMs' performance improvement, offering utility across diverse tasks. △ Less Submitted 18 October, 2024; v1 submitted 10 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024. arXiv:2408.05541 [ pdf , other ] P3: A Policy-Driven, Pace-Adaptive, and Diversity-Promoted Framework for data pruning in LLM Training Authors: Yingxuan Yang , Huayi Wang , Muning Wen , Xiaoyun Mo , Qiuying Peng , Jun Wang , Weinan Zhang Abstract : In the rapidly advancing field of Large Language Models (LLMs), effectively leveraging existing datasets during fine-tuning to maximize the model's potential is of paramount importance. This paper introduces P3, an adaptive framework aimed at optimizing the task-specific fine-tuning process through iterative data pruning. P3 consists of three key components: (1) Policy-driven Difficulty Measuremen… ▽ More In the rapidly advancing field of Large Language Models (LLMs), effectively leveraging existing datasets during fine-tuning to maximize the model's potential is of paramount importance. This paper introduces P3, an adaptive framework aimed at optimizing the task-specific fine-tuning process through iterative data pruning. P3 consists of three key components: (1) Policy-driven Difficulty Measurement, which dynamically assesses data difficulty based on the model's real-time performance, replacing static metrics with adaptable evaluations; (2) Pace-Adaptive Selection, leveraging self-paced learning to progressively introduce more challenging data, thereby enhancing model capability; (3) Diversity Promotion, incorporating Determinantal Point Process (DPP) to ensure data diversity across epochs, enriching the learning process. We validate P3 on the reasoning scenarios, APPS and MATH, demonstrating significant improvements over traditional data pruning methods. By advancing dynamic data selection and utilization strategies, P3 contributes both a theoretical framework and concrete approach to fully exploit existing data for LLMs' performance improvement, offering utility across diverse tasks. △ Less Submitted 18 October, 2024; v1 submitted 10 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024. arXiv:2407.17104 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CE A simple hybrid linear and non-linear interpolation finite element for adaptive cracking elements method Authors: Xueya Wang , Yiming Zhang , Minjie Wen , Herbert Mang Abstract : Cracking Elements Method (CEM) is a numerical tool to simulate quasi-brittle fractures, which does not need remeshing, nodal enrichment, or complicated crack tracking strategy. The cracking elements used in the CEM can be considered as a special type of finite element implemented in the standard finite element frameworks. One disadvantage of CEM is that it uses nonlinear interpolation of the displ… ▽ More Cracking Elements Method (CEM) is a numerical tool to simulate quasi-brittle fractures, which does not need remeshing, nodal enrichment, or complicated crack tracking strategy. The cracking elements used in the CEM can be considered as a special type of finite element implemented in the standard finite element frameworks. One disadvantage of CEM is that it uses nonlinear interpolation of the displacement field (Q8 or T6 elements), introducing more nodes and consequent computing efforts than the cases with elements using linear interpolation of the displacement field. Aiming at solving this problem, we propose a simple hybrid linear and non-linear interpolation finite element for adaptive cracking elements method in this work. A simple strategy is proposed for treating the elements with $p$ edge nodes $p\in\left[0,n\right]$ and $n$ being the edge number of the element. Only a few codes are needed. Then, by only adding edge and center nodes on the elements experiencing cracking and keeping linear interpolation of the displacement field for the elements outside the cracking domain, the number of total nodes was reduced almost to half of the case using the conventional cracking elements. Numerical investigations prove that the new approach inherits all the advantages of CEM with greatly improved computing efficiency. △ Less Submitted 24 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024. Comments: It is very useful for FEM researchers arXiv:2407.17104 [ pdf , ps , other ] A simple hybrid linear and non-linear interpolation finite element for adaptive cracking elements method Authors: Xueya Wang , Yiming Zhang , Minjie Wen , Herbert Mang Abstract : Cracking Elements Method (CEM) is a numerical tool to simulate quasi-brittle fractures, which does not need remeshing, nodal enrichment, or complicated crack tracking strategy. The cracking elements used in the CEM can be considered as a special type of finite element implemented in the standard finite element frameworks. One disadvantage of CEM is that it uses nonlinear interpolation of the displ… ▽ More Cracking Elements Method (CEM) is a numerical tool to simulate quasi-brittle fractures, which does not need remeshing, nodal enrichment, or complicated crack tracking strategy. The cracking elements used in the CEM can be considered as a special type of finite element implemented in the standard finite element frameworks. One disadvantage of CEM is that it uses nonlinear interpolation of the displacement field (Q8 or T6 elements), introducing more nodes and consequent computing efforts than the cases with elements using linear interpolation of the displacement field. Aiming at solving this problem, we propose a simple hybrid linear and non-linear interpolation finite element for adaptive cracking elements method in this work. A simple strategy is proposed for treating the elements with $p$ edge nodes $p\in\left[0,n\right]$ and $n$ being the edge number of the element. Only a few codes are needed. Then, by only adding edge and center nodes on the elements experiencing cracking and keeping linear interpolation of the displacement field for the elements outside the cracking domain, the number of total nodes was reduced almost to half of the case using the conventional cracking elements. Numerical investigations prove that the new approach inherits all the advantages of CEM with greatly improved computing efficiency. △ Less Submitted 24 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024. Comments: It is very useful for FEM researchers arXiv:2407.06153 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SE cs.CL What's Wrong with Your Code Generated by Large Language Models? An Extensive Study Authors: Shihan Dou , Haoxiang Jia , Shenxi Wu , Huiyuan Zheng , Muling Wu , Yunbo Tao , Ming Zhang , Mingxu Chai , Jessica Fan , Zhiheng Xi , Rui Zheng , Yueming Wu , Ming Wen , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xipeng Qiu , Xuanjing Huang Abstract : The increasing development of LLMs in code generation has drawn significant attention among researchers. To enhance LLM-based code generation ability, current efforts are predominantly directed towards collecting high-quality datasets and leveraging diverse training technologies. However, there is a notable lack of comprehensive studies examining the limitations and boundaries of existing methods.… ▽ More The increasing development of LLMs in code generation has drawn significant attention among researchers. To enhance LLM-based code generation ability, current efforts are predominantly directed towards collecting high-quality datasets and leveraging diverse training technologies. However, there is a notable lack of comprehensive studies examining the limitations and boundaries of existing methods. To bridge this gap, we conducted an extensive empirical study evaluating the performance of three leading closed-source LLMs and six popular open-source LLMs on three commonly used benchmarks. Our investigation, which evaluated the length, cyclomatic complexity and API number of the generated code, revealed that these LLMs face challenges in generating successful code for more complex problems, and tend to produce code that is shorter yet more complicated as compared to canonical solutions. Additionally, we developed a taxonomy of bugs for incorrect codes that includes three categories and ten sub-categories, and analyzed the root cause for common bug types. To better understand the performance of LLMs in real-world projects, we also manually created a real-world benchmark RWPB. We analyzed bugs on RWPB to highlight distinct differences in bug distributions between actual scenarios and existing benchmarks. Finally, we propose a novel training-free iterative method that introduces self-critique, enabling LLMs to critique and correct their generated code based on bug types and compiler feedback. Our comprehensive and extensive study provides insights into the current limitations of LLM-based code generation and opportunities for enhancing the accuracy and quality of the generated code. △ Less Submitted 17 October, 2025; v1 submitted 8 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024. Comments: Accepted by SCIENCE CHINA Information Sciences (SCIS) arXiv:2407.06153 [ pdf , ps , other ] What's Wrong with Your Code Generated by Large Language Models? An Extensive Study Authors: Shihan Dou , Haoxiang Jia , Shenxi Wu , Huiyuan Zheng , Muling Wu , Yunbo Tao , Ming Zhang , Mingxu Chai , Jessica Fan , Zhiheng Xi , Rui Zheng , Yueming Wu , Ming Wen , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xipeng Qiu , Xuanjing Huang Abstract : The increasing development of LLMs in code generation has drawn significant attention among researchers. To enhance LLM-based code generation ability, current efforts are predominantly directed towards collecting high-quality datasets and leveraging diverse training technologies. However, there is a notable lack of comprehensive studies examining the limitations and boundaries of existing methods.… ▽ More The increasing development of LLMs in code generation has drawn significant attention among researchers. To enhance LLM-based code generation ability, current efforts are predominantly directed towards collecting high-quality datasets and leveraging diverse training technologies. However, there is a notable lack of comprehensive studies examining the limitations and boundaries of existing methods. To bridge this gap, we conducted an extensive empirical study evaluating the performance of three leading closed-source LLMs and six popular open-source LLMs on three commonly used benchmarks. Our investigation, which evaluated the length, cyclomatic complexity and API number of the generated code, revealed that these LLMs face challenges in generating successful code for more complex problems, and tend to produce code that is shorter yet more complicated as compared to canonical solutions. Additionally, we developed a taxonomy of bugs for incorrect codes that includes three categories and ten sub-categories, and analyzed the root cause for common bug types. To better understand the performance of LLMs in real-world projects, we also manually created a real-world benchmark RWPB. We analyzed bugs on RWPB to highlight distinct differences in bug distributions between actual scenarios and existing benchmarks. Finally, we propose a novel training-free iterative method that introduces self-critique, enabling LLMs to critique and correct their generated code based on bug types and compiler feedback. Our comprehensive and extensive study provides insights into the current limitations of LLM-based code generation and opportunities for enhancing the accuracy and quality of the generated code. △ Less Submitted 17 October, 2025; v1 submitted 8 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024. Comments: Accepted by SCIENCE CHINA Information Sciences (SCIS) arXiv:2406.10553 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV A Comprehensive Taxonomy and Analysis of Talking Head Synthesis: Techniques for Portrait Generation, Driving Mechanisms, and Editing Authors: Ming Meng , Yufei Zhao , Bo Zhang , Yonggui Zhu , Weimin Shi , Maxwell Wen , Zhaoxin Fan Abstract : Talking head synthesis, an advanced method for generating portrait videos from a still image driven by specific content, has garnered widespread attention in virtual reality, augmented reality and game production. Recently, significant breakthroughs have been made with the introduction of novel models such as the transformer and the diffusion model. Current methods can not only generate new conten… ▽ More Talking head synthesis, an advanced method for generating portrait videos from a still image driven by specific content, has garnered widespread attention in virtual reality, augmented reality and game production. Recently, significant breakthroughs have been made with the introduction of novel models such as the transformer and the diffusion model. Current methods can not only generate new content but also edit the generated material. This survey systematically reviews the technology, categorizing it into three pivotal domains: portrait generation, driven mechanisms, and editing techniques. We summarize milestone studies and critically analyze their innovations and shortcomings within each domain. Additionally, we organize an extensive collection of datasets and provide a thorough performance analysis of current methodologies based on various evaluation metrics, aiming to furnish a clear framework and robust data support for future research. Finally, we explore application scenarios of talking head synthesis, illustrate them with specific cases, and examine potential future directions. △ Less Submitted 18 June, 2024; v1 submitted 15 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024. arXiv:2406.10553 [ pdf , other ] A Comprehensive Taxonomy and Analysis of Talking Head Synthesis: Techniques for Portrait Generation, Driving Mechanisms, and Editing Authors: Ming Meng , Yufei Zhao , Bo Zhang , Yonggui Zhu , Weimin Shi , Maxwell Wen , Zhaoxin Fan Abstract : Talking head synthesis, an advanced method for generating portrait videos from a still image driven by specific content, has garnered widespread attention in virtual reality, augmented reality and game production. Recently, significant breakthroughs have been made with the introduction of novel models such as the transformer and the diffusion model. Current methods can not only generate new conten… ▽ More Talking head synthesis, an advanced method for generating portrait videos from a still image driven by specific content, has garnered widespread attention in virtual reality, augmented reality and game production. Recently, significant breakthroughs have been made with the introduction of novel models such as the transformer and the diffusion model. Current methods can not only generate new content but also edit the generated material. This survey systematically reviews the technology, categorizing it into three pivotal domains: portrait generation, driven mechanisms, and editing techniques. We summarize milestone studies and critically analyze their innovations and shortcomings within each domain. Additionally, we organize an extensive collection of datasets and provide a thorough performance analysis of current methodologies based on various evaluation metrics, aiming to furnish a clear framework and robust data support for future research. Finally, we explore application scenarios of talking head synthesis, illustrate them with specific cases, and examine potential future directions. △ Less Submitted 18 June, 2024; v1 submitted 15 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024. 1 2 3 4 About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 1,178 results for author: Ding, Y Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 3 4 5 … arXiv:2601.10527 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL cs.CV cs.LG A Safety Report on GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5 Authors: Xingjun Ma , Yixu Wang , Hengyuan Xu , Yutao Wu , Yifan Ding , Yunhan Zhao , Zilong Wang , Jiabin Hua , Ming Wen , Jianan Liu , Ranjie Duan , Yifeng Gao , Yingshui Tan , Yunhao Chen , Hui Xue , Xin Wang , Wei Cheng , Jingjing Chen , Zuxuan Wu , Bo Li , Yu-Gang Jiang Abstract : The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this… ▽ More The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this report, we present an integrated safety evaluation of 7 frontier models: GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5. We evaluate each model across language, vision-language, and image generation settings using a unified protocol that integrates benchmark evaluation, adversarial evaluation, multilingual evaluation, and compliance evaluation. Aggregating our evaluations into safety leaderboards and model safety profiles across multiple evaluation modes reveals a sharply heterogeneous safety landscape. While GPT-5.2 demonstrates consistently strong and balanced safety performance across evaluations, other models exhibit pronounced trade-offs among benchmark safety, adversarial alignment, multilingual generalization, and regulatory compliance. Both language and vision-language modalities show significant vulnerability under adversarial evaluation, with all models degrading substantially despite strong results on standard benchmarks. Text-to-image models achieve relatively stronger alignment in regulated visual risk categories, yet remain brittle under adversarial or semantically ambiguous prompts. Overall, these results show that safety in frontier models is inherently multidimensional--shaped by modality, language, and evaluation scheme, underscoring the need for standardized safety evaluations to accurately assess real-world risk and guide responsible model development and deployment. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 42 pages, 24 figures arXiv:2601.10527 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Safety Report on GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5 Authors: Xingjun Ma , Yixu Wang , Hengyuan Xu , Yutao Wu , Yifan Ding , Yunhan Zhao , Zilong Wang , Jiabin Hua , Ming Wen , Jianan Liu , Ranjie Duan , Yifeng Gao , Yingshui Tan , Yunhao Chen , Hui Xue , Xin Wang , Wei Cheng , Jingjing Chen , Zuxuan Wu , Bo Li , Yu-Gang Jiang Abstract : The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this… ▽ More The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this report, we present an integrated safety evaluation of 7 frontier models: GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5. We evaluate each model across language, vision-language, and image generation settings using a unified protocol that integrates benchmark evaluation, adversarial evaluation, multilingual evaluation, and compliance evaluation. Aggregating our evaluations into safety leaderboards and model safety profiles across multiple evaluation modes reveals a sharply heterogeneous safety landscape. While GPT-5.2 demonstrates consistently strong and balanced safety performance across evaluations, other models exhibit pronounced trade-offs among benchmark safety, adversarial alignment, multilingual generalization, and regulatory compliance. Both language and vision-language modalities show significant vulnerability under adversarial evaluation, with all models degrading substantially despite strong results on standard benchmarks. Text-to-image models achieve relatively stronger alignment in regulated visual risk categories, yet remain brittle under adversarial or semantically ambiguous prompts. Overall, these results show that safety in frontier models is inherently multidimensional--shaped by modality, language, and evaluation scheme, underscoring the need for standardized safety evaluations to accurately assess real-world risk and guide responsible model development and deployment. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 42 pages, 24 figures arXiv:2601.10407 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG CS-GBA: A Critical Sample-based Gradient-guided Backdoor Attack for Offline Reinforcement Learning Authors: Yuanjie Zhao , Junnan Qiu , Yue Ding , Jie Li Abstract : Offline Reinforcement Learning (RL) enables policy optimization from static datasets but is inherently vulnerable to backdoor attacks. Existing attack strategies typically struggle against safety-constrained algorithms (e.g., CQL) due to inefficient random poisoning and the use of easily detectable Out-of-Distribution (OOD) triggers. In this paper, we propose CS-GBA (Critical Sample-based Gradient… ▽ More Offline Reinforcement Learning (RL) enables policy optimization from static datasets but is inherently vulnerable to backdoor attacks. Existing attack strategies typically struggle against safety-constrained algorithms (e.g., CQL) due to inefficient random poisoning and the use of easily detectable Out-of-Distribution (OOD) triggers. In this paper, we propose CS-GBA (Critical Sample-based Gradient-guided Backdoor Attack), a novel framework designed to achieve high stealthiness and destructiveness under a strict budget. Leveraging the theoretical insight that samples with high Temporal Difference (TD) errors are pivotal for value function convergence, we introduce an adaptive Critical Sample Selection strategy that concentrates the attack budget on the most influential transitions. To evade OOD detection, we propose a Correlation-Breaking Trigger mechanism that exploits the physical mutual exclusivity of state features (e.g., 95th percentile boundaries) to remain statistically concealed. Furthermore, we replace the conventional label inversion with a Gradient-Guided Action Generation mechanism, which searches for worst-case actions within the data manifold using the victim Q-network's gradient. Empirical results on D4RL benchmarks demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, achieving high attack success rates against representative safety-constrained algorithms with a minimal 5% poisoning budget, while maintaining the agent's performance in clean environments. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10407 [ pdf , ps , other ] CS-GBA: A Critical Sample-based Gradient-guided Backdoor Attack for Offline Reinforcement Learning Authors: Yuanjie Zhao , Junnan Qiu , Yue Ding , Jie Li Abstract : Offline Reinforcement Learning (RL) enables policy optimization from static datasets but is inherently vulnerable to backdoor attacks. Existing attack strategies typically struggle against safety-constrained algorithms (e.g., CQL) due to inefficient random poisoning and the use of easily detectable Out-of-Distribution (OOD) triggers. In this paper, we propose CS-GBA (Critical Sample-based Gradient… ▽ More Offline Reinforcement Learning (RL) enables policy optimization from static datasets but is inherently vulnerable to backdoor attacks. Existing attack strategies typically struggle against safety-constrained algorithms (e.g., CQL) due to inefficient random poisoning and the use of easily detectable Out-of-Distribution (OOD) triggers. In this paper, we propose CS-GBA (Critical Sample-based Gradient-guided Backdoor Attack), a novel framework designed to achieve high stealthiness and destructiveness under a strict budget. Leveraging the theoretical insight that samples with high Temporal Difference (TD) errors are pivotal for value function convergence, we introduce an adaptive Critical Sample Selection strategy that concentrates the attack budget on the most influential transitions. To evade OOD detection, we propose a Correlation-Breaking Trigger mechanism that exploits the physical mutual exclusivity of state features (e.g., 95th percentile boundaries) to remain statistically concealed. Furthermore, we replace the conventional label inversion with a Gradient-Guided Action Generation mechanism, which searches for worst-case actions within the data manifold using the victim Q-network's gradient. Empirical results on D4RL benchmarks demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, achieving high attack success rates against representative safety-constrained algorithms with a minimal 5% poisoning budget, while maintaining the agent's performance in clean environments. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06424 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Can a Unimodal Language Agent Provide Preferences to Tune a Multimodal Vision-Language Model? Authors: Sazia Tabasum Mim , Jack Morris , Manish Dhakal , Yanming Xiu , Maria Gorlatova , Yi Ding Abstract : To explore a more scalable path for adding multimodal capabilities to existing LLMs, this paper addresses a fundamental question: Can a unimodal LLM, relying solely on text, reason about its own informational needs and provide effective feedback to optimize a multimodal model? To answer this, we propose a method that enables a language agent to give feedback to a vision-language model (VLM) to ada… ▽ More To explore a more scalable path for adding multimodal capabilities to existing LLMs, this paper addresses a fundamental question: Can a unimodal LLM, relying solely on text, reason about its own informational needs and provide effective feedback to optimize a multimodal model? To answer this, we propose a method that enables a language agent to give feedback to a vision-language model (VLM) to adapt text generation to the agent's preferences. Our results from different experiments affirm this hypothesis, showing that LLM preference feedback significantly enhances VLM descriptions. Using our proposed method, we find that the VLM can generate multimodal scene descriptions to help the LLM better understand multimodal context, leading to improvements of maximum 13% in absolute accuracy compared to the baseline multimodal approach. Furthermore, a human study validated our AI-driven feedback, showing a 64.6% preference alignment rate between the LLM's choices and human judgments. Extensive experiments provide insights on how and why the method works and its limitations. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted to IJCNLP-AACL 2025 Findings arXiv:2601.06424 [ pdf , ps , other ] Can a Unimodal Language Agent Provide Preferences to Tune a Multimodal Vision-Language Model? Authors: Sazia Tabasum Mim , Jack Morris , Manish Dhakal , Yanming Xiu , Maria Gorlatova , Yi Ding Abstract : To explore a more scalable path for adding multimodal capabilities to existing LLMs, this paper addresses a fundamental question: Can a unimodal LLM, relying solely on text, reason about its own informational needs and provide effective feedback to optimize a multimodal model? To answer this, we propose a method that enables a language agent to give feedback to a vision-language model (VLM) to ada… ▽ More To explore a more scalable path for adding multimodal capabilities to existing LLMs, this paper addresses a fundamental question: Can a unimodal LLM, relying solely on text, reason about its own informational needs and provide effective feedback to optimize a multimodal model? To answer this, we propose a method that enables a language agent to give feedback to a vision-language model (VLM) to adapt text generation to the agent's preferences. Our results from different experiments affirm this hypothesis, showing that LLM preference feedback significantly enhances VLM descriptions. Using our proposed method, we find that the VLM can generate multimodal scene descriptions to help the LLM better understand multimodal context, leading to improvements of maximum 13% in absolute accuracy compared to the baseline multimodal approach. Furthermore, a human study validated our AI-driven feedback, showing a 64.6% preference alignment rate between the LLM's choices and human judgments. Extensive experiments provide insights on how and why the method works and its limitations. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted to IJCNLP-AACL 2025 Findings arXiv:2601.06177 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.SE AutoVulnPHP: LLM-Powered Two-Stage PHP Vulnerability Detection and Automated Localization Authors: Zhiqiang Wang , Yizhong Ding , Zilong Xiao , Jinyu Lu , Yan Jia , Yanjun Li Abstract : PHP's dominance in web development is undermined by security challenges: static analysis lacks semantic depth, causing high false positives; dynamic analysis is computationally expensive; and automated vulnerability localization suffers from coarse granularity and imprecise context. Additionally, the absence of large-scale PHP vulnerability datasets and fragmented toolchains hinder real-world depl… ▽ More PHP's dominance in web development is undermined by security challenges: static analysis lacks semantic depth, causing high false positives; dynamic analysis is computationally expensive; and automated vulnerability localization suffers from coarse granularity and imprecise context. Additionally, the absence of large-scale PHP vulnerability datasets and fragmented toolchains hinder real-world deployment. We present AutoVulnPHP, an end-to-end framework coupling two-stage vulnerability detection with fine-grained automated localization. SIFT-VulMiner (Structural Inference for Flaw Triage Vulnerability Miner) generates vulnerability hypotheses using AST structures enhanced with data flow. SAFE-VulMiner (Semantic Analysis for Flaw Evaluation Vulnerability Miner) verifies candidates through pretrained code encoder embeddings, eliminating false positives. ISAL (Incremental Sequence Analysis for Localization) pinpoints root causes via syntax-guided tracing, chain-of-thought LLM inference, and causal consistency checks to ensure precision. We contribute PHPVD, the first large-scale PHP vulnerability dataset with 26,614 files (5.2M LOC) across seven vulnerability types. On public benchmarks and PHPVD, AutoVulnPHP achieves 99.7% detection accuracy, 99.5% F1 score, and 81.0% localization rate. Deployed on real-world repositories, it discovered 429 previously unknown vulnerabilities, 351 assigned CVE identifiers, validating its practical effectiveness. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06177 [ pdf , ps , other ] AutoVulnPHP: LLM-Powered Two-Stage PHP Vulnerability Detection and Automated Localization Authors: Zhiqiang Wang , Yizhong Ding , Zilong Xiao , Jinyu Lu , Yan Jia , Yanjun Li Abstract : PHP's dominance in web development is undermined by security challenges: static analysis lacks semantic depth, causing high false positives; dynamic analysis is computationally expensive; and automated vulnerability localization suffers from coarse granularity and imprecise context. Additionally, the absence of large-scale PHP vulnerability datasets and fragmented toolchains hinder real-world depl… ▽ More PHP's dominance in web development is undermined by security challenges: static analysis lacks semantic depth, causing high false positives; dynamic analysis is computationally expensive; and automated vulnerability localization suffers from coarse granularity and imprecise context. Additionally, the absence of large-scale PHP vulnerability datasets and fragmented toolchains hinder real-world deployment. We present AutoVulnPHP, an end-to-end framework coupling two-stage vulnerability detection with fine-grained automated localization. SIFT-VulMiner (Structural Inference for Flaw Triage Vulnerability Miner) generates vulnerability hypotheses using AST structures enhanced with data flow. SAFE-VulMiner (Semantic Analysis for Flaw Evaluation Vulnerability Miner) verifies candidates through pretrained code encoder embeddings, eliminating false positives. ISAL (Incremental Sequence Analysis for Localization) pinpoints root causes via syntax-guided tracing, chain-of-thought LLM inference, and causal consistency checks to ensure precision. We contribute PHPVD, the first large-scale PHP vulnerability dataset with 26,614 files (5.2M LOC) across seven vulnerability types. On public benchmarks and PHPVD, AutoVulnPHP achieves 99.7% detection accuracy, 99.5% F1 score, and 81.0% localization rate. Deployed on real-world repositories, it discovered 429 previously unknown vulnerabilities, 351 assigned CVE identifiers, validating its practical effectiveness. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04566 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL BackdoorAgent: A Unified Framework for Backdoor Attacks on LLM-based Agents Authors: Yunhao Feng , Yige Li , Yutao Wu , Yingshui Tan , Yanming Guo , Yifan Ding , Kun Zhai , Xingjun Ma , Yu-Gang Jiang Abstract : Large language model (LLM) agents execute tasks through multi-step workflows that combine planning, memory, and tool use. While this design enables autonomy, it also expands the attack surface for backdoor threats. Backdoor triggers injected into specific stages of an agent workflow can persist through multiple intermediate states and adversely influence downstream outputs. However, existing studi… ▽ More Large language model (LLM) agents execute tasks through multi-step workflows that combine planning, memory, and tool use. While this design enables autonomy, it also expands the attack surface for backdoor threats. Backdoor triggers injected into specific stages of an agent workflow can persist through multiple intermediate states and adversely influence downstream outputs. However, existing studies remain fragmented and typically analyze individual attack vectors in isolation, leaving the cross-stage interaction and propagation of backdoor triggers poorly understood from an agent-centric perspective. To fill this gap, we propose \textbf{BackdoorAgent}, a modular and stage-aware framework that provides a unified, agent-centric view of backdoor threats in LLM agents. BackdoorAgent structures the attack surface into three functional stages of agentic workflows, including \textbf{planning attacks}, \textbf{memory attacks}, and \textbf{tool-use attacks}, and instruments agent execution to enable systematic analysis of trigger activation and propagation across different stages. Building on this framework, we construct a standardized benchmark spanning four representative agent applications: \textbf{Agent QA}, \textbf{Agent Code}, \textbf{Agent Web}, and \textbf{Agent Drive}, covering both language-only and multimodal settings. Our empirical analysis shows that \textit{triggers implanted at a single stage can persist across multiple steps and propagate through intermediate states.} For instance, when using a GPT-based backbone, we observe trigger persistence in 43.58\% of planning attacks, 77.97\% of memory attacks, and 60.28\% of tool-stage attacks, highlighting the vulnerabilities of the agentic workflow itself to backdoor threats. To facilitate reproducibility and future research, our code and benchmark are publicly available at GitHub. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04566 [ pdf , ps , other ] BackdoorAgent: A Unified Framework for Backdoor Attacks on LLM-based Agents Authors: Yunhao Feng , Yige Li , Yutao Wu , Yingshui Tan , Yanming Guo , Yifan Ding , Kun Zhai , Xingjun Ma , Yu-Gang Jiang Abstract : Large language model (LLM) agents execute tasks through multi-step workflows that combine planning, memory, and tool use. While this design enables autonomy, it also expands the attack surface for backdoor threats. Backdoor triggers injected into specific stages of an agent workflow can persist through multiple intermediate states and adversely influence downstream outputs. However, existing studi… ▽ More Large language model (LLM) agents execute tasks through multi-step workflows that combine planning, memory, and tool use. While this design enables autonomy, it also expands the attack surface for backdoor threats. Backdoor triggers injected into specific stages of an agent workflow can persist through multiple intermediate states and adversely influence downstream outputs. However, existing studies remain fragmented and typically analyze individual attack vectors in isolation, leaving the cross-stage interaction and propagation of backdoor triggers poorly understood from an agent-centric perspective. To fill this gap, we propose \textbf{BackdoorAgent}, a modular and stage-aware framework that provides a unified, agent-centric view of backdoor threats in LLM agents. BackdoorAgent structures the attack surface into three functional stages of agentic workflows, including \textbf{planning attacks}, \textbf{memory attacks}, and \textbf{tool-use attacks}, and instruments agent execution to enable systematic analysis of trigger activation and propagation across different stages. Building on this framework, we construct a standardized benchmark spanning four representative agent applications: \textbf{Agent QA}, \textbf{Agent Code}, \textbf{Agent Web}, and \textbf{Agent Drive}, covering both language-only and multimodal settings. Our empirical analysis shows that \textit{triggers implanted at a single stage can persist across multiple steps and propagate through intermediate states.} For instance, when using a GPT-based backbone, we observe trigger persistence in 43.58\% of planning attacks, 77.97\% of memory attacks, and 60.28\% of tool-stage attacks, highlighting the vulnerabilities of the agentic workflow itself to backdoor threats. To facilitate reproducibility and future research, our code and benchmark are publicly available at GitHub. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04068 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI Mind the Generative Details: Direct Localized Detail Preference Optimization for Video Diffusion Models Authors: Zitong Huang , Kaidong Zhang , Yukang Ding , Chao Gao , Rui Ding , Ying Chen , Wangmeng Zuo Abstract : Aligning text-to-video diffusion models with human preferences is crucial for generating high-quality videos. Existing Direct Preference Otimization (DPO) methods rely on multi-sample ranking and task-specific critic models, which is inefficient and often yields ambiguous global supervision. To address these limitations, we propose LocalDPO, a novel post-training framework that constructs localize… ▽ More Aligning text-to-video diffusion models with human preferences is crucial for generating high-quality videos. Existing Direct Preference Otimization (DPO) methods rely on multi-sample ranking and task-specific critic models, which is inefficient and often yields ambiguous global supervision. To address these limitations, we propose LocalDPO, a novel post-training framework that constructs localized preference pairs from real videos and optimizes alignment at the spatio-temporal region level. We design an automated pipeline to efficiently collect preference pair data that generates preference pairs with a single inference per prompt, eliminating the need for external critic models or manual annotation. Specifically, we treat high-quality real videos as positive samples and generate corresponding negatives by locally corrupting them with random spatio-temporal masks and restoring only the masked regions using the frozen base model. During training, we introduce a region-aware DPO loss that restricts preference learning to corrupted areas for rapid convergence. Experiments on Wan2.1 and CogVideoX demonstrate that LocalDPO consistently improves video fidelity, temporal coherence and human preference scores over other post-training approaches, establishing a more efficient and fine-grained paradigm for video generator alignment. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Under Review arXiv:2601.04068 [ pdf , ps , other ] Mind the Generative Details: Direct Localized Detail Preference Optimization for Video Diffusion Models Authors: Zitong Huang , Kaidong Zhang , Yukang Ding , Chao Gao , Rui Ding , Ying Chen , Wangmeng Zuo Abstract : Aligning text-to-video diffusion models with human preferences is crucial for generating high-quality videos. Existing Direct Preference Otimization (DPO) methods rely on multi-sample ranking and task-specific critic models, which is inefficient and often yields ambiguous global supervision. To address these limitations, we propose LocalDPO, a novel post-training framework that constructs localize… ▽ More Aligning text-to-video diffusion models with human preferences is crucial for generating high-quality videos. Existing Direct Preference Otimization (DPO) methods rely on multi-sample ranking and task-specific critic models, which is inefficient and often yields ambiguous global supervision. To address these limitations, we propose LocalDPO, a novel post-training framework that constructs localized preference pairs from real videos and optimizes alignment at the spatio-temporal region level. We design an automated pipeline to efficiently collect preference pair data that generates preference pairs with a single inference per prompt, eliminating the need for external critic models or manual annotation. Specifically, we treat high-quality real videos as positive samples and generate corresponding negatives by locally corrupting them with random spatio-temporal masks and restoring only the masked regions using the frozen base model. During training, we introduce a region-aware DPO loss that restricts preference learning to corrupted areas for rapid convergence. Experiments on Wan2.1 and CogVideoX demonstrate that LocalDPO consistently improves video fidelity, temporal coherence and human preference scores over other post-training approaches, establishing a more efficient and fine-grained paradigm for video generator alignment. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Under Review arXiv:2601.03603 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG A Comparative Study of Traditional Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and Large Language Models for Mental Health Forecasting using Smartphone Sensing Data Authors: Kaidong Feng , Zhu Sun , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Xun Jiang , Yin-Leng Theng , Yi Ding Abstract : Smartphone sensing offers an unobtrusive and scalable way to track daily behaviors linked to mental health, capturing changes in sleep, mobility, and phone use that often precede symptoms of stress, anxiety, or depression. While most prior studies focus on detection that responds to existing conditions, forecasting mental health enables proactive support through Just-in-Time Adaptive Interventions… ▽ More Smartphone sensing offers an unobtrusive and scalable way to track daily behaviors linked to mental health, capturing changes in sleep, mobility, and phone use that often precede symptoms of stress, anxiety, or depression. While most prior studies focus on detection that responds to existing conditions, forecasting mental health enables proactive support through Just-in-Time Adaptive Interventions. In this paper, we present the first comprehensive benchmarking study comparing traditional machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and large language model (LLM) approaches for mental health forecasting using the College Experience Sensing (CES) dataset, the most extensive longitudinal dataset of college student mental health to date. We systematically evaluate models across temporal windows, feature granularities, personalization strategies, and class imbalance handling. Our results show that DL models, particularly Transformer (Macro-F1 = 0.58), achieve the best overall performance, while LLMs show strength in contextual reasoning but weaker temporal modeling. Personalization substantially improves forecasts of severe mental health states. By revealing how different modeling approaches interpret phone sensing behavioral data over time, this work lays the groundwork for next-generation, adaptive, and human-centered mental health technologies that can advance both research and real-world well-being. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03603 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Comparative Study of Traditional Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and Large Language Models for Mental Health Forecasting using Smartphone Sensing Data Authors: Kaidong Feng , Zhu Sun , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Xun Jiang , Yin-Leng Theng , Yi Ding Abstract : Smartphone sensing offers an unobtrusive and scalable way to track daily behaviors linked to mental health, capturing changes in sleep, mobility, and phone use that often precede symptoms of stress, anxiety, or depression. While most prior studies focus on detection that responds to existing conditions, forecasting mental health enables proactive support through Just-in-Time Adaptive Interventions… ▽ More Smartphone sensing offers an unobtrusive and scalable way to track daily behaviors linked to mental health, capturing changes in sleep, mobility, and phone use that often precede symptoms of stress, anxiety, or depression. While most prior studies focus on detection that responds to existing conditions, forecasting mental health enables proactive support through Just-in-Time Adaptive Interventions. In this paper, we present the first comprehensive benchmarking study comparing traditional machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and large language model (LLM) approaches for mental health forecasting using the College Experience Sensing (CES) dataset, the most extensive longitudinal dataset of college student mental health to date. We systematically evaluate models across temporal windows, feature granularities, personalization strategies, and class imbalance handling. Our results show that DL models, particularly Transformer (Macro-F1 = 0.58), achieve the best overall performance, while LLMs show strength in contextual reasoning but weaker temporal modeling. Personalization substantially improves forecasts of severe mental health states. By revealing how different modeling approaches interpret phone sensing behavioral data over time, this work lays the groundwork for next-generation, adaptive, and human-centered mental health technologies that can advance both research and real-world well-being. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03322 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI HEEGNet: Hyperbolic Embeddings for EEG Authors: Shanglin Li , Shiwen Chu , Okan Koç , Yi Ding , Qibin Zhao , Motoaki Kawanabe , Ziheng Chen Abstract : Electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces facilitate direct communication with a computer, enabling promising applications in human-computer interactions. However, their utility is currently limited because EEG decoding often suffers from poor generalization due to distribution shifts across domains (e.g., subjects). Learning robust representations that capture underlying task-r… ▽ More Electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces facilitate direct communication with a computer, enabling promising applications in human-computer interactions. However, their utility is currently limited because EEG decoding often suffers from poor generalization due to distribution shifts across domains (e.g., subjects). Learning robust representations that capture underlying task-relevant information would mitigate these shifts and improve generalization. One promising approach is to exploit the underlying hierarchical structure in EEG, as recent studies suggest that hierarchical cognitive processes, such as visual processing, can be encoded in EEG. While many decoding methods still rely on Euclidean embeddings, recent work has begun exploring hyperbolic geometry for EEG. Hyperbolic spaces, regarded as the continuous analogue of tree structures, provide a natural geometry for representing hierarchical data. In this study, we first empirically demonstrate that EEG data exhibit hyperbolicity and show that hyperbolic embeddings improve generalization. Motivated by these findings, we propose HEEGNet, a hybrid hyperbolic network architecture to capture the hierarchical structure in EEG and learn domain-invariant hyperbolic embeddings. To this end, HEEGNet combines both Euclidean and hyperbolic encoders and employs a novel coarse-to-fine domain adaptation strategy. Extensive experiments on multiple public EEG datasets, covering visual evoked potentials, emotion recognition, and intracranial EEG, demonstrate that HEEGNet achieves state-of-the-art performance. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03322 [ pdf , ps , other ] HEEGNet: Hyperbolic Embeddings for EEG Authors: Shanglin Li , Shiwen Chu , Okan Koç , Yi Ding , Qibin Zhao , Motoaki Kawanabe , Ziheng Chen Abstract : Electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces facilitate direct communication with a computer, enabling promising applications in human-computer interactions. However, their utility is currently limited because EEG decoding often suffers from poor generalization due to distribution shifts across domains (e.g., subjects). Learning robust representations that capture underlying task-r… ▽ More Electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces facilitate direct communication with a computer, enabling promising applications in human-computer interactions. However, their utility is currently limited because EEG decoding often suffers from poor generalization due to distribution shifts across domains (e.g., subjects). Learning robust representations that capture underlying task-relevant information would mitigate these shifts and improve generalization. One promising approach is to exploit the underlying hierarchical structure in EEG, as recent studies suggest that hierarchical cognitive processes, such as visual processing, can be encoded in EEG. While many decoding methods still rely on Euclidean embeddings, recent work has begun exploring hyperbolic geometry for EEG. Hyperbolic spaces, regarded as the continuous analogue of tree structures, provide a natural geometry for representing hierarchical data. In this study, we first empirically demonstrate that EEG data exhibit hyperbolicity and show that hyperbolic embeddings improve generalization. Motivated by these findings, we propose HEEGNet, a hybrid hyperbolic network architecture to capture the hierarchical structure in EEG and learn domain-invariant hyperbolic embeddings. To this end, HEEGNet combines both Euclidean and hyperbolic encoders and employs a novel coarse-to-fine domain adaptation strategy. Extensive experiments on multiple public EEG datasets, covering visual evoked potentials, emotion recognition, and intracranial EEG, demonstrate that HEEGNet achieves state-of-the-art performance. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03098 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.NE From Muscle to Text with MyoText: sEMG to Text via Finger Classification and Transformer-Based Decoding Authors: Meghna Roy Chowdhury , Shreyas Sen , Yi Ding Abstract : Surface electromyography (sEMG) provides a direct neural interface for decoding muscle activity and offers a promising foundation for keyboard-free text input in wearable and mixed-reality systems. Previous sEMG-to-text studies mainly focused on recognizing letters directly from sEMG signals, forming an important first step toward translating muscle activity into text. Building on this foundation,… ▽ More Surface electromyography (sEMG) provides a direct neural interface for decoding muscle activity and offers a promising foundation for keyboard-free text input in wearable and mixed-reality systems. Previous sEMG-to-text studies mainly focused on recognizing letters directly from sEMG signals, forming an important first step toward translating muscle activity into text. Building on this foundation, we present MyoText, a hierarchical framework that decodes sEMG signals to text through physiologically grounded intermediate stages. MyoText first classifies finger activations from multichannel sEMG using a CNN-BiLSTM-Attention model, applies ergonomic typing priors to infer letters, and reconstructs full sentences with a fine-tuned T5 transformer. This modular design mirrors the natural hierarchy of typing, linking muscle intent to language output and reducing the search space for decoding. Evaluated on 30 users from the emg2qwerty dataset, MyoText outperforms baselines by achieving 85.4% finger-classification accuracy, 5.4% character error rate (CER), and 6.5% word error rate (WER). Beyond accuracy gains, this methodology establishes a principled pathway from neuromuscular signals to text, providing a blueprint for virtual and augmented-reality typing interfaces that operate entirely without physical keyboards. By integrating ergonomic structure with transformer-based linguistic reasoning, MyoText advances the feasibility of seamless, wearable neural input for future ubiquitous computing environments. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 25 pages, 11 tables, 11 figures arXiv:2601.03098 [ pdf , ps , other ] From Muscle to Text with MyoText: sEMG to Text via Finger Classification and Transformer-Based Decoding Authors: Meghna Roy Chowdhury , Shreyas Sen , Yi Ding Abstract : Surface electromyography (sEMG) provides a direct neural interface for decoding muscle activity and offers a promising foundation for keyboard-free text input in wearable and mixed-reality systems. Previous sEMG-to-text studies mainly focused on recognizing letters directly from sEMG signals, forming an important first step toward translating muscle activity into text. Building on this foundation,… ▽ More Surface electromyography (sEMG) provides a direct neural interface for decoding muscle activity and offers a promising foundation for keyboard-free text input in wearable and mixed-reality systems. Previous sEMG-to-text studies mainly focused on recognizing letters directly from sEMG signals, forming an important first step toward translating muscle activity into text. Building on this foundation, we present MyoText, a hierarchical framework that decodes sEMG signals to text through physiologically grounded intermediate stages. MyoText first classifies finger activations from multichannel sEMG using a CNN-BiLSTM-Attention model, applies ergonomic typing priors to infer letters, and reconstructs full sentences with a fine-tuned T5 transformer. This modular design mirrors the natural hierarchy of typing, linking muscle intent to language output and reducing the search space for decoding. Evaluated on 30 users from the emg2qwerty dataset, MyoText outperforms baselines by achieving 85.4% finger-classification accuracy, 5.4% character error rate (CER), and 6.5% word error rate (WER). Beyond accuracy gains, this methodology establishes a principled pathway from neuromuscular signals to text, providing a blueprint for virtual and augmented-reality typing interfaces that operate entirely without physical keyboards. By integrating ergonomic structure with transformer-based linguistic reasoning, MyoText advances the feasibility of seamless, wearable neural input for future ubiquitous computing environments. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 25 pages, 11 tables, 11 figures arXiv:2512.23858 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.PL Yggdrasil: Bridging Dynamic Speculation and Static Runtime for Latency-Optimal Tree-Based LLM Decoding Authors: Yue Guan , Changming Yu , Shihan Fang , Weiming Hu , Zaifeng Pan , Zheng Wang , Zihan Liu , Yangjie Zhou , Yufei Ding , Minyi Guo , Jingwen Leng Abstract : Speculative decoding improves LLM inference by generating and verifying multiple tokens in parallel, but existing systems suffer from suboptimal performance due to a mismatch between dynamic speculation and static runtime assumptions. We present Yggdrasil, a co-designed system that enables latency-optimal speculative decoding through context-aware tree drafting and compiler-friendly execution. Ygg… ▽ More Speculative decoding improves LLM inference by generating and verifying multiple tokens in parallel, but existing systems suffer from suboptimal performance due to a mismatch between dynamic speculation and static runtime assumptions. We present Yggdrasil, a co-designed system that enables latency-optimal speculative decoding through context-aware tree drafting and compiler-friendly execution. Yggdrasil introduces an equal-growth tree structure for static graph compatibility, a latency-aware optimization objective for draft selection, and stage-based scheduling to reduce overhead. Yggdrasil supports unmodified LLMs and achieves up to $3.98\times$ speedup over state-of-the-art baselines across multiple hardware setups. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Accepted by NeurIPS 2025 arXiv:2512.23858 [ pdf , ps , other ] Yggdrasil: Bridging Dynamic Speculation and Static Runtime for Latency-Optimal Tree-Based LLM Decoding Authors: Yue Guan , Changming Yu , Shihan Fang , Weiming Hu , Zaifeng Pan , Zheng Wang , Zihan Liu , Yangjie Zhou , Yufei Ding , Minyi Guo , Jingwen Leng Abstract : Speculative decoding improves LLM inference by generating and verifying multiple tokens in parallel, but existing systems suffer from suboptimal performance due to a mismatch between dynamic speculation and static runtime assumptions. We present Yggdrasil, a co-designed system that enables latency-optimal speculative decoding through context-aware tree drafting and compiler-friendly execution. Ygg… ▽ More Speculative decoding improves LLM inference by generating and verifying multiple tokens in parallel, but existing systems suffer from suboptimal performance due to a mismatch between dynamic speculation and static runtime assumptions. We present Yggdrasil, a co-designed system that enables latency-optimal speculative decoding through context-aware tree drafting and compiler-friendly execution. Yggdrasil introduces an equal-growth tree structure for static graph compatibility, a latency-aware optimization objective for draft selection, and stage-based scheduling to reduce overhead. Yggdrasil supports unmodified LLMs and achieves up to $3.98\times$ speedup over state-of-the-art baselines across multiple hardware setups. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Accepted by NeurIPS 2025 arXiv:2512.22315 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI VideoZoomer: Reinforcement-Learned Temporal Focusing for Long Video Reasoning Authors: Yang Ding , Yizhen Zhang , Xin Lai , Ruihang Chu , Yujiu Yang Abstract : Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in vision-language tasks yet remain limited in long video understanding due to the limited context window. Consequently, prevailing approaches tend to rely on uniform frame sampling or static pre-selection, which might overlook critical evidence and unable to correct its initial selection error during its reasoning process.… ▽ More Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in vision-language tasks yet remain limited in long video understanding due to the limited context window. Consequently, prevailing approaches tend to rely on uniform frame sampling or static pre-selection, which might overlook critical evidence and unable to correct its initial selection error during its reasoning process. To overcome these limitations, we propose VideoZoomer, a novel agentic framework that enables MLLMs to dynamically control their visual focus during reasoning. Starting from a coarse low-frame-rate overview, VideoZoomer invokes a temporal zoom tool to obtain high-frame-rate clips at autonomously chosen moments, thereby progressively gathering fine-grained evidence in a multi-turn interactive manner. Accordingly, we adopt a two-stage training strategy: a cold-start supervised fine-tuning phase on a curated dataset of distilled exemplar and reflection trajectories, followed by reinforcement learning to further refine the agentic policy. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our 7B model delivers diverse and complex reasoning patterns, yielding strong performance across a broad set of long video understanding and reasoning benchmarks. These emergent capabilities allow it to consistently surpass existing open-source models and even rival proprietary systems on challenging tasks, while achieving superior efficiency under reduced frame budgets. △ Less Submitted 26 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.22315 [ pdf , ps , other ] VideoZoomer: Reinforcement-Learned Temporal Focusing for Long Video Reasoning Authors: Yang Ding , Yizhen Zhang , Xin Lai , Ruihang Chu , Yujiu Yang Abstract : Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in vision-language tasks yet remain limited in long video understanding due to the limited context window. Consequently, prevailing approaches tend to rely on uniform frame sampling or static pre-selection, which might overlook critical evidence and unable to correct its initial selection error during its reasoning process.… ▽ More Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in vision-language tasks yet remain limited in long video understanding due to the limited context window. Consequently, prevailing approaches tend to rely on uniform frame sampling or static pre-selection, which might overlook critical evidence and unable to correct its initial selection error during its reasoning process. To overcome these limitations, we propose VideoZoomer, a novel agentic framework that enables MLLMs to dynamically control their visual focus during reasoning. Starting from a coarse low-frame-rate overview, VideoZoomer invokes a temporal zoom tool to obtain high-frame-rate clips at autonomously chosen moments, thereby progressively gathering fine-grained evidence in a multi-turn interactive manner. Accordingly, we adopt a two-stage training strategy: a cold-start supervised fine-tuning phase on a curated dataset of distilled exemplar and reflection trajectories, followed by reinforcement learning to further refine the agentic policy. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our 7B model delivers diverse and complex reasoning patterns, yielding strong performance across a broad set of long video understanding and reasoning benchmarks. These emergent capabilities allow it to consistently surpass existing open-source models and even rival proprietary systems on challenging tasks, while achieving superior efficiency under reduced frame budgets. △ Less Submitted 26 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.20491 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Step-DeepResearch Technical Report Authors: Chen Hu , Haikuo Du , Heng Wang , Lin Lin , Mingrui Chen , Peng Liu , Ruihang Miao , Tianchi Yue , Wang You , Wei Ji , Wei Yuan , Wenjin Deng , Xiaojian Yuan , Xiaoyun Zhang , Xiangyu Liu , Xikai Liu , Yanming Xu , Yicheng Cao , Yifei Zhang , Yongyao Wang , Yubo Shu , Yurong Zhang , Yuxiang Zhang , Zheng Gong , Zhichao Chang , et al. (42 additional authors not shown) Abstract : As LLMs shift toward autonomous agents, Deep Research has emerged as a pivotal metric. However, existing academic benchmarks like BrowseComp often fail to meet real-world demands for open-ended research, which requires robust skills in intent recognition, long-horizon decision-making, and cross-source verification. To address this, we introduce Step-DeepResearch, a cost-effective, end-to-end agent… ▽ More As LLMs shift toward autonomous agents, Deep Research has emerged as a pivotal metric. However, existing academic benchmarks like BrowseComp often fail to meet real-world demands for open-ended research, which requires robust skills in intent recognition, long-horizon decision-making, and cross-source verification. To address this, we introduce Step-DeepResearch, a cost-effective, end-to-end agent. We propose a Data Synthesis Strategy Based on Atomic Capabilities to reinforce planning and report writing, combined with a progressive training path from agentic mid-training to SFT and RL. Enhanced by a Checklist-style Judger, this approach significantly improves robustness. Furthermore, to bridge the evaluation gap in the Chinese domain, we establish ADR-Bench for realistic deep research scenarios. Experimental results show that Step-DeepResearch (32B) scores 61.4% on Scale AI Research Rubrics. On ADR-Bench, it significantly outperforms comparable models and rivals SOTA closed-source models like OpenAI and Gemini DeepResearch. These findings prove that refined training enables medium-sized models to achieve expert-level capabilities at industry-leading cost-efficiency. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; v1 submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.20491 [ pdf , ps , other ] Step-DeepResearch Technical Report Authors: Chen Hu , Haikuo Du , Heng Wang , Lin Lin , Mingrui Chen , Peng Liu , Ruihang Miao , Tianchi Yue , Wang You , Wei Ji , Wei Yuan , Wenjin Deng , Xiaojian Yuan , Xiaoyun Zhang , Xiangyu Liu , Xikai Liu , Yanming Xu , Yicheng Cao , Yifei Zhang , Yongyao Wang , Yubo Shu , Yurong Zhang , Yuxiang Zhang , Zheng Gong , Zhichao Chang , et al. (42 additional authors not shown) Abstract : As LLMs shift toward autonomous agents, Deep Research has emerged as a pivotal metric. However, existing academic benchmarks like BrowseComp often fail to meet real-world demands for open-ended research, which requires robust skills in intent recognition, long-horizon decision-making, and cross-source verification. To address this, we introduce Step-DeepResearch, a cost-effective, end-to-end agent… ▽ More As LLMs shift toward autonomous agents, Deep Research has emerged as a pivotal metric. However, existing academic benchmarks like BrowseComp often fail to meet real-world demands for open-ended research, which requires robust skills in intent recognition, long-horizon decision-making, and cross-source verification. To address this, we introduce Step-DeepResearch, a cost-effective, end-to-end agent. We propose a Data Synthesis Strategy Based on Atomic Capabilities to reinforce planning and report writing, combined with a progressive training path from agentic mid-training to SFT and RL. Enhanced by a Checklist-style Judger, this approach significantly improves robustness. Furthermore, to bridge the evaluation gap in the Chinese domain, we establish ADR-Bench for realistic deep research scenarios. Experimental results show that Step-DeepResearch (32B) scores 61.4% on Scale AI Research Rubrics. On ADR-Bench, it significantly outperforms comparable models and rivals SOTA closed-source models like OpenAI and Gemini DeepResearch. These findings prove that refined training enables medium-sized models to achieve expert-level capabilities at industry-leading cost-efficiency. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; v1 submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.19537 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Event Extraction in Large Language Model Authors: Bobo Li , Xudong Han , Jiang Liu , Yuzhe Ding , Liqiang Jing , Zhaoqi Zhang , Jinheng Li , Xinya Du , Fei Li , Meishan Zhang , Min Zhang , Aixin Sun , Philip S. Yu , Hao Fei Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) and multimodal LLMs are changing event extraction (EE): prompting and generation can often produce structured outputs in zero shot or few shot settings. Yet LLM based pipelines face deployment gaps, including hallucinations under weak constraints, fragile temporal and causal linking over long contexts and across documents, and limited long horizon knowledge management… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) and multimodal LLMs are changing event extraction (EE): prompting and generation can often produce structured outputs in zero shot or few shot settings. Yet LLM based pipelines face deployment gaps, including hallucinations under weak constraints, fragile temporal and causal linking over long contexts and across documents, and limited long horizon knowledge management within a bounded context window. We argue that EE should be viewed as a system component that provides a cognitive scaffold for LLM centered solutions. Event schemas and slot constraints create interfaces for grounding and verification; event centric structures act as controlled intermediate representations for stepwise reasoning; event links support relation aware retrieval with graph based RAG; and event stores offer updatable episodic and agent memory beyond the context window. This survey covers EE in text and multimodal settings, organizing tasks and taxonomy, tracing method evolution from rule based and neural models to instruction driven and generative frameworks, and summarizing formulations, decoding strategies, architectures, representations, datasets, and evaluation. We also review cross lingual, low resource, and domain specific settings, and highlight open challenges and future directions for reliable event centric systems. Finally, we outline open challenges and future directions that are central to the LLM era, aiming to evolve EE from static extraction into a structurally reliable, agent ready perception and memory layer for open world systems. △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 38 pages, 9 Figures, 5 Tables arXiv:2512.19537 [ pdf , ps , other ] Event Extraction in Large Language Model Authors: Bobo Li , Xudong Han , Jiang Liu , Yuzhe Ding , Liqiang Jing , Zhaoqi Zhang , Jinheng Li , Xinya Du , Fei Li , Meishan Zhang , Min Zhang , Aixin Sun , Philip S. Yu , Hao Fei Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) and multimodal LLMs are changing event extraction (EE): prompting and generation can often produce structured outputs in zero shot or few shot settings. Yet LLM based pipelines face deployment gaps, including hallucinations under weak constraints, fragile temporal and causal linking over long contexts and across documents, and limited long horizon knowledge management… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) and multimodal LLMs are changing event extraction (EE): prompting and generation can often produce structured outputs in zero shot or few shot settings. Yet LLM based pipelines face deployment gaps, including hallucinations under weak constraints, fragile temporal and causal linking over long contexts and across documents, and limited long horizon knowledge management within a bounded context window. We argue that EE should be viewed as a system component that provides a cognitive scaffold for LLM centered solutions. Event schemas and slot constraints create interfaces for grounding and verification; event centric structures act as controlled intermediate representations for stepwise reasoning; event links support relation aware retrieval with graph based RAG; and event stores offer updatable episodic and agent memory beyond the context window. This survey covers EE in text and multimodal settings, organizing tasks and taxonomy, tracing method evolution from rule based and neural models to instruction driven and generative frameworks, and summarizing formulations, decoding strategies, architectures, representations, datasets, and evaluation. We also review cross lingual, low resource, and domain specific settings, and highlight open challenges and future directions for reliable event centric systems. Finally, we outline open challenges and future directions that are central to the LLM era, aiming to evolve EE from static extraction into a structurally reliable, agent ready perception and memory layer for open world systems. △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 38 pages, 9 Figures, 5 Tables arXiv:2512.18964 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV DVI: Disentangling Semantic and Visual Identity for Training-Free Personalized Generation Authors: Guandong Li , Yijun Ding Abstract : Recent tuning-free identity customization methods achieve high facial fidelity but often overlook visual context, such as lighting, skin texture, and environmental tone. This limitation leads to ``Semantic-Visual Dissonance,'' where accurate facial geometry clashes with the input's unique atmosphere, causing an unnatural ``sticker-like'' effect. We propose **DVI (Disentangled Visual-Identity)**, a… ▽ More Recent tuning-free identity customization methods achieve high facial fidelity but often overlook visual context, such as lighting, skin texture, and environmental tone. This limitation leads to ``Semantic-Visual Dissonance,'' where accurate facial geometry clashes with the input's unique atmosphere, causing an unnatural ``sticker-like'' effect. We propose **DVI (Disentangled Visual-Identity)**, a zero-shot framework that orthogonally disentangles identity into fine-grained semantic and coarse-grained visual streams. Unlike methods relying solely on semantic vectors, DVI exploits the inherent statistical properties of the VAE latent space, utilizing mean and variance as lightweight descriptors for global visual atmosphere. We introduce a **Parameter-Free Feature Modulation** mechanism that adaptively modulates semantic embeddings with these visual statistics, effectively injecting the reference's ``visual soul'' without training. Furthermore, a **Dynamic Temporal Granularity Scheduler** aligns with the diffusion process, prioritizing visual atmosphere in early denoising stages while refining semantic details later. Extensive experiments demonstrate that DVI significantly enhances visual consistency and atmospheric fidelity without parameter fine-tuning, maintaining robust identity preservation and outperforming state-of-the-art methods in IBench evaluations. △ Less Submitted 21 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.18964 [ pdf , ps , other ] DVI: Disentangling Semantic and Visual Identity for Training-Free Personalized Generation Authors: Guandong Li , Yijun Ding Abstract : Recent tuning-free identity customization methods achieve high facial fidelity but often overlook visual context, such as lighting, skin texture, and environmental tone. This limitation leads to ``Semantic-Visual Dissonance,'' where accurate facial geometry clashes with the input's unique atmosphere, causing an unnatural ``sticker-like'' effect. We propose **DVI (Disentangled Visual-Identity)**, a… ▽ More Recent tuning-free identity customization methods achieve high facial fidelity but often overlook visual context, such as lighting, skin texture, and environmental tone. This limitation leads to ``Semantic-Visual Dissonance,'' where accurate facial geometry clashes with the input's unique atmosphere, causing an unnatural ``sticker-like'' effect. We propose **DVI (Disentangled Visual-Identity)**, a zero-shot framework that orthogonally disentangles identity into fine-grained semantic and coarse-grained visual streams. Unlike methods relying solely on semantic vectors, DVI exploits the inherent statistical properties of the VAE latent space, utilizing mean and variance as lightweight descriptors for global visual atmosphere. We introduce a **Parameter-Free Feature Modulation** mechanism that adaptively modulates semantic embeddings with these visual statistics, effectively injecting the reference's ``visual soul'' without training. Furthermore, a **Dynamic Temporal Granularity Scheduler** aligns with the diffusion process, prioritizing visual atmosphere in early denoising stages while refining semantic details later. Extensive experiments demonstrate that DVI significantly enhances visual consistency and atmospheric fidelity without parameter fine-tuning, maintaining robust identity preservation and outperforming state-of-the-art methods in IBench evaluations. △ Less Submitted 21 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.17540 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SE SGCR: A Specification-Grounded Framework for Trustworthy LLM Code Review Authors: Kai Wang , Bingcheng Mao , Shuai Jia , Yujie Ding , Dongming Han , Tianyi Ma , Bin Cao Abstract : Automating code review with Large Language Models (LLMs) shows immense promise, yet practical adoption is hampered by their lack of reliability, context-awareness, and control. To address this, we propose Specification-Grounded Code Review (SGCR), a framework that grounds LLMs in human-authored specifications to produce trustworthy and relevant feedback. SGCR features a novel dual-pathway architec… ▽ More Automating code review with Large Language Models (LLMs) shows immense promise, yet practical adoption is hampered by their lack of reliability, context-awareness, and control. To address this, we propose Specification-Grounded Code Review (SGCR), a framework that grounds LLMs in human-authored specifications to produce trustworthy and relevant feedback. SGCR features a novel dual-pathway architecture: an explicit path ensures deterministic compliance with predefined rules derived from these specifications, while an implicit path heuristically discovers and verifies issues beyond those rules. Deployed in a live industrial environment at HiThink Research, SGCR's suggestions achieved a 42% developer adoption rate-a 90.9% relative improvement over a baseline LLM (22%). Our work demonstrates that specification-grounding is a powerful paradigm for bridging the gap between the generative power of LLMs and the rigorous reliability demands of software engineering. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.17540 [ pdf , ps , other ] SGCR: A Specification-Grounded Framework for Trustworthy LLM Code Review Authors: Kai Wang , Bingcheng Mao , Shuai Jia , Yujie Ding , Dongming Han , Tianyi Ma , Bin Cao Abstract : Automating code review with Large Language Models (LLMs) shows immense promise, yet practical adoption is hampered by their lack of reliability, context-awareness, and control. To address this, we propose Specification-Grounded Code Review (SGCR), a framework that grounds LLMs in human-authored specifications to produce trustworthy and relevant feedback. SGCR features a novel dual-pathway architec… ▽ More Automating code review with Large Language Models (LLMs) shows immense promise, yet practical adoption is hampered by their lack of reliability, context-awareness, and control. To address this, we propose Specification-Grounded Code Review (SGCR), a framework that grounds LLMs in human-authored specifications to produce trustworthy and relevant feedback. SGCR features a novel dual-pathway architecture: an explicit path ensures deterministic compliance with predefined rules derived from these specifications, while an implicit path heuristically discovers and verifies issues beyond those rules. Deployed in a live industrial environment at HiThink Research, SGCR's suggestions achieved a 42% developer adoption rate-a 90.9% relative improvement over a baseline LLM (22%). Our work demonstrates that specification-grounding is a powerful paradigm for bridging the gap between the generative power of LLMs and the rigorous reliability demands of software engineering. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.16248 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI Sigma-MoE-Tiny Technical Report Authors: Qingguo Hu , Zhenghao Lin , Ziyue Yang , Yucheng Ding , Xiao Liu , Yuting Jiang , Ruizhe Wang , Tianyu Chen , Zhongxin Guo , Yifan Xiong , Rui Gao , Lei Qu , Jinsong Su , Peng Cheng , Yeyun Gong Abstract : Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as a promising paradigm for foundation models due to its efficient and powerful scalability. In this work, we present Sigma-MoE-Tiny, an MoE language model that achieves the highest sparsity compared to existing open-source models. Sigma-MoE-Tiny employs fine-grained expert segmentation with up to 96 experts per layer, while activating only one expert for each… ▽ More Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as a promising paradigm for foundation models due to its efficient and powerful scalability. In this work, we present Sigma-MoE-Tiny, an MoE language model that achieves the highest sparsity compared to existing open-source models. Sigma-MoE-Tiny employs fine-grained expert segmentation with up to 96 experts per layer, while activating only one expert for each token, resulting in 20B total parameters with just 0.5B activated. The major challenge introduced by such extreme sparsity lies in expert load balancing. We find that the widely-used load balancing loss tends to become ineffective in the lower layers under this setting. To address this issue, we propose a progressive sparsification schedule aiming to balance expert utilization and training stability. Sigma-MoE-Tiny is pre-trained on a diverse and high-quality corpus, followed by post-training to further unlock its capabilities. The entire training process remains remarkably stable, with no occurrence of irrecoverable loss spikes. Comprehensive evaluations reveal that, despite activating only 0.5B parameters, Sigma-MoE-Tiny achieves top-tier performance among counterparts of comparable or significantly larger scale. In addition, we provide an in-depth discussion of load balancing in highly sparse MoE models, offering insights for advancing sparsity in future MoE architectures. Project page: Code: △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; v1 submitted 18 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.16248 [ pdf , ps , other ] Sigma-MoE-Tiny Technical Report Authors: Qingguo Hu , Zhenghao Lin , Ziyue Yang , Yucheng Ding , Xiao Liu , Yuting Jiang , Ruizhe Wang , Tianyu Chen , Zhongxin Guo , Yifan Xiong , Rui Gao , Lei Qu , Jinsong Su , Peng Cheng , Yeyun Gong Abstract : Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as a promising paradigm for foundation models due to its efficient and powerful scalability. In this work, we present Sigma-MoE-Tiny, an MoE language model that achieves the highest sparsity compared to existing open-source models. Sigma-MoE-Tiny employs fine-grained expert segmentation with up to 96 experts per layer, while activating only one expert for each… ▽ More Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as a promising paradigm for foundation models due to its efficient and powerful scalability. In this work, we present Sigma-MoE-Tiny, an MoE language model that achieves the highest sparsity compared to existing open-source models. Sigma-MoE-Tiny employs fine-grained expert segmentation with up to 96 experts per layer, while activating only one expert for each token, resulting in 20B total parameters with just 0.5B activated. The major challenge introduced by such extreme sparsity lies in expert load balancing. We find that the widely-used load balancing loss tends to become ineffective in the lower layers under this setting. To address this issue, we propose a progressive sparsification schedule aiming to balance expert utilization and training stability. Sigma-MoE-Tiny is pre-trained on a diverse and high-quality corpus, followed by post-training to further unlock its capabilities. The entire training process remains remarkably stable, with no occurrence of irrecoverable loss spikes. Comprehensive evaluations reveal that, despite activating only 0.5B parameters, Sigma-MoE-Tiny achieves top-tier performance among counterparts of comparable or significantly larger scale. In addition, we provide an in-depth discussion of load balancing in highly sparse MoE models, offering insights for advancing sparsity in future MoE architectures. Project page: Code: △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; v1 submitted 18 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.14001 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO cs.CV CLAIM: Camera-LiDAR Alignment with Intensity and Monodepth Authors: Zhuo Zhang , Yonghui Liu , Meijie Zhang , Feiyang Tan , Yikang Ding Abstract : In this paper, we unleash the potential of the powerful monodepth model in camera-LiDAR calibration and propose CLAIM, a novel method of aligning data from the camera and LiDAR. Given the initial guess and pairs of images and LiDAR point clouds, CLAIM utilizes a coarse-to-fine searching method to find the optimal transformation minimizing a patched Pearson correlation-based structure loss and a mu… ▽ More In this paper, we unleash the potential of the powerful monodepth model in camera-LiDAR calibration and propose CLAIM, a novel method of aligning data from the camera and LiDAR. Given the initial guess and pairs of images and LiDAR point clouds, CLAIM utilizes a coarse-to-fine searching method to find the optimal transformation minimizing a patched Pearson correlation-based structure loss and a mutual information-based texture loss. These two losses serve as good metrics for camera-LiDAR alignment results and require no complicated steps of data processing, feature extraction, or feature matching like most methods, rendering our method simple and adaptive to most scenes. We validate CLAIM on public KITTI, Waymo, and MIAS-LCEC datasets, and the experimental results demonstrate its superior performance compared with the state-of-the-art methods. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 15 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Accepted by IROS 2025 arXiv:2512.14001 [ pdf , ps , other ] CLAIM: Camera-LiDAR Alignment with Intensity and Monodepth Authors: Zhuo Zhang , Yonghui Liu , Meijie Zhang , Feiyang Tan , Yikang Ding Abstract : In this paper, we unleash the potential of the powerful monodepth model in camera-LiDAR calibration and propose CLAIM, a novel method of aligning data from the camera and LiDAR. Given the initial guess and pairs of images and LiDAR point clouds, CLAIM utilizes a coarse-to-fine searching method to find the optimal transformation minimizing a patched Pearson correlation-based structure loss and a mu… ▽ More In this paper, we unleash the potential of the powerful monodepth model in camera-LiDAR calibration and propose CLAIM, a novel method of aligning data from the camera and LiDAR. Given the initial guess and pairs of images and LiDAR point clouds, CLAIM utilizes a coarse-to-fine searching method to find the optimal transformation minimizing a patched Pearson correlation-based structure loss and a mutual information-based texture loss. These two losses serve as good metrics for camera-LiDAR alignment results and require no complicated steps of data processing, feature extraction, or feature matching like most methods, rendering our method simple and adaptive to most scenes. We validate CLAIM on public KITTI, Waymo, and MIAS-LCEC datasets, and the experimental results demonstrate its superior performance compared with the state-of-the-art methods. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 15 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Accepted by IROS 2025 arXiv:2512.13488 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DC cs.CL SIGMA: An AI-Empowered Training Stack on Early-Life Hardware Authors: Lei Qu , Lianhai Ren , Peng Cheng , Rui Gao , Ruizhe Wang , Tianyu Chen , Xiao Liu , Xingjian Zhang , Yeyun Gong , Yifan Xiong , Yucheng Ding , Yuting Jiang , Zhenghao Lin , Zhongxin Guo , Ziyue Yang Abstract : An increasing variety of AI accelerators is being considered for large-scale training. However, enabling large-scale training on early-life AI accelerators faces three core challenges: frequent system disruptions and undefined failure modes that undermine reliability; numerical errors and training instabilities that threaten correctness and convergence; and the complexity of parallelism optimizati… ▽ More An increasing variety of AI accelerators is being considered for large-scale training. However, enabling large-scale training on early-life AI accelerators faces three core challenges: frequent system disruptions and undefined failure modes that undermine reliability; numerical errors and training instabilities that threaten correctness and convergence; and the complexity of parallelism optimization combined with unpredictable local noise that degrades efficiency. To address these challenges, SIGMA is an open-source training stack designed to improve the reliability, stability, and efficiency of large-scale distributed training on early-life AI hardware. The core of this initiative is the LUCIA TRAINING PLATFORM (LTP), the system optimized for clusters with early-life AI accelerators. Since its launch in March 2025, LTP has significantly enhanced training reliability and operational productivity. Over the past five months, it has achieved an impressive 94.45% effective cluster accelerator utilization, while also substantially reducing node recycling and job-recovery times. Building on the foundation of LTP, the LUCIA TRAINING FRAMEWORK (LTF) successfully trained SIGMA-MOE, a 200B MoE model, using 2,048 AI accelerators. This effort delivered remarkable stability and efficiency outcomes, achieving 21.08% MFU, state-of-the-art downstream accuracy, and encountering only one stability incident over a 75-day period. Together, these advances establish SIGMA, which not only tackles the critical challenges of large-scale training but also establishes a new benchmark for AI infrastructure and platform innovation, offering a robust, cost-effective alternative to prevailing established accelerator stacks and significantly advancing AI capabilities and scalability. The source code of SIGMA is available at △ Less Submitted 15 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 22 pages, 7 figures arXiv:2512.13488 [ pdf , ps , other ] SIGMA: An AI-Empowered Training Stack on Early-Life Hardware Authors: Lei Qu , Lianhai Ren , Peng Cheng , Rui Gao , Ruizhe Wang , Tianyu Chen , Xiao Liu , Xingjian Zhang , Yeyun Gong , Yifan Xiong , Yucheng Ding , Yuting Jiang , Zhenghao Lin , Zhongxin Guo , Ziyue Yang Abstract : An increasing variety of AI accelerators is being considered for large-scale training. However, enabling large-scale training on early-life AI accelerators faces three core challenges: frequent system disruptions and undefined failure modes that undermine reliability; numerical errors and training instabilities that threaten correctness and convergence; and the complexity of parallelism optimizati… ▽ More An increasing variety of AI accelerators is being considered for large-scale training. However, enabling large-scale training on early-life AI accelerators faces three core challenges: frequent system disruptions and undefined failure modes that undermine reliability; numerical errors and training instabilities that threaten correctness and convergence; and the complexity of parallelism optimization combined with unpredictable local noise that degrades efficiency. To address these challenges, SIGMA is an open-source training stack designed to improve the reliability, stability, and efficiency of large-scale distributed training on early-life AI hardware. The core of this initiative is the LUCIA TRAINING PLATFORM (LTP), the system optimized for clusters with early-life AI accelerators. Since its launch in March 2025, LTP has significantly enhanced training reliability and operational productivity. Over the past five months, it has achieved an impressive 94.45% effective cluster accelerator utilization, while also substantially reducing node recycling and job-recovery times. Building on the foundation of LTP, the LUCIA TRAINING FRAMEWORK (LTF) successfully trained SIGMA-MOE, a 200B MoE model, using 2,048 AI accelerators. This effort delivered remarkable stability and efficiency outcomes, achieving 21.08% MFU, state-of-the-art downstream accuracy, and encountering only one stability incident over a 75-day period. Together, these advances establish SIGMA, which not only tackles the critical challenges of large-scale training but also establishes a new benchmark for AI infrastructure and platform innovation, offering a robust, cost-effective alternative to prevailing established accelerator stacks and significantly advancing AI capabilities and scalability. The source code of SIGMA is available at △ Less Submitted 15 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 22 pages, 7 figures arXiv:2512.13313 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV KlingAvatar 2.0 Technical Report Authors: Kling Team , Jialu Chen , Yikang Ding , Zhixue Fang , Kun Gai , Yuan Gao , Kang He , Jingyun Hua , Boyuan Jiang , Mingming Lao , Xiaohan Li , Hui Liu , Jiwen Liu , Xiaoqiang Liu , Yuan Liu , Shun Lu , Yongsen Mao , Yingchao Shao , Huafeng Shi , Xiaoyu Shi , Peiqin Sun , Songlin Tang , Pengfei Wan , Chao Wang , Xuebo Wang , et al. (3 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Avatar video generation models have achieved remarkable progress in recent years. However, prior work exhibits limited efficiency in generating long-duration high-resolution videos, suffering from temporal drifting, quality degradation, and weak prompt following as video length increases. To address these challenges, we propose KlingAvatar 2.0, a spatio-temporal cascade framework that performs ups… ▽ More Avatar video generation models have achieved remarkable progress in recent years. However, prior work exhibits limited efficiency in generating long-duration high-resolution videos, suffering from temporal drifting, quality degradation, and weak prompt following as video length increases. To address these challenges, we propose KlingAvatar 2.0, a spatio-temporal cascade framework that performs upscaling in both spatial resolution and temporal dimension. The framework first generates low-resolution blueprint video keyframes that capture global semantics and motion, and then refines them into high-resolution, temporally coherent sub-clips using a first-last frame strategy, while retaining smooth temporal transitions in long-form videos. To enhance cross-modal instruction fusion and alignment in extended videos, we introduce a Co-Reasoning Director composed of three modality-specific large language model (LLM) experts. These experts reason about modality priorities and infer underlying user intent, converting inputs into detailed storylines through multi-turn dialogue. A Negative Director further refines negative prompts to improve instruction alignment. Building on these components, we extend the framework to support ID-specific multi-character control. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our model effectively addresses the challenges of efficient, multimodally aligned long-form high-resolution video generation, delivering enhanced visual clarity, realistic lip-teeth rendering with accurate lip synchronization, strong identity preservation, and coherent multimodal instruction following. △ Less Submitted 15 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 14 pages, 7 figures arXiv:2512.13313 [ pdf , ps , other ] KlingAvatar 2.0 Technical Report Authors: Kling Team , Jialu Chen , Yikang Ding , Zhixue Fang , Kun Gai , Yuan Gao , Kang He , Jingyun Hua , Boyuan Jiang , Mingming Lao , Xiaohan Li , Hui Liu , Jiwen Liu , Xiaoqiang Liu , Yuan Liu , Shun Lu , Yongsen Mao , Yingchao Shao , Huafeng Shi , Xiaoyu Shi , Peiqin Sun , Songlin Tang , Pengfei Wan , Chao Wang , Xuebo Wang , et al. (3 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Avatar video generation models have achieved remarkable progress in recent years. However, prior work exhibits limited efficiency in generating long-duration high-resolution videos, suffering from temporal drifting, quality degradation, and weak prompt following as video length increases. To address these challenges, we propose KlingAvatar 2.0, a spatio-temporal cascade framework that performs ups… ▽ More Avatar video generation models have achieved remarkable progress in recent years. However, prior work exhibits limited efficiency in generating long-duration high-resolution videos, suffering from temporal drifting, quality degradation, and weak prompt following as video length increases. To address these challenges, we propose KlingAvatar 2.0, a spatio-temporal cascade framework that performs upscaling in both spatial resolution and temporal dimension. The framework first generates low-resolution blueprint video keyframes that capture global semantics and motion, and then refines them into high-resolution, temporally coherent sub-clips using a first-last frame strategy, while retaining smooth temporal transitions in long-form videos. To enhance cross-modal instruction fusion and alignment in extended videos, we introduce a Co-Reasoning Director composed of three modality-specific large language model (LLM) experts. These experts reason about modality priorities and infer underlying user intent, converting inputs into detailed storylines through multi-turn dialogue. A Negative Director further refines negative prompts to improve instruction alignment. Building on these components, we extend the framework to support ID-specific multi-character control. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our model effectively addresses the challenges of efficient, multimodally aligned long-form high-resolution video generation, delivering enhanced visual clarity, realistic lip-teeth rendering with accurate lip synchronization, strong identity preservation, and coherent multimodal instruction following. △ Less Submitted 15 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 14 pages, 7 figures arXiv:2512.12210 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG EEG-DLite: Dataset Distillation for Efficient Large EEG Model Training Authors: Yuting Tang , Weibang Jiang , Shanglin Li , Yong Li , Chenyu Liu , Xinliang Zhou , Yi Ding , Cuntai Guan Abstract : Large-scale EEG foundation models have shown strong generalization across a range of downstream tasks, but their training remains resource-intensive due to the volume and variable quality of EEG data. In this work, we introduce EEG-DLite, a data distillation framework that enables more efficient pre-training by selectively removing noisy and redundant samples from large EEG datasets. EEG-DLite beg… ▽ More Large-scale EEG foundation models have shown strong generalization across a range of downstream tasks, but their training remains resource-intensive due to the volume and variable quality of EEG data. In this work, we introduce EEG-DLite, a data distillation framework that enables more efficient pre-training by selectively removing noisy and redundant samples from large EEG datasets. EEG-DLite begins by encoding EEG segments into compact latent representations using a self-supervised autoencoder, allowing sample selection to be performed efficiently and with reduced sensitivity to noise. Based on these representations, EEG-DLite filters out outliers and minimizes redundancy, resulting in a smaller yet informative subset that retains the diversity essential for effective foundation model training. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate that training on only 5 percent of a 2,500-hour dataset curated with EEG-DLite yields performance comparable to, and in some cases better than, training on the full dataset across multiple downstream tasks. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic study of pre-training data distillation in the context of EEG foundation models. EEG-DLite provides a scalable and practical path toward more effective and efficient physiological foundation modeling. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 13 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Accepted by AAAI-2026 arXiv:2512.12210 [ pdf , ps , other ] EEG-DLite: Dataset Distillation for Efficient Large EEG Model Training Authors: Yuting Tang , Weibang Jiang , Shanglin Li , Yong Li , Chenyu Liu , Xinliang Zhou , Yi Ding , Cuntai Guan Abstract : Large-scale EEG foundation models have shown strong generalization across a range of downstream tasks, but their training remains resource-intensive due to the volume and variable quality of EEG data. In this work, we introduce EEG-DLite, a data distillation framework that enables more efficient pre-training by selectively removing noisy and redundant samples from large EEG datasets. EEG-DLite beg… ▽ More Large-scale EEG foundation models have shown strong generalization across a range of downstream tasks, but their training remains resource-intensive due to the volume and variable quality of EEG data. In this work, we introduce EEG-DLite, a data distillation framework that enables more efficient pre-training by selectively removing noisy and redundant samples from large EEG datasets. EEG-DLite begins by encoding EEG segments into compact latent representations using a self-supervised autoencoder, allowing sample selection to be performed efficiently and with reduced sensitivity to noise. Based on these representations, EEG-DLite filters out outliers and minimizes redundancy, resulting in a smaller yet informative subset that retains the diversity essential for effective foundation model training. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate that training on only 5 percent of a 2,500-hour dataset curated with EEG-DLite yields performance comparable to, and in some cases better than, training on the full dataset across multiple downstream tasks. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic study of pre-training data distillation in the context of EEG foundation models. EEG-DLite provides a scalable and practical path toward more effective and efficient physiological foundation modeling. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 13 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Accepted by AAAI-2026 arXiv:2512.07009 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DC cs.AI cs.LG Optimizing video analytics inference pipelines: a case study Authors: Saeid Ghafouri , Yuming Ding , Katerine Diaz Chito , Jesús Martinez del Rincón , Niamh O'Connell , Hans Vandierendonck Abstract : Cost-effective and scalable video analytics are essential for precision livestock monitoring, where high-resolution footage and near-real-time monitoring needs from commercial farms generates substantial computational workloads. This paper presents a comprehensive case study on optimizing a poultry welfare monitoring system through system-level improvements across detection, tracking, clustering,… ▽ More Cost-effective and scalable video analytics are essential for precision livestock monitoring, where high-resolution footage and near-real-time monitoring needs from commercial farms generates substantial computational workloads. This paper presents a comprehensive case study on optimizing a poultry welfare monitoring system through system-level improvements across detection, tracking, clustering, and behavioral analysis modules. We introduce a set of optimizations, including multi-level parallelization, Optimizing code with substituting CPU code with GPU-accelerated code, vectorized clustering, and memory-efficient post-processing. Evaluated on real-world farm video footage, these changes deliver up to a 2x speedup across pipelines without compromising model accuracy. Our findings highlight practical strategies for building high-throughput, low-latency video inference systems that reduce infrastructure demands in agricultural and smart sensing deployments as well as other large-scale video analytics applications. △ Less Submitted 7 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Accepted to the IEEE/ACM International Conference on Big Data Computing, Applications and Technologies (BDCAT 2025) arXiv:2512.07009 [ pdf , ps , other ] Optimizing video analytics inference pipelines: a case study Authors: Saeid Ghafouri , Yuming Ding , Katerine Diaz Chito , Jesús Martinez del Rincón , Niamh O'Connell , Hans Vandierendonck Abstract : Cost-effective and scalable video analytics are essential for precision livestock monitoring, where high-resolution footage and near-real-time monitoring needs from commercial farms generates substantial computational workloads. This paper presents a comprehensive case study on optimizing a poultry welfare monitoring system through system-level improvements across detection, tracking, clustering,… ▽ More Cost-effective and scalable video analytics are essential for precision livestock monitoring, where high-resolution footage and near-real-time monitoring needs from commercial farms generates substantial computational workloads. This paper presents a comprehensive case study on optimizing a poultry welfare monitoring system through system-level improvements across detection, tracking, clustering, and behavioral analysis modules. We introduce a set of optimizations, including multi-level parallelization, Optimizing code with substituting CPU code with GPU-accelerated code, vectorized clustering, and memory-efficient post-processing. Evaluated on real-world farm video footage, these changes deliver up to a 2x speedup across pipelines without compromising model accuracy. Our findings highlight practical strategies for building high-throughput, low-latency video inference systems that reduce infrastructure demands in agricultural and smart sensing deployments as well as other large-scale video analytics applications. △ Less Submitted 7 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Accepted to the IEEE/ACM International Conference on Big Data Computing, Applications and Technologies (BDCAT 2025) arXiv:2512.06148 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.NI doi 10.1109/MIOT.2025.3638271 AIMNET: An IoT-Empowered Digital Twin for Continuous Gas Emission Monitoring and Early Hazard Detection Authors: Zifan Zhou , Xuan Wang , Yang Yan , Lkhanaajav Mijiddorj , Yu Ding , Tyler Beringer , Parisa Masnadi Khiabani , Wolfgang G. Jentner , Xiao-Ming Hu , Chenghao Wang , Bryan M. Carroll , Ming Xue , David Ebert , Bin Li , Binbin Weng Abstract : A Digital Twin (DT) framework to enhance carbon-based gas plume monitoring is critical for supporting timely and effective mitigation responses to environmental hazards such as industrial gas leaks, or wildfire outbreaks carrying large carbon emissions. We present AIMNET, a one-of-a-kind DT framework that integrates a built-in-house Internet of Things (IoT)-based continuous sensing network with a… ▽ More A Digital Twin (DT) framework to enhance carbon-based gas plume monitoring is critical for supporting timely and effective mitigation responses to environmental hazards such as industrial gas leaks, or wildfire outbreaks carrying large carbon emissions. We present AIMNET, a one-of-a-kind DT framework that integrates a built-in-house Internet of Things (IoT)-based continuous sensing network with a physics-based multi-scale weather-gas transport model, that enables high-resolution and real-time simulation and detection of carbon gas emissions. AIMNET features a three-layer system architecture: (i) physical world: custom-built devices for continuous monitoring; (ii) bidirectional information feedback links: intelligent data transmission and reverse control; and (iii) digital twin world: AI-driven analytics for prediction, anomaly detection, and dynamic weather-gas coupled molecule transport modeling. Designed for scalable, energy-efficient deployment in remote environments, AIMNET architecture is realized through a small-scale distributed sensing network over an oil and gas production basin. To demonstrate the high-resolution, fast-responding concept, an equivalent mobile-based emission monitoring network was deployed around a wastewater treatment plant that constantly emits methane plumes. Our preliminary results through which, have successfully captured the methane emission events whose dynamics have been further resolved by the tiered model simulations. This work supports our position that AIMNET provides a promising DT framework for reliable, real-time monitoring and predictive risk assessment. In the end, we also discuss key implementation challenges and outline future directions for advancing such a new DT framework for translation deployment. △ Less Submitted 5 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 7 Pages, 6 figures, Accepted by IEEE Internet of Things Magazine arXiv:2512.06148 [ pdf , ps , other ] AIMNET: An IoT-Empowered Digital Twin for Continuous Gas Emission Monitoring and Early Hazard Detection Authors: Zifan Zhou , Xuan Wang , Yang Yan , Lkhanaajav Mijiddorj , Yu Ding , Tyler Beringer , Parisa Masnadi Khiabani , Wolfgang G. Jentner , Xiao-Ming Hu , Chenghao Wang , Bryan M. Carroll , Ming Xue , David Ebert , Bin Li , Binbin Weng Abstract : A Digital Twin (DT) framework to enhance carbon-based gas plume monitoring is critical for supporting timely and effective mitigation responses to environmental hazards such as industrial gas leaks, or wildfire outbreaks carrying large carbon emissions. We present AIMNET, a one-of-a-kind DT framework that integrates a built-in-house Internet of Things (IoT)-based continuous sensing network with a… ▽ More A Digital Twin (DT) framework to enhance carbon-based gas plume monitoring is critical for supporting timely and effective mitigation responses to environmental hazards such as industrial gas leaks, or wildfire outbreaks carrying large carbon emissions. We present AIMNET, a one-of-a-kind DT framework that integrates a built-in-house Internet of Things (IoT)-based continuous sensing network with a physics-based multi-scale weather-gas transport model, that enables high-resolution and real-time simulation and detection of carbon gas emissions. AIMNET features a three-layer system architecture: (i) physical world: custom-built devices for continuous monitoring; (ii) bidirectional information feedback links: intelligent data transmission and reverse control; and (iii) digital twin world: AI-driven analytics for prediction, anomaly detection, and dynamic weather-gas coupled molecule transport modeling. Designed for scalable, energy-efficient deployment in remote environments, AIMNET architecture is realized through a small-scale distributed sensing network over an oil and gas production basin. To demonstrate the high-resolution, fast-responding concept, an equivalent mobile-based emission monitoring network was deployed around a wastewater treatment plant that constantly emits methane plumes. Our preliminary results through which, have successfully captured the methane emission events whose dynamics have been further resolved by the tiered model simulations. This work supports our position that AIMNET provides a promising DT framework for reliable, real-time monitoring and predictive risk assessment. In the end, we also discuss key implementation challenges and outline future directions for advancing such a new DT framework for translation deployment. △ Less Submitted 5 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 7 Pages, 6 figures, Accepted by IEEE Internet of Things Magazine arXiv:2512.04987 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Nex-N1: Agentic Models Trained via a Unified Ecosystem for Large-Scale Environment Construction Authors: Nex-AGI Team , : , Yuxuan Cai , Lu Chen , Qiaoling Chen , Yuyang Ding , Liwen Fan , Wenjie Fu , Yufei Gao , Honglin Guo , Pinxue Guo , Zhenhua Han , Zhengfu He , Hanglei Hu , Kai Hu , Shengjia Hua , Tianyu Huai , Baodai Huang , Li Ji , Zhen Jiang , Zhikai Lei , Bufan Li , Jiahang Lin , Lizhi Lin , Jinxiu Liu , et al. (41 additional authors not shown) Abstract : The evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) from passive responders to autonomous agents necessitates a fundamental shift in learning paradigms -- from static imitation to incentive-driven decision making. However, this transition is significantly impeded by the lack of scalable infrastructure capable of constructing high-quality interaction signals for effective policy learning. To address this… ▽ More The evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) from passive responders to autonomous agents necessitates a fundamental shift in learning paradigms -- from static imitation to incentive-driven decision making. However, this transition is significantly impeded by the lack of scalable infrastructure capable of constructing high-quality interaction signals for effective policy learning. To address this, we introduce a comprehensive method designed to systematically scale the diversity and complexity of interactive environments. Our method realizes this scaling by addressing three orthogonal dimensions: (1) Complexity: NexAU, a flexible agent framework that supports building complex agent hierarchies via simple configurations; (2) Diversity: NexA4A automatically generates diverse agent hierarchies from natural language to cover infinite domains; and (3) Fidelity: NexGAP bridges the simulation-reality gap by integrating dynamic real-world environment for grounded trajectories synthesis. We train Nex-N1 upon the diverse and complex interactive environments established by our infrastructure. Empirical results on benchmarks such as SWE-bench and tau2 demonstrate that Nex-N1 consistently outperforms SOTA open-source models and achieves competitive performance against frontier proprietary models on complex agentic tasks. We open-source the Nex ecosystem and model weights to facilitate further research. △ Less Submitted 4 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.04987 [ pdf , ps , other ] Nex-N1: Agentic Models Trained via a Unified Ecosystem for Large-Scale Environment Construction Authors: Nex-AGI Team , : , Yuxuan Cai , Lu Chen , Qiaoling Chen , Yuyang Ding , Liwen Fan , Wenjie Fu , Yufei Gao , Honglin Guo , Pinxue Guo , Zhenhua Han , Zhengfu He , Hanglei Hu , Kai Hu , Shengjia Hua , Tianyu Huai , Baodai Huang , Li Ji , Zhen Jiang , Zhikai Lei , Bufan Li , Jiahang Lin , Lizhi Lin , Jinxiu Liu , et al. (41 additional authors not shown) Abstract : The evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) from passive responders to autonomous agents necessitates a fundamental shift in learning paradigms -- from static imitation to incentive-driven decision making. However, this transition is significantly impeded by the lack of scalable infrastructure capable of constructing high-quality interaction signals for effective policy learning. To address this… ▽ More The evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) from passive responders to autonomous agents necessitates a fundamental shift in learning paradigms -- from static imitation to incentive-driven decision making. However, this transition is significantly impeded by the lack of scalable infrastructure capable of constructing high-quality interaction signals for effective policy learning. To address this, we introduce a comprehensive method designed to systematically scale the diversity and complexity of interactive environments. Our method realizes this scaling by addressing three orthogonal dimensions: (1) Complexity: NexAU, a flexible agent framework that supports building complex agent hierarchies via simple configurations; (2) Diversity: NexA4A automatically generates diverse agent hierarchies from natural language to cover infinite domains; and (3) Fidelity: NexGAP bridges the simulation-reality gap by integrating dynamic real-world environment for grounded trajectories synthesis. We train Nex-N1 upon the diverse and complex interactive environments established by our infrastructure. Empirical results on benchmarks such as SWE-bench and tau2 demonstrate that Nex-N1 consistently outperforms SOTA open-source models and achieves competitive performance against frontier proprietary models on complex agentic tasks. We open-source the Nex ecosystem and model weights to facilitate further research. △ Less Submitted 4 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.02925 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG stat.ML Fast Gaussian Process Approximations for Autocorrelated Data Authors: Ahmadreza Chokhachian , Matthias Katzfuss , Yu Ding Abstract : This paper is concerned with the problem of how to speed up computation for Gaussian process models trained on autocorrelated data. The Gaussian process model is a powerful tool commonly used in nonlinear regression applications. Standard regression modeling assumes random samples and an independently, identically distributed noise. Various fast approximations that speed up Gaussian process regres… ▽ More This paper is concerned with the problem of how to speed up computation for Gaussian process models trained on autocorrelated data. The Gaussian process model is a powerful tool commonly used in nonlinear regression applications. Standard regression modeling assumes random samples and an independently, identically distributed noise. Various fast approximations that speed up Gaussian process regression work under this standard setting. But for autocorrelated data, failing to account for autocorrelation leads to a phenomenon known as temporal overfitting that deteriorates model performance on new test instances. To handle autocorrelated data, existing fast Gaussian process approximations have to be modified; one such approach is to segment the originally correlated data points into blocks in which the blocked data are de-correlated. This work explains how to make some of the existing Gaussian process approximations work with blocked data. Numerical experiments across diverse application datasets demonstrate that the proposed approaches can remarkably accelerate computation for Gaussian process regression on autocorrelated data without compromising model prediction performance. △ Less Submitted 2 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Accepted by the INFORMS Journal on Data Science arXiv:2512.02925 [ pdf , ps , other ] Fast Gaussian Process Approximations for Autocorrelated Data Authors: Ahmadreza Chokhachian , Matthias Katzfuss , Yu Ding Abstract : This paper is concerned with the problem of how to speed up computation for Gaussian process models trained on autocorrelated data. The Gaussian process model is a powerful tool commonly used in nonlinear regression applications. Standard regression modeling assumes random samples and an independently, identically distributed noise. Various fast approximations that speed up Gaussian process regres… ▽ More This paper is concerned with the problem of how to speed up computation for Gaussian process models trained on autocorrelated data. The Gaussian process model is a powerful tool commonly used in nonlinear regression applications. Standard regression modeling assumes random samples and an independently, identically distributed noise. Various fast approximations that speed up Gaussian process regression work under this standard setting. But for autocorrelated data, failing to account for autocorrelation leads to a phenomenon known as temporal overfitting that deteriorates model performance on new test instances. To handle autocorrelated data, existing fast Gaussian process approximations have to be modified; one such approach is to segment the originally correlated data points into blocks in which the blocked data are de-correlated. This work explains how to make some of the existing Gaussian process approximations work with blocked data. Numerical experiments across diverse application datasets demonstrate that the proposed approaches can remarkably accelerate computation for Gaussian process regression on autocorrelated data without compromising model prediction performance. △ Less Submitted 2 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Accepted by the INFORMS Journal on Data Science arXiv:2512.02556 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL DeepSeek-V3.2: Pushing the Frontier of Open Large Language Models Authors: DeepSeek-AI , Aixin Liu , Aoxue Mei , Bangcai Lin , Bing Xue , Bingxuan Wang , Bingzheng Xu , Bochao Wu , Bowei Zhang , Chaofan Lin , Chen Dong , Chengda Lu , Chenggang Zhao , Chengqi Deng , Chenhao Xu , Chong Ruan , Damai Dai , Daya Guo , Dejian Yang , Deli Chen , Erhang Li , Fangqi Zhou , Fangyun Lin , Fucong Dai , Guangbo Hao , et al. (239 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We introduce DeepSeek-V3.2, a model that harmonizes high computational efficiency with superior reasoning and agent performance. The key technical breakthroughs of DeepSeek-V3.2 are as follows: (1) DeepSeek Sparse Attention (DSA): We introduce DSA, an efficient attention mechanism that substantially reduces computational complexity while preserving model performance in long-context scenarios. (2)… ▽ More We introduce DeepSeek-V3.2, a model that harmonizes high computational efficiency with superior reasoning and agent performance. The key technical breakthroughs of DeepSeek-V3.2 are as follows: (1) DeepSeek Sparse Attention (DSA): We introduce DSA, an efficient attention mechanism that substantially reduces computational complexity while preserving model performance in long-context scenarios. (2) Scalable Reinforcement Learning Framework: By implementing a robust reinforcement learning protocol and scaling post-training compute, DeepSeek-V3.2 performs comparably to GPT-5. Notably, our high-compute variant, DeepSeek-V3.2-Speciale, surpasses GPT-5 and exhibits reasoning proficiency on par with Gemini-3.0-Pro, achieving gold-medal performance in both the 2025 International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) and the International Olympiad in Informatics (IOI). (3) Large-Scale Agentic Task Synthesis Pipeline: To integrate reasoning into tool-use scenarios, we developed a novel synthesis pipeline that systematically generates training data at scale. This methodology facilitates scalable agentic post-training, yielding substantial improvements in generalization and instruction-following robustness within complex, interactive environments. △ Less Submitted 2 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.02556 [ pdf , ps , other ] DeepSeek-V3.2: Pushing the Frontier of Open Large Language Models Authors: DeepSeek-AI , Aixin Liu , Aoxue Mei , Bangcai Lin , Bing Xue , Bingxuan Wang , Bingzheng Xu , Bochao Wu , Bowei Zhang , Chaofan Lin , Chen Dong , Chengda Lu , Chenggang Zhao , Chengqi Deng , Chenhao Xu , Chong Ruan , Damai Dai , Daya Guo , Dejian Yang , Deli Chen , Erhang Li , Fangqi Zhou , Fangyun Lin , Fucong Dai , Guangbo Hao , et al. (239 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We introduce DeepSeek-V3.2, a model that harmonizes high computational efficiency with superior reasoning and agent performance. The key technical breakthroughs of DeepSeek-V3.2 are as follows: (1) DeepSeek Sparse Attention (DSA): We introduce DSA, an efficient attention mechanism that substantially reduces computational complexity while preserving model performance in long-context scenarios. (2)… ▽ More We introduce DeepSeek-V3.2, a model that harmonizes high computational efficiency with superior reasoning and agent performance. The key technical breakthroughs of DeepSeek-V3.2 are as follows: (1) DeepSeek Sparse Attention (DSA): We introduce DSA, an efficient attention mechanism that substantially reduces computational complexity while preserving model performance in long-context scenarios. (2) Scalable Reinforcement Learning Framework: By implementing a robust reinforcement learning protocol and scaling post-training compute, DeepSeek-V3.2 performs comparably to GPT-5. Notably, our high-compute variant, DeepSeek-V3.2-Speciale, surpasses GPT-5 and exhibits reasoning proficiency on par with Gemini-3.0-Pro, achieving gold-medal performance in both the 2025 International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) and the International Olympiad in Informatics (IOI). (3) Large-Scale Agentic Task Synthesis Pipeline: To integrate reasoning into tool-use scenarios, we developed a novel synthesis pipeline that systematically generates training data at scale. This methodology facilitates scalable agentic post-training, yielding substantial improvements in generalization and instruction-following robustness within complex, interactive environments. △ Less Submitted 2 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.02410 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.MA cs.CR doi 10.1109/ISPA67752.2025.00198 Decentralized Multi-Agent System with Trust-Aware Communication Authors: Yepeng Ding , Ahmed Twabi , Junwei Yu , Lingfeng Zhang , Tohru Kondo , Hiroyuki Sato Abstract : The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) is rapidly accelerating the development of autonomous multi-agent systems (MAS), paving the way for the Internet of Agents. However, traditional centralized MAS architectures present significant challenges, including single points of failure, vulnerability to censorship, inherent scalability limitations, and critical trust issues. We propose a novel De… ▽ More The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) is rapidly accelerating the development of autonomous multi-agent systems (MAS), paving the way for the Internet of Agents. However, traditional centralized MAS architectures present significant challenges, including single points of failure, vulnerability to censorship, inherent scalability limitations, and critical trust issues. We propose a novel Decentralized Multi-Agent System (DMAS) architecture designed to overcome these fundamental problems by enabling trust-aware, scalable, and censorship-resistant interactions among autonomous agents. Our DMAS features a decentralized agent runtime underpinned by a blockchain-based architecture. We formalize a trust-aware communication protocol that leverages cryptographic primitives and on-chain operations to provide security properties: verifiable interaction cycles, communication integrity, authenticity, non-repudiation, and conditional confidentiality, which we further substantiate through a comprehensive security analysis. Our performance analysis validates the DMAS as a scalable and efficient solution for building trustworthy multi-agent systems. △ Less Submitted 1 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.02410 [ pdf , ps , other ] Decentralized Multi-Agent System with Trust-Aware Communication Authors: Yepeng Ding , Ahmed Twabi , Junwei Yu , Lingfeng Zhang , Tohru Kondo , Hiroyuki Sato Abstract : The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) is rapidly accelerating the development of autonomous multi-agent systems (MAS), paving the way for the Internet of Agents. However, traditional centralized MAS architectures present significant challenges, including single points of failure, vulnerability to censorship, inherent scalability limitations, and critical trust issues. We propose a novel De… ▽ More The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) is rapidly accelerating the development of autonomous multi-agent systems (MAS), paving the way for the Internet of Agents. However, traditional centralized MAS architectures present significant challenges, including single points of failure, vulnerability to censorship, inherent scalability limitations, and critical trust issues. We propose a novel Decentralized Multi-Agent System (DMAS) architecture designed to overcome these fundamental problems by enabling trust-aware, scalable, and censorship-resistant interactions among autonomous agents. Our DMAS features a decentralized agent runtime underpinned by a blockchain-based architecture. We formalize a trust-aware communication protocol that leverages cryptographic primitives and on-chain operations to provide security properties: verifiable interaction cycles, communication integrity, authenticity, non-repudiation, and conditional confidentiality, which we further substantiate through a comprehensive security analysis. Our performance analysis validates the DMAS as a scalable and efficient solution for building trustworthy multi-agent systems. △ Less Submitted 1 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.01461 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.CV Stay Unique, Stay Efficient: Preserving Model Personality in Multi-Task Merging Authors: Kuangpu Guo , Yuhe Ding , Jian Liang , Zilei Wang , Ran He Abstract : Model merging has emerged as a promising paradigm for enabling multi-task capabilities without additional training. However, existing methods often experience substantial performance degradation compared with individually fine-tuned models, even on similar tasks, underscoring the need to preserve task-specific information. This paper proposes Decomposition, Thresholding, and Scaling (DTS), an appr… ▽ More Model merging has emerged as a promising paradigm for enabling multi-task capabilities without additional training. However, existing methods often experience substantial performance degradation compared with individually fine-tuned models, even on similar tasks, underscoring the need to preserve task-specific information. This paper proposes Decomposition, Thresholding, and Scaling (DTS), an approximation-based personalized merging framework that preserves task-specific information with minimal storage overhead. DTS first applies singular value decomposition to the task-specific information and retains only a small subset of singular values and vectors. It then introduces a novel thresholding strategy that partitions singular vector elements into groups and assigns a scaling factor to each group. To enable generalization to unseen tasks, we further extend DTS with a variant that fuses task-specific information in a data-free manner based on the semantic similarity of task characteristics. Extensive experiments demonstrate that DTS consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines while requiring only 1\% additional storage per task. Furthermore, experiments on unseen tasks show that the DTS variant achieves significantly better generalization performance. Our code is available at △ Less Submitted 1 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.01461 [ pdf , ps , other ] Stay Unique, Stay Efficient: Preserving Model Personality in Multi-Task Merging Authors: Kuangpu Guo , Yuhe Ding , Jian Liang , Zilei Wang , Ran He Abstract : Model merging has emerged as a promising paradigm for enabling multi-task capabilities without additional training. However, existing methods often experience substantial performance degradation compared with individually fine-tuned models, even on similar tasks, underscoring the need to preserve task-specific information. This paper proposes Decomposition, Thresholding, and Scaling (DTS), an appr… ▽ More Model merging has emerged as a promising paradigm for enabling multi-task capabilities without additional training. However, existing methods often experience substantial performance degradation compared with individually fine-tuned models, even on similar tasks, underscoring the need to preserve task-specific information. This paper proposes Decomposition, Thresholding, and Scaling (DTS), an approximation-based personalized merging framework that preserves task-specific information with minimal storage overhead. DTS first applies singular value decomposition to the task-specific information and retains only a small subset of singular values and vectors. It then introduces a novel thresholding strategy that partitions singular vector elements into groups and assigns a scaling factor to each group. To enable generalization to unseen tasks, we further extend DTS with a variant that fuses task-specific information in a data-free manner based on the semantic similarity of task characteristics. Extensive experiments demonstrate that DTS consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines while requiring only 1\% additional storage per task. Furthermore, experiments on unseen tasks show that the DTS variant achieves significantly better generalization performance. Our code is available at △ Less Submitted 1 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2511.21920 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SE cs.AI Toward Automated and Trustworthy Scientific Analysis and Visualization with LLM-Generated Code Authors: Apu Kumar Chakroborti , Yi Ding , Lipeng Wan Abstract : As modern science becomes increasingly data-intensive, the ability to analyze and visualize large-scale, complex datasets is critical to accelerating discovery. However, many domain scientists lack the programming expertise required to develop custom data analysis workflows, creating barriers to timely and effective insight. Large language models (LLMs) offer a promising solution by generating exe… ▽ More As modern science becomes increasingly data-intensive, the ability to analyze and visualize large-scale, complex datasets is critical to accelerating discovery. However, many domain scientists lack the programming expertise required to develop custom data analysis workflows, creating barriers to timely and effective insight. Large language models (LLMs) offer a promising solution by generating executable code from natural language descriptions. In this paper, we investigate the trustworthiness of open-source LLMs in autonomously producing Python scripts for scientific data analysis and visualization. We construct a benchmark suite of domain-inspired prompts that reflect real-world research tasks and systematically evaluate the executability and correctness of the generated code. Our findings show that, without human intervention, the reliability of LLM-generated code is limited, with frequent failures caused by ambiguous prompts and the models' insufficient understanding of domain-specific contexts. To address these challenges, we design and assess three complementary strategies: data-aware prompt disambiguation, retrieval-augmented prompt enhancement, and iterative error repair. While these methods significantly improve execution success rates and output quality, further refinement is needed. This work highlights both the promise and current limitations of LLM-driven automation in scientific workflows and introduces actionable techniques and a reusable benchmark for building more inclusive, accessible, and trustworthy AI-assisted research tools. △ Less Submitted 26 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.21920 [ pdf , ps , other ] Toward Automated and Trustworthy Scientific Analysis and Visualization with LLM-Generated Code Authors: Apu Kumar Chakroborti , Yi Ding , Lipeng Wan Abstract : As modern science becomes increasingly data-intensive, the ability to analyze and visualize large-scale, complex datasets is critical to accelerating discovery. However, many domain scientists lack the programming expertise required to develop custom data analysis workflows, creating barriers to timely and effective insight. Large language models (LLMs) offer a promising solution by generating exe… ▽ More As modern science becomes increasingly data-intensive, the ability to analyze and visualize large-scale, complex datasets is critical to accelerating discovery. However, many domain scientists lack the programming expertise required to develop custom data analysis workflows, creating barriers to timely and effective insight. Large language models (LLMs) offer a promising solution by generating executable code from natural language descriptions. In this paper, we investigate the trustworthiness of open-source LLMs in autonomously producing Python scripts for scientific data analysis and visualization. We construct a benchmark suite of domain-inspired prompts that reflect real-world research tasks and systematically evaluate the executability and correctness of the generated code. Our findings show that, without human intervention, the reliability of LLM-generated code is limited, with frequent failures caused by ambiguous prompts and the models' insufficient understanding of domain-specific contexts. To address these challenges, we design and assess three complementary strategies: data-aware prompt disambiguation, retrieval-augmented prompt enhancement, and iterative error repair. While these methods significantly improve execution success rates and output quality, further refinement is needed. This work highlights both the promise and current limitations of LLM-driven automation in scientific workflows and introduces actionable techniques and a reusable benchmark for building more inclusive, accessible, and trustworthy AI-assisted research tools. △ Less Submitted 26 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.21712 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.CY EulerESG: Automating ESG Disclosure Analysis with LLMs Authors: Yi Ding , Xushuo Tang , Zhengyi Yang , Wenqian Zhang , Simin Wu , Yuxin Huang , Lingjing Lan , Weiyuan Li , Yin Chen , Mingchen Ju , Wenke Yang , Thong Hoang , Mykhailo Klymenko , Xiwei Zu , Wenjie Zhang Abstract : Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reports have become central to how companies communicate climate risk, social impact, and governance practices, yet they are still published primarily as long, heterogeneous PDF documents. This makes it difficult to systematically answer seemingly simple questions. Existing tools either rely on brittle rule-based extraction or treat ESG reports as generi… ▽ More Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reports have become central to how companies communicate climate risk, social impact, and governance practices, yet they are still published primarily as long, heterogeneous PDF documents. This makes it difficult to systematically answer seemingly simple questions. Existing tools either rely on brittle rule-based extraction or treat ESG reports as generic text, without explicitly modelling the underlying reporting standards. We present \textbf{EulerESG}, an LLM-powered system for automating ESG disclosure analysis with explicit awareness of ESG frameworks. EulerESG combines (i) dual-channel retrieval and LLM-driven disclosure analysis over ESG reports, and (ii) an interactive dashboard and chatbot for exploration, benchmarking, and explanation. Using four globally recognised companies and twelve SASB sub-industries, we show that EulerESG can automatically populate standard-aligned metric tables with high fidelity (up to 0.95 average accuracy) while remaining practical in end-to-end runtime, and we compare several recent LLM models in this setting. The full implementation, together with a demonstration video, is publicly available at △ Less Submitted 18 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.21712 [ pdf , ps , other ] EulerESG: Automating ESG Disclosure Analysis with LLMs Authors: Yi Ding , Xushuo Tang , Zhengyi Yang , Wenqian Zhang , Simin Wu , Yuxin Huang , Lingjing Lan , Weiyuan Li , Yin Chen , Mingchen Ju , Wenke Yang , Thong Hoang , Mykhailo Klymenko , Xiwei Zu , Wenjie Zhang Abstract : Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reports have become central to how companies communicate climate risk, social impact, and governance practices, yet they are still published primarily as long, heterogeneous PDF documents. This makes it difficult to systematically answer seemingly simple questions. Existing tools either rely on brittle rule-based extraction or treat ESG reports as generi… ▽ More Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reports have become central to how companies communicate climate risk, social impact, and governance practices, yet they are still published primarily as long, heterogeneous PDF documents. This makes it difficult to systematically answer seemingly simple questions. Existing tools either rely on brittle rule-based extraction or treat ESG reports as generic text, without explicitly modelling the underlying reporting standards. We present \textbf{EulerESG}, an LLM-powered system for automating ESG disclosure analysis with explicit awareness of ESG frameworks. EulerESG combines (i) dual-channel retrieval and LLM-driven disclosure analysis over ESG reports, and (ii) an interactive dashboard and chatbot for exploration, benchmarking, and explanation. Using four globally recognised companies and twelve SASB sub-industries, we show that EulerESG can automatically populate standard-aligned metric tables with high fidelity (up to 0.95 average accuracy) while remaining practical in end-to-end runtime, and we compare several recent LLM models in this setting. The full implementation, together with a demonstration video, is publicly available at △ Less Submitted 18 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.20865 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV doi 10.1109/TPAMI.2025.3626275 Estimating Fog Parameters from a Sequence of Stereo Images Authors: Yining Ding , João F. C. Mota , Andrew M. Wallace , Sen Wang Abstract : We propose a method which, given a sequence of stereo foggy images, estimates the parameters of a fog model and updates them dynamically. In contrast with previous approaches, which estimate the parameters sequentially and thus are prone to error propagation, our algorithm estimates all the parameters simultaneously by solving a novel optimisation problem. By assuming that fog is only locally homo… ▽ More We propose a method which, given a sequence of stereo foggy images, estimates the parameters of a fog model and updates them dynamically. In contrast with previous approaches, which estimate the parameters sequentially and thus are prone to error propagation, our algorithm estimates all the parameters simultaneously by solving a novel optimisation problem. By assuming that fog is only locally homogeneous, our method effectively handles real-world fog, which is often globally inhomogeneous. The proposed algorithm can be easily used as an add-on module in existing visual Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping (SLAM) or odometry systems in the presence of fog. In order to assess our method, we also created a new dataset, the Stereo Driving In Real Fog (SDIRF), consisting of high-quality, consecutive stereo frames of real, foggy road scenes under a variety of visibility conditions, totalling over 40 minutes and 34k frames. As a first-of-its-kind, SDIRF contains the camera's photometric parameters calibrated in a lab environment, which is a prerequisite for correctly applying the atmospheric scattering model to foggy images. The dataset also includes the counterpart clear data of the same routes recorded in overcast weather, which is useful for companion work in image defogging and depth reconstruction. We conducted extensive experiments using both synthetic foggy data and real foggy sequences from SDIRF to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm over prior methods. Our method not only produces the most accurate estimates on synthetic data, but also adapts better to real fog. We make our code and SDIRF publicly available\footnote{ to the community with the aim of advancing the research on visual perception in fog. △ Less Submitted 25 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.20865 [ pdf , ps , other ] Estimating Fog Parameters from a Sequence of Stereo Images Authors: Yining Ding , João F. C. Mota , Andrew M. Wallace , Sen Wang Abstract : We propose a method which, given a sequence of stereo foggy images, estimates the parameters of a fog model and updates them dynamically. In contrast with previous approaches, which estimate the parameters sequentially and thus are prone to error propagation, our algorithm estimates all the parameters simultaneously by solving a novel optimisation problem. By assuming that fog is only locally homo… ▽ More We propose a method which, given a sequence of stereo foggy images, estimates the parameters of a fog model and updates them dynamically. In contrast with previous approaches, which estimate the parameters sequentially and thus are prone to error propagation, our algorithm estimates all the parameters simultaneously by solving a novel optimisation problem. By assuming that fog is only locally homogeneous, our method effectively handles real-world fog, which is often globally inhomogeneous. The proposed algorithm can be easily used as an add-on module in existing visual Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping (SLAM) or odometry systems in the presence of fog. In order to assess our method, we also created a new dataset, the Stereo Driving In Real Fog (SDIRF), consisting of high-quality, consecutive stereo frames of real, foggy road scenes under a variety of visibility conditions, totalling over 40 minutes and 34k frames. As a first-of-its-kind, SDIRF contains the camera's photometric parameters calibrated in a lab environment, which is a prerequisite for correctly applying the atmospheric scattering model to foggy images. The dataset also includes the counterpart clear data of the same routes recorded in overcast weather, which is useful for companion work in image defogging and depth reconstruction. We conducted extensive experiments using both synthetic foggy data and real foggy sequences from SDIRF to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm over prior methods. Our method not only produces the most accurate estimates on synthetic data, but also adapts better to real fog. We make our code and SDIRF publicly available\footnote{ to the community with the aim of advancing the research on visual perception in fog. △ Less Submitted 25 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.17885 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.LG FastMMoE: Accelerating Multimodal Large Language Models through Dynamic Expert Activation and Routing-Aware Token Pruning Authors: Guoyang Xia , Yifeng Ding , Fengfa Li , Lei Ren , Wei Chen , Fangxiang Feng , Xiaojie Wang Abstract : Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved impressive performance, but high-resolution visual inputs result in long sequences of visual tokens and substantial inference latency. Reducing redundant visual tokens is critical to ease computational/memory burdens while preserving performance, enabling MLLM deployment in resource-constrained or latency-sensitive scenarios. Current visual to… ▽ More Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved impressive performance, but high-resolution visual inputs result in long sequences of visual tokens and substantial inference latency. Reducing redundant visual tokens is critical to ease computational/memory burdens while preserving performance, enabling MLLM deployment in resource-constrained or latency-sensitive scenarios. Current visual token pruning methods mainly rely on attention-based redundancy analysis and are tailored to dense architectures. We propose Fast Multimodal Mixture-of-Experts (FastMMoE), a training-free acceleration framework for mixture-of-experts (MoE) based MLLMs, developed from a routing analysis perspective. FastMMoE combines two complementary strategies: (i) expert activation reduction for visual tokens to minimize unnecessary expert computation; and (ii) routing-aware token pruning that leverages similarity in routing probability distributions to identify and remove highly redundant visual tokens. Experiments on large-scale MoE-MLLMs such as DeepSeek-VL2 and InternVL3.5 demonstrate that FastMMoE can reduce FLOPs by up to 55.0% while retaining approximately 95.5% of the original performance, consistently outperforming dense-model pruning baselines including FastV and SparseVLM across multiple retention rates. △ Less Submitted 21 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.17885 [ pdf , ps , other ] FastMMoE: Accelerating Multimodal Large Language Models through Dynamic Expert Activation and Routing-Aware Token Pruning Authors: Guoyang Xia , Yifeng Ding , Fengfa Li , Lei Ren , Wei Chen , Fangxiang Feng , Xiaojie Wang Abstract : Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved impressive performance, but high-resolution visual inputs result in long sequences of visual tokens and substantial inference latency. Reducing redundant visual tokens is critical to ease computational/memory burdens while preserving performance, enabling MLLM deployment in resource-constrained or latency-sensitive scenarios. Current visual to… ▽ More Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved impressive performance, but high-resolution visual inputs result in long sequences of visual tokens and substantial inference latency. Reducing redundant visual tokens is critical to ease computational/memory burdens while preserving performance, enabling MLLM deployment in resource-constrained or latency-sensitive scenarios. Current visual token pruning methods mainly rely on attention-based redundancy analysis and are tailored to dense architectures. We propose Fast Multimodal Mixture-of-Experts (FastMMoE), a training-free acceleration framework for mixture-of-experts (MoE) based MLLMs, developed from a routing analysis perspective. FastMMoE combines two complementary strategies: (i) expert activation reduction for visual tokens to minimize unnecessary expert computation; and (ii) routing-aware token pruning that leverages similarity in routing probability distributions to identify and remove highly redundant visual tokens. Experiments on large-scale MoE-MLLMs such as DeepSeek-VL2 and InternVL3.5 demonstrate that FastMMoE can reduce FLOPs by up to 55.0% while retaining approximately 95.5% of the original performance, consistently outperforming dense-model pruning baselines including FastV and SparseVLM across multiple retention rates. △ Less Submitted 21 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.17585 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI cs.CV PaSE: Prototype-aligned Calibration and Shapley-based Equilibrium for Multimodal Sentiment Analysis Authors: Kang He , Boyu Chen , Yuzhe Ding , Fei Li , Chong Teng , Donghong Ji Abstract : Multimodal Sentiment Analysis (MSA) seeks to understand human emotions by integrating textual, acoustic, and visual signals. Although multimodal fusion is designed to leverage cross-modal complementarity, real-world scenarios often exhibit modality competition: dominant modalities tend to overshadow weaker ones, leading to suboptimal performance. In this paper, we propose PaSE, a novel Prototype-a… ▽ More Multimodal Sentiment Analysis (MSA) seeks to understand human emotions by integrating textual, acoustic, and visual signals. Although multimodal fusion is designed to leverage cross-modal complementarity, real-world scenarios often exhibit modality competition: dominant modalities tend to overshadow weaker ones, leading to suboptimal performance. In this paper, we propose PaSE, a novel Prototype-aligned Calibration and Shapley-optimized Equilibrium framework, which enhances collaboration while explicitly mitigating modality competition. PaSE first applies Prototype-guided Calibration Learning (PCL) to refine unimodal representations and align them through an Entropic Optimal Transport mechanism that ensures semantic consistency. To further stabilize optimization, we introduce a Dual-Phase Optimization strategy. A prototype-gated fusion module is first used to extract shared representations, followed by Shapley-based Gradient Modulation (SGM), which adaptively adjusts gradients according to the contribution of each modality. Extensive experiments on IEMOCAP, MOSI, and MOSEI confirm that PaSE achieves the superior performance and effectively alleviates modality competition. △ Less Submitted 25 November, 2025; v1 submitted 16 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: Accepted by AAAI 2026 arXiv:2511.17585 [ pdf , ps , other ] PaSE: Prototype-aligned Calibration and Shapley-based Equilibrium for Multimodal Sentiment Analysis Authors: Kang He , Boyu Chen , Yuzhe Ding , Fei Li , Chong Teng , Donghong Ji Abstract : Multimodal Sentiment Analysis (MSA) seeks to understand human emotions by integrating textual, acoustic, and visual signals. Although multimodal fusion is designed to leverage cross-modal complementarity, real-world scenarios often exhibit modality competition: dominant modalities tend to overshadow weaker ones, leading to suboptimal performance. In this paper, we propose PaSE, a novel Prototype-a… ▽ More Multimodal Sentiment Analysis (MSA) seeks to understand human emotions by integrating textual, acoustic, and visual signals. Although multimodal fusion is designed to leverage cross-modal complementarity, real-world scenarios often exhibit modality competition: dominant modalities tend to overshadow weaker ones, leading to suboptimal performance. In this paper, we propose PaSE, a novel Prototype-aligned Calibration and Shapley-optimized Equilibrium framework, which enhances collaboration while explicitly mitigating modality competition. PaSE first applies Prototype-guided Calibration Learning (PCL) to refine unimodal representations and align them through an Entropic Optimal Transport mechanism that ensures semantic consistency. To further stabilize optimization, we introduce a Dual-Phase Optimization strategy. A prototype-gated fusion module is first used to extract shared representations, followed by Shapley-based Gradient Modulation (SGM), which adaptively adjusts gradients according to the contribution of each modality. Extensive experiments on IEMOCAP, MOSI, and MOSEI confirm that PaSE achieves the superior performance and effectively alleviates modality competition. △ Less Submitted 25 November, 2025; v1 submitted 16 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: Accepted by AAAI 2026 arXiv:2511.15994 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL CARE-RAG - Clinical Assessment and Reasoning in RAG Authors: Deepthi Potluri , Aby Mammen Mathew , Jeffrey B DeWitt , Alexander L. Rasgon , Yide Hao , Junyuan Hong , Ying Ding Abstract : Access to the right evidence does not guarantee that large language models (LLMs) will reason with it correctly. This gap between retrieval and reasoning is especially concerning in clinical settings, where outputs must align with structured protocols. We study this gap using Written Exposure Therapy (WET) guidelines as a testbed. In evaluating model responses to curated clinician-vetted questions… ▽ More Access to the right evidence does not guarantee that large language models (LLMs) will reason with it correctly. This gap between retrieval and reasoning is especially concerning in clinical settings, where outputs must align with structured protocols. We study this gap using Written Exposure Therapy (WET) guidelines as a testbed. In evaluating model responses to curated clinician-vetted questions, we find that errors persist even when authoritative passages are provided. To address this, we propose an evaluation framework that measures accuracy, consistency, and fidelity of reasoning. Our results highlight both the potential and the risks: retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) can constrain outputs, but safe deployment requires assessing reasoning as rigorously as retrieval. △ Less Submitted 19 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: The Second Workshop on GenAI for Health: Potential, Trust, and Policy Compliance arXiv:2511.15994 [ pdf , ps , other ] CARE-RAG - Clinical Assessment and Reasoning in RAG Authors: Deepthi Potluri , Aby Mammen Mathew , Jeffrey B DeWitt , Alexander L. Rasgon , Yide Hao , Junyuan Hong , Ying Ding Abstract : Access to the right evidence does not guarantee that large language models (LLMs) will reason with it correctly. This gap between retrieval and reasoning is especially concerning in clinical settings, where outputs must align with structured protocols. We study this gap using Written Exposure Therapy (WET) guidelines as a testbed. In evaluating model responses to curated clinician-vetted questions… ▽ More Access to the right evidence does not guarantee that large language models (LLMs) will reason with it correctly. This gap between retrieval and reasoning is especially concerning in clinical settings, where outputs must align with structured protocols. We study this gap using Written Exposure Therapy (WET) guidelines as a testbed. In evaluating model responses to curated clinician-vetted questions, we find that errors persist even when authoritative passages are provided. To address this, we propose an evaluation framework that measures accuracy, consistency, and fidelity of reasoning. Our results highlight both the potential and the risks: retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) can constrain outputs, but safe deployment requires assessing reasoning as rigorously as retrieval. △ Less Submitted 19 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: The Second Workshop on GenAI for Health: Potential, Trust, and Policy Compliance arXiv:2511.15984 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV UniDGF: A Unified Detection-to-Generation Framework for Hierarchical Object Visual Recognition Authors: Xinyu Nan , Lingtao Mao , Huangyu Dai , Zexin Zheng , Xinyu Sun , Zihan Liang , Ben Chen , Yuqing Ding , Chenyi Lei , Wenwu Ou , Han Li Abstract : Achieving visual semantic understanding requires a unified framework that simultaneously handles object detection, category prediction, and attribute recognition. However, current advanced approaches rely on global similarity and struggle to capture fine-grained category distinctions and category-specific attribute diversity, especially in large-scale e-commerce scenarios. To overcome these challe… ▽ More Achieving visual semantic understanding requires a unified framework that simultaneously handles object detection, category prediction, and attribute recognition. However, current advanced approaches rely on global similarity and struggle to capture fine-grained category distinctions and category-specific attribute diversity, especially in large-scale e-commerce scenarios. To overcome these challenges, we introduce a detection-guided generative framework that predicts hierarchical category and attribute tokens. For each detected object, we extract refined ROI-level features and employ a BART-based generator to produce semantic tokens in a coarse-to-fine sequence covering category hierarchies and property-value pairs, with support for property-conditioned attribute recognition. Experiments on both large-scale proprietary e-commerce datasets and open-source datasets demonstrate that our approach significantly outperforms existing similarity-based pipelines and multi-stage classification systems, achieving stronger fine-grained recognition and more coherent unified inference. △ Less Submitted 19 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.15984 [ pdf , ps , other ] UniDGF: A Unified Detection-to-Generation Framework for Hierarchical Object Visual Recognition Authors: Xinyu Nan , Lingtao Mao , Huangyu Dai , Zexin Zheng , Xinyu Sun , Zihan Liang , Ben Chen , Yuqing Ding , Chenyi Lei , Wenwu Ou , Han Li Abstract : Achieving visual semantic understanding requires a unified framework that simultaneously handles object detection, category prediction, and attribute recognition. However, current advanced approaches rely on global similarity and struggle to capture fine-grained category distinctions and category-specific attribute diversity, especially in large-scale e-commerce scenarios. To overcome these challe… ▽ More Achieving visual semantic understanding requires a unified framework that simultaneously handles object detection, category prediction, and attribute recognition. However, current advanced approaches rely on global similarity and struggle to capture fine-grained category distinctions and category-specific attribute diversity, especially in large-scale e-commerce scenarios. To overcome these challenges, we introduce a detection-guided generative framework that predicts hierarchical category and attribute tokens. For each detected object, we extract refined ROI-level features and employ a BART-based generator to produce semantic tokens in a coarse-to-fine sequence covering category hierarchies and property-value pairs, with support for property-conditioned attribute recognition. Experiments on both large-scale proprietary e-commerce datasets and open-source datasets demonstrate that our approach significantly outperforms existing similarity-based pipelines and multi-stage classification systems, achieving stronger fine-grained recognition and more coherent unified inference. △ Less Submitted 19 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.15757 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SE Rethinking Kernel Program Repair: Benchmarking and Enhancing LLMs with RGym Authors: Kareem Shehada , Yifan Wu , Wyatt D. Feng , Adithya Iyer , Gryphon Kumfert , Yangruibo Ding , Zhiyun Qian Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized automated program repair (APR) but current benchmarks like SWE-Bench predominantly focus on userspace applications and overlook the complexities of kernel-space debugging and repair. The Linux kernel poses unique challenges due to its monolithic structure, concurrency, and low-level hardware interactions. Prior efforts such as KGym and CrashFixer ha… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized automated program repair (APR) but current benchmarks like SWE-Bench predominantly focus on userspace applications and overlook the complexities of kernel-space debugging and repair. The Linux kernel poses unique challenges due to its monolithic structure, concurrency, and low-level hardware interactions. Prior efforts such as KGym and CrashFixer have highlighted the difficulty of APR in this domain, reporting low success rates or relying on costly and complex pipelines and pricey cloud infrastructure. In this work, we introduce RGym, a lightweight, platform-agnostic APR evaluation framework for the Linux kernel designed to operate on local commodity hardware. Built on RGym, we propose a simple yet effective APR pipeline leveraging specialized localization techniques (e.g., call stacks and blamed commits) to overcome the unrealistic usage of oracles in KGym. We test on a filtered and verified dataset of 143 bugs. Our method achieves up to a 43.36% pass rate with GPT-5 Thinking while maintaining a cost of under $0.20 per bug. We further conduct an ablation study to analyze contributions from our proposed localization strategy, prompt structure, and model choice, and demonstrate that feedback-based retries can significantly enhance success rates. △ Less Submitted 19 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: 39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2025) Workshop: Evaluating the Evolving LLM Lifecycle: Benchmarks, Emergent Abilities, and Scaling arXiv:2511.15757 [ pdf , ps , other ] Rethinking Kernel Program Repair: Benchmarking and Enhancing LLMs with RGym Authors: Kareem Shehada , Yifan Wu , Wyatt D. Feng , Adithya Iyer , Gryphon Kumfert , Yangruibo Ding , Zhiyun Qian Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized automated program repair (APR) but current benchmarks like SWE-Bench predominantly focus on userspace applications and overlook the complexities of kernel-space debugging and repair. The Linux kernel poses unique challenges due to its monolithic structure, concurrency, and low-level hardware interactions. Prior efforts such as KGym and CrashFixer ha… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized automated program repair (APR) but current benchmarks like SWE-Bench predominantly focus on userspace applications and overlook the complexities of kernel-space debugging and repair. The Linux kernel poses unique challenges due to its monolithic structure, concurrency, and low-level hardware interactions. Prior efforts such as KGym and CrashFixer have highlighted the difficulty of APR in this domain, reporting low success rates or relying on costly and complex pipelines and pricey cloud infrastructure. In this work, we introduce RGym, a lightweight, platform-agnostic APR evaluation framework for the Linux kernel designed to operate on local commodity hardware. Built on RGym, we propose a simple yet effective APR pipeline leveraging specialized localization techniques (e.g., call stacks and blamed commits) to overcome the unrealistic usage of oracles in KGym. We test on a filtered and verified dataset of 143 bugs. Our method achieves up to a 43.36% pass rate with GPT-5 Thinking while maintaining a cost of under $0.20 per bug. We further conduct an ablation study to analyze contributions from our proposed localization strategy, prompt structure, and model choice, and demonstrate that feedback-based retries can significantly enhance success rates. △ Less Submitted 19 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: 39th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2025) Workshop: Evaluating the Evolving LLM Lifecycle: Benchmarks, Emergent Abilities, and Scaling arXiv:2511.15690 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.CL MoDES: Accelerating Mixture-of-Experts Multimodal Large Language Models via Dynamic Expert Skipping Authors: Yushi Huang , Zining Wang , Zhihang Yuan , Yifu Ding , Ruihao Gong , Jinyang Guo , Xianglong Liu , Jun Zhang Abstract : Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) excel at vision-language tasks, but they suffer from high computational inefficiency. To reduce inference overhead, expert skipping methods have been proposed to deactivate redundant experts based on the current input tokens. However, we find that applying these methods-originally designed for unimodal large language models (LLMs)-t… ▽ More Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) excel at vision-language tasks, but they suffer from high computational inefficiency. To reduce inference overhead, expert skipping methods have been proposed to deactivate redundant experts based on the current input tokens. However, we find that applying these methods-originally designed for unimodal large language models (LLMs)-to MLLMs results in considerable performance degradation. This is primarily because such methods fail to account for the heterogeneous contributions of experts across MoE layers and modality-specific behaviors of tokens within these layers. Motivated by these findings, we propose MoDES, the first training-free framework that adaptively skips experts to enable efficient and accurate MoE MLLM inference. It incorporates a globally-modulated local gating (GMLG) mechanism that integrates global layer-wise importance into local routing probabilities to accurately estimate per-token expert importance. A dual-modality thresholding (DMT) method is then applied, which processes tokens from each modality separately, to derive the skipping schedule. To set the optimal thresholds, we introduce a frontier search algorithm that exploits monotonicity properties, cutting convergence time from several days to a few hours. Extensive experiments for 3 model series across 13 benchmarks demonstrate that MoDES far outperforms previous approaches. For instance, when skipping 88% experts for Qwen3-VL-MoE-30B-A3B-Instruct, the performance boost is up to 10.67% (97.33% vs. 86.66%). Furthermore, MoDES significantly enhances inference speed, improving the prefilling time by 2.16$\times$ and the decoding time by 1.26$\times$. △ Less Submitted 19 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: Code will be released upon acceptance arXiv:2511.15690 [ pdf , ps , other ] MoDES: Accelerating Mixture-of-Experts Multimodal Large Language Models via Dynamic Expert Skipping Authors: Yushi Huang , Zining Wang , Zhihang Yuan , Yifu Ding , Ruihao Gong , Jinyang Guo , Xianglong Liu , Jun Zhang Abstract : Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) excel at vision-language tasks, but they suffer from high computational inefficiency. To reduce inference overhead, expert skipping methods have been proposed to deactivate redundant experts based on the current input tokens. However, we find that applying these methods-originally designed for unimodal large language models (LLMs)-t… ▽ More Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) excel at vision-language tasks, but they suffer from high computational inefficiency. To reduce inference overhead, expert skipping methods have been proposed to deactivate redundant experts based on the current input tokens. However, we find that applying these methods-originally designed for unimodal large language models (LLMs)-to MLLMs results in considerable performance degradation. This is primarily because such methods fail to account for the heterogeneous contributions of experts across MoE layers and modality-specific behaviors of tokens within these layers. Motivated by these findings, we propose MoDES, the first training-free framework that adaptively skips experts to enable efficient and accurate MoE MLLM inference. It incorporates a globally-modulated local gating (GMLG) mechanism that integrates global layer-wise importance into local routing probabilities to accurately estimate per-token expert importance. A dual-modality thresholding (DMT) method is then applied, which processes tokens from each modality separately, to derive the skipping schedule. To set the optimal thresholds, we introduce a frontier search algorithm that exploits monotonicity properties, cutting convergence time from several days to a few hours. Extensive experiments for 3 model series across 13 benchmarks demonstrate that MoDES far outperforms previous approaches. For instance, when skipping 88% experts for Qwen3-VL-MoE-30B-A3B-Instruct, the performance boost is up to 10.67% (97.33% vs. 86.66%). Furthermore, MoDES significantly enhances inference speed, improving the prefilling time by 2.16$\times$ and the decoding time by 1.26$\times$. △ Less Submitted 19 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: Code will be released upon acceptance arXiv:2511.15435 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI cs.IR HV-Attack: Hierarchical Visual Attack for Multimodal Retrieval Augmented Generation Authors: Linyin Luo , Yujuan Ding , Yunshan Ma , Wenqi Fan , Hanjiang Lai Abstract : Advanced multimodal Retrieval-Augmented Generation (MRAG) techniques have been widely applied to enhance the capabilities of Large Multimodal Models (LMMs), but they also bring along novel safety issues. Existing adversarial research has revealed the vulnerability of MRAG systems to knowledge poisoning attacks, which fool the retriever into recalling injected poisoned contents. However, our work c… ▽ More Advanced multimodal Retrieval-Augmented Generation (MRAG) techniques have been widely applied to enhance the capabilities of Large Multimodal Models (LMMs), but they also bring along novel safety issues. Existing adversarial research has revealed the vulnerability of MRAG systems to knowledge poisoning attacks, which fool the retriever into recalling injected poisoned contents. However, our work considers a different setting: visual attack of MRAG by solely adding imperceptible perturbations at the image inputs of users, without manipulating any other components. This is challenging due to the robustness of fine-tuned retrievers and large-scale generators, and the effect of visual perturbation may be further weakened by propagation through the RAG chain. We propose a novel Hierarchical Visual Attack that misaligns and disrupts the two inputs (the multimodal query and the augmented knowledge) of MRAG's generator to confuse its generation. We further design a hierarchical two-stage strategy to obtain misaligned augmented knowledge. We disrupt the image input of the retriever to make it recall irrelevant knowledge from the original database, by optimizing the perturbation which first breaks the cross-modal alignment and then disrupts the multimodal semantic alignment. We conduct extensive experiments on two widely-used MRAG datasets: OK-VQA and InfoSeek. We use CLIP-based retrievers and two LMMs BLIP-2 and LLaVA as generators. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of our visual attack on MRAG through the significant decrease in both retrieval and generation performance. △ Less Submitted 19 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.15435 [ pdf , ps , other ] HV-Attack: Hierarchical Visual Attack for Multimodal Retrieval Augmented Generation Authors: Linyin Luo , Yujuan Ding , Yunshan Ma , Wenqi Fan , Hanjiang Lai Abstract : Advanced multimodal Retrieval-Augmented Generation (MRAG) techniques have been widely applied to enhance the capabilities of Large Multimodal Models (LMMs), but they also bring along novel safety issues. Existing adversarial research has revealed the vulnerability of MRAG systems to knowledge poisoning attacks, which fool the retriever into recalling injected poisoned contents. However, our work c… ▽ More Advanced multimodal Retrieval-Augmented Generation (MRAG) techniques have been widely applied to enhance the capabilities of Large Multimodal Models (LMMs), but they also bring along novel safety issues. Existing adversarial research has revealed the vulnerability of MRAG systems to knowledge poisoning attacks, which fool the retriever into recalling injected poisoned contents. However, our work considers a different setting: visual attack of MRAG by solely adding imperceptible perturbations at the image inputs of users, without manipulating any other components. This is challenging due to the robustness of fine-tuned retrievers and large-scale generators, and the effect of visual perturbation may be further weakened by propagation through the RAG chain. We propose a novel Hierarchical Visual Attack that misaligns and disrupts the two inputs (the multimodal query and the augmented knowledge) of MRAG's generator to confuse its generation. We further design a hierarchical two-stage strategy to obtain misaligned augmented knowledge. We disrupt the image input of the retriever to make it recall irrelevant knowledge from the original database, by optimizing the perturbation which first breaks the cross-modal alignment and then disrupts the multimodal semantic alignment. We conduct extensive experiments on two widely-used MRAG datasets: OK-VQA and InfoSeek. We use CLIP-based retrievers and two LMMs BLIP-2 and LLaVA as generators. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of our visual attack on MRAG through the significant decrease in both retrieval and generation performance. △ Less Submitted 19 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.14846 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI cs.CL Empowering Multi-Turn Tool-Integrated Reasoning with Group Turn Policy Optimization Authors: Yifeng Ding , Hung Le , Songyang Han , Kangrui Ruan , Zhenghui Jin , Varun Kumar , Zijian Wang , Anoop Deoras Abstract : Training Large Language Models (LLMs) for multi-turn Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) - where models iteratively reason, generate code, and verify through execution - remains challenging for existing reinforcement learning (RL) approaches. Current RL methods, exemplified by Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), suffer from coarse-grained, trajectory-level rewards that provide insufficient lear… ▽ More Training Large Language Models (LLMs) for multi-turn Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) - where models iteratively reason, generate code, and verify through execution - remains challenging for existing reinforcement learning (RL) approaches. Current RL methods, exemplified by Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), suffer from coarse-grained, trajectory-level rewards that provide insufficient learning signals for complex multi-turn interactions, leading to training stagnation. To address this issue, we propose Group Turn Policy Optimization (GTPO), a novel RL algorithm specifically designed for training LLMs on multi-turn TIR tasks. GTPO introduces three key innovations: (1) turn-level reward assignment that provides fine-grained feedback for individual turns, (2) return-based advantage estimation where normalized discounted returns are calculated as advantages, and (3) self-supervised reward shaping that exploits self-supervision signals from generated code to densify sparse binary outcome-based rewards. Our comprehensive evaluation demonstrates that GTPO outperforms GRPO by 3.0% on average across diverse reasoning benchmarks, establishing its effectiveness for advancing complex mathematical reasoning in the real world. △ Less Submitted 18 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.14846 [ pdf , ps , other ] Empowering Multi-Turn Tool-Integrated Reasoning with Group Turn Policy Optimization Authors: Yifeng Ding , Hung Le , Songyang Han , Kangrui Ruan , Zhenghui Jin , Varun Kumar , Zijian Wang , Anoop Deoras Abstract : Training Large Language Models (LLMs) for multi-turn Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) - where models iteratively reason, generate code, and verify through execution - remains challenging for existing reinforcement learning (RL) approaches. Current RL methods, exemplified by Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), suffer from coarse-grained, trajectory-level rewards that provide insufficient lear… ▽ More Training Large Language Models (LLMs) for multi-turn Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) - where models iteratively reason, generate code, and verify through execution - remains challenging for existing reinforcement learning (RL) approaches. Current RL methods, exemplified by Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), suffer from coarse-grained, trajectory-level rewards that provide insufficient learning signals for complex multi-turn interactions, leading to training stagnation. To address this issue, we propose Group Turn Policy Optimization (GTPO), a novel RL algorithm specifically designed for training LLMs on multi-turn TIR tasks. GTPO introduces three key innovations: (1) turn-level reward assignment that provides fine-grained feedback for individual turns, (2) return-based advantage estimation where normalized discounted returns are calculated as advantages, and (3) self-supervised reward shaping that exploits self-supervision signals from generated code to densify sparse binary outcome-based rewards. Our comprehensive evaluation demonstrates that GTPO outperforms GRPO by 3.0% on average across diverse reasoning benchmarks, establishing its effectiveness for advancing complex mathematical reasoning in the real world. △ Less Submitted 18 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.14182 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IR WebRec: Enhancing LLM-based Recommendations with Attention-guided RAG from Web Authors: Zihuai Zhao , Yujuan Ding , Wenqi Fan , Qing Li Abstract : Recommender systems play a vital role in alleviating information overload and enriching users' online experience. In the era of large language models (LLMs), LLM-based recommender systems have emerged as a prevalent paradigm for advancing personalized recommendations. Recently, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has drawn growing interest to facilitate the recommendation capability of LLMs, inco… ▽ More Recommender systems play a vital role in alleviating information overload and enriching users' online experience. In the era of large language models (LLMs), LLM-based recommender systems have emerged as a prevalent paradigm for advancing personalized recommendations. Recently, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has drawn growing interest to facilitate the recommendation capability of LLMs, incorporating useful information retrieved from external knowledge bases. However, as a rich source of up-to-date information, the web remains under-explored by existing RAG-based recommendations. In particular, unique challenges are posed from two perspectives: one is to generate effective queries for web retrieval, considering the inherent knowledge gap between web search and recommendations; another challenge lies in harnessing online websites that contain substantial noisy content. To tackle these limitations, we propose WebRec, a novel web-based RAG framework, which takes advantage of the reasoning capability of LLMs to interpret recommendation tasks into queries of user preferences that cater to web retrieval. Moreover, given noisy web-retrieved information, where relevant pieces of evidence are scattered far apart, an insightful MP-Head is designed to enhance LLM attentions between distant tokens of relevant information via message passing. Extensive experiments have been conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed web-based RAG methods in recommendation scenarios. △ Less Submitted 18 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.14182 [ pdf , ps , other ] WebRec: Enhancing LLM-based Recommendations with Attention-guided RAG from Web Authors: Zihuai Zhao , Yujuan Ding , Wenqi Fan , Qing Li Abstract : Recommender systems play a vital role in alleviating information overload and enriching users' online experience. In the era of large language models (LLMs), LLM-based recommender systems have emerged as a prevalent paradigm for advancing personalized recommendations. Recently, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has drawn growing interest to facilitate the recommendation capability of LLMs, inco… ▽ More Recommender systems play a vital role in alleviating information overload and enriching users' online experience. In the era of large language models (LLMs), LLM-based recommender systems have emerged as a prevalent paradigm for advancing personalized recommendations. Recently, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has drawn growing interest to facilitate the recommendation capability of LLMs, incorporating useful information retrieved from external knowledge bases. However, as a rich source of up-to-date information, the web remains under-explored by existing RAG-based recommendations. In particular, unique challenges are posed from two perspectives: one is to generate effective queries for web retrieval, considering the inherent knowledge gap between web search and recommendations; another challenge lies in harnessing online websites that contain substantial noisy content. To tackle these limitations, we propose WebRec, a novel web-based RAG framework, which takes advantage of the reasoning capability of LLMs to interpret recommendation tasks into queries of user preferences that cater to web retrieval. Moreover, given noisy web-retrieved information, where relevant pieces of evidence are scattered far apart, an insightful MP-Head is designed to enhance LLM attentions between distant tokens of relevant information via message passing. Extensive experiments have been conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed web-based RAG methods in recommendation scenarios. △ Less Submitted 18 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.14148 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO cs.AI cs.LG AsyncVLA: Asynchronous Flow Matching for Vision-Language-Action Models Authors: Yuhua Jiang , Shuang Cheng , Yan Ding , Feifei Gao , Biqing Qi Abstract : Vision-language-action (VLA) models have recently emerged as a powerful paradigm for building generalist robots. However, traditional VLA models that generate actions through flow matching (FM) typically rely on rigid and uniform time schedules, i.e., synchronous FM (SFM). Without action context awareness and asynchronous self-correction, SFM becomes unstable in long-horizon tasks, where a single… ▽ More Vision-language-action (VLA) models have recently emerged as a powerful paradigm for building generalist robots. However, traditional VLA models that generate actions through flow matching (FM) typically rely on rigid and uniform time schedules, i.e., synchronous FM (SFM). Without action context awareness and asynchronous self-correction, SFM becomes unstable in long-horizon tasks, where a single action error can cascade into failure. In this work, we propose asynchronous flow matching VLA (AsyncVLA), a novel framework that introduces temporal flexibility in asynchronous FM (AFM) and enables self-correction in action generation. AsyncVLA breaks from the vanilla SFM in VLA models by generating the action tokens in a non-uniform time schedule with action context awareness. Besides, our method introduces the confidence rater to extract confidence of the initially generated actions, enabling the model to selectively refine inaccurate action tokens before execution. Moreover, we propose a unified training procedure for SFM and AFM that endows a single model with both modes, improving KV-cache utilization. Extensive experiments on robotic manipulation benchmarks demonstrate that AsyncVLA is data-efficient and exhibits self-correction ability. AsyncVLA achieves state-of-the-art results across general embodied evaluations due to its asynchronous generation in AFM. Our code is available at △ Less Submitted 18 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.14148 [ pdf , ps , other ] AsyncVLA: Asynchronous Flow Matching for Vision-Language-Action Models Authors: Yuhua Jiang , Shuang Cheng , Yan Ding , Feifei Gao , Biqing Qi Abstract : Vision-language-action (VLA) models have recently emerged as a powerful paradigm for building generalist robots. However, traditional VLA models that generate actions through flow matching (FM) typically rely on rigid and uniform time schedules, i.e., synchronous FM (SFM). Without action context awareness and asynchronous self-correction, SFM becomes unstable in long-horizon tasks, where a single… ▽ More Vision-language-action (VLA) models have recently emerged as a powerful paradigm for building generalist robots. However, traditional VLA models that generate actions through flow matching (FM) typically rely on rigid and uniform time schedules, i.e., synchronous FM (SFM). Without action context awareness and asynchronous self-correction, SFM becomes unstable in long-horizon tasks, where a single action error can cascade into failure. In this work, we propose asynchronous flow matching VLA (AsyncVLA), a novel framework that introduces temporal flexibility in asynchronous FM (AFM) and enables self-correction in action generation. AsyncVLA breaks from the vanilla SFM in VLA models by generating the action tokens in a non-uniform time schedule with action context awareness. Besides, our method introduces the confidence rater to extract confidence of the initially generated actions, enabling the model to selectively refine inaccurate action tokens before execution. Moreover, we propose a unified training procedure for SFM and AFM that endows a single model with both modes, improving KV-cache utilization. Extensive experiments on robotic manipulation benchmarks demonstrate that AsyncVLA is data-efficient and exhibits self-correction ability. AsyncVLA achieves state-of-the-art results across general embodied evaluations due to its asynchronous generation in AFM. Our code is available at △ Less Submitted 18 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.13178 [ pdf ] cs.LG Real-time distortion prediction in metallic additive manufacturing via a physics-informed neural operator approach Authors: Mingxuan Tian , Haochen Mu , Donghong Ding , Mengjiao Li , Yuhan Ding , Jianping Zhao Abstract : With the development of digital twins and smart manufacturing systems, there is an urgent need for real-time distortion field prediction to control defects in metal Additive Manufacturing (AM). However, numerical simulation methods suffer from high computational cost, long run-times that prevent real-time use, while conventional Machine learning (ML) models struggle to extract spatiotemporal featu… ▽ More With the development of digital twins and smart manufacturing systems, there is an urgent need for real-time distortion field prediction to control defects in metal Additive Manufacturing (AM). However, numerical simulation methods suffer from high computational cost, long run-times that prevent real-time use, while conventional Machine learning (ML) models struggle to extract spatiotemporal features for long-horizon prediction and fail to decouple thermo-mechanical fields. This paper proposes a Physics-informed Neural Operator (PINO) to predict z and y-direction distortion for the future 15 s. Our method, Physics-informed Deep Operator Network-Recurrent Neural Network (PIDeepONet-RNN) employs trunk and branch network to process temperature history and encode distortion fields, respectively, enabling decoupling of thermo-mechanical responses. By incorporating the heat conduction equation as a soft constraint, the model ensures physical consistency and suppresses unphysical artifacts, thereby establishing a more physically consistent mapping between the thermal history and distortion. This is important because such a basis function, grounded in physical laws, provides a robust and interpretable foundation for predictions. The proposed models are trained and tested using datasets generated from experimentally validated Finite Element Method (FEM). Evaluation shows that the model achieves high accuracy, low error accumulation, time efficiency. The max absolute errors in the z and y-directions are as low as 0.9733 mm and 0.2049 mm, respectively. The error distribution shows high errors in the molten pool but low gradient norms in the deposited and key areas. The performance of PINO surrogate model highlights its potential for real-time long-horizon physics field prediction in controlling defects. △ Less Submitted 17 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.13178 [ pdf ] Real-time distortion prediction in metallic additive manufacturing via a physics-informed neural operator approach Authors: Mingxuan Tian , Haochen Mu , Donghong Ding , Mengjiao Li , Yuhan Ding , Jianping Zhao Abstract : With the development of digital twins and smart manufacturing systems, there is an urgent need for real-time distortion field prediction to control defects in metal Additive Manufacturing (AM). However, numerical simulation methods suffer from high computational cost, long run-times that prevent real-time use, while conventional Machine learning (ML) models struggle to extract spatiotemporal featu… ▽ More With the development of digital twins and smart manufacturing systems, there is an urgent need for real-time distortion field prediction to control defects in metal Additive Manufacturing (AM). However, numerical simulation methods suffer from high computational cost, long run-times that prevent real-time use, while conventional Machine learning (ML) models struggle to extract spatiotemporal features for long-horizon prediction and fail to decouple thermo-mechanical fields. This paper proposes a Physics-informed Neural Operator (PINO) to predict z and y-direction distortion for the future 15 s. Our method, Physics-informed Deep Operator Network-Recurrent Neural Network (PIDeepONet-RNN) employs trunk and branch network to process temperature history and encode distortion fields, respectively, enabling decoupling of thermo-mechanical responses. By incorporating the heat conduction equation as a soft constraint, the model ensures physical consistency and suppresses unphysical artifacts, thereby establishing a more physically consistent mapping between the thermal history and distortion. This is important because such a basis function, grounded in physical laws, provides a robust and interpretable foundation for predictions. The proposed models are trained and tested using datasets generated from experimentally validated Finite Element Method (FEM). Evaluation shows that the model achieves high accuracy, low error accumulation, time efficiency. The max absolute errors in the z and y-directions are as low as 0.9733 mm and 0.2049 mm, respectively. The error distribution shows high errors in the molten pool but low gradient norms in the deposited and key areas. The performance of PINO surrogate model highlights its potential for real-time long-horizon physics field prediction in controlling defects. △ Less Submitted 17 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.12259 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV A Disease-Aware Dual-Stage Framework for Chest X-ray Report Generation Authors: Puzhen Wu , Hexin Dong , Yi Lin , Yihao Ding , Yifan Peng Abstract : Radiology report generation from chest X-rays is an important task in artificial intelligence with the potential to greatly reduce radiologists' workload and shorten patient wait times. Despite recent advances, existing approaches often lack sufficient disease-awareness in visual representations and adequate vision-language alignment to meet the specialized requirements of medical image analysis.… ▽ More Radiology report generation from chest X-rays is an important task in artificial intelligence with the potential to greatly reduce radiologists' workload and shorten patient wait times. Despite recent advances, existing approaches often lack sufficient disease-awareness in visual representations and adequate vision-language alignment to meet the specialized requirements of medical image analysis. As a result, these models usually overlook critical pathological features on chest X-rays and struggle to generate clinically accurate reports. To address these limitations, we propose a novel dual-stage disease-aware framework for chest X-ray report generation. In Stage~1, our model learns Disease-Aware Semantic Tokens (DASTs) corresponding to specific pathology categories through cross-attention mechanisms and multi-label classification, while simultaneously aligning vision and language representations via contrastive learning. In Stage~2, we introduce a Disease-Visual Attention Fusion (DVAF) module to integrate disease-aware representations with visual features, along with a Dual-Modal Similarity Retrieval (DMSR) mechanism that combines visual and disease-specific similarities to retrieve relevant exemplars, providing contextual guidance during report generation. Extensive experiments on benchmark datasets (i.e., CheXpert Plus, IU X-ray, and MIMIC-CXR) demonstrate that our disease-aware framework achieves state-of-the-art performance in chest X-ray report generation, with significant improvements in clinical accuracy and linguistic quality. △ Less Submitted 15 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: Accepted at AAAI 2026 arXiv:2511.12259 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Disease-Aware Dual-Stage Framework for Chest X-ray Report Generation Authors: Puzhen Wu , Hexin Dong , Yi Lin , Yihao Ding , Yifan Peng Abstract : Radiology report generation from chest X-rays is an important task in artificial intelligence with the potential to greatly reduce radiologists' workload and shorten patient wait times. Despite recent advances, existing approaches often lack sufficient disease-awareness in visual representations and adequate vision-language alignment to meet the specialized requirements of medical image analysis.… ▽ More Radiology report generation from chest X-rays is an important task in artificial intelligence with the potential to greatly reduce radiologists' workload and shorten patient wait times. Despite recent advances, existing approaches often lack sufficient disease-awareness in visual representations and adequate vision-language alignment to meet the specialized requirements of medical image analysis. As a result, these models usually overlook critical pathological features on chest X-rays and struggle to generate clinically accurate reports. To address these limitations, we propose a novel dual-stage disease-aware framework for chest X-ray report generation. In Stage~1, our model learns Disease-Aware Semantic Tokens (DASTs) corresponding to specific pathology categories through cross-attention mechanisms and multi-label classification, while simultaneously aligning vision and language representations via contrastive learning. In Stage~2, we introduce a Disease-Visual Attention Fusion (DVAF) module to integrate disease-aware representations with visual features, along with a Dual-Modal Similarity Retrieval (DMSR) mechanism that combines visual and disease-specific similarities to retrieve relevant exemplars, providing contextual guidance during report generation. Extensive experiments on benchmark datasets (i.e., CheXpert Plus, IU X-ray, and MIMIC-CXR) demonstrate that our disease-aware framework achieves state-of-the-art performance in chest X-ray report generation, with significant improvements in clinical accuracy and linguistic quality. △ Less Submitted 15 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: Accepted at AAAI 2026 arXiv:2511.10799 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV GFT: Graph Feature Tuning for Efficient Point Cloud Analysis Authors: Manish Dhakal , Venkat R. Dasari , Rajshekhar Sunderraman , Yi Ding Abstract : Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) significantly reduces computational and memory costs by updating only a small subset of the model's parameters, enabling faster adaptation to new tasks with minimal loss in performance. Previous studies have introduced PEFTs tailored for point cloud data, as general approaches are suboptimal. To further reduce the number of trainable parameters, we propose a… ▽ More Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) significantly reduces computational and memory costs by updating only a small subset of the model's parameters, enabling faster adaptation to new tasks with minimal loss in performance. Previous studies have introduced PEFTs tailored for point cloud data, as general approaches are suboptimal. To further reduce the number of trainable parameters, we propose a point-cloud-specific PEFT, termed Graph Features Tuning (GFT), which learns a dynamic graph from initial tokenized inputs of the transformer using a lightweight graph convolution network and passes these graph features to deeper layers via skip connections and efficient cross-attention modules. Extensive experiments on object classification and segmentation tasks show that GFT operates in the same domain, rivalling existing methods, while reducing the trainable parameters. Code is available at △ Less Submitted 30 November, 2025; v1 submitted 13 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: Accepted to WACV 2026 arXiv:2511.10799 [ pdf , ps , other ] GFT: Graph Feature Tuning for Efficient Point Cloud Analysis Authors: Manish Dhakal , Venkat R. Dasari , Rajshekhar Sunderraman , Yi Ding Abstract : Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) significantly reduces computational and memory costs by updating only a small subset of the model's parameters, enabling faster adaptation to new tasks with minimal loss in performance. Previous studies have introduced PEFTs tailored for point cloud data, as general approaches are suboptimal. To further reduce the number of trainable parameters, we propose a… ▽ More Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) significantly reduces computational and memory costs by updating only a small subset of the model's parameters, enabling faster adaptation to new tasks with minimal loss in performance. Previous studies have introduced PEFTs tailored for point cloud data, as general approaches are suboptimal. To further reduce the number of trainable parameters, we propose a point-cloud-specific PEFT, termed Graph Features Tuning (GFT), which learns a dynamic graph from initial tokenized inputs of the transformer using a lightweight graph convolution network and passes these graph features to deeper layers via skip connections and efficient cross-attention modules. Extensive experiments on object classification and segmentation tasks show that GFT operates in the same domain, rivalling existing methods, while reducing the trainable parameters. Code is available at △ Less Submitted 30 November, 2025; v1 submitted 13 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: Accepted to WACV 2026 arXiv:2511.10279 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV PROPA: Toward Process-level Optimization in Visual Reasoning via Reinforcement Learning Authors: Yanbei Jiang , Chao Lei , Yihao Ding , Krista Ehinger , Jey Han Lau Abstract : Despite significant progress, Vision-Language Models (VLMs) still struggle with complex visual reasoning, where multi-step dependencies cause early errors to cascade through the reasoning chain. Existing post-training paradigms are limited: Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) relies on costly step-level annotations, while Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) methods like GRPO provide onl… ▽ More Despite significant progress, Vision-Language Models (VLMs) still struggle with complex visual reasoning, where multi-step dependencies cause early errors to cascade through the reasoning chain. Existing post-training paradigms are limited: Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) relies on costly step-level annotations, while Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) methods like GRPO provide only sparse, outcome-level feedback, hindering stable optimization. We introduce PROPA (Process-level Reasoning Optimization with interleaved Policy Alignment), a novel framework that integrates Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) with GRPO to generate dense, process-level rewards and optimize reasoning at each intermediate step without human annotations. To overcome the cold-start problem, PROPA interleaves GRPO updates with SFT, enabling the model to learn from both successful and failed reasoning trajectories. A Process Reward Model (PRM) is further trained to guide inference-time search, aligning the test-time search with the training signal. Across seven benchmarks and four VLM backbones, PROPA consistently outperforms both SFT- and RLVR-based baselines. It achieves up to 17.0% gains on in-domain tasks and 21.0% gains on out-of-domain tasks compared to existing state-of-the-art, establishing a strong reasoning and generalization capability for visual reasoning tasks. The code isavailable at: △ Less Submitted 13 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.10279 [ pdf , ps , other ] PROPA: Toward Process-level Optimization in Visual Reasoning via Reinforcement Learning Authors: Yanbei Jiang , Chao Lei , Yihao Ding , Krista Ehinger , Jey Han Lau Abstract : Despite significant progress, Vision-Language Models (VLMs) still struggle with complex visual reasoning, where multi-step dependencies cause early errors to cascade through the reasoning chain. Existing post-training paradigms are limited: Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) relies on costly step-level annotations, while Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) methods like GRPO provide onl… ▽ More Despite significant progress, Vision-Language Models (VLMs) still struggle with complex visual reasoning, where multi-step dependencies cause early errors to cascade through the reasoning chain. Existing post-training paradigms are limited: Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) relies on costly step-level annotations, while Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) methods like GRPO provide only sparse, outcome-level feedback, hindering stable optimization. We introduce PROPA (Process-level Reasoning Optimization with interleaved Policy Alignment), a novel framework that integrates Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) with GRPO to generate dense, process-level rewards and optimize reasoning at each intermediate step without human annotations. To overcome the cold-start problem, PROPA interleaves GRPO updates with SFT, enabling the model to learn from both successful and failed reasoning trajectories. A Process Reward Model (PRM) is further trained to guide inference-time search, aligning the test-time search with the training signal. Across seven benchmarks and four VLM backbones, PROPA consistently outperforms both SFT- and RLVR-based baselines. It achieves up to 17.0% gains on in-domain tasks and 21.0% gains on out-of-domain tasks compared to existing state-of-the-art, establishing a strong reasoning and generalization capability for visual reasoning tasks. The code isavailable at: △ Less Submitted 13 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.07948 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV ReIDMamba: Learning Discriminative Features with Visual State Space Model for Person Re-Identification Authors: Hongyang Gu , Qisong Yang , Lei Pu , Siming Han , Yao Ding Abstract : Extracting robust discriminative features is a critical challenge in person re-identification (ReID). While Transformer-based methods have successfully addressed some limitations of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), such as their local processing nature and information loss resulting from convolution and downsampling operations, they still face the scalability issue due to the quadratic increa… ▽ More Extracting robust discriminative features is a critical challenge in person re-identification (ReID). While Transformer-based methods have successfully addressed some limitations of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), such as their local processing nature and information loss resulting from convolution and downsampling operations, they still face the scalability issue due to the quadratic increase in memory and computational requirements with the length of the input sequence. To overcome this, we propose a pure Mamba-based person ReID framework named ReIDMamba. Specifically, we have designed a Mamba-based strong baseline that effectively leverages fine-grained, discriminative global features by introducing multiple class tokens. To further enhance robust features learning within Mamba, we have carefully designed two novel techniques. First, the multi-granularity feature extractor (MGFE) module, designed with a multi-branch architecture and class token fusion, effectively forms multi-granularity features, enhancing both discrimination ability and fine-grained coverage. Second, the ranking-aware triplet regularization (RATR) is introduced to reduce redundancy in features from multiple branches, enhancing the diversity of multi-granularity features by incorporating both intra-class and inter-class diversity constraints, thus ensuring the robustness of person features. To our knowledge, this is the pioneering work that integrates a purely Mamba-driven approach into ReID research. Our proposed ReIDMamba model boasts only one-third the parameters of TransReID, along with lower GPU memory usage and faster inference throughput. Experimental results demonstrate ReIDMamba's superior and promising performance, achieving state-of-the-art performance on five person ReID benchmarks. Code is available at △ Less Submitted 11 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: 11 pages, 8 figures. Accepted to IEEE Transactions on Multimedia (TMM). Accepted Manuscript version uploaded arXiv:2511.07948 [ pdf , ps , other ] ReIDMamba: Learning Discriminative Features with Visual State Space Model for Person Re-Identification Authors: Hongyang Gu , Qisong Yang , Lei Pu , Siming Han , Yao Ding Abstract : Extracting robust discriminative features is a critical challenge in person re-identification (ReID). While Transformer-based methods have successfully addressed some limitations of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), such as their local processing nature and information loss resulting from convolution and downsampling operations, they still face the scalability issue due to the quadratic increa… ▽ More Extracting robust discriminative features is a critical challenge in person re-identification (ReID). While Transformer-based methods have successfully addressed some limitations of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), such as their local processing nature and information loss resulting from convolution and downsampling operations, they still face the scalability issue due to the quadratic increase in memory and computational requirements with the length of the input sequence. To overcome this, we propose a pure Mamba-based person ReID framework named ReIDMamba. Specifically, we have designed a Mamba-based strong baseline that effectively leverages fine-grained, discriminative global features by introducing multiple class tokens. To further enhance robust features learning within Mamba, we have carefully designed two novel techniques. First, the multi-granularity feature extractor (MGFE) module, designed with a multi-branch architecture and class token fusion, effectively forms multi-granularity features, enhancing both discrimination ability and fine-grained coverage. Second, the ranking-aware triplet regularization (RATR) is introduced to reduce redundancy in features from multiple branches, enhancing the diversity of multi-granularity features by incorporating both intra-class and inter-class diversity constraints, thus ensuring the robustness of person features. To our knowledge, this is the pioneering work that integrates a purely Mamba-driven approach into ReID research. Our proposed ReIDMamba model boasts only one-third the parameters of TransReID, along with lower GPU memory usage and faster inference throughput. Experimental results demonstrate ReIDMamba's superior and promising performance, achieving state-of-the-art performance on five person ReID benchmarks. Code is available at △ Less Submitted 11 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: 11 pages, 8 figures. Accepted to IEEE Transactions on Multimedia (TMM). Accepted Manuscript version uploaded arXiv:2511.07727 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO doi 10.1177/02783649251378196 LLM-GROP: Visually Grounded Robot Task and Motion Planning with Large Language Models Authors: Xiaohan Zhang , Yan Ding , Yohei Hayamizu , Zainab Altaweel , Yifeng Zhu , Yuke Zhu , Peter Stone , Chris Paxton , Shiqi Zhang Abstract : Task planning and motion planning are two of the most important problems in robotics, where task planning methods help robots achieve high-level goals and motion planning methods maintain low-level feasibility. Task and motion planning (TAMP) methods interleave the two processes of task planning and motion planning to ensure goal achievement and motion feasibility. Within the TAMP context, we are… ▽ More Task planning and motion planning are two of the most important problems in robotics, where task planning methods help robots achieve high-level goals and motion planning methods maintain low-level feasibility. Task and motion planning (TAMP) methods interleave the two processes of task planning and motion planning to ensure goal achievement and motion feasibility. Within the TAMP context, we are concerned with the mobile manipulation (MoMa) of multiple objects, where it is necessary to interleave actions for navigation and manipulation. In particular, we aim to compute where and how each object should be placed given underspecified goals, such as ``set up dinner table with a fork, knife and plate.'' We leverage the rich common sense knowledge from large language models (LLMs), e.g., about how tableware is organized, to facilitate both task-level and motion-level planning. In addition, we use computer vision methods to learn a strategy for selecting base positions to facilitate MoMa behaviors, where the base position corresponds to the robot's ``footprint'' and orientation in its operating space. Altogether, this article provides a principled TAMP framework for MoMa tasks that accounts for common sense about object rearrangement and is adaptive to novel situations that include many objects that need to be moved. We performed quantitative experiments in both real-world settings and simulated environments. We evaluated the success rate and efficiency in completing long-horizon object rearrangement tasks. While the robot completed 84.4\% real-world object rearrangement trials, subjective human evaluations indicated that the robot's performance is still lower than experienced human waiters. △ Less Submitted 10 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Journal ref: The International Journal of Robotics Research, 2025, Vol. 0(0), pp. 1-19 arXiv:2511.07727 [ pdf , ps , other ] LLM-GROP: Visually Grounded Robot Task and Motion Planning with Large Language Models Authors: Xiaohan Zhang , Yan Ding , Yohei Hayamizu , Zainab Altaweel , Yifeng Zhu , Yuke Zhu , Peter Stone , Chris Paxton , Shiqi Zhang Abstract : Task planning and motion planning are two of the most important problems in robotics, where task planning methods help robots achieve high-level goals and motion planning methods maintain low-level feasibility. Task and motion planning (TAMP) methods interleave the two processes of task planning and motion planning to ensure goal achievement and motion feasibility. Within the TAMP context, we are… ▽ More Task planning and motion planning are two of the most important problems in robotics, where task planning methods help robots achieve high-level goals and motion planning methods maintain low-level feasibility. Task and motion planning (TAMP) methods interleave the two processes of task planning and motion planning to ensure goal achievement and motion feasibility. Within the TAMP context, we are concerned with the mobile manipulation (MoMa) of multiple objects, where it is necessary to interleave actions for navigation and manipulation. In particular, we aim to compute where and how each object should be placed given underspecified goals, such as ``set up dinner table with a fork, knife and plate.'' We leverage the rich common sense knowledge from large language models (LLMs), e.g., about how tableware is organized, to facilitate both task-level and motion-level planning. In addition, we use computer vision methods to learn a strategy for selecting base positions to facilitate MoMa behaviors, where the base position corresponds to the robot's ``footprint'' and orientation in its operating space. Altogether, this article provides a principled TAMP framework for MoMa tasks that accounts for common sense about object rearrangement and is adaptive to novel situations that include many objects that need to be moved. We performed quantitative experiments in both real-world settings and simulated environments. We evaluated the success rate and efficiency in completing long-horizon object rearrangement tasks. While the robot completed 84.4\% real-world object rearrangement trials, subjective human evaluations indicated that the robot's performance is still lower than experienced human waiters. △ Less Submitted 10 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Journal ref: The International Journal of Robotics Research, 2025, Vol. 0(0), pp. 1-19 arXiv:2511.03844 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.MA ASAP: an Agentic Solution to Auto-optimize Performance of Large-Scale LLM Training Authors: Yuran Ding , Xinwei Chen , Xiaofan Zhang , Zongwei Zhou Abstract : Optimizing large-language model (LLM) training on distributed domain-specific accelerator systems presents significant challenges due to its complex optimization space. Existing optimization methods, however, rely on time-consuming manual tuning or resource-intensive black-box searches, which struggle to keep pace with the rapidly evolving LLM domain, leading to slow development and underutilized… ▽ More Optimizing large-language model (LLM) training on distributed domain-specific accelerator systems presents significant challenges due to its complex optimization space. Existing optimization methods, however, rely on time-consuming manual tuning or resource-intensive black-box searches, which struggle to keep pace with the rapidly evolving LLM domain, leading to slow development and underutilized resources. To address this, we introduce ASAP, an Agentic Solution to Auto-optimize Performance of Large-Scale LLM Training. It is a multi-agent system, featuring Coordinator, Analyzer, and Proposal agents, which integrates LLM reasoning with insights from performance profiling tools, roofline analysis, and a knowledge base of best practices and successful past optimizations from human experts. Our proposed design can automate the diagnosis of performance bottlenecks and recommend optimized sharding configurations with reasoning, thus effectively improving the efficiency of distributed LLM training. Experiments have shown that the ASAP-generated sharding configurations can contribute up to 28% training step time reduction and 1.43 times throughput improvement. When combined with additional optimization from human experts, throughput can be further increased to 2.58 times. The proposed ASAP promises to provide a scalable and explainable methodology for AI-assisted performance engineering in large-scale LLM training. △ Less Submitted 5 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: This work has been accepted to Workshop on ML for Systems at NeurIPS 2025 arXiv:2511.03844 [ pdf , ps , other ] ASAP: an Agentic Solution to Auto-optimize Performance of Large-Scale LLM Training Authors: Yuran Ding , Xinwei Chen , Xiaofan Zhang , Zongwei Zhou Abstract : Optimizing large-language model (LLM) training on distributed domain-specific accelerator systems presents significant challenges due to its complex optimization space. Existing optimization methods, however, rely on time-consuming manual tuning or resource-intensive black-box searches, which struggle to keep pace with the rapidly evolving LLM domain, leading to slow development and underutilized… ▽ More Optimizing large-language model (LLM) training on distributed domain-specific accelerator systems presents significant challenges due to its complex optimization space. Existing optimization methods, however, rely on time-consuming manual tuning or resource-intensive black-box searches, which struggle to keep pace with the rapidly evolving LLM domain, leading to slow development and underutilized resources. To address this, we introduce ASAP, an Agentic Solution to Auto-optimize Performance of Large-Scale LLM Training. It is a multi-agent system, featuring Coordinator, Analyzer, and Proposal agents, which integrates LLM reasoning with insights from performance profiling tools, roofline analysis, and a knowledge base of best practices and successful past optimizations from human experts. Our proposed design can automate the diagnosis of performance bottlenecks and recommend optimized sharding configurations with reasoning, thus effectively improving the efficiency of distributed LLM training. Experiments have shown that the ASAP-generated sharding configurations can contribute up to 28% training step time reduction and 1.43 times throughput improvement. When combined with additional optimization from human experts, throughput can be further increased to 2.58 times. The proposed ASAP promises to provide a scalable and explainable methodology for AI-assisted performance engineering in large-scale LLM training. △ Less Submitted 5 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: This work has been accepted to Workshop on ML for Systems at NeurIPS 2025 arXiv:2511.03093 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV math.NA A Plug-and-Play Framework for Volumetric Light-Sheet Image Reconstruction Authors: Yi Gong , Xinyuan Zhang , Jichen Chai , Yichen Ding , Yifei Lou Abstract : Cardiac contraction is a rapid, coordinated process that unfolds across three-dimensional tissue on millisecond timescales. Traditional optical imaging is often inadequate for capturing dynamic cellular structure in the beating heart because of a fundamental trade-off between spatial and temporal resolution. To overcome these limitations, we propose a high-performance computational imaging framewo… ▽ More Cardiac contraction is a rapid, coordinated process that unfolds across three-dimensional tissue on millisecond timescales. Traditional optical imaging is often inadequate for capturing dynamic cellular structure in the beating heart because of a fundamental trade-off between spatial and temporal resolution. To overcome these limitations, we propose a high-performance computational imaging framework that integrates Compressive Sensing (CS) with Light-Sheet Microscopy (LSM) for efficient, low-phototoxic cardiac imaging. The system performs compressed acquisition of fluorescence signals via random binary mask coding using a Digital Micromirror Device (DMD). We propose a Plug-and-Play (PnP) framework, solved using the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM), which flexibly incorporates advanced denoisers, including Tikhonov, Total Variation (TV), and BM3D. To preserve structural continuity in dynamic imaging, we further introduce temporal regularization enforcing smoothness between adjacent z-slices. Experimental results on zebrafish heart imaging under high compression ratios demonstrate that the proposed method successfully reconstructs cellular structures with excellent denoising performance and image clarity, validating the effectiveness and robustness of our algorithm in real-world high-speed, low-light biological imaging scenarios. △ Less Submitted 4 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.03093 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Plug-and-Play Framework for Volumetric Light-Sheet Image Reconstruction Authors: Yi Gong , Xinyuan Zhang , Jichen Chai , Yichen Ding , Yifei Lou Abstract : Cardiac contraction is a rapid, coordinated process that unfolds across three-dimensional tissue on millisecond timescales. Traditional optical imaging is often inadequate for capturing dynamic cellular structure in the beating heart because of a fundamental trade-off between spatial and temporal resolution. To overcome these limitations, we propose a high-performance computational imaging framewo… ▽ More Cardiac contraction is a rapid, coordinated process that unfolds across three-dimensional tissue on millisecond timescales. Traditional optical imaging is often inadequate for capturing dynamic cellular structure in the beating heart because of a fundamental trade-off between spatial and temporal resolution. To overcome these limitations, we propose a high-performance computational imaging framework that integrates Compressive Sensing (CS) with Light-Sheet Microscopy (LSM) for efficient, low-phototoxic cardiac imaging. The system performs compressed acquisition of fluorescence signals via random binary mask coding using a Digital Micromirror Device (DMD). We propose a Plug-and-Play (PnP) framework, solved using the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM), which flexibly incorporates advanced denoisers, including Tikhonov, Total Variation (TV), and BM3D. To preserve structural continuity in dynamic imaging, we further introduce temporal regularization enforcing smoothness between adjacent z-slices. Experimental results on zebrafish heart imaging under high compression ratios demonstrate that the proposed method successfully reconstructs cellular structures with excellent denoising performance and image clarity, validating the effectiveness and robustness of our algorithm in real-world high-speed, low-light biological imaging scenarios. △ Less Submitted 4 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.01775 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI cs.MM How Far Are Surgeons from Surgical World Models? A Pilot Study on Zero-shot Surgical Video Generation with Expert Assessment Authors: Zhen Chen , Qing Xu , Jinlin Wu , Biao Yang , Yuhao Zhai , Geng Guo , Jing Zhang , Yinlu Ding , Nassir Navab , Jiebo Luo Abstract : Foundation models in video generation are demonstrating remarkable capabilities as potential world models for simulating the physical world. However, their application in high-stakes domains like surgery, which demand deep, specialized causal knowledge rather than general physical rules, remains a critical unexplored gap. To systematically address this challenge, we present SurgVeo, the first expe… ▽ More Foundation models in video generation are demonstrating remarkable capabilities as potential world models for simulating the physical world. However, their application in high-stakes domains like surgery, which demand deep, specialized causal knowledge rather than general physical rules, remains a critical unexplored gap. To systematically address this challenge, we present SurgVeo, the first expert-curated benchmark for video generation model evaluation in surgery, and the Surgical Plausibility Pyramid (SPP), a novel, four-tiered framework tailored to assess model outputs from basic appearance to complex surgical strategy. On the basis of the SurgVeo benchmark, we task the advanced Veo-3 model with a zero-shot prediction task on surgical clips from laparoscopic and neurosurgical procedures. A panel of four board-certified surgeons evaluates the generated videos according to the SPP. Our results reveal a distinct "plausibility gap": while Veo-3 achieves exceptional Visual Perceptual Plausibility, it fails critically at higher levels of the SPP, including Instrument Operation Plausibility, Environment Feedback Plausibility, and Surgical Intent Plausibility. This work provides the first quantitative evidence of the chasm between visually convincing mimicry and causal understanding in surgical AI. Our findings from SurgVeo and the SPP establish a crucial foundation and roadmap for developing future models capable of navigating the complexities of specialized, real-world healthcare domains. △ Less Submitted 3 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.01775 [ pdf , ps , other ] How Far Are Surgeons from Surgical World Models? A Pilot Study on Zero-shot Surgical Video Generation with Expert Assessment Authors: Zhen Chen , Qing Xu , Jinlin Wu , Biao Yang , Yuhao Zhai , Geng Guo , Jing Zhang , Yinlu Ding , Nassir Navab , Jiebo Luo Abstract : Foundation models in video generation are demonstrating remarkable capabilities as potential world models for simulating the physical world. However, their application in high-stakes domains like surgery, which demand deep, specialized causal knowledge rather than general physical rules, remains a critical unexplored gap. To systematically address this challenge, we present SurgVeo, the first expe… ▽ More Foundation models in video generation are demonstrating remarkable capabilities as potential world models for simulating the physical world. However, their application in high-stakes domains like surgery, which demand deep, specialized causal knowledge rather than general physical rules, remains a critical unexplored gap. To systematically address this challenge, we present SurgVeo, the first expert-curated benchmark for video generation model evaluation in surgery, and the Surgical Plausibility Pyramid (SPP), a novel, four-tiered framework tailored to assess model outputs from basic appearance to complex surgical strategy. On the basis of the SurgVeo benchmark, we task the advanced Veo-3 model with a zero-shot prediction task on surgical clips from laparoscopic and neurosurgical procedures. A panel of four board-certified surgeons evaluates the generated videos according to the SPP. Our results reveal a distinct "plausibility gap": while Veo-3 achieves exceptional Visual Perceptual Plausibility, it fails critically at higher levels of the SPP, including Instrument Operation Plausibility, Environment Feedback Plausibility, and Surgical Intent Plausibility. This work provides the first quantitative evidence of the chasm between visually convincing mimicry and causal understanding in surgical AI. Our findings from SurgVeo and the SPP establish a crucial foundation and roadmap for developing future models capable of navigating the complexities of specialized, real-world healthcare domains. △ Less Submitted 3 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.00694 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IR Taxonomy-based Negative Sampling In Personalized Semantic Search for E-commerce Authors: Uthman Jinadu , Siawpeng Er , Le Yu , Chen Liang , Bingxin Li , Yi Ding , Aleksandar Velkoski Abstract : Large retail outlets offer products that may be domain-specific, and this requires having a model that can understand subtle differences in similar items. Sampling techniques used to train these models are most of the time, computationally expensive or logistically challenging. These models also do not factor in users' previous purchase patterns or behavior, thereby retrieving irrelevant items for… ▽ More Large retail outlets offer products that may be domain-specific, and this requires having a model that can understand subtle differences in similar items. Sampling techniques used to train these models are most of the time, computationally expensive or logistically challenging. These models also do not factor in users' previous purchase patterns or behavior, thereby retrieving irrelevant items for them. We present a semantic retrieval model for e-commerce search that embeds queries and products into a shared vector space and leverages a novel taxonomy-based hard-negative sampling(TB-HNS) strategy to mine contextually relevant yet challenging negatives. To further tailor retrievals, we incorporate user-level personalization by modeling each customer's past purchase history and behavior. In offline experiments, our approach outperforms BM25, ANCE and leading neural baselines on Recall@K, while live A/B testing shows substantial uplifts in conversion rate, add-to-cart rate, and average order value. We also demonstrate that our taxonomy-driven negatives reduce training overhead and accelerate convergence, and we share practical lessons from deploying this system at scale. △ Less Submitted 1 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: Accepted at 2025 IEEE International Conference on Big Data arXiv:2511.00694 [ pdf , ps , other ] Taxonomy-based Negative Sampling In Personalized Semantic Search for E-commerce Authors: Uthman Jinadu , Siawpeng Er , Le Yu , Chen Liang , Bingxin Li , Yi Ding , Aleksandar Velkoski Abstract : Large retail outlets offer products that may be domain-specific, and this requires having a model that can understand subtle differences in similar items. Sampling techniques used to train these models are most of the time, computationally expensive or logistically challenging. These models also do not factor in users' previous purchase patterns or behavior, thereby retrieving irrelevant items for… ▽ More Large retail outlets offer products that may be domain-specific, and this requires having a model that can understand subtle differences in similar items. Sampling techniques used to train these models are most of the time, computationally expensive or logistically challenging. These models also do not factor in users' previous purchase patterns or behavior, thereby retrieving irrelevant items for them. We present a semantic retrieval model for e-commerce search that embeds queries and products into a shared vector space and leverages a novel taxonomy-based hard-negative sampling(TB-HNS) strategy to mine contextually relevant yet challenging negatives. To further tailor retrievals, we incorporate user-level personalization by modeling each customer's past purchase history and behavior. In offline experiments, our approach outperforms BM25, ANCE and leading neural baselines on Recall@K, while live A/B testing shows substantial uplifts in conversion rate, add-to-cart rate, and average order value. We also demonstrate that our taxonomy-driven negatives reduce training overhead and accelerate convergence, and we share practical lessons from deploying this system at scale. △ Less Submitted 1 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: Accepted at 2025 IEEE International Conference on Big Data 1 2 3 4 5 … About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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https://arxiv.org/search/cs?searchtype=author&query=Ding,+Y
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Digestive system Toggle Digestive system subsection 1.1 Secretion systems 1.1.1 Channel transport system 1.1.2 Molecular syringe 1.1.3 Conjugation machinery 1.1.4 Release of outer membrane vesicles 1.2 Gastrovascular cavity 1.3 Phagosome 1.4 Specialised organs and behaviours 1.4.1 Beaks 1.4.2 Tongue 1.4.3 Teeth 1.4.4 Crop 1.4.5 Abomasum 1.4.6 Specialised behaviours 1.5 In earthworms 1.1 Secretion systems 1.1.1 Channel transport system 1.1.2 Molecular syringe 1.1.3 Conjugation machinery 1.1.4 Release of outer membrane vesicles 1.1.1 Channel transport system 1.1.2 Molecular syringe 1.1.3 Conjugation machinery 1.1.4 Release of outer membrane vesicles 1.2 Gastrovascular cavity 1.3 Phagosome 1.4 Specialised organs and behaviours 1.4.1 Beaks 1.4.2 Tongue 1.4.3 Teeth 1.4.4 Crop 1.4.5 Abomasum 1.4.6 Specialised behaviours 1.4.1 Beaks 1.4.2 Tongue 1.4.3 Teeth 1.4.4 Crop 1.4.5 Abomasum 1.4.6 Specialised behaviours 1.5 In earthworms 2 Overview of vertebrate digestion 3 Human digestion process Toggle Human digestion process subsection 3.1 Neural and biochemical control mechanisms 3.1 Neural and biochemical control mechanisms 4 Breakdown into nutrients Toggle Breakdown into nutrients subsection 4.1 Protein digestion 4.2 Fat digestion 4.3 Carbohydrate digestion 4.4 DNA and RNA digestion 4.1 Protein digestion 4.2 Fat digestion 4.3 Carbohydrate digestion 4.4 DNA and RNA digestion 5 Non-destructive digestion 6 Digestive hormones 7 Significance of pH 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Digestion Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Galego ГӀалгӀай 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lombard Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Yerwa Kanuri Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Digestion" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( July 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Digestive system Details Identifiers Latin systema digestorium MeSH D004063 Anatomical terminology [ edit on Wikidata ] Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food compounds into small water-soluble components so that they can be absorbed into the blood plasma . In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream . Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes . Mechanical digestion takes place in the mouth through mastication and in the small intestine through segmentation contractions . In chemical digestion , enzymes break down food into the small compounds that the body can use. In the human digestive system , food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva . Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands , contains salivary amylase , an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food. [ 1 ] The saliva also contains mucus , which lubricates the food; the electrolyte hydrogencarbonate ( .mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em} HCO − 3 ), which provides the ideal conditions of pH for amylase to work; and other electrolytes ( Na + , K + , Cl − ). [ 2 ] About 30% of starch is hydrolyzed into disaccharide in the oral cavity (mouth). After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus . It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis . Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion . Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin . In infants and toddlers , gastric juice also contains rennin to digest milk proteins. As the first two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus and bicarbonates are secreted by the stomach. They provide a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of chemicals like concentrated hydrochloric acid while also aiding lubrication. [ 3 ] Hydrochloric acid provides acidic pH for pepsin. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes. Pepsin breaks down proteins into peptides or proteoses , which are further broken down into dipeptides and amino acids by enzymes in the small intestine. Studies suggest that increasing the number of chews per bite increases relevant gut hormones and may decrease self-reported hunger and food intake. [ 4 ] When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, partially digested food ( chyme ) enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is passed through the liver before being absorbed into the blood. 95% of nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic (about 5.6 ~ 6.9). Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K (K 2 MK7) produced by bacteria in the colon are also absorbed into the blood in the colon. Absorption of water, simple sugar and alcohol also takes place in stomach. Waste material ( feces ) is eliminated from the rectum during defecation . [ 5 ] Digestive system Digestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it. [ 6 ] In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where they break down an organic material, and some of the products diffuse back to the organism. Animals have a tube ( gastrointestinal tract ) in which internal digestion occurs, which is more efficient because more of the broken down products can be captured, and the internal chemical environment can be more efficiently controlled. [ 7 ] Some organisms, including nearly all spiders , secrete biotoxins and digestive chemicals (e.g., enzymes) into the extracellular environment prior to ingestion of the consequent "soup". In others, once potential nutrients or food is inside the organism , digestion can be conducted to a vesicle or a sac-like structure, through a tube, or through several specialized organs aimed at making the absorption of nutrients more efficient. Secretion systems Bacteria use several systems to obtain nutrients from other organisms in the environments. Channel transport system In a channel transport system, several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria. It is a simple system, which consists of only three protein subunits: the ABC protein , membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein . [ specify ] This secretion system transports various chemical species, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes (20–900 kDa). The chemical species secreted vary in size from the small Escherichia coli peptide colicin V, (10 kDa) to the Pseudomonas fluorescens cell adhesion protein LapA of 900 kDa. [ 8 ] Molecular syringe A type III secretion system means that a molecular syringe is used through which a bacterium (e.g. certain types of Salmonella , Shigella , Yersinia ) can inject nutrients into protist cells. One such mechanism was first discovered in Y. pestis and showed that toxins could be injected directly from the bacterial cytoplasm into the cytoplasm of its host's cells rather than be secreted into the extracellular medium. [ 9 ] Conjugation machinery The conjugation machinery of some bacteria (and archaeal flagella) is capable of transporting both DNA and proteins. It was discovered in Agrobacterium tumefaciens , which uses this system to introduce the Ti plasmid and proteins into the host, which develops the crown gall (tumor). [ 10 ] The VirB complex of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the prototypic system. [ 11 ] In the nitrogen-fixing Rhizobia , conjugative elements naturally engage in inter- kingdom conjugation. Such elements as the Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids contain elements that can transfer to plant cells. Transferred genes enter the plant cell nucleus and effectively transform the plant cells into factories for the production of opines , which the bacteria use as carbon and energy sources. Infected plant cells form crown gall or root tumors . The Ti and Ri plasmids are thus endosymbionts of the bacteria, which are in turn endosymbionts (or parasites) of the infected plant. The Ti and Ri plasmids are themselves conjugative. Ti and Ri transfer between bacteria uses an independent system (the tra , or transfer, operon) from that for inter-kingdom transfer (the vir , or virulence , operon). Such transfer creates virulent strains from previously avirulent Agrobacteria . Release of outer membrane vesicles In addition to the use of the multiprotein complexes listed above, gram-negative bacteria possess another method for release of material: the formation of outer membrane vesicles . [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Portions of the outer membrane pinch off, forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials. Vesicles from a number of bacterial species have been found to contain virulence factors, some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells. While release of vesicles has been demonstrated as a general response to stress conditions, the process of loading cargo proteins seems to be selective. [ 14 ] Gastrovascular cavity The gastrovascular cavity functions as a stomach in both digestion and the distribution of nutrients to all parts of the body. Extracellular digestion takes place within this central cavity, which is lined with the gastrodermis, the internal layer of epithelium . This cavity has only one opening to the outside that functions as both a mouth and an anus : waste and undigested matter is excreted through the mouth/anus, which can be described as an incomplete gut . In a plant such as the Venus flytrap that can make its own food through photosynthesis, it does not eat and digest its prey for the traditional objectives of harvesting energy and carbon, but mines prey primarily for essential nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus in particular) that are in short supply in its boggy, acidic habitat. [ 15 ] Phagosome A phagosome is a vacuole formed around a particle absorbed by phagocytosis . The vacuole is formed by the fusion of the cell membrane around the particle. A phagosome is a cellular compartment in which pathogenic microorganisms can be killed and digested. Phagosomes fuse with lysosomes in their maturation process, forming phagolysosomes . In humans, Entamoeba histolytica can phagocytose red blood cells . [ 16 ] Specialised organs and behaviours To aid in the digestion of their food, animals evolved organs such as beaks, tongues , radulae , teeth, crops, gizzards, and others. Beaks Birds have bony beaks that are specialised according to the bird's ecological niche . For example, macaws primarily eat seeds, nuts, and fruit, using their beaks to open even the toughest seed. First they scratch a thin line with the sharp point of the beak, then they shear the seed open with the sides of the beak. The mouth of the squid is equipped with a sharp horny beak mainly made of cross-linked proteins . It is used to kill and tear prey into manageable pieces. The beak is very robust, but does not contain any minerals, unlike the teeth and jaws of many other organisms, including marine species. [ 17 ] The beak is the only indigestible part of the squid. Tongue The tongue is skeletal muscle on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, that manipulates food for chewing ( mastication ) and swallowing (deglutition). It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva . The underside of the tongue is covered with a smooth mucous membrane . The tongue also has a touch sense for locating and positioning food particles that require further chewing. The tongue is used to roll food particles into a bolus before being transported down the esophagus through peristalsis . The sublingual region underneath the front of the tongue is a location where the oral mucosa is very thin, and underlain by a plexus of veins. This is an ideal location for introducing certain medications to the body. The sublingual route takes advantage of the highly vascular quality of the oral cavity, and allows for the speedy application of medication into the cardiovascular system, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. Teeth Teeth (singular tooth) are small whitish structures found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, milk and chew food. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of tissues of varying density and hardness, such as enamel, dentine and cementum. Human teeth have a blood and nerve supply which enables proprioception. This is the ability of sensation when chewing, for example if we were to bite into something too hard for our teeth, such as a chipped plate mixed in food, our teeth send a message to our brain and we realise that it cannot be chewed, so we stop trying. The shapes, sizes and numbers of types of animals' teeth are related to their diets. For example, herbivores have a number of molars which are used to grind plant matter, which is difficult to digest. Carnivores have canine teeth which are used to kill and tear meat. Crop A crop , or croup, is a thin-walled expanded portion of the alimentary tract used for the storage of food prior to digestion. In some birds it is an expanded, muscular pouch near the gullet or throat. In adult doves and pigeons, the crop can produce crop milk to feed newly hatched birds. [ 18 ] Certain insects may have a crop or enlarged esophagus . Abomasum Herbivores have evolved cecums (or an abomasum in the case of ruminants ). Ruminants have a fore-stomach with four chambers. These are the rumen , reticulum , omasum , and abomasum. In the first two chambers, the rumen and the reticulum, the food is mixed with saliva and separates into layers of solid and liquid material. Solids clump together to form the cud (or bolus ). The cud is then regurgitated, chewed slowly to completely mix it with saliva and to break down the particle size. Fibre, especially cellulose and hemi-cellulose , is primarily broken down into the volatile fatty acids , acetic acid , propionic acid and butyric acid in these chambers (the reticulo-rumen) by microbes: ( bacteria , protozoa , and fungi). In the omasum, water and many of the inorganic mineral elements are absorbed into the blood stream. The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants. It is a close equivalent of a monogastric stomach (e.g., those in humans or pigs), and digesta is processed here in much the same way. It serves primarily as a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein sources for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine. Digesta is finally moved into the small intestine, where the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs. Microbes produced in the reticulo-rumen are also digested in the small intestine. Specialised behaviours Regurgitation has been mentioned above under abomasum and crop, referring to crop milk, a secretion from the lining of the crop of pigeons and doves with which the parents feed their young by regurgitation. [ 19 ] Many sharks have the ability to turn their stomachs inside out and evert it out of their mouths in order to get rid of unwanted contents (perhaps developed as a way to reduce exposure to toxins). Other animals, such as rabbits and rodents , produce cecotropes to re-digest food, especially in the case of roughage. Capybaras, rabbits, hamsters, and other related species do not have a complex digestive system as ruminants. They instead extract more nutrition by giving their food a second pass through the gut . Soft cecotropes of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately. They also produce normal droppings, which are not eaten. Young elephants, pandas, koalas, and hippos eat the faeces of their mother, probably to obtain the bacteria required to properly digest vegetation. When they are born, their intestines do not contain these bacteria (they are completely sterile). Without them, they would be unable to get any nutritional value from many plant components. In earthworms An earthworm 's digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx , esophagus , crop, gizzard , and intestine . The mouth is surrounded by strong lips, which act like a hand to grab pieces of dead grass, leaves, and weeds, with bits of soil to help chew. The lips break the food down into smaller pieces. In the pharynx, the food is lubricated by mucus secretions for easier passage. The esophagus adds calcium carbonate to neutralize the acids formed by food matter decay. Temporary storage occurs in the crop where food and calcium carbonate are mixed. The powerful muscles of the gizzard churn and mix the mass of food and dirt. When the churning is complete, the glands in the walls of the gizzard add enzymes to the thick paste, which helps chemically breakdown the organic matter. By peristalsis , the mixture is sent to the intestine where friendly bacteria continue chemical breakdown. This releases carbohydrates, protein, fat, and various vitamins and minerals for absorption into the body. Overview of vertebrate digestion In most vertebrates , digestion is a multistage process in the digestive system, starting from ingestion of raw materials, most often other organisms. Ingestion usually involves some type of mechanical and chemical processing. Digestion is separated into four steps: Ingestion : placing food into the mouth (entry of food in the digestive system), Mechanical and chemical breakdown: mastication and the mixing of the resulting bolus with water, acids , bile and enzymes in the stomach and intestine to break down complex chemical species into simple structures, Absorption: of nutrients from the digestive system to the circulatory and lymphatic capillaries through osmosis , active transport , and diffusion , and Egestion (Excretion): Removal of undigested materials from the digestive tract through defecation . Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis . Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures. Examples may be seen in humans, who differ considerably from other hominids (lack of hair, smaller jaws and musculature, different dentition, length of intestines, cooking, etc.). The major part of digestion takes place in the small intestine. The large intestine primarily serves as a site for fermentation of indigestible matter by gut bacteria and for resorption of water from digests before excretion. In mammals , preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach . Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed , and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches . The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes. Absorption occurs in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract , and the process finishes with defecation. [ 5 ] Human digestion process The human gastrointestinal tract is around 9 metres (30 feet) long. Food digestion physiology varies between individuals and upon other factors such as the characteristics of the food and size of the meal, and the process of digestion normally takes between 24 and 72 hours. [ 20 ] Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes. Food is formed into a bolus by the mechanical mastication and swallowed into the esophagus from where it enters the stomach through the action of peristalsis . Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin two chemicals that could damage the stomach lining, but mucus and bicarbonates are secreted to protect against this. In the stomach further release of enzymes break down the food further and this is combined with the churning action of the stomach. Mainly proteins are digested in stomach. The partially digested food enters the duodenum as a thick semi-liquid chyme . In the small intestine, the larger part of digestion takes place and this is helped by the secretions of bile , pancreatic juice and intestinal juice . The intestinal walls are lined with villi , and their epithelial cells are covered with numerous microvilli to improve the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the intestine. Bile helps in emulsification of fats and also activates lipases . In the large intestine, the passage of food is slower to enable fermentation by the gut flora to take place. Here, water is absorbed and waste material stored as feces to be removed by defecation via the anal canal and anus . Neural and biochemical control mechanisms Different phases of digestion take place including: the cephalic phase , gastric phase , and intestinal phase . The cephalic phase occurs at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex . Taste and smell stimuli are sent to the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata . After this it is routed through the vagus nerve and release of acetylcholine. Gastric secretion at this phase rises to 40% of maximum rate. Acidity in the stomach is not buffered by food at this point and thus acts to inhibit parietal (secretes acid) and G cell (secretes gastrin) activity via D cell secretion of somatostatin . The gastric phase takes 3 to 4 hours. It is stimulated by distension of the stomach, presence of food in stomach and decrease in pH . Distention activates long and myenteric reflexes. This activates the release of acetylcholine , which stimulates the release of more gastric juices. As protein enters the stomach, it binds to hydrogen ions, which raises the pH of the stomach. Inhibition of gastrin and gastric acid secretion is lifted. This triggers G cells to release gastrin , which in turn stimulates parietal cells to secrete gastric acid. Gastric acid is about 0.5% hydrochloric acid , which lowers the pH to the desired pH of 1–3. Acid release is also triggered by acetylcholine and histamine . The intestinal phase has two parts, the excitatory and the inhibitory. Partially digested food fills the duodenum . This triggers intestinal gastrin to be released. Enterogastric reflex inhibits vagal nuclei, activating sympathetic fibers causing the pyloric sphincter to tighten to prevent more food from entering, and inhibits local reflexes. Breakdown into nutrients This section needs expansion with: digestion of other substances. You can help by making an edit request expanding it . ( August 2011 ) Protein digestion Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and duodenum in which three main enzymes, pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin secreted by the pancreas, break down food proteins into polypeptides that are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids . The digestive enzymes however are mostly secreted as their inactive precursors, the zymogens . For example, trypsin is secreted by pancreas in the form of trypsinogen , which is activated in the duodenum by enterokinase to form trypsin. Trypsin then cleaves proteins to smaller polypeptides. Fat digestion Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides . However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine. [ 21 ] The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids . [ 21 ] Complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride ) results a mixture of fatty acids, mono- and di-glycerides, but no glycerol . [ 21 ] Carbohydrate digestion In humans, dietary starches are composed of glucose units arranged in long chains called amylose, a polysaccharide . During digestion, bonds between glucose molecules are broken by salivary and pancreatic amylase , resulting in progressively smaller chains of glucose. This results in simple sugars glucose and maltose (2 glucose molecules) that can be absorbed by the small intestine. Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose . Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance . Lactose intolerance varies widely by genetic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent. [ 22 ] Sucrase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide sucrose , commonly known as table sugar, cane sugar, or beet sugar. Sucrose digestion yields the sugars fructose and glucose which are readily absorbed by the small intestine. DNA and RNA digestion DNA and RNA are broken down into mononucleotides by the nucleases deoxyribonuclease (DNase), and ribonuclease (RNase) from the pancreas. Non-destructive digestion Some nutrients are complex molecules (for example vitamin B 12 ) which would be destroyed if they were broken down into their functional groups . To digest vitamin B 12 non-destructively, haptocorrin in saliva strongly binds and protects the B 12 molecules from stomach acid as they enter the stomach and are cleaved from their protein complexes. [ 23 ] After the B 12 -haptocorrin complexes pass from the stomach via the pylorus to the duodenum, pancreatic proteases cleave haptocorrin from the B 12 molecules which rebind to intrinsic factor (IF). These B 12 -IF complexes travel to the ileum portion of the small intestine where cubilin receptors enable assimilation and circulation of B 12 -IF complexes in the blood. [ 24 ] Digestive hormones There are at least five hormones that aid and regulate the digestive system in mammals. There are variations across the vertebrates, as for instance in birds. Arrangements are complex and additional details are regularly discovered. Connections to metabolic control (largely the glucose-insulin system) have been uncovered. Gastrin – is in the stomach and stimulates the gastric glands to secrete pepsinogen (an inactive form of the enzyme pepsin) and hydrochloric acid . Secretion of gastrin is stimulated by food arriving in stomach. The secretion is inhibited by low pH. Secretin – is in the duodenum and signals the secretion of sodium bicarbonate in the pancreas and it stimulates the bile secretion in the liver . This hormone responds to the acidity of the chyme. Cholecystokinin (CCK) – is in the duodenum and stimulates the release of digestive enzymes in the pancreas and stimulates the emptying of bile in the gall bladder . This hormone is secreted in response to fat in chyme. Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) – is in the duodenum and decreases the stomach churning in turn slowing the emptying in the stomach. Another function is to induce insulin secretion. Motilin – is in the duodenum and increases the migrating myoelectric complex component of gastrointestinal motility and stimulates the production of pepsin. Significance of pH Digestion is a complex process controlled by several factors. pH plays a crucial role in a normally functioning digestive tract. In the mouth, pharynx and esophagus, pH is typically about 6.8, very weakly acidic. Saliva controls pH in this region of the digestive tract. Salivary amylase is contained in saliva and starts the breakdown of carbohydrates into monosaccharides . Most digestive enzymes are sensitive to pH and will denature in a high or low pH environment. The stomach's high acidity inhibits the breakdown of carbohydrates within it. This acidity confers two benefits: it denatures proteins for further digestion in the small intestines, and provides non-specific immunity , damaging or eliminating various pathogens . [ 25 ] In the small intestines, the duodenum provides critical pH balancing to activate digestive enzymes. The liver secretes bile into the duodenum to neutralize the acidic conditions from the stomach, and the pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum, adding bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme, thus creating a neutral environment. The mucosal tissue of the small intestines is alkaline with a pH of about 8.5. [ citation needed ] See also Digestive system of gastropods Digestive system of humpback whales Evolution of the mammalian digestive system Discovery and development of proton pump inhibitors Erepsin Gastroesophageal reflux disease References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Avraham, Regina (1989). The Digestive System . Introduction by C. Everett Koop. New York: Chelsea House. pp. 49 . ISBN 0-7910-0015-X . OL 2055854M . Retrieved 2024-03-20 . ^ Berne, Robert M. ; Levy, Matthew N. (2000). Principles of Physiology (3rd ed.). St. Louis: Mosby . pp. 373-374 . ISBN 0-323-00813-5 . OL 9840795M . Retrieved 2024-03-20 . ^ Allen, Adrian; Flemström, Gunnar (January 2005). "Gastroduodenal mucus bicarbonate barrier: protection against acid and pepsin". American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology . 288 (1): C1–19. doi : 10.1152/ajpcell.00102.2004 . ISSN 0363-6143 . PMID 15591243 . ^ Miquel-Kergoat, Sophie; Azais-Braesco, Veronique; Burton-Freeman, Britt; Hetherington, Marion M. (2015-11-01). "Effects of chewing on appetite, food intake and gut hormones: A systematic review and meta-analysis" . Physiology & Behavior . 151 : 88– 96. doi : 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.07.017 . ISSN 1873-507X . PMID 26188140 . ^ a b Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-981176-0 . OCLC 32308337 . ^ Dusenbery, David B. (1996). "Life at Small Scale", pp. 113–115. Scientific American Library, New York. ISBN 0-7167-5060-0 . ^ Dusenbery, David B. (2009). Living at Micro Scale , p. 280. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA ISBN 978-0-674-03116-6 . ^ Wooldridge K, ed. (2009). Bacterial Secreted Proteins: Secretory Mechanisms and Role in Pathogenesis . Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-42-4 . ^ Salyers, A.A. & Whitt, D.D. (2002). Bacterial Pathogenesis: A Molecular Approach , 2nd ed., Washington, DC: ASM Press. ISBN 1-55581-171-X ^ Cascales E, Christie PJ (2003). "The versatile Type IV secretion systems" . Nature Reviews Microbiology . 1 (2): 137– 149. doi : 10.1038/nrmicro753 . PMC 3873781 . 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"How does the Venus flytrap digest flies?" . Scientific American . Retrieved 2008-08-20 . ^ Boettner, D.R.; Huston, C.D.; Linford, A.S.; Buss, S.N.; Houpt, E.; Sherman, N.E.; Petri, W.A. (2008). "Entamoeba histolytica Phagocytosis of Human Erythrocytes Involves PATMK, a Member of the Transmembrane Kinase Family" . PLOS Pathogens . 4 (1) e8. doi : 10.1371/journal.ppat.0040008 . PMC 2211552 . PMID 18208324 . ^ Miserez, A; Li, Y; Waite, H; Zok, F (2007). "Jumbo squid beaks: Inspiration for design of robust organic composites". Acta Biomaterialia . 3 (1): 139– 149. doi : 10.1016/j.actbio.2006.09.004 . PMID 17113369 . ^ Gordon John Larkman Ramel (2008-09-29). "The Alimentary Canal in Birds" . Retrieved 2008-12-16 . ^ Levi, Wendell (1977). The Pigeon . Sumter, SC: Levi Publishing Co, Inc. ISBN 978-0-85390-013-9 . ^ Kong F, Singh RP (June 2008). "Disintegration of solid foods in human stomach" . J. Food Sci . 73 (5): R67–80. Bibcode : 2008JFooS..73766.xK . doi : 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00766.x . PMID 18577009 . ^ a b c Digestion of fats (triacylglycerols) ^ "Genetics Home Reference" . US National Library of Medicine . US National Institutes of Health . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . ^ Nexo E, Hoffmann-Lücke E (July 2011). "Holotranscobalamin, a marker of vitamin B-12 status: analytical aspects and clinical utility" . Am. J. Clin. Nutr . 94 (1): 359S – 365S . doi : 10.3945/ajcn.111.013458 . PMC 3127504 . PMID 21593496 . ^ Viola-Villegas N, Rabideau AE, Bartholomä M, Zubieta J, Doyle RP (August 2009). "Targeting the cubilin receptor through the vitamin B(12) uptake pathway: cytotoxicity and mechanistic insight through fluorescent Re(I) delivery". J. Med. Chem . 52 (16): 5253– 5261. doi : 10.1021/jm900777v . PMID 19627091 . ^ Beasley, DeAnna E.; Koltz, Amanda M.; Lambert, Johanna E.; Fierer, Noah; Dunn, Rob R. (July 2015). Li, Xiangzhen (ed.). "The Evolution of Stomach Acidity and Its Relevance to the Human Microbiome" . PLOS ONE . 10 (7) e0134116. Bibcode : 2015PLoSO..1034116B . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0134116 . PMC 4519257 . PMID 26222383 . External links Human Physiology – Digestion NIH guide to digestive system The Digestive System How does the Digestive System Work? 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Physiology of the gastrointestinal system v t e GI tract Upper Exocrine Chief cells Pepsinogen Parietal cells Gastric acid Intrinsic factor Foveolar cells HCO 3 − Mucus Processes Swallowing Vomiting Gastric emptying Fluids Saliva Gastric acid Gastric acid secretion Gastrin G cells Histamine ECL cells Somatostatin D cells Lower Endocrine / paracrine Bile and pancreatic secretion Enterogastrone Cholecystokinin I cells Secretin S cells Glucose homeostasis ( incretins ) GIP K cells GLP-1 L cells Endocrine cell types Enteroendocrine cells Enterochromaffin cell APUD cell Exocrine cell types Goblet cells Fluids Intestinal juice Processes Segmentation contractions Migrating motor complex Borborygmus Defecation Enteric nervous system Submucous plexus Myenteric plexus Either/both Processes Peristalsis ( Interstitial cell of Cajal Basal electrical rhythm ) Gastrocolic reflex Digestion Enterocyte Upper Exocrine Chief cells Pepsinogen Parietal cells Gastric acid Intrinsic factor Foveolar cells HCO 3 − Mucus Processes Swallowing Vomiting Gastric emptying Fluids Saliva Gastric acid Gastric acid secretion Gastrin G cells Histamine ECL cells Somatostatin D cells Exocrine Chief cells Pepsinogen Parietal cells Gastric acid Intrinsic factor Foveolar cells HCO 3 − Mucus Chief cells Pepsinogen Pepsinogen Parietal cells Gastric acid Intrinsic factor Gastric acid Intrinsic factor Foveolar cells HCO 3 − Mucus HCO 3 − Mucus Processes Swallowing Vomiting Gastric emptying Swallowing Vomiting Gastric emptying Fluids Saliva Gastric acid Saliva Gastric acid Gastric acid secretion Gastrin G cells Histamine ECL cells Somatostatin D cells Gastrin G cells G cells Histamine ECL cells ECL cells Somatostatin D cells D cells Lower Endocrine / paracrine Bile and pancreatic secretion Enterogastrone Cholecystokinin I cells Secretin S cells Glucose homeostasis ( incretins ) GIP K cells GLP-1 L cells Endocrine cell types Enteroendocrine cells Enterochromaffin cell APUD cell Exocrine cell types Goblet cells Fluids Intestinal juice Processes Segmentation contractions Migrating motor complex Borborygmus Defecation Endocrine / paracrine Bile and pancreatic secretion Enterogastrone Cholecystokinin I cells Secretin S cells Glucose homeostasis ( incretins ) GIP K cells GLP-1 L cells Endocrine cell types Enteroendocrine cells Enterochromaffin cell APUD cell Exocrine cell types Goblet cells Bile and pancreatic secretion Enterogastrone Cholecystokinin I cells Secretin S cells Enterogastrone Cholecystokinin I cells I cells Secretin S cells S cells Glucose homeostasis ( incretins ) GIP K cells GLP-1 L cells GIP K cells K cells GLP-1 L cells L cells Endocrine cell types Enteroendocrine cells Enterochromaffin cell APUD cell Enteroendocrine cells Enterochromaffin cell APUD cell Exocrine cell types Goblet cells Goblet cells Fluids Intestinal juice Intestinal juice Processes Segmentation contractions Migrating motor complex Borborygmus Defecation Segmentation contractions Migrating motor complex Borborygmus Defecation Enteric nervous system Submucous plexus Myenteric plexus Submucous plexus Myenteric plexus Either/both Processes Peristalsis ( Interstitial cell of Cajal Basal electrical rhythm ) Gastrocolic reflex Digestion Enterocyte Processes Peristalsis ( Interstitial cell of Cajal Basal electrical rhythm ) Gastrocolic reflex Digestion Enterocyte Peristalsis ( Interstitial cell of Cajal Basal electrical rhythm ) Gastrocolic reflex Digestion Enterocyte Accessory Fluids Bile Pancreatic juice Processes Enterohepatic circulation Fluids Bile Pancreatic juice Bile Pancreatic juice Processes Enterohepatic circulation Enterohepatic circulation Abdominopelvic Peritoneal fluid Peritoneal fluid Authority control databases International GND GND National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Spain Israel United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Spain Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX Digestive system Metabolism Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles needing additional references from July 2022 All articles needing additional references Articles needing more detailed references Articles to be expanded from August 2011 All articles to be expanded All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 This page was last edited on 14 December 2025, at 17:18 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Succession 2 Term 3 List of officeholders 4 Footnotes 5 Timeline 6 Latest election 7 See also 8 References 9 External links List of heads of state of the Central African Republic العربية Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk bokmål Occitan Português Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item President of the Central African Republic Président de la République centrafricaine ( French ) Presidential standard Incumbent Faustin-Archange Touadéra since 30 March 2016 Member of Council of Ministers Residence Renaissance Palace Seat Bangui Term length Seven years, renewable Constituting instrument Constitution of the Central African Republic Formation 14 August 1960 ; 65 years ago ( 1960-08-14 ) 21 September 1979 ; 46 years ago ( 1979-09-21 ) (office reestablished) First holder David Dacko Salary € 3,049 monthly [ 1 ] Politics of the Central African Republic Constitution Human rights LGBT rights Human rights LGBT rights Government President Faustin-Archange Touadéra Vice President Not appointed Prime Minister Félix Moloua Council of Ministers President Faustin-Archange Touadéra Vice President Not appointed Prime Minister Félix Moloua Council of Ministers Parliament National Assembly President : Simplice Sarandji National Assembly President : Simplice Sarandji Administrative divisions Prefectures Sub-prefectures Prefectures Sub-prefectures Prefectures Sub-prefectures Elections Recent elections General: 2020–21 2025 Political parties Recent elections General: 2020–21 2025 General: 2020–21 2025 Political parties Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister : Sylvie Baïpo-Temon Diplomatic missions of / in the Central African Republic Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister : Sylvie Baïpo-Temon Diplomatic missions of / in the Central African Republic Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Central African Republic portal Other countries Other countries .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e There have been seven heads of state of the Central African Republic and the Central African Empire since independence from France on 13 August 1960. This list includes not only those persons who were sworn into office as President of the Central African Republic but also those who served as de facto heads of state. Jean-Bédel Bokassa served as a de facto head of state (and also reigned as emperor from 1976 to 1979), while David Dacko (who served as de facto head of state from 1979 to 1981), André Kolingba , Ange-Félix Patassé , and François Bozizé were elected into office at some point during their tenure. To date, Kolingba is the only former head of state of the Central African Republic to voluntarily step down from the office through a democratic process, following the 1993 general election . The current president of the Central African Republic is Faustin-Archange Touadéra , since 30 March 2016. [ 2 ] Succession Before the adoption of the 2023 constitution , the president of the National Assembly was the constitutional successor of the president in the event of a vacancy. [ 3 ] Term Before the adoption of the 2023 constitution , [ 4 ] there was a two-term limit for the president in the Constitution of the Central African Republic . The term limit was not met by any president. [ 5 ] The constitution of 2023 removed term-limits and extended the presidential term from five years to seven years. List of officeholders No. Portrait Name (Birth–Death) Elected Term of office Political affiliation Notes Took office Left office Time in office Central African Republic (1960–1976) — David Dacko (1930–2003) President of the Provisional Government — 14 August 1960 [ 6 ] 12 December 1960 .mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)} [A] 5 years, 140 days MESAN Dacko served as president of the government from 1 May 1959 [ 7 ] until the country declared its independence on 13 August 1960. [ 8 ] 1 David Dacko (1930–2003) President 1964 12 December 1960 1 January 1966 [ 9 ] 2 Jean-Bédel Bokassa (1921–1996) President — 1 January 1966 [B] 4 December 1976 10 years, 338 days Military Bokassa seized power from Dacko in a successful coup d'état . He changed his name to Salah Eddine Ahmed Bokassa after converting to Islam on 20 October 1976. [ 10 ] MESAN [C] Central African Empire (1976–1979) 1 Bokassa I (1921–1996) Emperor — 4 December 1976 [D] 21 September 1979 [ 11 ] 2 years, 291 days MESAN Bokassa spent approximately US$20 million—one third of the country's annual budget—on his coronation ceremony on 4 December 1977. [ 12 ] Central African Republic (1979–present) 3 David Dacko (1930–2003) President 1981 21 September 1979 [E] 1 September 1981 [ 13 ] 1 year, 345 days MESAN This was Dacko's second time as president of the Central African Republic. In February 1980, Dacko established the Central African Democratic Union (UDC) as the country's only political party . [ 14 ] UDC — André Kolingba (1936–2010) Chairman of the Military Committee of National Recovery — 1 September 1981 [F] 21 September 1985 [G] 12 years, 51 days Military Kolingba seized power from Dacko in a successful coup d'état . Ange-Félix Patassé , with the assistance of François Bozizé , launched an unsuccessful coup d'état against the Kolingba government on 3 March 1982. [ 15 ] — André Kolingba (1936–2010) President and head of state 21 September 1985 21 November 1986 Kolingba established the Central African Democratic Rally (RDC) as the country's only party in May 1986. [ 16 ] RDC 4 André Kolingba (1936–2010) President 1986 [H] 21 November 1986 22 October 1993 5 Ange-Félix Patassé (1937–2011) President 1993 [I] 1999 22 October 1993 [ 17 ] 15 March 2003 9 years, 144 days MLPC Bozizé launched an unsuccessful coup d'état against the Patassé government on 28 May 2001. [ 18 ] 6 François Bozizé (born 1946) President 2005 2011 15 March 2003 [J] [ 19 ] 24 March 2013 10 years, 9 days Military Bozizé seized power from Patassé in a successful coup d'état . Shortly after, he appointed Abel Goumba as prime minister . Goumba had served as acting prime minister in 1959, before being overthrown by Dacko. [ 20 ] Independent 7 Michel Djotodia (born 1949) President — 24 March 2013 [K] 18 August 2013 292 days Military Djotodia was the leader of the Séléka rebel coalition in the ongoing civil war . — Michel Djotodia (born 1949) Head of State of the Transition 18 August 2013 10 January 2014 [L] — Alexandre-Ferdinand Nguendet (born 1972) Acting Head of State of the Transition — 10 January 2014 23 January 2014 13 days RPR Nguendet succeeded Djotodia after his resignation due to the continued conflict . — Catherine Samba-Panza (born 1954) Head of State of the Transition — 23 January 2014 30 March 2016 2 years, 67 days Independent Samba-Panza became the first female head of state of the Central African Republic. 8 Faustin-Archange Touadéra (born 1957) President 2015–16 2020–21 2025 30 March 2016 Incumbent 9 years, 292 days Independent Previously, Touadéra served as prime minister under Bozizé from 2008 until 2013. MCU Footnotes A Dacko became the official President of the Central African Republic after defeating Abel Goumba in an internal power struggle. Dacko had support from the French government . B Bokassa seized power by staging a coup d'état from 31 December 1965 until 1 January 1966. Bokassa forced Dacko to officially resign from the presidency at 03:20 WAT (02:20 UTC ) on 1 January. [ 9 ] C Bokassa staged a military coup against the Dacko government on 31 December 1965 – 1 January 1966. After becoming president, Bokassa took control of MESAN and imposed one-party rule under MESAN. D Bokassa, then- president for life of the Central African Republic, instituted a new constitution at the session of the MESAN congress and declared the republic a monarchy, the Central African Empire (CAE). Bokassa became the emperor of the CAE as "Bokassa I". [ 10 ] E By 1979, French support for Bokassa had all but eroded after the government's brutal suppression of rioting in Bangui and massacre of schoolchildren who had protested against wearing the expensive, government-required school uniforms . Dacko, who was Bokassa's personal adviser at the time, managed to leave for Paris where the French convinced him to cooperate in a coup to remove Bokassa from power and restore him to the presidency. The French successfully executed Operation Barracuda on 20–21 September 1979 and installed Dacko as president. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] F General Kolingba (who was also the armed forces chief of staff ) overthrew Dacko from the presidency in a bloodless coup. [ 16 ] G On 21 September 1985, Kolingba dissolved the Military Committee for National Recovery, [ 23 ] and created the positions of head of state and president. [ 24 ] H A constitution was adopted by a referendum on 21 November 1986 and Kolingba was elected to a six-year term in office. [ 11 ] [ 16 ] I The country held a multiparty presidential election on 22 August and 19 September 1993. Patassé was the candidate from the Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People party and ran on the platform that he would pay the previously withheld salaries to soldiers and civil servants. [ 25 ] Patassé defeated Dacko, Kolingba, Bozizé and Abel Goumba to win the election. [ 26 ] J Bozizé's second coup attempt was successful; he seized power in Bangui on 15 March 2003. [ 27 ] K Djotodia ousted Bozizé in the 2012–13 conflict ; he seized power in Bangui on 24 March 2013. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] L Under pressure from other central African heads of state gathered for a crisis summit on the situation in CAR, Djotodia resigned in N'Djamena , Chad on 10 January 2014. [ 30 ] Timeline Latest election Candidate Party Votes % Faustin-Archange Touadéra United Hearts Movement 894,556 76.15 Anicet-Georges Dologuélé Union for Central African Renewal 172,209 14.66 Henri-Marie Dondra Republican Unity 37,525 3.19 Marcelin Yalemende Independent 25,068 2.13 Serge Ghislain Djorie Collective for Political Change for a New Central Africa 21,989 1.87 Eddy Symphorien Kparekouti Party of Unity and Reconstruction 12,227 1.04 Aristide Briand Reboas Christian Democratic Party 11,185 0.95 Total 1,174,759 100.00 Valid votes 1,174,759 93.65 Invalid votes 40,231 3.21 Blank votes 39,386 3.14 Total votes 1,254,376 100.00 Registered voters/turnout 2,392,946 52.42 See also Politics of the Central African Republic History of the Central African Republic Emperor of Central Africa List of heads of government of the Central African Republic Vice President of the Central African Republic List of colonial governors of Ubangi-Shari References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Salaire des chefs d'Etat africains : Macky Sall parmi les Présidents les plus mal payés..." Dakarbuzz . 8 August 2017. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. ^ "Central African Republic's president vows peace, reforms at inauguration" , Reuters, 30 March 2016. ^ "Central African Republic 2016 Constitution - Constitute" . www.constituteproject.org . ^ "Central African Republic approves new constitution, possible third term for Touadera" . France 24 . 7 August 2023. ^ Cook, Candace; Siegle, Joseph. "Circumvention of Term Limits Weakens Governance in Africa" . Africa Center for Strategic Studies . Retrieved 6 May 2023 . ^ Kalck 2005 , p. xxxii ^ Kalck 2005 , p. 198 ^ Kalck 2005 , p. xxxi ^ a b Titley 1997 , p. 28 ^ a b Kalck 2005 , p. xxxiv ^ a b Kalck 2005 , p. 199 ^ Carlson, Peter (19 May 2007), "His Diplomatic Coup: Getting Them on the Record" , The Washington Post , retrieved 8 June 2008 ^ Kalck 2005 , p. xxxix ^ Kalck 2005 , p. 54 ^ Kalck 2005 , p. 155 ^ a b c Kalck 2005 , p. 113 ^ The World Factbook 2002 , Directorate of Intelligence , 2002, ISBN 0-16-067601-0 , archived from the original on 18 June 2008 ^ "Situation "confused" after apparent coup attempt" , IRIN , 28 May 2001 , retrieved 8 June 2008 ^ Kalck 2005 , p. lxxiii ^ "Bozize appoints prime minister" , IRIN , 24 March 2003 , retrieved 8 June 2008 ^ Titley 1997 , p. 127 ^ Kalck 2005 , p. lxix ^ Marsden 1988 , p. 810 ^ Kalck 2005 , p. 48 ^ Appiah & Gates 1999 , p. 399 ^ Kalck 2005 , p. xlviii ^ "Rebel leader seizes power, suspends constitution" , IRIN , 17 March 2003 , retrieved 8 June 2008 ^ "Centrafrique: Michel Djotodia déclare être le nouveau président de la république centrafricaine" (in French). Radio France International. 24 March 2013 . Retrieved 24 March 2013 . ^ Madjiasra Nako; Bate Felix (18 April 2013). "Regional leaders recognise C.African Republic rebel chief" . Reuters . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . ^ "CAR interim President Michel Djotodia resigns" . BBC News . 10 January 2014 . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . ^ "Facebook post by Autorité Nationale des Elections -ANE" (in French). Autorité Nationale des Elections. 6 January 2026 – via Facebook. Appiah, K. Anthony ; Gates, Henry Louis Jr. , eds. (1999), Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience , New York City: Basic Books , ISBN 0-465-00071-1 . Kalck, Pierre (2005), Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic (3rd English ed.), Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, ISBN 0-8108-4913-5 . Marsden, Hilary, ed. (1988), Whitaker's Almanack , 1988 , London: J Whitaker and Sons, ISBN 0-85021-178-6 . Titley, Brian (1997), Dark Age: The Political Odyssey of Emperor Bokassa , Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press , ISBN 0-7735-1602-6 , OCLC 36340842 . External links Official Website Archived 29 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine Elections in the Central African Republic BBC News Timeline: Central African Republic v t e Presidents of the Central African Republic v t e Central African Republic (1960–1976) Dacko Bokassa Dacko Bokassa Central African Empire (1976–1979) Bokassa I Bokassa I Central African Republic (1979–present) Dacko Kolingba Patassé Bozizé Djotodia Nguendet * Samba-Panza Touadéra Dacko Kolingba Patassé Bozizé Djotodia Nguendet * Samba-Panza Touadéra * Acting * Acting v t e Central African Republic articles v t e History Ubangi-Shari French Equatorial Africa Kongo-Wara rebellion Central African Empire Bush War Civil War 2013–2014 Ubangi-Shari French Equatorial Africa French Equatorial Africa Kongo-Wara rebellion Central African Empire Bush War Civil War 2013–2014 2013–2014 Geography Borders Cities Ecoregions Mountains Rivers Wildlife Borders Cities Ecoregions Mountains Rivers Wildlife Borders Cities Ecoregions 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Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Other states Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland UN member states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Other states Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Heads of government UN member states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Other states Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland UN member states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 arbitration 26 comments 2 Page 10 comments 3 Am I being bullied? 3 comments 4 How do I ask for a move request to be closed? 3 comments 5 I need urgent help. 3 comments 6 on involvement 5 comments 7 Referencing errors on List of rulers of Timor 3 comments 8 Question about replacing a non‑free image in Murder of Michaela McAreavey 8 comments 9 Writ petition 2 comments 10 Referencing errors on John Herdman 3 comments 11 Reference desk 2 comments 12 Hijacking of The Morning Leader 3 comments 13 My page has disappeared and I do not know what to do. 26 comments 14 Edit removed 4 comments 15 How do non-talk pages have the talk page format? 4 comments 16 Copy-pasting a sentence added references 6 comments 17 How do you add a person to Wikipedia? 2 comments 18 Remove deceptive link 4 comments 19 Review 4 comments 20 Deprecated source and automatic filter 3 comments 21 URL for a physical book 10 comments 22 Drafts 14 comments 23 Editing page on John Campbell UK 4 comments 24 I can’t create an account!? 2 comments 25 Query regarding Draft:Candlelight Homes 8 comments 26 Referencing errors on Spatial epidemiology 2 comments 27 Creating Art for Wikipedia 11 comments 28 Curly quotes 5 comments 29 Page never underwent review and was published without? 9 comments 30 Referencing errors on Capital Fringe Festival 2 comments 31 ISBN ===> cite book template 6 comments 32 Shady users 2 comments 33 Iraq Page 4 comments 34 png thumbnail issue 2 comments 35 Articles 2 comments 36 Translation of the article "Pharmazimuseum Brixen" into English 4 comments 37 returning image to entry. 9 comments 38 Referencing errors on Freibahn 3 comments 39 Tool for LLM detection? 3 comments 40 i can’t add message 3 comments 41 Question 5 comments 42 What if? 4 comments 43 Referencing errors on Lemon Tree Hotels 2 comments 44 Translations 5 comments 45 Content Translation Tool Error 2 comments 46 Non-free image url 3 comments 47 How do I use Twinkle to warn? 3 comments 48 Create a wikepedia page 4 comments 49 How to translate? 3 comments 50 Edit "not been published" 15 comments 51 Contacting non-English article editors 4 comments 52 wikipedia25.org 8 comments 53 Question about source 5 comments 54 Help on creating a new article 17 comments 55 Historical Artwork owned by Gallery 5 comments 56 How to change what wikiproject messages are recieved on. 4 comments 57 A disruptive user 3 comments 58 changing email login 3 comments 59 Message on new articles 3 comments 60 HOW TO ENTER AN ARTIST IN WIKIPEDIA 5 comments 61 Police#Israel 2 comments 62 Shenandoah Presbyterian Church 4 comments 63 Variety of English used in articles about an author's works? 3 comments 64 Other language Wikipedia as an authoritative source? 6 comments 65 I need Help 5 comments 66 Legend for map in sidebar 2 comments 67 MEDAL AWARD DEVICE IS INCORRECT COLOR 4 comments 68 Opening a request for un-protection 4 comments 69 "Incle Vanyan" 3 comments 70 Mobile watchlist 1 comment 71 Referencing errors on Mahendra Singh Dhoni 4 comments 72 Bruno fernandes 2 comments 73 WP:SEAOFBLUE and introductory sentences to clergy members 3 comments 74 External guide 2 comments Wikipedia : Help desk العربية Aragonés Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español فارسی Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kurdî Lietuvių മലയാളം مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Português Русский संस्कृतम् Scots සිංහල سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Twi Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Project page Talk Read Edit Add topic View history Read Edit Add topic View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikibooks Wikisource Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikidata item Skip to TOC Skip to bottom Skip to bottom WP:HD WP:HD WP:Y WP:Y For other types of questions, use the search box , see the reference desk or Help:Contents . 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I want to open an arbitration case against it for its deletion Gnosticfind ( talk ) 21:23, 27 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Which article are you talking about? There's no need to involve arbcom in a routine deletion case. See WP:Deletion for how the deletion process works. Page Hello, I hope this message finds you well. I am the owner and General Manager of Flex FM, and I am writing regarding our existing Wikipedia page. Unfortunately, I no longer have access to the account originally used to manage the page, and as a result I am unable to log in to update or correct information. I would like to update elements of the page, including historical information and ensuring that the content accurately reflects Flex FM’s development and current status. I understand Wikipedia’s policies regarding neutrality and conflict of interest, and I am more than willing to follow the correct process to request changes rather than editing the article directly. Here is the link to the page in question: Flex FM I can provide proof of ownership and any supporting documentation required, and I would appreciate guidance on the appropriate next steps to have these updates reviewed and applied correctly. Thank you for your time and assistance. Kind regards, Terry Little Owner & General Manager Flex FM Noelsie tl ( talk ) 15:58, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Conflicted editor does things the wrong way Conflicted editor is reverted Conflicted editor is given advice on their talk page Conflicted editor asks here for further advice in order to do things the right way, while at the same time declaring CoI Conflicted editor is correctly answered (in this case by Ivanvector) Am I being bullied? Another user has repeatedly undone my edits but I did not introduce any external links; nor did I introduce any false information. I only added information already in the sources; everything I added is verifiable. Please help! Vollerhass ( talk ) 20:30, 8 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do I ask for a move request to be closed? There’s been a move request for Hans Island since February 2025. I posted to it so I can’t close it. How do I request that an uninvolved admin consider whether to close it? Mr Serjeant Buzfuz ( talk ) 03:45, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I need urgent help. The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. Hello, I am an Afghan commando soldier living in Afghanistan. My financial situation is not very good. I need urgent help. Kusarjan ( talk ) 16:33, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] on involvement for the purposes of closing discussions, which of those would you consider "improper", assuming different levels of involvement, but regardless of if the closure would require admin perms? closing on non-procedural grounds (keep, merge, retarget, etc.), after a comment or correction regarding another editor's mention of policy (i.e. "that's a2 , not g2 ") closing on non-procedural grounds after a comment or correction regarding another editor's mention of a page's topic (i.e. "it's a berry , not a follicle ") that is not actually opining on the discussion closing on procedural grounds (already speedy deleted, disruptive nom, malformed or duplicate nom, redirect overwritten by an article, they took earth to afd again, etc.) after a comment or correction regarding the stuff already mentioned above closing on procedural grounds after a vote (for this, it usually shouldn't matter if the vote supported or opposed the result) yes, this is mostly a matter of opinion on stuff i'm only very slightly iffy on, so don't worry too much consarn (talck) (contirbuton s) 17:29, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on List of rulers of Timor The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. Reference help requested. Thanks, Javed Khan king of India ( talk ) 07:31, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question about replacing a non‑free image in Murder of Michaela McAreavey Hello, I would like to check something about non‑free images in the article Murder of Michaela McAreavey . The article currently uses a non‑free family photograph that includes Michaela McAreavey with her father and brother. I am considering whether it would be acceptable, under the Non‑free Content Criteria, to replace it with a different non‑free image that shows Michaela alone on her wedding day. This type of image seems more appropriate for identification purposes and is directly relevant to the widely reported circumstances of her murder on her honeymoon. Before doing anything, I want to confirm whether such a replacement would be allowed. If it is permitted, I would also like to know the correct way to tag the old non‑free image for deletion once the new one is in use. Could someone please advise on whether this approach complies with NFCC, and what the correct procedure would be? Thank you. ItsShandog ( talk ) 09:32, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Writ petition writ petition no. 9401 of 2019, s citation identity need for ~2026-20422-6 ( talk ) 14:25, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on John Herdman Reference help requested. Can you specific what the reference error you raised is? Thank you! Thanks, AnnWinterburne ( talk ) 17:14, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Reference desk Good saturday evening. Is it considered to spam to have too many questions on the Reference desk? I already have three there and i just got another one. I don't want to clog it. ~2025-40048-69 ( talk ) 20:51, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Hijacking of The Morning Leader Hello, I am usually not editing here, so maybe posting in the wrong place -- sorry for that. I just noticed that The Morning Leader was hijacked about two weeks ago. Coming from Wikidata, a lot of the respective user's edits there seem problematic. Also, it might be coincidental, but there are contributions overlapping with activity of users blocked due to SPIs concerning Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Aboobackeramani . I hope you can do something with it. Thanks, Dorades ( talk ) 22:09, 10 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] My page has disappeared and I do not know what to do. I recently created a page called Quiichaar. It is about the book series. With in a minute after it was created someone put issues at the top. They said it was focused too much on the plot and also that it seemed too real. It is a science fiction fantasy novel series. It states this in the first sentence, so I do not understand how people would think this is real. There was other information other than the plot, but obviously that would be what most people would want to know about a book series. I did not give anything away in the summation, so I do not understand how to fix this issue. My page is no longer visible. Can someone please explain what I am supposed to do. This is my first time creating something on here. Thanks in advance. Showik123 ( talk ) 00:00, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I am confused. Can you explain what you meant by "no possibility of your draft being accepted while it fails to demonstrate that the book meets our notability criteria - which is indicated though significant coverage in published reliable sources with no connection to the subject matter." It is a real book. I have held it in my hand and read from the pages. I even included the ISBN numbers. I am quite certain that I do not understand what you are saying. Can you please explain further? Is this something that I can fix? I am certainly not meaning to sound like I am arguing with you. I merely wish to understand what you mean. When you say you ran a google search, may I ask what you mean by "significant coverage in independent published reliable sources?" I guess I just don't understand what that means. Can you give me an example. Sorry, I am just very unclear as to what you mean and I don't want to make assumptions to what you are referring. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Showik123 ( talk • contribs ) 01:36, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] That makes sense, but if you can buy the book on Amazon it must be real. Are they a source? Edit removed Hi, my edit on Preston Hollow, Dallas was removed automatically. It was a minor edit describing a former resident, Richard B. Spencer as a neo-Nazi, which his page describes him as, and I'm guessing it was removed due to the inflammatory nature of that topic and I think my edit was assumed to be vandalism. I added it because he is primarily known as Richard Spencer, potentially leading to confusion, and he has not been a high-profile figure for several years. IXequilibrium ( talk ) 03:59, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do non-talk pages have the talk page format? Many pages, like this one, WP:TEA , or WP:AN/I , are not talk pages, however they have the format, with the "Add topic" and "Reply" buttons. How is this done? dot . p y 05:25, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Copy-pasting a sentence added references So i copied a 186 char long string from a wikipedia article and I ended up putting +1,950 chars into that article, including references I - if i remember correctly - never touched. Tried again, happened again. 1st: To make a copy of that sentence i opened the editor with an old revision. 2nd: i think i made it the Question: Are there configurations of the default editor, where this could happen, as a kind of feature? Like "hey, you copied a sentence without its refs, here, take it all"? Or could this happen as a feature to prevent an edit conflict? I'm just asking to make sure, it was my mistake and that i didn't miss some feature differences between the editor software of the different languages I'm editing in. Amtiss , SNAFU ? 11:58, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Do you refer to this edit ? This text is 1925 characters <ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanno-Youngs |first1=Zolan |title=We Pressed Trump on His Conclusion About the ICE Shooting. Here's What He Said. |url= |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date=January 8, 2026 |access-date=January 8, 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> This account has been contested by eyewitnesses, journalists,<ref name=LumStein /> local figures, and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] lawmakers, some of whom have called for a criminal investigation.<ref name=startribune_601559829>{{Cite news |last=Barnett |first=Sofia |date=January 6, 2026 |title=Mayor Jacob Frey's Remarks After ICE Agent Fatally Shot Woman in Minneapolis |url= |work=[[The Minnesota Star Tribune]] |archive-url= |archive-date=January 8, 2026 }}</ref> Minneapolis mayor [[Jacob Frey]] and Minnesota governor [[Tim Walz]] called on the federal government to end their presence in the city. Thousands of people [[List of Renee Good protests|have protested]] in Minneapolis,<ref name="MinnPost">{{Cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Trevor |date=January 7, 2026 |title=Minneapolis Vigil Draws Thousands as City Reels Following ICE Shooting |url= |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date=January 8, 2026 |access-date=January 8, 2026 |work=[[MinnPost]] |language=en-US}}</ref> and more have protested in other cities including [[Chicago]], [[New York City]], and [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="mpr" />}} -- Andy Mabbett Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy ; Andy's edits 14:59, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Let me be more clear. The numbers are not too important. Sorry for that. My question is: is there some kind of automatic assisting when using copy-paste or not? (I did, at no point select and copy the >1000 bytes, just the sentence.) -- Amtiss , SNAFU ? 15:18, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do you add a person to Wikipedia? Y ~2026-22492-7 ( talk ) 14:26, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Remove deceptive link How to remove a link that appears in "Films Scored by Miklos Rozsa"? "Ministry of Fear" was actually scored by Victor Young, though some Rozsa cues may have been incorporated. Rozsaphile1 ( talk ) 14:48, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Review Can someone review the article Ogden Round Lake Wilderness Area? It is only edited by me. Versions 111 ( talk • contribs ) 15:46, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Deprecated source and automatic filter Hello. When I tried to upload a finished new page, an automatic filter refused the page, saying that I was linking to a deprecated source, but I cannot find any link to a deprecated source. I'm using no source listed on the Wikipedia:Deprecated sources page. All my text links to other Wiki pages link to existing pages. I'm writing about a plant species using only technical/botanical references and there's no controversy about the topic. Thanks for any help. Gaiacoyote ( talk ) 19:43, 11 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] URL for a physical book I've purchased an encyclopedia (The Pigeon by Wendell M. Levi) and in compiling the URL for my citation, I've found that the only websites I can use are commercial sites that sell the book, and the internet archive. Both seem insufficient to me. I'm unsure what I should do in this situation because the book hasn't got a PDF either, and the internet archive is a short review (one page) that is of the 1945 edition, while I have the 1977. Any help at all is appreciated :) Gone Extinct ( talk ) 00:09, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Drafts I happened to see that Draft:Milos Ercegovac is hanging in the air. This is quite strange because as I said on the talk page there he is a big shot in computer arithmetic. FYI I have met him, but we are not friends or anything, and I have not seen him for 20 or more years. What can I do to support his page? Thanks Yesterday, all my dreams... ( talk ) 10:56, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Yesterday, all my dreams... , I have moved the draft to main space since Ercegovac clearly meets WP:NACADEMIC . Thank you for your work to improve the encyclopedia. Cullen328 ( talk ) 06:05, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Editing page on John Campbell UK I signed up last year as a fact checker, I’ve only contributed to one article that incorrectly identified a public official that was sworn in and confirmed by the Senate is a nominee. It was accepted and the process went smoothly. I’m trying to suggest an added to talk to John Campbell UK I have watched him since the beginning of the pandemic, like me, he was excited about the vaccine, I took the first two Pfizer vaccines and had no side effects His views have shifted but only was peer reviewed journal articles I don’t think he is controversial but perhaps within orthodox medical circles, his podcasts there are always evidence based still properly just disclaimed, people may disagree but labeling him as a purveyor of misinformation is inaccurate. I guess controversial is a result in his focus focusing on government and pure review data that is often not widely covered. His recent highlighting of a 2013 study that supported higher vitamin D levels but calculated the amount of supplementation required is factual and extremely important information The error in the paper has been acknowledged by the authors but public health officials and some of the medical societies have not changed the RDA, only specialist to an endocrinologist seem to be aware. Can you provide me with the required background for the acceptance of characterizing John Campbell as a purveyor of misinformation? I certainly don’t want the name I just want to see the specific journal article which is almost always the basis for each episode. I do not know John Cambell and I’ve never communicated with him beyond subscribing to his YouTube channel I am based in the US and find it troubling that in 2026 we are labeling him as just “disinformation” source. I would respectfully request that you reconsider that characterization in the introduction I read Wikipedia briefly this morning because the information on vitamin D3 was consequential and the credibility Wikipedia, for me, plummeted if this description is current. I was unable to suggest an edit Z-factwriter ( talk ) 14:53, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I can’t create an account!? Hello, I’m trying to make an account so I can permanently enable dark mode on safari (iOS) lol. I keep getting the proxy error, but I don’t think I have ever made an account, or if I have, I don’t remember it and it would have been with an old email. I did have iCloud Relay active when I attempted to sign up the first time, then I turned it off and tried again. I assumed my IP would have changed to my actual one, because when it was active the the IP had been banned—it still didn’t work. Did that have something to do with it? Thanks! ~2026-25117-4 ( talk ) 15:55, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Query regarding Draft:Candlelight Homes Hello Wiki Help Desk, We’re reaching out for guidance regarding an article we recently submitted about our company, Candlelight Homes. The content was written to remain neutral in tone and supported by multiple third-party sources; however, it was declined due to concerns that the sources were not sufficiently in-depth. Candlelight Homes is an established, legitimate company, and our intent is not promotional. Our goal is simply to provide accurate, verifiable information so the company can be discoverable and properly represented within the community. We’d appreciate any direction on what types of sources or additional context would be required to meet Wikipedia’s notability and sourcing standards. Thank you for your time and assistance. Requesting guidance on acceptable sourcing and notability requirements for a company article that was declined due to insufficient depth of sources. ZacharyBinx99 ( talk ) 17:42, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Find several sources which meet all the requirements in WP:42 . If you can't, stop there. If you can, effectively forget everything you know about your company and write a summary of what those sources say. They leave out something important? Tough. They are nasty about you? Tough. They are wrong, according to your knowledge? Tough. Wikipedia's fundamental principle is verifiability , not truth. Referencing errors on Spatial epidemiology Reference help requested. tho i've been a wiki editor for decades, i find the creation and placement of references very confusing, so i'd appreciate any help! Thanks, Lee De Cola ( talk ) 20:07, 12 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Creating Art for Wikipedia As a user, am I permitted to create art for certain pages on Wikipedia that lack any visuals? I'd like to add images to extinct animal pages that are lacking any visual. I'm a hobbyist artist and have experience making paleoart. I know users like Apokryltaros have done valuable work for this exact situation on Wikipedia, and I would like to create art in a similar vein (mostly for Holocene extinctions that lack paleo reconstructions). Are there any qualifications I need to have before doing this, or can I just try my hand without preparation? Gone Extinct ( talk ) 00:09, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Curly quotes The article United_States_v._Maduro_et_al. currently has lots of curly quotes. Question: When I see curly quotes, should I edit them into straight quotes? Is there a bot that does that? Are curly quotes OK to be left in articles? The article may have received those curly quotes from the user who was involved in an ANI thread around Jan 9, which covered LLM use, user @ ApoieRacional , a few editors mentioning LLM use on several articles... resulting in Cullen328 blocking that user from article space. Thanks. David10244 ( talk ) 03:36, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Page never underwent review and was published without? I just created this page today and rather than going under review when I pressed publish to save my changes, it went up instantly, skipping categorisation and now it is missing things like a Local Description and Wikidata Item ID. I've only been contributing since December and all of my other pages had to be reviewed. Sorry if this question should rather be on the page's talk page, I'm new to this. Gone Extinct ( talk ) 06:00, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Capital Fringe Festival The source, as it exists, has a generic byline. There's no other author name to use. How do I rewrite the reference to reflect that, and not order the words like a name? Thanks, DavidK93 ( talk ) 08:47, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] ISBN ===> cite book template Is there a tool to convert ISBN's to the template, populating as many fields as possible? Humpster ( talk ) 09:22, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Shady users I have come across a "shady" user while tending to my watchlist. Looking through their past edits, I found weird behavior, like many small and unimpactful additions to sentences that often get reverted. There's some potential they are blindly adding AI content. I also see a pretty strict routine of editing that I find unusual. But they've done nothing blatantly wrong, which is why they haven't been banned yet. I want to assume good faith but I fear they may be farming their edit count to sell their account once it's extended confirmed. Where is the best place to discuss users who may be farming edits? Edit7hesadparts ( talk ) 11:07, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Iraq Page I noticed a rule on the Iraq wiki page where it said I had to be extended confirmed to make an edit (it's only protected for confirmed/auto confirmed). Am I not allowed to do the edit request (Listed under the semi edit requests) that is requesting a typo be fixed? AirmanKitten203 ( talk ) 14:44, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] png thumbnail issue on the left hand side is the original picture; on the right hand side is the thumbnail. The thumbnail is broken on my side, but if I zoom in to 110%, it works as normal again. Does anyone know what's the problem? NDR0216 ( talk ) 15:27, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Articles Articles for creation Sumeetsinha1972 ( talk ) 15:30, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Translation of the article "Pharmazimuseum Brixen" into English Could anyone help me to figure out how to translate the article of "Pharmaziemuseum Brixen" into English? When I try it tells me I don't have the rights to do so. Th article is already available also in Italian and Spanish. Thank you for your help! Pharmaziemuseum Brixen ( talk ) 16:23, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] returning image to entry. I uploaded an image of Dame Louise Richardson . It was taken down due to copyright issue. The organization I represented, Carnegie Corporation of New York , in which Mrs. Richardson is the President, owns the rights to the copyright. May I reload a new image to her biography? Looking forward toward your response. Sincerely, Ronald Sexton ( talk ) 19:42, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Freibahn CS1 error on Freibahn. I have no idea what went wrong. Thanks, Neptun22 ( talk ) 21:30, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Tool for LLM detection? There is a current discussion at WP:RSN#Tool for detecting AI writing? which indicates lack of information on that topic. I suggested a few links there because the users at large seemed not aware of them. Does anyone here know of any tools? If not where should we suggest that WMF should hire an expert to guide them on that? Text analysis is not my area of expertise, but I know that general programmers will have no hope of success in that area without guidance. Please make suggestions. Thanks Yesterday, all my dreams... ( talk ) 22:16, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] i can’t add message i want to send a message to a user but talk page says it is protected to prevent vandalism. why is this? i want to send message so that editor understands what to do. grazie. ~2026-28017-1 ( talk ) 22:57, 13 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question Random question.. can an editor be completely blocked from Wikipedia? I.e not even aloud to visit the website? Not a topic ban, editing restrictions, indefinite block etc but completely disallowing someone from visiting/reading some/all articles ?? ~2026-19602-0 ( talk ) 01:29, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] What if? If someone vandalizes an article but than immediately deletes the vandalism, do they still get punished? ~2026-24671-3 ( talk ) 04:14, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Lemon Tree Hotels Reference help requested. Thanks, Saimi Sattar1 ( talk ) 07:11, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Translations Courtesy link: User:PUZEG1/Grand Duke Butigeidis Dragoon Battalion Hello, I am writing to ask for help translating our military unit wikipedia page. As I understand, I have to be an editor who made over 500 changes in wikipedia to publish translated pages. Is it possible to publish our page translated into other languages by being new account in here? PUZEG1 ( talk ) 11:59, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Content Translation Tool Error Hello, can someone help me? I'm trying to translate a page from Spanish to English and it tells me I am not an extended confirmed user, but I am. Thanks Josep a11 ( talk ) 12:24, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Non-free image url I have a talk page message from Iruka13 which deals with non-free image urls. Is it still recommended to use the URL to the page displaying the image, even if the URL to the page is non-unique? Sswonk ( talk ) 14:39, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How do I use Twinkle to warn? Alright so I'm new to using Twinkle and I can't figure out how to warn people. I checked the doc and it mentions a "warn tab" but I can't find it for whatever reason? I know for a fact I have warnings enabled in configuration. Thanks in advance :) Monkeymoo458 ( talk ) 18:49, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Create a wikepedia page I would like an assistance in creating a wikipedia page for my football club. Maryfelsports ( talk ) 20:19, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How to translate? Dear Editors, I would like to translate an article, that was written by me, from Hungarian to English. I have done it already on 'paper' but I do not know how to type it into the 'English Wikipedia' version. How to link them? I do not need automatic translation and I am not an advanced editor. Thank you for your answer and help. BEK2022 ( talk ) 21:11, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Edit "not been published" I recently tried to add one (1) sentence containing a quotation to a page about a prominent WWII officer Ernest N. Harmon , citing a very reliable, eminent historian who was quoting yet another reliable witness/historian in his latest, acclaimed nonfiction book. But for the very first time ever in my many years of contributing to Wikipedia, I was confronted with a box informing me "Your changes have not been published." To correct this, the same box refers me "to go to the report page and follow the instructions." But I must admit I was totally stymied by that report page and don't understand at all how to use it and resolve my edit problem. Looking for assistance to figure this out. Thanks for any reply & guidance. Mwprods2 ( talk ) 23:00, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Contacting non-English article editors Not sure if this is the right place to ask this, but does anyone know how I could do this? They don't seem to have user pages on the English edition. Thanks, Fort esc ( talk ) 23:37, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] wikipedia25.org Happy 25 years, but is wikipedia25.org supposed to work? It only shows a Wikimedia error. Versions 111 ( talk • contribs ) 23:44, 14 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question about source I was using the CIA World Factbook (judicial branch section) to learn more about the judiciary of Mozambique for an article and noticed they got a basic fact wrong about the Constitutional Council judges' term renewal wrong. Should I consider the rest of the information I got from them ok, or re-source everything else in the article that used that source? Urchincrawler ( talk ) 01:09, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Help on creating a new article Hi, I used to edit Fandom and Wikihow pages as a child and am used to writing factual, objective information in those contexts, but am not really familiar with Wikipedia's conventions. I am looking to create an article on the now-defunct game Fight My Monster (Jan 2011-Late 2016). I have a collection of sources (Silicon Republic articles, Techcrunch articles, Guardian article, Companies House page, official FMM blog posts (from archive.org), as well as many more niche journalism and non-journalism sources) towards the game's existence and notability (5 million accounts in total throughout its lifetime, and was generally thought to be very innovative), but am unsure whether this game would meet the notability requirements for Wikipedia. The game also had commercials aired on British TV, had comics featured in The Beano, had trading cards you could order, had a book and membership cards that were in British bookstores, and had a planned animated TV series. I also have some fears that maybe I would be a conflict of interest in relation to the game, as I am a community moderator for a currently-active rewritten project. This would not be an advertisement and I have no intention on mentioning the rewritten project within the article, but I still thought a conflict of interest might need to be disclosed. My main motivations are to ensure that information on the game is briefly compiled into an article as I would love for this information to be easy to access, since even though so many sources exist, they are very disjointed. Would I just have to write the article, publish it, and then see what people think of it? Or should I create a sandbox and then ask for dynamic feedback somewhere on Wikipedia? Or should I not bother, due to lack of notability (or the conflict of interest issue)? Thank you so much for any input/feedback, I appreciate Wikipedia as a resource so much but have no idea of the inner workings of how to edit it lol. -kat279 ( talk ) 04:38, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Raising $2.1mil due to how unique the game was : (pre-the game's release) Companies house page, detailing when the company was founded/disbanded: Fight my Monster x Brown Bag Films: Fight My Monster and Brown Bag Films Announce Animated TV Series - Business Insider Growth and targeting boys: Ten Year-Olds Versus the Triple-A Market | GamesIndustry.biz (I think this might be a blog, but apparently the woman who wrote it was a Managing Editor at IGN?) Fight my monster brand ambitions: Fight My Monster Borrows From The Angry Birds Playbook - Merchandise And Movies Up Next? | TechCrunch FMM growth, including game mechanics and industry-leading parent centre: FightMyMonster.com: a monster of an idea that just keeps getting bigger | Games | The Guardian The Beano collaboration: (lasted throughout the latter half of 2013) The book they published (Fight My Monster: Monstrous Official Guide), mostly detailing game mechanics: Fight My Monster: Monstrous Official Guide: Amazon.co.uk: Simon & Schuster UK: 9781471115707: Books Historical Artwork owned by Gallery If our gallery reports on original artwork that we own for historical details that only we can provide, is this a conflict of interest? It has flagged a filter, almost certainly because our reference to the artwork is on our website. Before we attempt to publish again we ask so that we do not fall foul of wikipedia rules but would like to offer expert advice particularly regarding album artwork. The gallery has the largest private collection in The UK and potentially the world. This includes unseen design work for prominent and historic artworks. Popnouveau ( talk ) 13:29, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] How to change what wikiproject messages are recieved on. Is there a way to set what wikiproject I get important messages on? I got the messages for the wikipedia birthday celebration on my wikisource account as it was the first account i made, but I would prefer to get my messages like that either here or on meta-wiki. Is there a way i can set that? i looked for quite a bit through my various preferences but could not find anything to do so.I know you can enable global notifications, and i do have them on, but it's not the same. Sorry if this is not the right place to ask this question, i want really sure. ¿VØ!D? ☄ 13:33, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] A disruptive user Some users are annoyed (including me) that there's a user who constantly makes (mostly) disruptive edits to articles without saying why that's done or by asking in the talk page and wait for consensus. The user is "Boringhuman404", but the person using it has used it from the other old names, including Urayahahah and "Renamed user c2ca70d12a943d959769c7559822e2ae". Ominae ( talk ) 17:05, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] changing email login I am registered to edit wikipedia under an old email address which I haven't used for several years and no longer have access to. Is there a way to retain my pervious access with a different email or would I have to start over? ~2026-31751-6 ( talk ) 17:15, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Message on new articles Hello Friends! I work a lot of new biographies and today, I'm seeing a message that says the page doesn't exist and to visit Wikispecies - see: Axel Hille and Alejandro Londoño-Burbano . I have never come across this before and not sure what it means or if it is supposed to be there. Any insight would be appreciated. Thank you!! Se7enNationArmy2024 ( talk ) 18:28, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] HOW TO ENTER AN ARTIST IN WIKIPEDIA The dominican singer and composer Alicia Baroni meets enough merits to be in Wikipedia, but so far I could not enter her bio. Can somebody help me, please? ~2026-32405-1 ( talk ) 19:20, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Find sources: Google ( books · news · scholar · free images · WP refs ) · FENS · JSTOR · TWL : This looks like it would be hard to find enough secondary coverage to create an article.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦ (talk to me) 19:52, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Police#Israel in this page it talks about policing in ancient Israel, although some of the areas existed like Jerusalem, Judah there was no Israel till 1948. Wikipedia should stay impartial and not peddle political messages to try and make out a state existed before it actually did. ~2026-31843-5 ( talk ) 20:05, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Shenandoah Presbyterian Church Courtesy link: Draft:Shenandoah (Miami) I'm trying to add a page for an historic church in Miami, Florida. Did I botch the title? It just says "Shenandoah." How do I edit it? LBK1Wiki ( talk ) 20:09, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Variety of English used in articles about an author's works? The biography of author Roald Dahl is tagged with {{ British English }} . Should this also apply to all articles about his books and short stories? Personally I think it should per MOS:TIES - but I regularly see editors changing UK to US spelling, such as this edit . (Admittedly, Dahl did live in the USA for many years, and many of his stories were first published in the USA and are set in the USA.) Muzilon ( talk ) 21:19, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Other language Wikipedia as an authoritative source? As seen in Talk:AmericaFest#Feedback from New Page Review process , a user told me that MSN is depreciated because the Chinese Wikipedia said so, even though it seemed to have been called generally reliable in the English Wikipedia per WP:MSNOW . They then said You should find the original URLs and use those, as these MSN sources appear to be aggregated instead. could anyone confirm that MSN should be depreciated, and if so, I'll add it onto WP:RSP ? Wikieditor662 ( talk ) 22:15, 15 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] I need Help Is this source considered a reliable source at web archive Pinchmemore ( talk ) 00:40, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Legend for map in sidebar I was trying to add this map to this sidebar but I can't figure out how to make the legend visible without A. Going to Commons, or B. Having a big caption with a legend in the sidebar (which seems inappropriate). Is this possible? When I click on images like here that use {{legend}} in a caption, the colors don't appear Placeholderer ( talk ) 01:43, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] MEDAL AWARD DEVICE IS INCORRECT COLOR My Father has a page on Wikipedia and his medals are displayed. But his Purple Heart should have a SILVER STAR on it, NOT a GOLD STAR… He has 6 PURPLE HEARTS AND THE MARINES Designate that with a SILVER STAR for 5 awards and the ribbon makes it 6…. We would like to see the Gold start replaced with SILVER STAR as the award device. Mdsd77 ( talk ) 02:54, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Opening a request for un-protection Hello, Back in 2008, the Bulletball page was deleted. I think it's gone back and forth a few times and ended up protected indefinitely around 2012. I think, at the time, that was understandable. Bulletball was probably put on here as a joke because of that one YouTube video [3] . The thing is, many years after the American Inventor incident, it actually did make it into the Olympics, it is quite literally an Olympic sport. As such, I do think that the game itself is notable enough to be in an encyclopedia. A list of Olympic sports would, by definition, not be complete without Bulletball. We don't need to make it read like "whoa the inventor was so whacky and they made him a meme!". Just a short article about the sport, its rules, its appearance on American Inventor, and eventual debut at the 2012 Senior Olympics. I'd be happy to write it. We could semi-protect it to stop people turning it into a meme page. Anyway, sorry. My question is: Is there somewhere I can go to argue the above and at least open a vote or discussion on the issue? Thank you for your help! LegalUsername ( talk ) 03:02, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] "Incle Vanyan" the play Uncle Vanya" ~2026-33068-4 ( talk ) 03:14, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Mobile watchlist The desktop watchlist can group all edits to a single page together. Am I correct that the mobile watchlist doesn't have the option to do this? Thanks! Helpful Cat { talk } 03:39, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Referencing errors on Mahendra Singh Dhoni Reference help requested. Please fix this error in the article of Mahendra Singh Dhoni now. Thanks, ~2026-33072-4 ( talk ) 04:33, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Bruno fernandes See I was thinking we should include something about bruno's recent Twitter hacking ~2026-14741-7 ( talk ) 06:05, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] WP:SEAOFBLUE and introductory sentences to clergy members Hello. I've noticed that in several articles for notable clergy members, It'll introduce the subject as a Anglican priest or a Baptist minister etc etc, and I'm a bit confused on how I should improve the readability, if I should improve it at all. Do I de-link the denomination or the title? Rework the sentence (somehow)? Is there any relevant consensus on this topic? Thank you. Cawfeecrow ( talk ) 06:51, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] External guide who is external guide ~2026-33882-3 ( talk ) 08:20, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Wikipedia help forums Wikipedia move-protected project pages Non-talk pages that are automatically signed Pages automatically checked for incorrect links This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:08 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Annual leaders 2 Multiple-time leaders 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References List of NBA annual scoring leaders Español Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu 日本語 Нохчийн Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item In basketball , points are accumulated through free throws or field goals . [ 1 ] The National Basketball Association 's (NBA) scoring title is awarded to the player with the highest points per game average in a given season. The scoring title was originally determined by total points scored through the 1968–69 season , after which points per game was used to determine the leader instead. [ 2 ] The three-point field goal was introduced in the NBA at the start of the 1979–80 season . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] To qualify for the scoring title, a player must appear in at least 58 games (out of 82). However, a player who appears in fewer than 58 games may qualify as annual scoring leader if his point total would have given him the greatest average, had he appeared in 58 games. [ 5 ] For the scoring title, this has been the requirement since the 2013–14 season , with requirements changing several times previously throughout history. [ 6 ] Wilt Chamberlain holds the all-time records for total points scored (4,029) and points per game (50.4) in a season; both records were achieved in the 1961–62 season . [ 7 ] He also holds the rookie records for points per game when he averaged 37.6 points in the 1959–60 season . [ 7 ] Among active players, James Harden has the highest point total (2,818) and the highest scoring average (36.1) in a season; both were achieved in the 2018–19 season . Michael Jordan has won the most scoring titles, with 10. [ 8 ] Jordan and Chamberlain are the only players to have won seven consecutive scoring titles (this was also Chamberlain's career total). [ 8 ] George Gervin , Allen Iverson and Kevin Durant have won four scoring titles in their career, [ 9 ] and James Harden , George Mikan , Neil Johnston and Bob McAdoo have achieved it three times. Paul Arizin , Bob Pettit , Kareem Abdul-Jabbar , Shaquille O'Neal , Tracy McGrady , Kobe Bryant , Russell Westbrook , Stephen Curry and Joel Embiid have each won the scoring title twice. Since the 1946–47 season , six players have won both the scoring title and the NBA championship in the same season: Joe Fulks in 1947 with the Philadelphia Warriors , Mikan from 1949 to 1950 with the Minneapolis Lakers , Abdul-Jabbar (then Lew Alcindor) .mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)} [g] in 1971 with the Milwaukee Bucks , Jordan from 1991 to 1993 and from 1996 to 1998 with the Chicago Bulls , O'Neal in 2000 with the Los Angeles Lakers , and Shai Gilgeous-Alexander in 2025 with the Oklahoma City Thunder . [ 2 ] [ 10 ] Since the introduction of the three-point field goal , O'Neal is the only scoring leader to not have made a three-pointer during the season. [ 11 ] At 21 years and 197 days, Durant is the youngest scoring leader in NBA history, averaging 30.1 points in the 2009–10 season , [ 12 ] while at 35 years and 72 days, Jordan is the oldest scoring leader, averaging 28.7 points in the 1997–98 season . [ 13 ] Stephen Curry led the league with an average of 30.1 points in the 2015–16 season and became the first player to win the title shooting 50–40–90 in a season. Russell Westbrook led the league with an average of 31.6 points in the 2016–17 season , when he also became the second NBA player to average a triple-double in a season. The most recent champion is Shai Gilgeous-Alexander . Annual leaders ^ Denotes player who is still active in the NBA * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame ‡ Denotes player who won the Most Valuable Player award that year Player (X) Denotes the number of times the player had been the scoring leader up to and including that season G Guard F Forward C Center Season Player Age [ a ] Pos [ b ] Team .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} GP Field goals made 3-point field goals made Free throws made Total points Points per game Ref 1946–47 Joe Fulks * 25 F/C Philadelphia Warriors 60 475 — [ c ] 439 1,389 23.2 [ 14 ] [ 15 ] 1947–48 Max Zaslofsky [ d ] 22 G/F Chicago Stags 48 373 261 1,007 21.0 [ 17 ] [ 18 ] 1948–49 George Mikan * 24 C Minneapolis Lakers 60 583 532 1,698 28.3 [ 19 ] [ 20 ] 1949–50 George Mikan * (2) 25 C Minneapolis Lakers 68 649 567 1,865 27.4 [ 20 ] [ 21 ] 1950–51 George Mikan * (3) 26 C Minneapolis Lakers 68 678 576 1,932 28.4 [ 20 ] [ 22 ] 1951–52 Paul Arizin * 23 F/G Philadelphia Warriors 66 548 578 1,674 25.4 [ 23 ] [ 24 ] 1952–53 Neil Johnston * 23 C Philadelphia Warriors 70 504 556 1,564 22.3 [ 25 ] [ 26 ] 1953–54 Neil Johnston * (2) 24 C Philadelphia Warriors 72 591 577 1,759 24.5 [ 26 ] [ 27 ] 1954–55 Neil Johnston * (3) 25 C Philadelphia Warriors 72 521 589 1,631 22.7 [ 26 ] [ 28 ] 1955–56 ‡ Bob Pettit * 23 F/C St. Louis Hawks 72 646 557 1,849 25.7 [ 29 ] [ 30 ] 1956–57 Paul Arizin * (2) 28 F/G Philadelphia Warriors 71 613 591 1,817 25.6 [ 24 ] [ 31 ] 1957–58 George Yardley * 29 F/G Detroit Pistons 72 673 655 2,001 27.8 [ 32 ] [ 33 ] 1958–59 ‡ Bob Pettit * (2) 26 F/C St. Louis Hawks 72 719 667 2,105 29.2 [ 30 ] [ 34 ] 1959–60 ‡ Wilt Chamberlain * [ e ] 23 C Philadelphia Warriors 72 1,065 577 2,707 37.6 [ 35 ] [ 36 ] 1960–61 Wilt Chamberlain * (2) 24 C Philadelphia Warriors 79 1,251 531 3,033 38.4 [ 36 ] [ 37 ] 1961–62 Wilt Chamberlain * (3) [ f ] 25 C Philadelphia Warriors 80 1,597 835 4,029 50.4 [ 36 ] [ 38 ] 1962–63 Wilt Chamberlain * (4) 26 C San Francisco Warriors 80 1,463 660 3,586 44.8 [ 36 ] [ 39 ] 1963–64 Wilt Chamberlain * (5) 27 C San Francisco Warriors 80 1,204 540 2,948 36.9 [ 36 ] [ 40 ] 1964–65 Wilt Chamberlain * (6) 28 C San Francisco Warriors Philadelphia 76ers 73 1,063 408 2,534 34.7 [ 36 ] [ 41 ] 1965–66 ‡ Wilt Chamberlain * (7) 29 C Philadelphia 76ers 79 1,074 501 2,649 33.5 [ 36 ] [ 42 ] 1966–67 Rick Barry * 22 F San Francisco Warriors 78 1,011 753 2,775 35.6 [ 43 ] [ 44 ] 1967–68 Dave Bing * [ g ] 24 G Detroit Pistons 79 835 472 2,142 27.1 [ 47 ] [ 48 ] 1968–69 Elvin Hayes * [ h ] 23 F/C San Diego Rockets 82 930 467 2,327 28.4 [ 49 ] [ 50 ] 1969–70 Jerry West * [ i ] 31 G Los Angeles Lakers 74 831 647 2,309 31.2 [ 52 ] [ 53 ] 1970–71 ‡ Lew Alcindor * [ j ] 23 C Milwaukee Bucks 82 1,063 470 2,596 31.7 [ 55 ] [ 56 ] 1971–72 ‡ Kareem Abdul-Jabbar * (2) 24 C Milwaukee Bucks 81 1,159 504 2,822 34.8 [ 56 ] [ 57 ] 1972–73 Nate Archibald * 24 G Kansas City-Omaha Kings 80 1,028 663 2,719 34.0 [ 58 ] [ 59 ] 1973–74 Bob McAdoo * 22 C/F Buffalo Braves 74 901 459 2,261 30.6 [ 60 ] [ 61 ] 1974–75 ‡ Bob McAdoo * (2) 23 C/F Buffalo Braves 82 1,095 641 2,831 34.5 [ 61 ] [ 62 ] 1975–76 Bob McAdoo * (3) 24 C/F Buffalo Braves 78 934 559 2,427 31.1 [ 61 ] [ 63 ] 1976–77 Pete Maravich * 29 G New Orleans Jazz 73 886 501 2,273 31.1 [ 64 ] [ 65 ] 1977–78 George Gervin * [ k ] 25 G/F San Antonio Spurs 82 864 504 2,232 27.2 [ 71 ] [ 72 ] 1978–79 George Gervin * (2) 26 G/F San Antonio Spurs 80 947 471 2,365 29.6 [ 72 ] [ 73 ] 1979–80 George Gervin * (3) 27 G/F San Antonio Spurs 78 1,024 32 505 2,585 33.1 [ 72 ] [ 74 ] 1980–81 Adrian Dantley * 24 F/G Utah Jazz 80 909 2 632 2,452 30.7 [ 75 ] [ 76 ] 1981–82 George Gervin * (4) 29 G/F San Antonio Spurs 79 993 10 555 2,551 32.3 [ 72 ] [ 77 ] 1982–83 Alex English * 29 F Denver Nuggets 82 959 2 406 2,326 28.4 [ 78 ] [ 79 ] 1983–84 Adrian Dantley * (2) 27 F/G Utah Jazz 79 802 1 813 2,418 30.6 [ 76 ] [ 80 ] 1984–85 Bernard King * [ l ] 28 F New York Knicks 55 691 1 426 1,809 32.9 [ 82 ] [ 83 ] 1985–86 Dominique Wilkins * [ m ] 26 F Atlanta Hawks 78 888 13 577 2,366 30.3 [ 85 ] [ 86 ] 1986–87 Michael Jordan * 23 G Chicago Bulls 82 1,098 12 833 3,041 37.1 [ 87 ] [ 88 ] 1987–88 ‡ Michael Jordan * (2) 24 G Chicago Bulls 82 1,069 7 723 2,868 35.0 [ 88 ] [ 89 ] 1988–89 Michael Jordan * (3) 25 G Chicago Bulls 81 966 27 674 2,633 32.5 [ 88 ] [ 90 ] 1989–90 Michael Jordan * (4) 26 G Chicago Bulls 82 1,034 92 593 2,753 33.6 [ 88 ] [ 91 ] 1990–91 ‡ Michael Jordan * (5) 27 G Chicago Bulls 82 990 29 571 2,580 31.5 [ 88 ] [ 92 ] 1991–92 ‡ Michael Jordan * (6) 28 G Chicago Bulls 80 943 27 491 2,404 30.1 [ 88 ] [ 93 ] 1992–93 Michael Jordan * (7) 29 G Chicago Bulls 78 992 81 476 2,541 32.6 [ 88 ] [ 94 ] 1993–94 David Robinson * [ n ] 28 C San Antonio Spurs 80 840 10 693 2,383 29.8 [ 96 ] [ 97 ] 1994–95 Shaquille O'Neal * 22 C Orlando Magic 79 930 0 455 2,315 29.3 [ 98 ] [ 99 ] 1995–96 ‡ Michael Jordan * (8) 32 G Chicago Bulls 82 916 111 548 2,491 30.4 [ 88 ] [ 100 ] 1996–97 Michael Jordan * (9) 33 G Chicago Bulls 82 920 111 480 2,431 29.6 [ 88 ] [ 101 ] 1997–98 ‡ Michael Jordan * (10) [ o ] 34 G Chicago Bulls 82 881 30 565 2,357 28.7 [ 88 ] [ 104 ] 1998–99 [ p ] Allen Iverson * [ q ] 23 G Philadelphia 76ers 48 435 58 356 1,284 26.8 [ 107 ] [ 108 ] 1999–00 ‡ Shaquille O'Neal * (2) 27 C Los Angeles Lakers 79 956 0 432 2,344 29.7 [ 99 ] [ 109 ] 2000–01 ‡ Allen Iverson * (2) [ r ] 25 G Philadelphia 76ers 71 762 98 585 2,207 31.1 [ 108 ] [ 111 ] 2001–02 Allen Iverson * (3) [ s ] 26 G Philadelphia 76ers 60 665 78 475 1,883 31.4 [ 108 ] [ 113 ] 2002–03 Tracy McGrady * [ t ] 23 G/F Orlando Magic 75 829 173 576 2,407 32.1 [ 115 ] [ 116 ] 2003–04 Tracy McGrady * (2) [ u ] 24 G/F Orlando Magic 67 653 174 398 1,878 28.0 [ 116 ] 2004–05 Allen Iverson * (4) 29 G Philadelphia 76ers 75 771 104 656 2,302 30.7 [ 108 ] 2005–06 Kobe Bryant * 27 G Los Angeles Lakers 80 978 180 696 2,832 35.4 [ 118 ] 2006–07 Kobe Bryant * (2) 28 G Los Angeles Lakers 77 813 137 667 2,430 31.6 [ 118 ] 2007–08 LeBron James ^ [ v ] 23 F Cleveland Cavaliers 75 794 113 549 2,250 30.0 [ 120 ] 2008–09 Dwyane Wade * 27 G Miami Heat 79 854 88 590 2,386 30.2 [ 121 ] 2009–10 Kevin Durant ^ [ w ] 21 F Oklahoma City Thunder 82 794 128 756 2,472 30.1 [ 123 ] 2010–11 Kevin Durant ^ (2) 22 F Oklahoma City Thunder 78 711 145 594 2,161 27.7 [ 123 ] 2011–12 [ x ] Kevin Durant ^ (3) [ y ] 23 F Oklahoma City Thunder 66 643 133 431 1,850 28.0 [ 123 ] 2012–13 Carmelo Anthony * [ z ] 28 F New York Knicks 67 669 157 425 1,920 28.7 [ 127 ] 2013–14 ‡ Kevin Durant ^ (4) 25 F Oklahoma City Thunder 81 849 192 703 2,593 32.0 [ 123 ] 2014–15 Russell Westbrook ^ [ aa ] 26 G Oklahoma City Thunder 67 627 86 546 1,886 28.1 [ 129 ] 2015–16 ‡ Stephen Curry ^ [ ab ] 28 G Golden State Warriors 79 805 402 363 2,375 30.1 [ 131 ] 2016–17 ‡ Russell Westbrook ^ (2) 28 G Oklahoma City Thunder 81 824 200 710 2,558 31.6 [ 129 ] 2017–18 ‡ James Harden ^ [ ac ] 28 G Houston Rockets 72 651 265 624 2,191 30.4 [ 133 ] 2018–19 James Harden ^ (2) 29 G Houston Rockets 78 843 378 754 2,818 36.1 [ 133 ] 2019–20 James Harden ^ (3) 30 G Houston Rockets 68 672 299 692 2,335 34.3 [ 133 ] 2020–21 Stephen Curry ^ (2) 32 G Golden State Warriors 63 658 337 362 2,015 32.0 [ 131 ] 2021–22 Joel Embiid ^ [ ad ] 27 C Philadelphia 76ers 68 666 93 654 2,079 30.6 [ 135 ] 2022–23 ‡ Joel Embiid ^ (2) [ ae ] 28 C Philadelphia 76ers 66 728 66 661 2,183 33.1 [ 137 ] 2023–24 Luka Dončić ^ [ af ] 25 G Dallas Mavericks 70 804 284 478 2,370 33.9 [ 139 ] 2024–25 ‡ Shai Gilgeous-Alexander ^ 26 G Oklahoma City Thunder 76 860 163 601 2,484 32.7 [ 140 ] Multiple-time leaders Rank Player Team Times leader Years 1 Michael Jordan Chicago Bulls 10 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 2 Wilt Chamberlain Philadelphia Warriors/San Francisco Warriors (5) / Philadelphia 76ers (2) 7 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 3 Kevin Durant Oklahoma City Thunder 4 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 George Gervin San Antonio Spurs 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 Allen Iverson Philadelphia 76ers 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 6 James Harden Houston Rockets 3 2018 , 2019 , 2020 Neil Johnston Philadelphia Warriors 1953 , 1954 , 1955 Bob McAdoo Buffalo Braves 1974 , 1975 , 1976 George Mikan Minneapolis Lakers 1949 , 1950 , 1951 10 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Milwaukee Bucks 2 1971 , 1972 Paul Arizin Philadelphia Warriors 1952 , 1957 Kobe Bryant Los Angeles Lakers 2006 , 2007 Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors 2016 , 2021 Adrian Dantley Utah Jazz 1981 , 1984 Joel Embiid Philadelphia 76ers 2022 , 2023 Tracy McGrady Orlando Magic 2003 , 2004 Shaquille O'Neal Orlando Magic (1) / Los Angeles Lakers (1) 1995 , 2000 Bob Pettit St. Louis Hawks 1956 , 1959 Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder 2015 , 2017 See also Sports portal List of NBA career scoring leaders List of NBA career 3-point scoring leaders List of National Basketball League (United States) season scoring leaders List of NBA annual 3-point scoring leaders List of NBA annual assists leaders List of NBA annual rebounding leaders List of NBA annual steals leaders List of NBA annual blocks leaders List of NBA annual field goal percentage leaders Notes ^ At the start of February 1 of that season. ^ The player's primary position is listed first. ^ 3-point line not implemented yet ^ In the 1947–48 season, Joe Fulks averaged the most points (22.1) but had only played in 43 games and totaled 949 points, the second-highest total. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] ^ Wilt Chamberlain holds the all-time rookie record for points per game. [ 7 ] ^ Wilt Chamberlain holds the all-time record for total points scored and points per game in a single season. [ 7 ] ^ In the 1967–68 season, Oscar Robertson averaged the most points (29.2) but had only played in 65 games and totaled 1,896 points, the sixth-highest total. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] ^ Elvin Hayes is the last rookie to lead the league in scoring average. ^ In the 1969–70 season, rookie Lew Alcindor had the highest point total (2,361) but was second in scoring average (28.8). [ 51 ] ^ Before the 1971–72 season, Lew Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul-Jabbar . [ 54 ] ^ In the 1977–78 season, George Gervin defeated David Thompson for the scoring title in the closest scoring duel ever (27.21 to 27.15). Thompson scored 73 on the last day of the season and Gervin answered with 63 (Gervin also broke Thompson's record of 32 points set earlier on the same day in the first quarter by scoring a record 33 points in the second quarter). [ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Both Thompson's and Gervin's games were losses. [ 70 ] ^ In the 1984–85 season, rookie Michael Jordan had the highest point total (2,313) but was third in scoring average (28.2). Bernard King tied for the twelfth-highest point total (1,809) but had the highest scoring average (32.9). [ 81 ] ^ In the 1985–86 season Alex English had the highest point total (2,414) but was third in scoring average (29.8). [ 84 ] ^ In the 1993–94 season, David Robinson scored 71 points in the final game of the season to edge Shaquille O'Neal (29.3) for the scoring title. [ 95 ] ^ In the 1997–98 season, Michael Jordan defeated Shaquille O'Neal for the scoring title in the third-closest race ever (28.7 to 28.3). [ 102 ] Jordan, at 35 years and 60 days old, is the oldest scoring leader in NBA history. [ 103 ] ^ The 1998–99 season was shortened to 50 games due to the league's lockout . [ 105 ] The qualification of this season's scoring title is to appear in at least 43 games (out of 50) or to have at least 854 points. [ 6 ] ^ In the lockout-shortened 1998–99 season, Shaquille O'Neal had the highest point total (1,289) but was second in scoring average (26.3). [ 106 ] ^ In the 2000–01 season, Jerry Stackhouse had the highest point total (2,380) but was second in scoring average (29.8). [ 110 ] ^ In the 2001–02 season, Paul Pierce had the highest point total (2,144) but was third in scoring average (26.1). [ 112 ] ^ In the 2002–03 season, Kobe Bryant had the highest point total (2,461) but was second in scoring average (30.0). [ 114 ] ^ In the 2003–04 season, Kevin Garnett had the highest point total (1,987) but was third in scoring average (24.2). [ 117 ] ^ In the 2007–08 season, Kobe Bryant had the highest point total (2,323) but was second in scoring average (28.3). [ 119 ] ^ In the 2009–10 season, Kevin Durant defeated LeBron James for the scoring title (30.1 to 29.7). [ 122 ] Durant, at 21 years and 197 days old, is the youngest scoring leader in NBA history. [ 12 ] ^ The 2011–12 season was shortened to 66 games due to the league's lockout . [ 124 ] The qualification of this season's scoring title is to appear in at least 56 games (out of 66) or to have at least 1127 points. [ 6 ] ^ In the 2011–12 season, Kevin Durant defeated Kobe Bryant for the scoring title in the second-closest scoring race ever (28.03 to 27.86). [ 102 ] [ 125 ] Bryant, who needed to score 38 points in the final game to win, decided to sit out. [ 125 ] ^ In the 2012–13 season, Kevin Durant had the highest point total (2,280) but was second in scoring average (28.1). [ 126 ] ^ In the 2014–15 season, James Harden had the highest point total (2,217) but was second in scoring average (27.4). [ 128 ] ^ In the 2015–16 season, James Harden had the highest point total (2,376) but was second in scoring average (29.0). [ 130 ] ^ In the 2017–18 season, LeBron James had the highest point total (2,251) but was third in scoring average (27.5). [ 132 ] ^ In the 2021–22 season, Trae Young had the highest point total (2,155) but was fourth in scoring average (28.4). [ 134 ] ^ In the 2022–23 season, Jayson Tatum had the highest point total (2,225) but was sixth in scoring average (30.1). [ 136 ] ^ In the 2023–24 season, Joel Embiid averaged 34.7 points per game. However, he only played 39 games that season, failing to meet the 58-game threshold. [ 138 ] References .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Yearly Leaders and Records for Points Per Game" . basketball-reference.com . 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Basketball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on October 30, 2016 . Retrieved April 10, 2022 . ^ "2022-23 NBA Season Summary LLC" . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on April 11, 2022 . Retrieved April 9, 2023 . ^ "Joel Embiid Stats" . Basketball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on October 30, 2016 . Retrieved April 9, 2023 . ^ "Joel Embiid Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft status and more" . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 23, 2024 . ^ "Luka Dončić Stats" . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 7, 2024 . ^ "Shai Gilgeous-Alexander Stats" . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 13, 2025 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e NBA annual scoring leaders v t e 1947: Fulks 1948: Zaslofsky 1949: Mikan 1950: Mikan 1951: Mikan 1952: Arizin 1953: Johnston 1954: Johnston 1955: Johnston 1956: Pettit 1957: Arizin 1958: Yardley 1959: Pettit 1960: Chamberlain 1961: Chamberlain 1962: Chamberlain 1963: Chamberlain 1964: Chamberlain 1965: Chamberlain 1966: Chamberlain 1967: Barry 1968: Bing 1969: Hayes 1970: West 1971: Alcindor 1972: Abdul-Jabbar 1973: Archibald 1974: McAdoo 1975: McAdoo 1976: McAdoo 1977: Maravich 1978: Gervin 1979: Gervin 1980: Gervin 1981: Dantley 1982: Gervin 1983: English 1984: Dantley 1985: King 1986: Wilkins 1987: Jordan 1988: Jordan 1989: Jordan 1990: Jordan 1991: Jordan 1992: Jordan 1993: Jordan 1994: Robinson 1995: O'Neal 1996: Jordan 1997: Jordan 1998: Jordan 1999: Iverson 2000: O'Neal 2001: Iverson 2002: Iverson 2003: McGrady 2004: McGrady 2005: Iverson 2006: Bryant 2007: Bryant 2008: James 2009: Wade 2010: Durant 2011: Durant 2012: Durant 2013: Anthony 2014: Durant 2015: Westbrook 2016: Curry 2017: Westbrook 2018: Harden 2019: Harden 2020: Harden 2021: Curry 2022: Embiid 2023: Embiid 2024: Dončić 2025: Gilgeous-Alexander 1947: Fulks 1948: Zaslofsky 1949: Mikan 1950: Mikan 1951: Mikan 1952: Arizin 1953: Johnston 1954: Johnston 1955: Johnston 1956: Pettit 1957: Arizin 1958: Yardley 1959: Pettit 1960: Chamberlain 1961: Chamberlain 1962: Chamberlain 1963: Chamberlain 1964: Chamberlain 1965: Chamberlain 1966: Chamberlain 1967: Barry 1968: Bing 1969: Hayes 1970: West 1971: Alcindor 1972: Abdul-Jabbar 1973: Archibald 1974: McAdoo 1975: McAdoo 1976: McAdoo 1977: Maravich 1978: Gervin 1979: Gervin 1980: Gervin 1981: Dantley 1982: Gervin 1983: English 1984: Dantley 1985: King 1986: Wilkins 1987: Jordan 1988: Jordan 1989: Jordan 1990: Jordan 1991: Jordan 1992: Jordan 1993: Jordan 1994: Robinson 1995: O'Neal 1996: Jordan 1997: Jordan 1998: Jordan 1999: Iverson 2000: O'Neal 2001: Iverson 2002: Iverson 2003: McGrady 2004: McGrady 2005: Iverson 2006: Bryant 2007: Bryant 2008: James 2009: Wade 2010: Durant 2011: Durant 2012: Durant 2013: Anthony 2014: Durant 2015: Westbrook 2016: Curry 2017: Westbrook 2018: Harden 2019: Harden 2020: Harden 2021: Curry 2022: Embiid 2023: Embiid 2024: Dončić 2025: Gilgeous-Alexander v t e NBA statistical leaders v t e Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Fouls Personal Technical Field goal percentage 3-point field goals 3-point field goal percentage Free throws Free throw percentage Seasons Games Minutes Ejections Triple-doubles Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers 3-point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Triple-doubles Championships Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage 3-point field goals 3-point field goal percentage Free throws Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks 3-point field goals Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks 3-point field goals Misc Entire career with one franchise Tallest Shortest Oldest and youngest Highest-paid Longest field goals Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Fouls Personal Technical Field goal percentage 3-point field goals 3-point field goal percentage Free throws Free throw percentage Seasons Games Minutes Ejections Triple-doubles Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers 3-point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Triple-doubles Championships Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Fouls Personal Technical Field goal percentage 3-point field goals 3-point field goal percentage Free throws Free throw percentage Seasons Games Minutes Ejections Triple-doubles Points Franchise Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Fouls Personal Technical Personal Technical Field goal percentage 3-point field goals 3-point field goal percentage Free throws Free throw percentage Seasons Games Minutes Ejections Triple-doubles Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers 3-point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Triple-doubles Championships Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers 3-point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Triple-doubles Championships Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage 3-point field goals 3-point field goal percentage Free throws Free throw percentage Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage 3-point field goals 3-point field goal percentage Free throws Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks 3-point field goals Points Rookie Rookie Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks 3-point field goals Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks 3-point field goals Points Playoffs Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks 3-point field goals Misc Entire career with one franchise Tallest Shortest Oldest and youngest Highest-paid Longest field goals Entire career with one franchise Tallest Shortest Oldest and youngest Highest-paid Longest field goals Coaches Games Championships Games Championships Teams All-time win–loss records Winningest teams by season Winning streaks Losing streaks All-time win–loss records Winningest teams by season Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest-scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All-Star Game Highest-scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All-Star Game Regular season Playoffs All-Star Game NBA lists NBA statistical leaders Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use American English from January 2021 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from January 2021 Articles with hCards Featured lists This page was last edited on 29 October 2025, at 16:41 (UTC) . 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Main page Commonty Yett Mercat Cross Recent chynges Wale page allevolie Help Propines Mak accoont Log in Propines Mak accoont Log in Main Page Main Page Collogue Read View source See history Read View source See history Whit airts tae here Relatit chynges Uplaid file Permanent airtin Page information Cite this airticle Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Create a beuk Doonload as PDF Prent version Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata item Walcome tae Wikipaedia , the free encyclopaedia that awbody can eedit. This Scots edeetion wis shapit on 23rd Juin 2005. We hae 34,276 airticles the nou. Sunday 11 Januar 2026 Annuncements · Owerview FAQ · Mercat Cross · Commonty Yett · Writin Scots Lessons · Help dask · Contact us .mw-parser-output .mp-main{border-spacing:0;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mp-box{border:1px solid #d3d3d3;margin-bottom:.5em;padding:.5em}.mw-parser-output .mp-title{padding:.2em;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.5em}.mw-parser-output .mp-links{margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:1em}.mw-parser-output .mp-links li{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .mp-links-section img{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mp-links-section ul{font-size:0.95em}@media all and (min-width:900px){.mw-parser-output .mp-main{display:table;border:0}.mw-parser-output .mp-col-1,.mw-parser-output .mp-col-2{display:table-cell;width:50%}.mw-parser-output .mp-col-space{display:table-cell;border:2px solid transparent}.mw-parser-output .mp-box{border:0;margin:0;padding:1em}.mw-parser-output .mp-main .mp-col-1,.mw-parser-output .mp-main .mp-col-2{border:1px solid #d3d3d3}.mw-parser-output .mp-links .mp-col-1 img{display:block;float:left}.mw-parser-output .mp-links .mp-col-2 img{display:block;float:right}.mw-parser-output .mp-links-section>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 1em 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .mp-links-section p{margin-top:0}} Featurt airticle Up Helly Aa ( / ˌ ʌ p h ɛ l i ˈ ɑː / UP -hel-ee- AH ; literally "Up Holy [Day] Aa") is a series o twal fire festivals at tak plaess yearly fae January tae Mairch in Shetland , Scotland , tae mark da end o da yule saison. Ivry festival haes a torchlit procession by squads o folk in costume (kent as guizers) dat culminates in da burnin o a Vikin gelley. Da biggest festival held in Lerwick , Shetland's capital, haes a procession wi up tae a thoosand guizers wha march troo da streets o Lerwick on da haedmist Tuesday o January. Da idder rural festivals (kent as da 'country' Up Helly Aas) see peerier quantities o participants wi dir peerier populations. Da event taks plaess aa ower Shetland and eenoo is celebrated in eelivin locations – Scallowa , Lerwick , Nestin an Girlsta, Uyeasoond, Nortmavine , Bressa , Cullava, Norrik, Waas , da Sooth Mainland an Deltin. Der a head guizer wha is caaed da "Guizer Jarl" (pron. "yarl"). Der a committee dat a body most be pairt o fir 15 year afore dey can be a jarl, an ony ee body is elected tae da committee ivry year. Da procession culminates in da torches bein flung intil a replica Vikin longship or gelley . Efter da procession, da squads veesit local haals (includin sköls, sports centres an hottels), whaar private pairties ir held. At ivry haal, da squads perform dir acts, dat can be a send-up o a popular TV programme or film, a skit on local events or folk, or singin an dancin. Featurt pictur Template:Featurt pictur/Januar 2026 Newsins Donald Trump Donald Trump (richt) veesits Scotland. Fraunce will recognise Palestinian statehuid. It is revealed that the US Attorney General Pam Bondi warned Donald Trump at he is mentioned siveral times i the Jeffrey Epstein files. Ongangin : Climate crisis Gaza-Israel War Sudanese Civil War Kivu War Russo-Ukrainian War Recent daiths : Hulk Hogan , American Warstler Ozzy Osbourne , Inglish sangster David Clunie , Scots fitbawer Jim Herriot , Scots fitbawer William Sheret , Scots showlowper Bill Aitken , Scots-Indian traivel screiver Paddy Higson , Scots film producer an production owerseer Did ye ken... Template:DYK/Januar 2026 On this day Template:On this day/11 Januar .mw-parser-output .mp-links{margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:1em}.mw-parser-output .mp-links li{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .mp-links-section img{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mp-links-section ul{font-size:0.95em}@media all and (min-width:900px){.mw-parser-output .mp-col-1,.mw-parser-output .mp-col-2{display:table-cell;width:50%}.mw-parser-output .mp-col-space{display:table-cell;border:2px solid transparent}.mw-parser-output .mp-main .mp-col-1,.mw-parser-output .mp-main .mp-col-2{border:1px solid #d3d3d3}.mw-parser-output .mp-links .mp-col-1 img{display:block;float:left}.mw-parser-output .mp-links .mp-col-2 img{display:block;float:right}.mw-parser-output .mp-links-section>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 1em 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .mp-links-section p{margin-top:0}} Applee'd sciences Airchitectur (biggin) Communication Electronics Ingineerin Fermin Heal Industry Medicine Transport Wather Fowk an social studies Anthropology (study o fowk) Airchaeology (history o ceevilization) Geography Eddication History Leid Philosophy (abstract thochts) Psychology Sociology Teachin Daily life, airt an cultur Ainimation Airt Beuk Kuikin Cultur Dance Gemmes Gairdenin Leisur (free time) Muivin Picturs Muisic Radio Sports Theatre Traivel Televeesion Naitural sciences an maths Algebrae Astronomy (starns an space) Biology (beasts an plants) Chemistry Computer science Yird science Ecology Geometry Mathematics Pheesics Stateestics Zoology (study o beasts) Govrenment an law Copyricht Militar Economics (troke an traffeck) Govrenment Human richts Laws Militar Politics Troke Releegions an beliefs Autheism Bahá'í Buddhism Christianity Hinduism Islam Jainism Judaism Meethology Paganism Sect Sikhism Taoism This Wikipaedia is written in Scots . 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This Scots edeetion wis shapit on 23rd Juin 2005. We hae 34,276 airticles the nou. Walcome tae Wikipaedia , the free encyclopaedia that awbody can eedit. This Scots edeetion wis shapit on 23rd Juin 2005. We hae 34,276 airticles the nou. Sunday 11 Januar 2026 Sunday 11 Januar 2026 Annuncements · Owerview FAQ · Mercat Cross · Commonty Yett · Writin Scots Lessons · Help dask · Contact us Featurt airticle Up Helly Aa ( / ˌ ʌ p h ɛ l i ˈ ɑː / UP -hel-ee- AH ; literally "Up Holy [Day] Aa") is a series o twal fire festivals at tak plaess yearly fae January tae Mairch in Shetland , Scotland , tae mark da end o da yule saison. Ivry festival haes a torchlit procession by squads o folk in costume (kent as guizers) dat culminates in da burnin o a Vikin gelley. Da biggest festival held in Lerwick , Shetland's capital, haes a procession wi up tae a thoosand guizers wha march troo da streets o Lerwick on da haedmist Tuesday o January. Da idder rural festivals (kent as da 'country' Up Helly Aas) see peerier quantities o participants wi dir peerier populations. Da event taks plaess aa ower Shetland and eenoo is celebrated in eelivin locations – Scallowa , Lerwick , Nestin an Girlsta, Uyeasoond, Nortmavine , Bressa , Cullava, Norrik, Waas , da Sooth Mainland an Deltin. Der a head guizer wha is caaed da "Guizer Jarl" (pron. "yarl"). Der a committee dat a body most be pairt o fir 15 year afore dey can be a jarl, an ony ee body is elected tae da committee ivry year. Da procession culminates in da torches bein flung intil a replica Vikin longship or gelley . Efter da procession, da squads veesit local haals (includin sköls, sports centres an hottels), whaar private pairties ir held. At ivry haal, da squads perform dir acts, dat can be a send-up o a popular TV programme or film, a skit on local events or folk, or singin an dancin. Featurt airticle Up Helly Aa ( / ˌ ʌ p h ɛ l i ˈ ɑː / UP -hel-ee- AH ; literally "Up Holy [Day] Aa") is a series o twal fire festivals at tak plaess yearly fae January tae Mairch in Shetland , Scotland , tae mark da end o da yule saison. Ivry festival haes a torchlit procession by squads o folk in costume (kent as guizers) dat culminates in da burnin o a Vikin gelley. Da biggest festival held in Lerwick , Shetland's capital, haes a procession wi up tae a thoosand guizers wha march troo da streets o Lerwick on da haedmist Tuesday o January. Da idder rural festivals (kent as da 'country' Up Helly Aas) see peerier quantities o participants wi dir peerier populations. Da event taks plaess aa ower Shetland and eenoo is celebrated in eelivin locations – Scallowa , Lerwick , Nestin an Girlsta, Uyeasoond, Nortmavine , Bressa , Cullava, Norrik, Waas , da Sooth Mainland an Deltin. Der a head guizer wha is caaed da "Guizer Jarl" (pron. "yarl"). Der a committee dat a body most be pairt o fir 15 year afore dey can be a jarl, an ony ee body is elected tae da committee ivry year. Da procession culminates in da torches bein flung intil a replica Vikin longship or gelley . Efter da procession, da squads veesit local haals (includin sköls, sports centres an hottels), whaar private pairties ir held. At ivry haal, da squads perform dir acts, dat can be a send-up o a popular TV programme or film, a skit on local events or folk, or singin an dancin. Featurt pictur Template:Featurt pictur/Januar 2026 Featurt pictur Template:Featurt pictur/Januar 2026 Newsins Donald Trump Donald Trump (richt) veesits Scotland. Fraunce will recognise Palestinian statehuid. It is revealed that the US Attorney General Pam Bondi warned Donald Trump at he is mentioned siveral times i the Jeffrey Epstein files. Ongangin : Climate crisis Gaza-Israel War Sudanese Civil War Kivu War Russo-Ukrainian War Recent daiths : Hulk Hogan , American Warstler Ozzy Osbourne , Inglish sangster David Clunie , Scots fitbawer Jim Herriot , Scots fitbawer William Sheret , Scots showlowper Bill Aitken , Scots-Indian traivel screiver Paddy Higson , Scots film producer an production owerseer Newsins Donald Trump (richt) veesits Scotland. Fraunce will recognise Palestinian statehuid. It is revealed that the US Attorney General Pam Bondi warned Donald Trump at he is mentioned siveral times i the Jeffrey Epstein files. Climate crisis Gaza-Israel War Sudanese Civil War Kivu War Russo-Ukrainian War Hulk Hogan , American Warstler Ozzy Osbourne , Inglish sangster David Clunie , Scots fitbawer Jim Herriot , Scots fitbawer William Sheret , Scots showlowper Bill Aitken , Scots-Indian traivel screiver Paddy Higson , Scots film producer an production owerseer Did ye ken... Template:DYK/Januar 2026 Did ye ken... Template:DYK/Januar 2026 On this day Template:On this day/11 Januar On this day Template:On this day/11 Januar Applee'd sciences Airchitectur (biggin) Communication Electronics Ingineerin Fermin Heal Industry Medicine Transport Wather Fowk an social studies Anthropology (study o fowk) Airchaeology (history o ceevilization) Geography Eddication History Leid Philosophy (abstract thochts) Psychology Sociology Teachin Daily life, airt an cultur Ainimation Airt Beuk Kuikin Cultur Dance Gemmes Gairdenin Leisur (free time) Muivin Picturs Muisic Radio Sports Theatre Traivel Televeesion Naitural sciences an maths Algebrae Astronomy (starns an space) Biology (beasts an plants) Chemistry Computer science Yird science Ecology Geometry Mathematics Pheesics Stateestics Zoology (study o beasts) Govrenment an law Copyricht Militar Economics (troke an traffeck) Govrenment Human richts Laws Militar Politics Troke Releegions an beliefs Autheism Bahá'í Buddhism Christianity Hinduism Islam Jainism Judaism Meethology Paganism Sect Sikhism Taoism This Wikipaedia is written in Scots . Stairtit in 2005 ( 2005 ) , it currently conteens 34,276 airticles. Mony ither Wikipaedias are available; some o the lairgest are leetit ablo. 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 1,645 results for author: Sun, H Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 3 4 5 … arXiv:2601.10416 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI LLMdoctor: Token-Level Flow-Guided Preference Optimization for Efficient Test-Time Alignment of Large Language Models Authors: Tiesunlong Shen , Rui Mao , Jin Wang , Heming Sun , Jian Zhang , Xuejie Zhang , Erik Cambria Abstract : Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is critical, yet traditional fine-tuning methods are computationally expensive and inflexible. While test-time alignment offers a promising alternative, existing approaches often rely on distorted trajectory-level signals or inefficient sampling, fundamentally capping performance and failing to preserve the generative diversity of the ba… ▽ More Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is critical, yet traditional fine-tuning methods are computationally expensive and inflexible. While test-time alignment offers a promising alternative, existing approaches often rely on distorted trajectory-level signals or inefficient sampling, fundamentally capping performance and failing to preserve the generative diversity of the base model. This paper introduces LLMdoctor, a novel framework for efficient test-time alignment that operates via a patient-doctor paradigm. It integrates token-level reward acquisition with token-level flow-guided preference optimization (TFPO) to steer a large, frozen patient LLM with a smaller, specialized doctor model. Unlike conventional methods that rely on trajectory-level rewards, LLMdoctor first extracts fine-grained, token-level preference signals from the patient model's behavioral variations. These signals then guide the training of the doctor model via TFPO, which establishes flow consistency across all subtrajectories, enabling precise token-by-token alignment while inherently preserving generation diversity. Extensive experiments demonstrate that LLMdoctor significantly outperforms existing test-time alignment methods and even surpasses the performance of full fine-tuning approaches like DPO. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by AAAI26 arXiv:2601.10416 [ pdf , ps , other ] LLMdoctor: Token-Level Flow-Guided Preference Optimization for Efficient Test-Time Alignment of Large Language Models Authors: Tiesunlong Shen , Rui Mao , Jin Wang , Heming Sun , Jian Zhang , Xuejie Zhang , Erik Cambria Abstract : Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is critical, yet traditional fine-tuning methods are computationally expensive and inflexible. While test-time alignment offers a promising alternative, existing approaches often rely on distorted trajectory-level signals or inefficient sampling, fundamentally capping performance and failing to preserve the generative diversity of the ba… ▽ More Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is critical, yet traditional fine-tuning methods are computationally expensive and inflexible. While test-time alignment offers a promising alternative, existing approaches often rely on distorted trajectory-level signals or inefficient sampling, fundamentally capping performance and failing to preserve the generative diversity of the base model. This paper introduces LLMdoctor, a novel framework for efficient test-time alignment that operates via a patient-doctor paradigm. It integrates token-level reward acquisition with token-level flow-guided preference optimization (TFPO) to steer a large, frozen patient LLM with a smaller, specialized doctor model. Unlike conventional methods that rely on trajectory-level rewards, LLMdoctor first extracts fine-grained, token-level preference signals from the patient model's behavioral variations. These signals then guide the training of the doctor model via TFPO, which establishes flow consistency across all subtrajectories, enabling precise token-by-token alignment while inherently preserving generation diversity. Extensive experiments demonstrate that LLMdoctor significantly outperforms existing test-time alignment methods and even surpasses the performance of full fine-tuning approaches like DPO. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by AAAI26 arXiv:2601.10031 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI doi 10.1145/3770854.3783959 FilDeep: Learning Large Deformations of Elastic-Plastic Solids with Multi-Fidelity Data Authors: Jianheng Tang , Shilong Tao , Zhe Feng , Haonan Sun , Menglu Wang , Zhanxing Zhu , Yunhuai Liu Abstract : The scientific computation of large deformations in elastic-plastic solids is crucial in various manufacturing applications. Traditional numerical methods exhibit several inherent limitations, prompting Deep Learning (DL) as a promising alternative. The effectiveness of current DL techniques typically depends on the availability of high-quantity and high-accuracy datasets, which are yet difficult… ▽ More The scientific computation of large deformations in elastic-plastic solids is crucial in various manufacturing applications. Traditional numerical methods exhibit several inherent limitations, prompting Deep Learning (DL) as a promising alternative. The effectiveness of current DL techniques typically depends on the availability of high-quantity and high-accuracy datasets, which are yet difficult to obtain in large deformation problems. During the dataset construction process, a dilemma stands between data quantity and data accuracy, leading to suboptimal performance in the DL models. To address this challenge, we focus on a representative application of large deformations, the stretch bending problem, and propose FilDeep, a Fidelity-based Deep Learning framework for large Deformation of elastic-plastic solids. Our FilDeep aims to resolve the quantity-accuracy dilemma by simultaneously training with both low-fidelity and high-fidelity data, where the former provides greater quantity but lower accuracy, while the latter offers higher accuracy but in less quantity. In FilDeep, we provide meticulous designs for the practical large deformation problem. Particularly, we propose attention-enabled cross-fidelity modules to effectively capture long-range physical interactions across MF data. To the best of our knowledge, our FilDeep presents the first DL framework for large deformation problems using MF data. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our FilDeep consistently achieves state-of-the-art performance and can be efficiently deployed in manufacturing. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted in Proceedings of the 32nd ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining V.1 (KDD '26) arXiv:2601.10031 [ pdf , ps , other ] FilDeep: Learning Large Deformations of Elastic-Plastic Solids with Multi-Fidelity Data Authors: Jianheng Tang , Shilong Tao , Zhe Feng , Haonan Sun , Menglu Wang , Zhanxing Zhu , Yunhuai Liu Abstract : The scientific computation of large deformations in elastic-plastic solids is crucial in various manufacturing applications. Traditional numerical methods exhibit several inherent limitations, prompting Deep Learning (DL) as a promising alternative. The effectiveness of current DL techniques typically depends on the availability of high-quantity and high-accuracy datasets, which are yet difficult… ▽ More The scientific computation of large deformations in elastic-plastic solids is crucial in various manufacturing applications. Traditional numerical methods exhibit several inherent limitations, prompting Deep Learning (DL) as a promising alternative. The effectiveness of current DL techniques typically depends on the availability of high-quantity and high-accuracy datasets, which are yet difficult to obtain in large deformation problems. During the dataset construction process, a dilemma stands between data quantity and data accuracy, leading to suboptimal performance in the DL models. To address this challenge, we focus on a representative application of large deformations, the stretch bending problem, and propose FilDeep, a Fidelity-based Deep Learning framework for large Deformation of elastic-plastic solids. Our FilDeep aims to resolve the quantity-accuracy dilemma by simultaneously training with both low-fidelity and high-fidelity data, where the former provides greater quantity but lower accuracy, while the latter offers higher accuracy but in less quantity. In FilDeep, we provide meticulous designs for the practical large deformation problem. Particularly, we propose attention-enabled cross-fidelity modules to effectively capture long-range physical interactions across MF data. To the best of our knowledge, our FilDeep presents the first DL framework for large deformation problems using MF data. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our FilDeep consistently achieves state-of-the-art performance and can be efficiently deployed in manufacturing. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted in Proceedings of the 32nd ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining V.1 (KDD '26) arXiv:2601.09233 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI cs.CL GIFT: Unlocking Global Optimality in Post-Training via Finite-Temperature Gibbs Initialization Authors: Zhengyang Zhao , Lu Ma , Yizhen Jiang , Xiaochen Ma , Zimo Meng , Chengyu Shen , Lexiang Tang , Haoze Sun , Peng Pei , Wentao Zhang Abstract : The prevailing post-training paradigm for Large Reasoning Models (LRMs)--Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) followed by Reinforcement Learning (RL)--suffers from an intrinsic optimization mismatch: the rigid supervision inherent in SFT induces distributional collapse, thereby exhausting the exploration space necessary for subsequent RL. In this paper, we reformulate SFT within a unified post-training fr… ▽ More The prevailing post-training paradigm for Large Reasoning Models (LRMs)--Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) followed by Reinforcement Learning (RL)--suffers from an intrinsic optimization mismatch: the rigid supervision inherent in SFT induces distributional collapse, thereby exhausting the exploration space necessary for subsequent RL. In this paper, we reformulate SFT within a unified post-training framework and propose Gibbs Initialization with Finite Temperature (GIFT). We characterize standard SFT as a degenerate zero-temperature limit that suppresses base priors. Conversely, GIFT incorporates supervision as a finite-temperature energy potential, establishing a distributional bridge that ensures objective consistency throughout the post-training pipeline. Our experiments demonstrate that GIFT significantly outperforms standard SFT and other competitive baselines when utilized for RL initialization, providing a mathematically principled pathway toward achieving global optimality in post-training. Our code is available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09233 [ pdf , ps , other ] GIFT: Unlocking Global Optimality in Post-Training via Finite-Temperature Gibbs Initialization Authors: Zhengyang Zhao , Lu Ma , Yizhen Jiang , Xiaochen Ma , Zimo Meng , Chengyu Shen , Lexiang Tang , Haoze Sun , Peng Pei , Wentao Zhang Abstract : The prevailing post-training paradigm for Large Reasoning Models (LRMs)--Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) followed by Reinforcement Learning (RL)--suffers from an intrinsic optimization mismatch: the rigid supervision inherent in SFT induces distributional collapse, thereby exhausting the exploration space necessary for subsequent RL. In this paper, we reformulate SFT within a unified post-training fr… ▽ More The prevailing post-training paradigm for Large Reasoning Models (LRMs)--Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) followed by Reinforcement Learning (RL)--suffers from an intrinsic optimization mismatch: the rigid supervision inherent in SFT induces distributional collapse, thereby exhausting the exploration space necessary for subsequent RL. In this paper, we reformulate SFT within a unified post-training framework and propose Gibbs Initialization with Finite Temperature (GIFT). We characterize standard SFT as a degenerate zero-temperature limit that suppresses base priors. Conversely, GIFT incorporates supervision as a finite-temperature energy potential, establishing a distributional bridge that ensures objective consistency throughout the post-training pipeline. Our experiments demonstrate that GIFT significantly outperforms standard SFT and other competitive baselines when utilized for RL initialization, providing a mathematically principled pathway toward achieving global optimality in post-training. Our code is available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09147 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI SSVP: Synergistic Semantic-Visual Prompting for Industrial Zero-Shot Anomaly Detection Authors: Chenhao Fu , Han Fang , Xiuzheng Zheng , Wenbo Wei , Yonghua Li , Hao Sun , Xuelong Li Abstract : Zero-Shot Anomaly Detection (ZSAD) leverages Vision-Language Models (VLMs) to enable supervision-free industrial inspection. However, existing ZSAD paradigms are constrained by single visual backbones, which struggle to balance global semantic generalization with fine-grained structural discriminability. To bridge this gap, we propose Synergistic Semantic-Visual Prompting (SSVP), that efficiently… ▽ More Zero-Shot Anomaly Detection (ZSAD) leverages Vision-Language Models (VLMs) to enable supervision-free industrial inspection. However, existing ZSAD paradigms are constrained by single visual backbones, which struggle to balance global semantic generalization with fine-grained structural discriminability. To bridge this gap, we propose Synergistic Semantic-Visual Prompting (SSVP), that efficiently fuses diverse visual encodings to elevate model's fine-grained perception. Specifically, SSVP introduces the Hierarchical Semantic-Visual Synergy (HSVS) mechanism, which deeply integrates DINOv3's multi-scale structural priors into the CLIP semantic space. Subsequently, the Vision-Conditioned Prompt Generator (VCPG) employs cross-modal attention to guide dynamic prompt generation, enabling linguistic queries to precisely anchor to specific anomaly patterns. Furthermore, to address the discrepancy between global scoring and local evidence, the Visual-Text Anomaly Mapper (VTAM) establishes a dual-gated calibration paradigm. Extensive evaluations on seven industrial benchmarks validate the robustness of our method; SSVP achieves state-of-the-art performance with 93.0\% Image-AUROC and 92.2\% Pixel-AUROC on MVTec-AD, significantly outperforming existing zero-shot approaches. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09147 [ pdf , ps , other ] SSVP: Synergistic Semantic-Visual Prompting for Industrial Zero-Shot Anomaly Detection Authors: Chenhao Fu , Han Fang , Xiuzheng Zheng , Wenbo Wei , Yonghua Li , Hao Sun , Xuelong Li Abstract : Zero-Shot Anomaly Detection (ZSAD) leverages Vision-Language Models (VLMs) to enable supervision-free industrial inspection. However, existing ZSAD paradigms are constrained by single visual backbones, which struggle to balance global semantic generalization with fine-grained structural discriminability. To bridge this gap, we propose Synergistic Semantic-Visual Prompting (SSVP), that efficiently… ▽ More Zero-Shot Anomaly Detection (ZSAD) leverages Vision-Language Models (VLMs) to enable supervision-free industrial inspection. However, existing ZSAD paradigms are constrained by single visual backbones, which struggle to balance global semantic generalization with fine-grained structural discriminability. To bridge this gap, we propose Synergistic Semantic-Visual Prompting (SSVP), that efficiently fuses diverse visual encodings to elevate model's fine-grained perception. Specifically, SSVP introduces the Hierarchical Semantic-Visual Synergy (HSVS) mechanism, which deeply integrates DINOv3's multi-scale structural priors into the CLIP semantic space. Subsequently, the Vision-Conditioned Prompt Generator (VCPG) employs cross-modal attention to guide dynamic prompt generation, enabling linguistic queries to precisely anchor to specific anomaly patterns. Furthermore, to address the discrepancy between global scoring and local evidence, the Visual-Text Anomaly Mapper (VTAM) establishes a dual-gated calibration paradigm. Extensive evaluations on seven industrial benchmarks validate the robustness of our method; SSVP achieves state-of-the-art performance with 93.0\% Image-AUROC and 92.2\% Pixel-AUROC on MVTec-AD, significantly outperforming existing zero-shot approaches. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08198 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.LG Triplets Better Than Pairs: Towards Stable and Effective Self-Play Fine-Tuning for LLMs Authors: Yibo Wang , Hai-Long Sun , Qing-Guo Chen , Zhao Xu , Weihua Luo , Kaifu Zhang , Lijun Zhang Abstract : Recently, self-play fine-tuning (SPIN) has been proposed to adapt large language models to downstream applications with scarce expert-annotated data, by iteratively generating synthetic responses from the model itself. However, SPIN is designed to optimize the current reward advantages of annotated responses over synthetic responses at hand, which may gradually vanish during iterations, leading to… ▽ More Recently, self-play fine-tuning (SPIN) has been proposed to adapt large language models to downstream applications with scarce expert-annotated data, by iteratively generating synthetic responses from the model itself. However, SPIN is designed to optimize the current reward advantages of annotated responses over synthetic responses at hand, which may gradually vanish during iterations, leading to unstable optimization. Moreover, the utilization of reference policy induces a misalignment issue between the reward formulation for training and the metric for generation. To address these limitations, we propose a novel Triplet-based Self-Play fIne-tuNing (T-SPIN) method that integrates two key designs. First, beyond current advantages, T-SPIN additionally incorporates historical advantages between iteratively generated responses and proto-synthetic responses produced by the initial policy. Even if the current advantages diminish, historical advantages remain effective, stabilizing the overall optimization. Second, T-SPIN introduces the entropy constraint into the self-play framework, which is theoretically justified to support reference-free fine-tuning, eliminating the training-generation discrepancy. Empirical results on various tasks demonstrate not only the superior performance of T-SPIN over SPIN, but also its stable evolution during iterations. Remarkably, compared to supervised fine-tuning, T-SPIN achieves comparable or even better performance with only 25% samples, highlighting its effectiveness when faced with scarce annotated data. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: NeurIPS 2025 arXiv:2601.08198 [ pdf , ps , other ] Triplets Better Than Pairs: Towards Stable and Effective Self-Play Fine-Tuning for LLMs Authors: Yibo Wang , Hai-Long Sun , Qing-Guo Chen , Zhao Xu , Weihua Luo , Kaifu Zhang , Lijun Zhang Abstract : Recently, self-play fine-tuning (SPIN) has been proposed to adapt large language models to downstream applications with scarce expert-annotated data, by iteratively generating synthetic responses from the model itself. However, SPIN is designed to optimize the current reward advantages of annotated responses over synthetic responses at hand, which may gradually vanish during iterations, leading to… ▽ More Recently, self-play fine-tuning (SPIN) has been proposed to adapt large language models to downstream applications with scarce expert-annotated data, by iteratively generating synthetic responses from the model itself. However, SPIN is designed to optimize the current reward advantages of annotated responses over synthetic responses at hand, which may gradually vanish during iterations, leading to unstable optimization. Moreover, the utilization of reference policy induces a misalignment issue between the reward formulation for training and the metric for generation. To address these limitations, we propose a novel Triplet-based Self-Play fIne-tuNing (T-SPIN) method that integrates two key designs. First, beyond current advantages, T-SPIN additionally incorporates historical advantages between iteratively generated responses and proto-synthetic responses produced by the initial policy. Even if the current advantages diminish, historical advantages remain effective, stabilizing the overall optimization. Second, T-SPIN introduces the entropy constraint into the self-play framework, which is theoretically justified to support reference-free fine-tuning, eliminating the training-generation discrepancy. Empirical results on various tasks demonstrate not only the superior performance of T-SPIN over SPIN, but also its stable evolution during iterations. Remarkably, compared to supervised fine-tuning, T-SPIN achieves comparable or even better performance with only 25% samples, highlighting its effectiveness when faced with scarce annotated data. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: NeurIPS 2025 arXiv:2601.07712 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.GT eess.SY math.OC Enforcing Priority in Schedule-based User Equilibrium Transit Assignment Authors: Liyang Feng , Hanlin Sun , Yu Marco Nie , Jun Xie , Jiayang Li Abstract : Denied boarding in congested transit systems induces queuing delays and departure-time shifts that can reshape passenger flows. Correctly modeling these responses in transit assignment hinges on the enforcement of two priority rules: continuance priority for onboard passengers and first-come-first-served (FCFS) boarding among waiting passengers. Existing schedule-based models typically enforce the… ▽ More Denied boarding in congested transit systems induces queuing delays and departure-time shifts that can reshape passenger flows. Correctly modeling these responses in transit assignment hinges on the enforcement of two priority rules: continuance priority for onboard passengers and first-come-first-served (FCFS) boarding among waiting passengers. Existing schedule-based models typically enforce these rules through explicit dynamic loading and group-level expected costs, yet discrete vehicle runs can induce nontrivial within-group cost differences that undermine behavioral consistency. We revisit the implicit-priority framework of Nguyen et al. (2001), which, by encoding boarding priority through the notion of available capacity, characterizes route and departure choices based on realized personal (rather than group-averaged) travel experiences. However, the framework lacks an explicit mathematical formulation and exact computational methods for finding equilibria. Here, we derive an equivalent nonlinear complementarity problem (NCP) formulation and establish equilibrium existence under mild conditions. We also show that multiple equilibria may exist, including behaviorally questionable ones. To rule out these artifacts, we propose a refined arc-level NCP formulation that not only corresponds to a tighter, behaviorally consistent equilibrium concept but also is more computationally tractable. We reformulate the NCP as a continuously differentiable mathematical program with equilibrium constraints (MPEC) and propose two solution algorithms. Numerical studies on benchmark instances and a Hong Kong case study demonstrate that the model reproduces continuance priority and FCFS queuing and captures departure-time shifts driven by the competition for boarding priority. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07712 [ pdf , ps , other ] Enforcing Priority in Schedule-based User Equilibrium Transit Assignment Authors: Liyang Feng , Hanlin Sun , Yu Marco Nie , Jun Xie , Jiayang Li Abstract : Denied boarding in congested transit systems induces queuing delays and departure-time shifts that can reshape passenger flows. Correctly modeling these responses in transit assignment hinges on the enforcement of two priority rules: continuance priority for onboard passengers and first-come-first-served (FCFS) boarding among waiting passengers. Existing schedule-based models typically enforce the… ▽ More Denied boarding in congested transit systems induces queuing delays and departure-time shifts that can reshape passenger flows. Correctly modeling these responses in transit assignment hinges on the enforcement of two priority rules: continuance priority for onboard passengers and first-come-first-served (FCFS) boarding among waiting passengers. Existing schedule-based models typically enforce these rules through explicit dynamic loading and group-level expected costs, yet discrete vehicle runs can induce nontrivial within-group cost differences that undermine behavioral consistency. We revisit the implicit-priority framework of Nguyen et al. (2001), which, by encoding boarding priority through the notion of available capacity, characterizes route and departure choices based on realized personal (rather than group-averaged) travel experiences. However, the framework lacks an explicit mathematical formulation and exact computational methods for finding equilibria. Here, we derive an equivalent nonlinear complementarity problem (NCP) formulation and establish equilibrium existence under mild conditions. We also show that multiple equilibria may exist, including behaviorally questionable ones. To rule out these artifacts, we propose a refined arc-level NCP formulation that not only corresponds to a tighter, behaviorally consistent equilibrium concept but also is more computationally tractable. We reformulate the NCP as a continuously differentiable mathematical program with equilibrium constraints (MPEC) and propose two solution algorithms. Numerical studies on benchmark instances and a Hong Kong case study demonstrate that the model reproduces continuance priority and FCFS queuing and captures departure-time shifts driven by the competition for boarding priority. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07641 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL cs.MA Beyond Static Tools: Test-Time Tool Evolution for Scientific Reasoning Authors: Jiaxuan Lu , Ziyu Kong , Yemin Wang , Rong Fu , Haiyuan Wan , Cheng Yang , Wenjie Lou , Haoran Sun , Lilong Wang , Yankai Jiang , Xiaosong Wang , Xiao Sun , Dongzhan Zhou Abstract : The central challenge of AI for Science is not reasoning alone, but the ability to create computational methods in an open-ended scientific world. Existing LLM-based agents rely on static, pre-defined tool libraries, a paradigm that fundamentally fails in scientific domains where tools are sparse, heterogeneous, and intrinsically incomplete. In this paper, we propose Test-Time Tool Evolution (TTE)… ▽ More The central challenge of AI for Science is not reasoning alone, but the ability to create computational methods in an open-ended scientific world. Existing LLM-based agents rely on static, pre-defined tool libraries, a paradigm that fundamentally fails in scientific domains where tools are sparse, heterogeneous, and intrinsically incomplete. In this paper, we propose Test-Time Tool Evolution (TTE), a new paradigm that enables agents to synthesize, verify, and evolve executable tools during inference. By transforming tools from fixed resources into problem-driven artifacts, TTE overcomes the rigidity and long-tail limitations of static tool libraries. To facilitate rigorous evaluation, we introduce SciEvo, a benchmark comprising 1,590 scientific reasoning tasks supported by 925 automatically evolved tools. Extensive experiments show that TTE achieves state-of-the-art performance in both accuracy and tool efficiency, while enabling effective cross-domain adaptation of computational tools. The code and benchmark have been released at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07641 [ pdf , ps , other ] Beyond Static Tools: Test-Time Tool Evolution for Scientific Reasoning Authors: Jiaxuan Lu , Ziyu Kong , Yemin Wang , Rong Fu , Haiyuan Wan , Cheng Yang , Wenjie Lou , Haoran Sun , Lilong Wang , Yankai Jiang , Xiaosong Wang , Xiao Sun , Dongzhan Zhou Abstract : The central challenge of AI for Science is not reasoning alone, but the ability to create computational methods in an open-ended scientific world. Existing LLM-based agents rely on static, pre-defined tool libraries, a paradigm that fundamentally fails in scientific domains where tools are sparse, heterogeneous, and intrinsically incomplete. In this paper, we propose Test-Time Tool Evolution (TTE)… ▽ More The central challenge of AI for Science is not reasoning alone, but the ability to create computational methods in an open-ended scientific world. Existing LLM-based agents rely on static, pre-defined tool libraries, a paradigm that fundamentally fails in scientific domains where tools are sparse, heterogeneous, and intrinsically incomplete. In this paper, we propose Test-Time Tool Evolution (TTE), a new paradigm that enables agents to synthesize, verify, and evolve executable tools during inference. By transforming tools from fixed resources into problem-driven artifacts, TTE overcomes the rigidity and long-tail limitations of static tool libraries. To facilitate rigorous evaluation, we introduce SciEvo, a benchmark comprising 1,590 scientific reasoning tasks supported by 925 automatically evolved tools. Extensive experiments show that TTE achieves state-of-the-art performance in both accuracy and tool efficiency, while enabling effective cross-domain adaptation of computational tools. The code and benchmark have been released at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07393 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Software-Hardware Co-optimization for Modular E2E AV Paradigm: A Unified Framework of Optimization Approaches, Simulation Environment and Evaluation Metrics Authors: Chengzhi Ji , Xingfeng Li , Zhaodong Lv , Hao Sun , Pan Liu , Hao Frank Yang , Ziyuan Pu Abstract : Modular end-to-end (ME2E) autonomous driving paradigms combine modular interpretability with global optimization capability and have demonstrated strong performance. However, existing studies mainly focus on accuracy improvement, while critical system-level factors such as inference latency and energy consumption are often overlooked, resulting in increasingly complex model designs that hinder pra… ▽ More Modular end-to-end (ME2E) autonomous driving paradigms combine modular interpretability with global optimization capability and have demonstrated strong performance. However, existing studies mainly focus on accuracy improvement, while critical system-level factors such as inference latency and energy consumption are often overlooked, resulting in increasingly complex model designs that hinder practical deployment. Prior efforts on model compression and acceleration typically optimize either the software or hardware side in isolation. Software-only optimization cannot fundamentally remove intermediate tensor access and operator scheduling overheads, whereas hardware-only optimization is constrained by model structure and precision. As a result, the real-world benefits of such optimizations are often limited. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a reusable software and hardware co-optimization and closed-loop evaluation framework for ME2E autonomous driving inference. The framework jointly integrates software-level model optimization with hardware-level computation optimization under a unified system-level objective. In addition, a multidimensional evaluation metric is introduced to assess system performance by jointly considering safety, comfort, efficiency, latency, and energy, enabling quantitative comparison of different optimization strategies. Experiments across multiple ME2E autonomous driving stacks show that the proposed framework preserves baseline-level driving performance while significantly reducing inference latency and energy consumption, achieving substantial overall system-level improvements. These results demonstrate that the proposed framework provides practical and actionable guidance for efficient deployment of ME2E autonomous driving systems. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 17pages,6 figures,6 tables arXiv:2601.07393 [ pdf , ps , other ] Software-Hardware Co-optimization for Modular E2E AV Paradigm: A Unified Framework of Optimization Approaches, Simulation Environment and Evaluation Metrics Authors: Chengzhi Ji , Xingfeng Li , Zhaodong Lv , Hao Sun , Pan Liu , Hao Frank Yang , Ziyuan Pu Abstract : Modular end-to-end (ME2E) autonomous driving paradigms combine modular interpretability with global optimization capability and have demonstrated strong performance. However, existing studies mainly focus on accuracy improvement, while critical system-level factors such as inference latency and energy consumption are often overlooked, resulting in increasingly complex model designs that hinder pra… ▽ More Modular end-to-end (ME2E) autonomous driving paradigms combine modular interpretability with global optimization capability and have demonstrated strong performance. However, existing studies mainly focus on accuracy improvement, while critical system-level factors such as inference latency and energy consumption are often overlooked, resulting in increasingly complex model designs that hinder practical deployment. Prior efforts on model compression and acceleration typically optimize either the software or hardware side in isolation. Software-only optimization cannot fundamentally remove intermediate tensor access and operator scheduling overheads, whereas hardware-only optimization is constrained by model structure and precision. As a result, the real-world benefits of such optimizations are often limited. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a reusable software and hardware co-optimization and closed-loop evaluation framework for ME2E autonomous driving inference. The framework jointly integrates software-level model optimization with hardware-level computation optimization under a unified system-level objective. In addition, a multidimensional evaluation metric is introduced to assess system performance by jointly considering safety, comfort, efficiency, latency, and energy, enabling quantitative comparison of different optimization strategies. Experiments across multiple ME2E autonomous driving stacks show that the proposed framework preserves baseline-level driving performance while significantly reducing inference latency and energy consumption, achieving substantial overall system-level improvements. These results demonstrate that the proposed framework provides practical and actionable guidance for efficient deployment of ME2E autonomous driving systems. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 17pages,6 figures,6 tables arXiv:2601.06836 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT Optimal Rate Region for Multi-server Secure Aggregation with User Collusion Authors: Zhou Li , Xiang Zhang , Kai Wan , Hua Sun , Mingyue Ji , Giuseppe Caire Abstract : Secure aggregation is a fundamental primitive in privacy-preserving distributed learning systems, where an aggregator aims to compute the sum of users' inputs without revealing individual data. In this paper, we study a multi-server secure aggregation problem in a two-hop network consisting of multiple aggregation servers and multiple users per server, under the presence of user collusion. Each us… ▽ More Secure aggregation is a fundamental primitive in privacy-preserving distributed learning systems, where an aggregator aims to compute the sum of users' inputs without revealing individual data. In this paper, we study a multi-server secure aggregation problem in a two-hop network consisting of multiple aggregation servers and multiple users per server, under the presence of user collusion. Each user communicates only with its associated server, while the servers exchange messages to jointly recover the global sum. We adopt an information-theoretic security framework, allowing up to $T$ users to collude with any server. We characterize the complete optimal rate region in terms of user-to-server communication rate, server-to-server communication rate, individual key rate, and source key rate. Our main result shows that the minimum communication and individual key rates are all one symbol per input symbol, while the optimal source key rate is given by $\min\{U+V+T-2,\, UV-1\}$, where $U$ denotes the number of servers and $V$ the number of users per server. The achievability is established via a linear key construction that ensures correctness and security against colluding users, while the converse proof relies on tight entropy bounds derived from correctness and security constraints. The results reveal a fundamental tradeoff between security and key efficiency and demonstrate that the multi-server architecture can significantly reduce the required key randomness compared to single-server secure aggregation. Our findings provide a complete information-theoretic characterization of secure aggregation in multi-server systems with user collusion. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 29 pages, 1 figures arXiv:2601.06836 [ pdf , ps , other ] Optimal Rate Region for Multi-server Secure Aggregation with User Collusion Authors: Zhou Li , Xiang Zhang , Kai Wan , Hua Sun , Mingyue Ji , Giuseppe Caire Abstract : Secure aggregation is a fundamental primitive in privacy-preserving distributed learning systems, where an aggregator aims to compute the sum of users' inputs without revealing individual data. In this paper, we study a multi-server secure aggregation problem in a two-hop network consisting of multiple aggregation servers and multiple users per server, under the presence of user collusion. Each us… ▽ More Secure aggregation is a fundamental primitive in privacy-preserving distributed learning systems, where an aggregator aims to compute the sum of users' inputs without revealing individual data. In this paper, we study a multi-server secure aggregation problem in a two-hop network consisting of multiple aggregation servers and multiple users per server, under the presence of user collusion. Each user communicates only with its associated server, while the servers exchange messages to jointly recover the global sum. We adopt an information-theoretic security framework, allowing up to $T$ users to collude with any server. We characterize the complete optimal rate region in terms of user-to-server communication rate, server-to-server communication rate, individual key rate, and source key rate. Our main result shows that the minimum communication and individual key rates are all one symbol per input symbol, while the optimal source key rate is given by $\min\{U+V+T-2,\, UV-1\}$, where $U$ denotes the number of servers and $V$ the number of users per server. The achievability is established via a linear key construction that ensures correctness and security against colluding users, while the converse proof relies on tight entropy bounds derived from correctness and security constraints. The results reveal a fundamental tradeoff between security and key efficiency and demonstrate that the multi-server architecture can significantly reduce the required key randomness compared to single-server secure aggregation. Our findings provide a complete information-theoretic characterization of secure aggregation in multi-server systems with user collusion. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 29 pages, 1 figures arXiv:2601.06031 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.HC cs.AI Beyond Clicking:A Step Towards Generalist GUI Grounding via Text Dragging Authors: Zeyi Liao , Yadong Lu , Boyu Gou , Huan Sun , Ahmed Awadallah Abstract : Graphical user interface (GUI) grounding, the process of mapping human instructions to GUI actions, serves as a fundamental basis to autonomous GUI agents. While existing grounding models achieve promising performance to simulate the mouse click action on various click-based benchmarks, another essential mode of mouse interaction, namely dragging, remains largely underexplored. Yet, dragging the m… ▽ More Graphical user interface (GUI) grounding, the process of mapping human instructions to GUI actions, serves as a fundamental basis to autonomous GUI agents. While existing grounding models achieve promising performance to simulate the mouse click action on various click-based benchmarks, another essential mode of mouse interaction, namely dragging, remains largely underexplored. Yet, dragging the mouse to select and manipulate textual content represents a prevalent and important usage in practical GUI scenarios. To narrow this gap, we first introduce GUI-Drag, a diverse dataset of 161K text dragging examples synthesized through a scalable pipeline. To support systematic and robust evaluation, we further construct ScreenDrag, a benchmark with 5,333 examples spanning three levels of interface context, together with three dedicated metrics designed for assessing text dragging capability. Models trained on GUI-Drag with an efficient continual training strategy achieve substantial improvements on ScreenDrag, while preserving the original click-based performance on ScreenSpot, ScreenSpot-v2, and OSWorld-G. Our work encourages further research on broader GUI grounding beyond just clicking and paves way toward a truly generalist GUI grounding model. All benchmark, data, checkpoints, and code are open-sourced and available at △ Less Submitted 7 November, 2025; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 29 pages arXiv:2601.06031 [ pdf , ps , other ] Beyond Clicking:A Step Towards Generalist GUI Grounding via Text Dragging Authors: Zeyi Liao , Yadong Lu , Boyu Gou , Huan Sun , Ahmed Awadallah Abstract : Graphical user interface (GUI) grounding, the process of mapping human instructions to GUI actions, serves as a fundamental basis to autonomous GUI agents. While existing grounding models achieve promising performance to simulate the mouse click action on various click-based benchmarks, another essential mode of mouse interaction, namely dragging, remains largely underexplored. Yet, dragging the m… ▽ More Graphical user interface (GUI) grounding, the process of mapping human instructions to GUI actions, serves as a fundamental basis to autonomous GUI agents. While existing grounding models achieve promising performance to simulate the mouse click action on various click-based benchmarks, another essential mode of mouse interaction, namely dragging, remains largely underexplored. Yet, dragging the mouse to select and manipulate textual content represents a prevalent and important usage in practical GUI scenarios. To narrow this gap, we first introduce GUI-Drag, a diverse dataset of 161K text dragging examples synthesized through a scalable pipeline. To support systematic and robust evaluation, we further construct ScreenDrag, a benchmark with 5,333 examples spanning three levels of interface context, together with three dedicated metrics designed for assessing text dragging capability. Models trained on GUI-Drag with an efficient continual training strategy achieve substantial improvements on ScreenDrag, while preserving the original click-based performance on ScreenSpot, ScreenSpot-v2, and OSWorld-G. Our work encourages further research on broader GUI grounding beyond just clicking and paves way toward a truly generalist GUI grounding model. All benchmark, data, checkpoints, and code are open-sourced and available at △ Less Submitted 7 November, 2025; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 29 pages arXiv:2601.05569 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DC Self-Evolving Distributed Memory Architecture for Scalable AI Systems Authors: Zixuan Li , Chuanzhen Wang , Haotian Sun Abstract : Distributed AI systems face critical memory management challenges across computation, communication, and deployment layers. RRAM based in memory computing suffers from scalability limitations due to device non idealities and fixed array sizes. Decentralized AI frameworks struggle with memory efficiency across NAT constrained networks due to static routing that ignores computational load. Multi age… ▽ More Distributed AI systems face critical memory management challenges across computation, communication, and deployment layers. RRAM based in memory computing suffers from scalability limitations due to device non idealities and fixed array sizes. Decentralized AI frameworks struggle with memory efficiency across NAT constrained networks due to static routing that ignores computational load. Multi agent deployment systems tightly couple application logic with execution environments, preventing adaptive memory optimization. These challenges stem from a fundamental lack of coordinated memory management across architectural layers. We introduce Self Evolving Distributed Memory Architecture for Scalable AI Systems, a three layer framework that unifies memory management across computation, communication, and deployment. Our approach features (1) memory guided matrix processing with dynamic partitioning based on device characteristics, (2) memory aware peer selection considering network topology and computational capacity, and (3) runtime adaptive deployment optimization through continuous reconfiguration. The framework maintains dual memory systems tracking both long term performance patterns and short term workload statistics. Experiments on COCO 2017, ImageNet, and SQuAD show that our method achieves 87.3 percent memory utilization efficiency and 142.5 operations per second compared to Ray Distributed at 72.1 percent and 98.7 operations per second, while reducing communication latency by 30.2 percent to 171.2 milliseconds and improving resource utilization to 82.7 percent. Our contributions include coordinated memory management across three architectural layers, workload adaptive resource allocation, and a dual memory architecture enabling dynamic system optimization. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 21 pages arXiv:2601.05569 [ pdf , ps , other ] Self-Evolving Distributed Memory Architecture for Scalable AI Systems Authors: Zixuan Li , Chuanzhen Wang , Haotian Sun Abstract : Distributed AI systems face critical memory management challenges across computation, communication, and deployment layers. RRAM based in memory computing suffers from scalability limitations due to device non idealities and fixed array sizes. Decentralized AI frameworks struggle with memory efficiency across NAT constrained networks due to static routing that ignores computational load. Multi age… ▽ More Distributed AI systems face critical memory management challenges across computation, communication, and deployment layers. RRAM based in memory computing suffers from scalability limitations due to device non idealities and fixed array sizes. Decentralized AI frameworks struggle with memory efficiency across NAT constrained networks due to static routing that ignores computational load. Multi agent deployment systems tightly couple application logic with execution environments, preventing adaptive memory optimization. These challenges stem from a fundamental lack of coordinated memory management across architectural layers. We introduce Self Evolving Distributed Memory Architecture for Scalable AI Systems, a three layer framework that unifies memory management across computation, communication, and deployment. Our approach features (1) memory guided matrix processing with dynamic partitioning based on device characteristics, (2) memory aware peer selection considering network topology and computational capacity, and (3) runtime adaptive deployment optimization through continuous reconfiguration. The framework maintains dual memory systems tracking both long term performance patterns and short term workload statistics. Experiments on COCO 2017, ImageNet, and SQuAD show that our method achieves 87.3 percent memory utilization efficiency and 142.5 operations per second compared to Ray Distributed at 72.1 percent and 98.7 operations per second, while reducing communication latency by 30.2 percent to 171.2 milliseconds and improving resource utilization to 82.7 percent. Our contributions include coordinated memory management across three architectural layers, workload adaptive resource allocation, and a dual memory architecture enabling dynamic system optimization. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 21 pages arXiv:2601.05503 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Over-Searching in Search-Augmented Large Language Models Authors: Roy Xie , Deepak Gopinath , David Qiu , Dong Lin , Haitian Sun , Saloni Potdar , Bhuwan Dhingra Abstract : Search-augmented large language models (LLMs) excel at knowledge-intensive tasks by integrating external retrieval. However, they often over-search -- unnecessarily invoking search tool even when it does not improve response quality, which leads to computational inefficiency and hallucinations by incorporating irrelevant context. In this work, we conduct a systematic evaluation of over-searching a… ▽ More Search-augmented large language models (LLMs) excel at knowledge-intensive tasks by integrating external retrieval. However, they often over-search -- unnecessarily invoking search tool even when it does not improve response quality, which leads to computational inefficiency and hallucinations by incorporating irrelevant context. In this work, we conduct a systematic evaluation of over-searching across multiple dimensions, including query types, model categories, retrieval conditions, and multi-turn conversations. Our finding shows: (i) search generally improves answer accuracy on answerable queries but harms abstention on unanswerable ones; (ii) over-searching is more pronounced in complex reasoning models and deep research systems, is exacerbated by noisy retrieval, and compounds across turns in multi-turn conversations; and (iii) the composition of retrieved evidence is crucial, as the presence of negative evidence improves abstention. To quantify over-searching, we introduce Tokens Per Correctness (TPC), an evaluation metric that captures the performance-cost trade-off for search-augmented LLMs. Lastly, we investigate mitigation approaches at both the query and retrieval levels and release the OverSearchQA to foster continued research into efficient search-augmented LLMs. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted to EACL 2026 Main Conference arXiv:2601.05503 [ pdf , ps , other ] Over-Searching in Search-Augmented Large Language Models Authors: Roy Xie , Deepak Gopinath , David Qiu , Dong Lin , Haitian Sun , Saloni Potdar , Bhuwan Dhingra Abstract : Search-augmented large language models (LLMs) excel at knowledge-intensive tasks by integrating external retrieval. However, they often over-search -- unnecessarily invoking search tool even when it does not improve response quality, which leads to computational inefficiency and hallucinations by incorporating irrelevant context. In this work, we conduct a systematic evaluation of over-searching a… ▽ More Search-augmented large language models (LLMs) excel at knowledge-intensive tasks by integrating external retrieval. However, they often over-search -- unnecessarily invoking search tool even when it does not improve response quality, which leads to computational inefficiency and hallucinations by incorporating irrelevant context. In this work, we conduct a systematic evaluation of over-searching across multiple dimensions, including query types, model categories, retrieval conditions, and multi-turn conversations. Our finding shows: (i) search generally improves answer accuracy on answerable queries but harms abstention on unanswerable ones; (ii) over-searching is more pronounced in complex reasoning models and deep research systems, is exacerbated by noisy retrieval, and compounds across turns in multi-turn conversations; and (iii) the composition of retrieved evidence is crucial, as the presence of negative evidence improves abstention. To quantify over-searching, we introduce Tokens Per Correctness (TPC), an evaluation metric that captures the performance-cost trade-off for search-augmented LLMs. Lastly, we investigate mitigation approaches at both the query and retrieval levels and release the OverSearchQA to foster continued research into efficient search-augmented LLMs. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted to EACL 2026 Main Conference arXiv:2601.05246 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Pixel-Perfect Visual Geometry Estimation Authors: Gangwei Xu , Haotong Lin , Hongcheng Luo , Haiyang Sun , Bing Wang , Guang Chen , Sida Peng , Hangjun Ye , Xin Yang Abstract : Recovering clean and accurate geometry from images is essential for robotics and augmented reality. However, existing geometry foundation models still suffer severely from flying pixels and the loss of fine details. In this paper, we present pixel-perfect visual geometry models that can predict high-quality, flying-pixel-free point clouds by leveraging generative modeling in the pixel space. We fi… ▽ More Recovering clean and accurate geometry from images is essential for robotics and augmented reality. However, existing geometry foundation models still suffer severely from flying pixels and the loss of fine details. In this paper, we present pixel-perfect visual geometry models that can predict high-quality, flying-pixel-free point clouds by leveraging generative modeling in the pixel space. We first introduce Pixel-Perfect Depth (PPD), a monocular depth foundation model built upon pixel-space diffusion transformers (DiT). To address the high computational complexity associated with pixel-space diffusion, we propose two key designs: 1) Semantics-Prompted DiT, which incorporates semantic representations from vision foundation models to prompt the diffusion process, preserving global semantics while enhancing fine-grained visual details; and 2) Cascade DiT architecture that progressively increases the number of image tokens, improving both efficiency and accuracy. To further extend PPD to video (PPVD), we introduce a new Semantics-Consistent DiT, which extracts temporally consistent semantics from a multi-view geometry foundation model. We then perform reference-guided token propagation within the DiT to maintain temporal coherence with minimal computational and memory overhead. Our models achieve the best performance among all generative monocular and video depth estimation models and produce significantly cleaner point clouds than all other models. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Code: arXiv:2601.05246 [ pdf , ps , other ] Pixel-Perfect Visual Geometry Estimation Authors: Gangwei Xu , Haotong Lin , Hongcheng Luo , Haiyang Sun , Bing Wang , Guang Chen , Sida Peng , Hangjun Ye , Xin Yang Abstract : Recovering clean and accurate geometry from images is essential for robotics and augmented reality. However, existing geometry foundation models still suffer severely from flying pixels and the loss of fine details. In this paper, we present pixel-perfect visual geometry models that can predict high-quality, flying-pixel-free point clouds by leveraging generative modeling in the pixel space. We fi… ▽ More Recovering clean and accurate geometry from images is essential for robotics and augmented reality. However, existing geometry foundation models still suffer severely from flying pixels and the loss of fine details. In this paper, we present pixel-perfect visual geometry models that can predict high-quality, flying-pixel-free point clouds by leveraging generative modeling in the pixel space. We first introduce Pixel-Perfect Depth (PPD), a monocular depth foundation model built upon pixel-space diffusion transformers (DiT). To address the high computational complexity associated with pixel-space diffusion, we propose two key designs: 1) Semantics-Prompted DiT, which incorporates semantic representations from vision foundation models to prompt the diffusion process, preserving global semantics while enhancing fine-grained visual details; and 2) Cascade DiT architecture that progressively increases the number of image tokens, improving both efficiency and accuracy. To further extend PPD to video (PPVD), we introduce a new Semantics-Consistent DiT, which extracts temporally consistent semantics from a multi-view geometry foundation model. We then perform reference-guided token propagation within the DiT to maintain temporal coherence with minimal computational and memory overhead. Our models achieve the best performance among all generative monocular and video depth estimation models and produce significantly cleaner point clouds than all other models. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Code: arXiv:2601.04996 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI AlgBench: To What Extent Do Large Reasoning Models Understand Algorithms? Authors: Henan Sun , Kaichi Yu , Yuyao Wang , Bowen Liu , Xunkai Li , Rong-Hua Li , Nuo Chen , Jia Li Abstract : Reasoning ability has become a central focus in the advancement of Large Reasoning Models (LRMs). Although notable progress has been achieved on several reasoning benchmarks such as MATH500 and LiveCodeBench, existing benchmarks for algorithmic reasoning remain limited, failing to answer a critical question: Do LRMs truly master algorithmic reasoning? To answer this question, we propose AlgBench,… ▽ More Reasoning ability has become a central focus in the advancement of Large Reasoning Models (LRMs). Although notable progress has been achieved on several reasoning benchmarks such as MATH500 and LiveCodeBench, existing benchmarks for algorithmic reasoning remain limited, failing to answer a critical question: Do LRMs truly master algorithmic reasoning? To answer this question, we propose AlgBench, an expert-curated benchmark that evaluates LRMs under an algorithm-centric paradigm. AlgBench consists of over 3,000 original problems spanning 27 algorithms, constructed by ACM algorithmic experts and organized under a comprehensive taxonomy, including Euclidean-structured, non-Euclidean-structured, non-optimized, local-optimized, global-optimized, and heuristic-optimized categories. Empirical evaluations on leading LRMs (e.g., Gemini-3-Pro, DeepSeek-v3.2-Speciale and GPT-o3) reveal substantial performance heterogeneity: while models perform well on non-optimized tasks (up to 92%), accuracy drops sharply to around 49% on globally optimized algorithms such as dynamic programming. Further analysis uncovers \textbf{strategic over-shifts}, wherein models prematurely abandon correct algorithmic designs due to necessary low-entropy tokens. These findings expose fundamental limitations of problem-centric reinforcement learning and highlight the necessity of an algorithm-centric training paradigm for robust algorithmic reasoning. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Under review arXiv:2601.04996 [ pdf , ps , other ] AlgBench: To What Extent Do Large Reasoning Models Understand Algorithms? Authors: Henan Sun , Kaichi Yu , Yuyao Wang , Bowen Liu , Xunkai Li , Rong-Hua Li , Nuo Chen , Jia Li Abstract : Reasoning ability has become a central focus in the advancement of Large Reasoning Models (LRMs). Although notable progress has been achieved on several reasoning benchmarks such as MATH500 and LiveCodeBench, existing benchmarks for algorithmic reasoning remain limited, failing to answer a critical question: Do LRMs truly master algorithmic reasoning? To answer this question, we propose AlgBench,… ▽ More Reasoning ability has become a central focus in the advancement of Large Reasoning Models (LRMs). Although notable progress has been achieved on several reasoning benchmarks such as MATH500 and LiveCodeBench, existing benchmarks for algorithmic reasoning remain limited, failing to answer a critical question: Do LRMs truly master algorithmic reasoning? To answer this question, we propose AlgBench, an expert-curated benchmark that evaluates LRMs under an algorithm-centric paradigm. AlgBench consists of over 3,000 original problems spanning 27 algorithms, constructed by ACM algorithmic experts and organized under a comprehensive taxonomy, including Euclidean-structured, non-Euclidean-structured, non-optimized, local-optimized, global-optimized, and heuristic-optimized categories. Empirical evaluations on leading LRMs (e.g., Gemini-3-Pro, DeepSeek-v3.2-Speciale and GPT-o3) reveal substantial performance heterogeneity: while models perform well on non-optimized tasks (up to 92%), accuracy drops sharply to around 49% on globally optimized algorithms such as dynamic programming. Further analysis uncovers \textbf{strategic over-shifts}, wherein models prematurely abandon correct algorithmic designs due to necessary low-entropy tokens. These findings expose fundamental limitations of problem-centric reinforcement learning and highlight the necessity of an algorithm-centric training paradigm for robust algorithmic reasoning. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Under review arXiv:2601.03822 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI ROI-Reasoning: Rational Optimization for Inference via Pre-Computation Meta-Cognition Authors: Muyang Zhao , Qi Qi , Hao Sun Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) can achieve strong reasoning performance with sufficient computation, but they do not inherently know how much computation a task requires. We study budgeted inference-time reasoning for multiple tasks under a strict global token constraint and formalize it as a Ordered Stochastic Multiple-Choice Knapsack Problem(OS-MCKP). This perspective highlights a meta-cognitive r… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) can achieve strong reasoning performance with sufficient computation, but they do not inherently know how much computation a task requires. We study budgeted inference-time reasoning for multiple tasks under a strict global token constraint and formalize it as a Ordered Stochastic Multiple-Choice Knapsack Problem(OS-MCKP). This perspective highlights a meta-cognitive requirement -- anticipating task difficulty, estimating return over investment (ROI), and allocating computation strategically. We propose ROI-Reasoning, a two-stage framework that endows LLMs with intrinsic, budget-aware rationality. In the first stage, Meta-Cognitive Fine-Tuning teaches models to predict reasoning cost and expected utility before generation, enabling explicit solve-or-skip decisions. Next, Rationality-Aware Reinforcement Learning optimizes sequential decision making under a hard token budget, allowing models to learn long-horizon allocation strategies. Across budgeted mathematical reasoning benchmarks, ROI-Reasoning consistently improves overall score while substantially reducing regret under tight computation budgets. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03822 [ pdf , ps , other ] ROI-Reasoning: Rational Optimization for Inference via Pre-Computation Meta-Cognition Authors: Muyang Zhao , Qi Qi , Hao Sun Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) can achieve strong reasoning performance with sufficient computation, but they do not inherently know how much computation a task requires. We study budgeted inference-time reasoning for multiple tasks under a strict global token constraint and formalize it as a Ordered Stochastic Multiple-Choice Knapsack Problem(OS-MCKP). This perspective highlights a meta-cognitive r… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) can achieve strong reasoning performance with sufficient computation, but they do not inherently know how much computation a task requires. We study budgeted inference-time reasoning for multiple tasks under a strict global token constraint and formalize it as a Ordered Stochastic Multiple-Choice Knapsack Problem(OS-MCKP). This perspective highlights a meta-cognitive requirement -- anticipating task difficulty, estimating return over investment (ROI), and allocating computation strategically. We propose ROI-Reasoning, a two-stage framework that endows LLMs with intrinsic, budget-aware rationality. In the first stage, Meta-Cognitive Fine-Tuning teaches models to predict reasoning cost and expected utility before generation, enabling explicit solve-or-skip decisions. Next, Rationality-Aware Reinforcement Learning optimizes sequential decision making under a hard token budget, allowing models to learn long-horizon allocation strategies. Across budgeted mathematical reasoning benchmarks, ROI-Reasoning consistently improves overall score while substantially reducing regret under tight computation budgets. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03054 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI IBISAgent: Reinforcing Pixel-Level Visual Reasoning in MLLMs for Universal Biomedical Object Referring and Segmentation Authors: Yankai Jiang , Qiaoru Li , Binlu Xu , Haoran Sun , Chao Ding , Junting Dong , Yuxiang Cai , Xuhong Zhang , Jianwei Yin Abstract : Recent research on medical MLLMs has gradually shifted its focus from image-level understanding to fine-grained, pixel-level comprehension. Although segmentation serves as the foundation for pixel-level understanding, existing approaches face two major challenges. First, they introduce implicit segmentation tokens and require simultaneous fine-tuning of both the MLLM and external pixel decoders, w… ▽ More Recent research on medical MLLMs has gradually shifted its focus from image-level understanding to fine-grained, pixel-level comprehension. Although segmentation serves as the foundation for pixel-level understanding, existing approaches face two major challenges. First, they introduce implicit segmentation tokens and require simultaneous fine-tuning of both the MLLM and external pixel decoders, which increases the risk of catastrophic forgetting and limits generalization to out-of-domain scenarios. Second, most methods rely on single-pass reasoning and lack the capability to iteratively refine segmentation results, leading to suboptimal performance. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel agentic MLLM, named IBISAgent, that reformulates segmentation as a vision-centric, multi-step decision-making process. IBISAgent enables MLLMs to generate interleaved reasoning and text-based click actions, invoke segmentation tools, and produce high-quality masks without architectural modifications. By iteratively performing multi-step visual reasoning on masked image features, IBISAgent naturally supports mask refinement and promotes the development of pixel-level visual reasoning capabilities. We further design a two-stage training framework consisting of cold-start supervised fine-tuning and agentic reinforcement learning with tailored, fine-grained rewards, enhancing the model's robustness in complex medical referring and reasoning segmentation tasks. Extensive experiments demonstrate that IBISAgent consistently outperforms both closed-source and open-source SOTA methods. All datasets, code, and trained models will be released publicly. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03054 [ pdf , ps , other ] IBISAgent: Reinforcing Pixel-Level Visual Reasoning in MLLMs for Universal Biomedical Object Referring and Segmentation Authors: Yankai Jiang , Qiaoru Li , Binlu Xu , Haoran Sun , Chao Ding , Junting Dong , Yuxiang Cai , Xuhong Zhang , Jianwei Yin Abstract : Recent research on medical MLLMs has gradually shifted its focus from image-level understanding to fine-grained, pixel-level comprehension. Although segmentation serves as the foundation for pixel-level understanding, existing approaches face two major challenges. First, they introduce implicit segmentation tokens and require simultaneous fine-tuning of both the MLLM and external pixel decoders, w… ▽ More Recent research on medical MLLMs has gradually shifted its focus from image-level understanding to fine-grained, pixel-level comprehension. Although segmentation serves as the foundation for pixel-level understanding, existing approaches face two major challenges. First, they introduce implicit segmentation tokens and require simultaneous fine-tuning of both the MLLM and external pixel decoders, which increases the risk of catastrophic forgetting and limits generalization to out-of-domain scenarios. Second, most methods rely on single-pass reasoning and lack the capability to iteratively refine segmentation results, leading to suboptimal performance. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel agentic MLLM, named IBISAgent, that reformulates segmentation as a vision-centric, multi-step decision-making process. IBISAgent enables MLLMs to generate interleaved reasoning and text-based click actions, invoke segmentation tools, and produce high-quality masks without architectural modifications. By iteratively performing multi-step visual reasoning on masked image features, IBISAgent naturally supports mask refinement and promotes the development of pixel-level visual reasoning capabilities. We further design a two-stage training framework consisting of cold-start supervised fine-tuning and agentic reinforcement learning with tailored, fine-grained rewards, enhancing the model's robustness in complex medical referring and reasoning segmentation tasks. Extensive experiments demonstrate that IBISAgent consistently outperforms both closed-source and open-source SOTA methods. All datasets, code, and trained models will be released publicly. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02955 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IR HarmonRank: Ranking-aligned Multi-objective Ensemble for Live-streaming E-commerce Recommendation Authors: Boyang Xia , Zhou Yu , Zhiliang Zhu , Hanxiao Sun , Biyun Han , Jun Wang , Runnan Liu , Wenwu Ou Abstract : Recommendation for live-streaming e-commerce is gaining increasing attention due to the explosive growth of the live streaming economy. Different from traditional e-commerce, live-streaming e-commerce shifts the focus from products to streamers, which requires ranking mechanism to balance both purchases and user-streamer interactions for long-term ecology. To trade off multiple objectives, a popul… ▽ More Recommendation for live-streaming e-commerce is gaining increasing attention due to the explosive growth of the live streaming economy. Different from traditional e-commerce, live-streaming e-commerce shifts the focus from products to streamers, which requires ranking mechanism to balance both purchases and user-streamer interactions for long-term ecology. To trade off multiple objectives, a popular solution is to build an ensemble model to integrate multi-objective scores into a unified score. The ensemble model is usually supervised by multiple independent binary classification losses of all objectives. However, this paradigm suffers from two inherent limitations. First, the optimization direction of the binary classification task is misaligned with the ranking task (evaluated by AUC). Second, this paradigm overlooks the alignment between objectives, e.g., comment and buy behaviors are partially dependent which can be revealed in labels correlations. The model can achieve better trade-offs if it learns the aligned parts of ranking abilities among different objectives. To mitigate these limitations, we propose a novel multi-objective ensemble framework HarmonRank to fulfill both alignment to the ranking task and alignment among objectives. For alignment to ranking, we formulate ranking metric AUC as a rank-sum problem and utilize differentiable ranking techniques for ranking-oriented optimization. For inter-objective alignment, we change the original one-step ensemble paradigm to a two-step relation-aware ensemble scheme. Extensive offline experiments results on two industrial datasets and online experiments demonstrate that our approach significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods. The proposed method has been fully deployed in Kuaishou's live-streaming e-commerce recommendation platform with 400 million DAUs, contributing over 2% purchase gain. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; v1 submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 11 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2601.02955 [ pdf , ps , other ] HarmonRank: Ranking-aligned Multi-objective Ensemble for Live-streaming E-commerce Recommendation Authors: Boyang Xia , Zhou Yu , Zhiliang Zhu , Hanxiao Sun , Biyun Han , Jun Wang , Runnan Liu , Wenwu Ou Abstract : Recommendation for live-streaming e-commerce is gaining increasing attention due to the explosive growth of the live streaming economy. Different from traditional e-commerce, live-streaming e-commerce shifts the focus from products to streamers, which requires ranking mechanism to balance both purchases and user-streamer interactions for long-term ecology. To trade off multiple objectives, a popul… ▽ More Recommendation for live-streaming e-commerce is gaining increasing attention due to the explosive growth of the live streaming economy. Different from traditional e-commerce, live-streaming e-commerce shifts the focus from products to streamers, which requires ranking mechanism to balance both purchases and user-streamer interactions for long-term ecology. To trade off multiple objectives, a popular solution is to build an ensemble model to integrate multi-objective scores into a unified score. The ensemble model is usually supervised by multiple independent binary classification losses of all objectives. However, this paradigm suffers from two inherent limitations. First, the optimization direction of the binary classification task is misaligned with the ranking task (evaluated by AUC). Second, this paradigm overlooks the alignment between objectives, e.g., comment and buy behaviors are partially dependent which can be revealed in labels correlations. The model can achieve better trade-offs if it learns the aligned parts of ranking abilities among different objectives. To mitigate these limitations, we propose a novel multi-objective ensemble framework HarmonRank to fulfill both alignment to the ranking task and alignment among objectives. For alignment to ranking, we formulate ranking metric AUC as a rank-sum problem and utilize differentiable ranking techniques for ranking-oriented optimization. For inter-objective alignment, we change the original one-step ensemble paradigm to a two-step relation-aware ensemble scheme. Extensive offline experiments results on two industrial datasets and online experiments demonstrate that our approach significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods. The proposed method has been fully deployed in Kuaishou's live-streaming e-commerce recommendation platform with 400 million DAUs, contributing over 2% purchase gain. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; v1 submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 11 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2601.02737 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Unveiling and Bridging the Functional Perception Gap in MLLMs: Atomic Visual Alignment and Hierarchical Evaluation via PET-Bench Authors: Zanting Ye , Xiaolong Niu , Xuanbin Wu , Xu Han , Shengyuan Liu , Jing Hao , Zhihao Peng , Hao Sun , Jieqin Lv , Fanghu Wang , Yanchao Huang , Hubing Wu , Yixuan Yuan , Habib Zaidi , Arman Rahmim , Yefeng Zheng , Lijun Lu Abstract : While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in tasks such as abnormality detection and report generation for anatomical modalities, their capability in functional imaging remains largely unexplored. In this work, we identify and quantify a fundamental functional perception gap: the inability of current vision encoders to decode functional tracer biodistr… ▽ More While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in tasks such as abnormality detection and report generation for anatomical modalities, their capability in functional imaging remains largely unexplored. In this work, we identify and quantify a fundamental functional perception gap: the inability of current vision encoders to decode functional tracer biodistribution independent of morphological priors. Identifying Positron Emission Tomography (PET) as the quintessential modality to investigate this disconnect, we introduce PET-Bench, the first large-scale functional imaging benchmark comprising 52,308 hierarchical QA pairs from 9,732 multi-site, multi-tracer PET studies. Extensive evaluation of 19 state-of-the-art MLLMs reveals a critical safety hazard termed the Chain-of-Thought (CoT) hallucination trap. We observe that standard CoT prompting, widely considered to enhance reasoning, paradoxically decouples linguistic generation from visual evidence in PET, producing clinically fluent but factually ungrounded diagnoses. To resolve this, we propose Atomic Visual Alignment (AVA), a simple fine-tuning strategy that enforces the mastery of low-level functional perception prior to high-level diagnostic reasoning. Our results demonstrate that AVA effectively bridges the perception gap, transforming CoT from a source of hallucination into a robust inference tool and improving diagnostic accuracy by up to 14.83%. Code and data are available at △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; v1 submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 9 pages, 6 figures, 6 tables arXiv:2601.02737 [ pdf , ps , other ] Unveiling and Bridging the Functional Perception Gap in MLLMs: Atomic Visual Alignment and Hierarchical Evaluation via PET-Bench Authors: Zanting Ye , Xiaolong Niu , Xuanbin Wu , Xu Han , Shengyuan Liu , Jing Hao , Zhihao Peng , Hao Sun , Jieqin Lv , Fanghu Wang , Yanchao Huang , Hubing Wu , Yixuan Yuan , Habib Zaidi , Arman Rahmim , Yefeng Zheng , Lijun Lu Abstract : While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in tasks such as abnormality detection and report generation for anatomical modalities, their capability in functional imaging remains largely unexplored. In this work, we identify and quantify a fundamental functional perception gap: the inability of current vision encoders to decode functional tracer biodistr… ▽ More While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in tasks such as abnormality detection and report generation for anatomical modalities, their capability in functional imaging remains largely unexplored. In this work, we identify and quantify a fundamental functional perception gap: the inability of current vision encoders to decode functional tracer biodistribution independent of morphological priors. Identifying Positron Emission Tomography (PET) as the quintessential modality to investigate this disconnect, we introduce PET-Bench, the first large-scale functional imaging benchmark comprising 52,308 hierarchical QA pairs from 9,732 multi-site, multi-tracer PET studies. Extensive evaluation of 19 state-of-the-art MLLMs reveals a critical safety hazard termed the Chain-of-Thought (CoT) hallucination trap. We observe that standard CoT prompting, widely considered to enhance reasoning, paradoxically decouples linguistic generation from visual evidence in PET, producing clinically fluent but factually ungrounded diagnoses. To resolve this, we propose Atomic Visual Alignment (AVA), a simple fine-tuning strategy that enforces the mastery of low-level functional perception prior to high-level diagnostic reasoning. Our results demonstrate that AVA effectively bridges the perception gap, transforming CoT from a source of hallucination into a robust inference tool and improving diagnostic accuracy by up to 14.83%. Code and data are available at △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; v1 submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 9 pages, 6 figures, 6 tables arXiv:2601.02435 [ pdf , ps , other ] quant-ph cs.FL Formal Modeling and Verification of Grover's Algorithm Authors: H. Sun , Z. Shi , S. Chen , G. Wang , X. Li , Y. Guan , Q. Zhang , Z. Shao Abstract : Grover's algorithm relies on the superposition and interference of quantum mechanics, which is more efficient than classical computing in specific tasks such as searching an unsorted database. Due to the high complexity of quantum mechanics, the correctness of quantum algorithms is difficult to guarantee through traditional simulation methods. By contrast, the fundamental concepts and mathematical… ▽ More Grover's algorithm relies on the superposition and interference of quantum mechanics, which is more efficient than classical computing in specific tasks such as searching an unsorted database. Due to the high complexity of quantum mechanics, the correctness of quantum algorithms is difficult to guarantee through traditional simulation methods. By contrast, the fundamental concepts and mathematical structure of Grover's algorithm can be formalized into logical expressions and verified by higher-order logical reasoning. In this paper, we formally model and verify Grover's algorithm in the HOL Light theorem prover. We focus on proving key properties such as the unitarity of its oracle and diffusion operators, the monotonicity of the success probability with respect to the number of iterations, and an exact expression for the optimal iteration count. By analyzing a concrete application to integer factorization, we demonstrate the practicality and prospects of our work. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 18 pages, 3 figures, 1 table ACM Class: F.4.3 arXiv:2601.02435 [ pdf , ps , other ] Formal Modeling and Verification of Grover's Algorithm Authors: H. Sun , Z. Shi , S. Chen , G. Wang , X. Li , Y. Guan , Q. Zhang , Z. Shao Abstract : Grover's algorithm relies on the superposition and interference of quantum mechanics, which is more efficient than classical computing in specific tasks such as searching an unsorted database. Due to the high complexity of quantum mechanics, the correctness of quantum algorithms is difficult to guarantee through traditional simulation methods. By contrast, the fundamental concepts and mathematical… ▽ More Grover's algorithm relies on the superposition and interference of quantum mechanics, which is more efficient than classical computing in specific tasks such as searching an unsorted database. Due to the high complexity of quantum mechanics, the correctness of quantum algorithms is difficult to guarantee through traditional simulation methods. By contrast, the fundamental concepts and mathematical structure of Grover's algorithm can be formalized into logical expressions and verified by higher-order logical reasoning. In this paper, we formally model and verify Grover's algorithm in the HOL Light theorem prover. We focus on proving key properties such as the unitarity of its oracle and diffusion operators, the monotonicity of the success probability with respect to the number of iterations, and an exact expression for the optimal iteration count. By analyzing a concrete application to integer factorization, we demonstrate the practicality and prospects of our work. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 18 pages, 3 figures, 1 table ACM Class: F.4.3 arXiv:2601.02145 [ pdf , ps , other ] physics.geo-ph cs.LG Feature-based Inversion of 2.5D Controlled Source Electromagnetic Data using Generative Priors Authors: Hongyu Zhou , Haoran Sun , Rui Guo , Maokun Li , Fan Yang , Shenheng Xu Abstract : In this study, we investigate feature-based 2.5D controlled source marine electromagnetic (mCSEM) data inversion using generative priors. Two-and-half dimensional modeling using finite difference method (FDM) is adopted to compute the response of horizontal electric dipole (HED) excitation. Rather than using a neural network to approximate the entire inverse mapping in a black-box manner, we adopt… ▽ More In this study, we investigate feature-based 2.5D controlled source marine electromagnetic (mCSEM) data inversion using generative priors. Two-and-half dimensional modeling using finite difference method (FDM) is adopted to compute the response of horizontal electric dipole (HED) excitation. Rather than using a neural network to approximate the entire inverse mapping in a black-box manner, we adopt a plug-andplay strategy in which a variational autoencoder (VAE) is used solely to learn prior information on conductivity distributions. During the inversion process, the conductivity model is iteratively updated using the Gauss Newton method, while the model space is constrained by projections onto the learned VAE decoder. This framework preserves explicit control over data misfit and enables flexible adaptation to different survey configurations. Numerical and field experiments demonstrate that the proposed approach effectively incorporates prior information, improves reconstruction accuracy, and exhibits good generalization performance. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02145 [ pdf , ps , other ] Feature-based Inversion of 2.5D Controlled Source Electromagnetic Data using Generative Priors Authors: Hongyu Zhou , Haoran Sun , Rui Guo , Maokun Li , Fan Yang , Shenheng Xu Abstract : In this study, we investigate feature-based 2.5D controlled source marine electromagnetic (mCSEM) data inversion using generative priors. Two-and-half dimensional modeling using finite difference method (FDM) is adopted to compute the response of horizontal electric dipole (HED) excitation. Rather than using a neural network to approximate the entire inverse mapping in a black-box manner, we adopt… ▽ More In this study, we investigate feature-based 2.5D controlled source marine electromagnetic (mCSEM) data inversion using generative priors. Two-and-half dimensional modeling using finite difference method (FDM) is adopted to compute the response of horizontal electric dipole (HED) excitation. Rather than using a neural network to approximate the entire inverse mapping in a black-box manner, we adopt a plug-andplay strategy in which a variational autoencoder (VAE) is used solely to learn prior information on conductivity distributions. During the inversion process, the conductivity model is iteratively updated using the Gauss Newton method, while the model space is constrained by projections onto the learned VAE decoder. This framework preserves explicit control over data misfit and enables flexible adaptation to different survey configurations. Numerical and field experiments demonstrate that the proposed approach effectively incorporates prior information, improves reconstruction accuracy, and exhibits good generalization performance. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01663 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Length-Aware Adversarial Training for Variable-Length Trajectories: Digital Twins for Mall Shopper Paths Authors: He Sun , Jiwoong Shin , Ravi Dhar Abstract : We study generative modeling of \emph{variable-length trajectories} -- sequences of visited locations/items with associated timestamps -- for downstream simulation and counterfactual analysis. A recurring practical issue is that standard mini-batch training can be unstable when trajectory lengths are highly heterogeneous, which in turn degrades \emph{distribution matching} for trajectory-derived s… ▽ More We study generative modeling of \emph{variable-length trajectories} -- sequences of visited locations/items with associated timestamps -- for downstream simulation and counterfactual analysis. A recurring practical issue is that standard mini-batch training can be unstable when trajectory lengths are highly heterogeneous, which in turn degrades \emph{distribution matching} for trajectory-derived statistics. We propose \textbf{length-aware sampling (LAS)}, a simple batching strategy that groups trajectories by length and samples batches from a single length bucket, reducing within-batch length heterogeneity (and making updates more consistent) without changing the model class. We integrate LAS into a conditional trajectory GAN with auxiliary time-alignment losses and provide (i) a distribution-level guarantee for derived variables under mild boundedness assumptions, and (ii) an IPM/Wasserstein mechanism explaining why LAS improves distribution matching by removing length-only shortcut critics and targeting within-bucket discrepancies. Empirically, LAS consistently improves matching of derived-variable distributions on a multi-mall dataset of shopper trajectories and on diverse public sequence datasets (GPS, education, e-commerce, and movies), outperforming random sampling across dataset-specific metrics. △ Less Submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01663 [ pdf , ps , other ] Length-Aware Adversarial Training for Variable-Length Trajectories: Digital Twins for Mall Shopper Paths Authors: He Sun , Jiwoong Shin , Ravi Dhar Abstract : We study generative modeling of \emph{variable-length trajectories} -- sequences of visited locations/items with associated timestamps -- for downstream simulation and counterfactual analysis. A recurring practical issue is that standard mini-batch training can be unstable when trajectory lengths are highly heterogeneous, which in turn degrades \emph{distribution matching} for trajectory-derived s… ▽ More We study generative modeling of \emph{variable-length trajectories} -- sequences of visited locations/items with associated timestamps -- for downstream simulation and counterfactual analysis. A recurring practical issue is that standard mini-batch training can be unstable when trajectory lengths are highly heterogeneous, which in turn degrades \emph{distribution matching} for trajectory-derived statistics. We propose \textbf{length-aware sampling (LAS)}, a simple batching strategy that groups trajectories by length and samples batches from a single length bucket, reducing within-batch length heterogeneity (and making updates more consistent) without changing the model class. We integrate LAS into a conditional trajectory GAN with auxiliary time-alignment losses and provide (i) a distribution-level guarantee for derived variables under mild boundedness assumptions, and (ii) an IPM/Wasserstein mechanism explaining why LAS improves distribution matching by removing length-only shortcut critics and targeting within-bucket discrepancies. Empirically, LAS consistently improves matching of derived-variable distributions on a multi-mall dataset of shopper trajectories and on diverse public sequence datasets (GPS, education, e-commerce, and movies), outperforming random sampling across dataset-specific metrics. △ Less Submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01459 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD eess.AS OV-InstructTTS: Towards Open-Vocabulary Instruct Text-to-Speech Authors: Yong Ren , Jiangyan Yi , Jianhua Tao , Haiyang Sun , Zhengqi Wen , Hao Gu , Le Xu , Ye Bai Abstract : Instruct Text-to-Speech (InstructTTS) leverages natural language descriptions as style prompts to guide speech synthesis. However, existing InstructTTS methods mainly rely on a direct combination of audio-related labels or their diverse rephrasings, making it difficult to handle flexible, high-level instructions. Such rigid control is insufficient for users such as content creators who wish to ste… ▽ More Instruct Text-to-Speech (InstructTTS) leverages natural language descriptions as style prompts to guide speech synthesis. However, existing InstructTTS methods mainly rely on a direct combination of audio-related labels or their diverse rephrasings, making it difficult to handle flexible, high-level instructions. Such rigid control is insufficient for users such as content creators who wish to steer generation with descriptive instructions. To address these constraints, we introduce OV-InstructTTS, a new paradigm for open-vocabulary InstructTTS. We propose a comprehensive solution comprising a newly curated dataset, OV-Speech, and a novel reasoning-driven framework. The OV-Speech dataset pairs speech with open-vocabulary instructions, each augmented with a reasoning process that connects high-level instructions to acoustic features. The reasoning-driven framework infers emotional, acoustic, and paralinguistic information from open-vocabulary instructions before synthesizing speech. Evaluations show that this reasoning-driven approach significantly improves instruction-following fidelity and speech expressiveness. We believe this work can inspire the next user-friendly InstructTTS systems with stronger generalization and real-world applicability. The dataset and demos are publicly available on our project page. △ Less Submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01459 [ pdf , ps , other ] OV-InstructTTS: Towards Open-Vocabulary Instruct Text-to-Speech Authors: Yong Ren , Jiangyan Yi , Jianhua Tao , Haiyang Sun , Zhengqi Wen , Hao Gu , Le Xu , Ye Bai Abstract : Instruct Text-to-Speech (InstructTTS) leverages natural language descriptions as style prompts to guide speech synthesis. However, existing InstructTTS methods mainly rely on a direct combination of audio-related labels or their diverse rephrasings, making it difficult to handle flexible, high-level instructions. Such rigid control is insufficient for users such as content creators who wish to ste… ▽ More Instruct Text-to-Speech (InstructTTS) leverages natural language descriptions as style prompts to guide speech synthesis. However, existing InstructTTS methods mainly rely on a direct combination of audio-related labels or their diverse rephrasings, making it difficult to handle flexible, high-level instructions. Such rigid control is insufficient for users such as content creators who wish to steer generation with descriptive instructions. To address these constraints, we introduce OV-InstructTTS, a new paradigm for open-vocabulary InstructTTS. We propose a comprehensive solution comprising a newly curated dataset, OV-Speech, and a novel reasoning-driven framework. The OV-Speech dataset pairs speech with open-vocabulary instructions, each augmented with a reasoning process that connects high-level instructions to acoustic features. The reasoning-driven framework infers emotional, acoustic, and paralinguistic information from open-vocabulary instructions before synthesizing speech. Evaluations show that this reasoning-driven approach significantly improves instruction-following fidelity and speech expressiveness. We believe this work can inspire the next user-friendly InstructTTS systems with stronger generalization and real-world applicability. The dataset and demos are publicly available on our project page. △ Less Submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01386 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI ParkGaussian: Surround-view 3D Gaussian Splatting for Autonomous Parking Authors: Xiaobao Wei , Zhangjie Ye , Yuxiang Gu , Zunjie Zhu , Yunfei Guo , Yingying Shen , Shan Zhao , Ming Lu , Haiyang Sun , Bing Wang , Guang Chen , Rongfeng Lu , Hangjun Ye Abstract : Parking is a critical task for autonomous driving systems (ADS), with unique challenges in crowded parking slots and GPS-denied environments. However, existing works focus on 2D parking slot perception, mapping, and localization, 3D reconstruction remains underexplored, which is crucial for capturing complex spatial geometry in parking scenarios. Naively improving the visual quality of reconstruct… ▽ More Parking is a critical task for autonomous driving systems (ADS), with unique challenges in crowded parking slots and GPS-denied environments. However, existing works focus on 2D parking slot perception, mapping, and localization, 3D reconstruction remains underexplored, which is crucial for capturing complex spatial geometry in parking scenarios. Naively improving the visual quality of reconstructed parking scenes does not directly benefit autonomous parking, as the key entry point for parking is the slots perception module. To address these limitations, we curate the first benchmark named ParkRecon3D, specifically designed for parking scene reconstruction. It includes sensor data from four surround-view fisheye cameras with calibrated extrinsics and dense parking slot annotations. We then propose ParkGaussian, the first framework that integrates 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) for parking scene reconstruction. To further improve the alignment between reconstruction and downstream parking slot detection, we introduce a slot-aware reconstruction strategy that leverages existing parking perception methods to enhance the synthesis quality of slot regions. Experiments on ParkRecon3D demonstrate that ParkGaussian achieves state-of-the-art reconstruction quality and better preserves perception consistency for downstream tasks. The code and dataset will be released at: △ Less Submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01386 [ pdf , ps , other ] ParkGaussian: Surround-view 3D Gaussian Splatting for Autonomous Parking Authors: Xiaobao Wei , Zhangjie Ye , Yuxiang Gu , Zunjie Zhu , Yunfei Guo , Yingying Shen , Shan Zhao , Ming Lu , Haiyang Sun , Bing Wang , Guang Chen , Rongfeng Lu , Hangjun Ye Abstract : Parking is a critical task for autonomous driving systems (ADS), with unique challenges in crowded parking slots and GPS-denied environments. However, existing works focus on 2D parking slot perception, mapping, and localization, 3D reconstruction remains underexplored, which is crucial for capturing complex spatial geometry in parking scenarios. Naively improving the visual quality of reconstruct… ▽ More Parking is a critical task for autonomous driving systems (ADS), with unique challenges in crowded parking slots and GPS-denied environments. However, existing works focus on 2D parking slot perception, mapping, and localization, 3D reconstruction remains underexplored, which is crucial for capturing complex spatial geometry in parking scenarios. Naively improving the visual quality of reconstructed parking scenes does not directly benefit autonomous parking, as the key entry point for parking is the slots perception module. To address these limitations, we curate the first benchmark named ParkRecon3D, specifically designed for parking scene reconstruction. It includes sensor data from four surround-view fisheye cameras with calibrated extrinsics and dense parking slot annotations. We then propose ParkGaussian, the first framework that integrates 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) for parking scene reconstruction. To further improve the alignment between reconstruction and downstream parking slot detection, we introduce a slot-aware reconstruction strategy that leverages existing parking perception methods to enhance the synthesis quality of slot regions. Experiments on ParkRecon3D demonstrate that ParkGaussian achieves state-of-the-art reconstruction quality and better preserves perception consistency for downstream tasks. The code and dataset will be released at: △ Less Submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.00617 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI Noise-Robust Tiny Object Localization with Flows Authors: Huixin Sun , Linlin Yang , Ronyu Chen , Kerui Gu , Baochang Zhang , Angela Yao , Xianbin Cao Abstract : Despite significant advances in generic object detection, a persistent performance gap remains for tiny objects compared to normal-scale objects. We demonstrate that tiny objects are highly sensitive to annotation noise, where optimizing strict localization objectives risks noise overfitting. To address this, we propose Tiny Object Localization with Flows (TOLF), a noise-robust localization framew… ▽ More Despite significant advances in generic object detection, a persistent performance gap remains for tiny objects compared to normal-scale objects. We demonstrate that tiny objects are highly sensitive to annotation noise, where optimizing strict localization objectives risks noise overfitting. To address this, we propose Tiny Object Localization with Flows (TOLF), a noise-robust localization framework leveraging normalizing flows for flexible error modeling and uncertainty-guided optimization. Our method captures complex, non-Gaussian prediction distributions through flow-based error modeling, enabling robust learning under noisy supervision. An uncertainty-aware gradient modulation mechanism further suppresses learning from high-uncertainty, noise-prone samples, mitigating overfitting while stabilizing training. Extensive experiments across three datasets validate our approach's effectiveness. Especially, TOLF boosts the DINO baseline by 1.2% AP on the AI-TOD dataset. △ Less Submitted 2 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 11 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2601.00617 [ pdf , ps , other ] Noise-Robust Tiny Object Localization with Flows Authors: Huixin Sun , Linlin Yang , Ronyu Chen , Kerui Gu , Baochang Zhang , Angela Yao , Xianbin Cao Abstract : Despite significant advances in generic object detection, a persistent performance gap remains for tiny objects compared to normal-scale objects. We demonstrate that tiny objects are highly sensitive to annotation noise, where optimizing strict localization objectives risks noise overfitting. To address this, we propose Tiny Object Localization with Flows (TOLF), a noise-robust localization framew… ▽ More Despite significant advances in generic object detection, a persistent performance gap remains for tiny objects compared to normal-scale objects. We demonstrate that tiny objects are highly sensitive to annotation noise, where optimizing strict localization objectives risks noise overfitting. To address this, we propose Tiny Object Localization with Flows (TOLF), a noise-robust localization framework leveraging normalizing flows for flexible error modeling and uncertainty-guided optimization. Our method captures complex, non-Gaussian prediction distributions through flow-based error modeling, enabling robust learning under noisy supervision. An uncertainty-aware gradient modulation mechanism further suppresses learning from high-uncertainty, noise-prone samples, mitigating overfitting while stabilizing training. Extensive experiments across three datasets validate our approach's effectiveness. Especially, TOLF boosts the DINO baseline by 1.2% AP on the AI-TOD dataset. △ Less Submitted 2 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 11 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2512.24227 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Mirage: One-Step Video Diffusion for Photorealistic and Coherent Asset Editing in Driving Scenes Authors: Shuyun Wang , Haiyang Sun , Bing Wang , Hangjun Ye , Xin Yu Abstract : Vision-centric autonomous driving systems rely on diverse and scalable training data to achieve robust performance. While video object editing offers a promising path for data augmentation, existing methods often struggle to maintain both high visual fidelity and temporal coherence. In this work, we propose \textbf{Mirage}, a one-step video diffusion model for photorealistic and coherent asset edi… ▽ More Vision-centric autonomous driving systems rely on diverse and scalable training data to achieve robust performance. While video object editing offers a promising path for data augmentation, existing methods often struggle to maintain both high visual fidelity and temporal coherence. In this work, we propose \textbf{Mirage}, a one-step video diffusion model for photorealistic and coherent asset editing in driving scenes. Mirage builds upon a text-to-video diffusion prior to ensure temporal consistency across frames. However, 3D causal variational autoencoders often suffer from degraded spatial fidelity due to compression, and directly passing 3D encoder features to decoder layers breaks temporal causality. To address this, we inject temporally agnostic latents from a pretrained 2D encoder into the 3D decoder to restore detail while preserving causal structures. Furthermore, because scene objects and inserted assets are optimized under different objectives, their Gaussians exhibit a distribution mismatch that leads to pose misalignment. To mitigate this, we introduce a two-stage data alignment strategy combining coarse 3D alignment and fine 2D refinement, thereby improving alignment and providing cleaner supervision. Extensive experiments demonstrate that Mirage achieves high realism and temporal consistency across diverse editing scenarios. Beyond asset editing, Mirage can also generalize to other video-to-video translation tasks, serving as a reliable baseline for future research. Our code is available at △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.24227 [ pdf , ps , other ] Mirage: One-Step Video Diffusion for Photorealistic and Coherent Asset Editing in Driving Scenes Authors: Shuyun Wang , Haiyang Sun , Bing Wang , Hangjun Ye , Xin Yu Abstract : Vision-centric autonomous driving systems rely on diverse and scalable training data to achieve robust performance. While video object editing offers a promising path for data augmentation, existing methods often struggle to maintain both high visual fidelity and temporal coherence. In this work, we propose \textbf{Mirage}, a one-step video diffusion model for photorealistic and coherent asset edi… ▽ More Vision-centric autonomous driving systems rely on diverse and scalable training data to achieve robust performance. While video object editing offers a promising path for data augmentation, existing methods often struggle to maintain both high visual fidelity and temporal coherence. In this work, we propose \textbf{Mirage}, a one-step video diffusion model for photorealistic and coherent asset editing in driving scenes. Mirage builds upon a text-to-video diffusion prior to ensure temporal consistency across frames. However, 3D causal variational autoencoders often suffer from degraded spatial fidelity due to compression, and directly passing 3D encoder features to decoder layers breaks temporal causality. To address this, we inject temporally agnostic latents from a pretrained 2D encoder into the 3D decoder to restore detail while preserving causal structures. Furthermore, because scene objects and inserted assets are optimized under different objectives, their Gaussians exhibit a distribution mismatch that leads to pose misalignment. To mitigate this, we introduce a two-stage data alignment strategy combining coarse 3D alignment and fine 2D refinement, thereby improving alignment and providing cleaner supervision. Extensive experiments demonstrate that Mirage achieves high realism and temporal consistency across diverse editing scenarios. Beyond asset editing, Mirage can also generalize to other video-to-video translation tasks, serving as a reliable baseline for future research. Our code is available at △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.24189 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.MA SCP: Accelerating Discovery with a Global Web of Autonomous Scientific Agents Authors: Yankai Jiang , Wenjie Lou , Lilong Wang , Zhenyu Tang , Shiyang Feng , Jiaxuan Lu , Haoran Sun , Yaning Pan , Shuang Gu , Haoyang Su , Feng Liu , Wangxu Wei , Pan Tan , Dongzhan Zhou , Fenghua Ling , Cheng Tan , Bo Zhang , Xiaosong Wang , Lei Bai , Bowen Zhou Abstract : We introduce SCP: the Science Context Protocol, an open-source standard designed to accelerate discovery by enabling a global network of autonomous scientific agents. SCP is built on two foundational pillars: (1) Unified Resource Integration: At its core, SCP provides a universal specification for describing and invoking scientific resources, spanning software tools, models, datasets, and physical… ▽ More We introduce SCP: the Science Context Protocol, an open-source standard designed to accelerate discovery by enabling a global network of autonomous scientific agents. SCP is built on two foundational pillars: (1) Unified Resource Integration: At its core, SCP provides a universal specification for describing and invoking scientific resources, spanning software tools, models, datasets, and physical instruments. This protocol-level standardization enables AI agents and applications to discover, call, and compose capabilities seamlessly across disparate platforms and institutional boundaries. (2) Orchestrated Experiment Lifecycle Management: SCP complements the protocol with a secure service architecture, which comprises a centralized SCP Hub and federated SCP Servers. This architecture manages the complete experiment lifecycle (registration, planning, execution, monitoring, and archival), enforces fine-grained authentication and authorization, and orchestrates traceable, end-to-end workflows that bridge computational and physical laboratories. Based on SCP, we have constructed a scientific discovery platform that offers researchers and agents a large-scale ecosystem of more than 1,600 tool resources. Across diverse use cases, SCP facilitates secure, large-scale collaboration between heterogeneous AI systems and human researchers while significantly reducing integration overhead and enhancing reproducibility. By standardizing scientific context and tool orchestration at the protocol level, SCP establishes essential infrastructure for scalable, multi-institution, agent-driven science. △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.24189 [ pdf , ps , other ] SCP: Accelerating Discovery with a Global Web of Autonomous Scientific Agents Authors: Yankai Jiang , Wenjie Lou , Lilong Wang , Zhenyu Tang , Shiyang Feng , Jiaxuan Lu , Haoran Sun , Yaning Pan , Shuang Gu , Haoyang Su , Feng Liu , Wangxu Wei , Pan Tan , Dongzhan Zhou , Fenghua Ling , Cheng Tan , Bo Zhang , Xiaosong Wang , Lei Bai , Bowen Zhou Abstract : We introduce SCP: the Science Context Protocol, an open-source standard designed to accelerate discovery by enabling a global network of autonomous scientific agents. SCP is built on two foundational pillars: (1) Unified Resource Integration: At its core, SCP provides a universal specification for describing and invoking scientific resources, spanning software tools, models, datasets, and physical… ▽ More We introduce SCP: the Science Context Protocol, an open-source standard designed to accelerate discovery by enabling a global network of autonomous scientific agents. SCP is built on two foundational pillars: (1) Unified Resource Integration: At its core, SCP provides a universal specification for describing and invoking scientific resources, spanning software tools, models, datasets, and physical instruments. This protocol-level standardization enables AI agents and applications to discover, call, and compose capabilities seamlessly across disparate platforms and institutional boundaries. (2) Orchestrated Experiment Lifecycle Management: SCP complements the protocol with a secure service architecture, which comprises a centralized SCP Hub and federated SCP Servers. This architecture manages the complete experiment lifecycle (registration, planning, execution, monitoring, and archival), enforces fine-grained authentication and authorization, and orchestrates traceable, end-to-end workflows that bridge computational and physical laboratories. Based on SCP, we have constructed a scientific discovery platform that offers researchers and agents a large-scale ecosystem of more than 1,600 tool resources. Across diverse use cases, SCP facilitates secure, large-scale collaboration between heterogeneous AI systems and human researchers while significantly reducing integration overhead and enhancing reproducibility. By standardizing scientific context and tool orchestration at the protocol level, SCP establishes essential infrastructure for scalable, multi-institution, agent-driven science. △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23421 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV DriveLaW:Unifying Planning and Video Generation in a Latent Driving World Authors: Tianze Xia , Yongkang Li , Lijun Zhou , Jingfeng Yao , Kaixin Xiong , Haiyang Sun , Bing Wang , Kun Ma , Guang Chen , Hangjun Ye , Wenyu Liu , Xinggang Wang Abstract : World models have become crucial for autonomous driving, as they learn how scenarios evolve over time to address the long-tail challenges of the real world. However, current approaches relegate world models to limited roles: they operate within ostensibly unified architectures that still keep world prediction and motion planning as decoupled processes. To bridge this gap, we propose DriveLaW, a no… ▽ More World models have become crucial for autonomous driving, as they learn how scenarios evolve over time to address the long-tail challenges of the real world. However, current approaches relegate world models to limited roles: they operate within ostensibly unified architectures that still keep world prediction and motion planning as decoupled processes. To bridge this gap, we propose DriveLaW, a novel paradigm that unifies video generation and motion planning. By directly injecting the latent representation from its video generator into the planner, DriveLaW ensures inherent consistency between high-fidelity future generation and reliable trajectory planning. Specifically, DriveLaW consists of two core components: DriveLaW-Video, our powerful world model that generates high-fidelity forecasting with expressive latent representations, and DriveLaW-Act, a diffusion planner that generates consistent and reliable trajectories from the latent of DriveLaW-Video, with both components optimized by a three-stage progressive training strategy. The power of our unified paradigm is demonstrated by new state-of-the-art results across both tasks. DriveLaW not only advances video prediction significantly, surpassing best-performing work by 33.3% in FID and 1.8% in FVD, but also achieves a new record on the NAVSIM planning benchmark. △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; v1 submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 17 pages, 7 figures arXiv:2512.23421 [ pdf , ps , other ] DriveLaW:Unifying Planning and Video Generation in a Latent Driving World Authors: Tianze Xia , Yongkang Li , Lijun Zhou , Jingfeng Yao , Kaixin Xiong , Haiyang Sun , Bing Wang , Kun Ma , Guang Chen , Hangjun Ye , Wenyu Liu , Xinggang Wang Abstract : World models have become crucial for autonomous driving, as they learn how scenarios evolve over time to address the long-tail challenges of the real world. However, current approaches relegate world models to limited roles: they operate within ostensibly unified architectures that still keep world prediction and motion planning as decoupled processes. To bridge this gap, we propose DriveLaW, a no… ▽ More World models have become crucial for autonomous driving, as they learn how scenarios evolve over time to address the long-tail challenges of the real world. However, current approaches relegate world models to limited roles: they operate within ostensibly unified architectures that still keep world prediction and motion planning as decoupled processes. To bridge this gap, we propose DriveLaW, a novel paradigm that unifies video generation and motion planning. By directly injecting the latent representation from its video generator into the planner, DriveLaW ensures inherent consistency between high-fidelity future generation and reliable trajectory planning. Specifically, DriveLaW consists of two core components: DriveLaW-Video, our powerful world model that generates high-fidelity forecasting with expressive latent representations, and DriveLaW-Act, a diffusion planner that generates consistent and reliable trajectories from the latent of DriveLaW-Video, with both components optimized by a three-stage progressive training strategy. The power of our unified paradigm is demonstrated by new state-of-the-art results across both tasks. DriveLaW not only advances video prediction significantly, surpassing best-performing work by 33.3% in FID and 1.8% in FVD, but also achieves a new record on the NAVSIM planning benchmark. △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; v1 submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 17 pages, 7 figures arXiv:2512.23412 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI MindWatcher: Toward Smarter Multimodal Tool-Integrated Reasoning Authors: Jiawei Chen , Xintian Shen , Lihao Zheng , Zhenwei Shao , Handong Cui , Chaoqun Du , Li Gong , Feng Gu , Xuefeng Hao , Wei He , Jiabang He , Yi Hu , Bin Huang , Shanshan Li , Qizhen Li , Jing Luo , Zide Liu , Xiaobo Liu , Ning Mao , Lifu Mu , Xuhao Pan , Zhiheng Qu , Chang Ren , Xudong Rao , Haoyi Sun , et al. (21 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Traditional workflow-based agents exhibit limited intelligence when addressing real-world problems requiring tool invocation. Tool-integrated reasoning (TIR) agents capable of autonomous reasoning and tool invocation are rapidly emerging as a powerful approach for complex decision-making tasks involving multi-step interactions with external environments. In this work, we introduce MindWatcher, a T… ▽ More Traditional workflow-based agents exhibit limited intelligence when addressing real-world problems requiring tool invocation. Tool-integrated reasoning (TIR) agents capable of autonomous reasoning and tool invocation are rapidly emerging as a powerful approach for complex decision-making tasks involving multi-step interactions with external environments. In this work, we introduce MindWatcher, a TIR agent integrating interleaved thinking and multimodal chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning. MindWatcher can autonomously decide whether and how to invoke diverse tools and coordinate their use, without relying on human prompts or workflows. The interleaved thinking paradigm enables the model to switch between thinking and tool calling at any intermediate stage, while its multimodal CoT capability allows manipulation of images during reasoning to yield more precise search results. We implement automated data auditing and evaluation pipelines, complemented by manually curated high-quality datasets for training, and we construct a benchmark, called MindWatcher-Evaluate Bench (MWE-Bench), to evaluate its performance. MindWatcher is equipped with a comprehensive suite of auxiliary reasoning tools, enabling it to address broad-domain multimodal problems. A large-scale, high-quality local image retrieval database, covering eight categories including cars, animals, and plants, endows model with robust object recognition despite its small size. Finally, we design a more efficient training infrastructure for MindWatcher, enhancing training speed and hardware utilization. Experiments not only demonstrate that MindWatcher matches or exceeds the performance of larger or more recent models through superior tool invocation, but also uncover critical insights for agent training, such as the genetic inheritance phenomenon in agentic RL. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; v1 submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Technique Report arXiv:2512.23412 [ pdf , ps , other ] MindWatcher: Toward Smarter Multimodal Tool-Integrated Reasoning Authors: Jiawei Chen , Xintian Shen , Lihao Zheng , Zhenwei Shao , Handong Cui , Chaoqun Du , Li Gong , Feng Gu , Xuefeng Hao , Wei He , Jiabang He , Yi Hu , Bin Huang , Shanshan Li , Qizhen Li , Jing Luo , Zide Liu , Xiaobo Liu , Ning Mao , Lifu Mu , Xuhao Pan , Zhiheng Qu , Chang Ren , Xudong Rao , Haoyi Sun , et al. (21 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Traditional workflow-based agents exhibit limited intelligence when addressing real-world problems requiring tool invocation. Tool-integrated reasoning (TIR) agents capable of autonomous reasoning and tool invocation are rapidly emerging as a powerful approach for complex decision-making tasks involving multi-step interactions with external environments. In this work, we introduce MindWatcher, a T… ▽ More Traditional workflow-based agents exhibit limited intelligence when addressing real-world problems requiring tool invocation. Tool-integrated reasoning (TIR) agents capable of autonomous reasoning and tool invocation are rapidly emerging as a powerful approach for complex decision-making tasks involving multi-step interactions with external environments. In this work, we introduce MindWatcher, a TIR agent integrating interleaved thinking and multimodal chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning. MindWatcher can autonomously decide whether and how to invoke diverse tools and coordinate their use, without relying on human prompts or workflows. The interleaved thinking paradigm enables the model to switch between thinking and tool calling at any intermediate stage, while its multimodal CoT capability allows manipulation of images during reasoning to yield more precise search results. We implement automated data auditing and evaluation pipelines, complemented by manually curated high-quality datasets for training, and we construct a benchmark, called MindWatcher-Evaluate Bench (MWE-Bench), to evaluate its performance. MindWatcher is equipped with a comprehensive suite of auxiliary reasoning tools, enabling it to address broad-domain multimodal problems. A large-scale, high-quality local image retrieval database, covering eight categories including cars, animals, and plants, endows model with robust object recognition despite its small size. Finally, we design a more efficient training infrastructure for MindWatcher, enhancing training speed and hardware utilization. Experiments not only demonstrate that MindWatcher matches or exceeds the performance of larger or more recent models through superior tool invocation, but also uncover critical insights for agent training, such as the genetic inheritance phenomenon in agentic RL. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; v1 submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Technique Report arXiv:2512.23213 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI Scoring, Reasoning, and Selecting the Best! Ensembling Large Language Models via a Peer-Review Process Authors: Zhijun Chen , Zeyu Ji , Qianren Mao , Junhang Cheng , Bangjie Qin , Hao Wu , Zhuoran Li , Jingzheng Li , Kai Sun , Zizhe Wang , Yikun Ban , Zhu Sun , Xiangyang Ji , Hailong Sun Abstract : We propose LLM-PeerReview, an unsupervised LLM Ensemble method that selects the most ideal response from multiple LLM-generated candidates for each query, harnessing the collective wisdom of multiple models with diverse strengths. LLM-PeerReview is built on a novel, peer-review-inspired framework that offers a clear and interpretable mechanism, while remaining fully unsupervised for flexible adapt… ▽ More We propose LLM-PeerReview, an unsupervised LLM Ensemble method that selects the most ideal response from multiple LLM-generated candidates for each query, harnessing the collective wisdom of multiple models with diverse strengths. LLM-PeerReview is built on a novel, peer-review-inspired framework that offers a clear and interpretable mechanism, while remaining fully unsupervised for flexible adaptability and generalization. Specifically, it operates in three stages: For scoring, we use the emerging LLM-as-a-Judge technique to evaluate each response by reusing multiple LLMs at hand; For reasoning, we can apply a principled graphical model-based truth inference algorithm or a straightforward averaging strategy to aggregate multiple scores to produce a final score for each response; Finally, the highest-scoring response is selected as the best ensemble output. LLM-PeerReview is conceptually simple and empirically powerful. The two variants of the proposed approach obtain strong results across four datasets, including outperforming the recent advanced model Smoothie-Global by 6.9% and 7.3% points, respectively. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23213 [ pdf , ps , other ] Scoring, Reasoning, and Selecting the Best! Ensembling Large Language Models via a Peer-Review Process Authors: Zhijun Chen , Zeyu Ji , Qianren Mao , Junhang Cheng , Bangjie Qin , Hao Wu , Zhuoran Li , Jingzheng Li , Kai Sun , Zizhe Wang , Yikun Ban , Zhu Sun , Xiangyang Ji , Hailong Sun Abstract : We propose LLM-PeerReview, an unsupervised LLM Ensemble method that selects the most ideal response from multiple LLM-generated candidates for each query, harnessing the collective wisdom of multiple models with diverse strengths. LLM-PeerReview is built on a novel, peer-review-inspired framework that offers a clear and interpretable mechanism, while remaining fully unsupervised for flexible adapt… ▽ More We propose LLM-PeerReview, an unsupervised LLM Ensemble method that selects the most ideal response from multiple LLM-generated candidates for each query, harnessing the collective wisdom of multiple models with diverse strengths. LLM-PeerReview is built on a novel, peer-review-inspired framework that offers a clear and interpretable mechanism, while remaining fully unsupervised for flexible adaptability and generalization. Specifically, it operates in three stages: For scoring, we use the emerging LLM-as-a-Judge technique to evaluate each response by reusing multiple LLMs at hand; For reasoning, we can apply a principled graphical model-based truth inference algorithm or a straightforward averaging strategy to aggregate multiple scores to produce a final score for each response; Finally, the highest-scoring response is selected as the best ensemble output. LLM-PeerReview is conceptually simple and empirically powerful. The two variants of the proposed approach obtain strong results across four datasets, including outperforming the recent advanced model Smoothie-Global by 6.9% and 7.3% points, respectively. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23184 [ pdf ] cs.AI econ.EM From Model Choice to Model Belief: Establishing a New Measure for LLM-Based Research Authors: Hongshen Sun , Juanjuan Zhang Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to simulate human behavior, but common practices to use LLM-generated data are inefficient. Treating an LLM's output ("model choice") as a single data point underutilizes the information inherent to the probabilistic nature of LLMs. This paper introduces and formalizes "model belief," a measure derived from an LLM's token-level probabilities that… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to simulate human behavior, but common practices to use LLM-generated data are inefficient. Treating an LLM's output ("model choice") as a single data point underutilizes the information inherent to the probabilistic nature of LLMs. This paper introduces and formalizes "model belief," a measure derived from an LLM's token-level probabilities that captures the model's belief distribution over choice alternatives in a single generation run. The authors prove that model belief is asymptotically equivalent to the mean of model choices (a non-trivial property) but forms a more statistically efficient estimator, with lower variance and a faster convergence rate. Analogous properties are shown to hold for smooth functions of model belief and model choice often used in downstream applications. The authors demonstrate the performance of model belief through a demand estimation study, where an LLM simulates consumer responses to different prices. In practical settings with limited numbers of runs, model belief explains and predicts ground-truth model choice better than model choice itself, and reduces the computation needed to reach sufficiently accurate estimates by roughly a factor of 20. The findings support using model belief as the default measure to extract more information from LLM-generated data. △ Less Submitted 28 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23184 [ pdf ] From Model Choice to Model Belief: Establishing a New Measure for LLM-Based Research Authors: Hongshen Sun , Juanjuan Zhang Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to simulate human behavior, but common practices to use LLM-generated data are inefficient. Treating an LLM's output ("model choice") as a single data point underutilizes the information inherent to the probabilistic nature of LLMs. This paper introduces and formalizes "model belief," a measure derived from an LLM's token-level probabilities that… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to simulate human behavior, but common practices to use LLM-generated data are inefficient. Treating an LLM's output ("model choice") as a single data point underutilizes the information inherent to the probabilistic nature of LLMs. This paper introduces and formalizes "model belief," a measure derived from an LLM's token-level probabilities that captures the model's belief distribution over choice alternatives in a single generation run. The authors prove that model belief is asymptotically equivalent to the mean of model choices (a non-trivial property) but forms a more statistically efficient estimator, with lower variance and a faster convergence rate. Analogous properties are shown to hold for smooth functions of model belief and model choice often used in downstream applications. The authors demonstrate the performance of model belief through a demand estimation study, where an LLM simulates consumer responses to different prices. In practical settings with limited numbers of runs, model belief explains and predicts ground-truth model choice better than model choice itself, and reduces the computation needed to reach sufficiently accurate estimates by roughly a factor of 20. The findings support using model belief as the default measure to extract more information from LLM-generated data. △ Less Submitted 28 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.22334 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL SciEvalKit: An Open-source Evaluation Toolkit for Scientific General Intelligence Authors: Yiheng Wang , Yixin Chen , Shuo Li , Yifan Zhou , Bo Liu , Hengjian Gao , Jiakang Yuan , Jia Bu , Wanghan Xu , Yuhao Zhou , Xiangyu Zhao , Zhiwang Zhou , Fengxiang Wang , Haodong Duan , Songyang Zhang , Jun Yao , Han Deng , Yizhou Wang , Jiabei Xiao , Jiaqi Liu , Encheng Su , Yujie Liu , Weida Wang , Junchi Yao , Shenghe Zheng , et al. (11 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We introduce SciEvalKit, a unified benchmarking toolkit designed to evaluate AI models for science across a broad range of scientific disciplines and task capabilities. Unlike general-purpose evaluation platforms, SciEvalKit focuses on the core competencies of scientific intelligence, including Scientific Multimodal Perception, Scientific Multimodal Reasoning, Scientific Multimodal Understanding,… ▽ More We introduce SciEvalKit, a unified benchmarking toolkit designed to evaluate AI models for science across a broad range of scientific disciplines and task capabilities. Unlike general-purpose evaluation platforms, SciEvalKit focuses on the core competencies of scientific intelligence, including Scientific Multimodal Perception, Scientific Multimodal Reasoning, Scientific Multimodal Understanding, Scientific Symbolic Reasoning, Scientific Code Generation, Science Hypothesis Generation and Scientific Knowledge Understanding. It supports six major scientific domains, spanning from physics and chemistry to astronomy and materials science. SciEvalKit builds a foundation of expert-grade scientific benchmarks, curated from real-world, domain-specific datasets, ensuring that tasks reflect authentic scientific challenges. The toolkit features a flexible, extensible evaluation pipeline that enables batch evaluation across models and datasets, supports custom model and dataset integration, and provides transparent, reproducible, and comparable results. By bridging capability-based evaluation and disciplinary diversity, SciEvalKit offers a standardized yet customizable infrastructure to benchmark the next generation of scientific foundation models and intelligent agents. The toolkit is open-sourced and actively maintained to foster community-driven development and progress in AI4Science. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; v1 submitted 26 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.22334 [ pdf , ps , other ] SciEvalKit: An Open-source Evaluation Toolkit for Scientific General Intelligence Authors: Yiheng Wang , Yixin Chen , Shuo Li , Yifan Zhou , Bo Liu , Hengjian Gao , Jiakang Yuan , Jia Bu , Wanghan Xu , Yuhao Zhou , Xiangyu Zhao , Zhiwang Zhou , Fengxiang Wang , Haodong Duan , Songyang Zhang , Jun Yao , Han Deng , Yizhou Wang , Jiabei Xiao , Jiaqi Liu , Encheng Su , Yujie Liu , Weida Wang , Junchi Yao , Shenghe Zheng , et al. (11 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We introduce SciEvalKit, a unified benchmarking toolkit designed to evaluate AI models for science across a broad range of scientific disciplines and task capabilities. Unlike general-purpose evaluation platforms, SciEvalKit focuses on the core competencies of scientific intelligence, including Scientific Multimodal Perception, Scientific Multimodal Reasoning, Scientific Multimodal Understanding,… ▽ More We introduce SciEvalKit, a unified benchmarking toolkit designed to evaluate AI models for science across a broad range of scientific disciplines and task capabilities. Unlike general-purpose evaluation platforms, SciEvalKit focuses on the core competencies of scientific intelligence, including Scientific Multimodal Perception, Scientific Multimodal Reasoning, Scientific Multimodal Understanding, Scientific Symbolic Reasoning, Scientific Code Generation, Science Hypothesis Generation and Scientific Knowledge Understanding. It supports six major scientific domains, spanning from physics and chemistry to astronomy and materials science. SciEvalKit builds a foundation of expert-grade scientific benchmarks, curated from real-world, domain-specific datasets, ensuring that tasks reflect authentic scientific challenges. The toolkit features a flexible, extensible evaluation pipeline that enables batch evaluation across models and datasets, supports custom model and dataset integration, and provides transparent, reproducible, and comparable results. By bridging capability-based evaluation and disciplinary diversity, SciEvalKit offers a standardized yet customizable infrastructure to benchmark the next generation of scientific foundation models and intelligent agents. The toolkit is open-sourced and actively maintained to foster community-driven development and progress in AI4Science. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; v1 submitted 26 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.22309 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI LLMBoost: Make Large Language Models Stronger with Boosting Authors: Zehao Chen , Tianxiang Ai , Yifei Li , Gongxun Li , Yuyang Wei , Wang Zhou , Guanghui Li , Bin Yu , Zhijun Chen , Hailong Sun , Fuzhen Zhuang , Jianxin Li , Deqing Wang , Yikun Ban Abstract : Ensemble learning of LLMs has emerged as a promising alternative to enhance performance, but existing approaches typically treat models as black boxes, combining the inputs or final outputs while overlooking the rich internal representations and interactions across models.In this work, we introduce LLMBoost, a novel ensemble fine-tuning framework that breaks this barrier by explicitly leveraging i… ▽ More Ensemble learning of LLMs has emerged as a promising alternative to enhance performance, but existing approaches typically treat models as black boxes, combining the inputs or final outputs while overlooking the rich internal representations and interactions across models.In this work, we introduce LLMBoost, a novel ensemble fine-tuning framework that breaks this barrier by explicitly leveraging intermediate states of LLMs. Inspired by the boosting paradigm, LLMBoost incorporates three key innovations. First, a cross-model attention mechanism enables successor models to access and fuse hidden states from predecessors, facilitating hierarchical error correction and knowledge transfer. Second, a chain training paradigm progressively fine-tunes connected models with an error-suppression objective, ensuring that each model rectifies the mispredictions of its predecessor with minimal additional computation. Third, a near-parallel inference paradigm design pipelines hidden states across models layer by layer, achieving inference efficiency approaching single-model decoding. We further establish the theoretical foundations of LLMBoost, proving that sequential integration guarantees monotonic improvements under bounded correction assumptions. Extensive experiments on commonsense reasoning and arithmetic reasoning tasks demonstrate that LLMBoost consistently boosts accuracy while reducing inference latency. △ Less Submitted 26 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.22309 [ pdf , ps , other ] LLMBoost: Make Large Language Models Stronger with Boosting Authors: Zehao Chen , Tianxiang Ai , Yifei Li , Gongxun Li , Yuyang Wei , Wang Zhou , Guanghui Li , Bin Yu , Zhijun Chen , Hailong Sun , Fuzhen Zhuang , Jianxin Li , Deqing Wang , Yikun Ban Abstract : Ensemble learning of LLMs has emerged as a promising alternative to enhance performance, but existing approaches typically treat models as black boxes, combining the inputs or final outputs while overlooking the rich internal representations and interactions across models.In this work, we introduce LLMBoost, a novel ensemble fine-tuning framework that breaks this barrier by explicitly leveraging i… ▽ More Ensemble learning of LLMs has emerged as a promising alternative to enhance performance, but existing approaches typically treat models as black boxes, combining the inputs or final outputs while overlooking the rich internal representations and interactions across models.In this work, we introduce LLMBoost, a novel ensemble fine-tuning framework that breaks this barrier by explicitly leveraging intermediate states of LLMs. Inspired by the boosting paradigm, LLMBoost incorporates three key innovations. First, a cross-model attention mechanism enables successor models to access and fuse hidden states from predecessors, facilitating hierarchical error correction and knowledge transfer. Second, a chain training paradigm progressively fine-tunes connected models with an error-suppression objective, ensuring that each model rectifies the mispredictions of its predecessor with minimal additional computation. Third, a near-parallel inference paradigm design pipelines hidden states across models layer by layer, achieving inference efficiency approaching single-model decoding. We further establish the theoretical foundations of LLMBoost, proving that sequential integration guarantees monotonic improvements under bounded correction assumptions. Extensive experiments on commonsense reasoning and arithmetic reasoning tasks demonstrate that LLMBoost consistently boosts accuracy while reducing inference latency. △ Less Submitted 26 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.21863 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IR cs.MM Frozen LVLMs for Micro-Video Recommendation: A Systematic Study of Feature Extraction and Fusion Authors: Huatuan Sun , Yunshan Ma , Changguang Wu , Yanxin Zhang , Pengfei Wang , Xiaoyu Du Abstract : Frozen Large Video Language Models (LVLMs) are increasingly employed in micro-video recommendation due to their strong multimodal understanding. However, their integration lacks systematic empirical evaluation: practitioners typically deploy LVLMs as fixed black-box feature extractors without systematically comparing alternative representation strategies. To address this gap, we present the first… ▽ More Frozen Large Video Language Models (LVLMs) are increasingly employed in micro-video recommendation due to their strong multimodal understanding. However, their integration lacks systematic empirical evaluation: practitioners typically deploy LVLMs as fixed black-box feature extractors without systematically comparing alternative representation strategies. To address this gap, we present the first systematic empirical study along two key design dimensions: (i) integration strategies with ID embeddings, specifically replacement versus fusion, and (ii) feature extraction paradigms, comparing LVLM-generated captions with intermediate decoder hidden states. Extensive experiments on representative LVLMs reveal three key principles: (1) intermediate hidden states consistently outperform caption-based representations, as natural-language summarization inevitably discards fine-grained visual semantics crucial for recommendation; (2) ID embeddings capture irreplaceable collaborative signals, rendering fusion strictly superior to replacement; and (3) the effectiveness of intermediate decoder features varies significantly across layers. Guided by these insights, we propose the Dual Feature Fusion (DFF) Framework, a lightweight and plug-and-play approach that adaptively fuses multi-layer representations from frozen LVLMs with item ID embeddings. DFF achieves state-of-the-art performance on two real-world micro-video recommendation benchmarks, consistently outperforming strong baselines and providing a principled approach to integrating off-the-shelf large vision-language models into micro-video recommender systems. △ Less Submitted 25 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 10 pages, 4 figures arXiv:2512.21863 [ pdf , ps , other ] Frozen LVLMs for Micro-Video Recommendation: A Systematic Study of Feature Extraction and Fusion Authors: Huatuan Sun , Yunshan Ma , Changguang Wu , Yanxin Zhang , Pengfei Wang , Xiaoyu Du Abstract : Frozen Large Video Language Models (LVLMs) are increasingly employed in micro-video recommendation due to their strong multimodal understanding. However, their integration lacks systematic empirical evaluation: practitioners typically deploy LVLMs as fixed black-box feature extractors without systematically comparing alternative representation strategies. To address this gap, we present the first… ▽ More Frozen Large Video Language Models (LVLMs) are increasingly employed in micro-video recommendation due to their strong multimodal understanding. However, their integration lacks systematic empirical evaluation: practitioners typically deploy LVLMs as fixed black-box feature extractors without systematically comparing alternative representation strategies. To address this gap, we present the first systematic empirical study along two key design dimensions: (i) integration strategies with ID embeddings, specifically replacement versus fusion, and (ii) feature extraction paradigms, comparing LVLM-generated captions with intermediate decoder hidden states. Extensive experiments on representative LVLMs reveal three key principles: (1) intermediate hidden states consistently outperform caption-based representations, as natural-language summarization inevitably discards fine-grained visual semantics crucial for recommendation; (2) ID embeddings capture irreplaceable collaborative signals, rendering fusion strictly superior to replacement; and (3) the effectiveness of intermediate decoder features varies significantly across layers. Guided by these insights, we propose the Dual Feature Fusion (DFF) Framework, a lightweight and plug-and-play approach that adaptively fuses multi-layer representations from frozen LVLMs with item ID embeddings. DFF achieves state-of-the-art performance on two real-world micro-video recommendation benchmarks, consistently outperforming strong baselines and providing a principled approach to integrating off-the-shelf large vision-language models into micro-video recommender systems. △ Less Submitted 25 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 10 pages, 4 figures arXiv:2512.21782 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cond-mat.mtrl-sci cs.LG physics.chem-ph Accelerating Scientific Discovery with Autonomous Goal-evolving Agents Authors: Yuanqi Du , Botao Yu , Tianyu Liu , Tony Shen , Junwu Chen , Jan G. Rittig , Kunyang Sun , Yikun Zhang , Zhangde Song , Bo Zhou , Cassandra Masschelein , Yingze Wang , Haorui Wang , Haojun Jia , Chao Zhang , Hongyu Zhao , Martin Ester , Teresa Head-Gordon , Carla P. Gomes , Huan Sun , Chenru Duan , Philippe Schwaller , Wengong Jin Abstract : There has been unprecedented interest in developing agents that expand the boundary of scientific discovery, primarily by optimizing quantitative objective functions specified by scientists. However, for grand challenges in science , these objectives are only imperfect proxies. We argue that automating objective function design is a central, yet unmet requirement for scientific discovery agents. I… ▽ More There has been unprecedented interest in developing agents that expand the boundary of scientific discovery, primarily by optimizing quantitative objective functions specified by scientists. However, for grand challenges in science , these objectives are only imperfect proxies. We argue that automating objective function design is a central, yet unmet requirement for scientific discovery agents. In this work, we introduce the Scientific Autonomous Goal-evolving Agent (SAGA) to amend this challenge. SAGA employs a bi-level architecture in which an outer loop of LLM agents analyzes optimization outcomes, proposes new objectives, and converts them into computable scoring functions, while an inner loop performs solution optimization under the current objectives. This bi-level design enables systematic exploration of the space of objectives and their trade-offs, rather than treating them as fixed inputs. We demonstrate the framework through a broad spectrum of applications, including antibiotic design, inorganic materials design, functional DNA sequence design, and chemical process design, showing that automating objective formulation can substantially improve the effectiveness of scientific discovery agents. △ Less Submitted 25 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.21782 [ pdf , ps , other ] Accelerating Scientific Discovery with Autonomous Goal-evolving Agents Authors: Yuanqi Du , Botao Yu , Tianyu Liu , Tony Shen , Junwu Chen , Jan G. Rittig , Kunyang Sun , Yikun Zhang , Zhangde Song , Bo Zhou , Cassandra Masschelein , Yingze Wang , Haorui Wang , Haojun Jia , Chao Zhang , Hongyu Zhao , Martin Ester , Teresa Head-Gordon , Carla P. Gomes , Huan Sun , Chenru Duan , Philippe Schwaller , Wengong Jin Abstract : There has been unprecedented interest in developing agents that expand the boundary of scientific discovery, primarily by optimizing quantitative objective functions specified by scientists. However, for grand challenges in science , these objectives are only imperfect proxies. We argue that automating objective function design is a central, yet unmet requirement for scientific discovery agents. I… ▽ More There has been unprecedented interest in developing agents that expand the boundary of scientific discovery, primarily by optimizing quantitative objective functions specified by scientists. However, for grand challenges in science , these objectives are only imperfect proxies. We argue that automating objective function design is a central, yet unmet requirement for scientific discovery agents. In this work, we introduce the Scientific Autonomous Goal-evolving Agent (SAGA) to amend this challenge. SAGA employs a bi-level architecture in which an outer loop of LLM agents analyzes optimization outcomes, proposes new objectives, and converts them into computable scoring functions, while an inner loop performs solution optimization under the current objectives. This bi-level design enables systematic exploration of the space of objectives and their trade-offs, rather than treating them as fixed inputs. We demonstrate the framework through a broad spectrum of applications, including antibiotic design, inorganic materials design, functional DNA sequence design, and chemical process design, showing that automating objective formulation can substantially improve the effectiveness of scientific discovery agents. △ Less Submitted 25 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.19414 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.CL From Retrieval to Reasoning: A Framework for Cyber Threat Intelligence NER with Explicit and Adaptive Instructions Authors: Jiaren Peng , Hongda Sun , Xuan Tian , Cheng Huang , Zeqing Li , Rui Yan Abstract : The automation of Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) relies heavily on Named Entity Recognition (NER) to extract critical entities from unstructured text. Currently, Large Language Models (LLMs) primarily address this task through retrieval-based In-Context Learning (ICL). This paper analyzes this mainstream paradigm, revealing a fundamental flaw: its success stems not from global semantic similarity… ▽ More The automation of Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) relies heavily on Named Entity Recognition (NER) to extract critical entities from unstructured text. Currently, Large Language Models (LLMs) primarily address this task through retrieval-based In-Context Learning (ICL). This paper analyzes this mainstream paradigm, revealing a fundamental flaw: its success stems not from global semantic similarity but largely from the incidental overlap of entity types within retrieved examples. This exposes the limitations of relying on unreliable implicit induction. To address this, we propose TTPrompt, a framework shifting from implicit induction to explicit instruction. TTPrompt maps the core concepts of CTI's Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs) into an instruction hierarchy: formulating task definitions as Tactics, guiding strategies as Techniques, and annotation guidelines as Procedures. Furthermore, to handle the adaptability challenge of static guidelines, we introduce Feedback-driven Instruction Refinement (FIR). FIR enables LLMs to self-refine guidelines by learning from errors on minimal labeled data, adapting to distinct annotation dialects. Experiments on five CTI NER benchmarks demonstrate that TTPrompt consistently surpasses retrieval-based baselines. Notably, with refinement on just 1% of training data, it rivals models fine-tuned on the full dataset. For instance, on LADDER, its Micro F1 of 71.96% approaches the fine-tuned baseline, and on the complex CTINexus, its Macro F1 exceeds the fine-tuned ACLM model by 10.91%. △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.19414 [ pdf , ps , other ] From Retrieval to Reasoning: A Framework for Cyber Threat Intelligence NER with Explicit and Adaptive Instructions Authors: Jiaren Peng , Hongda Sun , Xuan Tian , Cheng Huang , Zeqing Li , Rui Yan Abstract : The automation of Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) relies heavily on Named Entity Recognition (NER) to extract critical entities from unstructured text. Currently, Large Language Models (LLMs) primarily address this task through retrieval-based In-Context Learning (ICL). This paper analyzes this mainstream paradigm, revealing a fundamental flaw: its success stems not from global semantic similarity… ▽ More The automation of Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) relies heavily on Named Entity Recognition (NER) to extract critical entities from unstructured text. Currently, Large Language Models (LLMs) primarily address this task through retrieval-based In-Context Learning (ICL). This paper analyzes this mainstream paradigm, revealing a fundamental flaw: its success stems not from global semantic similarity but largely from the incidental overlap of entity types within retrieved examples. This exposes the limitations of relying on unreliable implicit induction. To address this, we propose TTPrompt, a framework shifting from implicit induction to explicit instruction. TTPrompt maps the core concepts of CTI's Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs) into an instruction hierarchy: formulating task definitions as Tactics, guiding strategies as Techniques, and annotation guidelines as Procedures. Furthermore, to handle the adaptability challenge of static guidelines, we introduce Feedback-driven Instruction Refinement (FIR). FIR enables LLMs to self-refine guidelines by learning from errors on minimal labeled data, adapting to distinct annotation dialects. Experiments on five CTI NER benchmarks demonstrate that TTPrompt consistently surpasses retrieval-based baselines. Notably, with refinement on just 1% of training data, it rivals models fine-tuned on the full dataset. For instance, on LADDER, its Micro F1 of 71.96% approaches the fine-tuned baseline, and on the complex CTINexus, its Macro F1 exceeds the fine-tuned ACLM model by 10.91%. △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.18928 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG The Ensemble Schr{ö}dinger Bridge filter for Nonlinear Data Assimilation Authors: Feng Bao , Hui Sun Abstract : This work puts forward a novel nonlinear optimal filter namely the Ensemble Schr{ö}dinger Bridge nonlinear filter. The proposed filter finds marriage of the standard prediction procedure and the diffusion generative modeling for the analysis procedure to realize one filtering step. The designed approach finds no structural model error, and it is derivative free, training free and highly parallizab… ▽ More This work puts forward a novel nonlinear optimal filter namely the Ensemble Schr{ö}dinger Bridge nonlinear filter. The proposed filter finds marriage of the standard prediction procedure and the diffusion generative modeling for the analysis procedure to realize one filtering step. The designed approach finds no structural model error, and it is derivative free, training free and highly parallizable. Experimental results show that the designed algorithm performs well given highly nonlinear dynamics in (mildly) high dimension up to 40 or above under a chaotic environment. It also shows better performance than classical methods such as the ensemble Kalman filter and the Particle filter in numerous tests given different level of nonlinearity. Future work will focus on extending the proposed approach to practical meteorological applications and establishing a rigorous convergence analysis. △ Less Submitted 21 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.18928 [ pdf , ps , other ] The Ensemble Schr{ö}dinger Bridge filter for Nonlinear Data Assimilation Authors: Feng Bao , Hui Sun Abstract : This work puts forward a novel nonlinear optimal filter namely the Ensemble Schr{ö}dinger Bridge nonlinear filter. The proposed filter finds marriage of the standard prediction procedure and the diffusion generative modeling for the analysis procedure to realize one filtering step. The designed approach finds no structural model error, and it is derivative free, training free and highly parallizab… ▽ More This work puts forward a novel nonlinear optimal filter namely the Ensemble Schr{ö}dinger Bridge nonlinear filter. The proposed filter finds marriage of the standard prediction procedure and the diffusion generative modeling for the analysis procedure to realize one filtering step. The designed approach finds no structural model error, and it is derivative free, training free and highly parallizable. Experimental results show that the designed algorithm performs well given highly nonlinear dynamics in (mildly) high dimension up to 40 or above under a chaotic environment. It also shows better performance than classical methods such as the ensemble Kalman filter and the Particle filter in numerous tests given different level of nonlinearity. Future work will focus on extending the proposed approach to practical meteorological applications and establishing a rigorous convergence analysis. △ Less Submitted 21 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.18595 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG Benchmarking neural surrogates on realistic spatiotemporal multiphysics flows Authors: Runze Mao , Rui Zhang , Xuan Bai , Tianhao Wu , Teng Zhang , Zhenyi Chen , Minqi Lin , Bocheng Zeng , Yangchen Xu , Yingxuan Xiang , Haoze Zhang , Shubham Goswami , Pierre A. Dawe , Yifan Xu , Zhenhua An , Mengtao Yan , Xiaoyi Lu , Yi Wang , Rongbo Bai , Haobu Gao , Xiaohang Fang , Han Li , Hao Sun , Zhi X. Chen Abstract : Predicting multiphysics dynamics is computationally expensive and challenging due to the severe coupling of multi-scale, heterogeneous physical processes. While neural surrogates promise a paradigm shift, the field currently suffers from an "illusion of mastery", as repeatedly emphasized in top-tier commentaries: existing evaluations overly rely on simplified, low-dimensional proxies, which fail t… ▽ More Predicting multiphysics dynamics is computationally expensive and challenging due to the severe coupling of multi-scale, heterogeneous physical processes. While neural surrogates promise a paradigm shift, the field currently suffers from an "illusion of mastery", as repeatedly emphasized in top-tier commentaries: existing evaluations overly rely on simplified, low-dimensional proxies, which fail to expose the models' inherent fragility in realistic regimes. To bridge this critical gap, we present REALM (REalistic AI Learning for Multiphysics), a rigorous benchmarking framework designed to test neural surrogates on challenging, application-driven reactive flows. REALM features 11 high-fidelity datasets spanning from canonical multiphysics problems to complex propulsion and fire safety scenarios, alongside a standardized end-to-end training and evaluation protocol that incorporates multiphysics-aware preprocessing and a robust rollout strategy. Using this framework, we systematically benchmark over a dozen representative surrogate model families, including spectral operators, convolutional models, Transformers, pointwise operators, and graph/mesh networks, and identify three robust trends: (i) a scaling barrier governed jointly by dimensionality, stiffness, and mesh irregularity, leading to rapidly growing rollout errors; (ii) performance primarily controlled by architectural inductive biases rather than parameter count; and (iii) a persistent gap between nominal accuracy metrics and physically trustworthy behavior, where models with high correlations still miss key transient structures and integral quantities. Taken together, REALM exposes the limits of current neural surrogates on realistic multiphysics flows and offers a rigorous testbed to drive the development of next-generation physics-aware architectures. △ Less Submitted 21 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 52 pages, 20 figures. Code and data available at Companion website and leaderboard at arXiv:2512.18595 [ pdf , ps , other ] Benchmarking neural surrogates on realistic spatiotemporal multiphysics flows Authors: Runze Mao , Rui Zhang , Xuan Bai , Tianhao Wu , Teng Zhang , Zhenyi Chen , Minqi Lin , Bocheng Zeng , Yangchen Xu , Yingxuan Xiang , Haoze Zhang , Shubham Goswami , Pierre A. Dawe , Yifan Xu , Zhenhua An , Mengtao Yan , Xiaoyi Lu , Yi Wang , Rongbo Bai , Haobu Gao , Xiaohang Fang , Han Li , Hao Sun , Zhi X. Chen Abstract : Predicting multiphysics dynamics is computationally expensive and challenging due to the severe coupling of multi-scale, heterogeneous physical processes. While neural surrogates promise a paradigm shift, the field currently suffers from an "illusion of mastery", as repeatedly emphasized in top-tier commentaries: existing evaluations overly rely on simplified, low-dimensional proxies, which fail t… ▽ More Predicting multiphysics dynamics is computationally expensive and challenging due to the severe coupling of multi-scale, heterogeneous physical processes. While neural surrogates promise a paradigm shift, the field currently suffers from an "illusion of mastery", as repeatedly emphasized in top-tier commentaries: existing evaluations overly rely on simplified, low-dimensional proxies, which fail to expose the models' inherent fragility in realistic regimes. To bridge this critical gap, we present REALM (REalistic AI Learning for Multiphysics), a rigorous benchmarking framework designed to test neural surrogates on challenging, application-driven reactive flows. REALM features 11 high-fidelity datasets spanning from canonical multiphysics problems to complex propulsion and fire safety scenarios, alongside a standardized end-to-end training and evaluation protocol that incorporates multiphysics-aware preprocessing and a robust rollout strategy. Using this framework, we systematically benchmark over a dozen representative surrogate model families, including spectral operators, convolutional models, Transformers, pointwise operators, and graph/mesh networks, and identify three robust trends: (i) a scaling barrier governed jointly by dimensionality, stiffness, and mesh irregularity, leading to rapidly growing rollout errors; (ii) performance primarily controlled by architectural inductive biases rather than parameter count; and (iii) a persistent gap between nominal accuracy metrics and physically trustworthy behavior, where models with high correlations still miss key transient structures and integral quantities. Taken together, REALM exposes the limits of current neural surrogates on realistic multiphysics flows and offers a rigorous testbed to drive the development of next-generation physics-aware architectures. △ Less Submitted 21 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 52 pages, 20 figures. Code and data available at Companion website and leaderboard at arXiv:2512.18344 [ pdf ] cs.CV cs.AI MCVI-SANet: A lightweight semi-supervised model for LAI and SPAD estimation of winter wheat under vegetation index saturation Authors: Zhiheng Zhang , Jiajun Yang , Hong Sun , Dong Wang , Honghua Jiang , Yaru Chen , Tangyuan Ning Abstract : Vegetation index (VI) saturation during the dense canopy stage and limited ground-truth annotations of winter wheat constrain accurate estimation of LAI and SPAD. Existing VI-based and texture-driven machine learning methods exhibit limited feature expressiveness. In addition, deep learning baselines suffer from domain gaps and high data demands, which restrict their generalization. Therefore, thi… ▽ More Vegetation index (VI) saturation during the dense canopy stage and limited ground-truth annotations of winter wheat constrain accurate estimation of LAI and SPAD. Existing VI-based and texture-driven machine learning methods exhibit limited feature expressiveness. In addition, deep learning baselines suffer from domain gaps and high data demands, which restrict their generalization. Therefore, this study proposes the Multi-Channel Vegetation Indices Saturation Aware Net (MCVI-SANet), a lightweight semi-supervised vision model. The model incorporates a newly designed Vegetation Index Saturation-Aware Block (VI-SABlock) for adaptive channel-spatial feature enhancement. It also integrates a VICReg-based semi-supervised strategy to further improve generalization. Datasets were partitioned using a vegetation height-informed strategy to maintain representativeness across growth stages. Experiments over 10 repeated runs demonstrate that MCVI-SANet achieves state-of-the-art accuracy. The model attains an average R2 of 0.8123 and RMSE of 0.4796 for LAI, and an average R2 of 0.6846 and RMSE of 2.4222 for SPAD. This performance surpasses the best-performing baselines, with improvements of 8.95% in average LAI R2 and 8.17% in average SPAD R2. Moreover, MCVI-SANet maintains high inference speed with only 0.10M parameters. Overall, the integration of semi-supervised learning with agronomic priors provides a promising approach for enhancing remote sensing-based precision agriculture. △ Less Submitted 20 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.18344 [ pdf ] MCVI-SANet: A lightweight semi-supervised model for LAI and SPAD estimation of winter wheat under vegetation index saturation Authors: Zhiheng Zhang , Jiajun Yang , Hong Sun , Dong Wang , Honghua Jiang , Yaru Chen , Tangyuan Ning Abstract : Vegetation index (VI) saturation during the dense canopy stage and limited ground-truth annotations of winter wheat constrain accurate estimation of LAI and SPAD. Existing VI-based and texture-driven machine learning methods exhibit limited feature expressiveness. In addition, deep learning baselines suffer from domain gaps and high data demands, which restrict their generalization. Therefore, thi… ▽ More Vegetation index (VI) saturation during the dense canopy stage and limited ground-truth annotations of winter wheat constrain accurate estimation of LAI and SPAD. Existing VI-based and texture-driven machine learning methods exhibit limited feature expressiveness. In addition, deep learning baselines suffer from domain gaps and high data demands, which restrict their generalization. Therefore, this study proposes the Multi-Channel Vegetation Indices Saturation Aware Net (MCVI-SANet), a lightweight semi-supervised vision model. The model incorporates a newly designed Vegetation Index Saturation-Aware Block (VI-SABlock) for adaptive channel-spatial feature enhancement. It also integrates a VICReg-based semi-supervised strategy to further improve generalization. Datasets were partitioned using a vegetation height-informed strategy to maintain representativeness across growth stages. Experiments over 10 repeated runs demonstrate that MCVI-SANet achieves state-of-the-art accuracy. The model attains an average R2 of 0.8123 and RMSE of 0.4796 for LAI, and an average R2 of 0.6846 and RMSE of 2.4222 for SPAD. This performance surpasses the best-performing baselines, with improvements of 8.95% in average LAI R2 and 8.17% in average SPAD R2. Moreover, MCVI-SANet maintains high inference speed with only 0.10M parameters. Overall, the integration of semi-supervised learning with agronomic priors provides a promising approach for enhancing remote sensing-based precision agriculture. △ Less Submitted 20 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.18256 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.LO MSC-180: A Benchmark for Automated Formal Theorem Proving from Mathematical Subject Classification Authors: Sirui Li , Wangyue Lu , Xiaorui Shi , Ke Weng , Haozhe Sun , Minghe Yu , Tiancheng Zhang , Ge Yu , Hengyu Liu , Lun Du Abstract : Automated Theorem Proving (ATP) represents a core research direction in artificial intelligence for achieving formal reasoning and verification, playing a significant role in advancing machine intelligence. However, current large language model (LLM)-based theorem provers suffer from limitations such as restricted domain coverage and weak generalization in mathematical reasoning. To address these… ▽ More Automated Theorem Proving (ATP) represents a core research direction in artificial intelligence for achieving formal reasoning and verification, playing a significant role in advancing machine intelligence. However, current large language model (LLM)-based theorem provers suffer from limitations such as restricted domain coverage and weak generalization in mathematical reasoning. To address these issues, we propose MSC-180, a benchmark for evaluation based on the MSC2020 mathematical subject classification. It comprises 180 formal verification problems, 3 advanced problems from each of 60 mathematical branches, spanning from undergraduate to graduate levels. Each problem has undergone multiple rounds of verification and refinement by domain experts to ensure formal accuracy. Evaluations of state-of-the-art LLM-based theorem provers under the pass@32 setting reveal that the best model achieves only an 18.89% overall pass rate, with prominent issues including significant domain bias (maximum domain coverage 41.7%) and a difficulty gap (significantly lower pass rates on graduate-level problems). To further quantify performance variability across mathematical domains, we introduce the coefficient of variation (CV) as an evaluation metric. The observed CV values are 4-6 times higher than the statistical high-variability threshold, indicating that the models still rely on pattern matching from training corpora rather than possessing transferable reasoning mechanisms and systematic generalization capabilities. MSC-180, together with its multi-dimensional evaluation framework, provides a discriminative and systematic benchmark for driving the development of next-generation AI systems with genuine mathematical reasoning abilities. △ Less Submitted 20 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.18256 [ pdf , ps , other ] MSC-180: A Benchmark for Automated Formal Theorem Proving from Mathematical Subject Classification Authors: Sirui Li , Wangyue Lu , Xiaorui Shi , Ke Weng , Haozhe Sun , Minghe Yu , Tiancheng Zhang , Ge Yu , Hengyu Liu , Lun Du Abstract : Automated Theorem Proving (ATP) represents a core research direction in artificial intelligence for achieving formal reasoning and verification, playing a significant role in advancing machine intelligence. However, current large language model (LLM)-based theorem provers suffer from limitations such as restricted domain coverage and weak generalization in mathematical reasoning. To address these… ▽ More Automated Theorem Proving (ATP) represents a core research direction in artificial intelligence for achieving formal reasoning and verification, playing a significant role in advancing machine intelligence. However, current large language model (LLM)-based theorem provers suffer from limitations such as restricted domain coverage and weak generalization in mathematical reasoning. To address these issues, we propose MSC-180, a benchmark for evaluation based on the MSC2020 mathematical subject classification. It comprises 180 formal verification problems, 3 advanced problems from each of 60 mathematical branches, spanning from undergraduate to graduate levels. Each problem has undergone multiple rounds of verification and refinement by domain experts to ensure formal accuracy. Evaluations of state-of-the-art LLM-based theorem provers under the pass@32 setting reveal that the best model achieves only an 18.89% overall pass rate, with prominent issues including significant domain bias (maximum domain coverage 41.7%) and a difficulty gap (significantly lower pass rates on graduate-level problems). To further quantify performance variability across mathematical domains, we introduce the coefficient of variation (CV) as an evaluation metric. The observed CV values are 4-6 times higher than the statistical high-variability threshold, indicating that the models still rely on pattern matching from training corpora rather than possessing transferable reasoning mechanisms and systematic generalization capabilities. MSC-180, together with its multi-dimensional evaluation framework, provides a discriminative and systematic benchmark for driving the development of next-generation AI systems with genuine mathematical reasoning abilities. △ Less Submitted 20 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.16776 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Kling-Omni Technical Report Authors: Kling Team , Jialu Chen , Yuanzheng Ci , Xiangyu Du , Zipeng Feng , Kun Gai , Sainan Guo , Feng Han , Jingbin He , Kang He , Xiao Hu , Xiaohua Hu , Boyuan Jiang , Fangyuan Kong , Hang Li , Jie Li , Qingyu Li , Shen Li , Xiaohan Li , Yan Li , Jiajun Liang , Borui Liao , Yiqiao Liao , Weihong Lin , Quande Liu , et al. (43 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present Kling-Omni, a generalist generative framework designed to synthesize high-fidelity videos directly from multimodal visual language inputs. Adopting an end-to-end perspective, Kling-Omni bridges the functional separation among diverse video generation, editing, and intelligent reasoning tasks, integrating them into a holistic system. Unlike disjointed pipeline approaches, Kling-Omni supp… ▽ More We present Kling-Omni, a generalist generative framework designed to synthesize high-fidelity videos directly from multimodal visual language inputs. Adopting an end-to-end perspective, Kling-Omni bridges the functional separation among diverse video generation, editing, and intelligent reasoning tasks, integrating them into a holistic system. Unlike disjointed pipeline approaches, Kling-Omni supports a diverse range of user inputs, including text instructions, reference images, and video contexts, processing them into a unified multimodal representation to deliver cinematic-quality and highly-intelligent video content creation. To support these capabilities, we constructed a comprehensive data system that serves as the foundation for multimodal video creation. The framework is further empowered by efficient large-scale pre-training strategies and infrastructure optimizations for inference. Comprehensive evaluations reveal that Kling-Omni demonstrates exceptional capabilities in in-context generation, reasoning-based editing, and multimodal instruction following. Moving beyond a content creation tool, we believe Kling-Omni is a pivotal advancement toward multimodal world simulators capable of perceiving, reasoning, generating and interacting with the dynamic and complex worlds. △ Less Submitted 18 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Kling-Omni Technical Report arXiv:2512.16776 [ pdf , ps , other ] Kling-Omni Technical Report Authors: Kling Team , Jialu Chen , Yuanzheng Ci , Xiangyu Du , Zipeng Feng , Kun Gai , Sainan Guo , Feng Han , Jingbin He , Kang He , Xiao Hu , Xiaohua Hu , Boyuan Jiang , Fangyuan Kong , Hang Li , Jie Li , Qingyu Li , Shen Li , Xiaohan Li , Yan Li , Jiajun Liang , Borui Liao , Yiqiao Liao , Weihong Lin , Quande Liu , et al. (43 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present Kling-Omni, a generalist generative framework designed to synthesize high-fidelity videos directly from multimodal visual language inputs. Adopting an end-to-end perspective, Kling-Omni bridges the functional separation among diverse video generation, editing, and intelligent reasoning tasks, integrating them into a holistic system. Unlike disjointed pipeline approaches, Kling-Omni supp… ▽ More We present Kling-Omni, a generalist generative framework designed to synthesize high-fidelity videos directly from multimodal visual language inputs. Adopting an end-to-end perspective, Kling-Omni bridges the functional separation among diverse video generation, editing, and intelligent reasoning tasks, integrating them into a holistic system. Unlike disjointed pipeline approaches, Kling-Omni supports a diverse range of user inputs, including text instructions, reference images, and video contexts, processing them into a unified multimodal representation to deliver cinematic-quality and highly-intelligent video content creation. To support these capabilities, we constructed a comprehensive data system that serves as the foundation for multimodal video creation. The framework is further empowered by efficient large-scale pre-training strategies and infrastructure optimizations for inference. Comprehensive evaluations reveal that Kling-Omni demonstrates exceptional capabilities in in-context generation, reasoning-based editing, and multimodal instruction following. Moving beyond a content creation tool, we believe Kling-Omni is a pivotal advancement toward multimodal world simulators capable of perceiving, reasoning, generating and interacting with the dynamic and complex worlds. △ Less Submitted 18 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Kling-Omni Technical Report arXiv:2512.15567 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cond-mat.mtrl-sci cs.LG physics.chem-ph Evaluating Large Language Models in Scientific Discovery Authors: Zhangde Song , Jieyu Lu , Yuanqi Du , Botao Yu , Thomas M. Pruyn , Yue Huang , Kehan Guo , Xiuzhe Luo , Yuanhao Qu , Yi Qu , Yinkai Wang , Haorui Wang , Jeff Guo , Jingru Gan , Parshin Shojaee , Di Luo , Andres M Bran , Gen Li , Qiyuan Zhao , Shao-Xiong Lennon Luo , Yuxuan Zhang , Xiang Zou , Wanru Zhao , Yifan F. Zhang , Wucheng Zhang , et al. (31 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to scientific research, yet prevailing science benchmarks probe decontextualized knowledge and overlook the iterative reasoning, hypothesis generation, and observation interpretation that drive scientific discovery. We introduce a scenario-grounded benchmark that evaluates LLMs across biology, chemistry, materials, and physics, where domain exp… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to scientific research, yet prevailing science benchmarks probe decontextualized knowledge and overlook the iterative reasoning, hypothesis generation, and observation interpretation that drive scientific discovery. We introduce a scenario-grounded benchmark that evaluates LLMs across biology, chemistry, materials, and physics, where domain experts define research projects of genuine interest and decompose them into modular research scenarios from which vetted questions are sampled. The framework assesses models at two levels: (i) question-level accuracy on scenario-tied items and (ii) project-level performance, where models must propose testable hypotheses, design simulations or experiments, and interpret results. Applying this two-phase scientific discovery evaluation (SDE) framework to state-of-the-art LLMs reveals a consistent performance gap relative to general science benchmarks, diminishing return of scaling up model sizes and reasoning, and systematic weaknesses shared across top-tier models from different providers. Large performance variation in research scenarios leads to changing choices of the best performing model on scientific discovery projects evaluated, suggesting all current LLMs are distant to general scientific "superintelligence". Nevertheless, LLMs already demonstrate promise in a great variety of scientific discovery projects, including cases where constituent scenario scores are low, highlighting the role of guided exploration and serendipity in discovery. This SDE framework offers a reproducible benchmark for discovery-relevant evaluation of LLMs and charts practical paths to advance their development toward scientific discovery. △ Less Submitted 17 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.15567 [ pdf , ps , other ] Evaluating Large Language Models in Scientific Discovery Authors: Zhangde Song , Jieyu Lu , Yuanqi Du , Botao Yu , Thomas M. Pruyn , Yue Huang , Kehan Guo , Xiuzhe Luo , Yuanhao Qu , Yi Qu , Yinkai Wang , Haorui Wang , Jeff Guo , Jingru Gan , Parshin Shojaee , Di Luo , Andres M Bran , Gen Li , Qiyuan Zhao , Shao-Xiong Lennon Luo , Yuxuan Zhang , Xiang Zou , Wanru Zhao , Yifan F. Zhang , Wucheng Zhang , et al. (31 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to scientific research, yet prevailing science benchmarks probe decontextualized knowledge and overlook the iterative reasoning, hypothesis generation, and observation interpretation that drive scientific discovery. We introduce a scenario-grounded benchmark that evaluates LLMs across biology, chemistry, materials, and physics, where domain exp… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to scientific research, yet prevailing science benchmarks probe decontextualized knowledge and overlook the iterative reasoning, hypothesis generation, and observation interpretation that drive scientific discovery. We introduce a scenario-grounded benchmark that evaluates LLMs across biology, chemistry, materials, and physics, where domain experts define research projects of genuine interest and decompose them into modular research scenarios from which vetted questions are sampled. The framework assesses models at two levels: (i) question-level accuracy on scenario-tied items and (ii) project-level performance, where models must propose testable hypotheses, design simulations or experiments, and interpret results. Applying this two-phase scientific discovery evaluation (SDE) framework to state-of-the-art LLMs reveals a consistent performance gap relative to general science benchmarks, diminishing return of scaling up model sizes and reasoning, and systematic weaknesses shared across top-tier models from different providers. Large performance variation in research scenarios leads to changing choices of the best performing model on scientific discovery projects evaluated, suggesting all current LLMs are distant to general scientific "superintelligence". Nevertheless, LLMs already demonstrate promise in a great variety of scientific discovery projects, including cases where constituent scenario scores are low, highlighting the role of guided exploration and serendipity in discovery. This SDE framework offers a reproducible benchmark for discovery-relevant evaluation of LLMs and charts practical paths to advance their development toward scientific discovery. △ Less Submitted 17 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.15036 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Spectral Representation-based Reinforcement Learning Authors: Chenxiao Gao , Haotian Sun , Na Li , Dale Schuurmans , Bo Dai Abstract : In real-world applications with large state and action spaces, reinforcement learning (RL) typically employs function approximations to represent core components like the policies, value functions, and dynamics models. Although powerful approximations such as neural networks offer great expressiveness, they often present theoretical ambiguities, suffer from optimization instability and exploration… ▽ More In real-world applications with large state and action spaces, reinforcement learning (RL) typically employs function approximations to represent core components like the policies, value functions, and dynamics models. Although powerful approximations such as neural networks offer great expressiveness, they often present theoretical ambiguities, suffer from optimization instability and exploration difficulty, and incur substantial computational costs in practice. In this paper, we introduce the perspective of spectral representations as a solution to address these difficulties in RL. Stemming from the spectral decomposition of the transition operator, this framework yields an effective abstraction of the system dynamics for subsequent policy optimization while also providing a clear theoretical characterization. We reveal how to construct spectral representations for transition operators that possess latent variable structures or energy-based structures, which implies different learning methods to extract spectral representations from data. Notably, each of these learning methods realizes an effective RL algorithm under this framework. We also provably extend this spectral view to partially observable MDPs. Finally, we validate these algorithms on over 20 challenging tasks from the DeepMind Control Suite, where they achieve performances comparable or superior to current state-of-the-art model-free and model-based baselines. △ Less Submitted 16 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.15036 [ pdf , ps , other ] Spectral Representation-based Reinforcement Learning Authors: Chenxiao Gao , Haotian Sun , Na Li , Dale Schuurmans , Bo Dai Abstract : In real-world applications with large state and action spaces, reinforcement learning (RL) typically employs function approximations to represent core components like the policies, value functions, and dynamics models. Although powerful approximations such as neural networks offer great expressiveness, they often present theoretical ambiguities, suffer from optimization instability and exploration… ▽ More In real-world applications with large state and action spaces, reinforcement learning (RL) typically employs function approximations to represent core components like the policies, value functions, and dynamics models. Although powerful approximations such as neural networks offer great expressiveness, they often present theoretical ambiguities, suffer from optimization instability and exploration difficulty, and incur substantial computational costs in practice. In this paper, we introduce the perspective of spectral representations as a solution to address these difficulties in RL. Stemming from the spectral decomposition of the transition operator, this framework yields an effective abstraction of the system dynamics for subsequent policy optimization while also providing a clear theoretical characterization. We reveal how to construct spectral representations for transition operators that possess latent variable structures or energy-based structures, which implies different learning methods to extract spectral representations from data. Notably, each of these learning methods realizes an effective RL algorithm under this framework. We also provably extend this spectral view to partially observable MDPs. Finally, we validate these algorithms on over 20 challenging tasks from the DeepMind Control Suite, where they achieve performances comparable or superior to current state-of-the-art model-free and model-based baselines. △ Less Submitted 16 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.14028 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Robust Single-shot Structured Light 3D Imaging via Neural Feature Decoding Authors: Jiaheng Li , Qiyu Dai , Lihan Li , Praneeth Chakravarthula , He Sun , Baoquan Chen , Wenzheng Chen Abstract : We consider the problem of active 3D imaging using single-shot structured light systems, which are widely employed in commercial 3D sensing devices such as Apple Face ID and Intel RealSense. Traditional structured light methods typically decode depth correspondences through pixel-domain matching algorithms, resulting in limited robustness under challenging scenarios like occlusions, fine-structure… ▽ More We consider the problem of active 3D imaging using single-shot structured light systems, which are widely employed in commercial 3D sensing devices such as Apple Face ID and Intel RealSense. Traditional structured light methods typically decode depth correspondences through pixel-domain matching algorithms, resulting in limited robustness under challenging scenarios like occlusions, fine-structured details, and non-Lambertian surfaces. Inspired by recent advances in neural feature matching, we propose a learning-based structured light decoding framework that performs robust correspondence matching within feature space rather than the fragile pixel domain. Our method extracts neural features from the projected patterns and captured infrared (IR) images, explicitly incorporating their geometric priors by building cost volumes in feature space, achieving substantial performance improvements over pixel-domain decoding approaches. To further enhance depth quality, we introduce a depth refinement module that leverages strong priors from large-scale monocular depth estimation models, improving fine detail recovery and global structural coherence. To facilitate effective learning, we develop a physically-based structured light rendering pipeline, generating nearly one million synthetic pattern-image pairs with diverse objects and materials for indoor settings. Experiments demonstrate that our method, trained exclusively on synthetic data with multiple structured light patterns, generalizes well to real-world indoor environments, effectively processes various pattern types without retraining, and consistently outperforms both commercial structured light systems and passive stereo RGB-based depth estimation methods. Project page: △ Less Submitted 15 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.14028 [ pdf , ps , other ] Robust Single-shot Structured Light 3D Imaging via Neural Feature Decoding Authors: Jiaheng Li , Qiyu Dai , Lihan Li , Praneeth Chakravarthula , He Sun , Baoquan Chen , Wenzheng Chen Abstract : We consider the problem of active 3D imaging using single-shot structured light systems, which are widely employed in commercial 3D sensing devices such as Apple Face ID and Intel RealSense. Traditional structured light methods typically decode depth correspondences through pixel-domain matching algorithms, resulting in limited robustness under challenging scenarios like occlusions, fine-structure… ▽ More We consider the problem of active 3D imaging using single-shot structured light systems, which are widely employed in commercial 3D sensing devices such as Apple Face ID and Intel RealSense. Traditional structured light methods typically decode depth correspondences through pixel-domain matching algorithms, resulting in limited robustness under challenging scenarios like occlusions, fine-structured details, and non-Lambertian surfaces. Inspired by recent advances in neural feature matching, we propose a learning-based structured light decoding framework that performs robust correspondence matching within feature space rather than the fragile pixel domain. Our method extracts neural features from the projected patterns and captured infrared (IR) images, explicitly incorporating their geometric priors by building cost volumes in feature space, achieving substantial performance improvements over pixel-domain decoding approaches. To further enhance depth quality, we introduce a depth refinement module that leverages strong priors from large-scale monocular depth estimation models, improving fine detail recovery and global structural coherence. To facilitate effective learning, we develop a physically-based structured light rendering pipeline, generating nearly one million synthetic pattern-image pairs with diverse objects and materials for indoor settings. Experiments demonstrate that our method, trained exclusively on synthetic data with multiple structured light patterns, generalizes well to real-world indoor environments, effectively processes various pattern types without retraining, and consistently outperforms both commercial structured light systems and passive stereo RGB-based depth estimation methods. Project page: △ Less Submitted 15 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.13735 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI DARTs: A Dual-Path Robust Framework for Anomaly Detection in High-Dimensional Multivariate Time Series Authors: Xuechun Liu , Heli Sun , Xuecheng Wu , Ruichen Cao , Yunyun Shi , Dingkang Yang , Haoran Li Abstract : Multivariate time series anomaly detection (MTSAD) aims to accurately identify and localize complex abnormal patterns in the large-scale industrial control systems. While existing approaches excel in recognizing the distinct patterns under the low-dimensional scenarios, they often fail to robustly capture long-range spatiotemporal dependencies when learning representations from the high-dimensiona… ▽ More Multivariate time series anomaly detection (MTSAD) aims to accurately identify and localize complex abnormal patterns in the large-scale industrial control systems. While existing approaches excel in recognizing the distinct patterns under the low-dimensional scenarios, they often fail to robustly capture long-range spatiotemporal dependencies when learning representations from the high-dimensional noisy time series. To address these limitations, we propose DARTs, a robust long short-term dual-path framework with window-aware spatiotemporal soft fusion mechanism, which can be primarily decomposed into three complementary components. Specifically, in the short-term path, we introduce a Multi-View Sparse Graph Learner and a Diffusion Multi-Relation Graph Unit that collaborate to adaptively capture hierarchical discriminative short-term spatiotemporal patterns in the high-noise time series. While in the long-term path, we design a Multi-Scale Spatiotemporal Graph Constructor to model salient long-term dynamics within the high-dimensional representation space. Finally, a window-aware spatiotemporal soft-fusion mechanism is introduced to filter the residual noise while seamlessly integrating anomalous patterns. Extensive qualitative and quantitative experimental results across mainstream datasets demonstrate the superiority and robustness of our proposed DARTs. A series of ablation studies are also conducted to explore the crucial design factors of our proposed components. Our code and model will be made publicly open soon. △ Less Submitted 14 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.13735 [ pdf , ps , other ] DARTs: A Dual-Path Robust Framework for Anomaly Detection in High-Dimensional Multivariate Time Series Authors: Xuechun Liu , Heli Sun , Xuecheng Wu , Ruichen Cao , Yunyun Shi , Dingkang Yang , Haoran Li Abstract : Multivariate time series anomaly detection (MTSAD) aims to accurately identify and localize complex abnormal patterns in the large-scale industrial control systems. While existing approaches excel in recognizing the distinct patterns under the low-dimensional scenarios, they often fail to robustly capture long-range spatiotemporal dependencies when learning representations from the high-dimensiona… ▽ More Multivariate time series anomaly detection (MTSAD) aims to accurately identify and localize complex abnormal patterns in the large-scale industrial control systems. While existing approaches excel in recognizing the distinct patterns under the low-dimensional scenarios, they often fail to robustly capture long-range spatiotemporal dependencies when learning representations from the high-dimensional noisy time series. To address these limitations, we propose DARTs, a robust long short-term dual-path framework with window-aware spatiotemporal soft fusion mechanism, which can be primarily decomposed into three complementary components. Specifically, in the short-term path, we introduce a Multi-View Sparse Graph Learner and a Diffusion Multi-Relation Graph Unit that collaborate to adaptively capture hierarchical discriminative short-term spatiotemporal patterns in the high-noise time series. While in the long-term path, we design a Multi-Scale Spatiotemporal Graph Constructor to model salient long-term dynamics within the high-dimensional representation space. Finally, a window-aware spatiotemporal soft-fusion mechanism is introduced to filter the residual noise while seamlessly integrating anomalous patterns. Extensive qualitative and quantitative experimental results across mainstream datasets demonstrate the superiority and robustness of our proposed DARTs. A series of ablation studies are also conducted to explore the crucial design factors of our proposed components. Our code and model will be made publicly open soon. △ Less Submitted 14 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.13564 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI Memory in the Age of AI Agents Authors: Yuyang Hu , Shichun Liu , Yanwei Yue , Guibin Zhang , Boyang Liu , Fangyi Zhu , Jiahang Lin , Honglin Guo , Shihan Dou , Zhiheng Xi , Senjie Jin , Jiejun Tan , Yanbin Yin , Jiongnan Liu , Zeyu Zhang , Zhongxiang Sun , Yutao Zhu , Hao Sun , Boci Peng , Zhenrong Cheng , Xuanbo Fan , Jiaxin Guo , Xinlei Yu , Zhenhong Zhou , Zewen Hu , et al. (22 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Memory has emerged, and will continue to remain, a core capability of foundation model-based agents. As research on agent memory rapidly expands and attracts unprecedented attention, the field has also become increasingly fragmented. Existing works that fall under the umbrella of agent memory often differ substantially in their motivations, implementations, and evaluation protocols, while the prol… ▽ More Memory has emerged, and will continue to remain, a core capability of foundation model-based agents. As research on agent memory rapidly expands and attracts unprecedented attention, the field has also become increasingly fragmented. Existing works that fall under the umbrella of agent memory often differ substantially in their motivations, implementations, and evaluation protocols, while the proliferation of loosely defined memory terminologies has further obscured conceptual clarity. Traditional taxonomies such as long/short-term memory have proven insufficient to capture the diversity of contemporary agent memory systems. This work aims to provide an up-to-date landscape of current agent memory research. We begin by clearly delineating the scope of agent memory and distinguishing it from related concepts such as LLM memory, retrieval augmented generation (RAG), and context engineering. We then examine agent memory through the unified lenses of forms, functions, and dynamics. From the perspective of forms, we identify three dominant realizations of agent memory, namely token-level, parametric, and latent memory. From the perspective of functions, we propose a finer-grained taxonomy that distinguishes factual, experiential, and working memory. From the perspective of dynamics, we analyze how memory is formed, evolved, and retrieved over time. To support practical development, we compile a comprehensive summary of memory benchmarks and open-source frameworks. Beyond consolidation, we articulate a forward-looking perspective on emerging research frontiers, including memory automation, reinforcement learning integration, multimodal memory, multi-agent memory, and trustworthiness issues. We hope this survey serves not only as a reference for existing work, but also as a conceptual foundation for rethinking memory as a first-class primitive in the design of future agentic intelligence. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 15 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.13564 [ pdf , ps , other ] Memory in the Age of AI Agents Authors: Yuyang Hu , Shichun Liu , Yanwei Yue , Guibin Zhang , Boyang Liu , Fangyi Zhu , Jiahang Lin , Honglin Guo , Shihan Dou , Zhiheng Xi , Senjie Jin , Jiejun Tan , Yanbin Yin , Jiongnan Liu , Zeyu Zhang , Zhongxiang Sun , Yutao Zhu , Hao Sun , Boci Peng , Zhenrong Cheng , Xuanbo Fan , Jiaxin Guo , Xinlei Yu , Zhenhong Zhou , Zewen Hu , et al. (22 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Memory has emerged, and will continue to remain, a core capability of foundation model-based agents. As research on agent memory rapidly expands and attracts unprecedented attention, the field has also become increasingly fragmented. Existing works that fall under the umbrella of agent memory often differ substantially in their motivations, implementations, and evaluation protocols, while the prol… ▽ More Memory has emerged, and will continue to remain, a core capability of foundation model-based agents. As research on agent memory rapidly expands and attracts unprecedented attention, the field has also become increasingly fragmented. Existing works that fall under the umbrella of agent memory often differ substantially in their motivations, implementations, and evaluation protocols, while the proliferation of loosely defined memory terminologies has further obscured conceptual clarity. Traditional taxonomies such as long/short-term memory have proven insufficient to capture the diversity of contemporary agent memory systems. This work aims to provide an up-to-date landscape of current agent memory research. We begin by clearly delineating the scope of agent memory and distinguishing it from related concepts such as LLM memory, retrieval augmented generation (RAG), and context engineering. We then examine agent memory through the unified lenses of forms, functions, and dynamics. From the perspective of forms, we identify three dominant realizations of agent memory, namely token-level, parametric, and latent memory. From the perspective of functions, we propose a finer-grained taxonomy that distinguishes factual, experiential, and working memory. From the perspective of dynamics, we analyze how memory is formed, evolved, and retrieved over time. To support practical development, we compile a comprehensive summary of memory benchmarks and open-source frameworks. Beyond consolidation, we articulate a forward-looking perspective on emerging research frontiers, including memory automation, reinforcement learning integration, multimodal memory, multi-agent memory, and trustworthiness issues. We hope this survey serves not only as a reference for existing work, but also as a conceptual foundation for rethinking memory as a first-class primitive in the design of future agentic intelligence. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 15 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.13175 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Seeing the Whole Picture: Distribution-Guided Data-Free Distillation for Semantic Segmentation Authors: Hongxuan Sun , Tao Wu Abstract : Semantic segmentation requires a holistic understanding of the physical world, as it assigns semantic labels to spatially continuous and structurally coherent objects rather than to isolated pixels. However, existing data-free knowledge distillation (DFKD) methods-primarily designed for classification-often disregard this continuity, resulting in significant performance degradation when applied di… ▽ More Semantic segmentation requires a holistic understanding of the physical world, as it assigns semantic labels to spatially continuous and structurally coherent objects rather than to isolated pixels. However, existing data-free knowledge distillation (DFKD) methods-primarily designed for classification-often disregard this continuity, resulting in significant performance degradation when applied directly to segmentation tasks. In this paper, we introduce DFSS, a novel data-free distillation framework tailored for semantic segmentation. Unlike prior approaches that treat pixels independently, DFSS respects the structural and contextual continuity of real-world scenes. Our key insight is to leverage Batch Normalization (BN) statistics from a teacher model to guide Approximate Distribution Sampling (ADS), enabling the selection of data that better reflects the original training distribution-without relying on potentially misleading teacher predictions. Additionally, we propose Weighted Distribution Progressive Distillation (WDPD), which dynamically prioritizes reliable samples that are more closely aligned with the original data distribution early in training and gradually incorporates more challenging cases, mirroring the natural progression of learning in human perception. Extensive experiments on standard benchmarks demonstrate that DFSS consistently outperforms existing data-free distillation methods for semantic segmentation, achieving state-of-the-art results with significantly reduced reliance on auxiliary data. △ Less Submitted 15 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.13175 [ pdf , ps , other ] Seeing the Whole Picture: Distribution-Guided Data-Free Distillation for Semantic Segmentation Authors: Hongxuan Sun , Tao Wu Abstract : Semantic segmentation requires a holistic understanding of the physical world, as it assigns semantic labels to spatially continuous and structurally coherent objects rather than to isolated pixels. However, existing data-free knowledge distillation (DFKD) methods-primarily designed for classification-often disregard this continuity, resulting in significant performance degradation when applied di… ▽ More Semantic segmentation requires a holistic understanding of the physical world, as it assigns semantic labels to spatially continuous and structurally coherent objects rather than to isolated pixels. However, existing data-free knowledge distillation (DFKD) methods-primarily designed for classification-often disregard this continuity, resulting in significant performance degradation when applied directly to segmentation tasks. In this paper, we introduce DFSS, a novel data-free distillation framework tailored for semantic segmentation. Unlike prior approaches that treat pixels independently, DFSS respects the structural and contextual continuity of real-world scenes. Our key insight is to leverage Batch Normalization (BN) statistics from a teacher model to guide Approximate Distribution Sampling (ADS), enabling the selection of data that better reflects the original training distribution-without relying on potentially misleading teacher predictions. Additionally, we propose Weighted Distribution Progressive Distillation (WDPD), which dynamically prioritizes reliable samples that are more closely aligned with the original data distribution early in training and gradually incorporates more challenging cases, mirroring the natural progression of learning in human perception. Extensive experiments on standard benchmarks demonstrate that DFSS consistently outperforms existing data-free distillation methods for semantic segmentation, achieving state-of-the-art results with significantly reduced reliance on auxiliary data. △ Less Submitted 15 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.13104 [ pdf ] cs.CV FID-Net: A Feature-Enhanced Deep Learning Network for Forest Infestation Detection Authors: Yan Zhang , Baoxin Li , Han Sun , Yuhang Gao , Mingtai Zhang , Pei Wang Abstract : Forest pests threaten ecosystem stability, requiring efficient monitoring. To overcome the limitations of traditional methods in large-scale, fine-grained detection, this study focuses on accurately identifying infected trees and analyzing infestation patterns. We propose FID-Net, a deep learning model that detects pest-affected trees from UAV visible-light imagery and enables infestation analysis… ▽ More Forest pests threaten ecosystem stability, requiring efficient monitoring. To overcome the limitations of traditional methods in large-scale, fine-grained detection, this study focuses on accurately identifying infected trees and analyzing infestation patterns. We propose FID-Net, a deep learning model that detects pest-affected trees from UAV visible-light imagery and enables infestation analysis via three spatial metrics. Based on YOLOv8n, FID-Net introduces a lightweight Feature Enhancement Module (FEM) to extract disease-sensitive cues, an Adaptive Multi-scale Feature Fusion Module (AMFM) to align and fuse dual-branch features (RGB and FEM-enhanced), and an Efficient Channel Attention (ECA) mechanism to enhance discriminative information efficiently. From detection results, we construct a pest situation analysis framework using: (1) Kernel Density Estimation to locate infection hotspots; (2) neighborhood evaluation to assess healthy trees' infection risk; (3) DBSCAN clustering to identify high-density healthy clusters as priority protection zones. Experiments on UAV imagery from 32 forest plots in eastern Tianshan, China, show that FID-Net achieves 86.10% precision, 75.44% recall, 82.29% mAP@0.5, and 64.30% mAP@0.5:0.95, outperforming mainstream YOLO models. Analysis confirms infected trees exhibit clear clustering, supporting targeted forest protection. FID-Net enables accurate tree health discrimination and, combined with spatial metrics, provides reliable data for intelligent pest monitoring, early warning, and precise management. △ Less Submitted 15 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.13104 [ pdf ] FID-Net: A Feature-Enhanced Deep Learning Network for Forest Infestation Detection Authors: Yan Zhang , Baoxin Li , Han Sun , Yuhang Gao , Mingtai Zhang , Pei Wang Abstract : Forest pests threaten ecosystem stability, requiring efficient monitoring. To overcome the limitations of traditional methods in large-scale, fine-grained detection, this study focuses on accurately identifying infected trees and analyzing infestation patterns. We propose FID-Net, a deep learning model that detects pest-affected trees from UAV visible-light imagery and enables infestation analysis… ▽ More Forest pests threaten ecosystem stability, requiring efficient monitoring. To overcome the limitations of traditional methods in large-scale, fine-grained detection, this study focuses on accurately identifying infected trees and analyzing infestation patterns. We propose FID-Net, a deep learning model that detects pest-affected trees from UAV visible-light imagery and enables infestation analysis via three spatial metrics. Based on YOLOv8n, FID-Net introduces a lightweight Feature Enhancement Module (FEM) to extract disease-sensitive cues, an Adaptive Multi-scale Feature Fusion Module (AMFM) to align and fuse dual-branch features (RGB and FEM-enhanced), and an Efficient Channel Attention (ECA) mechanism to enhance discriminative information efficiently. From detection results, we construct a pest situation analysis framework using: (1) Kernel Density Estimation to locate infection hotspots; (2) neighborhood evaluation to assess healthy trees' infection risk; (3) DBSCAN clustering to identify high-density healthy clusters as priority protection zones. Experiments on UAV imagery from 32 forest plots in eastern Tianshan, China, show that FID-Net achieves 86.10% precision, 75.44% recall, 82.29% mAP@0.5, and 64.30% mAP@0.5:0.95, outperforming mainstream YOLO models. Analysis confirms infected trees exhibit clear clustering, supporting targeted forest protection. FID-Net enables accurate tree health discrimination and, combined with spatial metrics, provides reliable data for intelligent pest monitoring, early warning, and precise management. △ Less Submitted 15 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.12967 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL QwenLong-L1.5: Post-Training Recipe for Long-Context Reasoning and Memory Management Authors: Weizhou Shen , Ziyi Yang , Chenliang Li , Zhiyuan Lu , Miao Peng , Huashan Sun , Yingcheng Shi , Shengyi Liao , Shaopeng Lai , Bo Zhang , Dayiheng Liu , Fei Huang , Jingren Zhou , Ming Yan Abstract : We introduce QwenLong-L1.5, a model that achieves superior long-context reasoning capabilities through systematic post-training innovations. The key technical breakthroughs of QwenLong-L1.5 are as follows: (1) Long-Context Data Synthesis Pipeline: We develop a systematic synthesis framework that generates challenging reasoning tasks requiring multi-hop grounding over globally distributed evidence.… ▽ More We introduce QwenLong-L1.5, a model that achieves superior long-context reasoning capabilities through systematic post-training innovations. The key technical breakthroughs of QwenLong-L1.5 are as follows: (1) Long-Context Data Synthesis Pipeline: We develop a systematic synthesis framework that generates challenging reasoning tasks requiring multi-hop grounding over globally distributed evidence. By deconstructing documents into atomic facts and their underlying relationships, and then programmatically composing verifiable reasoning questions, our approach creates high-quality training data at scale, moving substantially beyond simple retrieval tasks to enable genuine long-range reasoning capabilities. (2) Stabilized Reinforcement Learning for Long-Context Training: To overcome the critical instability in long-context RL, we introduce task-balanced sampling with task-specific advantage estimation to mitigate reward bias, and propose Adaptive Entropy-Controlled Policy Optimization (AEPO) that dynamically regulates exploration-exploitation trade-offs. (3) Memory-Augmented Architecture for Ultra-Long Contexts: Recognizing that even extended context windows cannot accommodate arbitrarily long sequences, we develop a memory management framework with multi-stage fusion RL training that seamlessly integrates single-pass reasoning with iterative memory-based processing for tasks exceeding 4M tokens. Based on Qwen3-30B-A3B-Thinking, QwenLong-L1.5 achieves performance comparable to GPT-5 and Gemini-2.5-Pro on long-context reasoning benchmarks, surpassing its baseline by 9.90 points on average. On ultra-long tasks (1M~4M tokens), QwenLong-L1.5's memory-agent framework yields a 9.48-point gain over the agent baseline. Additionally, the acquired long-context reasoning ability translates to enhanced performance in general domains like scientific reasoning, memory tool using, and extended dialogue. △ Less Submitted 14 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.12967 [ pdf , ps , other ] QwenLong-L1.5: Post-Training Recipe for Long-Context Reasoning and Memory Management Authors: Weizhou Shen , Ziyi Yang , Chenliang Li , Zhiyuan Lu , Miao Peng , Huashan Sun , Yingcheng Shi , Shengyi Liao , Shaopeng Lai , Bo Zhang , Dayiheng Liu , Fei Huang , Jingren Zhou , Ming Yan Abstract : We introduce QwenLong-L1.5, a model that achieves superior long-context reasoning capabilities through systematic post-training innovations. The key technical breakthroughs of QwenLong-L1.5 are as follows: (1) Long-Context Data Synthesis Pipeline: We develop a systematic synthesis framework that generates challenging reasoning tasks requiring multi-hop grounding over globally distributed evidence.… ▽ More We introduce QwenLong-L1.5, a model that achieves superior long-context reasoning capabilities through systematic post-training innovations. The key technical breakthroughs of QwenLong-L1.5 are as follows: (1) Long-Context Data Synthesis Pipeline: We develop a systematic synthesis framework that generates challenging reasoning tasks requiring multi-hop grounding over globally distributed evidence. By deconstructing documents into atomic facts and their underlying relationships, and then programmatically composing verifiable reasoning questions, our approach creates high-quality training data at scale, moving substantially beyond simple retrieval tasks to enable genuine long-range reasoning capabilities. (2) Stabilized Reinforcement Learning for Long-Context Training: To overcome the critical instability in long-context RL, we introduce task-balanced sampling with task-specific advantage estimation to mitigate reward bias, and propose Adaptive Entropy-Controlled Policy Optimization (AEPO) that dynamically regulates exploration-exploitation trade-offs. (3) Memory-Augmented Architecture for Ultra-Long Contexts: Recognizing that even extended context windows cannot accommodate arbitrarily long sequences, we develop a memory management framework with multi-stage fusion RL training that seamlessly integrates single-pass reasoning with iterative memory-based processing for tasks exceeding 4M tokens. Based on Qwen3-30B-A3B-Thinking, QwenLong-L1.5 achieves performance comparable to GPT-5 and Gemini-2.5-Pro on long-context reasoning benchmarks, surpassing its baseline by 9.90 points on average. On ultra-long tasks (1M~4M tokens), QwenLong-L1.5's memory-agent framework yields a 9.48-point gain over the agent baseline. Additionally, the acquired long-context reasoning ability translates to enhanced performance in general domains like scientific reasoning, memory tool using, and extended dialogue. △ Less Submitted 14 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.11686 [ pdf , ps , other ] physics.comp-ph cs.LG Stable spectral neural operator for learning stiff PDE systems from limited data Authors: Rui Zhang , Han Wan , Yang Liu , Hao Sun Abstract : Accurate modeling of spatiotemporal dynamics is crucial to understanding complex phenomena across science and engineering. However, this task faces a fundamental challenge when the governing equations are unknown and observational data are sparse. System stiffness, the coupling of multiple time-scales, further exacerbates this problem and hinders long-term prediction. Existing methods fall short:… ▽ More Accurate modeling of spatiotemporal dynamics is crucial to understanding complex phenomena across science and engineering. However, this task faces a fundamental challenge when the governing equations are unknown and observational data are sparse. System stiffness, the coupling of multiple time-scales, further exacerbates this problem and hinders long-term prediction. Existing methods fall short: purely data-driven methods demand massive datasets, whereas physics-aware approaches are constrained by their reliance on known equations and fine-grained time steps. To overcome these limitations, we introduce an equation-free learning framework, namely, the Stable Spectral Neural Operator (SSNO), for modeling stiff partial differential equation (PDE) systems based on limited data. Instead of encoding specific equation terms, SSNO embeds spectrally inspired structures in its architecture, yielding strong inductive biases for learning the underlying physics. It automatically learns local and global spatial interactions in the frequency domain, while handling system stiffness with a robust integrating factor time-stepping scheme. Demonstrated across multiple 2D and 3D benchmarks in Cartesian and spherical geometries, SSNO achieves prediction errors one to two orders of magnitude lower than leading models. Crucially, it shows remarkable data efficiency, requiring only very few (2--5) training trajectories for robust generalization to out-of-distribution conditions. This work offers a robust and generalizable approach to learning stiff spatiotemporal dynamics from limited data without explicit \textit{a priori} knowledge of PDE terms. △ Less Submitted 12 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.11686 [ pdf , ps , other ] Stable spectral neural operator for learning stiff PDE systems from limited data Authors: Rui Zhang , Han Wan , Yang Liu , Hao Sun Abstract : Accurate modeling of spatiotemporal dynamics is crucial to understanding complex phenomena across science and engineering. However, this task faces a fundamental challenge when the governing equations are unknown and observational data are sparse. System stiffness, the coupling of multiple time-scales, further exacerbates this problem and hinders long-term prediction. Existing methods fall short:… ▽ More Accurate modeling of spatiotemporal dynamics is crucial to understanding complex phenomena across science and engineering. However, this task faces a fundamental challenge when the governing equations are unknown and observational data are sparse. System stiffness, the coupling of multiple time-scales, further exacerbates this problem and hinders long-term prediction. Existing methods fall short: purely data-driven methods demand massive datasets, whereas physics-aware approaches are constrained by their reliance on known equations and fine-grained time steps. To overcome these limitations, we introduce an equation-free learning framework, namely, the Stable Spectral Neural Operator (SSNO), for modeling stiff partial differential equation (PDE) systems based on limited data. Instead of encoding specific equation terms, SSNO embeds spectrally inspired structures in its architecture, yielding strong inductive biases for learning the underlying physics. It automatically learns local and global spatial interactions in the frequency domain, while handling system stiffness with a robust integrating factor time-stepping scheme. Demonstrated across multiple 2D and 3D benchmarks in Cartesian and spherical geometries, SSNO achieves prediction errors one to two orders of magnitude lower than leading models. Crucially, it shows remarkable data efficiency, requiring only very few (2--5) training trajectories for robust generalization to out-of-distribution conditions. This work offers a robust and generalizable approach to learning stiff spatiotemporal dynamics from limited data without explicit \textit{a priori} knowledge of PDE terms. △ Less Submitted 12 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.08868 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI EcomBench: Towards Holistic Evaluation of Foundation Agents in E-commerce Authors: Rui Min , Zile Qiao , Ze Xu , Jiawen Zhai , Wenyu Gao , Xuanzhong Chen , Haozhen Sun , Zhen Zhang , Xinyu Wang , Hong Zhou , Wenbiao Yin , Bo Zhang , Xuan Zhou , Ming Yan , Yong Jiang , Haicheng Liu , Liang Ding , Ling Zou , Yi R. Fung , Yalong Li , Pengjun Xie Abstract : Foundation agents have rapidly advanced in their ability to reason and interact with real environments, making the evaluation of their core capabilities increasingly important. While many benchmarks have been developed to assess agent performance, most concentrate on academic settings or artificially designed scenarios while overlooking the challenges that arise in real applications. To address th… ▽ More Foundation agents have rapidly advanced in their ability to reason and interact with real environments, making the evaluation of their core capabilities increasingly important. While many benchmarks have been developed to assess agent performance, most concentrate on academic settings or artificially designed scenarios while overlooking the challenges that arise in real applications. To address this issue, we focus on a highly practical real-world setting, the e-commerce domain, which involves a large volume of diverse user interactions, dynamic market conditions, and tasks directly tied to real decision-making processes. To this end, we introduce EcomBench, a holistic E-commerce Benchmark designed to evaluate agent performance in realistic e-commerce environments. EcomBench is built from genuine user demands embedded in leading global e-commerce ecosystems and is carefully curated and annotated through human experts to ensure clarity, accuracy, and domain relevance. It covers multiple task categories within e-commerce scenarios and defines three difficulty levels that evaluate agents on key capabilities such as deep information retrieval, multi-step reasoning, and cross-source knowledge integration. By grounding evaluation in real e-commerce contexts, EcomBench provides a rigorous and dynamic testbed for measuring the practical capabilities of agents in modern e-commerce. △ Less Submitted 11 December, 2025; v1 submitted 9 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.08868 [ pdf , ps , other ] EcomBench: Towards Holistic Evaluation of Foundation Agents in E-commerce Authors: Rui Min , Zile Qiao , Ze Xu , Jiawen Zhai , Wenyu Gao , Xuanzhong Chen , Haozhen Sun , Zhen Zhang , Xinyu Wang , Hong Zhou , Wenbiao Yin , Bo Zhang , Xuan Zhou , Ming Yan , Yong Jiang , Haicheng Liu , Liang Ding , Ling Zou , Yi R. Fung , Yalong Li , Pengjun Xie Abstract : Foundation agents have rapidly advanced in their ability to reason and interact with real environments, making the evaluation of their core capabilities increasingly important. While many benchmarks have been developed to assess agent performance, most concentrate on academic settings or artificially designed scenarios while overlooking the challenges that arise in real applications. To address th… ▽ More Foundation agents have rapidly advanced in their ability to reason and interact with real environments, making the evaluation of their core capabilities increasingly important. While many benchmarks have been developed to assess agent performance, most concentrate on academic settings or artificially designed scenarios while overlooking the challenges that arise in real applications. To address this issue, we focus on a highly practical real-world setting, the e-commerce domain, which involves a large volume of diverse user interactions, dynamic market conditions, and tasks directly tied to real decision-making processes. To this end, we introduce EcomBench, a holistic E-commerce Benchmark designed to evaluate agent performance in realistic e-commerce environments. EcomBench is built from genuine user demands embedded in leading global e-commerce ecosystems and is carefully curated and annotated through human experts to ensure clarity, accuracy, and domain relevance. It covers multiple task categories within e-commerce scenarios and defines three difficulty levels that evaluate agents on key capabilities such as deep information retrieval, multi-step reasoning, and cross-source knowledge integration. By grounding evaluation in real e-commerce contexts, EcomBench provides a rigorous and dynamic testbed for measuring the practical capabilities of agents in modern e-commerce. △ Less Submitted 11 December, 2025; v1 submitted 9 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. 1 2 3 4 5 … About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Seasonal forecast 2 Seasonal summary 3 Systems Toggle Systems subsection 3.1 Tropical Storm Aletta 3.2 Tropical Depression Two-E 3.3 Hurricane Bud 3.4 Hurricane Carlotta 3.5 Hurricane Daniel 3.6 Tropical Storm Emilia 3.7 Tropical Storm Fabio 3.8 Tropical Storm Gilma 3.9 Hurricane Hector 3.10 Hurricane Ioke 3.11 Hurricane Ileana 3.12 Hurricane John 3.13 Hurricane Kristy 3.14 Hurricane Lane 3.15 Tropical Storm Miriam 3.16 Tropical Depression Two-C 3.17 Tropical Depression Three-C 3.18 Tropical Storm Norman 3.19 Tropical Storm Olivia 3.20 Tropical Depression Four-C 3.21 Hurricane Paul 3.22 Tropical Depression Eighteen-E 3.23 Tropical Storm Rosa 3.24 Tropical Depression Twenty-E 3.25 Hurricane Sergio 3.26 Other system 3.1 Tropical Storm Aletta 3.2 Tropical Depression Two-E 3.3 Hurricane Bud 3.4 Hurricane Carlotta 3.5 Hurricane Daniel 3.6 Tropical Storm Emilia 3.7 Tropical Storm Fabio 3.8 Tropical Storm Gilma 3.9 Hurricane Hector 3.10 Hurricane Ioke 3.11 Hurricane Ileana 3.12 Hurricane John 3.13 Hurricane Kristy 3.14 Hurricane Lane 3.15 Tropical Storm Miriam 3.16 Tropical Depression Two-C 3.17 Tropical Depression Three-C 3.18 Tropical Storm Norman 3.19 Tropical Storm Olivia 3.20 Tropical Depression Four-C 3.21 Hurricane Paul 3.22 Tropical Depression Eighteen-E 3.23 Tropical Storm Rosa 3.24 Tropical Depression Twenty-E 3.25 Hurricane Sergio 3.26 Other system 4 Storm names Toggle Storm names subsection 4.1 Retirement 4.1 Retirement 5 Season effects 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links 2006 Pacific hurricane season Deutsch Español Français Nederlands Português Simple English 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item 2006 Pacific hurricane season Season summary map Seasonal boundaries First system formed May 27, 2006 Last system dissipated November 20, 2006 Strongest storm Name Ioke (Most intense hurricane in the Central Pacific) • Maximum winds 160 mph (260 km/h) ( 1-minute sustained ) • Lowest pressure 915 mbar ( hPa ; 27.02 inHg ) Seasonal statistics Total depressions 25 official, 1 unofficial Total storms 19 official, 1 unofficial Hurricanes 11 Major hurricanes ( Cat. 3+ ) 6 ACE 156.9875 units Total fatalities 14 total Total damage $355.1 million (2006 USD ) Related articles Timeline of the 2006 Pacific hurricane season 2006 Atlantic hurricane season 2006 Pacific typhoon season 2006 North Indian Ocean cyclone season Timeline of the 2006 Pacific hurricane season 2006 Atlantic hurricane season 2006 Pacific typhoon season 2006 North Indian Ocean cyclone season Pacific hurricane seasons 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 The 2006 Pacific hurricane season was the first above-average season since 1997 which produced twenty-five tropical cyclones , with nineteen named storms, though most were rather weak and short-lived. There were eleven hurricanes, of which six became major hurricanes. Following the inactivity of the previous seasons, forecasters predicted that season would be only slightly above active. It was also the first time since 2003 in which one cyclone of at least tropical storm intensity made landfall . The season officially began on May 15 in the East Pacific Ocean, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; they ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Pacific basin . However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year. Seasonal activity began on May 27, when Tropical Storm Aletta formed off the southwest coast of Mexico. No storms formed in June, though the season became active in July when five named storms developed, including Hurricane Daniel which was the second strongest storm of the season, as well as Tropical Storm Emilia . During August, Hurricanes Ioke and John formed, as well as four other storms. The strongest storm of the season was Hurricane Ioke , which reached Category 5 status on the Saffir–Simpson scale in the central Pacific Ocean; Ioke passed near Johnston Atoll and later Wake Island , where it caused heavy damage but no deaths. The deadliest storm of the season was Hurricane John , which killed six people after striking the Baja California Peninsula , and the costliest storm was Hurricane Lane , which caused $203 million in damage in southwestern Mexico (2006 USD , $317 million 2026 USD). Damage across the basin reached $355.1 million (2006 USD ), while 14 people were killed by the various storms. Seasonal forecast Source Date Named storms Hurricanes Major hurricanes CPC Average [ 1 ] 15.3 8.8 4.2 NOAA May 22, 2006 12–16 6–8 1–3 Actual activity 18 10 5 On May 22, 2006, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's (NOAA) CPC (CPC) released their forecasts for the 2006 Atlantic and Pacific hurricane seasons. The Pacific season was expected to be hindered by the decades-long cycle that began in 1995 , which generally increased wind shear across the basin. NOAA predicted a below-normal level of activity in the Eastern Pacific, with 12–16 named storms, of which 6–8 were expected to become hurricanes, and 1–3 expected to become major hurricanes. [ 2 ] The Central Pacific Hurricane Center 's area of responsibility was also expected to be below average, with only two to three tropical cyclones expected to form or cross into the area. [ 3 ] They expected that neither El Niño nor La Niña would affect conditions significantly. [ 2 ] On May 15, the hurricane season began in the Eastern Pacific basin, which is the area of the northern Pacific Ocean east of 140° W . [ 4 ] On June 1, the season began in the Central Pacific warning zone (between 140° W and the International Date Line ); however, no storms occurred in the region until July. [ 5 ] Seasonal summary The accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index for the 2006 Pacific hurricane season as calculated by Colorado State University using data from the National Hurricane Center was 156.9 units. [ nb 1 ] [ 6 ] Broadly speaking, ACE is a measure of the power of a tropical or subtropical storm multiplied by the length of time it existed. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration, such as Hurricane Ioke , which arrived with a total of 32.2250 units and then crossed to the Western Pacific, will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated for full advisories on specific tropical and subtropical systems reaching or exceeding wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h). Overall, there were 19 tropical storms. In addition, 11 hurricanes developed. Furthermore, there were total of six major hurricanes, Category 3 or greater on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale . The season officially started on May 15 in the East Pacific Ocean, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; they both ended on November 30. No tropical storms developed in June in the basin, which was unusual compared to the average of two storms forming during the month. From 1966 to 2008, there have been only three other seasons in which a tropical storm did not form in June, these being 1969 , 2004 , 2007 seasons. [ 7 ] After such an inactive month, the tropics became active in July when five named storms developed, including Hurricane Daniel which was the second strongest storm of the season. During August, Hurricanes Ioke and John formed, as well as four other storms. September was a relatively quiet month with two storms, of which one was Hurricane Lane. [ 8 ] By that time, however, El Niño conditions became established across the Pacific, [ 9 ] which is known to enhance Pacific hurricane activity. [ 2 ] Three storms developed in October, including Hurricane Paul. [ 8 ] Tropical activity within the basin in November 2006 was the most active on record, based on the ACE Index. Three tropical cyclones formed, of which two became tropical storms; only one other season on record at the time, 1961 , produced two tropical storms in the month of November. [ 10 ] In addition, Mexico was struck by four tropical cyclones in 2006, none on the Atlantic coast and all along the Pacific coast. [ 11 ] One hit Baja California Peninsula while the others made landfall on the mainland. [ 12 ] An extratropical storm persisted in the extreme northern central Pacific Ocean in late October. It drifted over unusually warm waters up to 3.6 °F (2 °C) above normal, and gradually developed convection near the center. By November 2, QuikSCAT satellite suggested the system attained winds of up to 60 mph (95 km/h) about 900 mi (1,450 km) west of Oregon . The system also developed an eye and an eyewall. The cyclone tracked northeastward as it gradually weakened, and dissipated on November 4. NASA considered the cyclone to be a subtropical storm . However, as it formed outside of the territory of any monitoring organization, it was not named. Operationally, the United States Navy treated the system as a tropical disturbance, numbered 91C. [ 13 ] Systems Tropical Storm Aletta Tropical storm (SSHWS) Duration May 27 – May 30 Peak intensity 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min) ; 1002 mbar ( hPa ) The first storm of the year had its genesis from a tropical wave that crossed Central America and entered the East Pacific on May 21. The system interacted with a trough near the Gulf of Tehuantepec , causing thunderstorms to increase. A large low-pressure area formed on May 25 south of Mexico, which organized slowly due to wind shear in the region. Early on May 27, the NHC designated the system as Tropical Depression One-E about 190 mi (305 km) south of Acapulco. [ 14 ] The nascent storm moved little, and the wind shear displaced the center west of the convection. [ 15 ] Late on May 27, the NHC upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Aletta. [ 14 ] While named tropical cyclones in May are infrequent events, Aletta marked the seventh consecutive year to have a named cyclone form in May. [ 16 ] The storm drifted for several days off the southern coast of Mexico. The NHC estimated peak winds of 45 mph (70 km/h) on May 28, [ 14 ] as the storm presented an elongated cloud structure. [ 17 ] Increased wind shear and dry air caused weakening on May 29, and Aletta weakened into a tropical depression. Drifting westward, the system became a remnant low on May 31, and dissipated soon afterward. [ 14 ] The storm moved toward the Guerrero coast in southwestern Mexico, prompting the Mexican government to issue tropical storm watches between Punta Maldonado and Zihuatanejo . [ 18 ] Aletta produced moderate rainfall across Mexico, including a 24-hour rainfall total of 100 mm (3.9 in) [ nb 2 ] in Jacatepec, Oaxaca , on May 30, and 96 mm (3.8 in) in La Calera, Guerrero, on the next day. [ 18 ] High winds knocked down trees and caused minor structural damage. In Zihuatanejo , a ship with nine people was rescued after being reported as lost, which may have been a result of high seas generated by Aletta. [ 19 ] Tropical Depression Two-E Tropical depression (SSHWS) Duration June 3 – June 5 Peak intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min) ; 1005 mbar ( hPa ) On the day after Aletta dissipated, a new area of disturbed weather developed off the southwest Mexican coast, associated with a tropical wave. High shear slowed the development of the system, although the thunderstorms eventually organized around a closed circulation. On June 3, the system developed into Tropical Depression Two-E about 140 mi (240 km) southwest of the Mexican coast. Land interaction and the presence of wind shear prevented much development. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Early on June 4, convection weakened significantly, leaving the center partially exposed. [ 22 ] Early on June 5, the circulation dissipated, [ 20 ] and later that night the remnants moved inland. [ 23 ] Due to uncertainty in whether the depression would attain tropical storm status or not, [ 20 ] the government of Mexico issued a tropical storm warning from Punta San Telmo, Michoacán to Acapulco , Guerrero . [ 24 ] Prior to affecting the coastline, the Mexican meteorological agency issued a heavy rainfall advisory, also mentioning the potential for flooding and mudslides, for the states of Jalisco , Colima , Michoacán, Guerrero, and Oaxaca . [ 25 ] Officials prepared 21 shelters in the region. [ 26 ] The depression produced heavy rainfall along the coastline, including a total of 19.1 inches (486 mm ) measured in a 48‑hour period in Acapulco. Totals of over 2 inches (50 mm) spread across much of Guerrero and Oaxaca, [ 25 ] causing flash flooding and mudslides. [ 20 ] The storm partially flooded about 40 houses, and a total of 72 people were forced to leave their homes. [ 27 ] In Acapulco, floodwaters washed trash from street corners onto the beaches. Elsewhere in Guerrero, the flooding and mudslides blocked several highways, [ 28 ] which stranded dozens of vehicles. The wall of a prison collapsed due to the rainfall. [ 26 ] Also in Acapulco, the rainfall downed trees and power lines, causing power outages and sparking a fire when a transformer exploded. [ 29 ] Hurricane Bud Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) Duration July 11 – July 16 Peak intensity 125 mph (205 km/h) (1-min) ; 953 mbar ( hPa ) A tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa on June 27, which reached the eastern Pacific on July 7. The system spawned a low-pressure area south of Mexico. Associated convection gradually became better organized, and the system organized into Tropical Depression Three-E early on July 11. Steered by a subtropical ridge over Mexico, the storm tracked west-northwestward for its entirety. Located over warm waters, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Bud within six hours of its formation. [ 30 ] The thunderstorms organized, with good outflow except to the east due to the presence of Tropical Storm Carlotta. On July 12, the NHC upgraded Bud to a hurricane, after an eye developed in the storm's center. [ 31 ] [ 30 ] [ 32 ] Later on July 12, Bud was upgraded to a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale . [ 30 ] Early on July 13, Bud became a Category 3 hurricane, or a major hurricane. At that time, the well-defined eye was enclosed by a ring of deep thunderstorms. [ 33 ] That day, the hurricane reached its peak intensity of 125 mph (200 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 953 mbar (28.1 inHg). Bud encountered cooler waters and stable air, and a period of rapid weakening began. [ 30 ] The eye became obscured, and core convective cloud tops began to warm, [ 34 ] until much of the convection was lost on July 14, impeded by southeasterly wind shear. [ 30 ] On July 15, Bud was downgraded to a tropical depression, and the next day it degenerated into a remnant low. The low fully dissipated on July 17 about 750 mi (1,210 km) east-northeast of Hawaii . [ 30 ] The remnants of Bud produced light rainfall across Hawaii. [ 35 ] Hurricane Carlotta Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) Duration July 12 – July 16 Peak intensity 85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min) ; 981 mbar ( hPa ) A tropical wave exited Africa on June 30 and moved across the Atlantic Ocean without development. On July 9, while crossing Central America into the eastern North Pacific Ocean, thunderstorm activity increased, and the system organized into Tropical Depression Four-E early on July 12 about 290 mi (465 km) south of Zihuatanejo , Guerrero . [ 36 ] The large depression moved quickly to the west-northwest to the south of a ridge over northwestern Mexico, and its outer rainbands moved across the coast. Rainfall totals were less than 1 inch (25 mm). [ 36 ] The depression intensified into Tropical Storm Carlotta just six hours after forming. [ 36 ] By late on July 12, the storm developed banding features , [ 37 ] and early on July 13 Carlotta attained hurricane status about 430 mi (690 km) south of the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula . [ 36 ] As Carlotta intensified, the system became more compact, and it reached peak winds of 85 mph (135 km/h) on July 13. [ 36 ] An eye formed in the center, and the hurricane was briefly forecast to attain major hurricane status, or a Category 3 on the Saffir–Simpson scale . [ 38 ] However, Carlotta weakened due to increased wind shear from Hurricane Bud to its west, [ 36 ] and the eye and convection deteriorated. [ 39 ] Carlotta briefly weakened to tropical storm status late on July 14, although a decrease in shear allowed it to reintensify into a hurricane. This was short-lived as the center moved into the area of cooler waters, and Carlotta again weakened to tropical storm status. [ 36 ] Late on July 15, the circulation became separated from the convection, [ 40 ] and Carlotta weakened to tropical depression status on July 16, and the next day generated into a remnant low. The circulation continued generally westward, dissipating on July 20 about 1,500 mi (2,415 km) east of the Hawaiian islands. [ 36 ] Hurricane Daniel Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) Duration July 16 – July 26 Peak intensity 150 mph (240 km/h) (1-min) ; 933 mbar ( hPa ) On July 16, a tropical disturbance formed far to the south of the Baja California Peninsula and quickly increased in convective activity and organization, becoming a tropical depression. The system continued to organize and was designated as a tropical storm the next day. On July 18, Daniel attained hurricane status, and two days later underwent rapid intensification; it reached major hurricane status and was later upgraded further to Category 4 status on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale . Its peak intensity was 150 mph (240 km/h). [ 41 ] The hurricane underwent eyewall replacement cycles , which are internal mechanisms that occur in most intense hurricanes. Daniel later became an annular hurricane , which allowed it to maintain Category 4 status for longer than it otherwise would have. [ 42 ] It crossed over into the Central Pacific early on July 24 and was predicted to affect Hawaii as a tropical storm; however, Daniel encountered weak steering currents in the open ocean, causing it to slow down considerably. [ 41 ] It rapidly degenerated to a tropical depression on July 25, and the CPHC issued its last advisory on July 26 while the storm was still well to the east of Hawaii. Its remnants later moved across the Hawaiian islands, [ 41 ] dropping heavy rainfall and causing flooding. [ 9 ] West Wailuaiki on Maui recorded 3.87 inches (98 mm) in one day, which was the highest daily rainfall total from the hurricane. [ 35 ] Tropical Storm Emilia Tropical storm (SSHWS) Duration July 21 – July 28 Peak intensity 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min) ; 990 mbar ( hPa ) The origins of Emilia were from a tropical wave that developed into a tropical depression on July 21, a short distance off the coast of Acapulco . It moved generally north-northwestward, reaching tropical storm status on July 22 and passing about 175 mi (280 km) southwest of Manzanillo, Colima . [ 43 ] An eyewall began to form that day, [ 44 ] and Emilia reached peak winds of 65 mph (105 km/h). [ 43 ] It briefly weakened due to wind shear , although restrengthening occurred as the storm turned toward the Baja California peninsula . On July 26, Emilia again reached peak winds of 65 mph (105 km/h), and shortly thereafter it passed about 60 mi (95 km) southwest of the southern tip of Baja California. It weakened as it turned into cooler waters, first to tropical depression status on July 27 and then to a convective-less remnant low on July 28. The remnants dissipated on July 31 about 495 mi (795 km) west-southwest of San Diego, California . [ 43 ] In southwestern Mexico, Emilia produced tropical storm force winds along the coastline. Rainfall in the southern portion of the Baja California peninsula caused minor flooding, and gusty winds caused damage to buildings and power lines. [ 43 ] Moisture from Emilia reached the southwestern United States. Thunderstorms and rainfall occurred across Arizona, causing flooding. [ 45 ] In southern California, the storm dropped light rainfall, which assisted firefighters in containing a wildfire. [ 46 ] Tropical Storm Fabio Tropical storm (SSHWS) Duration July 31 – August 3 Peak intensity 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min) ; 1000 mbar ( hPa ) A tropical wave crossed the west coast of Africa on July 15 and entered the Pacific on July 25. Convection increased on July 28, and at 1800 UTC on July 31 the system became Tropical Depression Seven-E about 980 miles (1,580 km) southwest of the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula . Six hours later, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Fabio. It moved westward due to a ridge to its north, and on August 1 Fabio reached peak winds of 50 mph (80 km/h). Later, the storm began weakening due to increased wind shear and dry air. On August 3, Fabio deteriorated to tropical depression status, and later that day it degenerated into a remnant low-pressure area . The remnants continued westward, moving across Hawaii on August 7. [ 47 ] Although Fabio did not impact land, its remnants produced heavy rainfall in Hawaii. In a 24-hour period, 2.89 inches (73 mm) of rainfall was recorded at Glenwood on the island of Hawaii ; this was the highest daily rainfall total for the month on the island. However, the heaviest precipitation fell on Mount Waiʻaleʻale on Kauai , where 15.08 inches (383 mm) fell in 24 hours; this total alone was greater than all other monthly rainfall totals in the state. [ 48 ] The heavy rainfall flooded the Hanalei River , which forced the closure of the Kuhio Highway when a bridge was inundated. [ 47 ] On Oahu , the rainfall caused ponding on roadways and flooding along streams. One flooded stream stranded 24 hikers along a trail, all of whom required rescue by helicopter. [ 49 ] Tropical Storm Gilma Tropical storm (SSHWS) Duration August 1 – August 3 Peak intensity 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min) ; 1004 mbar ( hPa ) On July 17, a tropical wave exited Africa and crossed the Atlantic without developing. On July 25 it entered the Eastern Pacific, gradually developing an area of organized convection. Despite marginally favorable upper-level winds, the system organized enough to be declared a tropical depression on August 1, several hundred miles southwest of Acapulco, Mexico . [ 50 ] Initially, the depression tracked west-northwestward. [ 8 ] Despite wind shear in the area, [ 51 ] the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Gilma later on August 1. The wind shear prevented further strengthening or organization, and Gilma weakened to a tropical depression early on August 2. [ 50 ] The depression turned westward, [ 8 ] and Gilma degenerated into a remnant low by August 4. [ 50 ] Hurricane Hector Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) Duration August 15 – August 23 Peak intensity 110 mph (175 km/h) (1-min) ; 966 mbar ( hPa ) A tropical wave exited Africa on July 31, and after no development in the Atlantic, it crossed Central America into the northeastern Pacific Ocean on August 10. Convection gradually increased, and a broad low-pressure area developed about 375 miles (604 km) south of Acapulco, Mexico on August 13. The system continued to become organized, and it developed into a tropical depression around 1800 UTC on August 15 about 650 mi (1,050 km) south-southwest of the southern tip of Baja California . It moved west-northwestward, located south of a ridge that extended westward from northern Mexico westward into the Pacific. The depression quickly intensified into Tropical Storm Hector early on August 16. [ 52 ] Hector was able to steadily strengthen, reaching hurricane status at 0600 UTC on August 17. It is estimated that Hector reached its peak intensity of 110 mph (175 km/h) at 0600 UTC on August 18, while centered about 1,035 mi (1,666 km) southwest of the southern tip of Baja California. [ 8 ] Hector remained a Category 2 hurricane for about 24 hours. [ 8 ] Shortly thereafter, it encountered cooler waters and westerly shear, [ 53 ] and Hector steadily weakened until becoming a tropical storm by August 20. Shortly thereafter, the storm reached a weakness in the subtropical ridge , which caused it to move slowly to the northwest. By August 21, deep convection was confined to the northeast portion of the circulation. [ 54 ] The shear was not strong enough to completely weaken the tropical cyclone and Hector remained a tropical storm with 50 mph (80 km/h) winds for about 24 hours. [ 52 ] After the remaining shower and thunderstorm activity dissipated on August 22, the cyclone turned westward in response to the low-level easterly wind flow. [ 55 ] Hector weakened to a tropical depression at 0000 UTC on August 23, and to a remnant low six hours later. The remnant circulation of Hector dissipated on August 24 about 750 mi (1,210 km) east of the Hawaiian Islands . [ 56 ] Hurricane Ioke Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS) Duration August 20 – August 27 ( Exited basin ) Peak intensity 160 mph (260 km/h) (1-min) ; 915 mbar ( hPa ) The cyclone developed from the Intertropical Convergence Zone on August 20 far to the south of Hawaii . Encountering warm waters, little wind shear , and well-defined outflow , Ioke intensified from a tropical depression to Category 4 status within 48 hours. Late on August 22 it rapidly weakened to Category 2 status before crossing over Johnston Atoll . Two days later favorable conditions again allowed for rapid strengthening , and Ioke attained Category 5 status on August 25 before crossing the International Date Line. At the time, its barometric pressure was estimated at 915 mbar , thus becoming the strongest hurricane on record in the Central Pacific. [ 9 ] As it continued westward its intensity fluctuated, and on August 31 it passed near Wake Island with winds of 155 mph (249 km/h). Ioke gradually weakened as it turned northwestward and northward, and by September 6 it had transitioned into an extratropical cyclone . [ 57 ] By then, the cyclone had lasted 19 days, reaching the equivalent of Category 5 status on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale three times. [ 9 ] The remnants of Ioke accelerated northeastward and ultimately crossed into Alaska . [ 58 ] Ioke did not affect any permanently populated areas in the Central Pacific or Western Pacific basins as a hurricane or a typhoon. A crew of 12 people stayed in a hurricane-proof bunker on Johnston Atoll during the hurricane's passage; the crew estimated winds reached over 100 mph (160 km/h), which damaged trees on the island but did not impact the island's bird population. [ 9 ] [ 59 ] The hurricane left moderate damage on Wake Island totaling $88 million (2006 USD), which resulted from blown off roofs and damaged buildings, although the infrastructure of the island was left intact. All military personnel were evacuated from the island, the first full-scale evacuation of the island since Typhoon Sarah in 1967 . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] [ 62 ] Later, the extratropical remnants of Ioke produced a severe storm surge along the Alaskan coastline, causing beach erosion . [ 63 ] Hurricane Ileana Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) Duration August 21 – August 27 Peak intensity 120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min) ; 955 mbar ( hPa ) A tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa on August 8, and entered the eastern Pacific on August 16. Three days later, a weak low-pressure area formed, and thunderstorms consolidated near that feature. On August 21, the NHC designated the system Tropical Depression Ten-E about 350 mi (565 km) south-southwest of Acapulco, Mexico. A ridge over Mexico steered the system to the northwest through an area of warm waters and low wind shear. With favorable conditions, the depression quickly intensified into Tropical Storm Ileana. [ 64 ] An eye formed in the center of the convection, and Ileana attained hurricane status late on August 22. [ 65 ] On August 23, about 48 hours after forming, Ileana reached major hurricane status and a peak intensity of 120 mph (195 km/h), with a minimum pressure of 955 mbar (28.2 inHg). At that time, the storm was about 60 mi (95 km) southeast of the unpopulated Socorro Island . [ 64 ] During the storm's passage nearby, a station on the island recorded sustained winds of 59 mph (95 km/h), with gusts to 77 mph (124 km/h). [ 64 ] As Ileana was heading north along the Mexican coastline, slight rainfall was recorded along the coast, [ 66 ] which caused some flooding in Nayarit , Jalisco , Colima , Michoacán , and Baja California Sur . [ 67 ] High surf killed a man near Cabo San Lucas , despite warnings not to swim in the ocean. [ 68 ] Despite forecasts of further intensification to Category 4 status, [ 69 ] Ileana began weakening due to cooler waters. The thunderstorms waned, and the storm slowed its forward motion. [ 64 ] [ 70 ] On August 26, Ileana weakened to tropical storm status as convection decreased markedly. The next day, the storm deteriorated to tropical depression status, and later a remnant low after being devoid of thunderstorms. The low continued slowly westward, dissipating on August 29 about 830 mi (1,335 km) west-northwest of Cabo San Lucas. [ 64 ] Hurricane John Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) Duration August 28 – September 4 Peak intensity 130 mph (215 km/h) (1-min) ; 948 mbar ( hPa ) On August 28, a persistent area of low pressure southwest of Acapulco , Mexico developed into a tropical depression. Later that day it strengthened into a tropical storm, and it reached hurricane strength 24 hours later on August 29. John underwent rapid intensification and reached Category 3 intensity later that day and Category 4 on August 30. [ 71 ] Hours later, the hurricane underwent another eyewall replacement cycle, [ 72 ] and subsequently weakened to Category 3 status as it paralleled the Mexican coastline a short distance offshore. [ 73 ] Potentially due to its eyewall replacement cycle or its interaction with land, John weakened to a 105 mph hurricane by late on August 31, [ 74 ] but restrengthened to a major hurricane shortly after. It made landfall near the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula as a Category 2 hurricane on September 1. [ 75 ] John continued northwestward along the eastern Baja California peninsula, weakening to tropical depression status by September 3 and dissipating on September 4 in the Gulf of California . [ 71 ] Along the southwestern coast of Mexico, John produced heavy surf, strong winds, and heavy rainfall, which flooded roads, caused mudslides, and downed trees. [ 71 ] [ 76 ] Along the Baja California Peninsula, the hurricane dropped heavy rainfall, with a 24-hour peak of 10.8 inches (270 mm) in Los Planes. [ 77 ] The heavy rainfall caused flooding, closed roads, [ 78 ] and caused a dam to overflow. [ 79 ] The winds and rainfall destroyed thousands of flimsy houses across the region. [ 80 ] Across Mexico, five people were killed, [ 71 ] and damage amounted to $663 million (2006 MXN , $60.8 million 2006 USD ). [ 81 ] Moisture from the remnants of John produced flooding across Texas, which closed a .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px} 1 ⁄ 2 mile (800 m) portion of Interstate 10 in El Paso. [ 82 ] In southern New Mexico, the rainfall caused widespread street flooding and some minor damage. [ 83 ] Tropical moisture from the storm also produced rainfall in Arizona and southern California , where eight separate mudslides occurred, trapping 19 vehicles but causing no injuries. [ 84 ] Hurricane Kristy Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) Duration August 30 – September 8 Peak intensity 80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min) ; 985 mbar ( hPa ) A tropical wave exited western Africa on August 13, which moved across the Atlantic over the next nine days before entering the eastern Pacific. After associated convection became better organized, the system developed into Tropical Depression Twelve-E on August 30 about 600 mi (965 km) southwest of the Baja California peninsula. With light wind shear and warm waters, the depression quickly strengthened into Tropical Storm Kristy as thunderstorms increased. The small system tracked slowly northwestward at first due to a ridge to its north. [ 85 ] An eye soon developed, [ 86 ] signaling that Kristy intensified into a hurricane early on August 31, about 30 hours after forming. Later that day, the hurricane attained peak winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). Soon after, wind shear increased due to the outflow of powerful Hurricane John to its east, [ 85 ] and Kristy moved into an area of cooler waters and drier air. Hurricane forecast models anticipated a Fujiwhara effect , or an orbiting of two tropical cyclones, which would eventually result in Kristy being absorbed by Hurricane John. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] On September 1, Kristy weakened to tropical storm status, by which time the ridge to its north forced the storm southeastward. [ 85 ] On September 2, the circulation became exposed from the convection, [ 89 ] and Kristy fell to tropical depression status. [ 85 ] Thunderstorms reformed and persisted over the center on the next day. Kristy re-attained tropical storm status on September 4, although it soon fell back to tropical depression status. [ 85 ] [ 90 ] Another burst of thunderstorms warranted Kristy being upgraded to tropical storm status again on September 5; by that time, the wind shear decreased and the track moved over warmer waters. [ 91 ] Kristy turned back to the west, falling again to tropical depression status on September 6, after thunderstorms decreased due to dry air. [ 85 ] [ 92 ] Two days later, it degenerated into a remnant low, which dissipated a day later. [ 85 ] The remnant disturbance continued westward, and initially Kristy was believed to have developed into Tropical Depression Two-C in the central Pacific Ocean; however, post-season analysis concluded the systems were separate. [ 9 ] Hurricane Lane Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) Duration September 13 – September 17 Peak intensity 125 mph (205 km/h) (1-min) ; 952 mbar ( hPa ) On September 13, a tropical disturbance located about 125 miles (201 km) west-southwest of Acapulco , Mexico, gradually became better organized and was designated the thirteenth tropical depression of the 2006 season. The depression intensified in a favorable environment, and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Lane later that night. As it moved parallel to the Mexican coast it continued to strengthen and became a hurricane on September 15, and a major hurricane early the next day. Hurricane Lane reached peak winds of 125 mph (200 km/h) before it made landfall on the coast of Sinaloa on September 16. It quickly weakened over land and dissipated on September 17. [ 93 ] Tropical Storm Lane produced heavy rainfall and high seas along the west coast of Mexico, including Acapulco where flood waters reached 16 inches (41 cm) in depth. The Acapulco airport also experienced flooding, though service was not interrupted. [ 94 ] Throughout Mexico, the hurricane caused four deaths and $2.2 billion (2006 MXN, $203 million 2006 USD) in damage, [ 95 ] half of which in Sinaloa where heavy crop damage was reported. [ 96 ] An estimated 4,320 homes were affected by the hurricane, and 19,200 miles (30,900 km) of roads and highways were damaged to some degree, including some destroyed bridges. [ 95 ] Tropical Storm Miriam Tropical storm (SSHWS) Duration September 16 – September 18 Peak intensity 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min) ; 999 mbar ( hPa ) A disturbance associated with a northerly extension of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and a tropical wave developed a closed circulation on September 15. It moved northeastward due to the influence from nearby Hurricane Lane, and organized enough to be declared Tropical Depression Fourteen-E on September 16 while located about 500 miles southwest of Cabo San Lucas , Mexico. It quickly strengthened, and organized into Tropical Storm Miriam later that day. After reaching a peak intensity of 45 mph (70 km/h), vertical wind shear and cooler waters rapidly weakened the storm, and the circulation decoupled from the convection on September 17. After turning more towards the north, Miriam weakened to tropical depression status, and on September 18 it degenerated to a remnant low. The remnant circulation turned to the northwest, then to the east, and dissipated on September 21 a short distance west of Baja California . No deaths are damage are associated with Miriam, and only one ship recorded winds of over tropical storm force near the center. [ 97 ] Tropical Depression Two-C Tropical depression (SSHWS) Duration September 19 – September 20 Peak intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min) ; 1007 mbar ( hPa ) On September 19, an area of disturbed weather associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone became sufficiently organized to be designated Tropical Depression Two-C. Initially, it was thought that the depression formed from the remnants of Kristy, although subsequent analysis confirmed they were two separate systems. Initially, the depression was in an area of favorable conditions, with little wind shear and warm waters. [ 9 ] As a result, the CPHC predicted significant strengthening to at least hurricane status. [ 98 ] Instead, a high-pressure system to its north increased wind shear over the depression, causing the convection to become removed from the center. The depression weakened into a remnant low on September 20, never reaching tropical storm status. [ 9 ] Tropical Depression Three-C Tropical depression (SSHWS) Duration September 26 – September 27 Peak intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min) ; 1005 mbar ( hPa ) During September, El Niño conditions became established across the Pacific, which produced an area of warmer waters along the International Date Line. A few days after Tropical Depression Two-C dissipated, another area of disturbed weather formed, and although it was disorganized, it was also persistent. The CPHC initiated advisories on Tropical Depression Three-C on September 26 after a circulation was evident in the system. Strong wind shear prevented any development, and the system dissipated on September 27. [ 9 ] Tropical Storm Norman Tropical storm (SSHWS) Duration October 9 – October 15 Peak intensity 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min) ; 1000 mbar ( hPa ) Early in October, a low-pressure system began to organize to the west of the Mexican coast, and on October 9 it developed into Tropical Depression Fifteen-E. It strengthened into a tropical storm the next day, but strong wind shear and low sea-surface temperatures hindered development. Norman slowly began to weaken, and on October 11 it degenerated into a remnant low-pressure area. Turning eastward, the system combined with a new tropical disturbance off the southwest Mexican coast, and slowly began to reorganize. The system was re-designated a tropical depression on October 15 just south-southeast of Manzanillo, Colima , although within a few hours it again dissipated. [ 99 ] The storm brought heavy rainfall to southwestern Mexico, peaking at 6.35 inches (161 mm) in La Villita, Michoacán. [ 100 ] The rainfall caused flooding and mudslides around Acapulco, affecting 170 homes, of which 20 were destroyed. [ 101 ] [ 102 ] About 300 hectares (740 acres) of crop fields sustained damage. [ 102 ] Initially there were two people missing; [ 102 ] however, a subsequent report indicated there were no casualties associated with the storm. [ 99 ] Tropical Storm Olivia Tropical storm (SSHWS) Duration October 9 – October 12 Peak intensity 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min) ; 1000 mbar ( hPa ) On September 18, a tropical wave exited Africa and later crossed into the eastern Pacific on September 29 without development. Convection increased in the Pacific along the wave axis, spawning a broad low-pressure area on October 5. Despite the presence of wind shear , it organized enough for the NHC to initiate advisories on Tropical Depression Sixteen-E on October 9 about 1,360 miles (2,190 km) to the west-southwest of the southern tip of Baja California . [ 103 ] Influenced by a high-pressure system , the depression drifted northward. [ 104 ] Six hours after being upgraded to a tropical storm, Olivia attained peak winds of 45 mph (70 km/h), [ 103 ] although the convection was limited to its northern side due to wind shear. [ 105 ] On October 11, the convective activity diminished and Olivia weakened to tropical depression status. [ 106 ] Olivia deteriorated into a remnant low on October 13. It moved towards the east-southeast, and on October 15 was absorbed into the remnants of Tropical Storm Norman . Olivia never affected land. [ 103 ] Tropical Depression Four-C Tropical depression (SSHWS) Duration October 13 – October 14 Peak intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min) ; 1007 mbar ( hPa ) In the middle of October, the Intertropical Convergence Zone extended across the central Pacific Ocean, resembling an extension of the monsoon trough . An area of disturbed weather formed well to the southwest of Hawaii, organizing slowly for several days. Late on October 13, after the development of a low-level circulation and persistent convection, the CPHC classified the system as Tropical Depression Four-C about 750 mi (1,210 km) southwest of Honolulu, Hawaii . Upon being classified, the depression was located in an unusual steering flow that caused it to track eastward. Due to the approach of an upper-level trough , it was expected to dissipate quickly from wind shear , although forecasters noted the possibility for the trough to provide an outflow channel, which might allow strengthening. [ 107 ] On October 14, strong wind shear removed the convection completely from the center, and the system degenerated into a remnant low. [ 9 ] The remnant circulation continued slowly eastward, dissipating on October 16. Concurrently, the convection tracked northeastward ahead of the upper-level trough, which contributed to heavy rainfall and flooding on the island of Hawaii on October 17. [ 9 ] The rainfall event coincided with the 2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake striking the area. [ 108 ] Hurricane Paul Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) Duration October 21 – October 26 Peak intensity 105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min) ; 970 mbar ( hPa ) Hurricane Paul developed from an area of disturbed weather on October 21, and slowly intensified as it moved into an area of warm waters and progressively decreasing wind shear. Paul attained hurricane status on October 23, and later that day it reached its peak intensity of 105 mph (170 km/h), a strong Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale . A strong trough turned the hurricane to the north and northeast into an area of strong vertical shear, and Paul weakened to a tropical storm on October 24, later passing just south of the Baja California Peninsula. Paul weakened to a tropical depression on October 25 a short distance off the coast of Mexico, and after briefly turning away from the coast it made landfall on northwestern Sinaloa on October 26. [ 109 ] Paul was the third hurricane to threaten western Mexico in the season, the others being Hurricanes John and Lane . Rough surf killed two people along Baja California Sur , [ 110 ] while two deaths from flooding were reported in Sinaloa . [ 111 ] Paul dropped moderate rainfall across mainland Mexico, including a 24-hour total of 2.28 inches (58 mm) in Mazatlán , Sinaloa . [ 112 ] Damage totaled more than $35 million (2006 MXN , $3.2 million 2006 USD ). [ 113 ] Tropical Depression Eighteen-E Tropical depression (SSHWS) Duration October 26 – October 27 Peak intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min) ; 1007 mbar ( hPa ) The origins of Tropical Depression Eighteen-E were from a tropical wave that exited the coast of Africa on October 7. It briefly spawned a low-pressure area as the wave continued westward without development. On October 20, the wave entered the Pacific Ocean, developing an area of thunderstorms about four days later. By 1200 UTC on October 26, a tropical depression formed about 155 mi (250 km) south of Manzanillo. [ 114 ] Initially, Tropical Depression Eighteen-E was located in an area of light wind shear, and the NHC anticipated further organization and strengthening to near hurricane status. [ 115 ] The tropical depression initially maintained a steady westward motion away from the Mexican coastline, due to a ridge north of the cyclone. [ 115 ] By October 17, convection had decreased, and the depression was not forecast to intensify as much. [ 116 ] Possibly due to intrusion of dry air, the circulation became exposed from the thunderstorms, and having weakened, it turned to a southward drift. [ 117 ] By 0000 UTC on October 28, the system had weakened to a non-convective remnant low, which dissipated the following day. [ 114 ] Tropical Storm Rosa Tropical storm (SSHWS) Duration November 8 – November 10 Peak intensity 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min) ; 1002 mbar ( hPa ) A tropical wave exited western Africa on October 22 and continued westward into the Pacific on November 2, spawning a tropical depression on November 8 about 440 mi (710 km) south of Manzanillo, Colima . [ 118 ] Environmental conditions appeared favorable, [ 119 ] although wind shear removed the convection from the circulation. [ 120 ] Throughout its duration, the storm maintained a northwest track through a weakness in a subtropical ridge . [ 121 ] By November 9, a new area of convection persisted near the center, [ 122 ] and a banding feature formed. [ 121 ] Despite the shear, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Rosa, although the shear prevented intensification beyond its peak of 40 mph (65 km/h). [ 118 ] Rosa remained a tropical storm for only 18 hours, becoming a tropical depression early on November 10 and dissipating later that day. [ 118 ] Rosa was the first tropical storm in the basin to develop during November since 2000, and was also the first tropical depression to form in the month since 2002's Tropical Depression Sixteen-E . No impact was reported from the storm. [ 118 ] Tropical Depression Twenty-E Tropical depression (SSHWS) Duration November 11 – November 11 Peak intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min) ; 1007 mbar ( hPa ) A tropical wave moved off the western coast of Africa on October 21, briefly developing two weak low-pressure areas before the wave crossed into the Pacific Ocean on November 1. Thunderstorm activity slowly increased as the wave interacted within the Intertropical Convergence Zone. After a curved band of convection developed, it is estimated the system formed into Tropical Depression Twenty-E around 0000 UTC on November 11, about 550 mi (890 km) southwest of Manzanillo. Throughout its duration, the depression never completely separated from the Intertropical Convergence Zone. [ 123 ] When the NHC issued its first advisory on the depression, the agency predicted slight intensification to tropical storm status and for the depression to last at least two days. This was due to a forecast of gradually increasing wind shear after the first 24 hours. [ 124 ] Instead, the circulation became very elongated; it is estimated the cyclone degenerated into a trough by late on November 11. [ 123 ] Hurricane Sergio Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) Duration November 13 – November 20 Peak intensity 110 mph (175 km/h) (1-min) ; 965 mbar ( hPa ) A tropical wave entered the eastern Pacific on November 7, and continued westward. An area of convection along the wave became more concentrated and organized on November 12 while located about 400 miles (640 km) south of Acapulco . A day later, the system developed into Tropical Depression Twenty-One-E while located about 460 miles (740 km) south of Manzanillo, Mexico . Initially, the tropical depression tracked to the northwest, intensifying into Tropical Storm Sergio on November 14. With deep convection, prominent rainbands, low wind shear, and a moist environment, Sergio intensified as it turned southeastward, steered by a trough to its northeast. Sergio attained hurricane status on November 15 while located about 420 miles (680 km) southwest of Acapulco . With a small, distinct eye located in the center of the deep convection, Sergio rapidly intensified to attain peak winds of 110 mph (180 km/h) about 6 hours after becoming a hurricane. Shortly after peaking, Sergio began weakening as shear increased, as its movement turned to the north and northwest. The thunderstorms waxed and waned, causing Sergio to weaken back to a tropical storm on November 17. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] A day later, the storm made its closest approach to land, about 225 miles (362 km) southwest of Michoacán . [ 127 ] On November 20, Sergio weakened to tropical depression status, and a day later the circulation dissipated, about 320 miles (510 km) west-northwest of where it originally formed. [ 125 ] Sergio produced light rainfall along the coast of Mexico, peaking at 1.97 inches (50 mm) at Tierra Colorada in Guerrero . [ 127 ] Other system On October 28, 2006, a cut-off extratropical cyclone stalled over the northeast Pacific Ocean and began to strengthen. By October 31, the storm had acquired tropical characteristics, including an eye , convection, and a warmer-than-average core. [ 128 ] The system reached peak intensity on November 1, before slowly weakening and looping towards the Pacific Northwest . The system made landfall in Washington state on November 3, before rapidly weakening and dissipating on the next day. During the duration of the storm, the system was known as Storm 91C. The storm's true nature still remains controversial among meteorologists today, due to disputes over the storm's exact structure and whether or not it had obtained tropical or subtropical characteristics. [ 129 ] Because the storm was not within the area of responsibility of the National Hurricane Center or the Central Pacific Hurricane Center, it was never assigned a name. Storm names The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Pacific Ocean east of 140°W during 2006. [ 130 ] This was the same list used for the 2000 season . [ 131 ] No names were retired from the list by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) following the 2006 season, [ 132 ] and it was used again for the 2012 season . [ 133 ] Aletta Bud Carlotta Daniel * Emilia Fabio Gilma Hector Aletta Bud Carlotta Daniel * Emilia Fabio Gilma Hector Ileana John Kristy Lane Miriam Norman Olivia Paul Ileana John Kristy Lane Miriam Norman Olivia Paul Rosa Sergio Tara (unused) Vicente (unused) Willa (unused) Xavier (unused) Yolanda (unused) Zeke (unused) Rosa Sergio Tara (unused) Vicente (unused) Willa (unused) Xavier (unused) Yolanda (unused) Zeke (unused) For named storms that form in the North Pacific between 140°W and the International Date Line , the names come from a series of four rotating lists. Names are used one after the other without regard to year, and when the bottom of one list is reached, the next named storm receives the name at the top of the next list. [ 130 ] One named storm formed within the area in 2006. Named storms in the table above that crossed into the area during the year are noted (*). [ 9 ] Ioke Ioke Retirement The name Ioke was retired from future use in the central Pacific by the WMO in the spring of 2007. The name Iopa was chosen as its replacement. [ 134 ] [ 135 ] Season effects This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 2006 Pacific hurricane season. It includes their name, duration, peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 2006 USD. Saffir–Simpson scale TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Storm name Dates active Storm category at peak intensity Max 1-min wind mph (km/h) Min. press. ( mbar ) Areas affected Damage (US$) Deaths Ref(s). Aletta May 27 – 30 Tropical storm 45 (75) 1002 None Minimal None Two-E June 3–5 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1005 Southwestern Mexico, Western Mexico Minimal None Bud July 11–16 Category 3 hurricane 125 (205) 953 Hawaii None None Carlotta July 12–16 Category 1 hurricane 85 (140) 981 None None None Daniel July 16–26 Category 4 hurricane 150 (240) 933 Hawaii Minimal None Emilia July 21–28 Tropical storm 65 (100) 990 Southwestern Mexico, Western Mexico, Baja California Peninsula , Southwestern United States Minimal None Fabio July 31 – August 3 Tropical storm 50 (85) 1000 None None None Gilma August 1–3 Tropical storm 40 (65) 1004 None None None Hector August 15–23 Category 2 hurricane 110 (175) 966 None None None Ioke August 20–27 [ nb 3 ] Category 5 hurricane 160 (260) 915 Johnston Atoll , Wake Island , Minamitorishima , Southern Alaska (before crossover) $88 million None Ileana August 21–27 Category 3 hurricane 125 (205) 951 Socorro Island Minimal 1 John August 28 – September 4 Category 4 hurricane 130 (215) 948 Guerrero , Michoacán , Baja California Sur , Arizona , California , New Mexico , Texas $60.9 million 5 Kristy August 30 – September 8 Category 1 hurricane 80 (130) 985 None None None Lane September 13–17 Category 3 hurricane 125 (205) 952 Southwestern Mexico, Western Mexico, Northwestern Mexico, Southwestern United States $203 million 4 Miriam September 16–18 Tropical storm 45 (75) 999 None None None Two-C September 19–20 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1007 None None None Three-C September 26–27 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1008 None None None Norman October 9–15 Tropical storm 50 (85) 1000 Southwestern Mexico, [ nb 4 ] Western Mexico Minimal None Olivia October 9–12 Tropical storm 45 (75) 1000 None None None Four-C October 13–14 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1007 None None None Paul October 21–26 Category 2 hurricane 105 (165) 970 Oaxaca , Guerrero , Baja California Sur , Sinaloa $3.2 million 4 Eighteen-E October 26–27 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1007 None None None Rosa November 8–10 Tropical storm 40 (65) 1002 None None None Twenty-E November 11 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1007 None None None Sergio November 13–20 Category 2 hurricane 110 (175) 965 Guerrero None None Season aggregates 25 systems May 27 – November 20 160 (260) 915 $355 million 14 See also Tropical cyclones portal Tropical cyclones in 2006 List of Pacific hurricanes Pacific hurricane season 2006 Atlantic hurricane season 2006 Pacific typhoon season 2006 North Indian Ocean cyclone season South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 2005–06 , 2006–07 Australian region cyclone seasons: 2005–06 , 2006–07 South Pacific cyclone seasons: 2005–06 , 2006–07 Notes ^ The total represents the sum of the squares of the maximum sustained wind speed (knots) for every (sub)tropical storm's intensity of over 33 knots (38 mph; 61 km/h), divided by 10,000 while they are above that threshold; therefore, tropical depressions are not included. ^ Rainfall totals are rounded to the nearest 1/100th of an inch and to the nearest millimetre . ^ Though Hurricane Ioke did not make landfall, its strike on Wake Island is included in the table, due to the severe damage on the island. ^ In its report on Tropical Storm Norman , the National Hurricane Center did not specify whether the storm moved ashore or not. However, in its report to the World Meteorological Organization , officials from Mexico included Norman in the storms that moved ashore along the country. 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External links National Hurricane Center's Eastern Pacific Tropical Weather Outlook – updated four times daily National Hurricane Center National Hurricane Center's 2006 Advisory Archive Central Pacific Hurricane Center .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Tropical cyclones of the 2006 Pacific hurricane season v t e Timeline Timeline TS Aletta TD Two-E 3 Bud 1 Carlotta 4 Daniel TS Emilia TS Fabio TS Gilma 2 Hector 5 Ioke 3 Ileana 4 John 1 Kristy 3 Lane TS Miriam TD Two-C TD Three-C TS Norman TS Olivia TD Four-C 2 Paul TD Eighteen-E TS Rosa TD Twenty-E 2 Sergio Category Category 2000–2009 Pacific hurricane seasons Previous: 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Next: 2010 Previous: 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Next: 2010 v t e Tropical cyclones in 2006 v t e Cyclones Australian region ( 2005–06 2006–07 ) North Indian Ocean South-West Indian Ocean ( 2005–06 2006–07 ) South Pacific ( 2005–06 2006–07 ) Australian region ( 2005–06 2006–07 ) North Indian Ocean South-West Indian Ocean ( 2005–06 2006–07 ) South Pacific ( 2005–06 2006–07 ) Hurricanes Atlantic Pacific Atlantic Pacific Typhoons Pacific Pacific Non-seasonal lists Mediterranean South Atlantic Mediterranean South Atlantic 2006 Pacific hurricane season Pacific hurricane seasons Tropical cyclones in 2006 Pages using the EasyTimeline extension Articles with dead FTP links Source attribution CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Use mdy dates from July 2018 This page was last edited on 9 January 2026, at 12:19 (UTC) . 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 8,080 results for author: Li, Z Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 3 4 5 … arXiv:2601.10485 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Panning for Gold: Expanding Domain-Specific Knowledge Graphs with General Knowledge Authors: Runhao Zhao , Weixin Zeng , Wentao Zhang , Chong Chen , Zhengpin Li , Xiang Zhao , Lei Chen Abstract : Domain-specific knowledge graphs (DKGs) often lack coverage compared to general knowledge graphs (GKGs). To address this, we introduce Domain-specific Knowledge Graph Fusion (DKGF), a novel task that enriches DKGs by integrating relevant facts from GKGs. DKGF faces two key challenges: high ambiguity in domain relevance and misalignment in knowledge granularity across graphs. We propose ExeFuse, a… ▽ More Domain-specific knowledge graphs (DKGs) often lack coverage compared to general knowledge graphs (GKGs). To address this, we introduce Domain-specific Knowledge Graph Fusion (DKGF), a novel task that enriches DKGs by integrating relevant facts from GKGs. DKGF faces two key challenges: high ambiguity in domain relevance and misalignment in knowledge granularity across graphs. We propose ExeFuse, a simple yet effective Fact-as-Program paradigm. It treats each GKG fact as a latent semantic program, maps abstract relations to granularity-aware operators, and verifies domain relevance via program executability on the target DKG. This unified probabilistic framework jointly resolves relevance and granularity issues. We construct two benchmarks, DKGF(W-I) and DKGF(Y-I), with 21 evaluation configurations. Extensive experiments validate the task's importance and our model's effectiveness, providing the first standardized testbed for DKGF. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages, 4 figures arXiv:2601.10485 [ pdf , ps , other ] Panning for Gold: Expanding Domain-Specific Knowledge Graphs with General Knowledge Authors: Runhao Zhao , Weixin Zeng , Wentao Zhang , Chong Chen , Zhengpin Li , Xiang Zhao , Lei Chen Abstract : Domain-specific knowledge graphs (DKGs) often lack coverage compared to general knowledge graphs (GKGs). To address this, we introduce Domain-specific Knowledge Graph Fusion (DKGF), a novel task that enriches DKGs by integrating relevant facts from GKGs. DKGF faces two key challenges: high ambiguity in domain relevance and misalignment in knowledge granularity across graphs. We propose ExeFuse, a… ▽ More Domain-specific knowledge graphs (DKGs) often lack coverage compared to general knowledge graphs (GKGs). To address this, we introduce Domain-specific Knowledge Graph Fusion (DKGF), a novel task that enriches DKGs by integrating relevant facts from GKGs. DKGF faces two key challenges: high ambiguity in domain relevance and misalignment in knowledge granularity across graphs. We propose ExeFuse, a simple yet effective Fact-as-Program paradigm. It treats each GKG fact as a latent semantic program, maps abstract relations to granularity-aware operators, and verifies domain relevance via program executability on the target DKG. This unified probabilistic framework jointly resolves relevance and granularity issues. We construct two benchmarks, DKGF(W-I) and DKGF(Y-I), with 21 evaluation configurations. Extensive experiments validate the task's importance and our model's effectiveness, providing the first standardized testbed for DKGF. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages, 4 figures arXiv:2601.10306 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL Evidence-Augmented Policy Optimization with Reward Co-Evolution for Long-Context Reasoning Authors: Xin Guan , Zijian Li , Shen Huang , Pengjun Xie , Jingren Zhou , Jiuxin Cao Abstract : While Reinforcement Learning (RL) has advanced LLM reasoning, applying it to long-context scenarios is hindered by sparsity of outcome rewards. This limitation fails to penalize ungrounded "lucky guesses," leaving the critical process of needle-in-a-haystack evidence retrieval largely unsupervised. To address this, we propose EAPO (Evidence-Augmented Policy Optimization). We first establish the Ev… ▽ More While Reinforcement Learning (RL) has advanced LLM reasoning, applying it to long-context scenarios is hindered by sparsity of outcome rewards. This limitation fails to penalize ungrounded "lucky guesses," leaving the critical process of needle-in-a-haystack evidence retrieval largely unsupervised. To address this, we propose EAPO (Evidence-Augmented Policy Optimization). We first establish the Evidence-Augmented Reasoning paradigm, validating via Tree-Structured Evidence Sampling that precise evidence extraction is the decisive bottleneck for long-context reasoning. Guided by this insight, EAPO introduces a specialized RL algorithm where a reward model computes a Group-Relative Evidence Reward, providing dense process supervision to explicitly improve evidence quality. To sustain accurate supervision throughout training, we further incorporate an Adaptive Reward-Policy Co-Evolution mechanism. This mechanism iteratively refines the reward model using outcome-consistent rollouts, sharpening its discriminative capability to ensure precise process guidance. Comprehensive evaluations across eight benchmarks demonstrate that EAPO significantly enhances long-context reasoning performance compared to SOTA baselines. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10306 [ pdf , ps , other ] Evidence-Augmented Policy Optimization with Reward Co-Evolution for Long-Context Reasoning Authors: Xin Guan , Zijian Li , Shen Huang , Pengjun Xie , Jingren Zhou , Jiuxin Cao Abstract : While Reinforcement Learning (RL) has advanced LLM reasoning, applying it to long-context scenarios is hindered by sparsity of outcome rewards. This limitation fails to penalize ungrounded "lucky guesses," leaving the critical process of needle-in-a-haystack evidence retrieval largely unsupervised. To address this, we propose EAPO (Evidence-Augmented Policy Optimization). We first establish the Ev… ▽ More While Reinforcement Learning (RL) has advanced LLM reasoning, applying it to long-context scenarios is hindered by sparsity of outcome rewards. This limitation fails to penalize ungrounded "lucky guesses," leaving the critical process of needle-in-a-haystack evidence retrieval largely unsupervised. To address this, we propose EAPO (Evidence-Augmented Policy Optimization). We first establish the Evidence-Augmented Reasoning paradigm, validating via Tree-Structured Evidence Sampling that precise evidence extraction is the decisive bottleneck for long-context reasoning. Guided by this insight, EAPO introduces a specialized RL algorithm where a reward model computes a Group-Relative Evidence Reward, providing dense process supervision to explicitly improve evidence quality. To sustain accurate supervision throughout training, we further incorporate an Adaptive Reward-Policy Co-Evolution mechanism. This mechanism iteratively refines the reward model using outcome-consistent rollouts, sharpening its discriminative capability to ensure precise process guidance. Comprehensive evaluations across eight benchmarks demonstrate that EAPO significantly enhances long-context reasoning performance compared to SOTA baselines. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10108 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.MM SIN-Bench: Tracing Native Evidence Chains in Long-Context Multimodal Scientific Interleaved Literature Authors: Yiming Ren , Junjie Wang , Yuxin Meng , Yihang Shi , Zhiqiang Lin , Ruihang Chu , Yiran Xu , Ziming Li , Yunfei Zhao , Zihan Wang , Yu Qiao , Ruiming Tang , Minghao Liu , Yujiu Yang Abstract : Evaluating whether multimodal large language models truly understand long-form scientific papers remains challenging: answer-only metrics and synthetic "Needle-In-A-Haystack" tests often reward answer matching without requiring a causal, evidence-linked reasoning trace in the document. We propose the "Fish-in-the-Ocean" (FITO) paradigm, which requires models to construct explicit cross-modal evide… ▽ More Evaluating whether multimodal large language models truly understand long-form scientific papers remains challenging: answer-only metrics and synthetic "Needle-In-A-Haystack" tests often reward answer matching without requiring a causal, evidence-linked reasoning trace in the document. We propose the "Fish-in-the-Ocean" (FITO) paradigm, which requires models to construct explicit cross-modal evidence chains within native scientific documents. To operationalize FITO, we build SIN-Data, a scientific interleaved corpus that preserves the native interleaving of text and figures. On top of it, we construct SIN-Bench with four progressive tasks covering evidence discovery (SIN-Find), hypothesis verification (SIN-Verify), grounded QA (SIN-QA), and evidence-anchored synthesis (SIN-Summary). We further introduce "No Evidence, No Score", scoring predictions when grounded to verifiable anchors and diagnosing evidence quality via matching, relevance, and logic. Experiments on eight MLLMs show that grounding is the primary bottleneck: Gemini-3-pro achieves the best average overall score (0.573), while GPT-5 attains the highest SIN-QA answer accuracy (0.767) but underperforms on evidence-aligned overall scores, exposing a gap between correctness and traceable support. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10108 [ pdf , ps , other ] SIN-Bench: Tracing Native Evidence Chains in Long-Context Multimodal Scientific Interleaved Literature Authors: Yiming Ren , Junjie Wang , Yuxin Meng , Yihang Shi , Zhiqiang Lin , Ruihang Chu , Yiran Xu , Ziming Li , Yunfei Zhao , Zihan Wang , Yu Qiao , Ruiming Tang , Minghao Liu , Yujiu Yang Abstract : Evaluating whether multimodal large language models truly understand long-form scientific papers remains challenging: answer-only metrics and synthetic "Needle-In-A-Haystack" tests often reward answer matching without requiring a causal, evidence-linked reasoning trace in the document. We propose the "Fish-in-the-Ocean" (FITO) paradigm, which requires models to construct explicit cross-modal evide… ▽ More Evaluating whether multimodal large language models truly understand long-form scientific papers remains challenging: answer-only metrics and synthetic "Needle-In-A-Haystack" tests often reward answer matching without requiring a causal, evidence-linked reasoning trace in the document. We propose the "Fish-in-the-Ocean" (FITO) paradigm, which requires models to construct explicit cross-modal evidence chains within native scientific documents. To operationalize FITO, we build SIN-Data, a scientific interleaved corpus that preserves the native interleaving of text and figures. On top of it, we construct SIN-Bench with four progressive tasks covering evidence discovery (SIN-Find), hypothesis verification (SIN-Verify), grounded QA (SIN-QA), and evidence-anchored synthesis (SIN-Summary). We further introduce "No Evidence, No Score", scoring predictions when grounded to verifiable anchors and diagnosing evidence quality via matching, relevance, and logic. Experiments on eight MLLMs show that grounding is the primary bottleneck: Gemini-3-pro achieves the best average overall score (0.573), while GPT-5 attains the highest SIN-QA answer accuracy (0.767) but underperforms on evidence-aligned overall scores, exposing a gap between correctness and traceable support. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09465 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI EvoFSM: Controllable Self-Evolution for Deep Research with Finite State Machines Authors: Shuo Zhang , Chaofa Yuan , Ryan Guo , Xiaomin Yu , Rui Xu , Zhangquan Chen , Zinuo Li , Zhi Yang , Shuhao Guan , Zhenheng Tang , Sen Hu , Liwen Zhang , Ronghao Chen , Huacan Wang Abstract : While LLM-based agents have shown promise for deep research, most existing approaches rely on fixed workflows that struggle to adapt to real-world, open-ended queries. Recent work therefore explores self-evolution by allowing agents to rewrite their own code or prompts to improve problem-solving ability, but unconstrained optimization often triggers instability, hallucinations, and instruction dri… ▽ More While LLM-based agents have shown promise for deep research, most existing approaches rely on fixed workflows that struggle to adapt to real-world, open-ended queries. Recent work therefore explores self-evolution by allowing agents to rewrite their own code or prompts to improve problem-solving ability, but unconstrained optimization often triggers instability, hallucinations, and instruction drift. We propose EvoFSM, a structured self-evolving framework that achieves both adaptability and control by evolving an explicit Finite State Machine (FSM) instead of relying on free-form rewriting. EvoFSM decouples the optimization space into macroscopic Flow (state-transition logic) and microscopic Skill (state-specific behaviors), enabling targeted improvements under clear behavioral boundaries. Guided by a critic mechanism, EvoFSM refines the FSM through a small set of constrained operations, and further incorporates a self-evolving memory that distills successful trajectories as reusable priors and failure patterns as constraints for future queries. Extensive evaluations on five multi-hop QA benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of EvoFSM. In particular, EvoFSM reaches 58.0% accuracy on the DeepSearch benchmark. Additional results on interactive decision-making tasks further validate its generalization. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09465 [ pdf , ps , other ] EvoFSM: Controllable Self-Evolution for Deep Research with Finite State Machines Authors: Shuo Zhang , Chaofa Yuan , Ryan Guo , Xiaomin Yu , Rui Xu , Zhangquan Chen , Zinuo Li , Zhi Yang , Shuhao Guan , Zhenheng Tang , Sen Hu , Liwen Zhang , Ronghao Chen , Huacan Wang Abstract : While LLM-based agents have shown promise for deep research, most existing approaches rely on fixed workflows that struggle to adapt to real-world, open-ended queries. Recent work therefore explores self-evolution by allowing agents to rewrite their own code or prompts to improve problem-solving ability, but unconstrained optimization often triggers instability, hallucinations, and instruction dri… ▽ More While LLM-based agents have shown promise for deep research, most existing approaches rely on fixed workflows that struggle to adapt to real-world, open-ended queries. Recent work therefore explores self-evolution by allowing agents to rewrite their own code or prompts to improve problem-solving ability, but unconstrained optimization often triggers instability, hallucinations, and instruction drift. We propose EvoFSM, a structured self-evolving framework that achieves both adaptability and control by evolving an explicit Finite State Machine (FSM) instead of relying on free-form rewriting. EvoFSM decouples the optimization space into macroscopic Flow (state-transition logic) and microscopic Skill (state-specific behaviors), enabling targeted improvements under clear behavioral boundaries. Guided by a critic mechanism, EvoFSM refines the FSM through a small set of constrained operations, and further incorporates a self-evolving memory that distills successful trajectories as reusable priors and failure patterns as constraints for future queries. Extensive evaluations on five multi-hop QA benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of EvoFSM. In particular, EvoFSM reaches 58.0% accuracy on the DeepSearch benchmark. Additional results on interactive decision-making tasks further validate its generalization. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09264 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Coordinated Pandemic Control with Large Language Model Agents as Policymaking Assistants Authors: Ziyi Shi , Xusen Guo , Hongliang Lu , Mingxing Peng , Haotian Wang , Zheng Zhu , Zhenning Li , Yuxuan Liang , Xinhu Zheng , Hai Yang Abstract : Effective pandemic control requires timely and coordinated policymaking across administrative regions that are intrinsically interdependent. However, human-driven responses are often fragmented and reactive, with policies formulated in isolation and adjusted only after outbreaks escalate, undermining proactive intervention and global pandemic mitigation. To address this challenge, here we propose… ▽ More Effective pandemic control requires timely and coordinated policymaking across administrative regions that are intrinsically interdependent. However, human-driven responses are often fragmented and reactive, with policies formulated in isolation and adjusted only after outbreaks escalate, undermining proactive intervention and global pandemic mitigation. To address this challenge, here we propose a large language model (LLM) multi-agent policymaking framework that supports coordinated and proactive pandemic control across regions. Within our framework, each administrative region is assigned an LLM agent as an AI policymaking assistant. The agent reasons over region-specific epidemiological dynamics while communicating with other agents to account for cross-regional interdependencies. By integrating real-world data, a pandemic evolution simulator, and structured inter-agent communication, our framework enables agents to jointly explore counterfactual intervention scenarios and synthesize coordinated policy decisions through a closed-loop simulation process. We validate the proposed framework using state-level COVID-19 data from the United States between April and December 2020, together with real-world mobility records and observed policy interventions. Compared with real-world pandemic outcomes, our approach reduces cumulative infections and deaths by up to 63.7% and 40.1%, respectively, at the individual state level, and by 39.0% and 27.0%, respectively, when aggregated across states. These results demonstrate that LLM multi-agent systems can enable more effective pandemic control with coordinated policymaking... △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 20pages, 6 figures, a 60-page supporting material pdf file arXiv:2601.09264 [ pdf , ps , other ] Coordinated Pandemic Control with Large Language Model Agents as Policymaking Assistants Authors: Ziyi Shi , Xusen Guo , Hongliang Lu , Mingxing Peng , Haotian Wang , Zheng Zhu , Zhenning Li , Yuxuan Liang , Xinhu Zheng , Hai Yang Abstract : Effective pandemic control requires timely and coordinated policymaking across administrative regions that are intrinsically interdependent. However, human-driven responses are often fragmented and reactive, with policies formulated in isolation and adjusted only after outbreaks escalate, undermining proactive intervention and global pandemic mitigation. To address this challenge, here we propose… ▽ More Effective pandemic control requires timely and coordinated policymaking across administrative regions that are intrinsically interdependent. However, human-driven responses are often fragmented and reactive, with policies formulated in isolation and adjusted only after outbreaks escalate, undermining proactive intervention and global pandemic mitigation. To address this challenge, here we propose a large language model (LLM) multi-agent policymaking framework that supports coordinated and proactive pandemic control across regions. Within our framework, each administrative region is assigned an LLM agent as an AI policymaking assistant. The agent reasons over region-specific epidemiological dynamics while communicating with other agents to account for cross-regional interdependencies. By integrating real-world data, a pandemic evolution simulator, and structured inter-agent communication, our framework enables agents to jointly explore counterfactual intervention scenarios and synthesize coordinated policy decisions through a closed-loop simulation process. We validate the proposed framework using state-level COVID-19 data from the United States between April and December 2020, together with real-world mobility records and observed policy interventions. Compared with real-world pandemic outcomes, our approach reduces cumulative infections and deaths by up to 63.7% and 40.1%, respectively, at the individual state level, and by 39.0% and 27.0%, respectively, when aggregated across states. These results demonstrate that LLM multi-agent systems can enable more effective pandemic control with coordinated policymaking... △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 20pages, 6 figures, a 60-page supporting material pdf file arXiv:2601.09150 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.HC World Craft: Agentic Framework to Create Visualizable Worlds via Text Authors: Jianwen Sun , Yukang Feng , Kaining Ying , Chuanhao Li , Zizhen Li , Fanrui Zhang , Jiaxin Ai , Yifan Chang , Yu Dai , Yifei Huang , Kaipeng Zhang Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) motivate generative agent simulation (e.g., AI Town) to create a ``dynamic world'', holding immense value across entertainment and research. However, for non-experts, especially those without programming skills, it isn't easy to customize a visualizable environment by themselves. In this paper, we introduce World Craft, an agentic world creation framework to create an… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) motivate generative agent simulation (e.g., AI Town) to create a ``dynamic world'', holding immense value across entertainment and research. However, for non-experts, especially those without programming skills, it isn't easy to customize a visualizable environment by themselves. In this paper, we introduce World Craft, an agentic world creation framework to create an executable and visualizable AI Town via user textual descriptions. It consists of two main modules, World Scaffold and World Guild. World Scaffold is a structured and concise standardization to develop interactive game scenes, serving as an efficient scaffolding for LLMs to customize an executable AI Town-like environment. World Guild is a multi-agent framework to progressively analyze users' intents from rough descriptions, and synthesizes required structured contents (\eg environment layout and assets) for World Scaffold . Moreover, we construct a high-quality error-correction dataset via reverse engineering to enhance spatial knowledge and improve the stability and controllability of layout generation, while reporting multi-dimensional evaluation metrics for further analysis. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our framework significantly outperforms existing commercial code agents (Cursor and Antigravity) and LLMs (Qwen3 and Gemini-3-Pro). in scene construction and narrative intent conveyance, providing a scalable solution for the democratization of environment creation. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09150 [ pdf , ps , other ] World Craft: Agentic Framework to Create Visualizable Worlds via Text Authors: Jianwen Sun , Yukang Feng , Kaining Ying , Chuanhao Li , Zizhen Li , Fanrui Zhang , Jiaxin Ai , Yifan Chang , Yu Dai , Yifei Huang , Kaipeng Zhang Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) motivate generative agent simulation (e.g., AI Town) to create a ``dynamic world'', holding immense value across entertainment and research. However, for non-experts, especially those without programming skills, it isn't easy to customize a visualizable environment by themselves. In this paper, we introduce World Craft, an agentic world creation framework to create an… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) motivate generative agent simulation (e.g., AI Town) to create a ``dynamic world'', holding immense value across entertainment and research. However, for non-experts, especially those without programming skills, it isn't easy to customize a visualizable environment by themselves. In this paper, we introduce World Craft, an agentic world creation framework to create an executable and visualizable AI Town via user textual descriptions. It consists of two main modules, World Scaffold and World Guild. World Scaffold is a structured and concise standardization to develop interactive game scenes, serving as an efficient scaffolding for LLMs to customize an executable AI Town-like environment. World Guild is a multi-agent framework to progressively analyze users' intents from rough descriptions, and synthesizes required structured contents (\eg environment layout and assets) for World Scaffold . Moreover, we construct a high-quality error-correction dataset via reverse engineering to enhance spatial knowledge and improve the stability and controllability of layout generation, while reporting multi-dimensional evaluation metrics for further analysis. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our framework significantly outperforms existing commercial code agents (Cursor and Antigravity) and LLMs (Qwen3 and Gemini-3-Pro). in scene construction and narrative intent conveyance, providing a scalable solution for the democratization of environment creation. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09129 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR KryptoPilot: An Open-World Knowledge-Augmented LLM Agent for Automated Cryptographic Exploitation Authors: Xiaonan Liu , Zhihao Li , Xiao Lan , Hao Ren , Haizhou Wang , Xingshu Chen Abstract : Capture-the-Flag (CTF) competitions play a central role in modern cybersecurity as a platform for training practitioners and evaluating offensive and defensive techniques derived from real-world vulnerabilities. Despite recent advances in large language models (LLMs), existing LLM-based agents remain ineffective on high-difficulty cryptographic CTF challenges, which require precise cryptanalytic k… ▽ More Capture-the-Flag (CTF) competitions play a central role in modern cybersecurity as a platform for training practitioners and evaluating offensive and defensive techniques derived from real-world vulnerabilities. Despite recent advances in large language models (LLMs), existing LLM-based agents remain ineffective on high-difficulty cryptographic CTF challenges, which require precise cryptanalytic knowledge, stable long-horizon reasoning, and disciplined interaction with specialized toolchains. Through a systematic exploratory study, we show that insufficient knowledge granularity, rather than model reasoning capacity, is a primary factor limiting successful cryptographic exploitation: coarse or abstracted external knowledge often fails to support correct attack modeling and implementation. Motivated by this observation, we propose KryptoPilot, an open-world knowledge-augmented LLM agent for automated cryptographic exploitation. KryptoPilot integrates dynamic open-world knowledge acquisition via a Deep Research pipeline, a persistent workspace for structured knowledge reuse, and a governance subsystem that stabilizes reasoning through behavioral constraints and cost-aware model routing. This design enables precise knowledge alignment while maintaining efficient reasoning across heterogeneous subtasks. We evaluate KryptoPilot on two established CTF benchmarks and in six real-world CTF competitions. KryptoPilot achieves a complete solve rate on InterCode-CTF, solves between 56 and 60 percent of cryptographic challenges on the NYU-CTF benchmark, and successfully solves 26 out of 33 cryptographic challenges in live competitions, including multiple earliest-solved and uniquely-solved instances. These results demonstrate the necessity of open-world, fine-grained knowledge augmentation and governed reasoning for scaling LLM-based agents to real-world cryptographic exploitation. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 14 Pages,4 figures arXiv:2601.09129 [ pdf , ps , other ] KryptoPilot: An Open-World Knowledge-Augmented LLM Agent for Automated Cryptographic Exploitation Authors: Xiaonan Liu , Zhihao Li , Xiao Lan , Hao Ren , Haizhou Wang , Xingshu Chen Abstract : Capture-the-Flag (CTF) competitions play a central role in modern cybersecurity as a platform for training practitioners and evaluating offensive and defensive techniques derived from real-world vulnerabilities. Despite recent advances in large language models (LLMs), existing LLM-based agents remain ineffective on high-difficulty cryptographic CTF challenges, which require precise cryptanalytic k… ▽ More Capture-the-Flag (CTF) competitions play a central role in modern cybersecurity as a platform for training practitioners and evaluating offensive and defensive techniques derived from real-world vulnerabilities. Despite recent advances in large language models (LLMs), existing LLM-based agents remain ineffective on high-difficulty cryptographic CTF challenges, which require precise cryptanalytic knowledge, stable long-horizon reasoning, and disciplined interaction with specialized toolchains. Through a systematic exploratory study, we show that insufficient knowledge granularity, rather than model reasoning capacity, is a primary factor limiting successful cryptographic exploitation: coarse or abstracted external knowledge often fails to support correct attack modeling and implementation. Motivated by this observation, we propose KryptoPilot, an open-world knowledge-augmented LLM agent for automated cryptographic exploitation. KryptoPilot integrates dynamic open-world knowledge acquisition via a Deep Research pipeline, a persistent workspace for structured knowledge reuse, and a governance subsystem that stabilizes reasoning through behavioral constraints and cost-aware model routing. This design enables precise knowledge alignment while maintaining efficient reasoning across heterogeneous subtasks. We evaluate KryptoPilot on two established CTF benchmarks and in six real-world CTF competitions. KryptoPilot achieves a complete solve rate on InterCode-CTF, solves between 56 and 60 percent of cryptographic challenges on the NYU-CTF benchmark, and successfully solves 26 out of 33 cryptographic challenges in live competitions, including multiple earliest-solved and uniquely-solved instances. These results demonstrate the necessity of open-world, fine-grained knowledge augmentation and governed reasoning for scaling LLM-based agents to real-world cryptographic exploitation. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 14 Pages,4 figures arXiv:2601.08960 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.PF LookAhead: The Optimal Non-decreasing Index Policy for a Time-Varying Holding Cost problem Authors: Keerthana Gurushankar , Zhouzi Li , Mor Harchol-Balter , Alan Scheller-Wolf Abstract : In practice, the cost of delaying a job can grow as the job waits. Such behavior is modeled by the Time-Varying Holding Cost (TVHC) problem, where each job's instantaneous holding cost increases with its current age (a job's age is the time since it arrived). The goal of the TVHC problem is to find a scheduling policy that minimizes the time-average total holding cost across all jobs. However, n… ▽ More In practice, the cost of delaying a job can grow as the job waits. Such behavior is modeled by the Time-Varying Holding Cost (TVHC) problem, where each job's instantaneous holding cost increases with its current age (a job's age is the time since it arrived). The goal of the TVHC problem is to find a scheduling policy that minimizes the time-average total holding cost across all jobs. However, no optimality results are known for the TVHC problem outside of the asymptotic regime. In this paper, we study a simple yet still challenging special case: A two-class M/M/1 queue in which class 1 jobs incur a non-decreasing, time-varying holding cost and class 2 jobs incur a constant holding cost. Our main contribution is deriving the first optimal (non-decreasing) index policy for this special case of the TVHC problem. Our optimal policy, called LookAhead, stems from the following idea: Rather than considering each job's current holding cost when making scheduling decisions, we should look at their cost some $X$ time into the future, where this $X$ is intuitively called the ``lookahead amount." This paper derives that optimal lookahead amount. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: To be published in Queueing Systems arXiv:2601.08960 [ pdf , ps , other ] LookAhead: The Optimal Non-decreasing Index Policy for a Time-Varying Holding Cost problem Authors: Keerthana Gurushankar , Zhouzi Li , Mor Harchol-Balter , Alan Scheller-Wolf Abstract : In practice, the cost of delaying a job can grow as the job waits. Such behavior is modeled by the Time-Varying Holding Cost (TVHC) problem, where each job's instantaneous holding cost increases with its current age (a job's age is the time since it arrived). The goal of the TVHC problem is to find a scheduling policy that minimizes the time-average total holding cost across all jobs. However, n… ▽ More In practice, the cost of delaying a job can grow as the job waits. Such behavior is modeled by the Time-Varying Holding Cost (TVHC) problem, where each job's instantaneous holding cost increases with its current age (a job's age is the time since it arrived). The goal of the TVHC problem is to find a scheduling policy that minimizes the time-average total holding cost across all jobs. However, no optimality results are known for the TVHC problem outside of the asymptotic regime. In this paper, we study a simple yet still challenging special case: A two-class M/M/1 queue in which class 1 jobs incur a non-decreasing, time-varying holding cost and class 2 jobs incur a constant holding cost. Our main contribution is deriving the first optimal (non-decreasing) index policy for this special case of the TVHC problem. Our optimal policy, called LookAhead, stems from the following idea: Rather than considering each job's current holding cost when making scheduling decisions, we should look at their cost some $X$ time into the future, where this $X$ is intuitively called the ``lookahead amount." This paper derives that optimal lookahead amount. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: To be published in Queueing Systems arXiv:2601.08136 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG eess.SY Reverse Flow Matching: A Unified Framework for Online Reinforcement Learning with Diffusion and Flow Policies Authors: Zeyang Li , Sunbochen Tang , Navid Azizan Abstract : Diffusion and flow policies are gaining prominence in online reinforcement learning (RL) due to their expressive power, yet training them efficiently remains a critical challenge. A fundamental difficulty in online RL is the lack of direct samples from the target distribution; instead, the target is an unnormalized Boltzmann distribution defined by the Q-function. To address this, two seemingly di… ▽ More Diffusion and flow policies are gaining prominence in online reinforcement learning (RL) due to their expressive power, yet training them efficiently remains a critical challenge. A fundamental difficulty in online RL is the lack of direct samples from the target distribution; instead, the target is an unnormalized Boltzmann distribution defined by the Q-function. To address this, two seemingly distinct families of methods have been proposed for diffusion policies: a noise-expectation family, which utilizes a weighted average of noise as the training target, and a gradient-expectation family, which employs a weighted average of Q-function gradients. Yet, it remains unclear how these objectives relate formally or if they can be synthesized into a more general formulation. In this paper, we propose a unified framework, reverse flow matching (RFM), which rigorously addresses the problem of training diffusion and flow models without direct target samples. By adopting a reverse inferential perspective, we formulate the training target as a posterior mean estimation problem given an intermediate noisy sample. Crucially, we introduce Langevin Stein operators to construct zero-mean control variates, deriving a general class of estimators that effectively reduce importance sampling variance. We show that existing noise-expectation and gradient-expectation methods are two specific instances within this broader class. This unified view yields two key advancements: it extends the capability of targeting Boltzmann distributions from diffusion to flow policies, and enables the principled combination of Q-value and Q-gradient information to derive an optimal, minimum-variance estimator, thereby improving training efficiency and stability. We instantiate RFM to train a flow policy in online RL, and demonstrate improved performance on continuous-control benchmarks compared to diffusion policy baselines. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08136 [ pdf , ps , other ] Reverse Flow Matching: A Unified Framework for Online Reinforcement Learning with Diffusion and Flow Policies Authors: Zeyang Li , Sunbochen Tang , Navid Azizan Abstract : Diffusion and flow policies are gaining prominence in online reinforcement learning (RL) due to their expressive power, yet training them efficiently remains a critical challenge. A fundamental difficulty in online RL is the lack of direct samples from the target distribution; instead, the target is an unnormalized Boltzmann distribution defined by the Q-function. To address this, two seemingly di… ▽ More Diffusion and flow policies are gaining prominence in online reinforcement learning (RL) due to their expressive power, yet training them efficiently remains a critical challenge. A fundamental difficulty in online RL is the lack of direct samples from the target distribution; instead, the target is an unnormalized Boltzmann distribution defined by the Q-function. To address this, two seemingly distinct families of methods have been proposed for diffusion policies: a noise-expectation family, which utilizes a weighted average of noise as the training target, and a gradient-expectation family, which employs a weighted average of Q-function gradients. Yet, it remains unclear how these objectives relate formally or if they can be synthesized into a more general formulation. In this paper, we propose a unified framework, reverse flow matching (RFM), which rigorously addresses the problem of training diffusion and flow models without direct target samples. By adopting a reverse inferential perspective, we formulate the training target as a posterior mean estimation problem given an intermediate noisy sample. Crucially, we introduce Langevin Stein operators to construct zero-mean control variates, deriving a general class of estimators that effectively reduce importance sampling variance. We show that existing noise-expectation and gradient-expectation methods are two specific instances within this broader class. This unified view yields two key advancements: it extends the capability of targeting Boltzmann distributions from diffusion to flow policies, and enables the principled combination of Q-value and Q-gradient information to derive an optimal, minimum-variance estimator, thereby improving training efficiency and stability. We instantiate RFM to train a flow policy in online RL, and demonstrate improved performance on continuous-control benchmarks compared to diffusion policy baselines. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07965 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.LG When Models Know When They Do Not Know: Calibration, Cascading, and Cleaning Authors: Chenjie Hao , Weyl Lu , Yuko Ishiwaka , Zengyi Li , Weier Wan , Yubei Chen Abstract : When a model knows when it does not know, many possibilities emerge. The first question is how to enable a model to recognize that it does not know. A promising approach is to use confidence, computed from the model's internal signals, to reflect its ignorance. Prior work in specific domains has shown that calibration can provide reliable confidence estimates. In this work, we propose a simple, ef… ▽ More When a model knows when it does not know, many possibilities emerge. The first question is how to enable a model to recognize that it does not know. A promising approach is to use confidence, computed from the model's internal signals, to reflect its ignorance. Prior work in specific domains has shown that calibration can provide reliable confidence estimates. In this work, we propose a simple, effective, and universal training-free method that applies to both vision and language models, performing model calibration, cascading, and data cleaning to better exploit a model's ability to recognize when it does not know. We first highlight two key empirical observations: higher confidence corresponds to higher accuracy within a single model, and models calibrated on the validation set remain calibrated on a held-out test set. These findings empirically establish the reliability and comparability of calibrated confidence. Building on this, we introduce two applications: (1) model cascading with calibrated advantage routing and (2) data cleaning based on model ensemble. Using the routing signal derived from the comparability of calibrated confidences, we cascade large and small models to improve efficiency with almost no compromise in accuracy, and we further cascade two models of comparable scale to achieve performance beyond either model alone. Leveraging multiple experts and their calibrated confidences, we design a simple yet effective data-cleaning method that balances precision and detection rate to identify mislabeled samples in ImageNet and Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) datasets. Our results demonstrate that enabling models to recognize when they do not know is a practical step toward more efficient, reliable, and trustworthy AI. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07965 [ pdf , ps , other ] When Models Know When They Do Not Know: Calibration, Cascading, and Cleaning Authors: Chenjie Hao , Weyl Lu , Yuko Ishiwaka , Zengyi Li , Weier Wan , Yubei Chen Abstract : When a model knows when it does not know, many possibilities emerge. The first question is how to enable a model to recognize that it does not know. A promising approach is to use confidence, computed from the model's internal signals, to reflect its ignorance. Prior work in specific domains has shown that calibration can provide reliable confidence estimates. In this work, we propose a simple, ef… ▽ More When a model knows when it does not know, many possibilities emerge. The first question is how to enable a model to recognize that it does not know. A promising approach is to use confidence, computed from the model's internal signals, to reflect its ignorance. Prior work in specific domains has shown that calibration can provide reliable confidence estimates. In this work, we propose a simple, effective, and universal training-free method that applies to both vision and language models, performing model calibration, cascading, and data cleaning to better exploit a model's ability to recognize when it does not know. We first highlight two key empirical observations: higher confidence corresponds to higher accuracy within a single model, and models calibrated on the validation set remain calibrated on a held-out test set. These findings empirically establish the reliability and comparability of calibrated confidence. Building on this, we introduce two applications: (1) model cascading with calibrated advantage routing and (2) data cleaning based on model ensemble. Using the routing signal derived from the comparability of calibrated confidences, we cascade large and small models to improve efficiency with almost no compromise in accuracy, and we further cascade two models of comparable scale to achieve performance beyond either model alone. Leveraging multiple experts and their calibrated confidences, we design a simple yet effective data-cleaning method that balances precision and detection rate to identify mislabeled samples in ImageNet and Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) datasets. Our results demonstrate that enabling models to recognize when they do not know is a practical step toward more efficient, reliable, and trustworthy AI. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07779 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.MA cs.AI cs.CL cs.CV cs.HC OS-Symphony: A Holistic Framework for Robust and Generalist Computer-Using Agent Authors: Bowen Yang , Kaiming Jin , Zhenyu Wu , Zhaoyang Liu , Qiushi Sun , Zehao Li , JingJing Xie , Zhoumianze Liu , Fangzhi Xu , Kanzhi Cheng , Qingyun Li , Yian Wang , Yu Qiao , Zun Wang , Zichen Ding Abstract : While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have significantly advanced Computer-Using Agents (CUAs), current frameworks struggle with robustness in long-horizon workflows and generalization in novel domains. These limitations stem from a lack of granular control over historical visual context curation and the absence of visual-aware tutorial retrieval. To bridge these gaps, we introduce OS-Symphony, a ho… ▽ More While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have significantly advanced Computer-Using Agents (CUAs), current frameworks struggle with robustness in long-horizon workflows and generalization in novel domains. These limitations stem from a lack of granular control over historical visual context curation and the absence of visual-aware tutorial retrieval. To bridge these gaps, we introduce OS-Symphony, a holistic framework that comprises an Orchestrator coordinating two key innovations for robust automation: (1) a Reflection-Memory Agent that utilizes milestone-driven long-term memory to enable trajectory-level self-correction, effectively mitigating visual context loss in long-horizon tasks; (2) Versatile Tool Agents featuring a Multimodal Searcher that adopts a SeeAct paradigm to navigate a browser-based sandbox to synthesize live, visually aligned tutorials, thereby resolving fidelity issues in unseen scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate that OS-Symphony delivers substantial performance gains across varying model scales, establishing new state-of-the-art results on three online benchmarks, notably achieving 65.84% on OSWorld. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 31 pages, 11 figures, 12 tables ACM Class: I.2.10 arXiv:2601.07779 [ pdf , ps , other ] OS-Symphony: A Holistic Framework for Robust and Generalist Computer-Using Agent Authors: Bowen Yang , Kaiming Jin , Zhenyu Wu , Zhaoyang Liu , Qiushi Sun , Zehao Li , JingJing Xie , Zhoumianze Liu , Fangzhi Xu , Kanzhi Cheng , Qingyun Li , Yian Wang , Yu Qiao , Zun Wang , Zichen Ding Abstract : While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have significantly advanced Computer-Using Agents (CUAs), current frameworks struggle with robustness in long-horizon workflows and generalization in novel domains. These limitations stem from a lack of granular control over historical visual context curation and the absence of visual-aware tutorial retrieval. To bridge these gaps, we introduce OS-Symphony, a ho… ▽ More While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have significantly advanced Computer-Using Agents (CUAs), current frameworks struggle with robustness in long-horizon workflows and generalization in novel domains. These limitations stem from a lack of granular control over historical visual context curation and the absence of visual-aware tutorial retrieval. To bridge these gaps, we introduce OS-Symphony, a holistic framework that comprises an Orchestrator coordinating two key innovations for robust automation: (1) a Reflection-Memory Agent that utilizes milestone-driven long-term memory to enable trajectory-level self-correction, effectively mitigating visual context loss in long-horizon tasks; (2) Versatile Tool Agents featuring a Multimodal Searcher that adopts a SeeAct paradigm to navigate a browser-based sandbox to synthesize live, visually aligned tutorials, thereby resolving fidelity issues in unseen scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate that OS-Symphony delivers substantial performance gains across varying model scales, establishing new state-of-the-art results on three online benchmarks, notably achieving 65.84% on OSWorld. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 31 pages, 11 figures, 12 tables ACM Class: I.2.10 arXiv:2601.07582 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI ES-Mem: Event Segmentation-Based Memory for Long-Term Dialogue Agents Authors: Huhai Zou , Tianhao Sun , Chuanjiang He , Yu Tian , Zhenyang Li , Li Jin , Nayu Liu , Jiang Zhong , Kaiwen Wei Abstract : Memory is critical for dialogue agents to maintain coherence and enable continuous adaptation in long-term interactions. While existing memory mechanisms offer basic storage and retrieval capabilities, they are hindered by two primary limitations: (1) rigid memory granularity often disrupts semantic integrity, resulting in fragmented and incoherent memory units; (2) prevalent flat retrieval paradi… ▽ More Memory is critical for dialogue agents to maintain coherence and enable continuous adaptation in long-term interactions. While existing memory mechanisms offer basic storage and retrieval capabilities, they are hindered by two primary limitations: (1) rigid memory granularity often disrupts semantic integrity, resulting in fragmented and incoherent memory units; (2) prevalent flat retrieval paradigms rely solely on surface-level semantic similarity, neglecting the structural cues of discourse required to navigate and locate specific episodic contexts. To mitigate these limitations, drawing inspiration from Event Segmentation Theory, we propose ES-Mem, a framework incorporating two core components: (1) a dynamic event segmentation module that partitions long-term interactions into semantically coherent events with distinct boundaries; (2) a hierarchical memory architecture that constructs multi-layered memories and leverages boundary semantics to anchor specific episodic memory for precise context localization. Evaluations on two memory benchmarks demonstrate that ES-Mem yields consistent performance gains over baseline methods. Furthermore, the proposed event segmentation module exhibits robust applicability on dialogue segmentation datasets. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07582 [ pdf , ps , other ] ES-Mem: Event Segmentation-Based Memory for Long-Term Dialogue Agents Authors: Huhai Zou , Tianhao Sun , Chuanjiang He , Yu Tian , Zhenyang Li , Li Jin , Nayu Liu , Jiang Zhong , Kaiwen Wei Abstract : Memory is critical for dialogue agents to maintain coherence and enable continuous adaptation in long-term interactions. While existing memory mechanisms offer basic storage and retrieval capabilities, they are hindered by two primary limitations: (1) rigid memory granularity often disrupts semantic integrity, resulting in fragmented and incoherent memory units; (2) prevalent flat retrieval paradi… ▽ More Memory is critical for dialogue agents to maintain coherence and enable continuous adaptation in long-term interactions. While existing memory mechanisms offer basic storage and retrieval capabilities, they are hindered by two primary limitations: (1) rigid memory granularity often disrupts semantic integrity, resulting in fragmented and incoherent memory units; (2) prevalent flat retrieval paradigms rely solely on surface-level semantic similarity, neglecting the structural cues of discourse required to navigate and locate specific episodic contexts. To mitigate these limitations, drawing inspiration from Event Segmentation Theory, we propose ES-Mem, a framework incorporating two core components: (1) a dynamic event segmentation module that partitions long-term interactions into semantically coherent events with distinct boundaries; (2) a hierarchical memory architecture that constructs multi-layered memories and leverages boundary semantics to anchor specific episodic memory for precise context localization. Evaluations on two memory benchmarks demonstrate that ES-Mem yields consistent performance gains over baseline methods. Furthermore, the proposed event segmentation module exhibits robust applicability on dialogue segmentation datasets. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07468 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Beyond Dialogue Time: Temporal Semantic Memory for Personalized LLM Agents Authors: Miao Su , Yucan Guo , Zhongni Hou , Long Bai , Zixuan Li , Yufei Zhang , Guojun Yin , Wei Lin , Xiaolong Jin , Jiafeng Guo , Xueqi Cheng Abstract : Memory enables Large Language Model (LLM) agents to perceive, store, and use information from past dialogues, which is essential for personalization. However, existing methods fail to properly model the temporal dimension of memory in two aspects: 1) Temporal inaccuracy: memories are organized by dialogue time rather than their actual occurrence time; 2) Temporal fragmentation: existing methods fo… ▽ More Memory enables Large Language Model (LLM) agents to perceive, store, and use information from past dialogues, which is essential for personalization. However, existing methods fail to properly model the temporal dimension of memory in two aspects: 1) Temporal inaccuracy: memories are organized by dialogue time rather than their actual occurrence time; 2) Temporal fragmentation: existing methods focus on point-wise memory, losing durative information that captures persistent states and evolving patterns. To address these limitations, we propose Temporal Semantic Memory (TSM), a memory framework that models semantic time for point-wise memory and supports the construction and utilization of durative memory. During memory construction, it first builds a semantic timeline rather than a dialogue one. Then, it consolidates temporally continuous and semantically related information into a durative memory. During memory utilization, it incorporates the query's temporal intent on the semantic timeline, enabling the retrieval of temporally appropriate durative memories and providing time-valid, duration-consistent context to support response generation. Experiments on LongMemEval and LoCoMo show that TSM consistently outperforms existing methods and achieves up to 12.2% absolute improvement in accuracy, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07468 [ pdf , ps , other ] Beyond Dialogue Time: Temporal Semantic Memory for Personalized LLM Agents Authors: Miao Su , Yucan Guo , Zhongni Hou , Long Bai , Zixuan Li , Yufei Zhang , Guojun Yin , Wei Lin , Xiaolong Jin , Jiafeng Guo , Xueqi Cheng Abstract : Memory enables Large Language Model (LLM) agents to perceive, store, and use information from past dialogues, which is essential for personalization. However, existing methods fail to properly model the temporal dimension of memory in two aspects: 1) Temporal inaccuracy: memories are organized by dialogue time rather than their actual occurrence time; 2) Temporal fragmentation: existing methods fo… ▽ More Memory enables Large Language Model (LLM) agents to perceive, store, and use information from past dialogues, which is essential for personalization. However, existing methods fail to properly model the temporal dimension of memory in two aspects: 1) Temporal inaccuracy: memories are organized by dialogue time rather than their actual occurrence time; 2) Temporal fragmentation: existing methods focus on point-wise memory, losing durative information that captures persistent states and evolving patterns. To address these limitations, we propose Temporal Semantic Memory (TSM), a memory framework that models semantic time for point-wise memory and supports the construction and utilization of durative memory. During memory construction, it first builds a semantic timeline rather than a dialogue one. Then, it consolidates temporally continuous and semantically related information into a durative memory. During memory utilization, it incorporates the query's temporal intent on the semantic timeline, enabling the retrieval of temporally appropriate durative memories and providing time-valid, duration-consistent context to support response generation. Experiments on LongMemEval and LoCoMo show that TSM consistently outperforms existing methods and achieves up to 12.2% absolute improvement in accuracy, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07408 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.LG Outcome-Grounded Advantage Reshaping for Fine-Grained Credit Assignment in Mathematical Reasoning Authors: Ziheng Li , Liu Kang , Feng Xiao , Luxi Xing , Qingyi Si , Zhuoran Li , Weikang Gong , Deqing Yang , Yanghua Xiao , Hongcheng Guo Abstract : Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as a promising critic-free reinforcement learning paradigm for reasoning tasks. However, standard GRPO employs a coarse-grained credit assignment mechanism that propagates group-level rewards uniformly to to every token in a sequence, neglecting the varying contribution of individual reasoning steps. We address this limitation by introducing Ou… ▽ More Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as a promising critic-free reinforcement learning paradigm for reasoning tasks. However, standard GRPO employs a coarse-grained credit assignment mechanism that propagates group-level rewards uniformly to to every token in a sequence, neglecting the varying contribution of individual reasoning steps. We address this limitation by introducing Outcome-grounded Advantage Reshaping (OAR), a fine-grained credit assignment mechanism that redistributes advantages based on how much each token influences the model's final answer. We instantiate OAR via two complementary strategies: (1) OAR-P, which estimates outcome sensitivity through counterfactual token perturbations, serving as a high-fidelity attribution signal; (2) OAR-G, which uses an input-gradient sensitivity proxy to approximate the influence signal with a single backward pass. These importance signals are integrated with a conservative Bi-Level advantage reshaping scheme that suppresses low-impact tokens and boosts pivotal ones while preserving the overall advantage mass. Empirical results on extensive mathematical reasoning benchmarks demonstrate that while OAR-P sets the performance upper bound, OAR-G achieves comparable gains with negligible computational overhead, both significantly outperforming a strong GRPO baseline, pushing the boundaries of critic-free LLM reasoning. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07408 [ pdf , ps , other ] Outcome-Grounded Advantage Reshaping for Fine-Grained Credit Assignment in Mathematical Reasoning Authors: Ziheng Li , Liu Kang , Feng Xiao , Luxi Xing , Qingyi Si , Zhuoran Li , Weikang Gong , Deqing Yang , Yanghua Xiao , Hongcheng Guo Abstract : Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as a promising critic-free reinforcement learning paradigm for reasoning tasks. However, standard GRPO employs a coarse-grained credit assignment mechanism that propagates group-level rewards uniformly to to every token in a sequence, neglecting the varying contribution of individual reasoning steps. We address this limitation by introducing Ou… ▽ More Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as a promising critic-free reinforcement learning paradigm for reasoning tasks. However, standard GRPO employs a coarse-grained credit assignment mechanism that propagates group-level rewards uniformly to to every token in a sequence, neglecting the varying contribution of individual reasoning steps. We address this limitation by introducing Outcome-grounded Advantage Reshaping (OAR), a fine-grained credit assignment mechanism that redistributes advantages based on how much each token influences the model's final answer. We instantiate OAR via two complementary strategies: (1) OAR-P, which estimates outcome sensitivity through counterfactual token perturbations, serving as a high-fidelity attribution signal; (2) OAR-G, which uses an input-gradient sensitivity proxy to approximate the influence signal with a single backward pass. These importance signals are integrated with a conservative Bi-Level advantage reshaping scheme that suppresses low-impact tokens and boosts pivotal ones while preserving the overall advantage mass. Empirical results on extensive mathematical reasoning benchmarks demonstrate that while OAR-P sets the performance upper bound, OAR-G achieves comparable gains with negligible computational overhead, both significantly outperforming a strong GRPO baseline, pushing the boundaries of critic-free LLM reasoning. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07347 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL DiffER: Diffusion Entity-Relation Modeling for Reversal Curse in Diffusion Large Language Models Authors: Shaokai He , Kaiwen Wei , Xinyi Zeng , Xiang Chen , Xue Yang , Zhenyang Li , Jiang Zhong , Yu Tian Abstract : The "reversal curse" refers to the phenomenon where large language models (LLMs) exhibit predominantly unidirectional behavior when processing logically bidirectional relationships. Prior work attributed this to autoregressive training -- predicting the next token inherently favors left-to-right information flow over genuine bidirectional knowledge associations. However, we observe that Diffusion… ▽ More The "reversal curse" refers to the phenomenon where large language models (LLMs) exhibit predominantly unidirectional behavior when processing logically bidirectional relationships. Prior work attributed this to autoregressive training -- predicting the next token inherently favors left-to-right information flow over genuine bidirectional knowledge associations. However, we observe that Diffusion LLMs (DLLMs), despite being trained bidirectionally, also suffer from the reversal curse. To investigate the root causes, we conduct systematic experiments on DLLMs and identify three key reasons: 1) entity fragmentation during training, 2) data asymmetry, and 3) missing entity relations. Motivated by the analysis of these reasons, we propose Diffusion Entity-Relation Modeling (DiffER), which addresses the reversal curse through entity-aware training and balanced data construction. Specifically, DiffER introduces whole-entity masking, which mitigates entity fragmentation by predicting complete entities in a single step. DiffER further employs distribution-symmetric and relation-enhanced data construction strategies to alleviate data asymmetry and missing relations. Extensive experiments demonstrate that DiffER effectively alleviates the reversal curse in Diffusion LLMs, offering new perspectives for future research. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07347 [ pdf , ps , other ] DiffER: Diffusion Entity-Relation Modeling for Reversal Curse in Diffusion Large Language Models Authors: Shaokai He , Kaiwen Wei , Xinyi Zeng , Xiang Chen , Xue Yang , Zhenyang Li , Jiang Zhong , Yu Tian Abstract : The "reversal curse" refers to the phenomenon where large language models (LLMs) exhibit predominantly unidirectional behavior when processing logically bidirectional relationships. Prior work attributed this to autoregressive training -- predicting the next token inherently favors left-to-right information flow over genuine bidirectional knowledge associations. However, we observe that Diffusion… ▽ More The "reversal curse" refers to the phenomenon where large language models (LLMs) exhibit predominantly unidirectional behavior when processing logically bidirectional relationships. Prior work attributed this to autoregressive training -- predicting the next token inherently favors left-to-right information flow over genuine bidirectional knowledge associations. However, we observe that Diffusion LLMs (DLLMs), despite being trained bidirectionally, also suffer from the reversal curse. To investigate the root causes, we conduct systematic experiments on DLLMs and identify three key reasons: 1) entity fragmentation during training, 2) data asymmetry, and 3) missing entity relations. Motivated by the analysis of these reasons, we propose Diffusion Entity-Relation Modeling (DiffER), which addresses the reversal curse through entity-aware training and balanced data construction. Specifically, DiffER introduces whole-entity masking, which mitigates entity fragmentation by predicting complete entities in a single step. DiffER further employs distribution-symmetric and relation-enhanced data construction strategies to alleviate data asymmetry and missing relations. Extensive experiments demonstrate that DiffER effectively alleviates the reversal curse in Diffusion LLMs, offering new perspectives for future research. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07340 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT On the Extremal Source Key Rates for Secure Storage over Graphs Authors: Zhou Li Abstract : This paper investigates secure storage codes over graphs, where multiple independent source symbols are encoded and stored at graph nodes subject to edge-wise correctness and security constraints. For each edge, a specified subset of source symbols must be recoverable from its two incident nodes, while no information about the remaining sources is revealed. To meet the security requirement, a shar… ▽ More This paper investigates secure storage codes over graphs, where multiple independent source symbols are encoded and stored at graph nodes subject to edge-wise correctness and security constraints. For each edge, a specified subset of source symbols must be recoverable from its two incident nodes, while no information about the remaining sources is revealed. To meet the security requirement, a shared source key may be employed. The ratio between the source symbol size and the source key size defines the source key rate, and the supremum of all achievable rates is referred to as the source key capacity. We study extremal values of the source key capacity in secure storage systems and provide complete graph characterizations for several fundamental settings. For the case where each edge is associated with a single source symbol, we characterize all graphs whose source key capacity equals one. We then generalize this result to the case where each edge is associated with multiple source symbols and identify a broad class of graphs that achieve the corresponding extremal capacity under a mild structural condition. In addition, we characterize all graphs for which secure storage can be achieved without using any source key. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages, 7 figures arXiv:2601.07340 [ pdf , ps , other ] On the Extremal Source Key Rates for Secure Storage over Graphs Authors: Zhou Li Abstract : This paper investigates secure storage codes over graphs, where multiple independent source symbols are encoded and stored at graph nodes subject to edge-wise correctness and security constraints. For each edge, a specified subset of source symbols must be recoverable from its two incident nodes, while no information about the remaining sources is revealed. To meet the security requirement, a shar… ▽ More This paper investigates secure storage codes over graphs, where multiple independent source symbols are encoded and stored at graph nodes subject to edge-wise correctness and security constraints. For each edge, a specified subset of source symbols must be recoverable from its two incident nodes, while no information about the remaining sources is revealed. To meet the security requirement, a shared source key may be employed. The ratio between the source symbol size and the source key size defines the source key rate, and the supremum of all achievable rates is referred to as the source key capacity. We study extremal values of the source key capacity in secure storage systems and provide complete graph characterizations for several fundamental settings. For the case where each edge is associated with a single source symbol, we characterize all graphs whose source key capacity equals one. We then generalize this result to the case where each edge is associated with multiple source symbols and identify a broad class of graphs that achieve the corresponding extremal capacity under a mild structural condition. In addition, we characterize all graphs for which secure storage can be achieved without using any source key. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages, 7 figures arXiv:2601.07322 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT Performance Bounds of Joint Detection with Kalman Filtering and Channel Decoding for Wireless Networked Control Systems Authors: Jinnan Piao , Dong Li , Zhibo Li , Ming Yang , Xueting Yu , Jincheng Dai Abstract : The joint detection uses Kalman filtering (KF) to estimate the prior probability of control outputs to assist channel decoding. In this paper, we regard the joint detection as maximum a posteriori (MAP) decoding and derive the lower and upper bounds based on the pairwise error probability considering system interference, quantization interval, and weight distribution. We first derive the limiting… ▽ More The joint detection uses Kalman filtering (KF) to estimate the prior probability of control outputs to assist channel decoding. In this paper, we regard the joint detection as maximum a posteriori (MAP) decoding and derive the lower and upper bounds based on the pairwise error probability considering system interference, quantization interval, and weight distribution. We first derive the limiting bounds as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) goes to infinity and the system interference goes to zero. Then, we construct an infinite-state Markov chain to describe the consecutive packet losses of the control systems to derive the MAP bounds. Finally, the MAP bounds are approximated as the bounds of the transition probability from the state with no packet loss to the state with consecutive single packet loss. The simulation results show that the MAP performance of $\left(64,16\right)$ polar code and 16-bit CRC coincides with the limiting upper bound as the SNR increases and has $3.0$dB performance gain compared with the normal approximation of the finite block rate at block error rate $10^{-3}$. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07322 [ pdf , ps , other ] Performance Bounds of Joint Detection with Kalman Filtering and Channel Decoding for Wireless Networked Control Systems Authors: Jinnan Piao , Dong Li , Zhibo Li , Ming Yang , Xueting Yu , Jincheng Dai Abstract : The joint detection uses Kalman filtering (KF) to estimate the prior probability of control outputs to assist channel decoding. In this paper, we regard the joint detection as maximum a posteriori (MAP) decoding and derive the lower and upper bounds based on the pairwise error probability considering system interference, quantization interval, and weight distribution. We first derive the limiting… ▽ More The joint detection uses Kalman filtering (KF) to estimate the prior probability of control outputs to assist channel decoding. In this paper, we regard the joint detection as maximum a posteriori (MAP) decoding and derive the lower and upper bounds based on the pairwise error probability considering system interference, quantization interval, and weight distribution. We first derive the limiting bounds as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) goes to infinity and the system interference goes to zero. Then, we construct an infinite-state Markov chain to describe the consecutive packet losses of the control systems to derive the MAP bounds. Finally, the MAP bounds are approximated as the bounds of the transition probability from the state with no packet loss to the state with consecutive single packet loss. The simulation results show that the MAP performance of $\left(64,16\right)$ polar code and 16-bit CRC coincides with the limiting upper bound as the SNR increases and has $3.0$dB performance gain compared with the normal approximation of the finite block rate at block error rate $10^{-3}$. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07251 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.HC MeepleLM: A Virtual Playtester Simulating Diverse Subjective Experiences Authors: Zizhen Li , Chuanhao Li , Yibin Wang , Yukang Feng , Jianwen Sun , Jiaxin Ai , Fanrui Zhang , Mingzhu Sun , Yifei Huang , Kaipeng Zhang Abstract : Recent advancements have expanded the role of Large Language Models in board games from playing agents to creative co-designers. However, a critical gap remains: current systems lack the capacity to offer constructive critique grounded in the emergent user experience. Bridging this gap is fundamental for harmonizing Human-AI collaboration, as it empowers designers to refine their creations via ext… ▽ More Recent advancements have expanded the role of Large Language Models in board games from playing agents to creative co-designers. However, a critical gap remains: current systems lack the capacity to offer constructive critique grounded in the emergent user experience. Bridging this gap is fundamental for harmonizing Human-AI collaboration, as it empowers designers to refine their creations via external perspectives while steering models away from biased or unpredictable outcomes. Automating critique for board games presents two challenges: inferring the latent dynamics connecting rules to gameplay without an explicit engine, and modeling the subjective heterogeneity of diverse player groups. To address these, we curate a dataset of 1,727 structurally corrected rulebooks and 150K reviews selected via quality scoring and facet-aware sampling. We augment this data with Mechanics-Dynamics-Aesthetics (MDA) reasoning to explicitly bridge the causal gap between written rules and player experience. We further distill player personas and introduce MeepleLM, a specialized model that internalizes persona-specific reasoning patterns to accurately simulate the subjective feedback of diverse player archetypes. Experiments demonstrate that MeepleLM significantly outperforms latest commercial models (e.g., GPT-5.1, Gemini3-Pro) in community alignment and critique quality, achieving a 70% preference rate in user studies assessing utility. MeepleLM serves as a reliable virtual playtester for general interactive systems, marking a pivotal step towards audience-aligned, experience-aware Human-AI collaboration. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07251 [ pdf , ps , other ] MeepleLM: A Virtual Playtester Simulating Diverse Subjective Experiences Authors: Zizhen Li , Chuanhao Li , Yibin Wang , Yukang Feng , Jianwen Sun , Jiaxin Ai , Fanrui Zhang , Mingzhu Sun , Yifei Huang , Kaipeng Zhang Abstract : Recent advancements have expanded the role of Large Language Models in board games from playing agents to creative co-designers. However, a critical gap remains: current systems lack the capacity to offer constructive critique grounded in the emergent user experience. Bridging this gap is fundamental for harmonizing Human-AI collaboration, as it empowers designers to refine their creations via ext… ▽ More Recent advancements have expanded the role of Large Language Models in board games from playing agents to creative co-designers. However, a critical gap remains: current systems lack the capacity to offer constructive critique grounded in the emergent user experience. Bridging this gap is fundamental for harmonizing Human-AI collaboration, as it empowers designers to refine their creations via external perspectives while steering models away from biased or unpredictable outcomes. Automating critique for board games presents two challenges: inferring the latent dynamics connecting rules to gameplay without an explicit engine, and modeling the subjective heterogeneity of diverse player groups. To address these, we curate a dataset of 1,727 structurally corrected rulebooks and 150K reviews selected via quality scoring and facet-aware sampling. We augment this data with Mechanics-Dynamics-Aesthetics (MDA) reasoning to explicitly bridge the causal gap between written rules and player experience. We further distill player personas and introduce MeepleLM, a specialized model that internalizes persona-specific reasoning patterns to accurately simulate the subjective feedback of diverse player archetypes. Experiments demonstrate that MeepleLM significantly outperforms latest commercial models (e.g., GPT-5.1, Gemini3-Pro) in community alignment and critique quality, achieving a 70% preference rate in user studies assessing utility. MeepleLM serves as a reliable virtual playtester for general interactive systems, marking a pivotal step towards audience-aligned, experience-aware Human-AI collaboration. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07200 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Safeguarding LLM Fine-tuning via Push-Pull Distributional Alignment Authors: Haozhong Wang , Zhuo Li , Yibo Yang , He Zhao , Hongyuan Zha , Dandan Guo Abstract : The inherent safety alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) is prone to erosion during fine-tuning, even when using seemingly innocuous datasets. While existing defenses attempt to mitigate this via data selection, they typically rely on heuristic, instance-level assessments that neglect the global geometry of the data distribution and fail to explicitly repel harmful patterns. To address this,… ▽ More The inherent safety alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) is prone to erosion during fine-tuning, even when using seemingly innocuous datasets. While existing defenses attempt to mitigate this via data selection, they typically rely on heuristic, instance-level assessments that neglect the global geometry of the data distribution and fail to explicitly repel harmful patterns. To address this, we introduce Safety Optimal Transport (SOT), a novel framework that reframes safe fine-tuning from an instance-level filtering challenge to a distribution-level alignment task grounded in Optimal Transport (OT). At its core is a dual-reference ``push-pull'' weight-learning mechanism: SOT optimizes sample importance by actively pulling the downstream distribution towards a trusted safe anchor while simultaneously pushing it away from a general harmful reference. This establishes a robust geometric safety boundary that effectively purifies the training data. Extensive experiments across diverse model families and domains demonstrate that SOT significantly enhances model safety while maintaining competitive downstream performance, achieving a superior safety-utility trade-off compared to baselines. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07200 [ pdf , ps , other ] Safeguarding LLM Fine-tuning via Push-Pull Distributional Alignment Authors: Haozhong Wang , Zhuo Li , Yibo Yang , He Zhao , Hongyuan Zha , Dandan Guo Abstract : The inherent safety alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) is prone to erosion during fine-tuning, even when using seemingly innocuous datasets. While existing defenses attempt to mitigate this via data selection, they typically rely on heuristic, instance-level assessments that neglect the global geometry of the data distribution and fail to explicitly repel harmful patterns. To address this,… ▽ More The inherent safety alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) is prone to erosion during fine-tuning, even when using seemingly innocuous datasets. While existing defenses attempt to mitigate this via data selection, they typically rely on heuristic, instance-level assessments that neglect the global geometry of the data distribution and fail to explicitly repel harmful patterns. To address this, we introduce Safety Optimal Transport (SOT), a novel framework that reframes safe fine-tuning from an instance-level filtering challenge to a distribution-level alignment task grounded in Optimal Transport (OT). At its core is a dual-reference ``push-pull'' weight-learning mechanism: SOT optimizes sample importance by actively pulling the downstream distribution towards a trusted safe anchor while simultaneously pushing it away from a general harmful reference. This establishes a robust geometric safety boundary that effectively purifies the training data. Extensive experiments across diverse model families and domains demonstrate that SOT significantly enhances model safety while maintaining competitive downstream performance, achieving a superior safety-utility trade-off compared to baselines. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07149 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL Rewarding Creativity: A Human-Aligned Generative Reward Model for Reinforcement Learning in Storytelling Authors: Zhaoyan Li , Hang Lei , Yujia Wang , Lanbo Liu , Hao Liu , Liang Yu Abstract : While Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate fluent text, producing high-quality creative stories remains challenging. Reinforcement Learning (RL) offers a promising solution but faces two critical obstacles: designing reliable reward signals for subjective storytelling quality and mitigating training instability. This paper introduces the Reinforcement Learning for Creative Storytelling (RLCS)… ▽ More While Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate fluent text, producing high-quality creative stories remains challenging. Reinforcement Learning (RL) offers a promising solution but faces two critical obstacles: designing reliable reward signals for subjective storytelling quality and mitigating training instability. This paper introduces the Reinforcement Learning for Creative Storytelling (RLCS) framework to systematically address both challenges. First, we develop a Generative Reward Model (GenRM) that provides multi-dimensional analysis and explicit reasoning about story preferences, trained through supervised fine-tuning on demonstrations with reasoning chains distilled from strong teacher models, followed by GRPO-based refinement on expanded preference data. Second, we introduce an entropy-based reward shaping strategy that dynamically prioritizes learning on confident errors and uncertain correct predictions, preventing overfitting on already-mastered patterns. Experiments demonstrate that GenRM achieves 68\% alignment with human creativity judgments, and RLCS significantly outperforms strong baselines including Gemini-2.5-Pro in overall story quality. This work provides a practical pipeline for applying RL to creative domains, effectively navigating the dual challenges of reward modeling and training stability. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. ACM Class: I.2.0 arXiv:2601.07149 [ pdf , ps , other ] Rewarding Creativity: A Human-Aligned Generative Reward Model for Reinforcement Learning in Storytelling Authors: Zhaoyan Li , Hang Lei , Yujia Wang , Lanbo Liu , Hao Liu , Liang Yu Abstract : While Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate fluent text, producing high-quality creative stories remains challenging. Reinforcement Learning (RL) offers a promising solution but faces two critical obstacles: designing reliable reward signals for subjective storytelling quality and mitigating training instability. This paper introduces the Reinforcement Learning for Creative Storytelling (RLCS)… ▽ More While Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate fluent text, producing high-quality creative stories remains challenging. Reinforcement Learning (RL) offers a promising solution but faces two critical obstacles: designing reliable reward signals for subjective storytelling quality and mitigating training instability. This paper introduces the Reinforcement Learning for Creative Storytelling (RLCS) framework to systematically address both challenges. First, we develop a Generative Reward Model (GenRM) that provides multi-dimensional analysis and explicit reasoning about story preferences, trained through supervised fine-tuning on demonstrations with reasoning chains distilled from strong teacher models, followed by GRPO-based refinement on expanded preference data. Second, we introduce an entropy-based reward shaping strategy that dynamically prioritizes learning on confident errors and uncertain correct predictions, preventing overfitting on already-mastered patterns. Experiments demonstrate that GenRM achieves 68\% alignment with human creativity judgments, and RLCS significantly outperforms strong baselines including Gemini-2.5-Pro in overall story quality. This work provides a practical pipeline for applying RL to creative domains, effectively navigating the dual challenges of reward modeling and training stability. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. ACM Class: I.2.0 arXiv:2601.07123 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI ENTRA: Entropy-Based Redundancy Avoidance in Large Language Model Reasoning Authors: Ruichu Cai , Haopeng Du , Qingwen Lin , Yutong Chen , Zijian Li , Boyan Xu Abstract : Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) often suffer from overthinking, generating unnecessarily long reasoning chains even for simple tasks. This leads to substantial computational overhead with limited performance gain, primarily due to redundant verification and repetitive generation. While prior work typically constrains output length or optimizes correctness, such coarse supervision fails to guide mode… ▽ More Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) often suffer from overthinking, generating unnecessarily long reasoning chains even for simple tasks. This leads to substantial computational overhead with limited performance gain, primarily due to redundant verification and repetitive generation. While prior work typically constrains output length or optimizes correctness, such coarse supervision fails to guide models toward concise yet accurate inference. In this paper, we propose ENTRA, an entropy-based training framework that suppresses redundant reasoning while preserving performance. ENTRA first estimates the token-level importance using a lightweight Bidirectional Importance Estimation (BIE) method, which accounts for both prediction confidence and forward influence. It then computes a redundancy reward based on the entropy of low-importance tokens, normalized by its theoretical upper bound, and optimizes this reward via reinforcement learning. Experiments on mathematical reasoning benchmarks demonstrate that ENTRA reduces output length by 37% to 53% with no loss-and in some cases, gains-in accuracy. Our approach offers a principled and efficient solution to reduce overthinking in LRMs, and provides a generalizable path toward redundancy-aware reasoning optimization. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07123 [ pdf , ps , other ] ENTRA: Entropy-Based Redundancy Avoidance in Large Language Model Reasoning Authors: Ruichu Cai , Haopeng Du , Qingwen Lin , Yutong Chen , Zijian Li , Boyan Xu Abstract : Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) often suffer from overthinking, generating unnecessarily long reasoning chains even for simple tasks. This leads to substantial computational overhead with limited performance gain, primarily due to redundant verification and repetitive generation. While prior work typically constrains output length or optimizes correctness, such coarse supervision fails to guide mode… ▽ More Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) often suffer from overthinking, generating unnecessarily long reasoning chains even for simple tasks. This leads to substantial computational overhead with limited performance gain, primarily due to redundant verification and repetitive generation. While prior work typically constrains output length or optimizes correctness, such coarse supervision fails to guide models toward concise yet accurate inference. In this paper, we propose ENTRA, an entropy-based training framework that suppresses redundant reasoning while preserving performance. ENTRA first estimates the token-level importance using a lightweight Bidirectional Importance Estimation (BIE) method, which accounts for both prediction confidence and forward influence. It then computes a redundancy reward based on the entropy of low-importance tokens, normalized by its theoretical upper bound, and optimizes this reward via reinforcement learning. Experiments on mathematical reasoning benchmarks demonstrate that ENTRA reduces output length by 37% to 53% with no loss-and in some cases, gains-in accuracy. Our approach offers a principled and efficient solution to reduce overthinking in LRMs, and provides a generalizable path toward redundancy-aware reasoning optimization. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07060 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO PALM: Progress-Aware Policy Learning via Affordance Reasoning for Long-Horizon Robotic Manipulation Authors: Yuanzhe Liu , Jingyuan Zhu , Yuchen Mo , Gen Li , Xu Cao , Jin Jin , Yifan Shen , Zhengyuan Li , Tianjiao Yu , Wenzhen Yuan , Fangqiang Ding , Ismini Lourentzou Abstract : Recent advancements in vision-language-action (VLA) models have shown promise in robotic manipulation, yet they continue to struggle with long-horizon, multi-step tasks. Existing methods lack internal reasoning mechanisms that can identify task-relevant interaction cues or track progress within a subtask, leading to critical execution errors such as repeated actions, missed steps, and premature te… ▽ More Recent advancements in vision-language-action (VLA) models have shown promise in robotic manipulation, yet they continue to struggle with long-horizon, multi-step tasks. Existing methods lack internal reasoning mechanisms that can identify task-relevant interaction cues or track progress within a subtask, leading to critical execution errors such as repeated actions, missed steps, and premature termination. To address these challenges, we introduce PALM, a VLA framework that structures policy learning around interaction-centric affordance reasoning and subtask progress cues. PALM distills complementary affordance representations that capture object relevance, contact geometry, spatial placements, and motion dynamics, and serve as task-relevant anchors for visuomotor control. To further stabilize long-horizon execution, PALM predicts continuous within-subtask progress, enabling seamless subtask transitions. Across extensive simulation and real-world experiments, PALM consistently outperforms baselines, achieving a 91.8% success rate on LIBERO-LONG, a 12.5% improvement in average length on CALVIN ABC->D, and a 2x improvement over real-world baselines across three long-horizon generalization settings. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07060 [ pdf , ps , other ] PALM: Progress-Aware Policy Learning via Affordance Reasoning for Long-Horizon Robotic Manipulation Authors: Yuanzhe Liu , Jingyuan Zhu , Yuchen Mo , Gen Li , Xu Cao , Jin Jin , Yifan Shen , Zhengyuan Li , Tianjiao Yu , Wenzhen Yuan , Fangqiang Ding , Ismini Lourentzou Abstract : Recent advancements in vision-language-action (VLA) models have shown promise in robotic manipulation, yet they continue to struggle with long-horizon, multi-step tasks. Existing methods lack internal reasoning mechanisms that can identify task-relevant interaction cues or track progress within a subtask, leading to critical execution errors such as repeated actions, missed steps, and premature te… ▽ More Recent advancements in vision-language-action (VLA) models have shown promise in robotic manipulation, yet they continue to struggle with long-horizon, multi-step tasks. Existing methods lack internal reasoning mechanisms that can identify task-relevant interaction cues or track progress within a subtask, leading to critical execution errors such as repeated actions, missed steps, and premature termination. To address these challenges, we introduce PALM, a VLA framework that structures policy learning around interaction-centric affordance reasoning and subtask progress cues. PALM distills complementary affordance representations that capture object relevance, contact geometry, spatial placements, and motion dynamics, and serve as task-relevant anchors for visuomotor control. To further stabilize long-horizon execution, PALM predicts continuous within-subtask progress, enabling seamless subtask transitions. Across extensive simulation and real-world experiments, PALM consistently outperforms baselines, achieving a 91.8% success rate on LIBERO-LONG, a 12.5% improvement in average length on CALVIN ABC->D, and a 2x improvement over real-world baselines across three long-horizon generalization settings. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07005 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SE cs.AI MicLog: Towards Accurate and Efficient LLM-based Log Parsing via Progressive Meta In-Context Learning Authors: Jianbo Yu , Yixuan Li , Hai Xu , Kang Xu , Junjielong Xu , Zhijing Li , Pinjia He , Wanyuan Wang Abstract : Log parsing converts semi-structured logs into structured templates, forming a critical foundation for downstream analysis. Traditional syntax and semantic-based parsers often struggle with semantic variations in evolving logs and data scarcity stemming from their limited domain coverage. Recent large language model (LLM)-based parsers leverage in-context learning (ICL) to extract semantics from e… ▽ More Log parsing converts semi-structured logs into structured templates, forming a critical foundation for downstream analysis. Traditional syntax and semantic-based parsers often struggle with semantic variations in evolving logs and data scarcity stemming from their limited domain coverage. Recent large language model (LLM)-based parsers leverage in-context learning (ICL) to extract semantics from examples, demonstrating superior accuracy. However, LLM-based parsers face two main challenges: 1) underutilization of ICL capabilities, particularly in dynamic example selection and cross-domain generalization, leading to inconsistent performance; 2) time-consuming and costly LLM querying. To address these challenges, we present MicLog, the first progressive meta in-context learning (ProgMeta-ICL) log parsing framework that combines meta-learning with ICL on small open-source LLMs (i.e., Qwen-2.5-3B). Specifically, MicLog: i) enhances LLMs' ICL capability through a zero-shot to k-shot ProgMeta-ICL paradigm, employing weighted DBSCAN candidate sampling and enhanced BM25 demonstration selection; ii) accelerates parsing via a multi-level pre-query cache that dynamically matches and refines recently parsed templates. Evaluated on Loghub-2.0, MicLog achieves 10.3% higher parsing accuracy than the state-of-the-art parser while reducing parsing time by 42.4%. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07005 [ pdf , ps , other ] MicLog: Towards Accurate and Efficient LLM-based Log Parsing via Progressive Meta In-Context Learning Authors: Jianbo Yu , Yixuan Li , Hai Xu , Kang Xu , Junjielong Xu , Zhijing Li , Pinjia He , Wanyuan Wang Abstract : Log parsing converts semi-structured logs into structured templates, forming a critical foundation for downstream analysis. Traditional syntax and semantic-based parsers often struggle with semantic variations in evolving logs and data scarcity stemming from their limited domain coverage. Recent large language model (LLM)-based parsers leverage in-context learning (ICL) to extract semantics from e… ▽ More Log parsing converts semi-structured logs into structured templates, forming a critical foundation for downstream analysis. Traditional syntax and semantic-based parsers often struggle with semantic variations in evolving logs and data scarcity stemming from their limited domain coverage. Recent large language model (LLM)-based parsers leverage in-context learning (ICL) to extract semantics from examples, demonstrating superior accuracy. However, LLM-based parsers face two main challenges: 1) underutilization of ICL capabilities, particularly in dynamic example selection and cross-domain generalization, leading to inconsistent performance; 2) time-consuming and costly LLM querying. To address these challenges, we present MicLog, the first progressive meta in-context learning (ProgMeta-ICL) log parsing framework that combines meta-learning with ICL on small open-source LLMs (i.e., Qwen-2.5-3B). Specifically, MicLog: i) enhances LLMs' ICL capability through a zero-shot to k-shot ProgMeta-ICL paradigm, employing weighted DBSCAN candidate sampling and enhanced BM25 demonstration selection; ii) accelerates parsing via a multi-level pre-query cache that dynamically matches and refines recently parsed templates. Evaluated on Loghub-2.0, MicLog achieves 10.3% higher parsing accuracy than the state-of-the-art parser while reducing parsing time by 42.4%. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06836 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT Optimal Rate Region for Multi-server Secure Aggregation with User Collusion Authors: Zhou Li , Xiang Zhang , Kai Wan , Hua Sun , Mingyue Ji , Giuseppe Caire Abstract : Secure aggregation is a fundamental primitive in privacy-preserving distributed learning systems, where an aggregator aims to compute the sum of users' inputs without revealing individual data. In this paper, we study a multi-server secure aggregation problem in a two-hop network consisting of multiple aggregation servers and multiple users per server, under the presence of user collusion. Each us… ▽ More Secure aggregation is a fundamental primitive in privacy-preserving distributed learning systems, where an aggregator aims to compute the sum of users' inputs without revealing individual data. In this paper, we study a multi-server secure aggregation problem in a two-hop network consisting of multiple aggregation servers and multiple users per server, under the presence of user collusion. Each user communicates only with its associated server, while the servers exchange messages to jointly recover the global sum. We adopt an information-theoretic security framework, allowing up to $T$ users to collude with any server. We characterize the complete optimal rate region in terms of user-to-server communication rate, server-to-server communication rate, individual key rate, and source key rate. Our main result shows that the minimum communication and individual key rates are all one symbol per input symbol, while the optimal source key rate is given by $\min\{U+V+T-2,\, UV-1\}$, where $U$ denotes the number of servers and $V$ the number of users per server. The achievability is established via a linear key construction that ensures correctness and security against colluding users, while the converse proof relies on tight entropy bounds derived from correctness and security constraints. The results reveal a fundamental tradeoff between security and key efficiency and demonstrate that the multi-server architecture can significantly reduce the required key randomness compared to single-server secure aggregation. Our findings provide a complete information-theoretic characterization of secure aggregation in multi-server systems with user collusion. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 29 pages, 1 figures arXiv:2601.06836 [ pdf , ps , other ] Optimal Rate Region for Multi-server Secure Aggregation with User Collusion Authors: Zhou Li , Xiang Zhang , Kai Wan , Hua Sun , Mingyue Ji , Giuseppe Caire Abstract : Secure aggregation is a fundamental primitive in privacy-preserving distributed learning systems, where an aggregator aims to compute the sum of users' inputs without revealing individual data. In this paper, we study a multi-server secure aggregation problem in a two-hop network consisting of multiple aggregation servers and multiple users per server, under the presence of user collusion. Each us… ▽ More Secure aggregation is a fundamental primitive in privacy-preserving distributed learning systems, where an aggregator aims to compute the sum of users' inputs without revealing individual data. In this paper, we study a multi-server secure aggregation problem in a two-hop network consisting of multiple aggregation servers and multiple users per server, under the presence of user collusion. Each user communicates only with its associated server, while the servers exchange messages to jointly recover the global sum. We adopt an information-theoretic security framework, allowing up to $T$ users to collude with any server. We characterize the complete optimal rate region in terms of user-to-server communication rate, server-to-server communication rate, individual key rate, and source key rate. Our main result shows that the minimum communication and individual key rates are all one symbol per input symbol, while the optimal source key rate is given by $\min\{U+V+T-2,\, UV-1\}$, where $U$ denotes the number of servers and $V$ the number of users per server. The achievability is established via a linear key construction that ensures correctness and security against colluding users, while the converse proof relies on tight entropy bounds derived from correctness and security constraints. The results reveal a fundamental tradeoff between security and key efficiency and demonstrate that the multi-server architecture can significantly reduce the required key randomness compared to single-server secure aggregation. Our findings provide a complete information-theoretic characterization of secure aggregation in multi-server systems with user collusion. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 29 pages, 1 figures arXiv:2601.06818 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL AgentHallu: Benchmarking Automated Hallucination Attribution of LLM-based Agents Authors: Xuannan Liu , Xiao Yang , Zekun Li , Peipei Li , Ran He Abstract : As LLM-based agents operate over sequential multi-step reasoning, hallucinations arising at intermediate steps risk propagating along the trajectory, thus degrading overall reliability. Unlike hallucination detection in single-turn responses, diagnosing hallucinations in multi-step workflows requires identifying which step causes the initial divergence. To fill this gap, we propose a new research… ▽ More As LLM-based agents operate over sequential multi-step reasoning, hallucinations arising at intermediate steps risk propagating along the trajectory, thus degrading overall reliability. Unlike hallucination detection in single-turn responses, diagnosing hallucinations in multi-step workflows requires identifying which step causes the initial divergence. To fill this gap, we propose a new research task, automated hallucination attribution of LLM-based agents, aiming to identify the step responsible for the hallucination and explain why. To support this task, we introduce AgentHallu, a comprehensive benchmark with: (1) 693 high-quality trajectories spanning 7 agent frameworks and 5 domains, (2) a hallucination taxonomy organized into 5 categories (Planning, Retrieval, Reasoning, Human-Interaction, and Tool-Use) and 14 sub-categories, and (3) multi-level annotations curated by humans, covering binary labels, hallucination-responsible steps, and causal explanations. We evaluate 13 leading models, and results show the task is challenging even for top-tier models (like GPT-5, Gemini-2.5-Pro). The best-performing model achieves only 41.1\% step localization accuracy, where tool-use hallucinations are the most challenging at just 11.6\%. We believe AgentHallu will catalyze future research into developing robust, transparent, and reliable agentic systems. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project page: arXiv:2601.06818 [ pdf , ps , other ] AgentHallu: Benchmarking Automated Hallucination Attribution of LLM-based Agents Authors: Xuannan Liu , Xiao Yang , Zekun Li , Peipei Li , Ran He Abstract : As LLM-based agents operate over sequential multi-step reasoning, hallucinations arising at intermediate steps risk propagating along the trajectory, thus degrading overall reliability. Unlike hallucination detection in single-turn responses, diagnosing hallucinations in multi-step workflows requires identifying which step causes the initial divergence. To fill this gap, we propose a new research… ▽ More As LLM-based agents operate over sequential multi-step reasoning, hallucinations arising at intermediate steps risk propagating along the trajectory, thus degrading overall reliability. Unlike hallucination detection in single-turn responses, diagnosing hallucinations in multi-step workflows requires identifying which step causes the initial divergence. To fill this gap, we propose a new research task, automated hallucination attribution of LLM-based agents, aiming to identify the step responsible for the hallucination and explain why. To support this task, we introduce AgentHallu, a comprehensive benchmark with: (1) 693 high-quality trajectories spanning 7 agent frameworks and 5 domains, (2) a hallucination taxonomy organized into 5 categories (Planning, Retrieval, Reasoning, Human-Interaction, and Tool-Use) and 14 sub-categories, and (3) multi-level annotations curated by humans, covering binary labels, hallucination-responsible steps, and causal explanations. We evaluate 13 leading models, and results show the task is challenging even for top-tier models (like GPT-5, Gemini-2.5-Pro). The best-performing model achieves only 41.1\% step localization accuracy, where tool-use hallucinations are the most challenging at just 11.6\%. We believe AgentHallu will catalyze future research into developing robust, transparent, and reliable agentic systems. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project page: arXiv:2601.06806 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI cs.RO SpatialNav: Leveraging Spatial Scene Graphs for Zero-Shot Vision-and-Language Navigation Authors: Jiwen Zhang , Zejun Li , Siyuan Wang , Xiangyu Shi , Zhongyu Wei , Qi Wu Abstract : Although learning-based vision-and-language navigation (VLN) agents can learn spatial knowledge implicitly from large-scale training data, zero-shot VLN agents lack this process, relying primarily on local observations for navigation, which leads to inefficient exploration and a significant performance gap. To deal with the problem, we consider a zero-shot VLN setting that agents are allowed to fu… ▽ More Although learning-based vision-and-language navigation (VLN) agents can learn spatial knowledge implicitly from large-scale training data, zero-shot VLN agents lack this process, relying primarily on local observations for navigation, which leads to inefficient exploration and a significant performance gap. To deal with the problem, we consider a zero-shot VLN setting that agents are allowed to fully explore the environment before task execution. Then, we construct the Spatial Scene Graph (SSG) to explicitly capture global spatial structure and semantics in the explored environment. Based on the SSG, we introduce SpatialNav, a zero-shot VLN agent that integrates an agent-centric spatial map, a compass-aligned visual representation, and a remote object localization strategy for efficient navigation. Comprehensive experiments in both discrete and continuous environments demonstrate that SpatialNav significantly outperforms existing zero-shot agents and clearly narrows the gap with state-of-the-art learning-based methods. Such results highlight the importance of global spatial representations for generalizable navigation. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 11 pages, 4 figures, 6 tables arXiv:2601.06806 [ pdf , ps , other ] SpatialNav: Leveraging Spatial Scene Graphs for Zero-Shot Vision-and-Language Navigation Authors: Jiwen Zhang , Zejun Li , Siyuan Wang , Xiangyu Shi , Zhongyu Wei , Qi Wu Abstract : Although learning-based vision-and-language navigation (VLN) agents can learn spatial knowledge implicitly from large-scale training data, zero-shot VLN agents lack this process, relying primarily on local observations for navigation, which leads to inefficient exploration and a significant performance gap. To deal with the problem, we consider a zero-shot VLN setting that agents are allowed to fu… ▽ More Although learning-based vision-and-language navigation (VLN) agents can learn spatial knowledge implicitly from large-scale training data, zero-shot VLN agents lack this process, relying primarily on local observations for navigation, which leads to inefficient exploration and a significant performance gap. To deal with the problem, we consider a zero-shot VLN setting that agents are allowed to fully explore the environment before task execution. Then, we construct the Spatial Scene Graph (SSG) to explicitly capture global spatial structure and semantics in the explored environment. Based on the SSG, we introduce SpatialNav, a zero-shot VLN agent that integrates an agent-centric spatial map, a compass-aligned visual representation, and a remote object localization strategy for efficient navigation. Comprehensive experiments in both discrete and continuous environments demonstrate that SpatialNav significantly outperforms existing zero-shot agents and clearly narrows the gap with state-of-the-art learning-based methods. Such results highlight the importance of global spatial representations for generalizable navigation. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 11 pages, 4 figures, 6 tables arXiv:2601.06794 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI No More Stale Feedback: Co-Evolving Critics for Open-World Agent Learning Authors: Zhicong Li , Lingjie Jiang , Yulan Hu , Xingchen Zeng , Yixia Li , Xiangwen Zhang , Guanhua Chen , Zheng Pan , Xin Li , Yong Liu Abstract : Critique-guided reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for training LLM agents by augmenting sparse outcome rewards with natural-language feedback. However, current methods often rely on static or offline critic models, which fail to adapt as the policy evolves. In on-policy RL, the agent's error patterns shift over time, causing stationary critics to become stale and provi… ▽ More Critique-guided reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for training LLM agents by augmenting sparse outcome rewards with natural-language feedback. However, current methods often rely on static or offline critic models, which fail to adapt as the policy evolves. In on-policy RL, the agent's error patterns shift over time, causing stationary critics to become stale and providing feedback of diminishing utility. To address this, we introduce ECHO (Evolving Critic for Hindsight-Guided Optimization)}, a framework that jointly optimizes the policy and critic through a synchronized co-evolutionary loop. ECHO utilizes a cascaded rollout mechanism where the critic generates multiple diagnoses for an initial trajectory, followed by policy refinement to enable group-structured advantage estimation. We address the challenge of learning plateaus via a saturation-aware gain shaping objective, which rewards the critic for inducing incremental improvements in high-performing trajectories. By employing dual-track GRPO updates, ECHO ensures the critic's feedback stays synchronized with the evolving policy. Experimental results show that ECHO yields more stable training and higher long-horizon task success across open-world environments. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06794 [ pdf , ps , other ] No More Stale Feedback: Co-Evolving Critics for Open-World Agent Learning Authors: Zhicong Li , Lingjie Jiang , Yulan Hu , Xingchen Zeng , Yixia Li , Xiangwen Zhang , Guanhua Chen , Zheng Pan , Xin Li , Yong Liu Abstract : Critique-guided reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for training LLM agents by augmenting sparse outcome rewards with natural-language feedback. However, current methods often rely on static or offline critic models, which fail to adapt as the policy evolves. In on-policy RL, the agent's error patterns shift over time, causing stationary critics to become stale and provi… ▽ More Critique-guided reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for training LLM agents by augmenting sparse outcome rewards with natural-language feedback. However, current methods often rely on static or offline critic models, which fail to adapt as the policy evolves. In on-policy RL, the agent's error patterns shift over time, causing stationary critics to become stale and providing feedback of diminishing utility. To address this, we introduce ECHO (Evolving Critic for Hindsight-Guided Optimization)}, a framework that jointly optimizes the policy and critic through a synchronized co-evolutionary loop. ECHO utilizes a cascaded rollout mechanism where the critic generates multiple diagnoses for an initial trajectory, followed by policy refinement to enable group-structured advantage estimation. We address the challenge of learning plateaus via a saturation-aware gain shaping objective, which rewards the critic for inducing incremental improvements in high-performing trajectories. By employing dual-track GRPO updates, ECHO ensures the critic's feedback stays synchronized with the evolving policy. Experimental results show that ECHO yields more stable training and higher long-horizon task success across open-world environments. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06707 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Evaluating Accounting Reasoning Capabilities of Large Language Models Authors: Jie Zhou , Xin Chen , Jie Zhang , Hai Li , Jie Wang , Zhe Li Abstract : Large language models are transforming learning, cognition, and research across many fields. Effectively integrating them into professional domains, such as accounting, is a key challenge for enterprise digital transformation. To address this, we define vertical domain accounting reasoning and propose evaluation criteria derived from an analysis of the training data characteristics of representati… ▽ More Large language models are transforming learning, cognition, and research across many fields. Effectively integrating them into professional domains, such as accounting, is a key challenge for enterprise digital transformation. To address this, we define vertical domain accounting reasoning and propose evaluation criteria derived from an analysis of the training data characteristics of representative GLM models. These criteria support systematic study of accounting reasoning and provide benchmarks for performance improvement. Using this framework, we evaluate GLM-6B, GLM-130B, GLM-4, and OpenAI GPT-4 on accounting reasoning tasks. Results show that prompt design significantly affects performance, with GPT-4 demonstrating the strongest capability. Despite these gains, current models remain insufficient for real-world enterprise accounting, indicating the need for further optimization to unlock their full practical value. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06707 [ pdf , ps , other ] Evaluating Accounting Reasoning Capabilities of Large Language Models Authors: Jie Zhou , Xin Chen , Jie Zhang , Hai Li , Jie Wang , Zhe Li Abstract : Large language models are transforming learning, cognition, and research across many fields. Effectively integrating them into professional domains, such as accounting, is a key challenge for enterprise digital transformation. To address this, we define vertical domain accounting reasoning and propose evaluation criteria derived from an analysis of the training data characteristics of representati… ▽ More Large language models are transforming learning, cognition, and research across many fields. Effectively integrating them into professional domains, such as accounting, is a key challenge for enterprise digital transformation. To address this, we define vertical domain accounting reasoning and propose evaluation criteria derived from an analysis of the training data characteristics of representative GLM models. These criteria support systematic study of accounting reasoning and provide benchmarks for performance improvement. Using this framework, we evaluate GLM-6B, GLM-130B, GLM-4, and OpenAI GPT-4 on accounting reasoning tasks. Results show that prompt design significantly affects performance, with GPT-4 demonstrating the strongest capability. Despite these gains, current models remain insufficient for real-world enterprise accounting, indicating the need for further optimization to unlock their full practical value. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06520 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DC SkyNomad: On Using Multi-Region Spot Instances to Minimize AI Batch Job Cost Authors: Zhifei Li , Tian Xia , Ziming Mao , Zihan Zhou , Ethan J. Jackson , Jamison Kerney , Zhanghao Wu , Pratik Mishra , Yi Xu , Yifan Qiao , Scott Shenker , Ion Stoica Abstract : AI batch jobs such as model training, inference pipelines, and data analytics require substantial GPU resources and often need to finish before a deadline. Spot instances offer 3-10x lower cost than on-demand instances, but their unpredictable availability makes meeting deadlines difficult. Existing systems either rely solely on spot instances and risk deadline violations, or operate in simplified… ▽ More AI batch jobs such as model training, inference pipelines, and data analytics require substantial GPU resources and often need to finish before a deadline. Spot instances offer 3-10x lower cost than on-demand instances, but their unpredictable availability makes meeting deadlines difficult. Existing systems either rely solely on spot instances and risk deadline violations, or operate in simplified single-region settings. These approaches overlook substantial spatial and temporal heterogeneity in spot availability, lifetimes, and prices. We show that exploiting such heterogeneity to access more spot capacity is the key to reduce the job execution cost. We present SkyNomad, a multi-region scheduling system that maximizes spot usage and minimizes cost while guaranteeing deadlines. SkyNomad uses lightweight probing to estimate availability, predicts spot lifetimes, accounts for migration cost, and unifies regional characteristics and deadline pressure into a monetary cost model that guides scheduling decisions. Our evaluation shows that SkyNomad achieves 1.25-3.96x cost savings in real cloud deployments and performs within 10% cost differences of an optimal policy in simulation, while consistently meeting deadlines. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 14 pages, 18 figures ACM Class: C.2.4 arXiv:2601.06520 [ pdf , ps , other ] SkyNomad: On Using Multi-Region Spot Instances to Minimize AI Batch Job Cost Authors: Zhifei Li , Tian Xia , Ziming Mao , Zihan Zhou , Ethan J. Jackson , Jamison Kerney , Zhanghao Wu , Pratik Mishra , Yi Xu , Yifan Qiao , Scott Shenker , Ion Stoica Abstract : AI batch jobs such as model training, inference pipelines, and data analytics require substantial GPU resources and often need to finish before a deadline. Spot instances offer 3-10x lower cost than on-demand instances, but their unpredictable availability makes meeting deadlines difficult. Existing systems either rely solely on spot instances and risk deadline violations, or operate in simplified… ▽ More AI batch jobs such as model training, inference pipelines, and data analytics require substantial GPU resources and often need to finish before a deadline. Spot instances offer 3-10x lower cost than on-demand instances, but their unpredictable availability makes meeting deadlines difficult. Existing systems either rely solely on spot instances and risk deadline violations, or operate in simplified single-region settings. These approaches overlook substantial spatial and temporal heterogeneity in spot availability, lifetimes, and prices. We show that exploiting such heterogeneity to access more spot capacity is the key to reduce the job execution cost. We present SkyNomad, a multi-region scheduling system that maximizes spot usage and minimizes cost while guaranteeing deadlines. SkyNomad uses lightweight probing to estimate availability, predicts spot lifetimes, accounts for migration cost, and unifies regional characteristics and deadline pressure into a monetary cost model that guides scheduling decisions. Our evaluation shows that SkyNomad achieves 1.25-3.96x cost savings in real cloud deployments and performs within 10% cost differences of an optimal policy in simulation, while consistently meeting deadlines. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 14 pages, 18 figures ACM Class: C.2.4 arXiv:2601.06419 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.PL Lightweight Yet Secure: Secure Scripting Language Generation via Lightweight LLMs Authors: Keyang Zhang , Zeyu Chen , Xuan Feng , Dongliang Fang , Yaowen Zheng , Zhi Li , Limin Sun Abstract : The security of scripting languages such as PowerShell is critical given their powerful automation and administration capabilities, often exercised with elevated privileges. Today, securing these languages still demands substantial human effort to craft and enforce rules, imposing heavy burdens on typical administrators and creating critical production risks (e.g., misoperations that shut down ser… ▽ More The security of scripting languages such as PowerShell is critical given their powerful automation and administration capabilities, often exercised with elevated privileges. Today, securing these languages still demands substantial human effort to craft and enforce rules, imposing heavy burdens on typical administrators and creating critical production risks (e.g., misoperations that shut down servers).Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in code generation, vulnerability detection, and automated repair for languages like Python and JavaScript. However, their ability to assist with generating secure scripting-language code remains largely underexplored. In this paper, we present SecGenEval-PS, a benchmark designed to systematically evaluate LLMs on secure scripting generation, security analysis, and automated repair. Our results show that both proprietary and open-source models fall short in these areas. For instance, over 60% of PowerShell scripts produced by GPT-4o and o3-mini are insecure without structured guidance.To bridge this gap, we propose PSSec, a framework that combines data synthesis with fine-tuning to enhance model security capabilities. We develop a self-debugging agent that integrates static analyzers with the reasoning abilities of advanced LLMs to synthesize large-scale structured triplets of insecure scripts, violation analyses, and corresponding repairs. We then fine-tune lightweight LLMs (as small as 1.7B parameters) using supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and reinforcement learning (RL), enabling security-aware reasoning and the generation of secure PowerShell code.Across multiple LLM families, including GPT and Qwen, \textit{PSSec}-trained models match or surpass general-purpose large models on PowerShell security tasks while reducing inference cost by more than an order of magnitude. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 19 pages,8 figures,conference arXiv:2601.06419 [ pdf , ps , other ] Lightweight Yet Secure: Secure Scripting Language Generation via Lightweight LLMs Authors: Keyang Zhang , Zeyu Chen , Xuan Feng , Dongliang Fang , Yaowen Zheng , Zhi Li , Limin Sun Abstract : The security of scripting languages such as PowerShell is critical given their powerful automation and administration capabilities, often exercised with elevated privileges. Today, securing these languages still demands substantial human effort to craft and enforce rules, imposing heavy burdens on typical administrators and creating critical production risks (e.g., misoperations that shut down ser… ▽ More The security of scripting languages such as PowerShell is critical given their powerful automation and administration capabilities, often exercised with elevated privileges. Today, securing these languages still demands substantial human effort to craft and enforce rules, imposing heavy burdens on typical administrators and creating critical production risks (e.g., misoperations that shut down servers).Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in code generation, vulnerability detection, and automated repair for languages like Python and JavaScript. However, their ability to assist with generating secure scripting-language code remains largely underexplored. In this paper, we present SecGenEval-PS, a benchmark designed to systematically evaluate LLMs on secure scripting generation, security analysis, and automated repair. Our results show that both proprietary and open-source models fall short in these areas. For instance, over 60% of PowerShell scripts produced by GPT-4o and o3-mini are insecure without structured guidance.To bridge this gap, we propose PSSec, a framework that combines data synthesis with fine-tuning to enhance model security capabilities. We develop a self-debugging agent that integrates static analyzers with the reasoning abilities of advanced LLMs to synthesize large-scale structured triplets of insecure scripts, violation analyses, and corresponding repairs. We then fine-tune lightweight LLMs (as small as 1.7B parameters) using supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and reinforcement learning (RL), enabling security-aware reasoning and the generation of secure PowerShell code.Across multiple LLM families, including GPT and Qwen, \textit{PSSec}-trained models match or surpass general-purpose large models on PowerShell security tasks while reducing inference cost by more than an order of magnitude. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 19 pages,8 figures,conference arXiv:2601.06406 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD doi 10.1609/aaai.v39i23.34624 Representing Sounds as Neural Amplitude Fields: A Benchmark of Coordinate-MLPs and A Fourier Kolmogorov-Arnold Framework Authors: Linfei Li , Lin Zhang , Zhong Wang , Fengyi Zhang , Zelin Li , Ying Shen Abstract : Although Coordinate-MLP-based implicit neural representations have excelled in representing radiance fields, 3D shapes, and images, their application to audio signals remains underexplored. To fill this gap, we investigate existing implicit neural representations, from which we extract 3 types of positional encoding and 16 commonly used activation functions. Through combinatorial design, we establ… ▽ More Although Coordinate-MLP-based implicit neural representations have excelled in representing radiance fields, 3D shapes, and images, their application to audio signals remains underexplored. To fill this gap, we investigate existing implicit neural representations, from which we extract 3 types of positional encoding and 16 commonly used activation functions. Through combinatorial design, we establish the first benchmark for Coordinate-MLPs in audio signal representations. Our benchmark reveals that Coordinate-MLPs require complex hyperparameter tuning and frequency-dependent initialization, limiting their robustness. To address these issues, we propose Fourier-ASR, a novel framework based on the Fourier series theorem and the Kolmogorov-Arnold representation theorem. Fourier-ASR introduces Fourier Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (Fourier-KAN), which leverage periodicity and strong nonlinearity to represent audio signals, eliminating the need for additional positional encoding. Furthermore, a Frequency-adaptive Learning Strategy (FaLS) is proposed to enhance the convergence of Fourier-KAN by capturing high-frequency components and preventing overfitting of low-frequency signals. Extensive experiments conducted on natural speech and music datasets reveal that: (1) well-designed positional encoding and activation functions in Coordinate-MLPs can effectively improve audio representation quality; and (2) Fourier-ASR can robustly represent complex audio signals without extensive hyperparameter tuning. Looking ahead, the continuity and infinite resolution of implicit audio representations make our research highly promising for tasks such as audio compression, synthesis, and generation. The source code will be released publicly to ensure reproducibility. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by AAAI 2025. Code: arXiv:2601.06406 [ pdf , ps , other ] Representing Sounds as Neural Amplitude Fields: A Benchmark of Coordinate-MLPs and A Fourier Kolmogorov-Arnold Framework Authors: Linfei Li , Lin Zhang , Zhong Wang , Fengyi Zhang , Zelin Li , Ying Shen Abstract : Although Coordinate-MLP-based implicit neural representations have excelled in representing radiance fields, 3D shapes, and images, their application to audio signals remains underexplored. To fill this gap, we investigate existing implicit neural representations, from which we extract 3 types of positional encoding and 16 commonly used activation functions. Through combinatorial design, we establ… ▽ More Although Coordinate-MLP-based implicit neural representations have excelled in representing radiance fields, 3D shapes, and images, their application to audio signals remains underexplored. To fill this gap, we investigate existing implicit neural representations, from which we extract 3 types of positional encoding and 16 commonly used activation functions. Through combinatorial design, we establish the first benchmark for Coordinate-MLPs in audio signal representations. Our benchmark reveals that Coordinate-MLPs require complex hyperparameter tuning and frequency-dependent initialization, limiting their robustness. To address these issues, we propose Fourier-ASR, a novel framework based on the Fourier series theorem and the Kolmogorov-Arnold representation theorem. Fourier-ASR introduces Fourier Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (Fourier-KAN), which leverage periodicity and strong nonlinearity to represent audio signals, eliminating the need for additional positional encoding. Furthermore, a Frequency-adaptive Learning Strategy (FaLS) is proposed to enhance the convergence of Fourier-KAN by capturing high-frequency components and preventing overfitting of low-frequency signals. Extensive experiments conducted on natural speech and music datasets reveal that: (1) well-designed positional encoding and activation functions in Coordinate-MLPs can effectively improve audio representation quality; and (2) Fourier-ASR can robustly represent complex audio signals without extensive hyperparameter tuning. Looking ahead, the continuity and infinite resolution of implicit audio representations make our research highly promising for tasks such as audio compression, synthesis, and generation. The source code will be released publicly to ensure reproducibility. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by AAAI 2025. Code: arXiv:2601.06385 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR Noise Reduction for Pufferfish Privacy: A Practical Noise Calibration Method Authors: Wenjin Yang , Ni Ding , Zijian Zhang , Jing Sun , Zhen Li , Yan Wu , Jiahang Sun , Haotian Lin , Yong Liu , Jincheng An , Liehuang Zhu Abstract : This paper introduces a relaxed noise calibration method to enhance data utility while attaining pufferfish privacy. This work builds on the existing $1$-Wasserstein (Kantorovich) mechanism by alleviating the existing overly strict condition that leads to excessive noise, and proposes a practical mechanism design algorithm as a general solution. We prove that a strict noise reduction by our approa… ▽ More This paper introduces a relaxed noise calibration method to enhance data utility while attaining pufferfish privacy. This work builds on the existing $1$-Wasserstein (Kantorovich) mechanism by alleviating the existing overly strict condition that leads to excessive noise, and proposes a practical mechanism design algorithm as a general solution. We prove that a strict noise reduction by our approach always exists compared to $1$-Wasserstein mechanism for all privacy budgets $ε$ and prior beliefs, and the noise reduction (also represents improvement on data utility) gains increase significantly for low privacy budget situations--which are commonly seen in real-world deployments. We also analyze the variation and optimality of the noise reduction with different prior distributions. Moreover, all the properties of the noise reduction still exist in the worst-case $1$-Wasserstein mechanism we introduced, when the additive noise is largest. We further show that the worst-case $1$-Wasserstein mechanism is equivalent to the $\ell_1$-sensitivity method. Experimental results on three real-world datasets demonstrate $47\%$ to $87\%$ improvement in data utility. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06385 [ pdf , ps , other ] Noise Reduction for Pufferfish Privacy: A Practical Noise Calibration Method Authors: Wenjin Yang , Ni Ding , Zijian Zhang , Jing Sun , Zhen Li , Yan Wu , Jiahang Sun , Haotian Lin , Yong Liu , Jincheng An , Liehuang Zhu Abstract : This paper introduces a relaxed noise calibration method to enhance data utility while attaining pufferfish privacy. This work builds on the existing $1$-Wasserstein (Kantorovich) mechanism by alleviating the existing overly strict condition that leads to excessive noise, and proposes a practical mechanism design algorithm as a general solution. We prove that a strict noise reduction by our approa… ▽ More This paper introduces a relaxed noise calibration method to enhance data utility while attaining pufferfish privacy. This work builds on the existing $1$-Wasserstein (Kantorovich) mechanism by alleviating the existing overly strict condition that leads to excessive noise, and proposes a practical mechanism design algorithm as a general solution. We prove that a strict noise reduction by our approach always exists compared to $1$-Wasserstein mechanism for all privacy budgets $ε$ and prior beliefs, and the noise reduction (also represents improvement on data utility) gains increase significantly for low privacy budget situations--which are commonly seen in real-world deployments. We also analyze the variation and optimality of the noise reduction with different prior distributions. Moreover, all the properties of the noise reduction still exist in the worst-case $1$-Wasserstein mechanism we introduced, when the additive noise is largest. We further show that the worst-case $1$-Wasserstein mechanism is equivalent to the $\ell_1$-sensitivity method. Experimental results on three real-world datasets demonstrate $47\%$ to $87\%$ improvement in data utility. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06378 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.GR RigMo: Unifying Rig and Motion Learning for Generative Animation Authors: Hao Zhang , Jiahao Luo , Bohui Wan , Yizhou Zhao , Zongrui Li , Michael Vasilkovsky , Chaoyang Wang , Jian Wang , Narendra Ahuja , Bing Zhou Abstract : Despite significant progress in 4D generation, rig and motion, the core structural and dynamic components of animation are typically modeled as separate problems. Existing pipelines rely on ground-truth skeletons and skinning weights for motion generation and treat auto-rigging as an independent process, undermining scalability and interpretability. We present RigMo, a unified generative framework… ▽ More Despite significant progress in 4D generation, rig and motion, the core structural and dynamic components of animation are typically modeled as separate problems. Existing pipelines rely on ground-truth skeletons and skinning weights for motion generation and treat auto-rigging as an independent process, undermining scalability and interpretability. We present RigMo, a unified generative framework that jointly learns rig and motion directly from raw mesh sequences, without any human-provided rig annotations. RigMo encodes per-vertex deformations into two compact latent spaces: a rig latent that decodes into explicit Gaussian bones and skinning weights, and a motion latent that produces time-varying SE(3) transformations. Together, these outputs define an animatable mesh with explicit structure and coherent motion, enabling feed-forward rig and motion inference for deformable objects. Beyond unified rig-motion discovery, we introduce a Motion-DiT model operating in RigMo's latent space and demonstrate that these structure-aware latents can naturally support downstream motion generation tasks. Experiments on DeformingThings4D, Objaverse-XL, and TrueBones demonstrate that RigMo learns smooth, interpretable, and physically plausible rigs, while achieving superior reconstruction and category-level generalization compared to existing auto-rigging and deformation baselines. RigMo establishes a new paradigm for unified, structure-aware, and scalable dynamic 3D modeling. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project Page: arXiv:2601.06378 [ pdf , ps , other ] RigMo: Unifying Rig and Motion Learning for Generative Animation Authors: Hao Zhang , Jiahao Luo , Bohui Wan , Yizhou Zhao , Zongrui Li , Michael Vasilkovsky , Chaoyang Wang , Jian Wang , Narendra Ahuja , Bing Zhou Abstract : Despite significant progress in 4D generation, rig and motion, the core structural and dynamic components of animation are typically modeled as separate problems. Existing pipelines rely on ground-truth skeletons and skinning weights for motion generation and treat auto-rigging as an independent process, undermining scalability and interpretability. We present RigMo, a unified generative framework… ▽ More Despite significant progress in 4D generation, rig and motion, the core structural and dynamic components of animation are typically modeled as separate problems. Existing pipelines rely on ground-truth skeletons and skinning weights for motion generation and treat auto-rigging as an independent process, undermining scalability and interpretability. We present RigMo, a unified generative framework that jointly learns rig and motion directly from raw mesh sequences, without any human-provided rig annotations. RigMo encodes per-vertex deformations into two compact latent spaces: a rig latent that decodes into explicit Gaussian bones and skinning weights, and a motion latent that produces time-varying SE(3) transformations. Together, these outputs define an animatable mesh with explicit structure and coherent motion, enabling feed-forward rig and motion inference for deformable objects. Beyond unified rig-motion discovery, we introduce a Motion-DiT model operating in RigMo's latent space and demonstrate that these structure-aware latents can naturally support downstream motion generation tasks. Experiments on DeformingThings4D, Objaverse-XL, and TrueBones demonstrate that RigMo learns smooth, interpretable, and physically plausible rigs, while achieving superior reconstruction and category-level generalization compared to existing auto-rigging and deformation baselines. RigMo establishes a new paradigm for unified, structure-aware, and scalable dynamic 3D modeling. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project Page: arXiv:2601.06216 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CY cs.AI LLM Agents in Law: Taxonomy, Applications, and Challenges Authors: Shuang Liu , Ruijia Zhang , Ruoyun Ma , Yujia Deng , Lanyi Zhu , Jiayu Li , Zelong Li , Zhibin Shen , Mengnan Du Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have precipitated a dramatic improvement in the legal domain, yet the deployment of standalone models faces significant limitations regarding hallucination, outdated information, and verifiability. Recently, LLM agents have attracted significant attention as a solution to these challenges, utilizing advanced capabilities such as planning, memory, and tool usage to meet… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have precipitated a dramatic improvement in the legal domain, yet the deployment of standalone models faces significant limitations regarding hallucination, outdated information, and verifiability. Recently, LLM agents have attracted significant attention as a solution to these challenges, utilizing advanced capabilities such as planning, memory, and tool usage to meet the rigorous standards of legal practice. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of LLM agents for legal tasks, analyzing how these architectures bridge the gap between technical capabilities and domain-specific needs. Our major contributions include: (1) systematically analyzing the technical transition from standard legal LLMs to legal agents; (2) presenting a structured taxonomy of current agent applications across distinct legal practice areas; (3) discussing evaluation methodologies specifically for agentic performance in law; and (4) identifying open challenges and outlining future directions for developing robust and autonomous legal assistants. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06216 [ pdf , ps , other ] LLM Agents in Law: Taxonomy, Applications, and Challenges Authors: Shuang Liu , Ruijia Zhang , Ruoyun Ma , Yujia Deng , Lanyi Zhu , Jiayu Li , Zelong Li , Zhibin Shen , Mengnan Du Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have precipitated a dramatic improvement in the legal domain, yet the deployment of standalone models faces significant limitations regarding hallucination, outdated information, and verifiability. Recently, LLM agents have attracted significant attention as a solution to these challenges, utilizing advanced capabilities such as planning, memory, and tool usage to meet… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have precipitated a dramatic improvement in the legal domain, yet the deployment of standalone models faces significant limitations regarding hallucination, outdated information, and verifiability. Recently, LLM agents have attracted significant attention as a solution to these challenges, utilizing advanced capabilities such as planning, memory, and tool usage to meet the rigorous standards of legal practice. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of LLM agents for legal tasks, analyzing how these architectures bridge the gap between technical capabilities and domain-specific needs. Our major contributions include: (1) systematically analyzing the technical transition from standard legal LLMs to legal agents; (2) presenting a structured taxonomy of current agent applications across distinct legal practice areas; (3) discussing evaluation methodologies specifically for agentic performance in law; and (4) identifying open challenges and outlining future directions for developing robust and autonomous legal assistants. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06214 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI q-bio.QM Dynamics-inspired Structure Hallucination for Protein-protein Interaction Modeling Authors: Fang Wu , Stan Z. Li Abstract : Protein-protein interaction (PPI) represents a central challenge within the biology field, and accurately predicting the consequences of mutations in this context is crucial for drug design and protein engineering. Deep learning (DL) has shown promise in forecasting the effects of such mutations, but is hindered by two primary constraints. First, the structures of mutant proteins are often elusive… ▽ More Protein-protein interaction (PPI) represents a central challenge within the biology field, and accurately predicting the consequences of mutations in this context is crucial for drug design and protein engineering. Deep learning (DL) has shown promise in forecasting the effects of such mutations, but is hindered by two primary constraints. First, the structures of mutant proteins are often elusive to acquire. Secondly, PPI takes place dynamically, which is rarely integrated into the DL architecture design. To address these obstacles, we present a novel framework named Refine-PPI with two key enhancements. First, we introduce a structure refinement module trained by a mask mutation modeling (MMM) task on available wild-type structures, which is then transferred to produce the inaccessible mutant structures. Second, we employ a new kind of geometric network, called the probability density cloud network (PDC-Net), to capture 3D dynamic variations and encode the atomic uncertainty associated with PPI. Comprehensive experiments on SKEMPI.v2 substantiate the superiority of Refine-PPI over all existing tools for predicting free energy change. These findings underscore the effectiveness of our hallucination strategy and the PDC module in addressing the absence of mutant protein structure and modeling geometric uncertainty. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Journal ref: Transactions on Machine Learning Research 2025 arXiv:2601.06214 [ pdf , ps , other ] Dynamics-inspired Structure Hallucination for Protein-protein Interaction Modeling Authors: Fang Wu , Stan Z. Li Abstract : Protein-protein interaction (PPI) represents a central challenge within the biology field, and accurately predicting the consequences of mutations in this context is crucial for drug design and protein engineering. Deep learning (DL) has shown promise in forecasting the effects of such mutations, but is hindered by two primary constraints. First, the structures of mutant proteins are often elusive… ▽ More Protein-protein interaction (PPI) represents a central challenge within the biology field, and accurately predicting the consequences of mutations in this context is crucial for drug design and protein engineering. Deep learning (DL) has shown promise in forecasting the effects of such mutations, but is hindered by two primary constraints. First, the structures of mutant proteins are often elusive to acquire. Secondly, PPI takes place dynamically, which is rarely integrated into the DL architecture design. To address these obstacles, we present a novel framework named Refine-PPI with two key enhancements. First, we introduce a structure refinement module trained by a mask mutation modeling (MMM) task on available wild-type structures, which is then transferred to produce the inaccessible mutant structures. Second, we employ a new kind of geometric network, called the probability density cloud network (PDC-Net), to capture 3D dynamic variations and encode the atomic uncertainty associated with PPI. Comprehensive experiments on SKEMPI.v2 substantiate the superiority of Refine-PPI over all existing tools for predicting free energy change. These findings underscore the effectiveness of our hallucination strategy and the PDC module in addressing the absence of mutant protein structure and modeling geometric uncertainty. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Journal ref: Transactions on Machine Learning Research 2025 arXiv:2601.06169 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Think Bright, Diffuse Nice: Enhancing T2I-ICL via Inductive-Bias Hint Instruction and Query Contrastive Decoding Authors: Zhiyong Ma , Zhenpeng Li , Yuanjie Shi , Zhengping Li , Jiahao Chen , Qingyuan Chuai Abstract : Text-to-Image In-Context Learning (T2I-ICL) enables customized image synthesis via interleaved text-image examples but faces two mutually reinforcing bottlenecks, compliance failure and prior-dominated hallucination, that form a vicious cycle degrading generation quality. Existing methods rely on tailored training, which limits flexibility and raises deployment costs. To address these challenges e… ▽ More Text-to-Image In-Context Learning (T2I-ICL) enables customized image synthesis via interleaved text-image examples but faces two mutually reinforcing bottlenecks, compliance failure and prior-dominated hallucination, that form a vicious cycle degrading generation quality. Existing methods rely on tailored training, which limits flexibility and raises deployment costs. To address these challenges effectively, we propose TBDN, a training-free framework integrating two complementary closed-loop mechanisms: Hint Instruction (HI) and Query Contrastive Decoding (QCD). HI injects task-aware inductive bias via lightweight prompt engineering to anchor models on contextual mapping rules, thereby mitigating compliance failure. QCD adjusts the decoding distributions of language models by contrasting full-input and query-omitted distributions, suppressing prior-dominated hallucination. TBDN achieves State-of-the-Art performance on CoBSAT and Text-to-Image Fast Mini-ImageNet, with robust generalization across model backbones, prompt designs, and hyperparameters. It also maintains promising performance in concept preservation and prompt following on Dreambench++. By breaking the two bottlenecks, TBDN establishes a simple yet effective framework for efficient and reliable T2I-ICL. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Submitted to ACL 2026 arXiv:2601.06169 [ pdf , ps , other ] Think Bright, Diffuse Nice: Enhancing T2I-ICL via Inductive-Bias Hint Instruction and Query Contrastive Decoding Authors: Zhiyong Ma , Zhenpeng Li , Yuanjie Shi , Zhengping Li , Jiahao Chen , Qingyuan Chuai Abstract : Text-to-Image In-Context Learning (T2I-ICL) enables customized image synthesis via interleaved text-image examples but faces two mutually reinforcing bottlenecks, compliance failure and prior-dominated hallucination, that form a vicious cycle degrading generation quality. Existing methods rely on tailored training, which limits flexibility and raises deployment costs. To address these challenges e… ▽ More Text-to-Image In-Context Learning (T2I-ICL) enables customized image synthesis via interleaved text-image examples but faces two mutually reinforcing bottlenecks, compliance failure and prior-dominated hallucination, that form a vicious cycle degrading generation quality. Existing methods rely on tailored training, which limits flexibility and raises deployment costs. To address these challenges effectively, we propose TBDN, a training-free framework integrating two complementary closed-loop mechanisms: Hint Instruction (HI) and Query Contrastive Decoding (QCD). HI injects task-aware inductive bias via lightweight prompt engineering to anchor models on contextual mapping rules, thereby mitigating compliance failure. QCD adjusts the decoding distributions of language models by contrasting full-input and query-omitted distributions, suppressing prior-dominated hallucination. TBDN achieves State-of-the-Art performance on CoBSAT and Text-to-Image Fast Mini-ImageNet, with robust generalization across model backbones, prompt designs, and hyperparameters. It also maintains promising performance in concept preservation and prompt following on Dreambench++. By breaking the two bottlenecks, TBDN establishes a simple yet effective framework for efficient and reliable T2I-ICL. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Submitted to ACL 2026 arXiv:2601.06002 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI The Molecular Structure of Thought: Mapping the Topology of Long Chain-of-Thought Reasoning Authors: Qiguang Chen , Yantao Du , Ziniu Li , Jinhao Liu , Songyao Duan , Jiarui Guo , Minghao Liu , Jiaheng Liu , Tong Yang , Ge Zhang , Libo Qin , Wanxiang Che , Wenhao Huang Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) often fail to learn effective long chain-of-thought (Long CoT) reasoning from human or non-Long-CoT LLMs imitation. To understand this, we propose that effective and learnable Long CoT trajectories feature stable molecular-like structures in unified view, which are formed by three interaction types: Deep-Reasoning (covalent-like), Self-Reflection (hydrogen-bond-like),… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) often fail to learn effective long chain-of-thought (Long CoT) reasoning from human or non-Long-CoT LLMs imitation. To understand this, we propose that effective and learnable Long CoT trajectories feature stable molecular-like structures in unified view, which are formed by three interaction types: Deep-Reasoning (covalent-like), Self-Reflection (hydrogen-bond-like), and Self-Exploration (van der Waals-like). Analysis of distilled trajectories reveals these structures emerge from Long CoT fine-tuning, not keyword imitation. We introduce Effective Semantic Isomers and show that only bonds promoting fast entropy convergence support stable Long CoT learning, while structural competition impairs training. Drawing on these findings, we present Mole-Syn, a distribution-transfer-graph method that guides synthesis of effective Long CoT structures, boosting performance and RL stability across benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Preprint arXiv:2601.06002 [ pdf , ps , other ] The Molecular Structure of Thought: Mapping the Topology of Long Chain-of-Thought Reasoning Authors: Qiguang Chen , Yantao Du , Ziniu Li , Jinhao Liu , Songyao Duan , Jiarui Guo , Minghao Liu , Jiaheng Liu , Tong Yang , Ge Zhang , Libo Qin , Wanxiang Che , Wenhao Huang Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) often fail to learn effective long chain-of-thought (Long CoT) reasoning from human or non-Long-CoT LLMs imitation. To understand this, we propose that effective and learnable Long CoT trajectories feature stable molecular-like structures in unified view, which are formed by three interaction types: Deep-Reasoning (covalent-like), Self-Reflection (hydrogen-bond-like),… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) often fail to learn effective long chain-of-thought (Long CoT) reasoning from human or non-Long-CoT LLMs imitation. To understand this, we propose that effective and learnable Long CoT trajectories feature stable molecular-like structures in unified view, which are formed by three interaction types: Deep-Reasoning (covalent-like), Self-Reflection (hydrogen-bond-like), and Self-Exploration (van der Waals-like). Analysis of distilled trajectories reveals these structures emerge from Long CoT fine-tuning, not keyword imitation. We introduce Effective Semantic Isomers and show that only bonds promoting fast entropy convergence support stable Long CoT learning, while structural competition impairs training. Drawing on these findings, we present Mole-Syn, a distribution-transfer-graph method that guides synthesis of effective Long CoT structures, boosting performance and RL stability across benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Preprint arXiv:2601.05746 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI DynaDebate: Breaking Homogeneity in Multi-Agent Debate with Dynamic Path Generation Authors: Zhenghao Li , Zhi Zheng , Wei Chen , Jielun Zhao , Yong Chen , Tong Xu , Enhong Chen Abstract : Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Systems (MAS), which excel at collaborative decision-making and complex problem-solving. Recently, researchers have further investigated Multi-Agent Debate (MAD) frameworks, which enhance the reasoning and collaboration capabilities of MAS through information exchange and debate among multiple agents. Howev… ▽ More Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Systems (MAS), which excel at collaborative decision-making and complex problem-solving. Recently, researchers have further investigated Multi-Agent Debate (MAD) frameworks, which enhance the reasoning and collaboration capabilities of MAS through information exchange and debate among multiple agents. However, existing approaches often rely on unguided initialization, causing agents to adopt identical reasoning paths that lead to the same errors. As a result, effective debate among agents is hindered, and the final outcome frequently degenerates into simple majority voting. To solve the above problem, in this paper, we introduce Dynamic Multi-Agent Debate (DynaDebate), which enhances the effectiveness of multi-agent debate through three key mechanisms: (1) Dynamic Path Generation and Allocation, which employs a dedicated Path Generation Agent to generate diverse and logical solution paths with adaptive redundancy; (2) Process-Centric Debate, which shifts the focus from surface-level outcome voting to rigorous step-by-step logic critique to ensure process correctness; (3) A Trigger-Based Verification Agent, which is activated upon disagreement and uses external tools to objectively resolve deadlocks. Extensive experiments demonstrate that DynaDebate achieves superior performance across various benchmarks, surpassing existing state-of-the-art MAD methods. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 16pages,6figures arXiv:2601.05746 [ pdf , ps , other ] DynaDebate: Breaking Homogeneity in Multi-Agent Debate with Dynamic Path Generation Authors: Zhenghao Li , Zhi Zheng , Wei Chen , Jielun Zhao , Yong Chen , Tong Xu , Enhong Chen Abstract : Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Systems (MAS), which excel at collaborative decision-making and complex problem-solving. Recently, researchers have further investigated Multi-Agent Debate (MAD) frameworks, which enhance the reasoning and collaboration capabilities of MAS through information exchange and debate among multiple agents. Howev… ▽ More Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Systems (MAS), which excel at collaborative decision-making and complex problem-solving. Recently, researchers have further investigated Multi-Agent Debate (MAD) frameworks, which enhance the reasoning and collaboration capabilities of MAS through information exchange and debate among multiple agents. However, existing approaches often rely on unguided initialization, causing agents to adopt identical reasoning paths that lead to the same errors. As a result, effective debate among agents is hindered, and the final outcome frequently degenerates into simple majority voting. To solve the above problem, in this paper, we introduce Dynamic Multi-Agent Debate (DynaDebate), which enhances the effectiveness of multi-agent debate through three key mechanisms: (1) Dynamic Path Generation and Allocation, which employs a dedicated Path Generation Agent to generate diverse and logical solution paths with adaptive redundancy; (2) Process-Centric Debate, which shifts the focus from surface-level outcome voting to rigorous step-by-step logic critique to ensure process correctness; (3) A Trigger-Based Verification Agent, which is activated upon disagreement and uses external tools to objectively resolve deadlocks. Extensive experiments demonstrate that DynaDebate achieves superior performance across various benchmarks, surpassing existing state-of-the-art MAD methods. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 16pages,6figures arXiv:2601.05707 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI Multimodal In-context Learning for ASR of Low-resource Languages Authors: Zhaolin Li , Jan Niehues Abstract : Automatic speech recognition (ASR) still covers only a small fraction of the world's languages, mainly due to supervised data scarcity. In-context learning (ICL) with large language models (LLMs) addresses this problem, but prior work largely focuses on high-resource languages covered during training and text-only settings. This paper investigates whether speech LLMs can learn unseen languages wit… ▽ More Automatic speech recognition (ASR) still covers only a small fraction of the world's languages, mainly due to supervised data scarcity. In-context learning (ICL) with large language models (LLMs) addresses this problem, but prior work largely focuses on high-resource languages covered during training and text-only settings. This paper investigates whether speech LLMs can learn unseen languages with multimodal ICL (MICL), and how this learning can be used to improve ASR. We conduct experiments with two speech LLMs, Phi-4 and Qwen3-Omni, on three diverse endangered languages. Firstly, we find that MICL is effective for unseen languages, leveraging both speech and text modalities. We further show that cross-lingual transfer learning improves MICL efficiency on target languages without training on them. Moreover, we analyze attention patterns to interpret MICL mechanisms, and we observe layer-dependent preferences between audio and text context, with an overall bias towards text. Finally, we show that prompt-based ASR with speech LLMs performs poorly on unseen languages, motivating a simple ASR system that combines a stronger acoustic model with a speech LLM via MICL-based selection of acoustic hypotheses. Results show that MICL consistently improves ASR performance, and that cross-lingual transfer learning matches or outperforms corpus-trained language models without using target-language data. Our code is publicly available. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Under review arXiv:2601.05707 [ pdf , ps , other ] Multimodal In-context Learning for ASR of Low-resource Languages Authors: Zhaolin Li , Jan Niehues Abstract : Automatic speech recognition (ASR) still covers only a small fraction of the world's languages, mainly due to supervised data scarcity. In-context learning (ICL) with large language models (LLMs) addresses this problem, but prior work largely focuses on high-resource languages covered during training and text-only settings. This paper investigates whether speech LLMs can learn unseen languages wit… ▽ More Automatic speech recognition (ASR) still covers only a small fraction of the world's languages, mainly due to supervised data scarcity. In-context learning (ICL) with large language models (LLMs) addresses this problem, but prior work largely focuses on high-resource languages covered during training and text-only settings. This paper investigates whether speech LLMs can learn unseen languages with multimodal ICL (MICL), and how this learning can be used to improve ASR. We conduct experiments with two speech LLMs, Phi-4 and Qwen3-Omni, on three diverse endangered languages. Firstly, we find that MICL is effective for unseen languages, leveraging both speech and text modalities. We further show that cross-lingual transfer learning improves MICL efficiency on target languages without training on them. Moreover, we analyze attention patterns to interpret MICL mechanisms, and we observe layer-dependent preferences between audio and text context, with an overall bias towards text. Finally, we show that prompt-based ASR with speech LLMs performs poorly on unseen languages, motivating a simple ASR system that combines a stronger acoustic model with a speech LLM via MICL-based selection of acoustic hypotheses. Results show that MICL consistently improves ASR performance, and that cross-lingual transfer learning matches or outperforms corpus-trained language models without using target-language data. Our code is publicly available. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Under review arXiv:2601.05569 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DC Self-Evolving Distributed Memory Architecture for Scalable AI Systems Authors: Zixuan Li , Chuanzhen Wang , Haotian Sun Abstract : Distributed AI systems face critical memory management challenges across computation, communication, and deployment layers. RRAM based in memory computing suffers from scalability limitations due to device non idealities and fixed array sizes. Decentralized AI frameworks struggle with memory efficiency across NAT constrained networks due to static routing that ignores computational load. Multi age… ▽ More Distributed AI systems face critical memory management challenges across computation, communication, and deployment layers. RRAM based in memory computing suffers from scalability limitations due to device non idealities and fixed array sizes. Decentralized AI frameworks struggle with memory efficiency across NAT constrained networks due to static routing that ignores computational load. Multi agent deployment systems tightly couple application logic with execution environments, preventing adaptive memory optimization. These challenges stem from a fundamental lack of coordinated memory management across architectural layers. We introduce Self Evolving Distributed Memory Architecture for Scalable AI Systems, a three layer framework that unifies memory management across computation, communication, and deployment. Our approach features (1) memory guided matrix processing with dynamic partitioning based on device characteristics, (2) memory aware peer selection considering network topology and computational capacity, and (3) runtime adaptive deployment optimization through continuous reconfiguration. The framework maintains dual memory systems tracking both long term performance patterns and short term workload statistics. Experiments on COCO 2017, ImageNet, and SQuAD show that our method achieves 87.3 percent memory utilization efficiency and 142.5 operations per second compared to Ray Distributed at 72.1 percent and 98.7 operations per second, while reducing communication latency by 30.2 percent to 171.2 milliseconds and improving resource utilization to 82.7 percent. Our contributions include coordinated memory management across three architectural layers, workload adaptive resource allocation, and a dual memory architecture enabling dynamic system optimization. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 21 pages arXiv:2601.05569 [ pdf , ps , other ] Self-Evolving Distributed Memory Architecture for Scalable AI Systems Authors: Zixuan Li , Chuanzhen Wang , Haotian Sun Abstract : Distributed AI systems face critical memory management challenges across computation, communication, and deployment layers. RRAM based in memory computing suffers from scalability limitations due to device non idealities and fixed array sizes. Decentralized AI frameworks struggle with memory efficiency across NAT constrained networks due to static routing that ignores computational load. Multi age… ▽ More Distributed AI systems face critical memory management challenges across computation, communication, and deployment layers. RRAM based in memory computing suffers from scalability limitations due to device non idealities and fixed array sizes. Decentralized AI frameworks struggle with memory efficiency across NAT constrained networks due to static routing that ignores computational load. Multi agent deployment systems tightly couple application logic with execution environments, preventing adaptive memory optimization. These challenges stem from a fundamental lack of coordinated memory management across architectural layers. We introduce Self Evolving Distributed Memory Architecture for Scalable AI Systems, a three layer framework that unifies memory management across computation, communication, and deployment. Our approach features (1) memory guided matrix processing with dynamic partitioning based on device characteristics, (2) memory aware peer selection considering network topology and computational capacity, and (3) runtime adaptive deployment optimization through continuous reconfiguration. The framework maintains dual memory systems tracking both long term performance patterns and short term workload statistics. Experiments on COCO 2017, ImageNet, and SQuAD show that our method achieves 87.3 percent memory utilization efficiency and 142.5 operations per second compared to Ray Distributed at 72.1 percent and 98.7 operations per second, while reducing communication latency by 30.2 percent to 171.2 milliseconds and improving resource utilization to 82.7 percent. Our contributions include coordinated memory management across three architectural layers, workload adaptive resource allocation, and a dual memory architecture enabling dynamic system optimization. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 21 pages arXiv:2601.05567 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL WildSci: Advancing Scientific Reasoning from In-the-Wild Literature Authors: Tengxiao Liu , Deepak Nathani , Zekun Li , Kevin Yang , William Yang Wang Abstract : Recent progress in large language model (LLM) reasoning has focused on domains like mathematics and coding, where abundant high-quality data and objective evaluation metrics are readily available. In contrast, progress in LLM reasoning models remains limited in scientific domains such as medicine and materials science due to limited dataset coverage and the inherent complexity of open-ended scient… ▽ More Recent progress in large language model (LLM) reasoning has focused on domains like mathematics and coding, where abundant high-quality data and objective evaluation metrics are readily available. In contrast, progress in LLM reasoning models remains limited in scientific domains such as medicine and materials science due to limited dataset coverage and the inherent complexity of open-ended scientific questions. To address these challenges, we introduce WildSci, a new dataset of domain-specific science questions automatically synthesized from peer-reviewed literature, covering 9 scientific disciplines and 26 subdomains. By framing complex scientific reasoning tasks in a multiple-choice format, we enable scalable training with well-defined reward signals. We further apply reinforcement learning to finetune models on these data and analyze the resulting training dynamics, including domain-specific performance changes, response behaviors, and generalization trends. Experiments on a suite of scientific benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our dataset and approach. We release WildSci to enable scalable and sustainable research in scientific reasoning, available at △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05567 [ pdf , ps , other ] WildSci: Advancing Scientific Reasoning from In-the-Wild Literature Authors: Tengxiao Liu , Deepak Nathani , Zekun Li , Kevin Yang , William Yang Wang Abstract : Recent progress in large language model (LLM) reasoning has focused on domains like mathematics and coding, where abundant high-quality data and objective evaluation metrics are readily available. In contrast, progress in LLM reasoning models remains limited in scientific domains such as medicine and materials science due to limited dataset coverage and the inherent complexity of open-ended scient… ▽ More Recent progress in large language model (LLM) reasoning has focused on domains like mathematics and coding, where abundant high-quality data and objective evaluation metrics are readily available. In contrast, progress in LLM reasoning models remains limited in scientific domains such as medicine and materials science due to limited dataset coverage and the inherent complexity of open-ended scientific questions. To address these challenges, we introduce WildSci, a new dataset of domain-specific science questions automatically synthesized from peer-reviewed literature, covering 9 scientific disciplines and 26 subdomains. By framing complex scientific reasoning tasks in a multiple-choice format, we enable scalable training with well-defined reward signals. We further apply reinforcement learning to finetune models on these data and analyze the resulting training dynamics, including domain-specific performance changes, response behaviors, and generalization trends. Experiments on a suite of scientific benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our dataset and approach. We release WildSci to enable scalable and sustainable research in scientific reasoning, available at △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05495 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.CL MMViR: A Multi-Modal and Multi-Granularity Representation for Long-range Video Understanding Authors: Zizhong Li , Haopeng Zhang , Jiawei Zhang Abstract : Long videos, ranging from minutes to hours, present significant challenges for current Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) due to their complex events, diverse scenes, and long-range dependencies. Direct encoding of such videos is computationally too expensive, while simple video-to-text conversion often results in redundant or fragmented content. To address these limitations, we introduce M… ▽ More Long videos, ranging from minutes to hours, present significant challenges for current Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) due to their complex events, diverse scenes, and long-range dependencies. Direct encoding of such videos is computationally too expensive, while simple video-to-text conversion often results in redundant or fragmented content. To address these limitations, we introduce MMViR, a novel multi-modal, multi-grained structured representation for long video understanding. MMViR identifies key turning points to segment the video and constructs a three-level description that couples global narratives with fine-grained visual details. This design supports efficient query-based retrieval and generalizes well across various scenarios. Extensive evaluations across three tasks, including QA, summarization, and retrieval, show that MMViR outperforms the prior strongest method, achieving a 19.67% improvement in hour-long video understanding while reducing processing latency to 45.4% of the original. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages, 11 figures arXiv:2601.05495 [ pdf , ps , other ] MMViR: A Multi-Modal and Multi-Granularity Representation for Long-range Video Understanding Authors: Zizhong Li , Haopeng Zhang , Jiawei Zhang Abstract : Long videos, ranging from minutes to hours, present significant challenges for current Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) due to their complex events, diverse scenes, and long-range dependencies. Direct encoding of such videos is computationally too expensive, while simple video-to-text conversion often results in redundant or fragmented content. To address these limitations, we introduce M… ▽ More Long videos, ranging from minutes to hours, present significant challenges for current Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) due to their complex events, diverse scenes, and long-range dependencies. Direct encoding of such videos is computationally too expensive, while simple video-to-text conversion often results in redundant or fragmented content. To address these limitations, we introduce MMViR, a novel multi-modal, multi-grained structured representation for long video understanding. MMViR identifies key turning points to segment the video and constructs a three-level description that couples global narratives with fine-grained visual details. This design supports efficient query-based retrieval and generalizes well across various scenarios. Extensive evaluations across three tasks, including QA, summarization, and retrieval, show that MMViR outperforms the prior strongest method, achieving a 19.67% improvement in hour-long video understanding while reducing processing latency to 45.4% of the original. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages, 11 figures arXiv:2601.05281 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT Multi-User Covert Communications via Intelligent Spectrum Control Authors: Yujie Ling , Zan Li , Lei Guan , Zheng Zhang , Dusit Niyato Abstract : This paper investigates the performance of multi-user covert communications over a fixed bandwidth in a multi-cell scenario with both eavesdroppers and malicious jammers. We propose an intelligent spectrum control (ISC) scheme that combines high-accuracy spectrum sensing with AI-assisted real-time decision-making to generate time-frequency dynamic occupation patterns for multiple legitimate users.… ▽ More This paper investigates the performance of multi-user covert communications over a fixed bandwidth in a multi-cell scenario with both eavesdroppers and malicious jammers. We propose an intelligent spectrum control (ISC) scheme that combines high-accuracy spectrum sensing with AI-assisted real-time decision-making to generate time-frequency dynamic occupation patterns for multiple legitimate users. The scheme can proactively avoid external interference and intra-system co-channel collisions, thereby improving covertness and reliability. Within this framework, we derive closed-form expressions for the detection error probability (DEP) of the eavesdropper and the reliable transmission probability (RTP) of legitimate users under multi-user joint detection. We then analytically optimize the transmission power that can maximize the covert rate (CR), as well as the maximum number of users that can access the system covertly and concurrently under given covertness and reliability constraints. Simulation results confirm the tight match between the analytical and Monte Carlo curves, and show that the proposed scheme can achieve a higher DEP, a larger RTP, and a greater multi-user capacity than the benchmark scheme. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 5 pages, 5 figures, journal article arXiv:2601.05281 [ pdf , ps , other ] Multi-User Covert Communications via Intelligent Spectrum Control Authors: Yujie Ling , Zan Li , Lei Guan , Zheng Zhang , Dusit Niyato Abstract : This paper investigates the performance of multi-user covert communications over a fixed bandwidth in a multi-cell scenario with both eavesdroppers and malicious jammers. We propose an intelligent spectrum control (ISC) scheme that combines high-accuracy spectrum sensing with AI-assisted real-time decision-making to generate time-frequency dynamic occupation patterns for multiple legitimate users.… ▽ More This paper investigates the performance of multi-user covert communications over a fixed bandwidth in a multi-cell scenario with both eavesdroppers and malicious jammers. We propose an intelligent spectrum control (ISC) scheme that combines high-accuracy spectrum sensing with AI-assisted real-time decision-making to generate time-frequency dynamic occupation patterns for multiple legitimate users. The scheme can proactively avoid external interference and intra-system co-channel collisions, thereby improving covertness and reliability. Within this framework, we derive closed-form expressions for the detection error probability (DEP) of the eavesdropper and the reliable transmission probability (RTP) of legitimate users under multi-user joint detection. We then analytically optimize the transmission power that can maximize the covert rate (CR), as well as the maximum number of users that can access the system covertly and concurrently under given covertness and reliability constraints. Simulation results confirm the tight match between the analytical and Monte Carlo curves, and show that the proposed scheme can achieve a higher DEP, a larger RTP, and a greater multi-user capacity than the benchmark scheme. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 5 pages, 5 figures, journal article arXiv:2601.05171 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Inside Out: Evolving User-Centric Core Memory Trees for Long-Term Personalized Dialogue Systems Authors: Jihao Zhao , Ding Chen , Zhaoxin Fan , Kerun Xu , Mengting Hu , Bo Tang , Feiyu Xiong , Zhiyu li Abstract : Existing long-term personalized dialogue systems struggle to reconcile unbounded interaction streams with finite context constraints, often succumbing to memory noise accumulation, reasoning degradation, and persona inconsistency. To address these challenges, this paper proposes Inside Out, a framework that utilizes a globally maintained PersonaTree as the carrier of long-term user profiling. By c… ▽ More Existing long-term personalized dialogue systems struggle to reconcile unbounded interaction streams with finite context constraints, often succumbing to memory noise accumulation, reasoning degradation, and persona inconsistency. To address these challenges, this paper proposes Inside Out, a framework that utilizes a globally maintained PersonaTree as the carrier of long-term user profiling. By constraining the trunk with an initial schema and updating the branches and leaves, PersonaTree enables controllable growth, achieving memory compression while preserving consistency. Moreover, we train a lightweight MemListener via reinforcement learning with process-based rewards to produce structured, executable, and interpretable {ADD, UPDATE, DELETE, NO_OP} operations, thereby supporting the dynamic evolution of the personalized tree. During response generation, PersonaTree is directly leveraged to enhance outputs in latency-sensitive scenarios; when users require more details, the agentic mode is triggered to introduce details on-demand under the constraints of the PersonaTree. Experiments show that PersonaTree outperforms full-text concatenation and various personalized memory systems in suppressing contextual noise and maintaining persona consistency. Notably, the small MemListener model achieves memory-operation decision performance comparable to, or even surpassing, powerful reasoning models such as DeepSeek-R1-0528 and Gemini-3-Pro. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05171 [ pdf , ps , other ] Inside Out: Evolving User-Centric Core Memory Trees for Long-Term Personalized Dialogue Systems Authors: Jihao Zhao , Ding Chen , Zhaoxin Fan , Kerun Xu , Mengting Hu , Bo Tang , Feiyu Xiong , Zhiyu li Abstract : Existing long-term personalized dialogue systems struggle to reconcile unbounded interaction streams with finite context constraints, often succumbing to memory noise accumulation, reasoning degradation, and persona inconsistency. To address these challenges, this paper proposes Inside Out, a framework that utilizes a globally maintained PersonaTree as the carrier of long-term user profiling. By c… ▽ More Existing long-term personalized dialogue systems struggle to reconcile unbounded interaction streams with finite context constraints, often succumbing to memory noise accumulation, reasoning degradation, and persona inconsistency. To address these challenges, this paper proposes Inside Out, a framework that utilizes a globally maintained PersonaTree as the carrier of long-term user profiling. By constraining the trunk with an initial schema and updating the branches and leaves, PersonaTree enables controllable growth, achieving memory compression while preserving consistency. Moreover, we train a lightweight MemListener via reinforcement learning with process-based rewards to produce structured, executable, and interpretable {ADD, UPDATE, DELETE, NO_OP} operations, thereby supporting the dynamic evolution of the personalized tree. During response generation, PersonaTree is directly leveraged to enhance outputs in latency-sensitive scenarios; when users require more details, the agentic mode is triggered to introduce details on-demand under the constraints of the PersonaTree. Experiments show that PersonaTree outperforms full-text concatenation and various personalized memory systems in suppressing contextual noise and maintaining persona consistency. Notably, the small MemListener model achieves memory-operation decision performance comparable to, or even surpassing, powerful reasoning models such as DeepSeek-R1-0528 and Gemini-3-Pro. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05124 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Re-Align: Structured Reasoning-guided Alignment for In-Context Image Generation and Editing Authors: Runze He , Yiji Cheng , Tiankai Hang , Zhimin Li , Yu Xu , Zijin Yin , Shiyi Zhang , Wenxun Dai , Penghui Du , Ao Ma , Chunyu Wang , Qinglin Lu , Jizhong Han , Jiao Dai Abstract : In-context image generation and editing (ICGE) enables users to specify visual concepts through interleaved image-text prompts, demanding precise understanding and faithful execution of user intent. Although recent unified multimodal models exhibit promising understanding capabilities, these strengths often fail to transfer effectively to image generation. We introduce Re-Align, a unified framewor… ▽ More In-context image generation and editing (ICGE) enables users to specify visual concepts through interleaved image-text prompts, demanding precise understanding and faithful execution of user intent. Although recent unified multimodal models exhibit promising understanding capabilities, these strengths often fail to transfer effectively to image generation. We introduce Re-Align, a unified framework that bridges the gap between understanding and generation through structured reasoning-guided alignment. At its core lies the In-Context Chain-of-Thought (IC-CoT), a structured reasoning paradigm that decouples semantic guidance and reference association, providing clear textual target and mitigating confusion among reference images. Furthermore, Re-Align introduces an effective RL training scheme that leverages a surrogate reward to measure the alignment between structured reasoning text and the generated image, thereby improving the model's overall performance on ICGE tasks. Extensive experiments verify that Re-Align outperforms competitive methods of comparable model scale and resources on both in-context image generation and editing tasks. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages, 9 figures, project page: arXiv:2601.05124 [ pdf , ps , other ] Re-Align: Structured Reasoning-guided Alignment for In-Context Image Generation and Editing Authors: Runze He , Yiji Cheng , Tiankai Hang , Zhimin Li , Yu Xu , Zijin Yin , Shiyi Zhang , Wenxun Dai , Penghui Du , Ao Ma , Chunyu Wang , Qinglin Lu , Jizhong Han , Jiao Dai Abstract : In-context image generation and editing (ICGE) enables users to specify visual concepts through interleaved image-text prompts, demanding precise understanding and faithful execution of user intent. Although recent unified multimodal models exhibit promising understanding capabilities, these strengths often fail to transfer effectively to image generation. We introduce Re-Align, a unified framewor… ▽ More In-context image generation and editing (ICGE) enables users to specify visual concepts through interleaved image-text prompts, demanding precise understanding and faithful execution of user intent. Although recent unified multimodal models exhibit promising understanding capabilities, these strengths often fail to transfer effectively to image generation. We introduce Re-Align, a unified framework that bridges the gap between understanding and generation through structured reasoning-guided alignment. At its core lies the In-Context Chain-of-Thought (IC-CoT), a structured reasoning paradigm that decouples semantic guidance and reference association, providing clear textual target and mitigating confusion among reference images. Furthermore, Re-Align introduces an effective RL training scheme that leverages a surrogate reward to measure the alignment between structured reasoning text and the generated image, thereby improving the model's overall performance on ICGE tasks. Extensive experiments verify that Re-Align outperforms competitive methods of comparable model scale and resources on both in-context image generation and editing tasks. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages, 9 figures, project page: arXiv:2601.04960 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.SD A Unified Spoken Language Model with Injected Emotional-Attribution Thinking for Human-like Interaction Authors: Qing Wang , Zehan Li , Yaodong Song , Hongjie Chen , Jian Kang , Jie Lian , Jie Li , Yongxiang Li , Xuelong Li Abstract : This paper presents a unified spoken language model for emotional intelligence, enhanced by a novel data construction strategy termed Injected Emotional-Attribution Thinking (IEAT). IEAT incorporates user emotional states and their underlying causes into the model's internal reasoning process, enabling emotion-aware reasoning to be internalized rather than treated as explicit supervision. The mode… ▽ More This paper presents a unified spoken language model for emotional intelligence, enhanced by a novel data construction strategy termed Injected Emotional-Attribution Thinking (IEAT). IEAT incorporates user emotional states and their underlying causes into the model's internal reasoning process, enabling emotion-aware reasoning to be internalized rather than treated as explicit supervision. The model is trained with a two-stage progressive strategy. The first stage performs speech-text alignment and emotional attribute modeling via self-distillation, while the second stage conducts end-to-end cross-modal joint optimization to ensure consistency between textual and spoken emotional expressions. Experiments on the Human-like Spoken Dialogue Systems Challenge (HumDial) Emotional Intelligence benchmark demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves top-ranked performance across emotional trajectory modeling, emotional reasoning, and empathetic response generation under both LLM-based and human evaluations. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04960 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Unified Spoken Language Model with Injected Emotional-Attribution Thinking for Human-like Interaction Authors: Qing Wang , Zehan Li , Yaodong Song , Hongjie Chen , Jian Kang , Jie Lian , Jie Li , Yongxiang Li , Xuelong Li Abstract : This paper presents a unified spoken language model for emotional intelligence, enhanced by a novel data construction strategy termed Injected Emotional-Attribution Thinking (IEAT). IEAT incorporates user emotional states and their underlying causes into the model's internal reasoning process, enabling emotion-aware reasoning to be internalized rather than treated as explicit supervision. The mode… ▽ More This paper presents a unified spoken language model for emotional intelligence, enhanced by a novel data construction strategy termed Injected Emotional-Attribution Thinking (IEAT). IEAT incorporates user emotional states and their underlying causes into the model's internal reasoning process, enabling emotion-aware reasoning to be internalized rather than treated as explicit supervision. The model is trained with a two-stage progressive strategy. The first stage performs speech-text alignment and emotional attribute modeling via self-distillation, while the second stage conducts end-to-end cross-modal joint optimization to ensure consistency between textual and spoken emotional expressions. Experiments on the Human-like Spoken Dialogue Systems Challenge (HumDial) Emotional Intelligence benchmark demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves top-ranked performance across emotional trajectory modeling, emotional reasoning, and empathetic response generation under both LLM-based and human evaluations. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04864 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Key-Value Pair-Free Continual Learner via Task-Specific Prompt-Prototype Authors: Haihua Luo , Xuming Ran , Zhengji Li , Huiyan Xue , Tingting Jiang , Jiangrong Shen , Tommi Kärkkäinen , Qi Xu , Fengyu Cong Abstract : Continual learning aims to enable models to acquire new knowledge while retaining previously learned information. Prompt-based methods have shown remarkable performance in this domain; however, they typically rely on key-value pairing, which can introduce inter-task interference and hinder scalability. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel approach employing task-specific Prompt-Protot… ▽ More Continual learning aims to enable models to acquire new knowledge while retaining previously learned information. Prompt-based methods have shown remarkable performance in this domain; however, they typically rely on key-value pairing, which can introduce inter-task interference and hinder scalability. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel approach employing task-specific Prompt-Prototype (ProP), thereby eliminating the need for key-value pairs. In our method, task-specific prompts facilitate more effective feature learning for the current task, while corresponding prototypes capture the representative features of the input. During inference, predictions are generated by binding each task-specific prompt with its associated prototype. Additionally, we introduce regularization constraints during prompt initialization to penalize excessively large values, thereby enhancing stability. Experiments on several widely used datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. In contrast to mainstream prompt-based approaches, our framework removes the dependency on key-value pairs, offering a fresh perspective for future continual learning research. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04864 [ pdf , ps , other ] Key-Value Pair-Free Continual Learner via Task-Specific Prompt-Prototype Authors: Haihua Luo , Xuming Ran , Zhengji Li , Huiyan Xue , Tingting Jiang , Jiangrong Shen , Tommi Kärkkäinen , Qi Xu , Fengyu Cong Abstract : Continual learning aims to enable models to acquire new knowledge while retaining previously learned information. Prompt-based methods have shown remarkable performance in this domain; however, they typically rely on key-value pairing, which can introduce inter-task interference and hinder scalability. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel approach employing task-specific Prompt-Protot… ▽ More Continual learning aims to enable models to acquire new knowledge while retaining previously learned information. Prompt-based methods have shown remarkable performance in this domain; however, they typically rely on key-value pairing, which can introduce inter-task interference and hinder scalability. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel approach employing task-specific Prompt-Prototype (ProP), thereby eliminating the need for key-value pairs. In our method, task-specific prompts facilitate more effective feature learning for the current task, while corresponding prototypes capture the representative features of the input. During inference, predictions are generated by binding each task-specific prompt with its associated prototype. Additionally, we introduce regularization constraints during prompt initialization to penalize excessively large values, thereby enhancing stability. Experiments on several widely used datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. In contrast to mainstream prompt-based approaches, our framework removes the dependency on key-value pairs, offering a fresh perspective for future continual learning research. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04824 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV SOVABench: A Vehicle Surveillance Action Retrieval Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Models Authors: Oriol Rabasseda , Zenjie Li , Kamal Nasrollahi , Sergio Escalera Abstract : Automatic identification of events and recurrent behavior analysis are critical for video surveillance. However, most existing content-based video retrieval benchmarks focus on scene-level similarity and do not evaluate the action discrimination required in surveillance. To address this gap, we introduce SOVABench (Surveillance Opposite Vehicle Actions Benchmark), a real-world retrieval benchmark… ▽ More Automatic identification of events and recurrent behavior analysis are critical for video surveillance. However, most existing content-based video retrieval benchmarks focus on scene-level similarity and do not evaluate the action discrimination required in surveillance. To address this gap, we introduce SOVABench (Surveillance Opposite Vehicle Actions Benchmark), a real-world retrieval benchmark built from surveillance footage and centered on vehicle-related actions. SOVABench defines two evaluation protocols (inter-pair and intra-pair) to assess cross-action discrimination and temporal direction understanding. Although action distinctions are generally intuitive for human observers, our experiments show that they remain challenging for state-of-the-art vision and multimodal models. Leveraging the visual reasoning and instruction-following capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), we present a training-free framework for producing interpretable embeddings from MLLM-generated descriptions for both images and videos. The framework achieves strong performance on SOVABench as well as on several spatial and counting benchmarks where contrastive Vision-Language Models often fail. The code, annotations, and instructions to construct the benchmark are publicly available. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; v1 submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: This work has been accepted at Real World Surveillance: Applications and Challenges, 6th (in WACV Workshops) arXiv:2601.04824 [ pdf , ps , other ] SOVABench: A Vehicle Surveillance Action Retrieval Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Models Authors: Oriol Rabasseda , Zenjie Li , Kamal Nasrollahi , Sergio Escalera Abstract : Automatic identification of events and recurrent behavior analysis are critical for video surveillance. However, most existing content-based video retrieval benchmarks focus on scene-level similarity and do not evaluate the action discrimination required in surveillance. To address this gap, we introduce SOVABench (Surveillance Opposite Vehicle Actions Benchmark), a real-world retrieval benchmark… ▽ More Automatic identification of events and recurrent behavior analysis are critical for video surveillance. However, most existing content-based video retrieval benchmarks focus on scene-level similarity and do not evaluate the action discrimination required in surveillance. To address this gap, we introduce SOVABench (Surveillance Opposite Vehicle Actions Benchmark), a real-world retrieval benchmark built from surveillance footage and centered on vehicle-related actions. SOVABench defines two evaluation protocols (inter-pair and intra-pair) to assess cross-action discrimination and temporal direction understanding. Although action distinctions are generally intuitive for human observers, our experiments show that they remain challenging for state-of-the-art vision and multimodal models. Leveraging the visual reasoning and instruction-following capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), we present a training-free framework for producing interpretable embeddings from MLLM-generated descriptions for both images and videos. The framework achieves strong performance on SOVABench as well as on several spatial and counting benchmarks where contrastive Vision-Language Models often fail. The code, annotations, and instructions to construct the benchmark are publicly available. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; v1 submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: This work has been accepted at Real World Surveillance: Applications and Challenges, 6th (in WACV Workshops) arXiv:2601.04723 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT eess.SP Feasibility Study Regarding Self-sustainable Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces Authors: Zhenyu Li , Ozan Alp Topal , Özlem Tuğfe Demir , Emil Björnson , Cicek Cavdar Abstract : Without requiring operational costs such as cabling and powering while maintaining reconfigurable phase-shift capability, self-sustainable reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (ssRISs) can be deployed in locations inaccessible to conventional relays or base stations, offering a novel approach to enhance wireless coverage. This study assesses the feasibility of ssRIS deployment by analyzing two harv… ▽ More Without requiring operational costs such as cabling and powering while maintaining reconfigurable phase-shift capability, self-sustainable reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (ssRISs) can be deployed in locations inaccessible to conventional relays or base stations, offering a novel approach to enhance wireless coverage. This study assesses the feasibility of ssRIS deployment by analyzing two harvest-and-reflect (HaR) schemes: element-splitting (ES) and time-splitting (TS). We examine how element requirements scale with key system parameters, transmit power, data rate demands, and outage constraints under both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) ssRIS-to-user equipment (UE) channels. Analytical and numerical results reveal distinct feasibility characteristics. The TS scheme demonstrates better channel hardening gain, maintaining stable element requirements across varying outage margins, making it advantageous for indoor deployments with favorable harvesting conditions and moderate data rates. However, TS exhibits an element requirement that exponentially scales to harvesting difficulty and data rate. Conversely, the ES scheme shows only linear growth with harvesting difficulty, providing better feasibility under challenging outdoor scenarios. These findings establish that TS excels in benign environments, prioritizing reliability, while ES is preferable for demanding conditions requiring operational robustness. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 5pages, 3 figures, submitted and accepted by IEEE Wireless Communication Letter arXiv:2601.04723 [ pdf , ps , other ] Feasibility Study Regarding Self-sustainable Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces Authors: Zhenyu Li , Ozan Alp Topal , Özlem Tuğfe Demir , Emil Björnson , Cicek Cavdar Abstract : Without requiring operational costs such as cabling and powering while maintaining reconfigurable phase-shift capability, self-sustainable reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (ssRISs) can be deployed in locations inaccessible to conventional relays or base stations, offering a novel approach to enhance wireless coverage. This study assesses the feasibility of ssRIS deployment by analyzing two harv… ▽ More Without requiring operational costs such as cabling and powering while maintaining reconfigurable phase-shift capability, self-sustainable reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (ssRISs) can be deployed in locations inaccessible to conventional relays or base stations, offering a novel approach to enhance wireless coverage. This study assesses the feasibility of ssRIS deployment by analyzing two harvest-and-reflect (HaR) schemes: element-splitting (ES) and time-splitting (TS). We examine how element requirements scale with key system parameters, transmit power, data rate demands, and outage constraints under both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) ssRIS-to-user equipment (UE) channels. Analytical and numerical results reveal distinct feasibility characteristics. The TS scheme demonstrates better channel hardening gain, maintaining stable element requirements across varying outage margins, making it advantageous for indoor deployments with favorable harvesting conditions and moderate data rates. However, TS exhibits an element requirement that exponentially scales to harvesting difficulty and data rate. Conversely, the ES scheme shows only linear growth with harvesting difficulty, providing better feasibility under challenging outdoor scenarios. These findings establish that TS excels in benign environments, prioritizing reliability, while ES is preferable for demanding conditions requiring operational robustness. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 5pages, 3 figures, submitted and accepted by IEEE Wireless Communication Letter arXiv:2601.04666 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CR Know Thy Enemy: Securing LLMs Against Prompt Injection via Diverse Data Synthesis and Instruction-Level Chain-of-Thought Learning Authors: Zhiyuan Chang , Mingyang Li , Yuekai Huang , Ziyou Jiang , Xiaojun Jia , Qian Xiong , Junjie Wang , Zhaoyang Li , Qing Wang Abstract : Large language model (LLM)-integrated applications have become increasingly prevalent, yet face critical security vulnerabilities from prompt injection (PI) attacks. Defending against PI attacks faces two major issues: malicious instructions can be injected through diverse vectors, and injected instructions often lack clear semantic boundaries from the surrounding context, making them difficult to… ▽ More Large language model (LLM)-integrated applications have become increasingly prevalent, yet face critical security vulnerabilities from prompt injection (PI) attacks. Defending against PI attacks faces two major issues: malicious instructions can be injected through diverse vectors, and injected instructions often lack clear semantic boundaries from the surrounding context, making them difficult to identify. To address these issues, we propose InstruCoT, a model enhancement method for PI defense that synthesizes diverse training data and employs instruction-level chain-of-thought fine-tuning, enabling LLMs to effectively identify and reject malicious instructions regardless of their source or position in the context. We evaluate InstruCoT across three critical dimensions: Behavior Deviation, Privacy Leakage, and Harmful Output. Experimental results across four LLMs demonstrate that InstruCoT significantly outperforms baselines in all dimensions while maintaining utility performance without degradation △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 19 pages, 6 figures arXiv:2601.04666 [ pdf , ps , other ] Know Thy Enemy: Securing LLMs Against Prompt Injection via Diverse Data Synthesis and Instruction-Level Chain-of-Thought Learning Authors: Zhiyuan Chang , Mingyang Li , Yuekai Huang , Ziyou Jiang , Xiaojun Jia , Qian Xiong , Junjie Wang , Zhaoyang Li , Qing Wang Abstract : Large language model (LLM)-integrated applications have become increasingly prevalent, yet face critical security vulnerabilities from prompt injection (PI) attacks. Defending against PI attacks faces two major issues: malicious instructions can be injected through diverse vectors, and injected instructions often lack clear semantic boundaries from the surrounding context, making them difficult to… ▽ More Large language model (LLM)-integrated applications have become increasingly prevalent, yet face critical security vulnerabilities from prompt injection (PI) attacks. Defending against PI attacks faces two major issues: malicious instructions can be injected through diverse vectors, and injected instructions often lack clear semantic boundaries from the surrounding context, making them difficult to identify. To address these issues, we propose InstruCoT, a model enhancement method for PI defense that synthesizes diverse training data and employs instruction-level chain-of-thought fine-tuning, enabling LLMs to effectively identify and reject malicious instructions regardless of their source or position in the context. We evaluate InstruCoT across three critical dimensions: Behavior Deviation, Privacy Leakage, and Harmful Output. Experimental results across four LLMs demonstrate that InstruCoT significantly outperforms baselines in all dimensions while maintaining utility performance without degradation △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 19 pages, 6 figures 1 2 3 4 5 … About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? 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P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs LLMs Conduct (?) P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Signatures Deletion (?) P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Enforcement (?) P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Editing (?) P Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace P Editing policy Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Article size Summary style Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Manual of Style Contents Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Project content (?) G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages Project namespace WikiProjects WikiProjects User pages User boxes User boxes Shortcuts Subpages WMF (?) P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ v t e Manual of Style v t e Overview Contents Tips Overview Contents Tips Content Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Formatting Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Layout Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists By topic area Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Cue sports Snooker Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Related guidelines Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Search Category Category v t e Wikipedia accounts and governance v t e Unregistered users Why create an account? 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Templates Media Category Templates v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Wikipedia : Contents/History and events 한국어 Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .contentsPage__title{border-bottom:2px solid #333;font-size:1.8em;padding:0.5em 0;text-align:center;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__toc{padding:1em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__intro{position:relative;padding:1.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__section{padding:1.5em 1em;margin-bottom:20px;border:1px solid #ddd;background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__heading{position:relative;border-bottom:2px solid #333;text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__heading h2{font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:1.3em;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__xlink{font-size:0.9em;white-space:nowrap;display:block;margin-top:10px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__xlink{display:inline}}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__sectionlinks{position:absolute;top:10px;right:20px;font-size:0.85em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__notes{padding:1em;border-top:1px solid #ddd}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__notes:empty{display:none}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type{background-color:#f5fffa;border:1px solid #a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title{background-color:#cef2e0;border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro{background-color:#e6fff2}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:#cef2e0;border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__notes{border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:#f5faff;border:1px solid #a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__title{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);border-color:#a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:#e6f2ff}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:#cee0f2;border-color:#a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__notes{border-color:#a3b1bf}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:hsl(150,100%,2%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(150,58.06%,13%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:hsl(148.8,100%,5%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(210,58.06%,13%)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:hsl(150,100%,2%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(150,58.06%,13%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:hsl(148.8,100%,5%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(210,58.06%,13%)}} Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Vital articles Featured content Good content Indices Index Reference Culture Geography Health History Human activities Mathematics Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Wikipedia's contents: History and events The History Portal · The Current Events Portal More about History... More about History... Overview History by region – Ancient Egypt • Ancient Greece • Ancient Rome • History of China • History of the Middle East • History of Mesoamerica • History of India List of time periods – Prehistory • Protohistory • Ancient history • Post-classical history • Modern history • Future history History by subject Outlines History, by period (See also Timeline of world history ) Prehistory ( timeline ) – events occurring before recorded history (that is, before written records). Colorado prehistory Prehistoric technology – technologies that emerged before recorded history (i.e., before the development of writing). Ancient history ( timeline ) – from ≈3350 BCE to ≈500 CE Ancient West Classical antiquity ( timeline ) – long period of cultural history in the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the Greco-Roman world. Ancient Greece ( timeline ) – period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages (ca. 1100 BC) to 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece. It was the seminal culture which provided the foundation of Western civilization. Ancient Rome ( timeline ) – civilization that started on the Italian Peninsula and lasted from as early as the 10th century BC to the 5th century AD. Over centuries it shifted from a monarchy to a republic to an empire which dominated South-Western Europe, South-Eastern Europe/Balkans and the Mediterranean region. Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity, that is, ancient Greek architecture and the architecture of ancient Rome. It also refers to the style or styles of architecture influenced by those. Ancient East Ancient China – China from about 2070 to 221 BC, spanning the Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, Zhou Dynasy, the Spring and Autumn period, to the end of the Warring States period. Ancient Egypt – ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, along the lower reaches of the Nile River starting about 3150 BC, in what is now the modern country of Egypt. Ancient India – India as it existed from pre-historic times (c. 7000 BCE or earlier) to the start of the Middle Ages (c. 500 CE). Post-classical history Middle Ages (Medieval history) ( timeline ) – historical period following the Iron Age, fully underway by the 5th century and lasting to the 15th century and preceding the early Modern Era. It is the middle period in a three-period division of history: Classic, Medieval, and Modern. Renaissance – cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. It encompassed a flowering of literature, science, art, religion, and politics, and gradual but widespread educational reform. Early modern history – from 1500 to 1899 Modern history – since 1900. Globalization – progression towards the development of an integrated world community, from ancient times to the present Prehistory ( timeline ) – events occurring before recorded history (that is, before written records). Colorado prehistory Prehistoric technology – technologies that emerged before recorded history (i.e., before the development of writing). Colorado prehistory Prehistoric technology – technologies that emerged before recorded history (i.e., before the development of writing). Ancient history ( timeline ) – from ≈3350 BCE to ≈500 CE Ancient West Classical antiquity ( timeline ) – long period of cultural history in the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the Greco-Roman world. Ancient Greece ( timeline ) – period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages (ca. 1100 BC) to 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece. It was the seminal culture which provided the foundation of Western civilization. Ancient Rome ( timeline ) – civilization that started on the Italian Peninsula and lasted from as early as the 10th century BC to the 5th century AD. Over centuries it shifted from a monarchy to a republic to an empire which dominated South-Western Europe, South-Eastern Europe/Balkans and the Mediterranean region. Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity, that is, ancient Greek architecture and the architecture of ancient Rome. It also refers to the style or styles of architecture influenced by those. Ancient East Ancient China – China from about 2070 to 221 BC, spanning the Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, Zhou Dynasy, the Spring and Autumn period, to the end of the Warring States period. Ancient Egypt – ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, along the lower reaches of the Nile River starting about 3150 BC, in what is now the modern country of Egypt. Ancient India – India as it existed from pre-historic times (c. 7000 BCE or earlier) to the start of the Middle Ages (c. 500 CE). Ancient West Classical antiquity ( timeline ) – long period of cultural history in the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the Greco-Roman world. Ancient Greece ( timeline ) – period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages (ca. 1100 BC) to 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece. It was the seminal culture which provided the foundation of Western civilization. Ancient Rome ( timeline ) – civilization that started on the Italian Peninsula and lasted from as early as the 10th century BC to the 5th century AD. Over centuries it shifted from a monarchy to a republic to an empire which dominated South-Western Europe, South-Eastern Europe/Balkans and the Mediterranean region. Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity, that is, ancient Greek architecture and the architecture of ancient Rome. It also refers to the style or styles of architecture influenced by those. Classical antiquity ( timeline ) – long period of cultural history in the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the Greco-Roman world. Ancient Greece ( timeline ) – period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages (ca. 1100 BC) to 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece. It was the seminal culture which provided the foundation of Western civilization. Ancient Rome ( timeline ) – civilization that started on the Italian Peninsula and lasted from as early as the 10th century BC to the 5th century AD. Over centuries it shifted from a monarchy to a republic to an empire which dominated South-Western Europe, South-Eastern Europe/Balkans and the Mediterranean region. Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity, that is, ancient Greek architecture and the architecture of ancient Rome. It also refers to the style or styles of architecture influenced by those. Ancient Greece ( timeline ) – period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages (ca. 1100 BC) to 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece. It was the seminal culture which provided the foundation of Western civilization. Ancient Rome ( timeline ) – civilization that started on the Italian Peninsula and lasted from as early as the 10th century BC to the 5th century AD. Over centuries it shifted from a monarchy to a republic to an empire which dominated South-Western Europe, South-Eastern Europe/Balkans and the Mediterranean region. Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity, that is, ancient Greek architecture and the architecture of ancient Rome. It also refers to the style or styles of architecture influenced by those. Ancient East Ancient China – China from about 2070 to 221 BC, spanning the Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, Zhou Dynasy, the Spring and Autumn period, to the end of the Warring States period. Ancient Egypt – ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, along the lower reaches of the Nile River starting about 3150 BC, in what is now the modern country of Egypt. Ancient India – India as it existed from pre-historic times (c. 7000 BCE or earlier) to the start of the Middle Ages (c. 500 CE). Ancient China – China from about 2070 to 221 BC, spanning the Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, Zhou Dynasy, the Spring and Autumn period, to the end of the Warring States period. Ancient Egypt – ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, along the lower reaches of the Nile River starting about 3150 BC, in what is now the modern country of Egypt. Ancient India – India as it existed from pre-historic times (c. 7000 BCE or earlier) to the start of the Middle Ages (c. 500 CE). Post-classical history Middle Ages (Medieval history) ( timeline ) – historical period following the Iron Age, fully underway by the 5th century and lasting to the 15th century and preceding the early Modern Era. It is the middle period in a three-period division of history: Classic, Medieval, and Modern. Middle Ages (Medieval history) ( timeline ) – historical period following the Iron Age, fully underway by the 5th century and lasting to the 15th century and preceding the early Modern Era. It is the middle period in a three-period division of history: Classic, Medieval, and Modern. Renaissance – cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. It encompassed a flowering of literature, science, art, religion, and politics, and gradual but widespread educational reform. Early modern history – from 1500 to 1899 Modern history – since 1900. Globalization – progression towards the development of an integrated world community, from ancient times to the present History, by region History of South Asia ( timeline ) History of Western civilization History of the British Isles History of existing states United States history ( timeline ) History of U.S. states History of Alabama • History of Alaska • History of Arizona • History of Arkansas • History of California ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Colorado • History of Connecticut • History of Delaware • History of Florida • History of Georgia • History of Hawaii • History of Idaho • History of Illinois • History of Indiana • History of Iowa • History of Kansas • History of Kentucky • History of Louisiana • History of Maine • History of Maryland • History of Massachusetts • History of Michigan • History of Minnesota • History of Mississippi • History of Missouri • History of Montana • History of Nebraska • History of Nevada • History of New Hampshire • History of New Jersey • History of New Mexico • History of New York • History of North Carolina • History of North Dakota ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Ohio • History of Oklahoma • History of Oregon ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Pennsylvania • History of Rhode Island • History of South Carolina • History of South Dakota • History of Tennessee • History of Texas • History of Utah • History of Vermont • History of Virginia • History of Washington • History of West Virginia • History of Wisconsin • History of Wyoming ( Territorial evolution ) History of U.S. cities History of Los Angeles ( Timeline ) Historical states Ancient Egypt – ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, along the lower reaches of the Nile River starting about 3150 BC, in what is now the modern country of Egypt. Ancient Rome ( timeline ) – civilization that started on the Italian Peninsula and lasted from as early as the 10th century BC to the 5th century AD. Over centuries it shifted from a monarchy to a republic to an empire which dominated South-Western Europe, South-Eastern Europe/Balkans and the Mediterranean region. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire – six-volume work authored by the celebrated English historian Edward Gibbon (1737–1794). Byzantine Empire ( timeline ) – the Eastern Roman Empire that existed throughout Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Known simply as the Roman Empire or Romania by its inhabitants and neighbors, the empire was centered on the capital of Constantinople and was the direct continuation of the Ancient Roman State. Byzantium, however, was distinct from ancient Rome, in that it was Christian and predominantly Greek-speaking, being influenced by Greek, as opposed to Latin, culture. Ottoman Empire ( timeline ) – historical Muslim empire, also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey. At its zenith in the second half of the 16th century it controlled Southeast Europe, Southwest Asia and North Africa. Soviet Union – socialist state on the Eurasian continent that existed from 1922 to 1991. A union of multiple subnational Soviet republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The Soviet Union was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital. It was a major ally during World War II, a main participant in the Cold War, and it grew in power to become one of the world's two superpowers (the other being the United States). The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. History of South Asia ( timeline ) History of Western civilization History of the British Isles History of existing states United States history ( timeline ) History of U.S. states History of Alabama • History of Alaska • History of Arizona • History of Arkansas • History of California ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Colorado • History of Connecticut • History of Delaware • History of Florida • History of Georgia • History of Hawaii • History of Idaho • History of Illinois • History of Indiana • History of Iowa • History of Kansas • History of Kentucky • History of Louisiana • History of Maine • History of Maryland • History of Massachusetts • History of Michigan • History of Minnesota • History of Mississippi • History of Missouri • History of Montana • History of Nebraska • History of Nevada • History of New Hampshire • History of New Jersey • History of New Mexico • History of New York • History of North Carolina • History of North Dakota ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Ohio • History of Oklahoma • History of Oregon ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Pennsylvania • History of Rhode Island • History of South Carolina • History of South Dakota • History of Tennessee • History of Texas • History of Utah • History of Vermont • History of Virginia • History of Washington • History of West Virginia • History of Wisconsin • History of Wyoming ( Territorial evolution ) History of U.S. cities History of Los Angeles ( Timeline ) United States history ( timeline ) History of U.S. states History of Alabama • History of Alaska • History of Arizona • History of Arkansas • History of California ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Colorado • History of Connecticut • History of Delaware • History of Florida • History of Georgia • History of Hawaii • History of Idaho • History of Illinois • History of Indiana • History of Iowa • History of Kansas • History of Kentucky • History of Louisiana • History of Maine • History of Maryland • History of Massachusetts • History of Michigan • History of Minnesota • History of Mississippi • History of Missouri • History of Montana • History of Nebraska • History of Nevada • History of New Hampshire • History of New Jersey • History of New Mexico • History of New York • History of North Carolina • History of North Dakota ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Ohio • History of Oklahoma • History of Oregon ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Pennsylvania • History of Rhode Island • History of South Carolina • History of South Dakota • History of Tennessee • History of Texas • History of Utah • History of Vermont • History of Virginia • History of Washington • History of West Virginia • History of Wisconsin • History of Wyoming ( Territorial evolution ) History of U.S. cities History of Los Angeles ( Timeline ) History of U.S. states History of Alabama • History of Alaska • History of Arizona • History of Arkansas • History of California ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Colorado • History of Connecticut • History of Delaware • History of Florida • History of Georgia • History of Hawaii • History of Idaho • History of Illinois • History of Indiana • History of Iowa • History of Kansas • History of Kentucky • History of Louisiana • History of Maine • History of Maryland • History of Massachusetts • History of Michigan • History of Minnesota • History of Mississippi • History of Missouri • History of Montana • History of Nebraska • History of Nevada • History of New Hampshire • History of New Jersey • History of New Mexico • History of New York • History of North Carolina • History of North Dakota ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Ohio • History of Oklahoma • History of Oregon ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Pennsylvania • History of Rhode Island • History of South Carolina • History of South Dakota • History of Tennessee • History of Texas • History of Utah • History of Vermont • History of Virginia • History of Washington • History of West Virginia • History of Wisconsin • History of Wyoming ( Territorial evolution ) History of Alabama • History of Alaska • History of Arizona • History of Arkansas • History of California ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Colorado • History of Connecticut • History of Delaware • History of Florida • History of Georgia • History of Hawaii • History of Idaho • History of Illinois • History of Indiana • History of Iowa • History of Kansas • History of Kentucky • History of Louisiana • History of Maine • History of Maryland • History of Massachusetts • History of Michigan • History of Minnesota • History of Mississippi • History of Missouri • History of Montana • History of Nebraska • History of Nevada • History of New Hampshire • History of New Jersey • History of New Mexico • History of New York • History of North Carolina • History of North Dakota ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Ohio • History of Oklahoma • History of Oregon ( Territorial evolution ) • History of Pennsylvania • History of Rhode Island • History of South Carolina • History of South Dakota • History of Tennessee • History of Texas • History of Utah • History of Vermont • History of Virginia • History of Washington • History of West Virginia • History of Wisconsin • History of Wyoming ( Territorial evolution ) History of U.S. cities History of Los Angeles ( Timeline ) History of Los Angeles ( Timeline ) Historical states Ancient Egypt – ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, along the lower reaches of the Nile River starting about 3150 BC, in what is now the modern country of Egypt. Ancient Rome ( timeline ) – civilization that started on the Italian Peninsula and lasted from as early as the 10th century BC to the 5th century AD. Over centuries it shifted from a monarchy to a republic to an empire which dominated South-Western Europe, South-Eastern Europe/Balkans and the Mediterranean region. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire – six-volume work authored by the celebrated English historian Edward Gibbon (1737–1794). Byzantine Empire ( timeline ) – the Eastern Roman Empire that existed throughout Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Known simply as the Roman Empire or Romania by its inhabitants and neighbors, the empire was centered on the capital of Constantinople and was the direct continuation of the Ancient Roman State. Byzantium, however, was distinct from ancient Rome, in that it was Christian and predominantly Greek-speaking, being influenced by Greek, as opposed to Latin, culture. Ottoman Empire ( timeline ) – historical Muslim empire, also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey. At its zenith in the second half of the 16th century it controlled Southeast Europe, Southwest Asia and North Africa. Soviet Union – socialist state on the Eurasian continent that existed from 1922 to 1991. A union of multiple subnational Soviet republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The Soviet Union was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital. It was a major ally during World War II, a main participant in the Cold War, and it grew in power to become one of the world's two superpowers (the other being the United States). The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. Ancient Egypt – ancient civilization of eastern North Africa, along the lower reaches of the Nile River starting about 3150 BC, in what is now the modern country of Egypt. Ancient Rome ( timeline ) – civilization that started on the Italian Peninsula and lasted from as early as the 10th century BC to the 5th century AD. Over centuries it shifted from a monarchy to a republic to an empire which dominated South-Western Europe, South-Eastern Europe/Balkans and the Mediterranean region. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire – six-volume work authored by the celebrated English historian Edward Gibbon (1737–1794). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire – six-volume work authored by the celebrated English historian Edward Gibbon (1737–1794). Byzantine Empire ( timeline ) – the Eastern Roman Empire that existed throughout Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Known simply as the Roman Empire or Romania by its inhabitants and neighbors, the empire was centered on the capital of Constantinople and was the direct continuation of the Ancient Roman State. Byzantium, however, was distinct from ancient Rome, in that it was Christian and predominantly Greek-speaking, being influenced by Greek, as opposed to Latin, culture. Ottoman Empire ( timeline ) – historical Muslim empire, also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey. At its zenith in the second half of the 16th century it controlled Southeast Europe, Southwest Asia and North Africa. Soviet Union – socialist state on the Eurasian continent that existed from 1922 to 1991. A union of multiple subnational Soviet republics, its government and economy were highly centralized. The Soviet Union was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital. It was a major ally during World War II, a main participant in the Cold War, and it grew in power to become one of the world's two superpowers (the other being the United States). The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. History, by subject (see also, timelines ) History, by field History of art ( timeline ) History of painting History of business History of geography Jewish history History of mathematics ( timeline ) Military history Military history by region Kazakh military history Pakistan military history Military history of the People's Republic of China History of terrorism Terrorism in the United States September 11 attacks ( timeline ) Wars Wars of Scottish Independence – series of military campaigns fought from 1296–1357 by the Kingdom of Scotland to maintain their nation's independence from the Kingdom of England. Wars of the Three Kingdoms ( timeline ) – series of interconnected conflicts within the kingdoms of England, Ireland and Scotland which took place from 1639-1651. American Revolutionary War ( timeline ) – war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies in North America from 1775 to 1783 that established the United States of America as an independent nation. American Civil War ( timeline ) – civil war in the United States of America from 1861–1865 in which 11 Southern slave states tried to secede. World War I ( timeline ) – major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred on the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred on the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy). World War II ( timeline ) – global military conflict from 1939 to 1945, which involved most of the world's nations forming two opposing military alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread, largest, most costly, and deadliest war in history. Cold War ( timeline ) – period of political and military tension between the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, accentuated by the rivalry between the two superpowers at that time: America (U.S.) and the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.). Vietnam War – Cold War era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations. History, by field History of art ( timeline ) History of painting History of business History of geography Jewish history History of mathematics ( timeline ) Military history Military history by region Kazakh military history Pakistan military history Military history of the People's Republic of China History of terrorism Terrorism in the United States September 11 attacks ( timeline ) Wars Wars of Scottish Independence – series of military campaigns fought from 1296–1357 by the Kingdom of Scotland to maintain their nation's independence from the Kingdom of England. Wars of the Three Kingdoms ( timeline ) – series of interconnected conflicts within the kingdoms of England, Ireland and Scotland which took place from 1639-1651. American Revolutionary War ( timeline ) – war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies in North America from 1775 to 1783 that established the United States of America as an independent nation. American Civil War ( timeline ) – civil war in the United States of America from 1861–1865 in which 11 Southern slave states tried to secede. World War I ( timeline ) – major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred on the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred on the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy). World War II ( timeline ) – global military conflict from 1939 to 1945, which involved most of the world's nations forming two opposing military alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread, largest, most costly, and deadliest war in history. Cold War ( timeline ) – period of political and military tension between the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, accentuated by the rivalry between the two superpowers at that time: America (U.S.) and the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.). Vietnam War – Cold War era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations. History of art ( timeline ) History of painting History of painting History of business History of geography Jewish history History of mathematics ( timeline ) Military history Military history by region Kazakh military history Pakistan military history Military history of the People's Republic of China History of terrorism Terrorism in the United States September 11 attacks ( timeline ) Wars Wars of Scottish Independence – series of military campaigns fought from 1296–1357 by the Kingdom of Scotland to maintain their nation's independence from the Kingdom of England. Wars of the Three Kingdoms ( timeline ) – series of interconnected conflicts within the kingdoms of England, Ireland and Scotland which took place from 1639-1651. American Revolutionary War ( timeline ) – war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies in North America from 1775 to 1783 that established the United States of America as an independent nation. American Civil War ( timeline ) – civil war in the United States of America from 1861–1865 in which 11 Southern slave states tried to secede. World War I ( timeline ) – major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred on the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred on the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy). World War II ( timeline ) – global military conflict from 1939 to 1945, which involved most of the world's nations forming two opposing military alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread, largest, most costly, and deadliest war in history. Cold War ( timeline ) – period of political and military tension between the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, accentuated by the rivalry between the two superpowers at that time: America (U.S.) and the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.). Vietnam War – Cold War era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations. Military history by region Kazakh military history Pakistan military history Military history of the People's Republic of China Kazakh military history Pakistan military history Military history of the People's Republic of China History of terrorism Terrorism in the United States September 11 attacks ( timeline ) Terrorism in the United States September 11 attacks ( timeline ) September 11 attacks ( timeline ) Wars Wars of Scottish Independence – series of military campaigns fought from 1296–1357 by the Kingdom of Scotland to maintain their nation's independence from the Kingdom of England. Wars of the Three Kingdoms ( timeline ) – series of interconnected conflicts within the kingdoms of England, Ireland and Scotland which took place from 1639-1651. American Revolutionary War ( timeline ) – war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies in North America from 1775 to 1783 that established the United States of America as an independent nation. American Civil War ( timeline ) – civil war in the United States of America from 1861–1865 in which 11 Southern slave states tried to secede. World War I ( timeline ) – major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred on the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred on the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy). World War II ( timeline ) – global military conflict from 1939 to 1945, which involved most of the world's nations forming two opposing military alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread, largest, most costly, and deadliest war in history. Cold War ( timeline ) – period of political and military tension between the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, accentuated by the rivalry between the two superpowers at that time: America (U.S.) and the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.). Vietnam War – Cold War era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations. Wars of Scottish Independence – series of military campaigns fought from 1296–1357 by the Kingdom of Scotland to maintain their nation's independence from the Kingdom of England. Wars of the Three Kingdoms ( timeline ) – series of interconnected conflicts within the kingdoms of England, Ireland and Scotland which took place from 1639-1651. American Revolutionary War ( timeline ) – war between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies in North America from 1775 to 1783 that established the United States of America as an independent nation. American Civil War ( timeline ) – civil war in the United States of America from 1861–1865 in which 11 Southern slave states tried to secede. World War I ( timeline ) – major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred on the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred on the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy). World War II ( timeline ) – global military conflict from 1939 to 1945, which involved most of the world's nations forming two opposing military alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread, largest, most costly, and deadliest war in history. Cold War ( timeline ) – period of political and military tension between the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, accentuated by the rivalry between the two superpowers at that time: America (U.S.) and the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.). Vietnam War – Cold War era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations. Vietnam War – Cold War era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other anti-communist nations. The Troubles ( timeline ) – historical ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland that lasted about 30 years, beginning in the late 1960s and ending with the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. Also known internationally as the Northern Ireland conflict, it is sometimes described as an "irregular war" or "low-level war". Iraq War ( timeline )– Invasion by a United States-led coalition, followed by occupation. The invasion occurred as part of the George W. Bush administration's war on terror following the September 11 attacks. The war lasted from 2003 to 2011. Russo-Ukrainian War ( timeline ) — war of aggression by Russia upon Ukraine, including Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014, the War in Donbas (2014-), and the Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022-). Gaza war ( timeline ) – armed conflict between Hamas-led Palestinian militant groups and Israeli military forces, starting with a Hamas attack on southern Israel, which triggered extensive strikes against Palestine's Gaza Strip by Israel and a subsequent invasion of Gaza. History of political science ( timeline ) History of science ( timeline ) Slavic history History of technology ( timeline ) Prehistoric technology Prehistoric technology Historical sciences – fields dealing with history Archaeology ( timeline ) Astronomy ( timeline ) Environmental history Geology ( timeline ) Geological history Archaeology ( timeline ) Astronomy ( timeline ) Environmental history Geology ( timeline ) Geological history Geological history Lists History General: Archeological sites By country Civil wars Cyclones Extinct states Famous deaths by cause Guerrilla movements Historians ( by subfield ) Historical anniversaries Historical sites Inventors killed by their own inventions Missing treasure Defunct buildings ( Spain ) Roman sites Spain UK World records in chess Time periods : On this day (January 15) Months This Year (2026) By year By decade, century, or millennium General: Archeological sites By country Civil wars Cyclones Extinct states Famous deaths by cause Guerrilla movements Historians ( by subfield ) Historical anniversaries Historical sites Inventors killed by their own inventions Missing treasure Defunct buildings ( Spain ) Roman sites Spain UK World records in chess Archeological sites By country By country Civil wars Cyclones Extinct states Famous deaths by cause Guerrilla movements Historians ( by subfield ) Historical anniversaries Historical sites Inventors killed by their own inventions Missing treasure Defunct buildings ( Spain ) Roman sites Spain UK Spain UK World records in chess Time periods : On this day (January 15) Months This Year (2026) By year By decade, century, or millennium On this day (January 15) Months This Year (2026) By year By decade, century, or millennium Timelines of events By chronology: Big Bang Ancient Mesopotamia Ancient Greece Rome Roman Empire French Revolution World War I World War II Evacuations Space Race Cold War By event type: Battles Coups d'état and coup attempts Disasters Earthquakes Epidemics Famous speeches Fires Foreign policy doctrines Helicopter prison escapes Invasions Inventions Industrial disasters Judgments of the Constitutional Court of South Africa Kidnappings Military disasters Musical events Military operations Natural disasters Nobel Prizes Nuclear accidents Power outages Recessions Revolutions and rebellions Riots Roman Governorships of Britain Scientific discoveries Sieges Space Shuttle missions Strikes Tariffs Terrorism Ticker-tape parades in New York City Treaties United States Supreme Court cases UN peacekeeping missions Wars By field: Agriculture Archaeology Architecture Art Aviation Biology Chemistry Communication Computing Evolution Film Geography Human evolution Invention Literature Mathematics Medicine Meteorology Photography Physics Poetry Psychology Science Scientific discoveries Scientific experiments Scientific thought Scientific method Sociology Transport By chronology: Big Bang Ancient Mesopotamia Ancient Greece Rome Roman Empire French Revolution World War I World War II Evacuations Space Race Cold War Big Bang Ancient Mesopotamia Ancient Greece Rome Roman Empire French Revolution World War I World War II Evacuations Evacuations Space Race Cold War By event type: Battles Coups d'état and coup attempts Disasters Earthquakes Epidemics Famous speeches Fires Foreign policy doctrines Helicopter prison escapes Invasions Inventions Industrial disasters Judgments of the Constitutional Court of South Africa Kidnappings Military disasters Musical events Military operations Natural disasters Nobel Prizes Nuclear accidents Power outages Recessions Revolutions and rebellions Riots Roman Governorships of Britain Scientific discoveries Sieges Space Shuttle missions Strikes Tariffs Terrorism Ticker-tape parades in New York City Treaties United States Supreme Court cases UN peacekeeping missions Wars Battles Coups d'état and coup attempts Disasters Earthquakes Epidemics Famous speeches Fires Foreign policy doctrines Helicopter prison escapes Invasions Inventions Industrial disasters Judgments of the Constitutional Court of South Africa Kidnappings Military disasters Musical events Military operations Natural disasters Nobel Prizes Nuclear accidents Power outages Recessions Revolutions and rebellions Riots Roman Governorships of Britain Scientific discoveries Sieges Space Shuttle missions Strikes Tariffs Terrorism Ticker-tape parades in New York City Treaties United States Supreme Court cases UN peacekeeping missions Wars By field: Agriculture Archaeology Architecture Art Aviation Biology Chemistry Communication Computing Evolution Film Geography Human evolution Invention Literature Mathematics Medicine Meteorology Photography Physics Poetry Psychology Science Scientific discoveries Scientific experiments Scientific thought Scientific method Sociology Transport Agriculture Archaeology Architecture Art Aviation Biology Chemistry Communication Computing Evolution Film Geography Human evolution Invention Literature Mathematics Medicine Meteorology Photography Physics Poetry Psychology Science Scientific discoveries Scientific experiments Scientific thought Scientific method Sociology Transport Portals 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Ancient Egypt Ancient Greece Ancient Japan Ancient Rome Tamils Byzantine Empire Fatimid Caliphate Mongol Empire Holy Roman Empire Anglo-Saxon England British Empire East Germany Holy Roman Empire Mesoamerica Phoenicia Soviet Union Heraldry History of science Piracy American Civil War Glossaries • Archaeology • French Revolution • Japanese history • Nazi Germany • Ancient Roman culture • Weimar Republic • Wobbly lingo Military Military terminology • British ordnance • Abbreviations • Naval • German military Categories By period By topic Science Religion Science Religion Historiography Timelines History by location By continent Africa Asia Europe America By region North America South America Central Europe West Asia Oceania 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Folen dre Klassys Folen jonsus Chanjyow a-dhiwedhes Porth an gemeneth An tavern Gweres A-dro dhe Wikipedia Argevri Gwruthyl akont Omgelmi Argevri Gwruthyl akont Omgelmi Folen dre Folen dre Keskows Redya View source Gweles an istori Redya View source Gweles an istori Folennow kevrennys Chanjyow kelmys Ughkarga restren Kevren fast Kedhlow an folen Devynna an erthygel ma Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Gwruthyl lyver Iskarga avel PDF Versyon pryntyadow Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikiquote Wiktionary Elven Wikidata Wikipedya a'gas dynnergh An godhoniador rydh rag onan hag oll 7,097 erthygel yn Kernewek A-dro dhe Wikipedya Wikipedya yw godhoniador warlinen heb kost, ygor ha liesyethek, a yll bos skrifys gans onan hag oll. Gelwys yw pub den dh'agan gweres dre wellhe erthyglow ha der ynkressya an myns a Gernewek war an kesrosweyth. Peuri erthyglow Mars eus hwans dhywgh peuri an kuntel a erthyglow a's teves an wiasva, hwi a yll hwilas testen der usya an gisten hwilas orth penn pub folen. Ynwedh, sortyes yw keniver folen herwydh klassys, may hyllir gweles rol dhien omma , po klyckyewgh an kevrennow orth goles folennow rag gweles rol a erthyglow y'n keth klass. Kemeres rann Yma an gemeneth Kernewek pub prys ow hwilas kevriysi nowydh. Hwi a yll dalleth skrifa a-dhistowgh, a-dro dhe desten vyth oll a'gas deur. Mars eus hwans dhywgh dyski moy a-dro dhe gemeres rann, kewgh dhe borth an gemeneth , po gesewgh govyn y' n tavern . Erthyglow chonsus Oos an Golowyans : Gwayans skiansek ha filosofek a warthevyas Europa y'n 17ves ha'n 18ves kansvledhynnyow gans delanwes hag effeythyow a-dreus an bys. An Golowyans a yssynsas meur a dybyansow kreshes war bursewyans godhvos res dre reson ha dre dhustuni an sensys. Moy... Lymmaval : Gwedhen vyghan (Citrus limon) hag yw gwyrdh y'n gwav hogen. Hi a dheuth a Asi. Lymmaval yw hanow frooth an wedhen ynwedh. Usys yw an frooth rag kegina ha taklow erel, dell yw usys rag hy sugen. Moy... Channel 4 : Rosweyth pellwolok servis poblek a Vreten. Selys yn Loundres ha Leeds yw, gans kresennow awenek yn Glasgow ha Bristol. Channel 4 a dhallathas darlesa war 2 mis Du 1982, an dydh wosa an kanel Kembrek S4C lonchys. Moy... Tresulyan : Tre yn Kernow, neb tri mildir (5 km) dhe'n est a Druru yn Pluw Glemens. Darvos posek yn Kas an Pymp Kenedhel a gemeras le yn Tresulyan. Moy... Stefania Turkewich : Komposydh ha pianydhes a Ukrayn. Genys veu hi yn 1898 yn Lviv. Hi a verwis yn Kergront, 78 hy bloodh. Moy... Kevrennow Porth an gemeneth An tavern A-dro dhe Wikipedya Kanaseth (Cornish Embassy) Kedhlow Gweres gans chanjya Policiow an wiasva Menystroryon Devnydhyoryon vyw Lewya Folennow nowydh Chanjyow a-dhiwedhes Klassys Ostyes yw Wikipedia gans an Fondyans Wikimedia , kowethas heb budh. An Fondyans a ost ynwedh an ragdresow wiki Kernewek erel a syw： Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons Ughkarga imajys ha restrennow rag devnydh dres keniver ragdres Wikimedia Wiktionary Wiktionary Keworra geryow Kernewek ha'ga styryow dhe erlyver warlinen Wikisource Wikisource Keworra tekstow ha mammskrifow Kernewek, ha treylya re erel Wikipedya a'gas dynnergh An godhoniador rydh rag onan hag oll 7,097 erthygel yn Kernewek Wikipedya a'gas dynnergh An godhoniador rydh rag onan hag oll 7,097 erthygel yn Kernewek A-dro dhe Wikipedya Wikipedya yw godhoniador warlinen heb kost, ygor ha liesyethek, a yll bos skrifys gans onan hag oll. Gelwys yw pub den dh'agan gweres dre wellhe erthyglow ha der ynkressya an myns a Gernewek war an kesrosweyth. A-dro dhe Wikipedya Wikipedya yw godhoniador warlinen heb kost, ygor ha liesyethek, a yll bos skrifys gans onan hag oll. Gelwys yw pub den dh'agan gweres dre wellhe erthyglow ha der ynkressya an myns a Gernewek war an kesrosweyth. Peuri erthyglow Mars eus hwans dhywgh peuri an kuntel a erthyglow a's teves an wiasva, hwi a yll hwilas testen der usya an gisten hwilas orth penn pub folen. Ynwedh, sortyes yw keniver folen herwydh klassys, may hyllir gweles rol dhien omma , po klyckyewgh an kevrennow orth goles folennow rag gweles rol a erthyglow y'n keth klass. Peuri erthyglow Mars eus hwans dhywgh peuri an kuntel a erthyglow a's teves an wiasva, hwi a yll hwilas testen der usya an gisten hwilas orth penn pub folen. Ynwedh, sortyes yw keniver folen herwydh klassys, may hyllir gweles rol dhien omma , po klyckyewgh an kevrennow orth goles folennow rag gweles rol a erthyglow y'n keth klass. Kemeres rann Yma an gemeneth Kernewek pub prys ow hwilas kevriysi nowydh. Hwi a yll dalleth skrifa a-dhistowgh, a-dro dhe desten vyth oll a'gas deur. Mars eus hwans dhywgh dyski moy a-dro dhe gemeres rann, kewgh dhe borth an gemeneth , po gesewgh govyn y' n tavern . Kemeres rann Yma an gemeneth Kernewek pub prys ow hwilas kevriysi nowydh. Hwi a yll dalleth skrifa a-dhistowgh, a-dro dhe desten vyth oll a'gas deur. Mars eus hwans dhywgh dyski moy a-dro dhe gemeres rann, kewgh dhe borth an gemeneth , po gesewgh govyn y' n tavern . Erthyglow chonsus Oos an Golowyans : Gwayans skiansek ha filosofek a warthevyas Europa y'n 17ves ha'n 18ves kansvledhynnyow gans delanwes hag effeythyow a-dreus an bys. An Golowyans a yssynsas meur a dybyansow kreshes war bursewyans godhvos res dre reson ha dre dhustuni an sensys. Moy... Lymmaval : Gwedhen vyghan (Citrus limon) hag yw gwyrdh y'n gwav hogen. Hi a dheuth a Asi. Lymmaval yw hanow frooth an wedhen ynwedh. Usys yw an frooth rag kegina ha taklow erel, dell yw usys rag hy sugen. Moy... Channel 4 : Rosweyth pellwolok servis poblek a Vreten. Selys yn Loundres ha Leeds yw, gans kresennow awenek yn Glasgow ha Bristol. Channel 4 a dhallathas darlesa war 2 mis Du 1982, an dydh wosa an kanel Kembrek S4C lonchys. Moy... Tresulyan : Tre yn Kernow, neb tri mildir (5 km) dhe'n est a Druru yn Pluw Glemens. Darvos posek yn Kas an Pymp Kenedhel a gemeras le yn Tresulyan. Moy... Stefania Turkewich : Komposydh ha pianydhes a Ukrayn. Genys veu hi yn 1898 yn Lviv. Hi a verwis yn Kergront, 78 hy bloodh. Moy... Erthyglow chonsus Oos an Golowyans : Gwayans skiansek ha filosofek a warthevyas Europa y'n 17ves ha'n 18ves kansvledhynnyow gans delanwes hag effeythyow a-dreus an bys. An Golowyans a yssynsas meur a dybyansow kreshes war bursewyans godhvos res dre reson ha dre dhustuni an sensys. Moy... Lymmaval : Gwedhen vyghan (Citrus limon) hag yw gwyrdh y'n gwav hogen. Hi a dheuth a Asi. Lymmaval yw hanow frooth an wedhen ynwedh. Usys yw an frooth rag kegina ha taklow erel, dell yw usys rag hy sugen. Moy... Channel 4 : Rosweyth pellwolok servis poblek a Vreten. Selys yn Loundres ha Leeds yw, gans kresennow awenek yn Glasgow ha Bristol. Channel 4 a dhallathas darlesa war 2 mis Du 1982, an dydh wosa an kanel Kembrek S4C lonchys. Moy... Tresulyan : Tre yn Kernow, neb tri mildir (5 km) dhe'n est a Druru yn Pluw Glemens. Darvos posek yn Kas an Pymp Kenedhel a gemeras le yn Tresulyan. Moy... Stefania Turkewich : Komposydh ha pianydhes a Ukrayn. Genys veu hi yn 1898 yn Lviv. Hi a verwis yn Kergront, 78 hy bloodh. Moy... Kevrennow Porth an gemeneth An tavern A-dro dhe Wikipedya Kanaseth (Cornish Embassy) Kevrennow Porth an gemeneth An tavern A-dro dhe Wikipedya Kanaseth (Cornish Embassy) Kevrennow Porth an gemeneth An tavern A-dro dhe Wikipedya Kanaseth (Cornish Embassy) Kedhlow Gweres gans chanjya Policiow an wiasva Menystroryon Devnydhyoryon vyw Kedhlow Gweres gans chanjya Policiow an wiasva Menystroryon Devnydhyoryon vyw Kedhlow Gweres gans chanjya Policiow an wiasva Menystroryon Devnydhyoryon vyw Lewya Folennow nowydh Chanjyow a-dhiwedhes Klassys Lewya Folennow nowydh Chanjyow a-dhiwedhes Klassys Lewya Folennow nowydh Chanjyow a-dhiwedhes Klassys Ostyes yw Wikipedia gans an Fondyans Wikimedia , kowethas heb budh. An Fondyans a ost ynwedh an ragdresow wiki Kernewek erel a syw： Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons Ughkarga imajys ha restrennow rag devnydh dres keniver ragdres Wikimedia Wiktionary Wiktionary Keworra geryow Kernewek ha'ga styryow dhe erlyver warlinen Wikisource Wikisource Keworra tekstow ha mammskrifow Kernewek, ha treylya re erel العربية Brezhoneg Català Corsu Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch English Español Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego Gaelg עברית Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 한국어 Nederlands Norsk bokmål Occitan Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Diwettha golegyans an folen ma a veu an 23 Du 2024, dhe 12:17. Page was rendered with Parsoid . Kavadow yw an tekst yn-dann Leshyans Attribution-ShareAlike Creative Commons ; termynyow keworransel a allsa omvyska. Gwelewgh an Termynyow Devnydh rag manylyon. Polici privetter A-dro dhe Wikipedia Avisyansow Code of Conduct Displegyoryon Statistics Cookie statement Gwel pellgowsel
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https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folen_dre
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 2006 World Cup 1.2 Sierra Leone air disaster 1.3 2010 bus ambush and ban 1.4 Fake Togo Team 1.5 2014 World Cup Qualification 1.1 2006 World Cup 1.2 Sierra Leone air disaster 1.3 2010 bus ambush and ban 1.4 Fake Togo Team 1.5 2014 World Cup Qualification 2 Results and fixtures Toggle Results and fixtures subsection 2.1 2024 2.2 2025 2.1 2024 2.2 2025 3 Coaches 4 Players Toggle Players subsection 4.1 Current squad 4.2 Recent call-ups 4.1 Current squad 4.2 Recent call-ups 5 Records Toggle Records subsection 5.1 Most appearances 5.2 Top goalscorers 5.1 Most appearances 5.2 Top goalscorers 6 Competition records Toggle Competition records subsection 6.1 FIFA World Cup 6.2 Africa Cup of Nations 6.3 African Nations Championship 6.4 African Games 6.1 FIFA World Cup 6.2 Africa Cup of Nations 6.3 African Nations Championship 6.4 African Games 7 Honours Toggle Honours subsection 7.1 Regional 7.1 Regional 8 References 9 External links Togo national football team العربية تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk الدارجة Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hausa Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Nickname(s) Les Éperviers (The Sparrowhawks) Association Fédération Togolaise de Football (FTF) Confederation CAF (Africa) Sub-confederation WAFU (West Africa) Head coach Daré Nibombé Captain Djené Most caps Alaixys Romao (97) Top scorer Emmanuel Adebayor ( 32 ) Home stadium Stade de Kégué FIFA code TOG First colours Second colours First colours Second colours FIFA ranking Current 124 (22 December 2025) [ 1 ] Highest 46 (August 2006) Lowest 136 (April 2021) First international French Togoland 1–1 Gold Coast and Trans-Volta Togoland ( French Togoland ; 13 October 1956) Biggest win Togo 6–0 Swaziland ( Accra , Ghana; 11 November 2008) Togo 6–0 Mauritius ( Lomé , Togo; 12 November 2017) Biggest defeat Morocco 7–0 Togo (Morocco; 28 October 1979) Tunisia 7–0 Togo ( Tunis , Tunisia; 7 January 2000) World Cup Appearances 1 ( first in 2006 ) Best result Group stage ( 2006 ) Africa Cup of Nations Appearances 8 ( first in 1972 ) Best result Quarter-finals ( 2013 ) The Togo national football team ( French : Équipe nationale de football du Togo ) represents Togo in international football and is controlled by the Togolese Football Federation . The national football team of Togo made their debut in the FIFA World Cup in 2006. Their team bus underwent a fatal attack in Angola prior to the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations . They withdrew and were subsequently banned from the following two tournaments by the Confederation of African Football (CAF). In 2013 for the first time in history, Togo reached the quarter-finals of the Africa Cup of Nations . The team represents both FIFA and the Confederation of African Football (CAF). History They made their first FIFA World Cup appearance in their history in 2006 , having been coached throughout the qualifying campaign by Stephen Keshi ; German coach Otto Pfister managed the team at the finals, despite having resigned three days before their first match over a players' bonuses dispute, only to be persuaded by the players to return. Prior to gaining independence in 1960, the team was known as French Togoland . 2006 World Cup Togo lost their opening game of the World Cup, despite having taken the lead against South Korea through a goal by Mohamed Kader . In the second half, Jean-Paul Abalo was sent off after 55 minutes, and goals from Lee Chun-Soo and Ahn Jung-Hwan sealed a 2–1 defeat for Togo. Togo's next opponents in Group G were Switzerland , with the match scheduled for the afternoon of 19 June. However, the Togo squad and manager Pfister threatened to refuse to fulfill the fixture and take strike action . The squad and manager had been quoted as requesting payments from the Togolese Football Federation for participating in the tournament of around € 155,000 ( US$ 192,000) with added bonuses for victories or draws. FIFA negotiated with the squad and manager on 17 June, persuading them to travel to Dortmund in time to fulfill the fixture; [ 3 ] goals from Alexander Frei and Tranquillo Barnetta resulted in a 2–0 defeat. FIFA subsequently imposed a CHF 100,000 fine on the Togolese federation for "behaviour unworthy of a participant in the World Cup." Togo's final group game against France ended in a 2–0 defeat. Sierra Leone air disaster After a 2008 African Nations Cup qualifier away to Sierra Leone on 3 June 2007, 20 members of a delegation of sports officials from Togo , including Togolese Sports Minister Richard Attipoe , were killed when their helicopter exploded and crashed at Lungi International Airport . No players of the Togo national team were among the victims. The Togo players and officials of the team had been waiting to take the next helicopter flight to the island on which the airport is located. 2010 bus ambush and ban On 8 January 2010, the Togo team bus was attacked by gunmen as it travelled to the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations tournament, killing three and injuring several others. The separatist group Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) claimed responsibility for the attack. Goalkeeper Kodjovi Obilalé was reported dead a day after the attack, though he actually survived. [ 4 ] Such reports were later dismissed by his club GSI Pontivy in a press announcement, stating the player was actually undergoing surgery in South Africa. [ 5 ] Following the bus ambush attack, the Togolese Football Federation stated that they would withdraw from the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations ; despite claims that the team had since reversed the decision and would compete "to show our national colours, our values and that we are men" (as announced by Thomas Dossevi ), [ 6 ] the government later ordered that the team return home. [ 7 ] Following the team's withdrawal, The Confederation of African Football (CAF) banned Togo from participating in the next two editions of the Cup of Nations and fined them US$50,000 because of the "decision taken by the political authorities". [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The CAF executive Committee considered that the Togolese team was in "forfeit notified less than twenty days before the start or during the final competition" (Art. 78 of the Regulations for the Africa Cup of Nations), [ 8 ] [ 11 ] rather than having withdrawn (Art. 80), and refused to consider the circumstances as force majeure (Art. 87). Togo's government immediately said they would sue as CAF "have no consideration for the lives of other human beings" and this is further "insulting to the family of those who lost their lives and those traumatized because of the attack". [ 9 ] FIFA has yet to comment on the issue. [ 9 ] Togo footballer Thomas Dossevi said, "We are a group of footballers who came under fire and now we can't play football anymore. They are crushing us". [ 9 ] Togolese captain Emmanuel Adebayor described the decision as "outrageous" and said that CAF President Issa Hayatou had "completely betrayed" the Togo squad. [ 12 ] FIFA subsequently helped lifted their ban entirely. [ 13 ] As a result of the events, Emmanuel Adebayor announced his retirement from international football on 12 April 2010. [ 14 ] But on 22 March 2011, Adebayor announced that he was again available for the national team. [ 15 ] Fake Togo Team On 7 September 2010, Togo allegedly played Bahrain in a friendly losing the match 3–0. However, on 14 September, the Togo FA claimed that a fake team had played against Bahrain. Togo's Sports Minister Christophe Tchao said to the Jeune Afrique magazine that nobody in Togo had "ever been informed of such a game". [ 16 ] On 20 September 2010, it was revealed that former Togo manager Bana Tchanilé was the culprit and the Togo FA have given him a three-year ban in addition to the two-year ban he got in July 2010 for taking Togo players to play a tournament in Egypt. [ 17 ] The match fixing has been linked to Wilson Raj Perumal and the Singaporean match-fixing syndicate allegedly run by Tan Seet Eng . [ 18 ] 2014 World Cup Qualification Togo began qualification for the 2014 World Cup on 11 November 2011, against Guinea-Bissau. They drew in the first leg 1–1. On 15 November 2011, they won the return leg 1–0. On 3 June 2012, they played Libya in Lome and drew 1–1. Shortly after on 10 June they played Congo DR at Kinshasa and lost 2–0. They resumed on 3 March 2013, and played Cameroon in Yaounde and lost 2–1. They met again on 9 June in Lome and Togo won 2–0. In the end, Togo failed to qualify for the 2014 World Cup in Brazil. Results and fixtures The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled. .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Win Draw Loss Fixture 2024 18 November 2025 AFCON qualification Togo 3–0 Equatorial Guinea Lomé , Togo 15:00 UTC+0 .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Annor .mw-parser-output .fb-goal>span{} 29' , 87' Denkey 53' Annor .mw-parser-output .fb-goal>span{} 29' , 87' Denkey 53' Report Stadium: Stade de Kégué Referee: Hillary Hambaba ( Zambia ) 2025 22 March 2026 World Cup qualification Togo 2–2 Mauritania Lomé , Togo 16:00 UTC+0 Klidjé 4' Denkey 69' Klidjé 4' Denkey 69' Report Koïta 52' Mahmoud 55' Koïta 52' Mahmoud 55' Stadium: Stade de Kégué Referee: Amin Omar ( Egypt ) 25 March 2026 World Cup qualification Senegal 2–0 Togo Diamniadio , Senegal 21:00 UTC+0 P. Sarr 35' Boma 67' ( o.g. ) P. Sarr 35' Boma 67' ( o.g. ) Report Stadium: Diamniadio Olympic Stadium Referee: Peter Waweru ( Kenya ) 5 September 2026 World Cup qualification Mauritania 2–0 Togo Nouadhibou , Mauritania 19:00 UTC+1 Yade 14' Abeid 69' Yade 14' Abeid 69' Report Stadium: Nouadhibou Municipal Stadium Referee: Lucky Kasalirwe ( Uganda ) 9 September 2026 World Cup qualification Togo 1–0 Sudan Lomé , Togo 16:00 UTC+0 Fofana 6' Fofana 6' Report Stadium: Stade de Kégué Referee: Andofetra Rakotojaona ( Madagascar ) 10 October 2026 World Cup qualification Togo 0–1 DR Congo Lomé , Togo 14:00 Report Bakambu 7' Bakambu 7' Stadium: Stade de Kégué Referee: Lenine Dos Santos Rocha ( Cape Verde ) 13 October 2026 World Cup qualification South Sudan 0–0 Togo Juba , South Sudan 15:00 UTC+2 Report Stadium: Juba Stadium Referee: Lamin Jammeh ( Gambia ) Coaches Jean Robin (1965) Gottlieb Göller (1970–1974, 1984, 1996–1997, 1998–2000) Boško Antić (1987–1989) Julien Dovi Aguiar (1992) Baboima Ergot (1993) Paul Messan Zougbédé (1997) Eberhard Vogel (1997–1998) Kodjovi Mawuéna (2000) Bana Tchanile (2000–2002) Diego Garzitto (2002) Antônio Dumas (2002–2004) Stephen Keshi (2004–2006, 2007–2008, 2011) Otto Pfister (2006) Henri Stambouli (2008) Kodjovi Mawuéna (2008–2009) Jean Thissen (2009) Hubert Velud (2009–2010) Thierry Froger (2010–2011) Didier Six (2011–2014) Tchakala Tchanilé (2014) Tom Saintfiet (2015–2016) Claude Le Roy (2016–2021) Jonas Komla (2021) Paulo Duarte (2021–2024) Daré Nibombé (2024–present) Players Current squad The following players were selected for the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Mauritania and Senegal on 22 and 25 March 2025. [ 19 ] Caps and goals correct as of 25 March 2025, after the match against Senegal . No. Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club 1 GK Malcolm Barcola ( 1999-05-14 ) 14 May 1999 (age 26) 25 0 IR Tangier 1 GK Youssouf Morou ( 2000-12-31 ) 31 December 2000 (age 25) 1 0 Gomido 1 GK Achirafou Yaya ( 2004-07-26 ) 26 July 2004 (age 21) 0 0 LYS Sassandra 2 DF Djené ( 1991-12-31 ) 31 December 1991 (age 34) 86 0 Getafe 2 DF Youssifou Atté ( 1996-05-16 ) 16 May 1996 (age 29) 19 0 ASEC Mimosas 2 DF Mawouna Amevor ( 1991-12-16 ) 16 December 1991 (age 34) 13 0 Volendam 2 DF Kennedy Boateng ( 1996-11-29 ) 29 November 1996 (age 29) 12 0 Dinamo București 2 DF Kévin Boma ( 2002-11-20 ) 20 November 2002 (age 23) 6 0 Estoril Praia 2 DF Sadik Fofana ( 2003-05-16 ) 16 May 2003 (age 22) 5 0 Grazer AK 2 DF Josué Homawoo ( 1997-11-12 ) 12 November 1997 (age 28) 3 0 Dinamo București 2 DF Amoudane Ouro-Ayeva ( 1997-04-29 ) 29 April 1997 (age 28) 0 0 ASC Kara 3 MF Alaixys Romao ( 1984-01-18 ) 18 January 1984 (age 41) 94 0 Ionikos 3 MF Karim Dermane ( 2003-12-26 ) 26 December 2003 (age 22) 23 3 Lommel 3 MF Abdoul-Sabourh Bode ( 1995-01-22 ) 22 January 1995 (age 30) 12 0 ASC Kara 3 MF Yawo Agbagno ( 2000-05-25 ) 25 May 2000 (age 25) 10 1 ASO Chlef 3 MF Samsondin Ouro ( 2000-03-02 ) 2 March 2000 (age 25) 7 0 Győri ETO 3 MF Jules Aziamale ( 1999-04-08 ) 8 April 1999 (age 26) 1 0 CDF Haknour Bafilo 3 MF Dikeni Salifou ( 2003-06-08 ) 8 June 2003 (age 22) 1 0 Austria Klagenfurt 4 FW Kévin Denkey ( 2000-11-30 ) 30 November 2000 (age 25) 40 10 Cincinnati 4 FW Yaw Annor ( 1997-12-03 ) 3 December 1997 (age 28) 10 2 National Bank of Egypt 4 FW Thibault Klidjé ( 2001-07-10 ) 10 July 2001 (age 24) 18 2 Hibernian 4 FW Franck Mawuena ( 1992-11-21 ) 21 November 1992 (age 33) 8 0 Remo Stars 4 FW Etienne Amenyido ( 1998-03-01 ) 1 March 1998 (age 27) 4 0 Preußen Münster 4 FW Kokou Avotor ( 2001-11-17 ) 17 November 2001 (age 24) 4 1 AS OTR Lomé 4 FW Bassitou Madougou Unknown 0 0 AS Binah Recent call-ups The following players have been called up for Togo in the last twelve months. Pos. Player Date of birth (age) Caps Goals Club Latest call-up GK Wassiou Ouro-Gneni ( 1997-02-14 ) 14 February 1997 (age 28) 10 0 Dynamo Abomey FC v. Algeria , 14 October 2024 GK Geoffrey Agbolossou ( 2000-02-25 ) 25 February 2000 (age 25) 2 0 FC Balagne v. Algeria , 14 October 2024 GK Steven Mensah ( 2003-05-22 ) 22 May 2003 (age 22) 6 0 VfB Oldenburg v. DR Congo , 9 June 2024 GK Fabrice Kagbatawouli ( 2002-12-28 ) 28 December 2002 (age 23) 0 0 ASC Kara v. DR Congo , 9 June 2024 DF Gustave Akueson ( 1995-12-20 ) 20 December 1995 (age 30) 5 0 Bastia v. Equatorial Guinea , 18 November 2024 DF Koffi Benjamin Holete ( 2003-01-17 ) 17 January 2003 (age 22) 0 0 ASC Kara v. Equatorial Guinea , 18 November 2024 DF Klousseh Agbozo ( 1994-06-26 ) 26 June 1994 (age 31) 16 0 Stade Tunisien v. Algeria , 14 October 2024 DF Loïc Bessilé ( 1999-02-19 ) 19 February 1999 (age 26) 17 0 Dunkerque v. Equatorial Guinea , 9 September 2024 MF Roger Aholou ( 1993-12-30 ) 30 December 1993 (age 32) 20 1 Espérance Sportive de Tunis v. Equatorial Guinea , 18 November 2024 MF Kodjo Aziangbe ( 2003-12-14 ) 14 December 2003 (age 22) 14 0 Yokohama F. Marinos v. Equatorial Guinea , 18 November 2024 MF Marouf Tchakei ( 1995-12-15 ) 15 December 1995 (age 30) 33 3 Singida Fountain Gate v. Algeria , 14 October 2024 MF Khaled Narey ( 1994-07-23 ) 23 July 1994 (age 31) 8 1 Al-Khaleej v. Algeria , 14 October 2024 MF Adil Titi ( 1999-08-20 ) 20 August 1999 (age 26) 1 0 Utsiktens BK v. Equatorial Guinea , 9 September 2024 MF Samuel Asamoah ( 1994-03-23 ) 23 March 1994 (age 31) 5 0 Guangxi Pingguo v. DR Congo , 9 June 2024 FW Euloge Placca Fessou ( 1994-12-31 ) 31 December 1994 (age 31) 36 9 Jeonnam Dragons v. Equatorial Guinea , 18 November 2024 FW Abdou Ouattara ( 1995-04-06 ) 6 April 1995 (age 30) 6 1 Defence Force v. Algeria , 14 October 2024 FW Mansour Ouro-Tagba ( 2004-12-17 ) 17 December 2004 (age 21) 4 0 Jahn Regensburg v. Algeria , 14 October 2024 FW Kodjo Fo-Doh Laba ( 1992-01-27 ) 27 January 1992 (age 33) 53 20 Al Ain v. Equatorial Guinea , 9 September 2024 FW Ihlas Bebou ( 1994-04-23 ) 23 April 1994 (age 31) 37 1 1899 Hoffenheim v. DR Congo , 9 June 2024 DEC Player refused to join the team after the call-up. INJ Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury. PRE Preliminary squad. RET Player has retired from international football. SUS Suspended from the national team. DEC Player refused to join the team after the call-up. INJ Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury. PRE Preliminary squad. RET Player has retired from international football. SUS Suspended from the national team. Records Most appearances Rank Player Caps Goals Career 1 Alaixys Romao 97 0 2005–present 2 Abdoul-Gafar Mamah 93 0 2000–2016 3 Djené Dakonam 89 0 2012–present 4 Emmanuel Adebayor 88 32 2000–2019 5 Kossi Agassa 84 0 1998–2017 6 Moustapha Salifou 77 8 2000–2013 7 Jean-Paul Abalo 74 1 1992–2008 8 Komlan Améwou 69 5 2000–2015 9 Tadjou Salou 62 12 1992–2004 10 Serge Akakpo 61 2 2008–2017 Mohamed Kader 61 13 1995–2009 Top goalscorers Rank Player Goals Caps Ratio Career 1 Emmanuel Adebayor ( list ) 32 88 0.36 2000–2019 2 Kodjo Fo-Doh Laba 20 55 0.36 2016–present 3 Kossi Noutsoudje 13 40 0.33 1994–2002 Mohamed Kader 13 61 0.21 1995–2009 5 Tadjou Salou 12 62 0.19 1992–2004 6 Floyd Ayité 11 48 0.23 2007–2022 7 Kévin Denkey 10 42 0.24 2018–present 8 Euloge Placca Fessou 9 36 0.25 2012–present Adékambi Olufadé 9 41 0.22 1998–2010 10 Moustapha Salifou 8 77 0.1 2000–2013 Competition records FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup record Qualification record Year Round Position .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} Pld W D * L GF GA Squad Pld W D L GF GA 1930 to 1958 Part of France Part of France 1962 Not a FIFA member Not a FIFA member 1966 Did not enter Did not enter 1970 1974 Did not qualify 2 0 1 1 0 4 1978 4 1 1 2 3 5 1982 2 1 0 1 2 2 1986 Withdrew Withdrew 1990 1994 Did not qualify 5 0 0 5 2 11 1998 8 2 2 4 9 16 2002 10 3 4 3 13 13 2006 Group stage 30th 3 0 0 3 1 6 Squad 12 8 2 2 22 9 2010 Did not qualify 10 4 2 4 11 10 2014 8 2 2 4 6 12 2018 2 0 0 2 0 4 2022 8 3 3 2 8 7 2026 10 1 5 4 5 10 2030 To be determined To be determined 2034 2038 Total Group stage 1/15 3 0 0 3 1 6 — 81 25 22 34 81 103 Africa Cup of Nations Africa Cup of Nations record Qualification record Year Round Position Pld W D * L GF GA Squad Pld W D * L GF GA 1957 Part of France Part of France 1959 1962 Not affiliated to CAF Not affiliated to CAF 1963 1965 Did not enter Did not enter 1968 Did not qualify 4 1 0 3 3 9 1970 2 0 1 1 1 5 1972 Group stage 7th 3 0 2 1 4 6 Squad 4 2 2 0 3 1 1974 Withdrew Withdrew 1976 Did not qualify 6 3 0 3 9 7 1978 2 1 0 1 1 2 1980 4 3 0 1 3 9 1982 2 0 1 1 2 6 1984 Group stage 8th 3 0 1 2 1 7 Squad 8 8 0 0 11 2 1986 Did not qualify 2 0 1 1 1 2 1988 2 0 1 1 1 3 1990 Withdrew Withdrew 1992 Did not qualify 8 2 2 4 4 9 1994 Withdrew during qualifying Withdrew 1996 Did not qualify 8 1 3 4 5 10 1998 Group stage 12th 3 1 0 2 4 6 Squad 8 4 2 2 10 5 2000 10th 3 1 1 1 2 3 Squad 6 3 1 2 12 6 2002 12th 3 0 2 1 0 3 Squad 6 3 2 1 8 6 2004 Did not qualify 6 3 1 2 9 7 2006 Group stage 16th 3 0 0 3 2 7 Squad 12 9 1 2 22 4 2008 Did not qualify 6 3 0 3 9 7 2010 Withdrew due to rebel attack Withdrew 2012 Did not qualify 8 1 3 4 6 10 2013 Quarter-finals 8th 4 1 1 2 4 4 Squad 4 1 1 2 5 3 2015 Did not qualify 6 2 0 4 7 12 2017 Group stage 16th 3 0 1 2 2 6 Squad 6 3 2 1 11 4 2019 Did not qualify 6 1 2 3 4 8 2021 6 0 2 4 3 8 2023 6 2 2 2 8 8 2025 6 1 2 3 7 10 2027 To be determined To be determined 2029 Total Quarter-finals 8/35 25 3 8 14 19 42 — 144 57 32 55 165 163 African Nations Championship African Nations Championship record Appearances: 1 Year Round Position Pld W D L GF GA 2009 Did not qualify 2011 2014 2016 2018 2020 Group stage 11th 3 1 0 2 4 5 2022 Did not qualify 2024 Total Group stage 1/8 3 1 0 2 4 5 African Games African Games record Year Round Pld W D L GF GA 1965 Group stage 3 1 1 1 5 9 1987 Did not qualify Total 1/4 3 1 1 1 5 9 Honours Regional West African Nations Cup Runners-up (4): 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 Runners-up (4): 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 WAFU Nations Cup Champions (1) : 2011 Third place (1): 2013 Champions (1) : 2011 Third place (1): 2013 References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "The FIFA/Coca-Cola Men's World Ranking" . FIFA . 22 December 2025 . Retrieved 22 December 2025 . ^ Elo rankings change compared to one year ago. "World Football Elo Ratings" . eloratings.net . 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Sky Sports | Football News" . Home.skysports.com. Archived from the original on 2007-01-25 . Retrieved 2010-02-04 . ^ "African Cup of Nations — NoConfusion over Togo death toll" . Reuters. 2010-01-09. Archived from the original on 2010-01-12 . Retrieved 2010-02-01 . ^ "Kodjovi Obilalé n'est pas décédé des suites de ses blessures (Agence AFP)" (in French). Archived from the original on 2007-02-22 . Retrieved 2010-02-01 . ^ Nick Reeves (2010-01-10). "Togo in dramatic African Nations Cup u-turn" . Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 2011-11-19 . Retrieved 2010-02-01 . ^ "Togo officially disqualified from Africa Cup of Nations" . BBC Sport . BBC. 2010-01-11. Archived from the original on 2010-01-14 . Retrieved 2010-02-01 . ^ a b "Togo's withdrawal" . Confederation of African Football. 30 January 2010. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 January 2010 . ^ a b c d "Togo banned from next two Africa Cups of Nations" . BBC Sport . BBC. 30 January 2010. Archived from the original on 14 April 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2010 . ^ "Togo suspended for next two Africa Nations Cup" . Xinhua. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011 . Retrieved 31 January 2010 . ^ Regulations of the Orange Africa Cup of Nations (PDF) . Confederation of African Football. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2010. ^ "Togo captain Emmanuel Adebayor slams 'outrageous' ban" . BBC Sport. 31 January 2010. Archived from the original on 1 February 2010 . Retrieved 31 January 2010 . ^ "FIFA boss helps lift African Cup ban on Togo" . France 24 . 2010-05-08 . Retrieved 2024-08-18 . ^ Taylor, Daniel (2010-04-12). "Emmanuel Adebayor retires from international football after bus attack" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 2024-08-18 . ^ "Adebayor returns for Togo" . NDTVSports.com . Retrieved 2024-08-18 . ^ " 'Fake' Togo football team at Bahrain match being investigated" . BBC News. 15 September 2010. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . ^ "Fake mastermind behind fake Togo team revealed!" . Yahoo. 20 September 2010. Archived from the original on 26 September 2010. ^ Buncombe, Andrew (29 March 2013). "Dan Tan: the man who fixed football" . The Independent . Archived from the original on 2022-06-21 . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . ^ "Final Squad" . Facebook . Fédération Togolaise de Football. ^ Mamrud, Roberto. "Togo - Record International Players" . RSSSF . Archived from the original on 2023-02-04 . Retrieved 2023-02-02 . External links Togo FA official site Togo at CAF Togo at FIFA .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Togo national football team v t e General History History Venues Stade de Kégué Stade de Kégué Statistics Results Records Results Records Goals Emmanuel Adebayor Emmanuel Adebayor FIFA World Cup 2006 2006 Africa Cup of Nations 1972 1984 1998 2000 2002 2006 2010 2013 1972 1984 1998 2000 2002 2006 2010 2013 Coupe Houphouët-Boigny 1982 1983 1982 1983 Related Articles 2007 Paramount Airlines Mil Mi-8 crash Togo national football team attack 2007 Paramount Airlines Mil Mi-8 crash Togo national football team attack Other FTF teams Men Under-23 Under-21 Under-20 Under-19 Under-18 Under-17 Under-16 Under-15 Women Under-20 Under-19 Under-17 Men Under-23 Under-21 Under-20 Under-19 Under-18 Under-17 Under-16 Under-15 Under-23 Under-21 Under-20 Under-19 Under-18 Under-17 Under-16 Under-15 Women Under-20 Under-19 Under-17 Under-20 Under-19 Under-17 Finalists v t e 2006 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Italy Runners-up France Third place Germany Fourth place Portugal Quarter-finals Argentina Brazil England Ukraine Round of 16 Australia Ecuador Ghana Mexico Netherlands Spain Sweden Switzerland Group stage Angola Costa Rica Croatia Czech Republic Iran Ivory Coast Japan Paraguay Poland Saudi Arabia Serbia and Montenegro South Korea Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia United States v t e 2010 Africa Cup of Nations finalists Champions Egypt Runners-up Ghana Third place Nigeria Fourth place Algeria Eliminated in quarter-finals Angola Cameroon Ivory Coast Zambia Eliminated in group stage Benin Burkina Faso Gabon Malawi Mali Mozambique Togo Tunisia Qualification Squads Knockout stage v t e 2013 Africa Cup of Nations finalists Winner Nigeria Second place Burkina Faso Third place Mali Fourth place Ghana Eliminated in quarterfinals Cape Verde Ivory Coast South Africa Togo Eliminated in group stage Algeria Angola Congo DR Ethiopia Morocco Niger Tunisia Zambia v t e 2006 FIFA World Cup finalists v t e Champions Italy Italy Runners-up France France Third place Germany Germany Fourth place Portugal Portugal Quarter-finals Argentina Brazil England Ukraine Argentina Brazil England Ukraine Round of 16 Australia Ecuador Ghana Mexico Netherlands Spain Sweden Switzerland Australia Ecuador Ghana Mexico Netherlands Spain Sweden Switzerland Group stage Angola Costa Rica Croatia Czech Republic Iran Ivory Coast Japan Paraguay Poland Saudi Arabia Serbia and Montenegro South Korea Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia United States Angola Costa Rica Croatia Czech Republic Iran Ivory Coast Japan Paraguay Poland Saudi Arabia Serbia and Montenegro South Korea Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia United States v t e 2010 Africa Cup of Nations finalists v t e Champions Egypt Egypt Runners-up Ghana Ghana Third place Nigeria Nigeria Fourth place Algeria Algeria Eliminated in quarter-finals Angola Cameroon Ivory Coast Zambia Angola Cameroon Ivory Coast Zambia Eliminated in group stage Benin Burkina Faso Gabon Malawi Mali Mozambique Togo Tunisia Benin Burkina Faso Gabon Malawi Mali Mozambique Togo Tunisia Qualification Squads Knockout stage Qualification Squads Knockout stage v t e 2013 Africa Cup of Nations finalists v t e Winner Nigeria Nigeria Second place Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Third place Mali Mali Fourth place Ghana Ghana Eliminated in quarterfinals Cape Verde Ivory Coast South Africa Togo Cape Verde Ivory Coast South Africa Togo Eliminated in group stage Algeria Angola Congo DR Ethiopia Morocco Niger Tunisia Zambia Algeria Angola Congo DR Ethiopia Morocco Niger Tunisia Zambia Squads and managers Togo squads FIFA World Cup v t e Togo squad – 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Tchagnirou 2 Nibombé 3 Abalo ( c ) 4 Adebayor 5 Tchangai 6 Aziawonou 7 Salifou 8 Agboh 9 Dossevi 10 Cherif Touré 11 Malm 12 Akoto 13 Forson 14 Olufadé 15 Romao 16 Agassa 17 Kader 18 Sènaya 19 Assemoassa 20 Erassa 21 Atsou 22 Obilalé 23 A. Touré Coach: Pfister Togo squads Africa Cup of Nations v t e Togo squad – 1998 African Cup of Nations 1 Nibombé 2 Ametekodo 3 Sènaya 4 Tchangai 5 Abalo 6 Takpara 7 Loukoumanou 8 L. Ouadja 9 Noutsoudje 10 Salou 11 Doté 12 Assignon 13 Cherif Touré 14 Akpalo 15 Balogou 16 K. Ouadja 17 Kader 18 Agbobli-Atayi 19 R. Akakpo 20 Oyawolé 21 Tchagnao 22 A. Akakpo Coach: Vogel v t e Togo squad – 2000 African Cup of Nations 1 Nibombé 2 Ametekodo 3 Sènaya 4 Tchangai 5 Abalo 6 Tchagnao 7 T. Salou 8 Ouadja 9 Fiawoo 10 Cherif Touré 11 Doté 12 Aziawonou 13 Assignon 14 Atsou 15 Moumouni 16 Agassa 17 Kader 18 B. Salou 19 Yedibahoma 20 Oyawolé 21 Coubageat 22 Pedomey Coach: Göller v t e Togo squad – 2002 African Cup of Nations 1 Tchagnirou 2 Mamah 3 Sènaya 4 Abalo 5 Tchangai 6 Adebayor 7 Dossevi 8 Ouadja 9 Noutsoudje 10 Olufadé 11 Dogbé 12 Akoto 13 Assignon 14 Olympio 15 Moumouni 16 Agassa 17 Kader 18 Agbobli 19 M. Salifou 20 Oyawolé 21 Zanzan 22 S. Salifou Coach: B. Tchanilé v t e Togo squad – 2006 Africa Cup of Nations 1 Tchagnirou 2 Nibombé 3 Abalo 4 Adebayor 5 Tchangai 6 Aziawonou 7 Salifou 8 Gaffar 9 Dogbé 10 Cherif Touré 11 Coubageat 12 Akoto 13 Mathias 14 Olufadé 15 Romao 16 Agassa 17 Kader 18 Sènaya 19 Alidu 20 Assemoassa 21 Atte-Oudeyi 22 Obilalé 23 Guyazou Coach: Keshi v t e Togo squad – 2010 Africa Cup of Nations 1 Obilalé 2 Bossou 3 Eninful 4 Adebayor 5 Akakpo 6 Mamah 7 Salifou 8 Améwou 9 Dossevi 10 F. Ayité 11 J. Ayité 12 Akoto 13 Forson 14 Boussari 15 Romao 16 Agassa 17 Gakpé 18 Sènaya 19 Mani 20 Brenner 21 Kpatoumbi 22 Tchagouni 23 Touré Coach: Velud Togo were disqualified from the tournament after missing their opening game against Ghana due to a terrorist attack . v t e Togo squad – 2013 Africa Cup of Nations 1 Atsou 2 Nibombé 3 Womé 4 Adebayor 5 Akakpo 6 Mamah 7 Salifou 8 Amewou 9 Bossou 10 F. Ayité 11 J. Ayité 12 Sapol 13 Ouro-Akoriko 14 Segbefia 15 Romao 16 Agassa 17 Gakpé 18 Fessou 19 Amétépé 20 Kokou 21 Djené 22 Damessi 23 Tchagouni Coach: Six v t e Togo squad – 2017 Africa Cup of Nations 1 Mensah 2 Atchou 3 Ouro-Sama 4 Adebayor 5 Akakpo 6 Mamah 7 Dossevi 8 Agbégniadan 9 Bossou 10 Ayité 11 Kouloum 12 Boukari 13 Ouro-Akoriko 14 Segbefia 15 Romao 16 Agassa 17 Gakpé 18 Atakora 19 Laba 20 Eninful 21 Djené 22 Bebou 23 Tchagouni Coach: Le Roy v t e Togo national football team – managers Göller ( 1972 ) Göller ( 1984 ) Aguiar ( 1992 ) Ergot ( 1993 ) Göller ( 1996 –97) Zougbédé ( 1997 ) Vogel ( 1997 –98) Mawuéna ( 1998 –99) Göller ( 1999 –2000) Mawuéna ( 2000 ) B. Tchanilé ( 2000 –02) Garzitto ( 2002 ) Dumas ( 2002 –04) Keshi ( 2004 –06) Pfister ( 2006 ) Keshi ( 2006 –08) Stambouli ( 2008 ) Mawuéna ( 2008 –09) Thissen ( 2009 ) Velud ( 2009 –10) Froger ( 2010 –11) Keshi ( 2011 ) Six ( 2011 –14) T. Tchanilé ( 2014 –15) Saintfiet ( 2015 –16) Le Roy ( 2016 –21) Komla c ( 2021 ) Duarte ( 2021 –24) Nibombé ( 2024 –) (c) = caretaker manager Togo squads FIFA World Cup v t e Togo squad – 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Tchagnirou 2 Nibombé 3 Abalo ( c ) 4 Adebayor 5 Tchangai 6 Aziawonou 7 Salifou 8 Agboh 9 Dossevi 10 Cherif Touré 11 Malm 12 Akoto 13 Forson 14 Olufadé 15 Romao 16 Agassa 17 Kader 18 Sènaya 19 Assemoassa 20 Erassa 21 Atsou 22 Obilalé 23 A. Touré Coach: Pfister v t e Togo squad – 2006 FIFA World Cup v t e 1 Tchagnirou 2 Nibombé 3 Abalo ( c ) 4 Adebayor 5 Tchangai 6 Aziawonou 7 Salifou 8 Agboh 9 Dossevi 10 Cherif Touré 11 Malm 12 Akoto 13 Forson 14 Olufadé 15 Romao 16 Agassa 17 Kader 18 Sènaya 19 Assemoassa 20 Erassa 21 Atsou 22 Obilalé 23 A. Touré Coach: Pfister 1 Tchagnirou 2 Nibombé 3 Abalo ( c ) 4 Adebayor 5 Tchangai 6 Aziawonou 7 Salifou 8 Agboh 9 Dossevi 10 Cherif Touré 11 Malm 12 Akoto 13 Forson 14 Olufadé 15 Romao 16 Agassa 17 Kader 18 Sènaya 19 Assemoassa 20 Erassa 21 Atsou 22 Obilalé 23 A. Touré Coach: Pfister Togo squads Africa Cup of Nations v t e Togo squad – 1998 African Cup of Nations 1 Nibombé 2 Ametekodo 3 Sènaya 4 Tchangai 5 Abalo 6 Takpara 7 Loukoumanou 8 L. Ouadja 9 Noutsoudje 10 Salou 11 Doté 12 Assignon 13 Cherif Touré 14 Akpalo 15 Balogou 16 K. Ouadja 17 Kader 18 Agbobli-Atayi 19 R. Akakpo 20 Oyawolé 21 Tchagnao 22 A. Akakpo Coach: Vogel v t e Togo squad – 2000 African Cup of Nations 1 Nibombé 2 Ametekodo 3 Sènaya 4 Tchangai 5 Abalo 6 Tchagnao 7 T. Salou 8 Ouadja 9 Fiawoo 10 Cherif Touré 11 Doté 12 Aziawonou 13 Assignon 14 Atsou 15 Moumouni 16 Agassa 17 Kader 18 B. Salou 19 Yedibahoma 20 Oyawolé 21 Coubageat 22 Pedomey Coach: Göller v t e Togo squad – 2002 African Cup of Nations 1 Tchagnirou 2 Mamah 3 Sènaya 4 Abalo 5 Tchangai 6 Adebayor 7 Dossevi 8 Ouadja 9 Noutsoudje 10 Olufadé 11 Dogbé 12 Akoto 13 Assignon 14 Olympio 15 Moumouni 16 Agassa 17 Kader 18 Agbobli 19 M. Salifou 20 Oyawolé 21 Zanzan 22 S. Salifou Coach: B. Tchanilé v t e Togo squad – 2006 Africa Cup of Nations 1 Tchagnirou 2 Nibombé 3 Abalo 4 Adebayor 5 Tchangai 6 Aziawonou 7 Salifou 8 Gaffar 9 Dogbé 10 Cherif Touré 11 Coubageat 12 Akoto 13 Mathias 14 Olufadé 15 Romao 16 Agassa 17 Kader 18 Sènaya 19 Alidu 20 Assemoassa 21 Atte-Oudeyi 22 Obilalé 23 Guyazou Coach: Keshi v t e Togo squad – 2010 Africa Cup of Nations 1 Obilalé 2 Bossou 3 Eninful 4 Adebayor 5 Akakpo 6 Mamah 7 Salifou 8 Améwou 9 Dossevi 10 F. Ayité 11 J. Ayité 12 Akoto 13 Forson 14 Boussari 15 Romao 16 Agassa 17 Gakpé 18 Sènaya 19 Mani 20 Brenner 21 Kpatoumbi 22 Tchagouni 23 Touré Coach: Velud Togo were disqualified from the tournament after missing their opening game against Ghana due to a terrorist attack . v t e Togo squad – 2013 Africa Cup of Nations 1 Atsou 2 Nibombé 3 Womé 4 Adebayor 5 Akakpo 6 Mamah 7 Salifou 8 Amewou 9 Bossou 10 F. Ayité 11 J. Ayité 12 Sapol 13 Ouro-Akoriko 14 Segbefia 15 Romao 16 Agassa 17 Gakpé 18 Fessou 19 Amétépé 20 Kokou 21 Djené 22 Damessi 23 Tchagouni Coach: Six v t e Togo squad – 2017 Africa Cup of Nations 1 Mensah 2 Atchou 3 Ouro-Sama 4 Adebayor 5 Akakpo 6 Mamah 7 Dossevi 8 Agbégniadan 9 Bossou 10 Ayité 11 Kouloum 12 Boukari 13 Ouro-Akoriko 14 Segbefia 15 Romao 16 Agassa 17 Gakpé 18 Atakora 19 Laba 20 Eninful 21 Djené 22 Bebou 23 Tchagouni Coach: Le Roy v t e Togo squad – 1998 African Cup of Nations v t e 1 Nibombé 2 Ametekodo 3 Sènaya 4 Tchangai 5 Abalo 6 Takpara 7 Loukoumanou 8 L. Ouadja 9 Noutsoudje 10 Salou 11 Doté 12 Assignon 13 Cherif Touré 14 Akpalo 15 Balogou 16 K. Ouadja 17 Kader 18 Agbobli-Atayi 19 R. Akakpo 20 Oyawolé 21 Tchagnao 22 A. Akakpo Coach: Vogel 1 Nibombé 2 Ametekodo 3 Sènaya 4 Tchangai 5 Abalo 6 Takpara 7 Loukoumanou 8 L. Ouadja 9 Noutsoudje 10 Salou 11 Doté 12 Assignon 13 Cherif Touré 14 Akpalo 15 Balogou 16 K. Ouadja 17 Kader 18 Agbobli-Atayi 19 R. Akakpo 20 Oyawolé 21 Tchagnao 22 A. Akakpo Coach: Vogel v t e Togo squad – 2000 African Cup of Nations v t e 1 Nibombé 2 Ametekodo 3 Sènaya 4 Tchangai 5 Abalo 6 Tchagnao 7 T. Salou 8 Ouadja 9 Fiawoo 10 Cherif Touré 11 Doté 12 Aziawonou 13 Assignon 14 Atsou 15 Moumouni 16 Agassa 17 Kader 18 B. Salou 19 Yedibahoma 20 Oyawolé 21 Coubageat 22 Pedomey Coach: Göller 1 Nibombé 2 Ametekodo 3 Sènaya 4 Tchangai 5 Abalo 6 Tchagnao 7 T. Salou 8 Ouadja 9 Fiawoo 10 Cherif Touré 11 Doté 12 Aziawonou 13 Assignon 14 Atsou 15 Moumouni 16 Agassa 17 Kader 18 B. Salou 19 Yedibahoma 20 Oyawolé 21 Coubageat 22 Pedomey Coach: Göller v t e Togo squad – 2002 African Cup of Nations v t e 1 Tchagnirou 2 Mamah 3 Sènaya 4 Abalo 5 Tchangai 6 Adebayor 7 Dossevi 8 Ouadja 9 Noutsoudje 10 Olufadé 11 Dogbé 12 Akoto 13 Assignon 14 Olympio 15 Moumouni 16 Agassa 17 Kader 18 Agbobli 19 M. Salifou 20 Oyawolé 21 Zanzan 22 S. Salifou Coach: B. Tchanilé 1 Tchagnirou 2 Mamah 3 Sènaya 4 Abalo 5 Tchangai 6 Adebayor 7 Dossevi 8 Ouadja 9 Noutsoudje 10 Olufadé 11 Dogbé 12 Akoto 13 Assignon 14 Olympio 15 Moumouni 16 Agassa 17 Kader 18 Agbobli 19 M. Salifou 20 Oyawolé 21 Zanzan 22 S. Salifou Coach: B. Tchanilé v t e Togo squad – 2006 Africa Cup of Nations v t e 1 Tchagnirou 2 Nibombé 3 Abalo 4 Adebayor 5 Tchangai 6 Aziawonou 7 Salifou 8 Gaffar 9 Dogbé 10 Cherif Touré 11 Coubageat 12 Akoto 13 Mathias 14 Olufadé 15 Romao 16 Agassa 17 Kader 18 Sènaya 19 Alidu 20 Assemoassa 21 Atte-Oudeyi 22 Obilalé 23 Guyazou Coach: Keshi 1 Tchagnirou 2 Nibombé 3 Abalo 4 Adebayor 5 Tchangai 6 Aziawonou 7 Salifou 8 Gaffar 9 Dogbé 10 Cherif Touré 11 Coubageat 12 Akoto 13 Mathias 14 Olufadé 15 Romao 16 Agassa 17 Kader 18 Sènaya 19 Alidu 20 Assemoassa 21 Atte-Oudeyi 22 Obilalé 23 Guyazou Coach: Keshi v t e Togo squad – 2010 Africa Cup of Nations v t e 1 Obilalé 2 Bossou 3 Eninful 4 Adebayor 5 Akakpo 6 Mamah 7 Salifou 8 Améwou 9 Dossevi 10 F. Ayité 11 J. Ayité 12 Akoto 13 Forson 14 Boussari 15 Romao 16 Agassa 17 Gakpé 18 Sènaya 19 Mani 20 Brenner 21 Kpatoumbi 22 Tchagouni 23 Touré Coach: Velud 1 Obilalé 2 Bossou 3 Eninful 4 Adebayor 5 Akakpo 6 Mamah 7 Salifou 8 Améwou 9 Dossevi 10 F. Ayité 11 J. Ayité 12 Akoto 13 Forson 14 Boussari 15 Romao 16 Agassa 17 Gakpé 18 Sènaya 19 Mani 20 Brenner 21 Kpatoumbi 22 Tchagouni 23 Touré Coach: Velud Togo were disqualified from the tournament after missing their opening game against Ghana due to a terrorist attack . v t e Togo squad – 2013 Africa Cup of Nations v t e 1 Atsou 2 Nibombé 3 Womé 4 Adebayor 5 Akakpo 6 Mamah 7 Salifou 8 Amewou 9 Bossou 10 F. Ayité 11 J. Ayité 12 Sapol 13 Ouro-Akoriko 14 Segbefia 15 Romao 16 Agassa 17 Gakpé 18 Fessou 19 Amétépé 20 Kokou 21 Djené 22 Damessi 23 Tchagouni Coach: Six 1 Atsou 2 Nibombé 3 Womé 4 Adebayor 5 Akakpo 6 Mamah 7 Salifou 8 Amewou 9 Bossou 10 F. Ayité 11 J. Ayité 12 Sapol 13 Ouro-Akoriko 14 Segbefia 15 Romao 16 Agassa 17 Gakpé 18 Fessou 19 Amétépé 20 Kokou 21 Djené 22 Damessi 23 Tchagouni Coach: Six v t e Togo squad – 2017 Africa Cup of Nations v t e 1 Mensah 2 Atchou 3 Ouro-Sama 4 Adebayor 5 Akakpo 6 Mamah 7 Dossevi 8 Agbégniadan 9 Bossou 10 Ayité 11 Kouloum 12 Boukari 13 Ouro-Akoriko 14 Segbefia 15 Romao 16 Agassa 17 Gakpé 18 Atakora 19 Laba 20 Eninful 21 Djené 22 Bebou 23 Tchagouni Coach: Le Roy 1 Mensah 2 Atchou 3 Ouro-Sama 4 Adebayor 5 Akakpo 6 Mamah 7 Dossevi 8 Agbégniadan 9 Bossou 10 Ayité 11 Kouloum 12 Boukari 13 Ouro-Akoriko 14 Segbefia 15 Romao 16 Agassa 17 Gakpé 18 Atakora 19 Laba 20 Eninful 21 Djené 22 Bebou 23 Tchagouni Coach: Le Roy v t e Togo national football team – managers v t e Göller ( 1972 ) Göller ( 1984 ) Aguiar ( 1992 ) Ergot ( 1993 ) Göller ( 1996 –97) Zougbédé ( 1997 ) Vogel ( 1997 –98) Mawuéna ( 1998 –99) Göller ( 1999 –2000) Mawuéna ( 2000 ) B. Tchanilé ( 2000 –02) Garzitto ( 2002 ) Dumas ( 2002 –04) Keshi ( 2004 –06) Pfister ( 2006 ) Keshi ( 2006 –08) Stambouli ( 2008 ) Mawuéna ( 2008 –09) Thissen ( 2009 ) Velud ( 2009 –10) Froger ( 2010 –11) Keshi ( 2011 ) Six ( 2011 –14) T. Tchanilé ( 2014 –15) Saintfiet ( 2015 –16) Le Roy ( 2016 –21) Komla c ( 2021 ) Duarte ( 2021 –24) Nibombé ( 2024 –) (c) = caretaker manager Göller ( 1972 ) Göller ( 1984 ) Aguiar ( 1992 ) Ergot ( 1993 ) Göller ( 1996 –97) Zougbédé ( 1997 ) Vogel ( 1997 –98) Mawuéna ( 1998 –99) Göller ( 1999 –2000) Mawuéna ( 2000 ) B. Tchanilé ( 2000 –02) Garzitto ( 2002 ) Dumas ( 2002 –04) Keshi ( 2004 –06) Pfister ( 2006 ) Keshi ( 2006 –08) Stambouli ( 2008 ) Mawuéna ( 2008 –09) Thissen ( 2009 ) Velud ( 2009 –10) Froger ( 2010 –11) Keshi ( 2011 ) Six ( 2011 –14) T. Tchanilé ( 2014 –15) Saintfiet ( 2015 –16) Le Roy ( 2016 –21) Komla c ( 2021 ) Duarte ( 2021 –24) Nibombé ( 2024 –) v t e Football in Togo v t e Togolese Football Federation National teams Men National team Olympic (U-23) U-20 U-17 Women National team U-20 U-17 Men National team Olympic (U-23) U-20 U-17 National team Olympic (U-23) U-20 U-17 Women National team U-20 U-17 National team U-20 U-17 League system Men Togolese Championnat National Women Togolese Women's Championship Men Togolese Championnat National Togolese Championnat National Women Togolese Women's Championship Domestic cups Men Coupe du Togo Supercoupe du Togo Men Coupe du Togo Supercoupe du Togo Coupe du Togo Supercoupe du Togo Awards Footballer of the Year Top scorers Footballer of the Year Top scorers Lists All-time Table Champions Clubs International footballers Foreign players Venues All-time Table Champions Clubs International footballers Foreign players Venues Men's clubs Women's clubs Men's players Women's players Expatriate players Managers Referees Venues Seasons Records Men's clubs Women's clubs Men's players Women's players Expatriate players Managers Referees Venues Seasons Records v t e West African Football Union v t e International competitions WAFU competitions WAFU Nations Cup WAFU U-20 Championship WAFU Zone A Women's Cup WAFU Zone B Women's Cup Zonal competitions UEMOA Tournament CAF Women's Champions League WAFU Zone A CAF Women's Champions League WAFU Zone B Defunct competitions Amílcar Cabral Cup (Zone 2) West African Nations Cup (Zone 3) CEDEAO Cup (Zone 3) WAFU competitions WAFU Nations Cup WAFU U-20 Championship WAFU Zone A Women's Cup WAFU Zone B Women's Cup WAFU Nations Cup WAFU U-20 Championship WAFU Zone A Women's Cup WAFU Zone B Women's Cup Zonal competitions UEMOA Tournament CAF Women's Champions League WAFU Zone A CAF Women's Champions League WAFU Zone B UEMOA Tournament CAF Women's Champions League WAFU Zone A CAF Women's Champions League WAFU Zone B Defunct competitions Amílcar Cabral Cup (Zone 2) West African Nations Cup (Zone 3) CEDEAO Cup (Zone 3) Amílcar Cabral Cup (Zone 2) West African Nations Cup (Zone 3) CEDEAO Cup (Zone 3) Club competitions West African Club Championship West African Club Championship Affiliated football associations Zone A Cape Verde Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Senegal Sierra Leone Zone B Benin Burkina Faso Ghana Ivory Coast Niger Nigeria Togo Zone A Cape Verde Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Senegal Sierra Leone Cape Verde Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Senegal Sierra Leone Zone B Benin Burkina Faso Ghana Ivory Coast Niger Nigeria Togo Benin Burkina Faso Ghana Ivory Coast Niger Nigeria Togo Men's national teams Zone A Cape Verde Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Senegal Sierra Leone Zone B Benin Burkina Faso Ghana Ivory Coast Niger Nigeria Togo Zone A Cape Verde Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Senegal Sierra Leone Cape Verde Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Senegal Sierra Leone Zone B Benin Burkina Faso Ghana Ivory Coast Niger Nigeria Togo Benin Burkina Faso Ghana Ivory Coast Niger Nigeria Togo Women's national teams Zone A Cape Verde Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Senegal Sierra Leone Zone B Benin Burkina Faso Ghana Ivory Coast Niger Nigeria Togo Zone A Cape Verde Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Senegal Sierra Leone Cape Verde Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Senegal Sierra Leone Zone B Benin Burkina Faso Ghana Ivory Coast Niger Nigeria Togo Benin Burkina Faso Ghana Ivory Coast Niger Nigeria Togo Prizes West African Footballer of the Year West African Footballer of the Year v t e National football teams of Africa ( CAF ) v t e North Africa (UNAF) Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Tunisia Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Tunisia West Africa (WAFU) Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo East Africa (CECAFA) Burundi Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Rwanda Somalia South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zanzibar 1 Burundi Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Rwanda Somalia South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zanzibar 1 Central Africa (UNIFFAC) Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo DR Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo DR Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Southern Africa (COSAFA) Angola Botswana Comoros Eswatini Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Seychelles South Africa Zambia Zimbabwe Angola Botswana Comoros Eswatini Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Seychelles South Africa Zambia Zimbabwe Non-regional Members Réunion 1 Réunion 1 1 Regional team, an associate member of CAF but not a member of FIFA Football in Africa portal v t e National sports teams of Togo v t e Badminton Basketball M W Football M M U/20 M U/17 W W U/20 Handball M W Rugby union Tennis Volleyball Badminton Basketball M W M W Football M M U/20 M U/17 W W U/20 M M U/20 M U/17 W W U/20 Handball M W M W Rugby union Tennis Volleyball Olympics Paralympics African Games Olympics Paralympics African Games Togo national football team African national association football teams CS1 French-language sources (fr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Commons category link from Wikidata Pages using national squad without sport or team link This page was last edited on 3 January 2026, at 20:01 (UTC) . 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Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence Title: Diagnosing Generalization Failures in Fine-Tuned LLMs: A Cross-Architectural Study on Phishing Detection Abstract: The practice of fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) has achieved state-of-the-art performance on specialized tasks, yet diagnosing why these models become brittle and fail to generalize remains a critical open problem. To address this, we introduce and apply a multi-layered diagnostic framework to a cross-architectural study. We fine-tune Llama 3.1 8B, Gemma 2 9B, and Mistral models on a high-stakes phishing detection task and use SHAP analysis and mechanistic interpretability to uncover the root causes of their generalization failures. Our investigation reveals three critical findings: (1) Generalization is driven by a powerful synergy between architecture and data diversity. The Gemma 2 9B model achieves state-of-the-art performance (>91\% F1), but only when trained on a stylistically diverse ``generalist'' dataset. (2) Generalization is highly architecture-dependent. We diagnose a specific failure mode in Llama 3.1 8B, which performs well on a narrow domain but cannot integrate diverse data, leading to a significant performance drop. (3) Some architectures are inherently more generalizable. The Mistral model proves to be a consistent and resilient performer across multiple training paradigms. By pinpointing the flawed heuristics responsible for these failures, our work provides a concrete methodology for diagnosing and understanding generalization failures, underscoring that reliable AI requires deep validation of the interplay between architecture, data, and training strategy. Comments: 16 pages, 6 figures, 6 tables Subjects: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) Cite as: arXiv:2601.10524 [cs.AI] (or arXiv:2601.10524v1 [cs.AI] for this version) Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history Access Paper: View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar BibTeX formatted citation Bookmark Bibliographic and Citation Tools Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article Demos Recommenders and Search Tools Author Venue Institution Topic arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs . About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
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Our work is done at the request of congressional committees or subcommittees, or is statutorily required by public laws or committee reports, per our Congressional Protocols. Gene Dodaro Comptroller General of the United States March 13, 2008 - Present Image Biography Learn about Gene Dodaro, the current Comptroller General. Image Congressional Testimonies Access testimonies from the Comptroller General. Image Presentations See all of our Comptroller General’s presentations. Image Forums & Roundtables Access info about our leadership forums and roundtables on topics affecting the federal government's role in meeting 21st century challenges. Image Speech Requests Request a speech by the Comptroller General or his designee. Role of the Comptroller General The Comptroller General of the United States heads the Government Accountability Office (GAO), an agency within the legislative branch of the federal government. The Comptroller General is appointed by the President of the United States with the advice and consent of the Senate. When a vacancy occurs in the office of the Comptroller General, the Congress establishes a bipartisan, bicameral commission to recommend individuals to the President. The Comptroller General’s term of office is set statutorily at 15 years and he is not eligible for reappointment. As GAO’s chief executive officer, the Comptroller General has overall responsibility for the operations of the agency. The Comptroller General works in a non-partisan and non-ideological manner with congressional clients and external parties. GAO supports the Congress in meeting its constitutional responsibilities and in helping to improve the performance and ensure the accountability of the federal government for the benefit of the American people. The agency carries out audit, evaluative, and investigative assignments and provides legal analyses to the Congress. GAO performs work at the request of the Congress and under the Comptroller General’s authority. The agency conveys the results of its reviews through written products and through testimony to the Congress. GAO also issues legal decisions on matters such as disputes involving the awarding of government contracts. In addition to serving as the chief accountability officer for the federal government, the Comptroller General issues Government Auditing Standards and participates in audit-related international forums. GAO’s planning and management framework is based on strategic goals, strategic objectives, performance goals, and key efforts. The Comptroller General sets the tone at the top of the agency and leads by example. He explains the importance of quality, professional standards, ethical conduct, character, and integrity through the issuance of quality assurance measures. He also communicates through external presentations, internal meetings and forums, question and answer sessions and chats, agency newsletters and other mechanisms. The Comptroller General ensures that GAO’s employees work efficiently and effectively within an appropriate organizational structure. The Comptroller General’s direct reports are the Chief Operating Officer, the General Counsel, and the Chief Administrative Officer/Chief Financial Officer. Along with the Comptroller General, these officials comprise GAO’s Executive Committee. GAO – The Congressional Watchdog Video URL GAO – The Congressional Watchdog Transcript Transcript Description You may have heard of us, but do you know what we do? How the Comptroller General is Selected The Congress established the current procedure for nominating a Comptroller General when it passed the GAO Act of 1980. Under the act, the Comptroller General is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. When a vacancy occurs in the office of the Comptroller General, the Congress establishes a commission to recommend individuals to the President. The commission consists of the following: The Speaker of the House of Representatives The President Pro Tempore of the Senate The majority and minority leaders of the House of Representatives and the Senate The Chairman and Ranking Member of the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs The Chairman and Ranking Member of the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform The commission must recommend at least three individuals to the President, and the President may request that the commission recommend additional individuals. The President then selects an individual from those recommended to nominate as the new Comptroller General. The President's nomination must be confirmed by the Senate. Comptrollers general are appointed for one nonrenewable 15-year term. The commission process has thus been followed three times now, leading to the President's nomination, and the Senate's confirmation, of the sixth Comptroller General, Charles A. Bowsher, in 1981 and the seventh Comptroller General, David M. Walker, in 1998, and the eighth Comptroller General, Gene Dodaro, in 2010. GAO provides Congress, the heads of executive agencies with timely, fact-based, non-partisan information that can be used to improve government and save taxpayers billions of dollars. Our work is done at the request of congressional committees or subcommittees, or is statutorily required by public laws or committee reports, per our Congressional Protocols. GAO provides Congress, the heads of executive agencies with timely, fact-based, non-partisan information that can be used to improve government and save taxpayers billions of dollars. Our work is done at the request of congressional committees or subcommittees, or is statutorily required by public laws or committee reports, per our Congressional Protocols. Gene Dodaro Comptroller General of the United States March 13, 2008 - Present Comptroller General of the United States March 13, 2008 - Present Image Biography Learn about Gene Dodaro, the current Comptroller General. Image Congressional Testimonies Access testimonies from the Comptroller General. Image Presentations See all of our Comptroller General’s presentations. Image Forums & Roundtables Access info about our leadership forums and roundtables on topics affecting the federal government's role in meeting 21st century challenges. Image Speech Requests Request a speech by the Comptroller General or his designee. Image Biography Learn about Gene Dodaro, the current Comptroller General. Image Biography Learn about Gene Dodaro, the current Comptroller General. Biography Image Congressional Testimonies Access testimonies from the Comptroller General. Image Congressional Testimonies Access testimonies from the Comptroller General. Congressional Testimonies Image Presentations See all of our Comptroller General’s presentations. Image Presentations See all of our Comptroller General’s presentations. Presentations Image Forums & Roundtables Access info about our leadership forums and roundtables on topics affecting the federal government's role in meeting 21st century challenges. Image Forums & Roundtables Access info about our leadership forums and roundtables on topics affecting the federal government's role in meeting 21st century challenges. Forums & Roundtables Image Speech Requests Request a speech by the Comptroller General or his designee. Image Speech Requests Request a speech by the Comptroller General or his designee. Speech Requests Role of the Comptroller General The Comptroller General of the United States heads the Government Accountability Office (GAO), an agency within the legislative branch of the federal government. The Comptroller General is appointed by the President of the United States with the advice and consent of the Senate. When a vacancy occurs in the office of the Comptroller General, the Congress establishes a bipartisan, bicameral commission to recommend individuals to the President. The Comptroller General’s term of office is set statutorily at 15 years and he is not eligible for reappointment. As GAO’s chief executive officer, the Comptroller General has overall responsibility for the operations of the agency. The Comptroller General works in a non-partisan and non-ideological manner with congressional clients and external parties. GAO supports the Congress in meeting its constitutional responsibilities and in helping to improve the performance and ensure the accountability of the federal government for the benefit of the American people. The agency carries out audit, evaluative, and investigative assignments and provides legal analyses to the Congress. GAO performs work at the request of the Congress and under the Comptroller General’s authority. The agency conveys the results of its reviews through written products and through testimony to the Congress. GAO also issues legal decisions on matters such as disputes involving the awarding of government contracts. In addition to serving as the chief accountability officer for the federal government, the Comptroller General issues Government Auditing Standards and participates in audit-related international forums. GAO’s planning and management framework is based on strategic goals, strategic objectives, performance goals, and key efforts. The Comptroller General sets the tone at the top of the agency and leads by example. He explains the importance of quality, professional standards, ethical conduct, character, and integrity through the issuance of quality assurance measures. He also communicates through external presentations, internal meetings and forums, question and answer sessions and chats, agency newsletters and other mechanisms. The Comptroller General ensures that GAO’s employees work efficiently and effectively within an appropriate organizational structure. The Comptroller General’s direct reports are the Chief Operating Officer, the General Counsel, and the Chief Administrative Officer/Chief Financial Officer. Along with the Comptroller General, these officials comprise GAO’s Executive Committee. Role of the Comptroller General The Comptroller General of the United States heads the Government Accountability Office (GAO), an agency within the legislative branch of the federal government. The Comptroller General is appointed by the President of the United States with the advice and consent of the Senate. When a vacancy occurs in the office of the Comptroller General, the Congress establishes a bipartisan, bicameral commission to recommend individuals to the President. The Comptroller General’s term of office is set statutorily at 15 years and he is not eligible for reappointment. As GAO’s chief executive officer, the Comptroller General has overall responsibility for the operations of the agency. The Comptroller General works in a non-partisan and non-ideological manner with congressional clients and external parties. GAO supports the Congress in meeting its constitutional responsibilities and in helping to improve the performance and ensure the accountability of the federal government for the benefit of the American people. The agency carries out audit, evaluative, and investigative assignments and provides legal analyses to the Congress. GAO performs work at the request of the Congress and under the Comptroller General’s authority. The agency conveys the results of its reviews through written products and through testimony to the Congress. GAO also issues legal decisions on matters such as disputes involving the awarding of government contracts. In addition to serving as the chief accountability officer for the federal government, the Comptroller General issues Government Auditing Standards and participates in audit-related international forums. GAO’s planning and management framework is based on strategic goals, strategic objectives, performance goals, and key efforts. The Comptroller General sets the tone at the top of the agency and leads by example. He explains the importance of quality, professional standards, ethical conduct, character, and integrity through the issuance of quality assurance measures. He also communicates through external presentations, internal meetings and forums, question and answer sessions and chats, agency newsletters and other mechanisms. The Comptroller General ensures that GAO’s employees work efficiently and effectively within an appropriate organizational structure. The Comptroller General’s direct reports are the Chief Operating Officer, the General Counsel, and the Chief Administrative Officer/Chief Financial Officer. Along with the Comptroller General, these officials comprise GAO’s Executive Committee. GAO – The Congressional Watchdog Video URL GAO – The Congressional Watchdog Transcript Transcript Description You may have heard of us, but do you know what we do? GAO – The Congressional Watchdog How the Comptroller General is Selected The Congress established the current procedure for nominating a Comptroller General when it passed the GAO Act of 1980. Under the act, the Comptroller General is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. When a vacancy occurs in the office of the Comptroller General, the Congress establishes a commission to recommend individuals to the President. The commission consists of the following: The Speaker of the House of Representatives The President Pro Tempore of the Senate The majority and minority leaders of the House of Representatives and the Senate The Chairman and Ranking Member of the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs The Chairman and Ranking Member of the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform The commission must recommend at least three individuals to the President, and the President may request that the commission recommend additional individuals. The President then selects an individual from those recommended to nominate as the new Comptroller General. The President's nomination must be confirmed by the Senate. Comptrollers general are appointed for one nonrenewable 15-year term. The commission process has thus been followed three times now, leading to the President's nomination, and the Senate's confirmation, of the sixth Comptroller General, Charles A. Bowsher, in 1981 and the seventh Comptroller General, David M. Walker, in 1998, and the eighth Comptroller General, Gene Dodaro, in 2010. How the Comptroller General is Selected The Congress established the current procedure for nominating a Comptroller General when it passed the GAO Act of 1980. Under the act, the Comptroller General is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. When a vacancy occurs in the office of the Comptroller General, the Congress establishes a commission to recommend individuals to the President. The commission consists of the following: The Speaker of the House of Representatives The President Pro Tempore of the Senate The majority and minority leaders of the House of Representatives and the Senate The Chairman and Ranking Member of the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs The Chairman and Ranking Member of the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform The commission must recommend at least three individuals to the President, and the President may request that the commission recommend additional individuals. The President then selects an individual from those recommended to nominate as the new Comptroller General. The President's nomination must be confirmed by the Senate. Comptrollers general are appointed for one nonrenewable 15-year term. The commission process has thus been followed three times now, leading to the President's nomination, and the Senate's confirmation, of the sixth Comptroller General, Charles A. Bowsher, in 1981 and the seventh Comptroller General, David M. Walker, in 1998, and the eighth Comptroller General, Gene Dodaro, in 2010. Receive GAO Updates Stay informed as we add new reports & testimonies. U.S. Government Accountability Office Footer menu Column 1 Press Center Contact Us Inspector General Restricted Reports Column 2 Copyright & Terms of Use Privacy Policy Accessibility Sitemap Column 3 FOIA Requests Scam Alerts No FEAR Act Data Health Care Advisory Committees Receive GAO Updates Stay informed as we add new reports & testimonies. Footer menu Column 1 Press Center Contact Us Inspector General Restricted Reports Press Center Contact Us Inspector General Restricted Reports Column 2 Copyright & Terms of Use Privacy Policy Accessibility Sitemap Copyright & Terms of Use Privacy Policy Accessibility Sitemap Column 3 FOIA Requests Scam Alerts No FEAR Act Data Health Care Advisory Committees FOIA Requests Scam Alerts No FEAR Act Data Health Care Advisory Committees
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Portada Portal de la comunidad Actualidad Cambios recientes Páginas nuevas Página aleatoria Ayuda Notificar un error Páginas especiales Donaciones Crear una cuenta Acceder Donaciones Crear una cuenta Acceder Contenidos Inicio 1 Requisitos Alternar subsección Requisitos 1.1 Requisitos actuales 1.2 Requisitos históricos - Constituciones previas. 1.1 Requisitos actuales 1.2 Requisitos históricos - Constituciones previas. 2 Elección presidencial Alternar subsección Elección presidencial 2.1 Elección histórica del presidente de la República 2.1 Elección histórica del presidente de la República 3 Ceremonia de investidura Alternar subsección Ceremonia de investidura 3.1 Fechas de Ceremonias de investidura 3.1 Fechas de Ceremonias de investidura 4 Atribuciones 5 Símbolos Alternar subsección Símbolos 5.1 Símbolos de investidura 5.2 Estandarte presidencial 5.1 Símbolos de investidura 5.2 Estandarte presidencial 6 Sucesión y faltas Alternar subsección Sucesión y faltas 6.1 Faltas Temporales 6.2 Faltas Absolutas 6.3 Falta absoluta del presidente electo 6.4 Falta temporal del presidente reelecto 6.1 Faltas Temporales 6.2 Faltas Absolutas 6.3 Falta absoluta del presidente electo 6.4 Falta temporal del presidente reelecto 7 Salario y complementos Alternar subsección Salario y complementos 7.1 Seguridad 7.2 Palacio presidencial 7.3 Residencia presidencial 7.4 Transporte 7.1 Seguridad 7.2 Palacio presidencial 7.3 Residencia presidencial 7.4 Transporte 8 Propuestas de cambios en la Jefatura del Estado y de Gobierno 9 Lista de presidentes 10 Línea temporal desde 1959 11 Expresidentes vivos 12 Misceláneas presidenciales 13 Véase también 14 Notas 15 Referencias 16 Enlaces externos Presidente de Venezuela Aragonés العربية مصرى Azərbaycanca Български Català Chavacano de Zamboanga کوردی Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά English Eesti فارسی Suomi Français Galego עברית हिन्दी 日本語 한국어 Latviešu Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Norsk bokmål Português Română Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Simple English Svenska 中文 Artículo Discusión Leer Ver código fuente Ver historial Leer Ver código fuente Ver historial Lo que enlaza aquí Cambios en enlazadas Subir archivo Enlace permanente Información de la página Citar esta página Obtener URL acortado Descargar código QR Crear un libro Descargar como PDF Versión para imprimir Elemento de Wikidata Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Estandarte presidencial de Venezuela Sello presidencial de Venezuela Estandarte presidencial de Venezuela Sello presidencial de Venezuela .mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}} Nicolás Maduro Presidente constitucional [ 1 ] desde el 5 de marzo de 2013 Delcy Rodríguez Presidenta encargada [ 2 ] desde el 5 de enero de 2026 Reconocimiento parcial Ámbito Venezuela Venezuela Titular de Poder Ejecutivo Nacional Sede Caracas Residencia Palacio de Miraflores (oficina gubernamental) La Casona (históricamente residencia oficial, hoy Centro Cultural) La Viñeta (residencia) Tratamiento Señor/a Presidente/a (informal) Ciudadano/a Presidente/a (formal) Excelentísimo/a Señor/a (protocolario, fuera de Venezuela) [ 3 ] Señor/a Presidente/a (informal) Ciudadano/a Presidente/a (formal) Excelentísimo/a Señor/a (protocolario, fuera de Venezuela) [ 3 ] Duración 6 años, sin límite de mandatos y revocable a los 3 años Designado por Sufragio universal directo y secreto Suplente Vicepresidente de Venezuela [ n 1 ] Presidente de la Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela [ n 2 ] Vicepresidente de Venezuela [ n 1 ] Presidente de la Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela [ n 2 ] Creación 5 de marzo de 1811 Primer titular Cristóbal Mendoza Sitio web presidencia.gob.ve [ editar datos en Wikidata ] El presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela es el jefe de Estado y de Gobierno de Venezuela, siendo el cargo de mayor jerarquía de la función pública, representando la primera magistratura de la República. En su condición de jefe del Gobierno, dirige el poder ejecutivo nacional de Venezuela y, como jefe del Estado, es el comandante en jefe de la Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana . Hasta la fecha, treinta hombres ocuparon este cargo y más de cincuenta, si se consideran los presidentes interinos o provisionales. El período del mandato presidencial, según el art. 230 de la Constitución vigente, es de seis años sin límites de reelección, con la posibilidad de celebrar un referendo revocatorio popular en cualquier momento de los últimos tres años de cada mandato presidencial. El primer presidente de Venezuela fue Cristóbal Mendoza , [ 4 ] quien asumió el cargo el 5 de marzo de 1811 como parte de un triunvirato ejecutivo electo por el Supremo Congreso de Venezuela . El 5 de julio de 1811, con la Declaración de Independencia de la Corona Española , se oficializa el cargo de presidente de los Estados de Venezuela . La fórmula ejecutiva del triunvirato de la primera República se disuelve cuando el Congreso entrega poderes dictatoriales a Francisco de Miranda en 1812. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Debido a las guerras de independencia con España, se realizan varios intentos para establecer y confirmar la independencia. Durante el breve tiempo que fue establecida la segunda República [ 7 ] (1813-1814), Simón Bolívar ocupó la primera magistratura por decisión del Congreso Nacional. Posteriormente en la instauración de la tercera República (1817-1819), nuevamente Simón Bolívar es designado presidente de la República de Venezuela por decisión del cuerpo legislativo. En 1819, con el Congreso de Angostura [ 8 ] nace la República de Colombia (conocida como la Gran Colombia e integrada por los departamentos de Venezuela, Nueva Granada y Ecuador). El Congreso elige a Simón Bolívar como presidente de Colombia y a Francisco de Paula Santander como vicepresidente de la naciente república. En 1830, tras el movimiento de La Cosiata , [ 9 ] Venezuela se separa oficialmente de la llamada Gran Colombia , naciendo el Estado de Venezuela , cuyo primer presidente fue José Antonio Páez , por designación del Congreso Constituyente de Valencia en 1830. A partir de 1830 se mantiene la figura de presidente de Venezuela, aunque ha tenido cambios en cuanto a su elección, atribuciones, tiempos de mandato y denominaciones. Requisitos Requisitos actuales Según el artículo 227 y 229 de la Constitución vigente (1999), para ser presidente se requiere: [ 10 ] Ser ciudadano venezolano por nacimiento y no poseer otra nacionalidad, en pleno goce de sus derechos. Tener 30 años cumplidos al tiempo de la elección. No estar sometido a condena mediante sentencia definitivamente firme. No ser vicepresidente de la República, ministro, gobernador de Estado ni alcalde, en el día de su postulación y a la fecha de la elección. Ser de estado seglar (no estar en plena función de cargos religiosos). Requisitos históricos - Constituciones previas. La Constitución Federal de 1811 , la primera constitución de este país, señala como requisitos para ejercer la presidencia: [ 11 ] Ser nacidos en el continente Colombiano o sus islas (llamado antes América Española). No estarán excluidos los nacidos en la Península Española e Islas Canarias. Haber residido en el territorio de la unión diez años inmediatamente antes de ser elegidos. Gozar de alguna propiedad de cualquier clase en bienes libres. La Constitución de 1830 exigía en el artículo N.º 109: [ 12 ] Ser venezolano por nacimiento. Reunir las mismas cualidades que para ser senador. El segundo requisito remite al artículo N.º 62: Tener treinta años cumplidos. Ser natural o vecino de la provincia que hace la elección. Tener tres años de residencia en el territorio de Venezuela inmediatamente antes de la elección. Ser dueño de una propiedad raíz, cuya renta anual sea de ochocientos pesos; o tener una profesión, oficio, o industria útil que produzca mil pesos anuales: o gozar de un sueldo de mil doscientos pesos anuales. La Constitución Federal de 1864 , surgida luego de la Guerra Federal , establecía dos requisitos: [ 13 ] Ser venezolano por nacimiento. Tener treinta años de edad. La Constitución de 1947 exigía: [ 14 ] Ser venezolano por nacimiento. Ser de estado seglar . Ser mayor de treinta años. Reunir las mismas cualidades para ser elegible y apto para el desempeño de cualquier cargo público. Lo que lleva a: Los electores que sepan leer y escribir. Las derivadas de las condiciones de aptitud que, para el ejercicio de determinados cargos, requieran las leyes. Según la Constitución de 1953 el presidente debía: [ 15 ] Ser venezolano por nacimiento. Ser de estado seglar . Ser mayor de treinta años. La Constitución de 1961 , aprobada luego de la salida de Marcos Pérez Jiménez , señalaba los siguientes requisitos: [ 16 ] Ser venezolano por nacimiento. Ser de estado seglar. Ser mayor de treinta años. Reunir además las condiciones establecidas en la Enmienda 1º de 1973. Lo que lleva a: No podrán ser elegidos presidente los que sean senador o diputado al Congreso, ni magistrado de la Corte Suprema de Justicia. Tampoco podrá ser elegido Quien está en ejercicio de la Presidencia para el momento de la elección, o lo haya estado durante más de cien días en el año inmediatamente anterior, ni sus parientes dentro del tercer grado de consanguinidad o segundo de afinidad. Quienes hayan sido condenados mediante sentencia definitivamente firme, dictada por Tribunales Ordinarios, a pena de presidio o prisión superior a tres años, por delitos cometidos en el desempeño de funciones públicas, o con ocasión de estas. Elección presidencial Según la Constitución vigente, el presidente de la República es electo en una sola jornada electoral por medio de votación universal, directa y secreta ejercida por los venezolanos mayores edad, inscritos en el registro electoral. Es la única elección de un cargo de función pública en el que los venezolanos pueden votar tanto en el territorio nacional como en el exterior. Para ser electo presidente de la República se requiere obtener la mayoría simple de los votos válidos. El Consejo Nacional Electoral , es el encargado de anunciar los resultados a través de su primer boletín oficial, antes de este anuncio, no se pueden publicar estimaciones de resultados. Elección histórica del presidente de la República Las dos primeras elecciones para elegir al presidente fueron realizadas de forma indirecta por los miembros del Congreso de 1811 y 1812. Sin embargo, la Constitución Federal de 1811 promulgada el 21 de diciembre de dicho año, establecía que el Ejecutivo Federal debía conferirse a tres individuos elegidos mediante sufragio indirecto por una congregación de electores . Esta congregación debía haber sido elegida previa y directamente a razón de un representante por cada mil habitantes. [ 17 ] La Constitución de 1830 y de 1857 mantuvieron el sistema de sufragio indirecto representado de un colegio electoral o asamblea provincial en el caso de la Constitución de 1857 . En ambos casos, los candidatos debían reunir las dos terceras partes de los votos de dichos cuerpos electorales, en caso de que no ocurriese, el Congreso se encargaría de elegir al presidente. En la Constitución de 1858 se estableció por primera vez la votación directa y secreta de los venezolanos que estuviesen en el goce de la ciudadanía, eligiendo a Manuel Felipe de Tovar en las elecciones de 1860 . La Constitución Federal de 1864 de los Estados Unidos de Venezuela , estableció que la elección del presidente sería bajo un sistema federal. Si bien los ciudadanos votaban de forma directa y secreta en cada uno de sus estados, cada estado aportaba sólo un voto que sería el de la mayoría relativa o simple de sus electores. El candidato que obtuviese la mayoría absoluta de los votos (por estado) sería proclamado por el Congreso como presidente. En caso de no obtenerlo el Congreso elegiría al presidente. Posteriormente, la Constitución de 1874 modificó el voto secreto por el voto público. [ 18 ] Las Constituciones de 1881 y 1891 , establecieron el Consejo Federal, compuesto de un senador y un diputado, por cada una de las entidades políticas, y de un diputado por el Distrito Federal , que se elegían por el Congreso cada dos años de entre las representaciones respectivas de los Estados y del Distrito Federal, dicho Consejo elegiría de sus miembros al presidente de la Unión. En 1893 fue modificada la Constitución regresando al sistema de votación directa y secreta bajo esquema federal. La Constitución de 1901 establecida bajo el gobierno de Cipriano Castro dispone que la elección sea realizada por Concejos Municipales de cada estado hasta 1904 , cuando el presidente sería electo por un cuerpo electoral compuesto de catorce miembros del Congreso Nacional. Desde 1909 bajo el mandato de Juan Vicente Gómez , el presidente de la Unión era electo por el Congreso, situación que continuó hasta 1947 cuando la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente sanciona la Constitución de 1947 retomando el sistema de votación universal, directa y secreta, siendo elegido ese mismo año Rómulo Gallegos . Esta última establece por primera vez el voto femenino . Con la Junta Militar de Gobierno presidida por Marcos Pérez Jiménez , se proclama la Constitución de 1953 que define un sistema de votación universal, directa y secreta. Sin embargo, se establece que de manera transitoria y por un periodo de siete años, el presidente sería electo por los miembros de la Asamblea Constituyente. Tras la caída del régimen de Pérez Jiménez, se redacta la Constitución de 1961 donde el presidente es electo por mayoría de votos en elecciones libres, universales, directas y secretas. En 1999, la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente redacta la Constitución vigente, donde el mecanismo de elección del presidente se mantiene, sin cambios con respecto a la Constitución de 1961 , solo incluyendo la figura del referendo revocatorio del mandato. Ceremonia de investidura La ceremonia de investidura, cambio de mando o asunción al poder, se realiza desde 1873 en el Palacio Federal Legislativo en el Hemiciclo Protocolar (anterior hemiciclo del extinto Senado) Tras el proceso de elección, el Consejo Nacional Electoral proclama al presidente electo por mayoría simple de votos. Posteriormente, y tras recibir las credenciales de elección, el presidente asume el cargo tras realizar el juramento de ley sobre la Constitución ante el pleno de la Asamblea Nacional el 10 de enero del primer año del periodo Constitucional. Si no pudiere tomar juramento ante la Asamblea Nacional lo hará ante el Tribunal Supremo de Justicia . Fechas de Ceremonias de investidura La primera toma de posesión fue la del triunvirato ejecutivo, presidido por Cristóbal Mendoza , el 5 de marzo de 1811 ante el Supremo Congreso de Venezuela . Constitución de 1830 : 20 de enero (desde 1830 a 1857), día de la instalación del Parlamento, sin embargo el 11 de abril de 1831, José Antonio Páez presto Juramento ante el pleno del Congreso de la República . Constitución de 1857 : 1 de febrero (desde 1857 a 1858). Constitución de 1858 : 20 de enero (desde 1858 a 1864). Constitución de 1864 : 20 de febrero (desde 1864 a 1909). Constitución de 1909: 19 de abril (desde 1909 a 1961). Constitución de 1961 : 12 de marzo (desde 1961 a 1983). Enmienda 2º de la Constitución de 1961: 2 de febrero (desde 1983 a 1999). Constitución de 1999 : 10 de enero (desde 2001). No siempre el presidente tomó posesión en las fechas designadas por la Constitución del momento, debido a que mucho de ellos tomaron posesión como consecuencia de sucesiones y golpes de estado. Según una sentencia del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia de Venezuela efectuada en enero de 2013, el presidente de la república (reelecto) puede ser juramentado en una oportunidad posterior a la estipulada en la constitución de 1999 de presentarse una situación sobrevenida. [ 19 ] Atribuciones Según la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela (CRBV) son atribuciones y obligaciones del presidente o presidenta de la República: [ 20 ] Cumplir y hacer cumplir la Constitución y la Ley. Dirigir la Acción de Gobierno. Nombrar y remover al Vicepresidente Ejecutivo o Vicepresidenta Ejecutiva , nombrar y remover a los Ministros o Ministras. Dirigir las relaciones exteriores de la República y celebrar y ratificar los tratados, convenios o acuerdos internacionales. Dirigir la Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana en su carácter de Comandante en Jefe, ejercer la suprema autoridad jerárquica de ella y fijar su contingente. Ejercer el mando supremo de la Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana , promover sus oficiales a partir del grado de coronel o coronela o capitán o capitana de navío, y nombrarlos o nombrarlas para los cargos que les son privativos. Declarar los estados de excepción y decretar la restricción de garantías en los casos previstos en esta Constitución. Dictar, previa autorización por una ley habilitante , decretos con fuerza de ley. Convocar a la Asamblea Nacional a sesiones extraordinarias. Reglamentar total o parcialmente las leyes, sin alterar su espíritu, propósito y razón. Administrar la Hacienda Pública Nacional. Negociar los empréstitos nacionales. Decretar créditos adicionales al Presupuesto, previa autorización de la Asamblea Nacional o de la Comisión Delegada. Celebrar los contratos de interés nacional conforme a esta Constitución y la ley. Designar, previa autorización de la Asamblea Nacional o de la Comisión Delegada, al procurador o procuradora general de la República y a los jefes o jefas de las misiones diplomáticas permanentes. Nombrar y remover a aquellos funcionarios o aquellas funcionarias cuya designación le atribuyen esta Constitución y la ley. Dirigir a la Asamblea Nacional, personalmente o por intermedio del Vicepresidente Ejecutivo o Vicepresidenta Ejecutiva, informes o mensajes especiales. Formular el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo y dirigir su ejecución previa aprobación de la Asamblea Nacional. Conceder indultos. Fijar el número, organización y competencia de los ministerios y otros organismos de la Administración Pública Nacional, así como también la organización y funcionamiento del Consejo de Ministros, dentro de los principios y lineamientos señalados por la correspondiente ley orgánica. Disolver la Asamblea Nacional en el supuesto establecido en esta Constitución. Convocar referendos en los casos previstos en esta Constitución. Convocar y presidir el Consejo de Defensa de la Nación. Las demás que le señale esta Constitución y la ley. El presidente o presidenta de la República ejercerá en Consejo de Ministros las atribuciones señaladas en los numerales 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 18, 20, 21, 22 y las que le atribuya la ley para ser ejercidas en igual forma. Los actos del presidente o presidenta de la República, con excepción de los señalados en los ordinales 3 y 5, serán refrendados para su validez por el vicepresidente Ejecutivo o Vicepresidenta Ejecutiva y el ministro respectivo. Símbolos Símbolos de investidura Si bien no está reglamentado el uso de símbolos como parte de la investidura de la Presidencia, el presidente de la República ostenta la Orden del Libertador en su máxima clase, en su condición de gran maestre. Es por esta razón que, adicional a la banda presidencial, históricamente el presidente de la República porta el gran collar y la estrella de la orden. El uso de la banda presidencial fue implementado por el General José Antonio Páez en su tercer mandato, al usar la banda presidencial como un fajín , mientras el uso de la orden como símbolo presidencial inicia en el mandato del Gral. Antonio Guzmán Blanco , quien crea la orden en septiembre de 1880. [ 21 ] Por disposición del artículo 3 de la Ley sobre la llave del Arca del 9 de julio de 1940, [ 22 ] el presidente de la República es portador de la llave del arca que contiene el libro de actas del primer Congreso de Venezuela, quien debe entregársela a su sucesor en el cambio de mando. Históricamente, la llave del arca se encuentra anexada a un medallón en cuyo centro se encuentra el busto del Libertador; este a su vez, pende de dos cadenas que lo fijan por los extremos superiores a un collar diseñado para el mismo. [ 22 ] La banda presidencial de Venezuela ha llevado históricamente sólo los colores amarillo, azul y rojo y el escudo nacional en el centro. Sin embargo, al tomar posesión Nicolás Maduro en 2013, se le agregaron a la banda las ocho estrellas blancas de la bandera nacional. Estandarte presidencial La bandera de Estado de Venezuela conocida como "pabellón nacional", siendo la que incluye el escudo nacional en la sección izquierda dentro de franja amarilla superior, es la que se utiliza para las instalaciones dependientes de los organismos del Estado, incluyendo el Palacio Presidencial. [ 23 ] Adicionalmente, el presidente consta de su propio estandarte que simboliza la presencia del Jefe del Estado. En tierra: el estandarte se compone del escudo nacional en el centro y sobre un campo oro (color amarillo) En el mar: el estandarte se compone del escudo nacional en el centro y sobre un campo azur (color azul) flanqueado por cuatro estrellas blancas de cinco puntas. Desde 1959 hasta 1997, el estandarte presidencial de tierra se componía del escudo nacional en el centro y sobre un campo de gules (color rojo) En 1997 se cambió el color del campo del estandarte de gules a oro (rojo a amarillo), y en el año 2006, el estandarte sufrió una modificación adicional, al aprobarse las modificaciones realizadas al escudo nacional por parte de la Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela . Sucesión y faltas La sucesión presidencial en Venezuela se define cada seis (6) años a través de elecciones universales, secretas y directas, siendo electo presidente quien obtuviese la mayoría simple de los votos. Adicionalmente, la Constitución de Venezuela, establece diversos supuestos de sucesión en función de las faltas del presidente en ejercicio, e incluso del presidente electo. Faltas Temporales Según el artículo 234 las faltas temporales del presidente las suple el vicepresidente ejecutivo, hasta por 90 días prorrogables por 90 días más. [ 24 ] Según el artículo 235 de la Constitución, la ausencia del presidente por más de 5 días consecutivos requiere de la aprobación de la Asamblea Nacional. Faltas Absolutas Según el artículo 233 [ 24 ] de la Constitución serán faltas absolutas del presidente: la muerte, su renuncia, o su destitución decretada por sentencia del Supremo Tribunal, su incapacidad física o mental permanente certificada y designada por el Tribunal Supremo y con aprobación de la Asamblea Nacional, abandono del cargo, declarado como tal por la Asamblea Nacional, y la revocación popular del mandato. De acuerdo con el numeral segundo del artículo 233 de la Constitución de 1999, si la falta absoluta del presidente se produjera durante los primeros cuatro años del período respectivo, se procederá a una nueva elección universal, directa y secreta en 30 días siguientes. Se encargara de la Presidencia de la República el vicepresidente ejecutivo mientras se celebra la elección. El numeral cuarto del artículo 233 establece que si la falta ocurriese en los últimos dos años, se encargara de la Presidencia de la República el vicepresidente Ejecutivo hasta completar el periodo constitucional. Falta absoluta del presidente electo Si se produce una de las faltas absolutas del presidente electo descritas en la Constitución en el artículo 233, [ 24 ] antes de la toma de posesión, se procede a una nueva elección universal, directa y secreta en los 30 días siguientes, encargándose de la Presidencia de la República, el presidente de la Asamblea Nacional. Según el artículo 231 de la Constitución el presidente debe de tomar posesión ante la Asamblea el 10 de enero; el numeral segundo del artículo constitucional establece que si por causas sobrevenidas el presidente no pudiese juramentarse ante la Asamblea lo hará ante el Tribunal Supremo de Justicia. Falta temporal del presidente reelecto Según sentencia del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia , de fecha 9 de enero de 2013, [ 25 ] la juramentación del presidente reelecto puede ser efectuada en una oportunidad posterior al 10 de enero ante el Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, de no poder realizarse dicho día ante la Asamblea Nacional, de conformidad con lo previsto en el artículo 231 de la Carta Magna. Dicho acto será fijado por el Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, una vez que exista constancia del cese de los motivos sobrevenidos que hayan impedido la juramentación. Salario y complementos El presidente disfruta de un sueldo pagado por el Tesoro Nacional, de acuerdo con la Ley Orgánica de Emolumentos, Pensiones y Jubilaciones de los Altos Funcionarios del Poder Público. Durante el mismo período no podrá ejercer otro empleo, ni recibir ningún otro emolumento de la Nación. El sueldo del presidente no podrá ser superior a 12 salarios mínimos, es decir, 1.560 Bs (tomando como referencia el salario mínimo vigente desde el 15 de marzo de 2022). Seguridad La Guardia de Honor Presidencial de Venezuela es la encargada de la seguridad de toda la familia presidencial y de sus otros pares políticos. La Guardia de Honor Presidencial está integrada hoy por los cuatro componentes de la Fuerza Armada Nacional y organismos de seguridad ciudadana, comandada por un Oficial General. Palacio presidencial El palacio presidencial que sirve como despacho del presidente de la República, es el Palacio de Miraflores , ubicado en el centro de la ciudad de Caracas. Este palacio funciona como sede del despacho presidencial desde 1900 por iniciativa del presidente Cipriano Castro . Anteriormente, el despacho presidencial se ubicaba en el Salón del Tríptico del Palacio Federal Legislativo . Residencia presidencial Tradicionalmente la residencia oficial del presidente de la República fue La Casona , ubicada en la urbanización Santa Cecilia en el este de la ciudad de Caracas. El último gobernante en usar la residencia fue Hugo Chavéz entre 1999 y 2002. En 2019, Nicolás Maduro decidió que la residencia fuese abierta a las visitas del público como sede del Centro Cultural Aquiles Nazoa, un museo y espacio cultural que conserva los espacios de la residencia y sus jardines, tal como se vieron durante los años que sirvió como residencia. Adicionalmente es usada para realizar eventos oficiales del Gobierno Nacional. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Actualmente el presidente de la República reside en La Viñeta, históricamente la residencia del Vicepresidente Ejecutivo, la cual se encuentra en el complejo militar de Fuerte Tiuna. Transporte El avión presidencial de Venezuela es un Airbus A319 CJ, YV2984 pintado con los colores de Conviasa, también un Embrer Legacy 1000, YV3016, igualmente pintado de Conviasa donde el presidente realiza la mayoría de sus viajes, aunque por seguridad vuela en otros aviones privados más pequeños dentro del país acompañado por los aviones grandes como señuelo. Propuestas de cambios en la Jefatura del Estado y de Gobierno En el segundo período presidencial de Rafael Caldera se planteó la posibilidad de crear el cargo del primer ministro por elección popular, separando así la Jefatura del Estado de la Jefatura del Gobierno y pasando a ser ejercida cada una por una persona distinta; la propuesta consistía en que el presidente de la República sería el jefe del Estado como comandante en jefe de las Fuerzas Armadas, ser el equilibrio de los poderes públicos, entre otras funciones; y el primer ministro sería el jefe del Gobierno como jefe del Poder ejecutivo ejerciendo las funciones de dirección y administración del gobierno ejecutivo nacional. Esta enmienda constitucional que se planificaba en el gobierno de Caldera se vio ignorada tras la llegada de Hugo Chávez al poder y la convocatoria de la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente de 1999 . Actualmente, al igual que en lo largo de la historia del país, el presidente de la República ejerce tanto la jefatura del Estado como la jefatura del Gobierno. En el continente americano los únicos países que poseen la diferenciación del jefe de Estado y de Gobierno son Canadá , Jamaica y el resto de las naciones independientes y semiindependientes pertenecientes a la Mancomunidad Británica . En Europa prácticamente todos los países, tanto monarquías como repúblicas, poseen a un jefe de Estado y a un jefe de Gobierno. Lista de presidentes # Presidente Partido Inicio Final Origen Mandato Elección Vicepresidente(a) República de Venezuela (1953-1999) 24 Rómulo Betancourt (1908-1981) AD 13 de febrero de 1959 11 de marzo de 1964 Miranda 48 ( 1959-1964 ) 1958 Cargo inexistente 28 Raúl Leoni (1905-1972) AD 11 de marzo de 1964 11 de marzo de 1969 Bolívar 49 ( 1964-1969 ) 1963 29 Rafael Caldera (1916-2009) COPEI 11 de marzo de 1969 12 de marzo de 1974 Yaracuy 50 ( 1969-1974 ) 1968 30 Carlos Andrés Pérez (1922-2010) AD 12 de marzo de 1974 12 de marzo de 1979 Táchira 51 ( 1974-1979 ) 1973 31 Luis Herrera Campíns (1925-2007) COPEI 12 de marzo de 1979 2 de febrero de 1984 Portuguesa 52 ( 1979-1984 ) 1978 32 Jaime Lusinchi (1924-2014) AD 2 de febrero de 1984 2 de febrero de 1989 Anzoátegui 53 ( 1984-1989 ) 1983 30 Carlos Andrés Pérez (1922-2010) AD 2 de febrero de 1989 21 de mayo de 1993 Táchira 54 ( 1989-1994 ) 1988 - Octavio Lepage (1923-2017) Encargado 21 de mayo de 1993 5 de junio de 1993 Anzoátegui ( 1993 ) Presidente del Congreso, encargado del poder ejecutivo. - Ramón J. Velásquez (1916-2014) Encargado 5 de junio de 1993 2 de febrero de 1994 Táchira ( 1993-1994 ) Presidente encargado designado por el Congreso de la República. 29 Rafael Caldera (1916-2009) Convergencia 2 de febrero de 1994 2 de febrero de 1999 Yaracuy 55 ( 1994-1999 ) 1993 33 Hugo Chávez (1954-2013) MVR 2 de febrero de 1999 30 de diciembre de 1999 Barinas 56 ( 1999-2004 ) 1998 República Bolivariana de Venezuela (1999-actualidad) 33 Hugo Chávez (1954-2013) MVR 30 de diciembre de 1999 10 de enero de 2001 Barinas 56 ( 1999-2004 ) Continuación del mandato anterior tras la promulgación de la Constitución de Venezuela de 1999. Isaías Rodríguez (1999-2000) Adina Bastidas (2000-2001) 10 de enero de 2001 11 de abril de 2002 57 ( 2001-2007 ) 2000 Adina Bastidas (2001-2002) Diosdado Cabello (2002) - Pedro Carmona (1941-) Independiente 12 de abril de 2002 13 de abril de 2002 Lara ( 2002 ) Golpe de Estado de 2002 Juramentado presidente tras la supuesta renuncia de Hugo Chávez. No designado - Diosdado Cabello (1963-) Encargado 13 de abril de 2002 14 de abril de 2002 Monagas ( 2002 ) Juramentado como presidente encargado constitucional. El mismo 33 Hugo Chávez (1954-2013) MVR 14 de abril de 2002 10 de enero de 2007 Barinas 57 ( 2001-2007 ) Restituido como presidente constitucional. José Vicente Rangel (2002-2007) PSUV 10 de enero de 2007 10 de enero de 2013 58 ( 2007-2013 ) 2006 Jorge Rodríguez (2007-2008) Ramón Carrizalez (2008-2010) Elías Jaua (2010-2012) Nicolás Maduro (2012-2013) 10 de enero de 2013 5 de marzo de 2013 ( 2013 ) 2012 Nicolás Maduro (2013) - Nicolás Maduro (1962-) Encargado 5 de marzo de 2013 19 de abril de 2013 Distrito Capital Asume la presidencia provisional ante la muerte de Chávez. Jorge Arreaza (2013) 34 PSUV 19 de abril de 2013 10 de enero de 2019 59 ( 2013-2019 ) 2013 Jorge Arreaza (2013-2016) Aristóbulo Istúriz (2016-2017) Tareck El Aissami (2017-2018) Delcy Rodríguez (2018-2019) PSUV 10 de enero de 2019 10 de enero de 2025 60 ( 2019-2025 ) ( Parcialmente reconocido ) 2018 Delcy Rodríguez (2019-2025) 10 de enero de 2025 3 de enero de 2026 61 ( 2025-2031 ) ( Parcialmente reconocido ) 2024 Delcy Rodríguez (2025-2026) - Delcy Rodríguez (1969-) Encargada 5 de enero de 2026 En funciones Distrito Capital ( 2025-2031 ) ( Parcialmente reconocida ) Asume la presidencia provisional ante la captura de Maduro. No designado Línea temporal desde 1959 Expresidentes vivos Pedro Carmona , (84 años) 12 al 13 abril de 2002 (interino) Sin cargo público actual Diosdado Cabello , (62 años) 13 al 14 de abril de 2002 (interino) Ministro de del Poder Popular para las Relaciones Interiores, Justicia y Paz Juan Guaidó , (42 años) 23 de enero de 2019-5 de enero de 2023 (interino) parcialmente reconocido Sin cargo público actual Nicolás Maduro , (63 años) 5 de marzo de 2013-3 de enero de 2026 parcialmente reconocido Sin cargo público actual Misceláneas presidenciales El presidente más joven en asumir el cargo fue Marcos Pérez Jiménez , quien tenía 38 años. El presidente más longevo fue Rafael Caldera , con 78 años al momento de asumir. Cinco son los presidentes fallecidos en ejercicio de sus funciones: José Tadeo Monagas , Francisco Linares Alcántara , Juan Vicente Gómez , Carlos Delgado Chalbaud , y Hugo Chávez . Rómulo Gallegos fue el primer presidente electo por votación directa, secreta y universal. Hugo Chávez ha sido el único presidente elegido cuatro veces. Juan Vicente Gómez fue el presidente con más tiempo ocupando el cargo de presidente con un total de 27 años, siendo 16 años ejerciendo directamente la presidencia y 11 de manera indirecta. Nicolás Maduro ha sido el presidente civil que más tiempo ha ocupado el cargo. Carlos Andrés Pérez ha sido el único presidente constitucional destituido de su cargo por una causa judicial. La presidencia más corta ha sido la de Diosdado Cabello , con una duración de aproximadamente de 5 horas y 15 minutos. Acción Democrática (AD) es la fuerza política que más tiempo ha detentado el poder, acumulando 27 años de gobiernos no consecutivos entre 1945 y 1993, mientras que Convergencia ha sido el que menos tiempo lo ha ejercido, un solo período constitucional de 5 años (1994-1999). Rafael Caldera fue el presidente que llegó al poder con menos porcentaje de votos, específicamente, sólo el 29,13 % en 1968 , mientras que Rómulo Gallegos ha sido el que ha obtenido el mayor porcentaje, con 74,47 % en 1947 . Hugo Chávez fue el presidente que recibió la mayor cantidad absoluta de votos con 8.191.132 al obtener el 55,07 % en las elecciones de 2012 . Nicolás Maduro es el primer presidente en ejercicio en ser capturado y extraído del territorio nacional por fuerzas especiales extranjeras. Delcy Rodríguez es la primera mujer en ser presidenta de Venezuela. Véase también Presidente electo de Venezuela Ministerios del Poder Ejecutivo Primera dama de Venezuela Palacio de Miraflores Residencia Presidencial La Casona Elecciones en Venezuela Golpes de Estado en Venezuela Política de Venezuela Anexo:Gobernantes de Venezuela Línea de sucesión presidencial de Venezuela Notas ↑ Artículo 233: Si la falta absoluta ocurre durante los primeros cuatro años del período constitucional, se repite el mismo proceso de elección. En este caso, el vicepresidente ejecutivo asumirá la Presidencia hasta que se elija y tome posesión el nuevo presidente o presidenta. El nuevo mandatario completará el período constitucional correspondiente. En contraste, si la falta absoluta se produce durante los últimos dos años del período, el vicepresidente ejecutivo asumirá la presidencia hasta el final del período constitucional. ↑ Artículo 233: Cuando ocurre una falta absoluta antes de que el presidente electo asuma el cargo, se debe realizar una nueva elección universal, directa y secreta dentro de los 30 días siguientes. Durante este período, la Presidencia de la República será asumida por el presidente o presidenta de la Asamblea Nacional . Referencias ↑ El estatus no está claro desde la captura de Nicolás Maduro por las Fuerzas Armadas de los Estados Unidos , pero las autoridades constitucionales y legislativas reconocen aún a Nicolás Maduro en el cargo constitucional. ↑ Ejerce la Presidencia en condición de encargada por orden de la Sala Constitucional del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, como medida excepcional para garantizar la continuidad administrativa del Estado ante la ausencia pública del presidente Nicolás Maduro, sin que se declarara formalmente la falta absoluta del cargo, que continúa siendo atribuido constitucionalmente a Maduro. ↑ «Heads of State, Heads of Government & Ministers for Foreign Affairs» (en inglés) . Protocol and Liaison Service. Naciones Unidas . Consultado el 7 de diciembre de 2015 . ↑ «Cristobal Mendoza. Biografía y datos históricos» . ↑ «Francisco de Miranda» . ↑ Quintero, Inés (2016). El hijo de la panadera . Venezuela: Editorial Alfa. ↑ Fuentes-Figueroa Rodriguez, Julian (2003). La Segunda República de Venezuela (en españa) . Venezuela: Ediciones de la Presidencia. ↑ «Editorial Grudemi (2020). Congreso de Angostura.» . ↑ Pino Iturrieta, Elías. La Cosiata . Venezuela: Editorial Alfa. ↑ Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela (1999). Capítulo II: Del Poder Ejecutivo Nacional. Texto completo en Wikisource ↑ Constitución Federal para los Estados de Venezuela (1811). Capítulo III: Del Poder Ejecutivo. Texto completo en Wikisource ↑ Constitución del Estado de Venezuela (1830). Título 16. Del Poder Ejecutivo. Texto completo en Wikisource ↑ Título V. Del Ejecutivo nacional (pdf) . «Constitución de 1864 (22 de abril de 1864) Constitución de los Estados Unidos de Venezuela». Portal Iberoamericano del derecho a la cultura . Consultado el 3 de junio de 2024 . ↑ Capítulo IV: Del Poder Ejecutivo Nacional. Sección Segunda: Del Presidente de la República (pdf) . «Constitución de los Estados Unidos de Venezuela de 1947». Portal Iberoamericano del derecho a la cultura . Consultado el 3 de junio de 2024 . ↑ Constitución de la República de Venezuela (1953).Capítulo III: Del Poder Ejecutivo Nacional.Sección segunda. Del Presidente de la República Texto completo en Wikisource ↑ Constitución de la República de Venezuela (1961).Título VI.Del Poder Ejecutivo Nacional. Capítulo I: Del Presidente de la República Texto completo en Wikisource ↑ «Artículos 22 y 76 de la Constitución Federal de 1811» . Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes . Archivado desde el original el 20 de julio de 2005 . Consultado el 2 de abril de 2014 . ↑ «Constitución de 1864» . ↑ «Sentencia TSJ sobre la toma de posesión presidencial» . Archivado desde el original el 9 de julio de 2014 . Consultado el 27 de noviembre de 2017 . ↑ «Constitución de Venezuela» . ↑ «Insignias del Poder en Venezuela» . ↑ a b «Ley de la Llave del Arca - Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela» . ↑ «Ley de la Bandera Nacional y el Escudo de Armas» . ↑ a b c «Faltas Absolutas del Presidente de la República» . Archivado desde el original el 17 de abril de 2014 . Consultado el 27 de noviembre de 2017 . ↑ «Sentencia del TSJ del 9 enero de 2013» . ↑ «La Casona, de residencia presidencial a centro cultural» . ↑ «Maduro abre al público la residencia presidencial» . Enlaces externos Portal:Venezuela . Contenido relacionado con Anexo:Gobernantes de Venezuela . Portal:Política . Contenido relacionado con Política . Portal:Derecho . Contenido relacionado con Derecho . Página web oficial de la Presidencia de Venezuela Sitio oficial del Gobierno de Venezuela Ley sobre la llave del Arca donde se conserva, en el Salón Elíptico del Palacio Federal, el Libro de Actas del Congreso de 1811 Control de autoridades Proyectos Wikimedia Datos: Q11942698 Proyectos Wikimedia Datos: Q11942698 Datos: Q11942698 Gobernantes de Venezuela Jefes de Gobierno Wikipedia:Páginas que utilizan la extensión EasyTimeline Páginas que usan imágenes múltiples con imágenes escaladas automáticamente Esta página se editó por última vez el 16 ene 2026 a las 09:18. El texto está disponible bajo la Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual 4.0 ; pueden aplicarse cláusulas adicionales. Al usar este sitio aceptas nuestros términos de uso y nuestra política de privacidad . Wikipedia® es una marca registrada de la Fundación Wikimedia , una organización sin ánimo de lucro. 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Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! 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Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! 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P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs LLMs Conduct (?) P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Signatures Deletion (?) P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Enforcement (?) P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Editing (?) P Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace P Editing policy Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Article size Summary style Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Manual of Style Contents Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Project content (?) G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages Project namespace WikiProjects WikiProjects User pages User boxes User boxes Shortcuts Subpages WMF (?) 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Templates Media Category Templates v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 7,132 results for author: Liu, J Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 3 4 5 … arXiv:2601.10547 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD HeartMuLa: A Family of Open Sourced Music Foundation Models Authors: Dongchao Yang , Yuxin Xie , Yuguo Yin , Zheyu Wang , Xiaoyu Yi , Gongxi Zhu , Xiaolong Weng , Zihan Xiong , Yingzhe Ma , Dading Cong , Jingliang Liu , Zihang Huang , Jinghan Ru , Rongjie Huang , Haoran Wan , Peixu Wang , Kuoxi Yu , Helin Wang , Liming Liang , Xianwei Zhuang , Yuanyuan Wang , Haohan Guo , Junjie Cao , Zeqian Ju , Songxiang Liu , et al. (3 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present a family of open-source Music Foundation Models designed to advance large-scale music understanding and generation across diverse tasks and modalities. Our framework consists of four major components: (1) HeartCLAP, an audio-text alignment model; (2) HeartTranscriptor, a robust lyric recognition model optimized for real-world music scenarios; and (3) HeartCodec, a low-frame-rate (12.5 H… ▽ More We present a family of open-source Music Foundation Models designed to advance large-scale music understanding and generation across diverse tasks and modalities. Our framework consists of four major components: (1) HeartCLAP, an audio-text alignment model; (2) HeartTranscriptor, a robust lyric recognition model optimized for real-world music scenarios; and (3) HeartCodec, a low-frame-rate (12.5 Hz) yet high-fidelity music codec tokenizer that captures long-range musical structure while preserving fine-grained acoustic details and enabling efficient autoregressive modeling; (4) HeartMuLa, an LLM-based song generation model capable of synthesizing high-fidelity music under rich, user-controllable conditions (e.g., textual style descriptions, lyrics, and reference audio). In addition, it provides two specialized modes: (i) fine-grained musical attribute control, which allows users to specify the style of different song sections (e.g., intro, verse, chorus) using natural language prompts; and (ii) short, engaging music generation, which is suitable as background music for short videos. Lastly, HeartMuLa improves significantly when scaled to 7B parameters. For the first time, we show that a Suno-level, commercial-grade system can be reproduced using academic-scale data and GPU resources. We expect these foundation models to serve as strong baselines for future research and to facilitate practical applications in multimodal content production. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10547 [ pdf , ps , other ] HeartMuLa: A Family of Open Sourced Music Foundation Models Authors: Dongchao Yang , Yuxin Xie , Yuguo Yin , Zheyu Wang , Xiaoyu Yi , Gongxi Zhu , Xiaolong Weng , Zihan Xiong , Yingzhe Ma , Dading Cong , Jingliang Liu , Zihang Huang , Jinghan Ru , Rongjie Huang , Haoran Wan , Peixu Wang , Kuoxi Yu , Helin Wang , Liming Liang , Xianwei Zhuang , Yuanyuan Wang , Haohan Guo , Junjie Cao , Zeqian Ju , Songxiang Liu , et al. (3 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present a family of open-source Music Foundation Models designed to advance large-scale music understanding and generation across diverse tasks and modalities. Our framework consists of four major components: (1) HeartCLAP, an audio-text alignment model; (2) HeartTranscriptor, a robust lyric recognition model optimized for real-world music scenarios; and (3) HeartCodec, a low-frame-rate (12.5 H… ▽ More We present a family of open-source Music Foundation Models designed to advance large-scale music understanding and generation across diverse tasks and modalities. Our framework consists of four major components: (1) HeartCLAP, an audio-text alignment model; (2) HeartTranscriptor, a robust lyric recognition model optimized for real-world music scenarios; and (3) HeartCodec, a low-frame-rate (12.5 Hz) yet high-fidelity music codec tokenizer that captures long-range musical structure while preserving fine-grained acoustic details and enabling efficient autoregressive modeling; (4) HeartMuLa, an LLM-based song generation model capable of synthesizing high-fidelity music under rich, user-controllable conditions (e.g., textual style descriptions, lyrics, and reference audio). In addition, it provides two specialized modes: (i) fine-grained musical attribute control, which allows users to specify the style of different song sections (e.g., intro, verse, chorus) using natural language prompts; and (ii) short, engaging music generation, which is suitable as background music for short videos. Lastly, HeartMuLa improves significantly when scaled to 7B parameters. For the first time, we show that a Suno-level, commercial-grade system can be reproduced using academic-scale data and GPU resources. We expect these foundation models to serve as strong baselines for future research and to facilitate practical applications in multimodal content production. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10527 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL cs.CV cs.LG A Safety Report on GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5 Authors: Xingjun Ma , Yixu Wang , Hengyuan Xu , Yutao Wu , Yifan Ding , Yunhan Zhao , Zilong Wang , Jiabin Hua , Ming Wen , Jianan Liu , Ranjie Duan , Yifeng Gao , Yingshui Tan , Yunhao Chen , Hui Xue , Xin Wang , Wei Cheng , Jingjing Chen , Zuxuan Wu , Bo Li , Yu-Gang Jiang Abstract : The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this… ▽ More The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this report, we present an integrated safety evaluation of 7 frontier models: GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5. We evaluate each model across language, vision-language, and image generation settings using a unified protocol that integrates benchmark evaluation, adversarial evaluation, multilingual evaluation, and compliance evaluation. Aggregating our evaluations into safety leaderboards and model safety profiles across multiple evaluation modes reveals a sharply heterogeneous safety landscape. While GPT-5.2 demonstrates consistently strong and balanced safety performance across evaluations, other models exhibit pronounced trade-offs among benchmark safety, adversarial alignment, multilingual generalization, and regulatory compliance. Both language and vision-language modalities show significant vulnerability under adversarial evaluation, with all models degrading substantially despite strong results on standard benchmarks. Text-to-image models achieve relatively stronger alignment in regulated visual risk categories, yet remain brittle under adversarial or semantically ambiguous prompts. Overall, these results show that safety in frontier models is inherently multidimensional--shaped by modality, language, and evaluation scheme, underscoring the need for standardized safety evaluations to accurately assess real-world risk and guide responsible model development and deployment. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 42 pages, 24 figures arXiv:2601.10527 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Safety Report on GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5 Authors: Xingjun Ma , Yixu Wang , Hengyuan Xu , Yutao Wu , Yifan Ding , Yunhan Zhao , Zilong Wang , Jiabin Hua , Ming Wen , Jianan Liu , Ranjie Duan , Yifeng Gao , Yingshui Tan , Yunhao Chen , Hui Xue , Xin Wang , Wei Cheng , Jingjing Chen , Zuxuan Wu , Bo Li , Yu-Gang Jiang Abstract : The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this… ▽ More The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this report, we present an integrated safety evaluation of 7 frontier models: GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5. We evaluate each model across language, vision-language, and image generation settings using a unified protocol that integrates benchmark evaluation, adversarial evaluation, multilingual evaluation, and compliance evaluation. Aggregating our evaluations into safety leaderboards and model safety profiles across multiple evaluation modes reveals a sharply heterogeneous safety landscape. While GPT-5.2 demonstrates consistently strong and balanced safety performance across evaluations, other models exhibit pronounced trade-offs among benchmark safety, adversarial alignment, multilingual generalization, and regulatory compliance. Both language and vision-language modalities show significant vulnerability under adversarial evaluation, with all models degrading substantially despite strong results on standard benchmarks. Text-to-image models achieve relatively stronger alignment in regulated visual risk categories, yet remain brittle under adversarial or semantically ambiguous prompts. Overall, these results show that safety in frontier models is inherently multidimensional--shaped by modality, language, and evaluation scheme, underscoring the need for standardized safety evaluations to accurately assess real-world risk and guide responsible model development and deployment. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 42 pages, 24 figures arXiv:2601.10406 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI ErrEval: Error-Aware Evaluation for Question Generation through Explicit Diagnostics Authors: Weiping Fu , Bifan Wei , Jingyi Hao , Yushun Zhang , Jian Zhang , Jiaxin Wang , Bo Li , Yu He , Lingling Zhang , Jun Liu Abstract : Automatic Question Generation (QG) often produces outputs with critical defects, such as factual hallucinations and answer mismatches. However, existing evaluation methods, including LLM-based evaluators, mainly adopt a black-box and holistic paradigm without explicit error modeling, leading to the neglect of such defects and overestimation of question quality. To address this issue, we propose Er… ▽ More Automatic Question Generation (QG) often produces outputs with critical defects, such as factual hallucinations and answer mismatches. However, existing evaluation methods, including LLM-based evaluators, mainly adopt a black-box and holistic paradigm without explicit error modeling, leading to the neglect of such defects and overestimation of question quality. To address this issue, we propose ErrEval, a flexible and Error-aware Evaluation framework that enhances QG evaluation through explicit error diagnostics. Specifically, ErrEval reformulates evaluation as a two-stage process of error diagnosis followed by informed scoring. At the first stage, a lightweight plug-and-play Error Identifier detects and categorizes common errors across structural, linguistic, and content-related aspects. These diagnostic signals are then incorporated as explicit evidence to guide LLM evaluators toward more fine-grained and grounded judgments. Extensive experiments on three benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of ErrEval, showing that incorporating explicit diagnostics improves alignment with human judgments. Further analyses confirm that ErrEval effectively mitigates the overestimation of low-quality questions. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10406 [ pdf , ps , other ] ErrEval: Error-Aware Evaluation for Question Generation through Explicit Diagnostics Authors: Weiping Fu , Bifan Wei , Jingyi Hao , Yushun Zhang , Jian Zhang , Jiaxin Wang , Bo Li , Yu He , Lingling Zhang , Jun Liu Abstract : Automatic Question Generation (QG) often produces outputs with critical defects, such as factual hallucinations and answer mismatches. However, existing evaluation methods, including LLM-based evaluators, mainly adopt a black-box and holistic paradigm without explicit error modeling, leading to the neglect of such defects and overestimation of question quality. To address this issue, we propose Er… ▽ More Automatic Question Generation (QG) often produces outputs with critical defects, such as factual hallucinations and answer mismatches. However, existing evaluation methods, including LLM-based evaluators, mainly adopt a black-box and holistic paradigm without explicit error modeling, leading to the neglect of such defects and overestimation of question quality. To address this issue, we propose ErrEval, a flexible and Error-aware Evaluation framework that enhances QG evaluation through explicit error diagnostics. Specifically, ErrEval reformulates evaluation as a two-stage process of error diagnosis followed by informed scoring. At the first stage, a lightweight plug-and-play Error Identifier detects and categorizes common errors across structural, linguistic, and content-related aspects. These diagnostic signals are then incorporated as explicit evidence to guide LLM evaluators toward more fine-grained and grounded judgments. Extensive experiments on three benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of ErrEval, showing that incorporating explicit diagnostics improves alignment with human judgments. Further analyses confirm that ErrEval effectively mitigates the overestimation of low-quality questions. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10141 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Understanding and Preserving Safety in Fine-Tuned LLMs Authors: Jiawen Zhang , Yangfan Hu , Kejia Chen , Lipeng He , Jiachen Ma , Jian Lou , Dan Li , Jian Liu , Xiaohu Yang , Ruoxi Jia Abstract : Fine-tuning is an essential and pervasive functionality for applying large language models (LLMs) to downstream tasks. However, it has the potential to substantially degrade safety alignment, e.g., by greatly increasing susceptibility to jailbreak attacks, even when the fine-tuning data is entirely harmless. Despite garnering growing attention in defense efforts during the fine-tuning stage, exist… ▽ More Fine-tuning is an essential and pervasive functionality for applying large language models (LLMs) to downstream tasks. However, it has the potential to substantially degrade safety alignment, e.g., by greatly increasing susceptibility to jailbreak attacks, even when the fine-tuning data is entirely harmless. Despite garnering growing attention in defense efforts during the fine-tuning stage, existing methods struggle with a persistent safety-utility dilemma: emphasizing safety compromises task performance, whereas prioritizing utility typically requires deep fine-tuning that inevitably leads to steep safety declination. In this work, we address this dilemma by shedding new light on the geometric interaction between safety- and utility-oriented gradients in safety-aligned LLMs. Through systematic empirical analysis, we uncover three key insights: (I) safety gradients lie in a low-rank subspace, while utility gradients span a broader high-dimensional space; (II) these subspaces are often negatively correlated, causing directional conflicts during fine-tuning; and (III) the dominant safety direction can be efficiently estimated from a single sample. Building upon these novel insights, we propose safety-preserving fine-tuning (SPF), a lightweight approach that explicitly removes gradient components conflicting with the low-rank safety subspace. Theoretically, we show that SPF guarantees utility convergence while bounding safety drift. Empirically, SPF consistently maintains downstream task performance and recovers nearly all pre-trained safety alignment, even under adversarial fine-tuning scenarios. Furthermore, SPF exhibits robust resistance to both deep fine-tuning and dynamic jailbreak attacks. Together, our findings provide new mechanistic understanding and practical guidance toward always-aligned LLM fine-tuning. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10141 [ pdf , ps , other ] Understanding and Preserving Safety in Fine-Tuned LLMs Authors: Jiawen Zhang , Yangfan Hu , Kejia Chen , Lipeng He , Jiachen Ma , Jian Lou , Dan Li , Jian Liu , Xiaohu Yang , Ruoxi Jia Abstract : Fine-tuning is an essential and pervasive functionality for applying large language models (LLMs) to downstream tasks. However, it has the potential to substantially degrade safety alignment, e.g., by greatly increasing susceptibility to jailbreak attacks, even when the fine-tuning data is entirely harmless. Despite garnering growing attention in defense efforts during the fine-tuning stage, exist… ▽ More Fine-tuning is an essential and pervasive functionality for applying large language models (LLMs) to downstream tasks. However, it has the potential to substantially degrade safety alignment, e.g., by greatly increasing susceptibility to jailbreak attacks, even when the fine-tuning data is entirely harmless. Despite garnering growing attention in defense efforts during the fine-tuning stage, existing methods struggle with a persistent safety-utility dilemma: emphasizing safety compromises task performance, whereas prioritizing utility typically requires deep fine-tuning that inevitably leads to steep safety declination. In this work, we address this dilemma by shedding new light on the geometric interaction between safety- and utility-oriented gradients in safety-aligned LLMs. Through systematic empirical analysis, we uncover three key insights: (I) safety gradients lie in a low-rank subspace, while utility gradients span a broader high-dimensional space; (II) these subspaces are often negatively correlated, causing directional conflicts during fine-tuning; and (III) the dominant safety direction can be efficiently estimated from a single sample. Building upon these novel insights, we propose safety-preserving fine-tuning (SPF), a lightweight approach that explicitly removes gradient components conflicting with the low-rank safety subspace. Theoretically, we show that SPF guarantees utility convergence while bounding safety drift. Empirically, SPF consistently maintains downstream task performance and recovers nearly all pre-trained safety alignment, even under adversarial fine-tuning scenarios. Furthermore, SPF exhibits robust resistance to both deep fine-tuning and dynamic jailbreak attacks. Together, our findings provide new mechanistic understanding and practical guidance toward always-aligned LLM fine-tuning. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09734 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI From Detection to Diagnosis: Advancing Hallucination Analysis with Automated Data Synthesis Authors: Yanyi Liu , Qingwen Yang , Tiezheng Guo , Feiyu Qu , Jun Liu , Yingyou Wen Abstract : Hallucinations in Large Language Models (LLMs), defined as the generation of content inconsistent with facts or context, represent a core obstacle to their reliable deployment in critical domains. Current research primarily focuses on binary "detection" approaches that, while capable of identifying hallucinations, fail to provide interpretable and actionable feedback for model improvement, thus li… ▽ More Hallucinations in Large Language Models (LLMs), defined as the generation of content inconsistent with facts or context, represent a core obstacle to their reliable deployment in critical domains. Current research primarily focuses on binary "detection" approaches that, while capable of identifying hallucinations, fail to provide interpretable and actionable feedback for model improvement, thus limiting practical utility. To address this limitation, a new research paradigm is proposed, shifting from "detection" to "diagnosis". The Hallucination Diagnosis Task is introduced, a task which requires models to not only detect hallucinations, but also perform error localization, causal explanation, and content correction. We develop the Hallucination Diagnosis Generator (HDG), an automated pipeline that systematically generates high-quality training samples with rich diagnostic metadata from raw corpora through multi-dimensional augmentation strategies including controlled fact fabrication and reasoning chain perturbation. Using HDG-generated data, we train HDM-4B-RL, a 4-billion-parameter hallucination diagnosis model, employing Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) with a comprehensive reward function incorporating structural, accuracy, and localization signals. Experimental results demonstrate that our model surpasses previous state-of-the-art detection models on the HaluEval benchmark while achieving comparable performance to advanced general-purpose models. In comprehensive diagnosis tasks, HDM-4B-RL matches the capabilities of larger general models while maintaining a smaller size. This work validates the feasibility and value of hallucination diagnosis, providing an effective methodology for building more trustworthy and reliable generative AI systems. △ Less Submitted 31 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted at The 40th Annual AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence arXiv:2601.09734 [ pdf , ps , other ] From Detection to Diagnosis: Advancing Hallucination Analysis with Automated Data Synthesis Authors: Yanyi Liu , Qingwen Yang , Tiezheng Guo , Feiyu Qu , Jun Liu , Yingyou Wen Abstract : Hallucinations in Large Language Models (LLMs), defined as the generation of content inconsistent with facts or context, represent a core obstacle to their reliable deployment in critical domains. Current research primarily focuses on binary "detection" approaches that, while capable of identifying hallucinations, fail to provide interpretable and actionable feedback for model improvement, thus li… ▽ More Hallucinations in Large Language Models (LLMs), defined as the generation of content inconsistent with facts or context, represent a core obstacle to their reliable deployment in critical domains. Current research primarily focuses on binary "detection" approaches that, while capable of identifying hallucinations, fail to provide interpretable and actionable feedback for model improvement, thus limiting practical utility. To address this limitation, a new research paradigm is proposed, shifting from "detection" to "diagnosis". The Hallucination Diagnosis Task is introduced, a task which requires models to not only detect hallucinations, but also perform error localization, causal explanation, and content correction. We develop the Hallucination Diagnosis Generator (HDG), an automated pipeline that systematically generates high-quality training samples with rich diagnostic metadata from raw corpora through multi-dimensional augmentation strategies including controlled fact fabrication and reasoning chain perturbation. Using HDG-generated data, we train HDM-4B-RL, a 4-billion-parameter hallucination diagnosis model, employing Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) with a comprehensive reward function incorporating structural, accuracy, and localization signals. Experimental results demonstrate that our model surpasses previous state-of-the-art detection models on the HaluEval benchmark while achieving comparable performance to advanced general-purpose models. In comprehensive diagnosis tasks, HDM-4B-RL matches the capabilities of larger general models while maintaining a smaller size. This work validates the feasibility and value of hallucination diagnosis, providing an effective methodology for building more trustworthy and reliable generative AI systems. △ Less Submitted 31 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted at The 40th Annual AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence arXiv:2601.09668 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV STEP3-VL-10B Technical Report Authors: Ailin Huang , Chengyuan Yao , Chunrui Han , Fanqi Wan , Hangyu Guo , Haoran Lv , Hongyu Zhou , Jia Wang , Jian Zhou , Jianjian Sun , Jingcheng Hu , Kangheng Lin , Liang Zhao , Mitt Huang , Song Yuan , Wenwen Qu , Xiangfeng Wang , Yanlin Lai , Yingxiu Zhao , Yinmin Zhang , Yukang Shi , Yuyang Chen , Zejia Weng , Ziyang Meng , Ang Li , et al. (68 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present STEP3-VL-10B, a lightweight open-source foundation model designed to redefine the trade-off between compact efficiency and frontier-level multimodal intelligence. STEP3-VL-10B is realized through two strategic shifts: first, a unified, fully unfrozen pre-training strategy on 1.2T multimodal tokens that integrates a language-aligned Perception Encoder with a Qwen3-8B decoder to establish… ▽ More We present STEP3-VL-10B, a lightweight open-source foundation model designed to redefine the trade-off between compact efficiency and frontier-level multimodal intelligence. STEP3-VL-10B is realized through two strategic shifts: first, a unified, fully unfrozen pre-training strategy on 1.2T multimodal tokens that integrates a language-aligned Perception Encoder with a Qwen3-8B decoder to establish intrinsic vision-language synergy; and second, a scaled post-training pipeline featuring over 1k iterations of reinforcement learning. Crucially, we implement Parallel Coordinated Reasoning (PaCoRe) to scale test-time compute, allocating resources to scalable perceptual reasoning that explores and synthesizes diverse visual hypotheses. Consequently, despite its compact 10B footprint, STEP3-VL-10B rivals or surpasses models 10$\times$-20$\times$ larger (e.g., GLM-4.6V-106B, Qwen3-VL-235B) and top-tier proprietary flagships like Gemini 2.5 Pro and Seed-1.5-VL. Delivering best-in-class performance, it records 92.2% on MMBench and 80.11% on MMMU, while excelling in complex reasoning with 94.43% on AIME2025 and 75.95% on MathVision. We release the full model suite to provide the community with a powerful, efficient, and reproducible baseline. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; v1 submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 50 pages arXiv:2601.09668 [ pdf , ps , other ] STEP3-VL-10B Technical Report Authors: Ailin Huang , Chengyuan Yao , Chunrui Han , Fanqi Wan , Hangyu Guo , Haoran Lv , Hongyu Zhou , Jia Wang , Jian Zhou , Jianjian Sun , Jingcheng Hu , Kangheng Lin , Liang Zhao , Mitt Huang , Song Yuan , Wenwen Qu , Xiangfeng Wang , Yanlin Lai , Yingxiu Zhao , Yinmin Zhang , Yukang Shi , Yuyang Chen , Zejia Weng , Ziyang Meng , Ang Li , et al. (68 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present STEP3-VL-10B, a lightweight open-source foundation model designed to redefine the trade-off between compact efficiency and frontier-level multimodal intelligence. STEP3-VL-10B is realized through two strategic shifts: first, a unified, fully unfrozen pre-training strategy on 1.2T multimodal tokens that integrates a language-aligned Perception Encoder with a Qwen3-8B decoder to establish… ▽ More We present STEP3-VL-10B, a lightweight open-source foundation model designed to redefine the trade-off between compact efficiency and frontier-level multimodal intelligence. STEP3-VL-10B is realized through two strategic shifts: first, a unified, fully unfrozen pre-training strategy on 1.2T multimodal tokens that integrates a language-aligned Perception Encoder with a Qwen3-8B decoder to establish intrinsic vision-language synergy; and second, a scaled post-training pipeline featuring over 1k iterations of reinforcement learning. Crucially, we implement Parallel Coordinated Reasoning (PaCoRe) to scale test-time compute, allocating resources to scalable perceptual reasoning that explores and synthesizes diverse visual hypotheses. Consequently, despite its compact 10B footprint, STEP3-VL-10B rivals or surpasses models 10$\times$-20$\times$ larger (e.g., GLM-4.6V-106B, Qwen3-VL-235B) and top-tier proprietary flagships like Gemini 2.5 Pro and Seed-1.5-VL. Delivering best-in-class performance, it records 92.2% on MMBench and 80.11% on MMMU, while excelling in complex reasoning with 94.43% on AIME2025 and 75.95% on MathVision. We release the full model suite to provide the community with a powerful, efficient, and reproducible baseline. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; v1 submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 50 pages arXiv:2601.09667 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL Collaborative Multi-Agent Test-Time Reinforcement Learning for Reasoning Authors: Zhiyuan Hu , Yunhai Hu , Juncheng Liu , Shuyue Stella Li , Yucheng Wang , Zhen Xu , See-Kiong Ng , Anh Tuan Luu , Xinxing Xu , Bryan Hooi , Cynthia Breazeal , Hae Won Park Abstract : Multi-agent systems have evolved into practical LLM-driven collaborators for many applications, gaining robustness from diversity and cross-checking. However, multi-agent RL (MARL) training is resource-intensive and unstable: co-adapting teammates induce non-stationarity, and rewards are often sparse and high-variance. Therefore, we introduce \textbf{Multi-Agent Test-Time Reinforcement Learning (M… ▽ More Multi-agent systems have evolved into practical LLM-driven collaborators for many applications, gaining robustness from diversity and cross-checking. However, multi-agent RL (MARL) training is resource-intensive and unstable: co-adapting teammates induce non-stationarity, and rewards are often sparse and high-variance. Therefore, we introduce \textbf{Multi-Agent Test-Time Reinforcement Learning (MATTRL)}, a framework that injects structured textual experience into multi-agent deliberation at inference time. MATTRL forms a multi-expert team of specialists for multi-turn discussions, retrieves and integrates test-time experiences, and reaches consensus for final decision-making. We also study credit assignment for constructing a turn-level experience pool, then reinjecting it into the dialogue. Across challenging benchmarks in medicine, math, and education, MATTRL improves accuracy by an average of 3.67\% over a multi-agent baseline, and by 8.67\% over comparable single-agent baselines. Ablation studies examine different credit-assignment schemes and provide a detailed comparison of how they affect training outcomes. MATTRL offers a stable, effective and efficient path to distribution-shift-robust multi-agent reasoning without tuning. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; v1 submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Work in Progress arXiv:2601.09667 [ pdf , ps , other ] Collaborative Multi-Agent Test-Time Reinforcement Learning for Reasoning Authors: Zhiyuan Hu , Yunhai Hu , Juncheng Liu , Shuyue Stella Li , Yucheng Wang , Zhen Xu , See-Kiong Ng , Anh Tuan Luu , Xinxing Xu , Bryan Hooi , Cynthia Breazeal , Hae Won Park Abstract : Multi-agent systems have evolved into practical LLM-driven collaborators for many applications, gaining robustness from diversity and cross-checking. However, multi-agent RL (MARL) training is resource-intensive and unstable: co-adapting teammates induce non-stationarity, and rewards are often sparse and high-variance. Therefore, we introduce \textbf{Multi-Agent Test-Time Reinforcement Learning (M… ▽ More Multi-agent systems have evolved into practical LLM-driven collaborators for many applications, gaining robustness from diversity and cross-checking. However, multi-agent RL (MARL) training is resource-intensive and unstable: co-adapting teammates induce non-stationarity, and rewards are often sparse and high-variance. Therefore, we introduce \textbf{Multi-Agent Test-Time Reinforcement Learning (MATTRL)}, a framework that injects structured textual experience into multi-agent deliberation at inference time. MATTRL forms a multi-expert team of specialists for multi-turn discussions, retrieves and integrates test-time experiences, and reaches consensus for final decision-making. We also study credit assignment for constructing a turn-level experience pool, then reinjecting it into the dialogue. Across challenging benchmarks in medicine, math, and education, MATTRL improves accuracy by an average of 3.67\% over a multi-agent baseline, and by 8.67\% over comparable single-agent baselines. Ablation studies examine different credit-assignment schemes and provide a detailed comparison of how they affect training outcomes. MATTRL offers a stable, effective and efficient path to distribution-shift-robust multi-agent reasoning without tuning. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; v1 submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Work in Progress arXiv:2601.09478 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IR cs.AI Bridging Semantic Understanding and Popularity Bias with LLMs Authors: Renqiang Luo , Dong Zhang , Yupeng Gao , Wen Shi , Mingliang Hou , Jiaying Liu , Zhe Wang , Shuo Yu Abstract : Semantic understanding of popularity bias is a crucial yet underexplored challenge in recommender systems, where popular items are often favored at the expense of niche content. Most existing debiasing methods treat the semantic understanding of popularity bias as a matter of diversity enhancement or long-tail coverage, neglecting the deeper semantic layer that embodies the causal origins of the b… ▽ More Semantic understanding of popularity bias is a crucial yet underexplored challenge in recommender systems, where popular items are often favored at the expense of niche content. Most existing debiasing methods treat the semantic understanding of popularity bias as a matter of diversity enhancement or long-tail coverage, neglecting the deeper semantic layer that embodies the causal origins of the bias itself. Consequently, such shallow interpretations limit both their debiasing effectiveness and recommendation accuracy. In this paper, we propose FairLRM, a novel framework that bridges the gap in the semantic understanding of popularity bias with Recommendation via Large Language Model (RecLLM). FairLRM decomposes popularity bias into item-side and user-side components, using structured instruction-based prompts to enhance the model's comprehension of both global item distributions and individual user preferences. Unlike traditional methods that rely on surface-level features such as "diversity" or "debiasing", FairLRM improves the model's ability to semantically interpret and address the underlying bias. Through empirical evaluation, we show that FairLRM significantly enhances both fairness and recommendation accuracy, providing a more semantically aware and trustworthy approach to enhance the semantic understanding of popularity bias. The implementation is available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 10 pages, 4 figs, WWW 2026 accepted arXiv:2601.09478 [ pdf , ps , other ] Bridging Semantic Understanding and Popularity Bias with LLMs Authors: Renqiang Luo , Dong Zhang , Yupeng Gao , Wen Shi , Mingliang Hou , Jiaying Liu , Zhe Wang , Shuo Yu Abstract : Semantic understanding of popularity bias is a crucial yet underexplored challenge in recommender systems, where popular items are often favored at the expense of niche content. Most existing debiasing methods treat the semantic understanding of popularity bias as a matter of diversity enhancement or long-tail coverage, neglecting the deeper semantic layer that embodies the causal origins of the b… ▽ More Semantic understanding of popularity bias is a crucial yet underexplored challenge in recommender systems, where popular items are often favored at the expense of niche content. Most existing debiasing methods treat the semantic understanding of popularity bias as a matter of diversity enhancement or long-tail coverage, neglecting the deeper semantic layer that embodies the causal origins of the bias itself. Consequently, such shallow interpretations limit both their debiasing effectiveness and recommendation accuracy. In this paper, we propose FairLRM, a novel framework that bridges the gap in the semantic understanding of popularity bias with Recommendation via Large Language Model (RecLLM). FairLRM decomposes popularity bias into item-side and user-side components, using structured instruction-based prompts to enhance the model's comprehension of both global item distributions and individual user preferences. Unlike traditional methods that rely on surface-level features such as "diversity" or "debiasing", FairLRM improves the model's ability to semantically interpret and address the underlying bias. Through empirical evaluation, we show that FairLRM significantly enhances both fairness and recommendation accuracy, providing a more semantically aware and trustworthy approach to enhance the semantic understanding of popularity bias. The implementation is available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 10 pages, 4 figs, WWW 2026 accepted arXiv:2601.09274 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI $A^3$-Bench: Benchmarking Memory-Driven Scientific Reasoning via Anchor and Attractor Activation Authors: Jian Zhang , Yu He , Zhiyuan Wang , Zhangqi Wang , Kai He , Fangzhi Xu , Qika Lin , Jun Liu Abstract : Scientific reasoning relies not only on logical inference but also on activating prior knowledge and experiential structures. Memory can efficiently reuse knowledge and enhance reasoning consistency and stability. However, existing benchmarks mainly evaluate final answers or step-by-step coherence, overlooking the \textit{memory-driven} mechanisms that underlie human reasoning, which involves acti… ▽ More Scientific reasoning relies not only on logical inference but also on activating prior knowledge and experiential structures. Memory can efficiently reuse knowledge and enhance reasoning consistency and stability. However, existing benchmarks mainly evaluate final answers or step-by-step coherence, overlooking the \textit{memory-driven} mechanisms that underlie human reasoning, which involves activating anchors and attractors, then integrating them into multi-step inference. To address this gap, we propose $A^3$-Bench~ a benchmark designed to evaluate scientific reasoning through dual-scale memory-driven activation, grounded in Anchor and Attractor Activation. First, we annotate 2,198 science reasoning problems across domains using the SAPM process(subject, anchor & attractor, problem, and memory developing). Second, we introduce a dual-scale memory evaluation framework utilizing anchors and attractors, along with the AAUI(Anchor--Attractor Utilization Index) metric to measure memory activation rates. Finally, through experiments with various base models and paradigms, we validate $A^3$-Bench and analyze how memory activation impacts reasoning performance, providing insights into memory-driven scientific reasoning. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09274 [ pdf , ps , other ] $A^3$-Bench: Benchmarking Memory-Driven Scientific Reasoning via Anchor and Attractor Activation Authors: Jian Zhang , Yu He , Zhiyuan Wang , Zhangqi Wang , Kai He , Fangzhi Xu , Qika Lin , Jun Liu Abstract : Scientific reasoning relies not only on logical inference but also on activating prior knowledge and experiential structures. Memory can efficiently reuse knowledge and enhance reasoning consistency and stability. However, existing benchmarks mainly evaluate final answers or step-by-step coherence, overlooking the \textit{memory-driven} mechanisms that underlie human reasoning, which involves acti… ▽ More Scientific reasoning relies not only on logical inference but also on activating prior knowledge and experiential structures. Memory can efficiently reuse knowledge and enhance reasoning consistency and stability. However, existing benchmarks mainly evaluate final answers or step-by-step coherence, overlooking the \textit{memory-driven} mechanisms that underlie human reasoning, which involves activating anchors and attractors, then integrating them into multi-step inference. To address this gap, we propose $A^3$-Bench~ a benchmark designed to evaluate scientific reasoning through dual-scale memory-driven activation, grounded in Anchor and Attractor Activation. First, we annotate 2,198 science reasoning problems across domains using the SAPM process(subject, anchor & attractor, problem, and memory developing). Second, we introduce a dual-scale memory evaluation framework utilizing anchors and attractors, along with the AAUI(Anchor--Attractor Utilization Index) metric to measure memory activation rates. Finally, through experiments with various base models and paradigms, we validate $A^3$-Bench and analyze how memory activation impacts reasoning performance, providing insights into memory-driven scientific reasoning. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09259 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI MAXS: Meta-Adaptive Exploration with LLM Agents Authors: Jian Zhang , Zhiyuan Wang , Zhangqi Wang , Yu He , Haoran Luo , li yuan , Lingling Zhang , Rui Mao , Qika Lin , Jun Liu Abstract : Large Language Model (LLM) Agents exhibit inherent reasoning abilities through the collaboration of multiple tools. However, during agent inference, existing methods often suffer from (i) locally myopic generation, due to the absence of lookahead, and (ii) trajectory instability, where minor early errors can escalate into divergent reasoning paths. These issues make it difficult to balance global… ▽ More Large Language Model (LLM) Agents exhibit inherent reasoning abilities through the collaboration of multiple tools. However, during agent inference, existing methods often suffer from (i) locally myopic generation, due to the absence of lookahead, and (ii) trajectory instability, where minor early errors can escalate into divergent reasoning paths. These issues make it difficult to balance global effectiveness and computational efficiency. To address these two issues, we propose meta-adaptive exploration with LLM agents a meta-adaptive reasoning framework based on LLM Agents that flexibly integrates tool execution and reasoning planning. MAXS employs a lookahead strategy to extend reasoning paths a few steps ahead, estimating the advantage value of tool usage, and combines step consistency variance and inter-step trend slopes to jointly select stable, consistent, and high-value reasoning steps. Additionally, we introduce a trajectory convergence mechanism that controls computational cost by halting further rollouts once path consistency is achieved, enabling a balance between resource efficiency and global effectiveness in multi-tool reasoning. We conduct extensive empirical studies across three base models (MiMo-VL-7B, Qwen2.5-VL-7B, Qwen2.5-VL-32B) and five datasets, demonstrating that MAXS consistently outperforms existing methods in both performance and inference efficiency. Further analysis confirms the effectiveness of our lookahead strategy and tool usage. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09259 [ pdf , ps , other ] MAXS: Meta-Adaptive Exploration with LLM Agents Authors: Jian Zhang , Zhiyuan Wang , Zhangqi Wang , Yu He , Haoran Luo , li yuan , Lingling Zhang , Rui Mao , Qika Lin , Jun Liu Abstract : Large Language Model (LLM) Agents exhibit inherent reasoning abilities through the collaboration of multiple tools. However, during agent inference, existing methods often suffer from (i) locally myopic generation, due to the absence of lookahead, and (ii) trajectory instability, where minor early errors can escalate into divergent reasoning paths. These issues make it difficult to balance global… ▽ More Large Language Model (LLM) Agents exhibit inherent reasoning abilities through the collaboration of multiple tools. However, during agent inference, existing methods often suffer from (i) locally myopic generation, due to the absence of lookahead, and (ii) trajectory instability, where minor early errors can escalate into divergent reasoning paths. These issues make it difficult to balance global effectiveness and computational efficiency. To address these two issues, we propose meta-adaptive exploration with LLM agents a meta-adaptive reasoning framework based on LLM Agents that flexibly integrates tool execution and reasoning planning. MAXS employs a lookahead strategy to extend reasoning paths a few steps ahead, estimating the advantage value of tool usage, and combines step consistency variance and inter-step trend slopes to jointly select stable, consistent, and high-value reasoning steps. Additionally, we introduce a trajectory convergence mechanism that controls computational cost by halting further rollouts once path consistency is achieved, enabling a balance between resource efficiency and global effectiveness in multi-tool reasoning. We conduct extensive empirical studies across three base models (MiMo-VL-7B, Qwen2.5-VL-7B, Qwen2.5-VL-32B) and five datasets, demonstrating that MAXS consistently outperforms existing methods in both performance and inference efficiency. Further analysis confirms the effectiveness of our lookahead strategy and tool usage. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08626 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL How Order-Sensitive Are LLMs? OrderProbe for Deterministic Structural Reconstruction Authors: Yingjie He , Zhaolu Kang , Kehan Jiang , Qianyuan Zhang , Jiachen Qian , Chunlei Meng , Yujie Feng , Yuan Wang , Jiabao Dou , Aming Wu , Leqi Zheng , Pengxiang Zhao , Jiaxin Liu , Zeyu Zhang , Lei Wang , Guansu Wang , Qishi Zhan , Xiaomin He , Meisheng Zhang , Jianyuan Ni Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) excel at semantic understanding, yet their ability to reconstruct internal structure from scrambled inputs remains underexplored. Sentence-level restoration is ill-posed for automated evaluation because multiple valid word orders often exist. We introduce OrderProbe, a deterministic benchmark for structural reconstruction using fixed four-character expressions in Chine… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) excel at semantic understanding, yet their ability to reconstruct internal structure from scrambled inputs remains underexplored. Sentence-level restoration is ill-posed for automated evaluation because multiple valid word orders often exist. We introduce OrderProbe, a deterministic benchmark for structural reconstruction using fixed four-character expressions in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, which have a unique canonical order and thus support exact-match scoring. We further propose a diagnostic framework that evaluates models beyond recovery accuracy, including semantic fidelity, logical validity, consistency, robustness sensitivity, and information density. Experiments on twelve widely used LLMs show that structural reconstruction remains difficult even for frontier systems: zero-shot recovery frequently falls below 35%. We also observe a consistent dissociation between semantic recall and structural planning, suggesting that structural robustness is not an automatic byproduct of semantic competence. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08626 [ pdf , ps , other ] How Order-Sensitive Are LLMs? OrderProbe for Deterministic Structural Reconstruction Authors: Yingjie He , Zhaolu Kang , Kehan Jiang , Qianyuan Zhang , Jiachen Qian , Chunlei Meng , Yujie Feng , Yuan Wang , Jiabao Dou , Aming Wu , Leqi Zheng , Pengxiang Zhao , Jiaxin Liu , Zeyu Zhang , Lei Wang , Guansu Wang , Qishi Zhan , Xiaomin He , Meisheng Zhang , Jianyuan Ni Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) excel at semantic understanding, yet their ability to reconstruct internal structure from scrambled inputs remains underexplored. Sentence-level restoration is ill-posed for automated evaluation because multiple valid word orders often exist. We introduce OrderProbe, a deterministic benchmark for structural reconstruction using fixed four-character expressions in Chine… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) excel at semantic understanding, yet their ability to reconstruct internal structure from scrambled inputs remains underexplored. Sentence-level restoration is ill-posed for automated evaluation because multiple valid word orders often exist. We introduce OrderProbe, a deterministic benchmark for structural reconstruction using fixed four-character expressions in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, which have a unique canonical order and thus support exact-match scoring. We further propose a diagnostic framework that evaluates models beyond recovery accuracy, including semantic fidelity, logical validity, consistency, robustness sensitivity, and information density. Experiments on twelve widely used LLMs show that structural reconstruction remains difficult even for frontier systems: zero-shot recovery frequently falls below 35%. We also observe a consistent dissociation between semantic recall and structural planning, suggesting that structural robustness is not an automatic byproduct of semantic competence. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08621 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL GraphSearch: Agentic Search-Augmented Reasoning for Zero-Shot Graph Learning Authors: Jiajin Liu , Yuanfu Sun , Dongzhe Fan , Qiaoyu Tan Abstract : Recent advances in search-augmented large reasoning models (LRMs) enable the retrieval of external knowledge to reduce hallucinations in multistep reasoning. However, their ability to operate on graph-structured data, prevalent in domains such as e-commerce, social networks, and scientific citations, remains underexplored. Unlike plain text corpora, graphs encode rich topological signals that conn… ▽ More Recent advances in search-augmented large reasoning models (LRMs) enable the retrieval of external knowledge to reduce hallucinations in multistep reasoning. However, their ability to operate on graph-structured data, prevalent in domains such as e-commerce, social networks, and scientific citations, remains underexplored. Unlike plain text corpora, graphs encode rich topological signals that connect related entities and can serve as valuable priors for retrieval, enabling more targeted search and improved reasoning efficiency. Yet, effectively leveraging such structure poses unique challenges, including the difficulty of generating graph-expressive queries and ensuring reliable retrieval that balances structural and semantic relevance. To address this gap, we introduce GraphSearch, the first framework that extends search-augmented reasoning to graph learning, enabling zero-shot graph learning without task-specific fine-tuning. GraphSearch combines a Graph-aware Query Planner, which disentangles search space (e.g., 1-hop, multi-hop, or global neighbors) from semantic queries, with a Graph-aware Retriever, which constructs candidate sets based on topology and ranks them using a hybrid scoring function. We further instantiate two traversal modes: GraphSearch-R, which recursively expands neighborhoods hop by hop, and GraphSearch-F, which flexibly retrieves across local and global neighborhoods without hop constraints. Extensive experiments across diverse benchmarks show that GraphSearch achieves competitive or even superior performance compared to supervised graph learning methods, setting state-of-the-art results in zero-shot node classification and link prediction. These findings position GraphSearch as a flexible and generalizable paradigm for agentic reasoning over graphs. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 16 pages, 5 pages arXiv:2601.08621 [ pdf , ps , other ] GraphSearch: Agentic Search-Augmented Reasoning for Zero-Shot Graph Learning Authors: Jiajin Liu , Yuanfu Sun , Dongzhe Fan , Qiaoyu Tan Abstract : Recent advances in search-augmented large reasoning models (LRMs) enable the retrieval of external knowledge to reduce hallucinations in multistep reasoning. However, their ability to operate on graph-structured data, prevalent in domains such as e-commerce, social networks, and scientific citations, remains underexplored. Unlike plain text corpora, graphs encode rich topological signals that conn… ▽ More Recent advances in search-augmented large reasoning models (LRMs) enable the retrieval of external knowledge to reduce hallucinations in multistep reasoning. However, their ability to operate on graph-structured data, prevalent in domains such as e-commerce, social networks, and scientific citations, remains underexplored. Unlike plain text corpora, graphs encode rich topological signals that connect related entities and can serve as valuable priors for retrieval, enabling more targeted search and improved reasoning efficiency. Yet, effectively leveraging such structure poses unique challenges, including the difficulty of generating graph-expressive queries and ensuring reliable retrieval that balances structural and semantic relevance. To address this gap, we introduce GraphSearch, the first framework that extends search-augmented reasoning to graph learning, enabling zero-shot graph learning without task-specific fine-tuning. GraphSearch combines a Graph-aware Query Planner, which disentangles search space (e.g., 1-hop, multi-hop, or global neighbors) from semantic queries, with a Graph-aware Retriever, which constructs candidate sets based on topology and ranks them using a hybrid scoring function. We further instantiate two traversal modes: GraphSearch-R, which recursively expands neighborhoods hop by hop, and GraphSearch-F, which flexibly retrieves across local and global neighborhoods without hop constraints. Extensive experiments across diverse benchmarks show that GraphSearch achieves competitive or even superior performance compared to supervised graph learning methods, setting state-of-the-art results in zero-shot node classification and link prediction. These findings position GraphSearch as a flexible and generalizable paradigm for agentic reasoning over graphs. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 16 pages, 5 pages arXiv:2601.08408 [ pdf ] cs.CV cs.RO Edge-Optimized Multimodal Learning for UAV Video Understanding via BLIP-2 Authors: Yizhan Feng , Hichem Snoussi , Jing Teng , Jian Liu , Yuyang Wang , Abel Cherouat , Tian Wang Abstract : The demand for real-time visual understanding and interaction in complex scenarios is increasingly critical for unmanned aerial vehicles. However, a significant challenge arises from the contradiction between the high computational cost of large Vision language models and the limited computing resources available on UAV edge devices. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a lightweight mul… ▽ More The demand for real-time visual understanding and interaction in complex scenarios is increasingly critical for unmanned aerial vehicles. However, a significant challenge arises from the contradiction between the high computational cost of large Vision language models and the limited computing resources available on UAV edge devices. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a lightweight multimodal task platform based on BLIP-2, integrated with YOLO-World and YOLOv8-Seg models. This integration extends the multi-task capabilities of BLIP-2 for UAV applications with minimal adaptation and without requiring task-specific fine-tuning on drone data. Firstly, the deep integration of BLIP-2 with YOLO models enables it to leverage the precise perceptual results of YOLO for fundamental tasks like object detection and instance segmentation, thereby facilitating deeper visual-attention understanding and reasoning. Secondly, a content-aware key frame sampling mechanism based on K-Means clustering is designed, which incorporates intelligent frame selection and temporal feature concatenation. This equips the lightweight BLIP-2 architecture with the capability to handle video-level interactive tasks effectively. Thirdly, a unified prompt optimization scheme for multi-task adaptation is implemented. This scheme strategically injects structured event logs from the YOLO models as contextual information into BLIP-2's input. Combined with output constraints designed to filter out technical details, this approach effectively guides the model to generate accurate and contextually relevant outputs for various tasks. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: The Tenth International Conference on Data Mining and Big Data (DMBD'2025) arXiv:2601.08408 [ pdf ] Edge-Optimized Multimodal Learning for UAV Video Understanding via BLIP-2 Authors: Yizhan Feng , Hichem Snoussi , Jing Teng , Jian Liu , Yuyang Wang , Abel Cherouat , Tian Wang Abstract : The demand for real-time visual understanding and interaction in complex scenarios is increasingly critical for unmanned aerial vehicles. However, a significant challenge arises from the contradiction between the high computational cost of large Vision language models and the limited computing resources available on UAV edge devices. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a lightweight mul… ▽ More The demand for real-time visual understanding and interaction in complex scenarios is increasingly critical for unmanned aerial vehicles. However, a significant challenge arises from the contradiction between the high computational cost of large Vision language models and the limited computing resources available on UAV edge devices. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a lightweight multimodal task platform based on BLIP-2, integrated with YOLO-World and YOLOv8-Seg models. This integration extends the multi-task capabilities of BLIP-2 for UAV applications with minimal adaptation and without requiring task-specific fine-tuning on drone data. Firstly, the deep integration of BLIP-2 with YOLO models enables it to leverage the precise perceptual results of YOLO for fundamental tasks like object detection and instance segmentation, thereby facilitating deeper visual-attention understanding and reasoning. Secondly, a content-aware key frame sampling mechanism based on K-Means clustering is designed, which incorporates intelligent frame selection and temporal feature concatenation. This equips the lightweight BLIP-2 architecture with the capability to handle video-level interactive tasks effectively. Thirdly, a unified prompt optimization scheme for multi-task adaptation is implemented. This scheme strategically injects structured event logs from the YOLO models as contextual information into BLIP-2's input. Combined with output constraints designed to filter out technical details, this approach effectively guides the model to generate accurate and contextually relevant outputs for various tasks. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: The Tenth International Conference on Data Mining and Big Data (DMBD'2025) arXiv:2601.08393 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Controlled LLM Training on Spectral Sphere Authors: Tian Xie , Haoming Luo , Haoyu Tang , Yiwen Hu , Jason Klein Liu , Qingnan Ren , Yang Wang , Wayne Xin Zhao , Rui Yan , Bing Su , Chong Luo , Baining Guo Abstract : Scaling large models requires optimization strategies that ensure rapid convergence grounded in stability. Maximal Update Parametrization ($\boldsymbolμ$P) provides a theoretical safeguard for width-invariant $Θ(1)$ activation control, whereas emerging optimizers like Muon are only ``half-aligned'' with these constraints: they control updates but allow weights to drift. To address this limitation,… ▽ More Scaling large models requires optimization strategies that ensure rapid convergence grounded in stability. Maximal Update Parametrization ($\boldsymbolμ$P) provides a theoretical safeguard for width-invariant $Θ(1)$ activation control, whereas emerging optimizers like Muon are only ``half-aligned'' with these constraints: they control updates but allow weights to drift. To address this limitation, we introduce the \textbf{Spectral Sphere Optimizer (SSO)}, which enforces strict module-wise spectral constraints on both weights and their updates. By deriving the steepest descent direction on the spectral sphere, SSO realizes a fully $\boldsymbolμ$P-aligned optimization process. To enable large-scale training, we implement SSO as an efficient parallel algorithm within Megatron. Through extensive pretraining on diverse architectures, including Dense 1.7B, MoE 8B-A1B, and 200-layer DeepNet models, SSO consistently outperforms AdamW and Muon. Furthermore, we observe significant practical stability benefits, including improved MoE router load balancing, suppressed outliers, and strictly bounded activations. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08393 [ pdf , ps , other ] Controlled LLM Training on Spectral Sphere Authors: Tian Xie , Haoming Luo , Haoyu Tang , Yiwen Hu , Jason Klein Liu , Qingnan Ren , Yang Wang , Wayne Xin Zhao , Rui Yan , Bing Su , Chong Luo , Baining Guo Abstract : Scaling large models requires optimization strategies that ensure rapid convergence grounded in stability. Maximal Update Parametrization ($\boldsymbolμ$P) provides a theoretical safeguard for width-invariant $Θ(1)$ activation control, whereas emerging optimizers like Muon are only ``half-aligned'' with these constraints: they control updates but allow weights to drift. To address this limitation,… ▽ More Scaling large models requires optimization strategies that ensure rapid convergence grounded in stability. Maximal Update Parametrization ($\boldsymbolμ$P) provides a theoretical safeguard for width-invariant $Θ(1)$ activation control, whereas emerging optimizers like Muon are only ``half-aligned'' with these constraints: they control updates but allow weights to drift. To address this limitation, we introduce the \textbf{Spectral Sphere Optimizer (SSO)}, which enforces strict module-wise spectral constraints on both weights and their updates. By deriving the steepest descent direction on the spectral sphere, SSO realizes a fully $\boldsymbolμ$P-aligned optimization process. To enable large-scale training, we implement SSO as an efficient parallel algorithm within Megatron. Through extensive pretraining on diverse architectures, including Dense 1.7B, MoE 8B-A1B, and 200-layer DeepNet models, SSO consistently outperforms AdamW and Muon. Furthermore, we observe significant practical stability benefits, including improved MoE router load balancing, suppressed outliers, and strictly bounded activations. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08336 [ pdf ] cs.CV Tissue Classification and Whole-Slide Images Analysis via Modeling of the Tumor Microenvironment and Biological Pathways Authors: Junzhuo Liu , Xuemei Du , Daniel Reisenbuchler , Ye Chen , Markus Eckstein , Christian Matek , Friedrich Feuerhake , Dorit Merhof Abstract : Automatic integration of whole slide images (WSIs) and gene expression profiles has demonstrated substantial potential in precision clinical diagnosis and cancer progression studies. However, most existing studies focus on individual gene sequences and slide level classification tasks, with limited attention to spatial transcriptomics and patch level applications. To address this limitation, we pr… ▽ More Automatic integration of whole slide images (WSIs) and gene expression profiles has demonstrated substantial potential in precision clinical diagnosis and cancer progression studies. However, most existing studies focus on individual gene sequences and slide level classification tasks, with limited attention to spatial transcriptomics and patch level applications. To address this limitation, we propose a multimodal network, BioMorphNet, which automatically integrates tissue morphological features and spatial gene expression to support tissue classification and differential gene analysis. For considering morphological features, BioMorphNet constructs a graph to model the relationships between target patches and their neighbors, and adjusts the response strength based on morphological and molecular level similarity, to better characterize the tumor microenvironment. In terms of multimodal interactions, BioMorphNet derives clinical pathway features from spatial transcriptomic data based on a predefined pathway database, serving as a bridge between tissue morphology and gene expression. In addition, a novel learnable pathway module is designed to automatically simulate the biological pathway formation process, providing a complementary representation to existing clinical pathways. Compared with the latest morphology gene multimodal methods, BioMorphNet's average classification metrics improve by 2.67%, 5.48%, and 6.29% for prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer datasets, respectively. BioMorphNet not only classifies tissue categories within WSIs accurately to support tumor localization, but also analyzes differential gene expression between tissue categories based on prediction confidence, contributing to the discovery of potential tumor biomarkers. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 19 pages, 8 figures. This work has been submitted to the IEEE for possible publication arXiv:2601.08336 [ pdf ] Tissue Classification and Whole-Slide Images Analysis via Modeling of the Tumor Microenvironment and Biological Pathways Authors: Junzhuo Liu , Xuemei Du , Daniel Reisenbuchler , Ye Chen , Markus Eckstein , Christian Matek , Friedrich Feuerhake , Dorit Merhof Abstract : Automatic integration of whole slide images (WSIs) and gene expression profiles has demonstrated substantial potential in precision clinical diagnosis and cancer progression studies. However, most existing studies focus on individual gene sequences and slide level classification tasks, with limited attention to spatial transcriptomics and patch level applications. To address this limitation, we pr… ▽ More Automatic integration of whole slide images (WSIs) and gene expression profiles has demonstrated substantial potential in precision clinical diagnosis and cancer progression studies. However, most existing studies focus on individual gene sequences and slide level classification tasks, with limited attention to spatial transcriptomics and patch level applications. To address this limitation, we propose a multimodal network, BioMorphNet, which automatically integrates tissue morphological features and spatial gene expression to support tissue classification and differential gene analysis. For considering morphological features, BioMorphNet constructs a graph to model the relationships between target patches and their neighbors, and adjusts the response strength based on morphological and molecular level similarity, to better characterize the tumor microenvironment. In terms of multimodal interactions, BioMorphNet derives clinical pathway features from spatial transcriptomic data based on a predefined pathway database, serving as a bridge between tissue morphology and gene expression. In addition, a novel learnable pathway module is designed to automatically simulate the biological pathway formation process, providing a complementary representation to existing clinical pathways. Compared with the latest morphology gene multimodal methods, BioMorphNet's average classification metrics improve by 2.67%, 5.48%, and 6.29% for prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer datasets, respectively. BioMorphNet not only classifies tissue categories within WSIs accurately to support tumor localization, but also analyzes differential gene expression between tissue categories based on prediction confidence, contributing to the discovery of potential tumor biomarkers. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 19 pages, 8 figures. This work has been submitted to the IEEE for possible publication arXiv:2601.07462 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV From Sketch to Fresco: Efficient Diffusion Transformer with Progressive Resolution Authors: Shikang Zheng , Guantao Chen , Lixuan He , Jiacheng Liu , Yuqi Lin , Chang Zou , Linfeng Zhang Abstract : Diffusion Transformers achieve impressive generative quality but remain computationally expensive due to iterative sampling. Recently, dynamic resolution sampling has emerged as a promising acceleration technique by reducing the resolution of early sampling steps. However, existing methods rely on heuristic re-noising at every resolution transition, injecting noise that breaks cross-stage consiste… ▽ More Diffusion Transformers achieve impressive generative quality but remain computationally expensive due to iterative sampling. Recently, dynamic resolution sampling has emerged as a promising acceleration technique by reducing the resolution of early sampling steps. However, existing methods rely on heuristic re-noising at every resolution transition, injecting noise that breaks cross-stage consistency and forces the model to relearn global structure. In addition, these methods indiscriminately upsample the entire latent space at once without checking which regions have actually converged, causing accumulated errors, and visible artifacts. Therefore, we propose \textbf{Fresco}, a dynamic resolution framework that unifies re-noise and global structure across stages with progressive upsampling, preserving both the efficiency of low-resolution drafting and the fidelity of high-resolution refinement, with all stages aligned toward the same final target. Fresco achieves near-lossless acceleration across diverse domains and models, including 10$\times$ speedup on FLUX, and 5$\times$ on HunyuanVideo, while remaining orthogonal to distillation, quantization and feature caching, reaching 22$\times$ speedup when combined with distilled models. Our code is in supplementary material and will be released on Github. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07462 [ pdf , ps , other ] From Sketch to Fresco: Efficient Diffusion Transformer with Progressive Resolution Authors: Shikang Zheng , Guantao Chen , Lixuan He , Jiacheng Liu , Yuqi Lin , Chang Zou , Linfeng Zhang Abstract : Diffusion Transformers achieve impressive generative quality but remain computationally expensive due to iterative sampling. Recently, dynamic resolution sampling has emerged as a promising acceleration technique by reducing the resolution of early sampling steps. However, existing methods rely on heuristic re-noising at every resolution transition, injecting noise that breaks cross-stage consiste… ▽ More Diffusion Transformers achieve impressive generative quality but remain computationally expensive due to iterative sampling. Recently, dynamic resolution sampling has emerged as a promising acceleration technique by reducing the resolution of early sampling steps. However, existing methods rely on heuristic re-noising at every resolution transition, injecting noise that breaks cross-stage consistency and forces the model to relearn global structure. In addition, these methods indiscriminately upsample the entire latent space at once without checking which regions have actually converged, causing accumulated errors, and visible artifacts. Therefore, we propose \textbf{Fresco}, a dynamic resolution framework that unifies re-noise and global structure across stages with progressive upsampling, preserving both the efficiency of low-resolution drafting and the fidelity of high-resolution refinement, with all stages aligned toward the same final target. Fresco achieves near-lossless acceleration across diverse domains and models, including 10$\times$ speedup on FLUX, and 5$\times$ on HunyuanVideo, while remaining orthogonal to distillation, quantization and feature caching, reaching 22$\times$ speedup when combined with distilled models. Our code is in supplementary material and will be released on Github. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07348 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.NE Controlled Self-Evolution for Algorithmic Code Optimization Authors: Tu Hu , Ronghao Chen , Shuo Zhang , Jianghao Yin , Mou Xiao Feng , Jingping Liu , Shaolei Zhang , Wenqi Jiang , Yuqi Fang , Sen Hu , Huacan Wang , Yi Xu Abstract : Self-evolution methods enhance code generation through iterative "generate-verify-refine" cycles, yet existing approaches suffer from low exploration efficiency, failing to discover solutions with superior complexity within limited budgets. This inefficiency stems from initialization bias trapping evolution in poor solution regions, uncontrolled stochastic operations lacking feedback guidance, and… ▽ More Self-evolution methods enhance code generation through iterative "generate-verify-refine" cycles, yet existing approaches suffer from low exploration efficiency, failing to discover solutions with superior complexity within limited budgets. This inefficiency stems from initialization bias trapping evolution in poor solution regions, uncontrolled stochastic operations lacking feedback guidance, and insufficient experience utilization across tasks. To address these bottlenecks, we propose Controlled Self-Evolution (CSE), which consists of three key components. Diversified Planning Initialization generates structurally distinct algorithmic strategies for broad solution space coverage. Genetic Evolution replaces stochastic operations with feedback-guided mechanisms, enabling targeted mutation and compositional crossover. Hierarchical Evolution Memory captures both successful and failed experiences at inter-task and intra-task levels. Experiments on EffiBench-X demonstrate that CSE consistently outperforms all baselines across various LLM backbones. Furthermore, CSE achieves higher efficiency from early generations and maintains continuous improvement throughout evolution. Our code is publicly available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 27 pages arXiv:2601.07348 [ pdf , ps , other ] Controlled Self-Evolution for Algorithmic Code Optimization Authors: Tu Hu , Ronghao Chen , Shuo Zhang , Jianghao Yin , Mou Xiao Feng , Jingping Liu , Shaolei Zhang , Wenqi Jiang , Yuqi Fang , Sen Hu , Huacan Wang , Yi Xu Abstract : Self-evolution methods enhance code generation through iterative "generate-verify-refine" cycles, yet existing approaches suffer from low exploration efficiency, failing to discover solutions with superior complexity within limited budgets. This inefficiency stems from initialization bias trapping evolution in poor solution regions, uncontrolled stochastic operations lacking feedback guidance, and… ▽ More Self-evolution methods enhance code generation through iterative "generate-verify-refine" cycles, yet existing approaches suffer from low exploration efficiency, failing to discover solutions with superior complexity within limited budgets. This inefficiency stems from initialization bias trapping evolution in poor solution regions, uncontrolled stochastic operations lacking feedback guidance, and insufficient experience utilization across tasks. To address these bottlenecks, we propose Controlled Self-Evolution (CSE), which consists of three key components. Diversified Planning Initialization generates structurally distinct algorithmic strategies for broad solution space coverage. Genetic Evolution replaces stochastic operations with feedback-guided mechanisms, enabling targeted mutation and compositional crossover. Hierarchical Evolution Memory captures both successful and failed experiences at inter-task and intra-task levels. Experiments on EffiBench-X demonstrate that CSE consistently outperforms all baselines across various LLM backbones. Furthermore, CSE achieves higher efficiency from early generations and maintains continuous improvement throughout evolution. Our code is publicly available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 27 pages arXiv:2601.07344 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI PulseMind: A Multi-Modal Medical Model for Real-World Clinical Diagnosis Authors: Jiao Xu , Junwei Liu , Jiangwei Lao , Qi Zhu , Yunpeng Zhao , Congyun Jin , Shinan Liu , Zhihong Lu , Lihe Zhang , Xin Chen , Jian Wang , Ping Wang Abstract : Recent advances in medical multi-modal models focus on specialized image analysis like dermatology, pathology, or radiology. However, they do not fully capture the complexity of real-world clinical diagnostics, which involve heterogeneous inputs and require ongoing contextual understanding during patient-physician interactions. To bridge this gap, we introduce PulseMind, a new family of multi-moda… ▽ More Recent advances in medical multi-modal models focus on specialized image analysis like dermatology, pathology, or radiology. However, they do not fully capture the complexity of real-world clinical diagnostics, which involve heterogeneous inputs and require ongoing contextual understanding during patient-physician interactions. To bridge this gap, we introduce PulseMind, a new family of multi-modal diagnostic models that integrates a systematically curated dataset, a comprehensive evaluation benchmark, and a tailored training framework. Specifically, we first construct a diagnostic dataset, MediScope, which comprises 98,000 real-world multi-turn consultations and 601,500 medical images, spanning over 10 major clinical departments and more than 200 sub-specialties. Then, to better reflect the requirements of real-world clinical diagnosis, we develop the PulseMind Benchmark, a multi-turn diagnostic consultation benchmark with a four-dimensional evaluation protocol comprising proactiveness, accuracy, usefulness, and language quality. Finally, we design a training framework tailored for multi-modal clinical diagnostics, centered around a core component named Comparison-based Reinforcement Policy Optimization (CRPO). Compared to absolute score rewards, CRPO uses relative preference signals from multi-dimensional com-parisons to provide stable and human-aligned training guidance. Extensive experiments demonstrate that PulseMind achieves competitive performance on both the diagnostic consultation benchmark and public medical benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted to AAAI 2026 arXiv:2601.07344 [ pdf , ps , other ] PulseMind: A Multi-Modal Medical Model for Real-World Clinical Diagnosis Authors: Jiao Xu , Junwei Liu , Jiangwei Lao , Qi Zhu , Yunpeng Zhao , Congyun Jin , Shinan Liu , Zhihong Lu , Lihe Zhang , Xin Chen , Jian Wang , Ping Wang Abstract : Recent advances in medical multi-modal models focus on specialized image analysis like dermatology, pathology, or radiology. However, they do not fully capture the complexity of real-world clinical diagnostics, which involve heterogeneous inputs and require ongoing contextual understanding during patient-physician interactions. To bridge this gap, we introduce PulseMind, a new family of multi-moda… ▽ More Recent advances in medical multi-modal models focus on specialized image analysis like dermatology, pathology, or radiology. However, they do not fully capture the complexity of real-world clinical diagnostics, which involve heterogeneous inputs and require ongoing contextual understanding during patient-physician interactions. To bridge this gap, we introduce PulseMind, a new family of multi-modal diagnostic models that integrates a systematically curated dataset, a comprehensive evaluation benchmark, and a tailored training framework. Specifically, we first construct a diagnostic dataset, MediScope, which comprises 98,000 real-world multi-turn consultations and 601,500 medical images, spanning over 10 major clinical departments and more than 200 sub-specialties. Then, to better reflect the requirements of real-world clinical diagnosis, we develop the PulseMind Benchmark, a multi-turn diagnostic consultation benchmark with a four-dimensional evaluation protocol comprising proactiveness, accuracy, usefulness, and language quality. Finally, we design a training framework tailored for multi-modal clinical diagnostics, centered around a core component named Comparison-based Reinforcement Policy Optimization (CRPO). Compared to absolute score rewards, CRPO uses relative preference signals from multi-dimensional com-parisons to provide stable and human-aligned training guidance. Extensive experiments demonstrate that PulseMind achieves competitive performance on both the diagnostic consultation benchmark and public medical benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted to AAAI 2026 arXiv:2601.07178 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI DIVER: Dynamic Iterative Visual Evidence Reasoning for Multimodal Fake News Detection Authors: Weilin Zhou , Zonghao Ying , Chunlei Meng , Jiahui Liu , Hengyang Zhou , Quanchen Zou , Deyue Zhang , Dongdong Yang , Xiangzheng Zhang Abstract : Multimodal fake news detection is crucial for mitigating adversarial misinformation. Existing methods, relying on static fusion or LLMs, face computational redundancy and hallucination risks due to weak visual foundations. To address this, we propose DIVER (Dynamic Iterative Visual Evidence Reasoning), a framework grounded in a progressive, evidence-driven reasoning paradigm. DIVER first establish… ▽ More Multimodal fake news detection is crucial for mitigating adversarial misinformation. Existing methods, relying on static fusion or LLMs, face computational redundancy and hallucination risks due to weak visual foundations. To address this, we propose DIVER (Dynamic Iterative Visual Evidence Reasoning), a framework grounded in a progressive, evidence-driven reasoning paradigm. DIVER first establishes a strong text-based baseline through language analysis, leveraging intra-modal consistency to filter unreliable or hallucinated claims. Only when textual evidence is insufficient does the framework introduce visual information, where inter-modal alignment verification adaptively determines whether deeper visual inspection is necessary. For samples exhibiting significant cross-modal semantic discrepancies, DIVER selectively invokes fine-grained visual tools (e.g., OCR and dense captioning) to extract task-relevant evidence, which is iteratively aggregated via uncertainty-aware fusion to refine multimodal reasoning. Experiments on Weibo, Weibo21, and GossipCop demonstrate that DIVER outperforms state-of-the-art baselines by an average of 2.72\%, while optimizing inference efficiency with a reduced latency of 4.12 s. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages arXiv:2601.07178 [ pdf , ps , other ] DIVER: Dynamic Iterative Visual Evidence Reasoning for Multimodal Fake News Detection Authors: Weilin Zhou , Zonghao Ying , Chunlei Meng , Jiahui Liu , Hengyang Zhou , Quanchen Zou , Deyue Zhang , Dongdong Yang , Xiangzheng Zhang Abstract : Multimodal fake news detection is crucial for mitigating adversarial misinformation. Existing methods, relying on static fusion or LLMs, face computational redundancy and hallucination risks due to weak visual foundations. To address this, we propose DIVER (Dynamic Iterative Visual Evidence Reasoning), a framework grounded in a progressive, evidence-driven reasoning paradigm. DIVER first establish… ▽ More Multimodal fake news detection is crucial for mitigating adversarial misinformation. Existing methods, relying on static fusion or LLMs, face computational redundancy and hallucination risks due to weak visual foundations. To address this, we propose DIVER (Dynamic Iterative Visual Evidence Reasoning), a framework grounded in a progressive, evidence-driven reasoning paradigm. DIVER first establishes a strong text-based baseline through language analysis, leveraging intra-modal consistency to filter unreliable or hallucinated claims. Only when textual evidence is insufficient does the framework introduce visual information, where inter-modal alignment verification adaptively determines whether deeper visual inspection is necessary. For samples exhibiting significant cross-modal semantic discrepancies, DIVER selectively invokes fine-grained visual tools (e.g., OCR and dense captioning) to extract task-relevant evidence, which is iteratively aggregated via uncertainty-aware fusion to refine multimodal reasoning. Experiments on Weibo, Weibo21, and GossipCop demonstrate that DIVER outperforms state-of-the-art baselines by an average of 2.72\%, while optimizing inference efficiency with a reduced latency of 4.12 s. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages arXiv:2601.06866 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR United We Defend: Collaborative Membership Inference Defenses in Federated Learning Authors: Li Bai , Junxu Liu , Sen Zhang , Xinwei Zhang , Qingqing Ye , Haibo Hu Abstract : Membership inference attacks (MIAs), which determine whether a specific data point was included in the training set of a target model, have posed severe threats in federated learning (FL). Unfortunately, existing MIA defenses, typically applied independently to each client in FL, are ineffective against powerful trajectory-based MIAs that exploit temporal information throughout the training proces… ▽ More Membership inference attacks (MIAs), which determine whether a specific data point was included in the training set of a target model, have posed severe threats in federated learning (FL). Unfortunately, existing MIA defenses, typically applied independently to each client in FL, are ineffective against powerful trajectory-based MIAs that exploit temporal information throughout the training process to infer membership status. In this paper, we investigate a new FL defense scenario driven by heterogeneous privacy needs and privacy-utility trade-offs, where only a subset of clients are defended, as well as a collaborative defense mode where clients cooperate to mitigate membership privacy leakage. To this end, we introduce CoFedMID, a collaborative defense framework against MIAs in FL, which limits local model memorization of training samples and, through a defender coalition, enhances privacy protection and model utility. Specifically, CoFedMID consists of three modules: a class-guided partition module for selective local training samples, a utility-aware compensation module to recycle contributive samples and prevent their overconfidence, and an aggregation-neutral perturbation module that injects noise for cancellation at the coalition level into client updates. Extensive experiments on three datasets show that our defense framework significantly reduces the performance of seven MIAs while incurring only a small utility loss. These results are consistently verified across various defense settings. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by USENIX Security 2026 arXiv:2601.06866 [ pdf , ps , other ] United We Defend: Collaborative Membership Inference Defenses in Federated Learning Authors: Li Bai , Junxu Liu , Sen Zhang , Xinwei Zhang , Qingqing Ye , Haibo Hu Abstract : Membership inference attacks (MIAs), which determine whether a specific data point was included in the training set of a target model, have posed severe threats in federated learning (FL). Unfortunately, existing MIA defenses, typically applied independently to each client in FL, are ineffective against powerful trajectory-based MIAs that exploit temporal information throughout the training proces… ▽ More Membership inference attacks (MIAs), which determine whether a specific data point was included in the training set of a target model, have posed severe threats in federated learning (FL). Unfortunately, existing MIA defenses, typically applied independently to each client in FL, are ineffective against powerful trajectory-based MIAs that exploit temporal information throughout the training process to infer membership status. In this paper, we investigate a new FL defense scenario driven by heterogeneous privacy needs and privacy-utility trade-offs, where only a subset of clients are defended, as well as a collaborative defense mode where clients cooperate to mitigate membership privacy leakage. To this end, we introduce CoFedMID, a collaborative defense framework against MIAs in FL, which limits local model memorization of training samples and, through a defender coalition, enhances privacy protection and model utility. Specifically, CoFedMID consists of three modules: a class-guided partition module for selective local training samples, a utility-aware compensation module to recycle contributive samples and prevent their overconfidence, and an aggregation-neutral perturbation module that injects noise for cancellation at the coalition level into client updates. Extensive experiments on three datasets show that our defense framework significantly reduces the performance of seven MIAs while incurring only a small utility loss. These results are consistently verified across various defense settings. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by USENIX Security 2026 arXiv:2601.06843 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.CL Speak While Watching: Unleashing TRUE Real-Time Video Understanding Capability of Multimodal Large Language Models Authors: Junyan Lin , Junlong Tong , Hao Wu , Jialiang Zhang , Jinming Liu , Xin Jin , Xiaoyu Shen Abstract : Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved strong performance across many tasks, yet most systems remain limited to offline inference, requiring complete inputs before generating outputs. Recent streaming methods reduce latency by interleaving perception and generation, but still enforce a sequential perception-generation cycle, limiting real-time interaction. In this work, we target a… ▽ More Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved strong performance across many tasks, yet most systems remain limited to offline inference, requiring complete inputs before generating outputs. Recent streaming methods reduce latency by interleaving perception and generation, but still enforce a sequential perception-generation cycle, limiting real-time interaction. In this work, we target a fundamental bottleneck that arises when extending MLLMs to real-time video understanding: the global positional continuity constraint imposed by standard positional encoding schemes. While natural in offline inference, this constraint tightly couples perception and generation, preventing effective input-output parallelism. To address this limitation, we propose a parallel streaming framework that relaxes positional continuity through three designs: Overlapped, Group-Decoupled, and Gap-Isolated. These designs enable simultaneous perception and generation, allowing the model to process incoming inputs while producing responses in real time. Extensive experiments reveal that Group-Decoupled achieves the best efficiency-performance balance, maintaining high fluency and accuracy while significantly reducing latency. We further show that the proposed framework yields up to 2x acceleration under balanced perception-generation workloads, establishing a principled pathway toward speak-while-watching real-time systems. We make all our code publicly available: △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06843 [ pdf , ps , other ] Speak While Watching: Unleashing TRUE Real-Time Video Understanding Capability of Multimodal Large Language Models Authors: Junyan Lin , Junlong Tong , Hao Wu , Jialiang Zhang , Jinming Liu , Xin Jin , Xiaoyu Shen Abstract : Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved strong performance across many tasks, yet most systems remain limited to offline inference, requiring complete inputs before generating outputs. Recent streaming methods reduce latency by interleaving perception and generation, but still enforce a sequential perception-generation cycle, limiting real-time interaction. In this work, we target a… ▽ More Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved strong performance across many tasks, yet most systems remain limited to offline inference, requiring complete inputs before generating outputs. Recent streaming methods reduce latency by interleaving perception and generation, but still enforce a sequential perception-generation cycle, limiting real-time interaction. In this work, we target a fundamental bottleneck that arises when extending MLLMs to real-time video understanding: the global positional continuity constraint imposed by standard positional encoding schemes. While natural in offline inference, this constraint tightly couples perception and generation, preventing effective input-output parallelism. To address this limitation, we propose a parallel streaming framework that relaxes positional continuity through three designs: Overlapped, Group-Decoupled, and Gap-Isolated. These designs enable simultaneous perception and generation, allowing the model to process incoming inputs while producing responses in real time. Extensive experiments reveal that Group-Decoupled achieves the best efficiency-performance balance, maintaining high fluency and accuracy while significantly reducing latency. We further show that the proposed framework yields up to 2x acceleration under balanced perception-generation workloads, establishing a principled pathway toward speak-while-watching real-time systems. We make all our code publicly available: △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06827 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL PDR: A Plug-and-Play Positional Decay Framework for LLM Pre-training Data Detection Authors: Jinhan Liu , Yibo Yang , Ruiying Lu , Piotr Piekos , Yimeng Chen , Peng Wang , Dandan Guo Abstract : Detecting pre-training data in Large Language Models (LLMs) is crucial for auditing data privacy and copyright compliance, yet it remains challenging in black-box, zero-shot settings where computational resources and training data are scarce. While existing likelihood-based methods have shown promise, they typically aggregate token-level scores using uniform weights, thereby neglecting the inheren… ▽ More Detecting pre-training data in Large Language Models (LLMs) is crucial for auditing data privacy and copyright compliance, yet it remains challenging in black-box, zero-shot settings where computational resources and training data are scarce. While existing likelihood-based methods have shown promise, they typically aggregate token-level scores using uniform weights, thereby neglecting the inherent information-theoretic dynamics of autoregressive generation. In this paper, we hypothesize and empirically validate that memorization signals are heavily skewed towards the high-entropy initial tokens, where model uncertainty is highest, and decay as context accumulates. To leverage this linguistic property, we introduce Positional Decay Reweighting (PDR), a training-free and plug-and-play framework. PDR explicitly reweights token-level scores to amplify distinct signals from early positions while suppressing noise from later ones. Extensive experiments show that PDR acts as a robust prior and can usually enhance a wide range of advanced methods across multiple benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06827 [ pdf , ps , other ] PDR: A Plug-and-Play Positional Decay Framework for LLM Pre-training Data Detection Authors: Jinhan Liu , Yibo Yang , Ruiying Lu , Piotr Piekos , Yimeng Chen , Peng Wang , Dandan Guo Abstract : Detecting pre-training data in Large Language Models (LLMs) is crucial for auditing data privacy and copyright compliance, yet it remains challenging in black-box, zero-shot settings where computational resources and training data are scarce. While existing likelihood-based methods have shown promise, they typically aggregate token-level scores using uniform weights, thereby neglecting the inheren… ▽ More Detecting pre-training data in Large Language Models (LLMs) is crucial for auditing data privacy and copyright compliance, yet it remains challenging in black-box, zero-shot settings where computational resources and training data are scarce. While existing likelihood-based methods have shown promise, they typically aggregate token-level scores using uniform weights, thereby neglecting the inherent information-theoretic dynamics of autoregressive generation. In this paper, we hypothesize and empirically validate that memorization signals are heavily skewed towards the high-entropy initial tokens, where model uncertainty is highest, and decay as context accumulates. To leverage this linguistic property, we introduce Positional Decay Reweighting (PDR), a training-free and plug-and-play framework. PDR explicitly reweights token-level scores to amplify distinct signals from early positions while suppressing noise from later ones. Extensive experiments show that PDR acts as a robust prior and can usually enhance a wide range of advanced methods across multiple benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06788 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI quant-ph stat.ML Artificial Entanglement in the Fine-Tuning of Large Language Models Authors: Min Chen , Zihan Wang , Canyu Chen , Zeguan Wu , Manling Li , Junyu Liu Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) can be adapted to new tasks using parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods that modify only a small number of trainable parameters, often through low-rank updates. In this work, we adopt a quantum-information-inspired perspective to understand their effectiveness. From this perspective, low-rank parameterizations naturally correspond to low-dimensional Matrix Pro… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) can be adapted to new tasks using parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods that modify only a small number of trainable parameters, often through low-rank updates. In this work, we adopt a quantum-information-inspired perspective to understand their effectiveness. From this perspective, low-rank parameterizations naturally correspond to low-dimensional Matrix Product States (MPS) representations, which enable entanglement-based characterizations of parameter structure. Thereby, we term and measure "Artificial Entanglement", defined as the entanglement entropy of the parameters in artificial neural networks (in particular the LLMs). We first study the representative low-rank adaptation (LoRA) PEFT method, alongside full fine-tuning (FFT), using LLaMA models at the 1B and 8B scales trained on the Tulu3 and OpenThoughts3 datasets, and uncover: (i) Internal artificial entanglement in the updates of query and value projection matrices in LoRA follows a volume law with a central suppression (termed as the "Entanglement Valley"), which is sensitive to hyper-parameters and is distinct from that in FFT; (ii) External artificial entanglement in attention matrices, corresponding to token-token correlations in representation space, follows an area law with logarithmic corrections and remains robust to LoRA hyper-parameters and training steps. Drawing a parallel to the No-Hair Theorem in black hole physics, we propose that although LoRA and FFT induce distinct internal entanglement signatures, such differences do not manifest in the attention outputs, suggesting a "no-hair" property that results in the effectiveness of low rank updates. We further provide theoretical support based on random matrix theory, and extend our analysis to an MPS Adaptation PEFT method, which exhibits qualitatively similar behaviors. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 41 pages, many figures arXiv:2601.06788 [ pdf , ps , other ] Artificial Entanglement in the Fine-Tuning of Large Language Models Authors: Min Chen , Zihan Wang , Canyu Chen , Zeguan Wu , Manling Li , Junyu Liu Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) can be adapted to new tasks using parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods that modify only a small number of trainable parameters, often through low-rank updates. In this work, we adopt a quantum-information-inspired perspective to understand their effectiveness. From this perspective, low-rank parameterizations naturally correspond to low-dimensional Matrix Pro… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) can be adapted to new tasks using parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods that modify only a small number of trainable parameters, often through low-rank updates. In this work, we adopt a quantum-information-inspired perspective to understand their effectiveness. From this perspective, low-rank parameterizations naturally correspond to low-dimensional Matrix Product States (MPS) representations, which enable entanglement-based characterizations of parameter structure. Thereby, we term and measure "Artificial Entanglement", defined as the entanglement entropy of the parameters in artificial neural networks (in particular the LLMs). We first study the representative low-rank adaptation (LoRA) PEFT method, alongside full fine-tuning (FFT), using LLaMA models at the 1B and 8B scales trained on the Tulu3 and OpenThoughts3 datasets, and uncover: (i) Internal artificial entanglement in the updates of query and value projection matrices in LoRA follows a volume law with a central suppression (termed as the "Entanglement Valley"), which is sensitive to hyper-parameters and is distinct from that in FFT; (ii) External artificial entanglement in attention matrices, corresponding to token-token correlations in representation space, follows an area law with logarithmic corrections and remains robust to LoRA hyper-parameters and training steps. Drawing a parallel to the No-Hair Theorem in black hole physics, we propose that although LoRA and FFT induce distinct internal entanglement signatures, such differences do not manifest in the attention outputs, suggesting a "no-hair" property that results in the effectiveness of low rank updates. We further provide theoretical support based on random matrix theory, and extend our analysis to an MPS Adaptation PEFT method, which exhibits qualitatively similar behaviors. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 41 pages, many figures arXiv:2601.06750 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI cs.CL Benchmarking Egocentric Clinical Intent Understanding Capability for Medical Multimodal Large Language Models Authors: Shaonan Liu , Guo Yu , Xiaoling Luo , Shiyi Zheng , Wenting Chen , Jie Liu , Linlin Shen Abstract : Medical Multimodal Large Language Models (Med-MLLMs) require egocentric clinical intent understanding for real-world deployment, yet existing benchmarks fail to evaluate this critical capability. To address these challenges, we introduce MedGaze-Bench, the first benchmark leveraging clinician gaze as a Cognitive Cursor to assess intent understanding across surgery, emergency simulation, and diagno… ▽ More Medical Multimodal Large Language Models (Med-MLLMs) require egocentric clinical intent understanding for real-world deployment, yet existing benchmarks fail to evaluate this critical capability. To address these challenges, we introduce MedGaze-Bench, the first benchmark leveraging clinician gaze as a Cognitive Cursor to assess intent understanding across surgery, emergency simulation, and diagnostic interpretation. Our benchmark addresses three fundamental challenges: visual homogeneity of anatomical structures, strict temporal-causal dependencies in clinical workflows, and implicit adherence to safety protocols. We propose a Three-Dimensional Clinical Intent Framework evaluating: (1) Spatial Intent: discriminating precise targets amid visual noise, (2) Temporal Intent: inferring causal rationale through retrospective and prospective reasoning, and (3) Standard Intent: verifying protocol compliance through safety checks. Beyond accuracy metrics, we introduce Trap QA mechanisms to stress-test clinical reliability by penalizing hallucinations and cognitive sycophancy. Experiments reveal current MLLMs struggle with egocentric intent due to over-reliance on global features, leading to fabricated observations and uncritical acceptance of invalid instructions. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 16 pages, 4 figures arXiv:2601.06750 [ pdf , ps , other ] Benchmarking Egocentric Clinical Intent Understanding Capability for Medical Multimodal Large Language Models Authors: Shaonan Liu , Guo Yu , Xiaoling Luo , Shiyi Zheng , Wenting Chen , Jie Liu , Linlin Shen Abstract : Medical Multimodal Large Language Models (Med-MLLMs) require egocentric clinical intent understanding for real-world deployment, yet existing benchmarks fail to evaluate this critical capability. To address these challenges, we introduce MedGaze-Bench, the first benchmark leveraging clinician gaze as a Cognitive Cursor to assess intent understanding across surgery, emergency simulation, and diagno… ▽ More Medical Multimodal Large Language Models (Med-MLLMs) require egocentric clinical intent understanding for real-world deployment, yet existing benchmarks fail to evaluate this critical capability. To address these challenges, we introduce MedGaze-Bench, the first benchmark leveraging clinician gaze as a Cognitive Cursor to assess intent understanding across surgery, emergency simulation, and diagnostic interpretation. Our benchmark addresses three fundamental challenges: visual homogeneity of anatomical structures, strict temporal-causal dependencies in clinical workflows, and implicit adherence to safety protocols. We propose a Three-Dimensional Clinical Intent Framework evaluating: (1) Spatial Intent: discriminating precise targets amid visual noise, (2) Temporal Intent: inferring causal rationale through retrospective and prospective reasoning, and (3) Standard Intent: verifying protocol compliance through safety checks. Beyond accuracy metrics, we introduce Trap QA mechanisms to stress-test clinical reliability by penalizing hallucinations and cognitive sycophancy. Experiments reveal current MLLMs struggle with egocentric intent due to over-reliance on global features, leading to fabricated observations and uncritical acceptance of invalid instructions. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 16 pages, 4 figures arXiv:2601.06487 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI ArenaRL: Scaling RL for Open-Ended Agents via Tournament-based Relative Ranking Authors: Qiang Zhang , Boli Chen , Fanrui Zhang , Ruixue Ding , Shihang Wang , Qiuchen Wang , Yinfeng Huang , Haonan Zhang , Rongxiang Zhu , Pengyong Wang , Ailin Ren , Xin Li , Pengjun Xie , Jiawei Liu , Ning Guo , Jingren Zhou , Zheng-Jun Zha Abstract : Reinforcement learning has substantially improved the performance of LLM agents on tasks with verifiable outcomes, but it still struggles on open-ended agent tasks with vast solution spaces (e.g., complex travel planning). Due to the absence of objective ground-truth for these tasks, current RL algorithms largely rely on reward models that assign scalar scores to individual responses. We contend t… ▽ More Reinforcement learning has substantially improved the performance of LLM agents on tasks with verifiable outcomes, but it still struggles on open-ended agent tasks with vast solution spaces (e.g., complex travel planning). Due to the absence of objective ground-truth for these tasks, current RL algorithms largely rely on reward models that assign scalar scores to individual responses. We contend that such pointwise scoring suffers from an inherent discrimination collapse: the reward model struggles to distinguish subtle advantages among different trajectories, resulting in scores within a group being compressed into a narrow range. Consequently, the effective reward signal becomes dominated by noise from the reward model, leading to optimization stagnation. To address this, we propose ArenaRL, a reinforcement learning paradigm that shifts from pointwise scalar scoring to intra-group relative ranking. ArenaRL introduces a process-aware pairwise evaluation mechanism, employing multi-level rubrics to assign fine-grained relative scores to trajectories. Additionally, we construct an intra-group adversarial arena and devise a tournament-based ranking scheme to obtain stable advantage signals. Empirical results confirm that the built seeded single-elimination scheme achieves nearly equivalent advantage estimation accuracy to full pairwise comparisons with O(N^2) complexity, while operating with only O(N) complexity, striking an optimal balance between efficiency and precision. Furthermore, to address the lack of full-cycle benchmarks for open-ended agents, we build Open-Travel and Open-DeepResearch, two high-quality benchmarks featuring a comprehensive pipeline covering SFT, RL training, and multi-dimensional evaluation. Extensive experiments show that ArenaRL substantially outperforms standard RL baselines, enabling LLM agents to generate more robust solutions for complex real-world tasks. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06487 [ pdf , ps , other ] ArenaRL: Scaling RL for Open-Ended Agents via Tournament-based Relative Ranking Authors: Qiang Zhang , Boli Chen , Fanrui Zhang , Ruixue Ding , Shihang Wang , Qiuchen Wang , Yinfeng Huang , Haonan Zhang , Rongxiang Zhu , Pengyong Wang , Ailin Ren , Xin Li , Pengjun Xie , Jiawei Liu , Ning Guo , Jingren Zhou , Zheng-Jun Zha Abstract : Reinforcement learning has substantially improved the performance of LLM agents on tasks with verifiable outcomes, but it still struggles on open-ended agent tasks with vast solution spaces (e.g., complex travel planning). Due to the absence of objective ground-truth for these tasks, current RL algorithms largely rely on reward models that assign scalar scores to individual responses. We contend t… ▽ More Reinforcement learning has substantially improved the performance of LLM agents on tasks with verifiable outcomes, but it still struggles on open-ended agent tasks with vast solution spaces (e.g., complex travel planning). Due to the absence of objective ground-truth for these tasks, current RL algorithms largely rely on reward models that assign scalar scores to individual responses. We contend that such pointwise scoring suffers from an inherent discrimination collapse: the reward model struggles to distinguish subtle advantages among different trajectories, resulting in scores within a group being compressed into a narrow range. Consequently, the effective reward signal becomes dominated by noise from the reward model, leading to optimization stagnation. To address this, we propose ArenaRL, a reinforcement learning paradigm that shifts from pointwise scalar scoring to intra-group relative ranking. ArenaRL introduces a process-aware pairwise evaluation mechanism, employing multi-level rubrics to assign fine-grained relative scores to trajectories. Additionally, we construct an intra-group adversarial arena and devise a tournament-based ranking scheme to obtain stable advantage signals. Empirical results confirm that the built seeded single-elimination scheme achieves nearly equivalent advantage estimation accuracy to full pairwise comparisons with O(N^2) complexity, while operating with only O(N) complexity, striking an optimal balance between efficiency and precision. Furthermore, to address the lack of full-cycle benchmarks for open-ended agents, we build Open-Travel and Open-DeepResearch, two high-quality benchmarks featuring a comprehensive pipeline covering SFT, RL training, and multi-dimensional evaluation. Extensive experiments show that ArenaRL substantially outperforms standard RL baselines, enabling LLM agents to generate more robust solutions for complex real-world tasks. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06361 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL doi 10.1103/v3mp-7dwg Average shortest-path length in word-adjacency networks: Chinese versus English Authors: Jakub Dec , Michał Dolina , Stanisław Drożdż , Jarosław Kwapień , Jin Liu , Tomasz Stanisz Abstract : Complex networks provide powerful tools for analyzing and understanding the intricate structures present in various systems, including natural language. Here, we analyze topology of growing word-adjacency networks constructed from Chinese and English literary works written in different periods. Unconventionally, instead of considering dictionary words only, we also include punctuation marks as if… ▽ More Complex networks provide powerful tools for analyzing and understanding the intricate structures present in various systems, including natural language. Here, we analyze topology of growing word-adjacency networks constructed from Chinese and English literary works written in different periods. Unconventionally, instead of considering dictionary words only, we also include punctuation marks as if they were ordinary words. Our approach is based on two arguments: (1) punctuation carries genuine information related to emotional state, allows for logical grouping of content, provides a pause in reading, and facilitates understanding by avoiding ambiguity, and (2) our previous works have shown that punctuation marks behave like words in a Zipfian analysis and, if considered together with regular words, can improve authorship attribution in stylometric studies. We focus on a functional dependence of the average shortest path length $L(N)$ on a network size $N$ for different epochs and individual novels in their original language as well as for translations of selected novels into the other language. We approximate the empirical results with a growing network model and obtain satisfactory agreement between the two. We also observe that $L(N)$ behaves asymptotically similar for both languages if punctuation marks are included but becomes sizably larger for Chinese if punctuation marks are neglected. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Journal ref: Physical Review E 112, 064318 (2025) arXiv:2601.06361 [ pdf , ps , other ] Average shortest-path length in word-adjacency networks: Chinese versus English Authors: Jakub Dec , Michał Dolina , Stanisław Drożdż , Jarosław Kwapień , Jin Liu , Tomasz Stanisz Abstract : Complex networks provide powerful tools for analyzing and understanding the intricate structures present in various systems, including natural language. Here, we analyze topology of growing word-adjacency networks constructed from Chinese and English literary works written in different periods. Unconventionally, instead of considering dictionary words only, we also include punctuation marks as if… ▽ More Complex networks provide powerful tools for analyzing and understanding the intricate structures present in various systems, including natural language. Here, we analyze topology of growing word-adjacency networks constructed from Chinese and English literary works written in different periods. Unconventionally, instead of considering dictionary words only, we also include punctuation marks as if they were ordinary words. Our approach is based on two arguments: (1) punctuation carries genuine information related to emotional state, allows for logical grouping of content, provides a pause in reading, and facilitates understanding by avoiding ambiguity, and (2) our previous works have shown that punctuation marks behave like words in a Zipfian analysis and, if considered together with regular words, can improve authorship attribution in stylometric studies. We focus on a functional dependence of the average shortest path length $L(N)$ on a network size $N$ for different epochs and individual novels in their original language as well as for translations of selected novels into the other language. We approximate the empirical results with a growing network model and obtain satisfactory agreement between the two. We also observe that $L(N)$ behaves asymptotically similar for both languages if punctuation marks are included but becomes sizably larger for Chinese if punctuation marks are neglected. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Journal ref: Physical Review E 112, 064318 (2025) arXiv:2601.06193 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI cs.CL MLB: A Scenario-Driven Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models in Clinical Applications Authors: Qing He , Dongsheng Bi , Jianrong Lu , Minghui Yang , Zixiao Chen , Jiacheng Lu , Jing Chen , Nannan Du , Xiao Cu , Sijing Wu , Peng Xiang , Yinyin Hu , Yi Guo , Chunpu Li , Shaoyang Li , Zhuo Dong , Ming Jiang , Shuai Guo , Liyun Feng , Jin Peng , Jian Wang , Jinjie Gu , Junwei Liu Abstract : The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) presents transformative potential for healthcare, yet practical deployment is hindered by the absence of frameworks that assess real-world clinical utility. Existing benchmarks test static knowledge, failing to capture the dynamic, application-oriented capabilities required in clinical practice. To bridge this gap, we introduce a Medical LLM Benchm… ▽ More The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) presents transformative potential for healthcare, yet practical deployment is hindered by the absence of frameworks that assess real-world clinical utility. Existing benchmarks test static knowledge, failing to capture the dynamic, application-oriented capabilities required in clinical practice. To bridge this gap, we introduce a Medical LLM Benchmark MLB, a comprehensive benchmark evaluating LLMs on both foundational knowledge and scenario-based reasoning. MLB is structured around five core dimensions: Medical Knowledge (MedKQA), Safety and Ethics (MedSE), Medical Record Understanding (MedRU), Smart Services (SmartServ), and Smart Healthcare (SmartCare). The benchmark integrates 22 datasets (17 newly curated) from diverse Chinese clinical sources, covering 64 clinical specialties. Its design features a rigorous curation pipeline involving 300 licensed physicians. Besides, we provide a scalable evaluation methodology, centered on a specialized judge model trained via Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) on expert annotations. Our comprehensive evaluation of 10 leading models reveals a critical translational gap: while the top-ranked model, Kimi-K2-Instruct (77.3% accuracy overall), excels in structured tasks like information extraction (87.8% accuracy in MedRU), performance plummets in patient-facing scenarios (61.3% in SmartServ). Moreover, the exceptional safety score (90.6% in MedSE) of the much smaller Baichuan-M2-32B highlights that targeted training is equally critical. Our specialized judge model, trained via SFT on a 19k expert-annotated medical dataset, achieves 92.1% accuracy, an F1-score of 94.37%, and a Cohen's Kappa of 81.3% for human-AI consistency, validating a reproducible and expert-aligned evaluation protocol. MLB thus provides a rigorous framework to guide the development of clinically viable LLMs. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 11 pages, 4 figures, 5 tables arXiv:2601.06193 [ pdf , ps , other ] MLB: A Scenario-Driven Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models in Clinical Applications Authors: Qing He , Dongsheng Bi , Jianrong Lu , Minghui Yang , Zixiao Chen , Jiacheng Lu , Jing Chen , Nannan Du , Xiao Cu , Sijing Wu , Peng Xiang , Yinyin Hu , Yi Guo , Chunpu Li , Shaoyang Li , Zhuo Dong , Ming Jiang , Shuai Guo , Liyun Feng , Jin Peng , Jian Wang , Jinjie Gu , Junwei Liu Abstract : The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) presents transformative potential for healthcare, yet practical deployment is hindered by the absence of frameworks that assess real-world clinical utility. Existing benchmarks test static knowledge, failing to capture the dynamic, application-oriented capabilities required in clinical practice. To bridge this gap, we introduce a Medical LLM Benchm… ▽ More The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) presents transformative potential for healthcare, yet practical deployment is hindered by the absence of frameworks that assess real-world clinical utility. Existing benchmarks test static knowledge, failing to capture the dynamic, application-oriented capabilities required in clinical practice. To bridge this gap, we introduce a Medical LLM Benchmark MLB, a comprehensive benchmark evaluating LLMs on both foundational knowledge and scenario-based reasoning. MLB is structured around five core dimensions: Medical Knowledge (MedKQA), Safety and Ethics (MedSE), Medical Record Understanding (MedRU), Smart Services (SmartServ), and Smart Healthcare (SmartCare). The benchmark integrates 22 datasets (17 newly curated) from diverse Chinese clinical sources, covering 64 clinical specialties. Its design features a rigorous curation pipeline involving 300 licensed physicians. Besides, we provide a scalable evaluation methodology, centered on a specialized judge model trained via Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) on expert annotations. Our comprehensive evaluation of 10 leading models reveals a critical translational gap: while the top-ranked model, Kimi-K2-Instruct (77.3% accuracy overall), excels in structured tasks like information extraction (87.8% accuracy in MedRU), performance plummets in patient-facing scenarios (61.3% in SmartServ). Moreover, the exceptional safety score (90.6% in MedSE) of the much smaller Baichuan-M2-32B highlights that targeted training is equally critical. Our specialized judge model, trained via SFT on a 19k expert-annotated medical dataset, achieves 92.1% accuracy, an F1-score of 94.37%, and a Cohen's Kappa of 81.3% for human-AI consistency, validating a reproducible and expert-aligned evaluation protocol. MLB thus provides a rigorous framework to guide the development of clinically viable LLMs. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 11 pages, 4 figures, 5 tables arXiv:2601.06002 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI The Molecular Structure of Thought: Mapping the Topology of Long Chain-of-Thought Reasoning Authors: Qiguang Chen , Yantao Du , Ziniu Li , Jinhao Liu , Songyao Duan , Jiarui Guo , Minghao Liu , Jiaheng Liu , Tong Yang , Ge Zhang , Libo Qin , Wanxiang Che , Wenhao Huang Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) often fail to learn effective long chain-of-thought (Long CoT) reasoning from human or non-Long-CoT LLMs imitation. To understand this, we propose that effective and learnable Long CoT trajectories feature stable molecular-like structures in unified view, which are formed by three interaction types: Deep-Reasoning (covalent-like), Self-Reflection (hydrogen-bond-like),… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) often fail to learn effective long chain-of-thought (Long CoT) reasoning from human or non-Long-CoT LLMs imitation. To understand this, we propose that effective and learnable Long CoT trajectories feature stable molecular-like structures in unified view, which are formed by three interaction types: Deep-Reasoning (covalent-like), Self-Reflection (hydrogen-bond-like), and Self-Exploration (van der Waals-like). Analysis of distilled trajectories reveals these structures emerge from Long CoT fine-tuning, not keyword imitation. We introduce Effective Semantic Isomers and show that only bonds promoting fast entropy convergence support stable Long CoT learning, while structural competition impairs training. Drawing on these findings, we present Mole-Syn, a distribution-transfer-graph method that guides synthesis of effective Long CoT structures, boosting performance and RL stability across benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Preprint arXiv:2601.06002 [ pdf , ps , other ] The Molecular Structure of Thought: Mapping the Topology of Long Chain-of-Thought Reasoning Authors: Qiguang Chen , Yantao Du , Ziniu Li , Jinhao Liu , Songyao Duan , Jiarui Guo , Minghao Liu , Jiaheng Liu , Tong Yang , Ge Zhang , Libo Qin , Wanxiang Che , Wenhao Huang Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) often fail to learn effective long chain-of-thought (Long CoT) reasoning from human or non-Long-CoT LLMs imitation. To understand this, we propose that effective and learnable Long CoT trajectories feature stable molecular-like structures in unified view, which are formed by three interaction types: Deep-Reasoning (covalent-like), Self-Reflection (hydrogen-bond-like),… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) often fail to learn effective long chain-of-thought (Long CoT) reasoning from human or non-Long-CoT LLMs imitation. To understand this, we propose that effective and learnable Long CoT trajectories feature stable molecular-like structures in unified view, which are formed by three interaction types: Deep-Reasoning (covalent-like), Self-Reflection (hydrogen-bond-like), and Self-Exploration (van der Waals-like). Analysis of distilled trajectories reveals these structures emerge from Long CoT fine-tuning, not keyword imitation. We introduce Effective Semantic Isomers and show that only bonds promoting fast entropy convergence support stable Long CoT learning, while structural competition impairs training. Drawing on these findings, we present Mole-Syn, a distribution-transfer-graph method that guides synthesis of effective Long CoT structures, boosting performance and RL stability across benchmarks. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Preprint arXiv:2601.05688 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV SketchVL: Policy Optimization via Fine-Grained Credit Assignment for Chart Understanding and More Authors: Muye Huang , Lingling Zhang , Yifei Li , Yaqiang Wu , Jun Liu Abstract : Charts are high-density visual carriers of complex data and medium for information extraction and analysis. Due to the need for precise and complex visual reasoning, automated chart understanding poses a significant challenge to existing Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). Many MLLMs trained with reinforcement learning (RL) face the challenge of credit assignment. Their advantage estimation,… ▽ More Charts are high-density visual carriers of complex data and medium for information extraction and analysis. Due to the need for precise and complex visual reasoning, automated chart understanding poses a significant challenge to existing Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). Many MLLMs trained with reinforcement learning (RL) face the challenge of credit assignment. Their advantage estimation, typically performed at the trajectory level, cannot distinguish between correct and incorrect reasoning steps within a single generated response. To address this limitation, we introduce SketchVL, a novel MLLM that optimized with FinePO, a new RL algorithm designed for fine-grained credit assignment within each trajectory. SketchVL's methodology involves drawing its intermediate reasoning steps as markers on the image and feeding the annotated image back to itself, creating a robust, multi-step reasoning process. During training, the FinePO algorithm leverages a Fine-grained Process Reward Model (FinePRM) to score each drawing action within a trajectory, thereby precisely assigning credit for each step. This mechanism allows FinePO to more strongly reward correct tokens when a trajectory is globally successful, and more heavily penalize incorrect tokens when the trajectory is globally suboptimal, thus achieving fine-grained reinforcement signals. Experiments show that SketchVL learns to align its step-level behavior with the FinePRM, achieving an average performance gain of 7.23\% over its base model across chart datasets, natural image datasets, and mathematics, providing a promising new direction for training powerful reasoning models. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05688 [ pdf , ps , other ] SketchVL: Policy Optimization via Fine-Grained Credit Assignment for Chart Understanding and More Authors: Muye Huang , Lingling Zhang , Yifei Li , Yaqiang Wu , Jun Liu Abstract : Charts are high-density visual carriers of complex data and medium for information extraction and analysis. Due to the need for precise and complex visual reasoning, automated chart understanding poses a significant challenge to existing Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). Many MLLMs trained with reinforcement learning (RL) face the challenge of credit assignment. Their advantage estimation,… ▽ More Charts are high-density visual carriers of complex data and medium for information extraction and analysis. Due to the need for precise and complex visual reasoning, automated chart understanding poses a significant challenge to existing Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). Many MLLMs trained with reinforcement learning (RL) face the challenge of credit assignment. Their advantage estimation, typically performed at the trajectory level, cannot distinguish between correct and incorrect reasoning steps within a single generated response. To address this limitation, we introduce SketchVL, a novel MLLM that optimized with FinePO, a new RL algorithm designed for fine-grained credit assignment within each trajectory. SketchVL's methodology involves drawing its intermediate reasoning steps as markers on the image and feeding the annotated image back to itself, creating a robust, multi-step reasoning process. During training, the FinePO algorithm leverages a Fine-grained Process Reward Model (FinePRM) to score each drawing action within a trajectory, thereby precisely assigning credit for each step. This mechanism allows FinePO to more strongly reward correct tokens when a trajectory is globally successful, and more heavily penalize incorrect tokens when the trajectory is globally suboptimal, thus achieving fine-grained reinforcement signals. Experiments show that SketchVL learns to align its step-level behavior with the FinePRM, achieving an average performance gain of 7.23\% over its base model across chart datasets, natural image datasets, and mathematics, providing a promising new direction for training powerful reasoning models. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05589 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI ACR: Adaptive Context Refactoring via Context Refactoring Operators for Multi-Turn Dialogue Authors: Jiawei Shen , Jia Zhu , Hanghui Guo , Weijie Shi , Yue Cui , Qingyu Niu , Guoqing Ma , Yidan Liang , Jingjiang Liu , Yiling Wang , Shimin Di , Jiajie Xu Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in multi-turn dialogue. However, in multi-turn dialogue, models still struggle to stay aligned with what has been established earlier, follow dependencies across many turns, and avoid drifting into incorrect facts as the interaction grows longer. Existing approaches primarily focus on extending the context window, introducing external… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in multi-turn dialogue. However, in multi-turn dialogue, models still struggle to stay aligned with what has been established earlier, follow dependencies across many turns, and avoid drifting into incorrect facts as the interaction grows longer. Existing approaches primarily focus on extending the context window, introducing external memory, or applying context compression, yet these methods still face limitations such as \textbf{contextual inertia} and \textbf{state drift}. To address these challenges, we propose the \textbf{A}daptive \textbf{C}ontext \textbf{R}efactoring \textbf{(ACR)} Framework, which dynamically monitors and reshapes the interaction history to mitigate contextual inertia and state drift actively. ACR is built on a library of context refactoring operators and a teacher-guided self-evolving training paradigm that learns when to intervene and how to refactor, thereby decoupling context management from the reasoning process. Extensive experiments on multi-turn dialogue demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms existing baselines while reducing token consumption. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05589 [ pdf , ps , other ] ACR: Adaptive Context Refactoring via Context Refactoring Operators for Multi-Turn Dialogue Authors: Jiawei Shen , Jia Zhu , Hanghui Guo , Weijie Shi , Yue Cui , Qingyu Niu , Guoqing Ma , Yidan Liang , Jingjiang Liu , Yiling Wang , Shimin Di , Jiajie Xu Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in multi-turn dialogue. However, in multi-turn dialogue, models still struggle to stay aligned with what has been established earlier, follow dependencies across many turns, and avoid drifting into incorrect facts as the interaction grows longer. Existing approaches primarily focus on extending the context window, introducing external… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in multi-turn dialogue. However, in multi-turn dialogue, models still struggle to stay aligned with what has been established earlier, follow dependencies across many turns, and avoid drifting into incorrect facts as the interaction grows longer. Existing approaches primarily focus on extending the context window, introducing external memory, or applying context compression, yet these methods still face limitations such as \textbf{contextual inertia} and \textbf{state drift}. To address these challenges, we propose the \textbf{A}daptive \textbf{C}ontext \textbf{R}efactoring \textbf{(ACR)} Framework, which dynamically monitors and reshapes the interaction history to mitigate contextual inertia and state drift actively. ACR is built on a library of context refactoring operators and a teacher-guided self-evolving training paradigm that learns when to intervene and how to refactor, thereby decoupling context management from the reasoning process. Extensive experiments on multi-turn dialogue demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms existing baselines while reducing token consumption. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05466 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.AI Jailbreaking Large Language Models through Iterative Tool-Disguised Attacks via Reinforcement Learning Authors: Zhaoqi Wang , Zijian Zhang , Daqing He , Pengtao Kou , Xin Li , Jiamou Liu , Jincheng An , Yong Liu Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse applications, however, they remain critically vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that elicit harmful responses violating human values and safety guidelines. Despite extensive research on defense mechanisms, existing safeguards prove insufficient against sophisticated adversarial strategies. In this work, we propose… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse applications, however, they remain critically vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that elicit harmful responses violating human values and safety guidelines. Despite extensive research on defense mechanisms, existing safeguards prove insufficient against sophisticated adversarial strategies. In this work, we propose iMIST (\underline{i}nteractive \underline{M}ulti-step \underline{P}rogre\underline{s}sive \underline{T}ool-disguised Jailbreak Attack), a novel adaptive jailbreak method that synergistically exploits vulnerabilities in current defense mechanisms. iMIST disguises malicious queries as normal tool invocations to bypass content filters, while simultaneously introducing an interactive progressive optimization algorithm that dynamically escalates response harmfulness through multi-turn dialogues guided by real-time harmfulness assessment. Our experiments on widely-used models demonstrate that iMIST achieves higher attack effectiveness, while maintaining low rejection rates. These results reveal critical vulnerabilities in current LLM safety mechanisms and underscore the urgent need for more robust defense strategies. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05466 [ pdf , ps , other ] Jailbreaking Large Language Models through Iterative Tool-Disguised Attacks via Reinforcement Learning Authors: Zhaoqi Wang , Zijian Zhang , Daqing He , Pengtao Kou , Xin Li , Jiamou Liu , Jincheng An , Yong Liu Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse applications, however, they remain critically vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that elicit harmful responses violating human values and safety guidelines. Despite extensive research on defense mechanisms, existing safeguards prove insufficient against sophisticated adversarial strategies. In this work, we propose… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse applications, however, they remain critically vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that elicit harmful responses violating human values and safety guidelines. Despite extensive research on defense mechanisms, existing safeguards prove insufficient against sophisticated adversarial strategies. In this work, we propose iMIST (\underline{i}nteractive \underline{M}ulti-step \underline{P}rogre\underline{s}sive \underline{T}ool-disguised Jailbreak Attack), a novel adaptive jailbreak method that synergistically exploits vulnerabilities in current defense mechanisms. iMIST disguises malicious queries as normal tool invocations to bypass content filters, while simultaneously introducing an interactive progressive optimization algorithm that dynamically escalates response harmfulness through multi-turn dialogues guided by real-time harmfulness assessment. Our experiments on widely-used models demonstrate that iMIST achieves higher attack effectiveness, while maintaining low rejection rates. These results reveal critical vulnerabilities in current LLM safety mechanisms and underscore the urgent need for more robust defense strategies. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05248 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO LaST$_{0}$: Latent Spatio-Temporal Chain-of-Thought for Robotic Vision-Language-Action Model Authors: Zhuoyang Liu , Jiaming Liu , Hao Chen , Ziyu Guo , Chengkai Hou , Chenyang Gu , Jiale Yu , Xiangju Mi , Renrui Zhang , Zhengping Che , Jian Tang , Pheng-Ann Heng , Shanghang Zhang Abstract : Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have recently demonstrated strong generalization capabilities in robotic manipulation. Some existing VLA approaches attempt to improve action accuracy by explicitly generating linguistic reasoning traces or future visual observations before action execution. However, explicit reasoning typically incurs non-negligible inference latency, which constrains the tempo… ▽ More Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have recently demonstrated strong generalization capabilities in robotic manipulation. Some existing VLA approaches attempt to improve action accuracy by explicitly generating linguistic reasoning traces or future visual observations before action execution. However, explicit reasoning typically incurs non-negligible inference latency, which constrains the temporal resolution required for robotic manipulation. Moreover, such reasoning is confined to the linguistic space, imposing a representational bottleneck that struggles to faithfully capture ineffable physical attributes. To mitigate these limitations, we propose LaST$_0$, a framework that enables efficient reasoning before acting through a Latent Spatio-Temporal Chain-of-Thought (CoT), capturing fine-grained physical and robotic dynamics that are often difficult to verbalize. Specifically, we introduce a token-efficient latent CoT space that models future visual dynamics, 3D structural information, and robot proprioceptive states, and further extends these representations across time to enable temporally consistent implicit reasoning trajectories. Furthermore, LaST$_0$ adopts a dual-system architecture implemented via a Mixture-of-Transformers design, where a reasoning expert conducts low-frequency latent inference and an acting expert generates high-frequency actions conditioned on robotics-oriented latent representations. To facilitate coordination, LaST$_0$ is trained with heterogeneous operation frequencies, enabling adaptive switching between reasoning and action inference rates during deployment. Across ten simulated and six real-world manipulation tasks, LaST$_0$ improves mean success rates by 8% and 13% over prior VLA methods, respectively, while achieving substantially faster inference. Project website: △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05248 [ pdf , ps , other ] LaST$_{0}$: Latent Spatio-Temporal Chain-of-Thought for Robotic Vision-Language-Action Model Authors: Zhuoyang Liu , Jiaming Liu , Hao Chen , Ziyu Guo , Chengkai Hou , Chenyang Gu , Jiale Yu , Xiangju Mi , Renrui Zhang , Zhengping Che , Jian Tang , Pheng-Ann Heng , Shanghang Zhang Abstract : Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have recently demonstrated strong generalization capabilities in robotic manipulation. Some existing VLA approaches attempt to improve action accuracy by explicitly generating linguistic reasoning traces or future visual observations before action execution. However, explicit reasoning typically incurs non-negligible inference latency, which constrains the tempo… ▽ More Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have recently demonstrated strong generalization capabilities in robotic manipulation. Some existing VLA approaches attempt to improve action accuracy by explicitly generating linguistic reasoning traces or future visual observations before action execution. However, explicit reasoning typically incurs non-negligible inference latency, which constrains the temporal resolution required for robotic manipulation. Moreover, such reasoning is confined to the linguistic space, imposing a representational bottleneck that struggles to faithfully capture ineffable physical attributes. To mitigate these limitations, we propose LaST$_0$, a framework that enables efficient reasoning before acting through a Latent Spatio-Temporal Chain-of-Thought (CoT), capturing fine-grained physical and robotic dynamics that are often difficult to verbalize. Specifically, we introduce a token-efficient latent CoT space that models future visual dynamics, 3D structural information, and robot proprioceptive states, and further extends these representations across time to enable temporally consistent implicit reasoning trajectories. Furthermore, LaST$_0$ adopts a dual-system architecture implemented via a Mixture-of-Transformers design, where a reasoning expert conducts low-frequency latent inference and an acting expert generates high-frequency actions conditioned on robotics-oriented latent representations. To facilitate coordination, LaST$_0$ is trained with heterogeneous operation frequencies, enabling adaptive switching between reasoning and action inference rates during deployment. Across ten simulated and six real-world manipulation tasks, LaST$_0$ improves mean success rates by 8% and 13% over prior VLA methods, respectively, while achieving substantially faster inference. Project website: △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04861 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Orchestrating Intelligence: Confidence-Aware Routing for Efficient Multi-Agent Collaboration across Multi-Scale Models Authors: Jingbo Wang , Sendong Zhao , Jiatong Liu , Haochun Wang , Wanting Li , Bing Qin , Ting Liu Abstract : While multi-agent systems (MAS) have demonstrated superior performance over single-agent approaches in complex reasoning tasks, they often suffer from significant computational inefficiencies. Existing frameworks typically deploy large language models (LLMs) uniformly across all agent roles, failing to account for the varying cognitive demands of different reasoning stages. We address this ineffic… ▽ More While multi-agent systems (MAS) have demonstrated superior performance over single-agent approaches in complex reasoning tasks, they often suffer from significant computational inefficiencies. Existing frameworks typically deploy large language models (LLMs) uniformly across all agent roles, failing to account for the varying cognitive demands of different reasoning stages. We address this inefficiency by proposing OI-MAS framework, a novel multi-agent framework that implements an adaptive model-selection policy across a heterogeneous pool of multi-scale LLMs. Specifically, OI-MAS introduces a state-dependent routing mechanism that dynamically selects agent roles and model scales throughout the reasoning process. In addition, we introduce a confidence-aware mechanism that selects appropriate model scales conditioned on task complexity, thus reducing unnecessary reliance on large-scale models. Experimental results show that OI-MAS consistently outperforms baseline multi-agent systems, improving accuracy by up to 12.88\% while reducing cost by up to 79.78\%. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04861 [ pdf , ps , other ] Orchestrating Intelligence: Confidence-Aware Routing for Efficient Multi-Agent Collaboration across Multi-Scale Models Authors: Jingbo Wang , Sendong Zhao , Jiatong Liu , Haochun Wang , Wanting Li , Bing Qin , Ting Liu Abstract : While multi-agent systems (MAS) have demonstrated superior performance over single-agent approaches in complex reasoning tasks, they often suffer from significant computational inefficiencies. Existing frameworks typically deploy large language models (LLMs) uniformly across all agent roles, failing to account for the varying cognitive demands of different reasoning stages. We address this ineffic… ▽ More While multi-agent systems (MAS) have demonstrated superior performance over single-agent approaches in complex reasoning tasks, they often suffer from significant computational inefficiencies. Existing frameworks typically deploy large language models (LLMs) uniformly across all agent roles, failing to account for the varying cognitive demands of different reasoning stages. We address this inefficiency by proposing OI-MAS framework, a novel multi-agent framework that implements an adaptive model-selection policy across a heterogeneous pool of multi-scale LLMs. Specifically, OI-MAS introduces a state-dependent routing mechanism that dynamically selects agent roles and model scales throughout the reasoning process. In addition, we introduce a confidence-aware mechanism that selects appropriate model scales conditioned on task complexity, thus reducing unnecessary reliance on large-scale models. Experimental results show that OI-MAS consistently outperforms baseline multi-agent systems, improving accuracy by up to 12.88\% while reducing cost by up to 79.78\%. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04805 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Thinking-Based Non-Thinking: Solving the Reward Hacking Problem in Training Hybrid Reasoning Models via Reinforcement Learning Authors: Siyuan Gan , Jiaheng Liu , Boyan Wang , Tianpei Yang , Runqing Miao , Yuyao Zhang , Fanyu Meng , Junlan Feng , Linjian Meng , Jing Huo , Yang Gao Abstract : Large reasoning models (LRMs) have attracted much attention due to their exceptional performance. However, their performance mainly stems from thinking, a long Chain of Thought (CoT), which significantly increase computational overhead. To address this overthinking problem, existing work focuses on using reinforcement learning (RL) to train hybrid reasoning models that automatically decide whether… ▽ More Large reasoning models (LRMs) have attracted much attention due to their exceptional performance. However, their performance mainly stems from thinking, a long Chain of Thought (CoT), which significantly increase computational overhead. To address this overthinking problem, existing work focuses on using reinforcement learning (RL) to train hybrid reasoning models that automatically decide whether to engage in thinking or not based on the complexity of the query. Unfortunately, using RL will suffer the the reward hacking problem, e.g., the model engages in thinking but is judged as not doing so, resulting in incorrect rewards. To mitigate this problem, existing works either employ supervised fine-tuning (SFT), which incurs high computational costs, or enforce uniform token limits on non-thinking responses, which yields limited mitigation of the problem. In this paper, we propose Thinking-Based Non-Thinking (TNT). It does not employ SFT, and sets different maximum token usage for responses not using thinking across various queries by leveraging information from the solution component of the responses using thinking. Experiments on five mathematical benchmarks demonstrate that TNT reduces token usage by around 50% compared to DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B/7B and DeepScaleR-1.5B, while significantly improving accuracy. In fact, TNT achieves the optimal trade-off between accuracy and efficiency among all tested methods. Additionally, the probability of reward hacking problem in TNT's responses, which are classified as not using thinking, remains below 10% across all tested datasets. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04805 [ pdf , ps , other ] Thinking-Based Non-Thinking: Solving the Reward Hacking Problem in Training Hybrid Reasoning Models via Reinforcement Learning Authors: Siyuan Gan , Jiaheng Liu , Boyan Wang , Tianpei Yang , Runqing Miao , Yuyao Zhang , Fanyu Meng , Junlan Feng , Linjian Meng , Jing Huo , Yang Gao Abstract : Large reasoning models (LRMs) have attracted much attention due to their exceptional performance. However, their performance mainly stems from thinking, a long Chain of Thought (CoT), which significantly increase computational overhead. To address this overthinking problem, existing work focuses on using reinforcement learning (RL) to train hybrid reasoning models that automatically decide whether… ▽ More Large reasoning models (LRMs) have attracted much attention due to their exceptional performance. However, their performance mainly stems from thinking, a long Chain of Thought (CoT), which significantly increase computational overhead. To address this overthinking problem, existing work focuses on using reinforcement learning (RL) to train hybrid reasoning models that automatically decide whether to engage in thinking or not based on the complexity of the query. Unfortunately, using RL will suffer the the reward hacking problem, e.g., the model engages in thinking but is judged as not doing so, resulting in incorrect rewards. To mitigate this problem, existing works either employ supervised fine-tuning (SFT), which incurs high computational costs, or enforce uniform token limits on non-thinking responses, which yields limited mitigation of the problem. In this paper, we propose Thinking-Based Non-Thinking (TNT). It does not employ SFT, and sets different maximum token usage for responses not using thinking across various queries by leveraging information from the solution component of the responses using thinking. Experiments on five mathematical benchmarks demonstrate that TNT reduces token usage by around 50% compared to DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B/7B and DeepScaleR-1.5B, while significantly improving accuracy. In fact, TNT achieves the optimal trade-off between accuracy and efficiency among all tested methods. Additionally, the probability of reward hacking problem in TNT's responses, which are classified as not using thinking, remains below 10% across all tested datasets. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04726 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL Memory Matters More: Event-Centric Memory as a Logic Map for Agent Searching and Reasoning Authors: Yuyang Hu , Jiongnan Liu , Jiejun Tan , Yutao Zhu , Zhicheng Dou Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as intelligent agents that reason, plan, and interact with their environments. To effectively scale to long-horizon scenarios, a key capability for such agents is a memory mechanism that can retain, organize, and retrieve past experiences to support downstream decision-making. However, most existing approaches organize and store memories in a… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as intelligent agents that reason, plan, and interact with their environments. To effectively scale to long-horizon scenarios, a key capability for such agents is a memory mechanism that can retain, organize, and retrieve past experiences to support downstream decision-making. However, most existing approaches organize and store memories in a flat manner and rely on simple similarity-based retrieval techniques. Even when structured memory is introduced, existing methods often struggle to explicitly capture the logical relationships among experiences or memory units. Moreover, memory access is largely detached from the constructed structure and still depends on shallow semantic retrieval, preventing agents from reasoning logically over long-horizon dependencies. In this work, we propose CompassMem, an event-centric memory framework inspired by Event Segmentation Theory. CompassMem organizes memory as an Event Graph by incrementally segmenting experiences into events and linking them through explicit logical relations. This graph serves as a logic map, enabling agents to perform structured and goal-directed navigation over memory beyond superficial retrieval, progressively gathering valuable memories to support long-horizon reasoning. Experiments on LoCoMo and NarrativeQA demonstrate that CompassMem consistently improves both retrieval and reasoning performance across multiple backbone models. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 19 pages,6 figures arXiv:2601.04726 [ pdf , ps , other ] Memory Matters More: Event-Centric Memory as a Logic Map for Agent Searching and Reasoning Authors: Yuyang Hu , Jiongnan Liu , Jiejun Tan , Yutao Zhu , Zhicheng Dou Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as intelligent agents that reason, plan, and interact with their environments. To effectively scale to long-horizon scenarios, a key capability for such agents is a memory mechanism that can retain, organize, and retrieve past experiences to support downstream decision-making. However, most existing approaches organize and store memories in a… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as intelligent agents that reason, plan, and interact with their environments. To effectively scale to long-horizon scenarios, a key capability for such agents is a memory mechanism that can retain, organize, and retrieve past experiences to support downstream decision-making. However, most existing approaches organize and store memories in a flat manner and rely on simple similarity-based retrieval techniques. Even when structured memory is introduced, existing methods often struggle to explicitly capture the logical relationships among experiences or memory units. Moreover, memory access is largely detached from the constructed structure and still depends on shallow semantic retrieval, preventing agents from reasoning logically over long-horizon dependencies. In this work, we propose CompassMem, an event-centric memory framework inspired by Event Segmentation Theory. CompassMem organizes memory as an Event Graph by incrementally segmenting experiences into events and linking them through explicit logical relations. This graph serves as a logic map, enabling agents to perform structured and goal-directed navigation over memory beyond superficial retrieval, progressively gathering valuable memories to support long-horizon reasoning. Experiments on LoCoMo and NarrativeQA demonstrate that CompassMem consistently improves both retrieval and reasoning performance across multiple backbone models. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 19 pages,6 figures arXiv:2601.04694 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI ResMAS: Resilience Optimization in LLM-based Multi-agent Systems Authors: Zhilun Zhou , Zihan Liu , Jiahe Liu , Qingyu Shao , Yihan Wang , Kun Shao , Depeng Jin , Fengli Xu Abstract : Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Systems (LLM-based MAS), where multiple LLM agents collaborate to solve complex tasks, have shown impressive performance in many areas. However, MAS are typically distributed across different devices or environments, making them vulnerable to perturbations such as agent failures. While existing works have studied the adversarial attacks and corresponding defe… ▽ More Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Systems (LLM-based MAS), where multiple LLM agents collaborate to solve complex tasks, have shown impressive performance in many areas. However, MAS are typically distributed across different devices or environments, making them vulnerable to perturbations such as agent failures. While existing works have studied the adversarial attacks and corresponding defense strategies, they mainly focus on reactively detecting and mitigating attacks after they occur rather than proactively designing inherently resilient systems. In this work, we study the resilience of LLM-based MAS under perturbations and find that both the communication topology and prompt design significantly influence system resilience. Motivated by these findings, we propose ResMAS: a two-stage framework for enhancing MAS resilience. First, we train a reward model to predict the MAS's resilience, based on which we train a topology generator to automatically design resilient topology for specific tasks through reinforcement learning. Second, we introduce a topology-aware prompt optimization method that refines each agent's prompt based on its connections and interactions with other agents. Extensive experiments across a range of tasks show that our approach substantially improves MAS resilience under various constraints. Moreover, our framework demonstrates strong generalization ability to new tasks and models, highlighting its potential for building resilient MASs. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04694 [ pdf , ps , other ] ResMAS: Resilience Optimization in LLM-based Multi-agent Systems Authors: Zhilun Zhou , Zihan Liu , Jiahe Liu , Qingyu Shao , Yihan Wang , Kun Shao , Depeng Jin , Fengli Xu Abstract : Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Systems (LLM-based MAS), where multiple LLM agents collaborate to solve complex tasks, have shown impressive performance in many areas. However, MAS are typically distributed across different devices or environments, making them vulnerable to perturbations such as agent failures. While existing works have studied the adversarial attacks and corresponding defe… ▽ More Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Systems (LLM-based MAS), where multiple LLM agents collaborate to solve complex tasks, have shown impressive performance in many areas. However, MAS are typically distributed across different devices or environments, making them vulnerable to perturbations such as agent failures. While existing works have studied the adversarial attacks and corresponding defense strategies, they mainly focus on reactively detecting and mitigating attacks after they occur rather than proactively designing inherently resilient systems. In this work, we study the resilience of LLM-based MAS under perturbations and find that both the communication topology and prompt design significantly influence system resilience. Motivated by these findings, we propose ResMAS: a two-stage framework for enhancing MAS resilience. First, we train a reward model to predict the MAS's resilience, based on which we train a topology generator to automatically design resilient topology for specific tasks through reinforcement learning. Second, we introduce a topology-aware prompt optimization method that refines each agent's prompt based on its connections and interactions with other agents. Extensive experiments across a range of tasks show that our approach substantially improves MAS resilience under various constraints. Moreover, our framework demonstrates strong generalization ability to new tasks and models, highlighting its potential for building resilient MASs. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04682 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV HATIR: Heat-Aware Diffusion for Turbulent Infrared Video Super-Resolution Authors: Yang Zou , Xingyue Zhu , Kaiqi Han , Jun Ma , Xingyuan Li , Zhiying Jiang , Jinyuan Liu Abstract : Infrared video has been of great interest in visual tasks under challenging environments, but often suffers from severe atmospheric turbulence and compression degradation. Existing video super-resolution (VSR) methods either neglect the inherent modality gap between infrared and visible images or fail to restore turbulence-induced distortions. Directly cascading turbulence mitigation (TM) algorith… ▽ More Infrared video has been of great interest in visual tasks under challenging environments, but often suffers from severe atmospheric turbulence and compression degradation. Existing video super-resolution (VSR) methods either neglect the inherent modality gap between infrared and visible images or fail to restore turbulence-induced distortions. Directly cascading turbulence mitigation (TM) algorithms with VSR methods leads to error propagation and accumulation due to the decoupled modeling of degradation between turbulence and resolution. We introduce HATIR, a Heat-Aware Diffusion for Turbulent InfraRed Video Super-Resolution, which injects heat-aware deformation priors into the diffusion sampling path to jointly model the inverse process of turbulent degradation and structural detail loss. Specifically, HATIR constructs a Phasor-Guided Flow Estimator, rooted in the physical principle that thermally active regions exhibit consistent phasor responses over time, enabling reliable turbulence-aware flow to guide the reverse diffusion process. To ensure the fidelity of structural recovery under nonuniform distortions, a Turbulence-Aware Decoder is proposed to selectively suppress unstable temporal cues and enhance edge-aware feature aggregation via turbulence gating and structure-aware attention. We built FLIR-IVSR, the first dataset for turbulent infrared VSR, comprising paired LR-HR sequences from a FLIR T1050sc camera (1024 X 768) spanning 640 diverse scenes with varying camera and object motion conditions. This encourages future research in infrared VSR. Project page: △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04682 [ pdf , ps , other ] HATIR: Heat-Aware Diffusion for Turbulent Infrared Video Super-Resolution Authors: Yang Zou , Xingyue Zhu , Kaiqi Han , Jun Ma , Xingyuan Li , Zhiying Jiang , Jinyuan Liu Abstract : Infrared video has been of great interest in visual tasks under challenging environments, but often suffers from severe atmospheric turbulence and compression degradation. Existing video super-resolution (VSR) methods either neglect the inherent modality gap between infrared and visible images or fail to restore turbulence-induced distortions. Directly cascading turbulence mitigation (TM) algorith… ▽ More Infrared video has been of great interest in visual tasks under challenging environments, but often suffers from severe atmospheric turbulence and compression degradation. Existing video super-resolution (VSR) methods either neglect the inherent modality gap between infrared and visible images or fail to restore turbulence-induced distortions. Directly cascading turbulence mitigation (TM) algorithms with VSR methods leads to error propagation and accumulation due to the decoupled modeling of degradation between turbulence and resolution. We introduce HATIR, a Heat-Aware Diffusion for Turbulent InfraRed Video Super-Resolution, which injects heat-aware deformation priors into the diffusion sampling path to jointly model the inverse process of turbulent degradation and structural detail loss. Specifically, HATIR constructs a Phasor-Guided Flow Estimator, rooted in the physical principle that thermally active regions exhibit consistent phasor responses over time, enabling reliable turbulence-aware flow to guide the reverse diffusion process. To ensure the fidelity of structural recovery under nonuniform distortions, a Turbulence-Aware Decoder is proposed to selectively suppress unstable temporal cues and enhance edge-aware feature aggregation via turbulence gating and structure-aware attention. We built FLIR-IVSR, the first dataset for turbulent infrared VSR, comprising paired LR-HR sequences from a FLIR T1050sc camera (1024 X 768) spanning 640 diverse scenes with varying camera and object motion conditions. This encourages future research in infrared VSR. Project page: △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04577 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.LG Sci-Reasoning: A Dataset Decoding AI Innovation Patterns Authors: Jiachen Liu , Maestro Harmon , Zechen Zhang Abstract : While AI innovation accelerates rapidly, the intellectual process behind breakthroughs -- how researchers identify gaps, synthesize prior work, and generate insights -- remains poorly understood. The lack of structured data on scientific reasoning hinders systematic analysis and development of AI research agents. We introduce Sci-Reasoning, the first dataset capturing the intellectual synthesis be… ▽ More While AI innovation accelerates rapidly, the intellectual process behind breakthroughs -- how researchers identify gaps, synthesize prior work, and generate insights -- remains poorly understood. The lack of structured data on scientific reasoning hinders systematic analysis and development of AI research agents. We introduce Sci-Reasoning, the first dataset capturing the intellectual synthesis behind high-quality AI research. Using community-validated quality signals and an LLM-accelerated, human-verified pipeline, we trace Oral and Spotlight papers across NeurIPS, ICML, and ICLR (2023-2025) to its key predecessors, articulating specific reasoning links in a structured format. Our analysis identifies 15 distinct thinking patterns, with three dominant strategies accounting for 52.7%: Gap-Driven Reframing (24.2%), Cross-Domain Synthesis (18.0%), and Representation Shift (10.5%). The most powerful innovation recipes combine multiple patterns: Gap-Driven Reframing + Representation Shift, Cross-Domain Synthesis + Representation Shift, and Gap-Driven Reframing + Cross-Domain Synthesis. This dataset enables quantitative studies of scientific progress and provides structured reasoning trajectories for training the next generation AI research agents. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 22 pages, 9 figures arXiv:2601.04577 [ pdf , ps , other ] Sci-Reasoning: A Dataset Decoding AI Innovation Patterns Authors: Jiachen Liu , Maestro Harmon , Zechen Zhang Abstract : While AI innovation accelerates rapidly, the intellectual process behind breakthroughs -- how researchers identify gaps, synthesize prior work, and generate insights -- remains poorly understood. The lack of structured data on scientific reasoning hinders systematic analysis and development of AI research agents. We introduce Sci-Reasoning, the first dataset capturing the intellectual synthesis be… ▽ More While AI innovation accelerates rapidly, the intellectual process behind breakthroughs -- how researchers identify gaps, synthesize prior work, and generate insights -- remains poorly understood. The lack of structured data on scientific reasoning hinders systematic analysis and development of AI research agents. We introduce Sci-Reasoning, the first dataset capturing the intellectual synthesis behind high-quality AI research. Using community-validated quality signals and an LLM-accelerated, human-verified pipeline, we trace Oral and Spotlight papers across NeurIPS, ICML, and ICLR (2023-2025) to its key predecessors, articulating specific reasoning links in a structured format. Our analysis identifies 15 distinct thinking patterns, with three dominant strategies accounting for 52.7%: Gap-Driven Reframing (24.2%), Cross-Domain Synthesis (18.0%), and Representation Shift (10.5%). The most powerful innovation recipes combine multiple patterns: Gap-Driven Reframing + Representation Shift, Cross-Domain Synthesis + Representation Shift, and Gap-Driven Reframing + Cross-Domain Synthesis. This dataset enables quantitative studies of scientific progress and provides structured reasoning trajectories for training the next generation AI research agents. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 22 pages, 9 figures arXiv:2601.04455 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IR cs.AI cs.CL cs.LG Re-Rankers as Relevance Judges Authors: Chuan Meng , Jiqun Liu , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Fengran Mo , Jeff Dalton , Maarten de Rijke Abstract : Using large language models (LLMs) to predict relevance judgments has shown promising results. Most studies treat this task as a distinct research line, e.g., focusing on prompt design for predicting relevance labels given a query and passage. However, predicting relevance judgments is essentially a form of relevance prediction, a problem extensively studied in tasks such as re-ranking. Despite th… ▽ More Using large language models (LLMs) to predict relevance judgments has shown promising results. Most studies treat this task as a distinct research line, e.g., focusing on prompt design for predicting relevance labels given a query and passage. However, predicting relevance judgments is essentially a form of relevance prediction, a problem extensively studied in tasks such as re-ranking. Despite this potential overlap, little research has explored reusing or adapting established re-ranking methods to predict relevance judgments, leading to potential resource waste and redundant development. To bridge this gap, we reproduce re-rankers in a re-ranker-as-relevance-judge setup. We design two adaptation strategies: (i) using binary tokens (e.g., "true" and "false") generated by a re-ranker as direct judgments, and (ii) converting continuous re-ranking scores into binary labels via thresholding. We perform extensive experiments on TREC-DL 2019 to 2023 with 8 re-rankers from 3 families, ranging from 220M to 32B, and analyse the evaluation bias exhibited by re-ranker-based judges. Results show that re-ranker-based relevance judges, under both strategies, can outperform UMBRELA, a state-of-the-art LLM-based relevance judge, in around 40% to 50% of the cases; they also exhibit strong self-preference towards their own and same-family re-rankers, as well as cross-family bias. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. ACM Class: H.3.3 arXiv:2601.04455 [ pdf , ps , other ] Re-Rankers as Relevance Judges Authors: Chuan Meng , Jiqun Liu , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Fengran Mo , Jeff Dalton , Maarten de Rijke Abstract : Using large language models (LLMs) to predict relevance judgments has shown promising results. Most studies treat this task as a distinct research line, e.g., focusing on prompt design for predicting relevance labels given a query and passage. However, predicting relevance judgments is essentially a form of relevance prediction, a problem extensively studied in tasks such as re-ranking. Despite th… ▽ More Using large language models (LLMs) to predict relevance judgments has shown promising results. Most studies treat this task as a distinct research line, e.g., focusing on prompt design for predicting relevance labels given a query and passage. However, predicting relevance judgments is essentially a form of relevance prediction, a problem extensively studied in tasks such as re-ranking. Despite this potential overlap, little research has explored reusing or adapting established re-ranking methods to predict relevance judgments, leading to potential resource waste and redundant development. To bridge this gap, we reproduce re-rankers in a re-ranker-as-relevance-judge setup. We design two adaptation strategies: (i) using binary tokens (e.g., "true" and "false") generated by a re-ranker as direct judgments, and (ii) converting continuous re-ranking scores into binary labels via thresholding. We perform extensive experiments on TREC-DL 2019 to 2023 with 8 re-rankers from 3 families, ranging from 220M to 32B, and analyse the evaluation bias exhibited by re-ranker-based judges. Results show that re-ranker-based relevance judges, under both strategies, can outperform UMBRELA, a state-of-the-art LLM-based relevance judge, in around 40% to 50% of the cases; they also exhibit strong self-preference towards their own and same-family re-rankers, as well as cross-family bias. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. ACM Class: H.3.3 arXiv:2601.03993 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV PosterVerse: A Full-Workflow Framework for Commercial-Grade Poster Generation with HTML-Based Scalable Typography Authors: Junle Liu , Peirong Zhang , Yuyi Zhang , Pengyu Yan , Hui Zhou , Xinyue Zhou , Fengjun Guo , Lianwen Jin Abstract : Commercial-grade poster design demands the seamless integration of aesthetic appeal with precise, informative content delivery. Current automated poster generation systems face significant limitations, including incomplete design workflows, poor text rendering accuracy, and insufficient flexibility for commercial applications. To address these challenges, we propose PosterVerse, a full-workflow, c… ▽ More Commercial-grade poster design demands the seamless integration of aesthetic appeal with precise, informative content delivery. Current automated poster generation systems face significant limitations, including incomplete design workflows, poor text rendering accuracy, and insufficient flexibility for commercial applications. To address these challenges, we propose PosterVerse, a full-workflow, commercial-grade poster generation method that seamlessly automates the entire design process while delivering high-density and scalable text rendering. PosterVerse replicates professional design through three key stages: (1) blueprint creation using fine-tuned LLMs to extract key design elements from user requirements, (2) graphical background generation via customized diffusion models to create visually appealing imagery, and (3) unified layout-text rendering with an MLLM-powered HTML engine to guarantee high text accuracy and flexible customization. In addition, we introduce PosterDNA, a commercial-grade, HTML-based dataset tailored for training and validating poster design models. To the best of our knowledge, PosterDNA is the first Chinese poster generation dataset to introduce HTML typography files, enabling scalable text rendering and fundamentally solving the challenges of rendering small and high-density text. Experimental results demonstrate that PosterVerse consistently produces commercial-grade posters with appealing visuals, accurate text alignment, and customizable layouts, making it a promising solution for automating commercial poster design. The code and model are available at △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Journal ref: AAAI 2026 Oral arXiv:2601.03993 [ pdf , ps , other ] PosterVerse: A Full-Workflow Framework for Commercial-Grade Poster Generation with HTML-Based Scalable Typography Authors: Junle Liu , Peirong Zhang , Yuyi Zhang , Pengyu Yan , Hui Zhou , Xinyue Zhou , Fengjun Guo , Lianwen Jin Abstract : Commercial-grade poster design demands the seamless integration of aesthetic appeal with precise, informative content delivery. Current automated poster generation systems face significant limitations, including incomplete design workflows, poor text rendering accuracy, and insufficient flexibility for commercial applications. To address these challenges, we propose PosterVerse, a full-workflow, c… ▽ More Commercial-grade poster design demands the seamless integration of aesthetic appeal with precise, informative content delivery. Current automated poster generation systems face significant limitations, including incomplete design workflows, poor text rendering accuracy, and insufficient flexibility for commercial applications. To address these challenges, we propose PosterVerse, a full-workflow, commercial-grade poster generation method that seamlessly automates the entire design process while delivering high-density and scalable text rendering. PosterVerse replicates professional design through three key stages: (1) blueprint creation using fine-tuned LLMs to extract key design elements from user requirements, (2) graphical background generation via customized diffusion models to create visually appealing imagery, and (3) unified layout-text rendering with an MLLM-powered HTML engine to guarantee high text accuracy and flexible customization. In addition, we introduce PosterDNA, a commercial-grade, HTML-based dataset tailored for training and validating poster design models. To the best of our knowledge, PosterDNA is the first Chinese poster generation dataset to introduce HTML typography files, enabling scalable text rendering and fundamentally solving the challenges of rendering small and high-density text. Experimental results demonstrate that PosterVerse consistently produces commercial-grade posters with appealing visuals, accurate text alignment, and customizable layouts, making it a promising solution for automating commercial poster design. The code and model are available at △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Journal ref: AAAI 2026 Oral arXiv:2601.03917 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.NI cs.NE Monaas: Mobile Node as a Service for TSCH-based Industrial IoT Networks Authors: Jinting Liu , Jingwei Li , Tengfei Chang Abstract : The Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) mode of IEEE802.15.4 standard provides ultra high end-to-end reliability and low-power consumption for application in field of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). With the evolving of Industrial 4.0, dynamic and bursty tasks with varied Quality of Service (QoS); effective management and utilization of growing number of mobile equipments become two major ch… ▽ More The Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) mode of IEEE802.15.4 standard provides ultra high end-to-end reliability and low-power consumption for application in field of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). With the evolving of Industrial 4.0, dynamic and bursty tasks with varied Quality of Service (QoS); effective management and utilization of growing number of mobile equipments become two major challenges for network solutions. The existing TSCH-based networks lack of a system framework design to handle these challenges. In this paper, we propose a novel, service-oriented, and hierarchical IoT network architecture named Mobile Node as a Service (Monaas). Monaas aims to systematically manage and schedule mobile nodes as on-demand, elastic resources through a new architectural design and protocol mechanisms. Its core features include a hierarchical architecture to balance global coordination with local autonomy, task-driven scheduling for proactive resource allocation, and an on-demand mobile resource integration mechanism. The feasibility and potential of the Monaas link layer mechanisms are validated through implementation and performance evaluation on an nRF52840 hardware testbed, demonstrating its potential advantages in specific scenarios. On a physical nRF52840 testbed, Monaas consistently achieved a Task Completion Rate (TCR) above 98% for high-priority tasks under bursty traffic and link degradation, whereas all representative baselines (Static TSCH, 6TiSCH Minimal, OST, FTS-SDN) remained below 40%.Moreover, its on-demand mobile resource integration activated services in 1.2 s, at least 65% faster than SDN (3.5 s) and OST/6TiSCH (> 5.8 s). △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03917 [ pdf , ps , other ] Monaas: Mobile Node as a Service for TSCH-based Industrial IoT Networks Authors: Jinting Liu , Jingwei Li , Tengfei Chang Abstract : The Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) mode of IEEE802.15.4 standard provides ultra high end-to-end reliability and low-power consumption for application in field of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). With the evolving of Industrial 4.0, dynamic and bursty tasks with varied Quality of Service (QoS); effective management and utilization of growing number of mobile equipments become two major ch… ▽ More The Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) mode of IEEE802.15.4 standard provides ultra high end-to-end reliability and low-power consumption for application in field of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). With the evolving of Industrial 4.0, dynamic and bursty tasks with varied Quality of Service (QoS); effective management and utilization of growing number of mobile equipments become two major challenges for network solutions. The existing TSCH-based networks lack of a system framework design to handle these challenges. In this paper, we propose a novel, service-oriented, and hierarchical IoT network architecture named Mobile Node as a Service (Monaas). Monaas aims to systematically manage and schedule mobile nodes as on-demand, elastic resources through a new architectural design and protocol mechanisms. Its core features include a hierarchical architecture to balance global coordination with local autonomy, task-driven scheduling for proactive resource allocation, and an on-demand mobile resource integration mechanism. The feasibility and potential of the Monaas link layer mechanisms are validated through implementation and performance evaluation on an nRF52840 hardware testbed, demonstrating its potential advantages in specific scenarios. On a physical nRF52840 testbed, Monaas consistently achieved a Task Completion Rate (TCR) above 98% for high-priority tasks under bursty traffic and link degradation, whereas all representative baselines (Static TSCH, 6TiSCH Minimal, OST, FTS-SDN) remained below 40%.Moreover, its on-demand mobile resource integration activated services in 1.2 s, at least 65% faster than SDN (3.5 s) and OST/6TiSCH (> 5.8 s). △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03825 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.HC cs.LG Beyond Physical Labels: Redefining Domains for Robust WiFi-based Gesture Recognition Authors: Xiang Zhang , Huan Yan , Jinyang Huang , Bin Liu , Yuanhao Feng , Jianchun Liu , Meng Li , Fusang Zhang , Zhi Liu Abstract : In this paper, we propose GesFi, a novel WiFi-based gesture recognition system that introduces WiFi latent domain mining to redefine domains directly from the data itself. GesFi first processes raw sensing data collected from WiFi receivers using CSI-ratio denoising, Short-Time Fast Fourier Transform, and visualization techniques to generate standardized input representations. It then employs clas… ▽ More In this paper, we propose GesFi, a novel WiFi-based gesture recognition system that introduces WiFi latent domain mining to redefine domains directly from the data itself. GesFi first processes raw sensing data collected from WiFi receivers using CSI-ratio denoising, Short-Time Fast Fourier Transform, and visualization techniques to generate standardized input representations. It then employs class-wise adversarial learning to suppress gesture semantic and leverages unsupervised clustering to automatically uncover latent domain factors responsible for distributional shifts. These latent domains are then aligned through adversarial learning to support robust cross-domain generalization. Finally, the system is applied to the target environment for robust gesture inference. We deployed GesFi under both single-pair and multi-pair settings using commodity WiFi transceivers, and evaluated it across multiple public datasets and real-world environments. Compared to state-of-the-art baselines, GesFi achieves up to 78% and 50% performance improvements over existing adversarial methods, and consistently outperforms prior generalization approaches across most cross-domain tasks. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by IMWUT/Ubicomp 2026 arXiv:2601.03825 [ pdf , ps , other ] Beyond Physical Labels: Redefining Domains for Robust WiFi-based Gesture Recognition Authors: Xiang Zhang , Huan Yan , Jinyang Huang , Bin Liu , Yuanhao Feng , Jianchun Liu , Meng Li , Fusang Zhang , Zhi Liu Abstract : In this paper, we propose GesFi, a novel WiFi-based gesture recognition system that introduces WiFi latent domain mining to redefine domains directly from the data itself. GesFi first processes raw sensing data collected from WiFi receivers using CSI-ratio denoising, Short-Time Fast Fourier Transform, and visualization techniques to generate standardized input representations. It then employs clas… ▽ More In this paper, we propose GesFi, a novel WiFi-based gesture recognition system that introduces WiFi latent domain mining to redefine domains directly from the data itself. GesFi first processes raw sensing data collected from WiFi receivers using CSI-ratio denoising, Short-Time Fast Fourier Transform, and visualization techniques to generate standardized input representations. It then employs class-wise adversarial learning to suppress gesture semantic and leverages unsupervised clustering to automatically uncover latent domain factors responsible for distributional shifts. These latent domains are then aligned through adversarial learning to support robust cross-domain generalization. Finally, the system is applied to the target environment for robust gesture inference. We deployed GesFi under both single-pair and multi-pair settings using commodity WiFi transceivers, and evaluated it across multiple public datasets and real-world environments. Compared to state-of-the-art baselines, GesFi achieves up to 78% and 50% performance improvements over existing adversarial methods, and consistently outperforms prior generalization approaches across most cross-domain tasks. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by IMWUT/Ubicomp 2026 arXiv:2601.03660 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV MGPC: Multimodal Network for Generalizable Point Cloud Completion With Modality Dropout and Progressive Decoding Authors: Jiangyuan Liu , Hongxuan Ma , Yuhao Zhao , Zhe Liu , Jian Wang , Wei Zou Abstract : Point cloud completion aims to recover complete 3D geometry from partial observations caused by limited viewpoints and occlusions. Existing learning-based works, including 3D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based, point-based, and Transformer-based methods, have achieved strong performance on synthetic benchmarks. However, due to the limitations of modality, scalability, and generative capacity… ▽ More Point cloud completion aims to recover complete 3D geometry from partial observations caused by limited viewpoints and occlusions. Existing learning-based works, including 3D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based, point-based, and Transformer-based methods, have achieved strong performance on synthetic benchmarks. However, due to the limitations of modality, scalability, and generative capacity, their generalization to novel objects and real-world scenarios remains challenging. In this paper, we propose MGPC, a generalizable multimodal point cloud completion framework that integrates point clouds, RGB images, and text within a unified architecture. MGPC introduces an innovative modality dropout strategy, a Transformer-based fusion module, and a novel progressive generator to improve robustness, scalability, and geometric modeling capability. We further develop an automatic data generation pipeline and construct MGPC-1M, a large-scale benchmark with over 1,000 categories and one million training pairs. Extensive experiments on MGPC-1M and in-the-wild data demonstrate that the proposed method consistently outperforms prior baselines and exhibits strong generalization under real-world conditions. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Code and dataset are available at arXiv:2601.03660 [ pdf , ps , other ] MGPC: Multimodal Network for Generalizable Point Cloud Completion With Modality Dropout and Progressive Decoding Authors: Jiangyuan Liu , Hongxuan Ma , Yuhao Zhao , Zhe Liu , Jian Wang , Wei Zou Abstract : Point cloud completion aims to recover complete 3D geometry from partial observations caused by limited viewpoints and occlusions. Existing learning-based works, including 3D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based, point-based, and Transformer-based methods, have achieved strong performance on synthetic benchmarks. However, due to the limitations of modality, scalability, and generative capacity… ▽ More Point cloud completion aims to recover complete 3D geometry from partial observations caused by limited viewpoints and occlusions. Existing learning-based works, including 3D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based, point-based, and Transformer-based methods, have achieved strong performance on synthetic benchmarks. However, due to the limitations of modality, scalability, and generative capacity, their generalization to novel objects and real-world scenarios remains challenging. In this paper, we propose MGPC, a generalizable multimodal point cloud completion framework that integrates point clouds, RGB images, and text within a unified architecture. MGPC introduces an innovative modality dropout strategy, a Transformer-based fusion module, and a novel progressive generator to improve robustness, scalability, and geometric modeling capability. We further develop an automatic data generation pipeline and construct MGPC-1M, a large-scale benchmark with over 1,000 categories and one million training pairs. Extensive experiments on MGPC-1M and in-the-wild data demonstrate that the proposed method consistently outperforms prior baselines and exhibits strong generalization under real-world conditions. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Code and dataset are available at arXiv:2601.03578 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL PsychEthicsBench: Evaluating Large Language Models Against Australian Mental Health Ethics Authors: Yaling Shen , Stephanie Fong , Yiwen Jiang , Zimu Wang , Feilong Tang , Qingyang Xu , Xiangyu Zhao , Zhongxing Xu , Jiahe Liu , Jinpeng Hu , Dominic Dwyer , Zongyuan Ge Abstract : The increasing integration of large language models (LLMs) into mental health applications necessitates robust frameworks for evaluating professional safety alignment. Current evaluative approaches primarily rely on refusal-based safety signals, which offer limited insight into the nuanced behaviors required in clinical practice. In mental health, clinically inadequate refusals can be perceived as… ▽ More The increasing integration of large language models (LLMs) into mental health applications necessitates robust frameworks for evaluating professional safety alignment. Current evaluative approaches primarily rely on refusal-based safety signals, which offer limited insight into the nuanced behaviors required in clinical practice. In mental health, clinically inadequate refusals can be perceived as unempathetic and discourage help-seeking. To address this gap, we move beyond refusal-centric metrics and introduce \texttt{PsychEthicsBench}, the first principle-grounded benchmark based on Australian psychology and psychiatry guidelines, designed to evaluate LLMs' ethical knowledge and behavioral responses through multiple-choice and open-ended tasks with fine-grained ethicality annotations. Empirical results across 14 models reveal that refusal rates are poor indicators of ethical behavior, revealing a significant divergence between safety triggers and clinical appropriateness. Notably, we find that domain-specific fine-tuning can degrade ethical robustness, as several specialized models underperform their base backbones in ethical alignment. PsychEthicsBench provides a foundation for systematic, jurisdiction-aware evaluation of LLMs in mental health, encouraging more responsible development in this domain. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 17 pages arXiv:2601.03578 [ pdf , ps , other ] PsychEthicsBench: Evaluating Large Language Models Against Australian Mental Health Ethics Authors: Yaling Shen , Stephanie Fong , Yiwen Jiang , Zimu Wang , Feilong Tang , Qingyang Xu , Xiangyu Zhao , Zhongxing Xu , Jiahe Liu , Jinpeng Hu , Dominic Dwyer , Zongyuan Ge Abstract : The increasing integration of large language models (LLMs) into mental health applications necessitates robust frameworks for evaluating professional safety alignment. Current evaluative approaches primarily rely on refusal-based safety signals, which offer limited insight into the nuanced behaviors required in clinical practice. In mental health, clinically inadequate refusals can be perceived as… ▽ More The increasing integration of large language models (LLMs) into mental health applications necessitates robust frameworks for evaluating professional safety alignment. Current evaluative approaches primarily rely on refusal-based safety signals, which offer limited insight into the nuanced behaviors required in clinical practice. In mental health, clinically inadequate refusals can be perceived as unempathetic and discourage help-seeking. To address this gap, we move beyond refusal-centric metrics and introduce \texttt{PsychEthicsBench}, the first principle-grounded benchmark based on Australian psychology and psychiatry guidelines, designed to evaluate LLMs' ethical knowledge and behavioral responses through multiple-choice and open-ended tasks with fine-grained ethicality annotations. Empirical results across 14 models reveal that refusal rates are poor indicators of ethical behavior, revealing a significant divergence between safety triggers and clinical appropriateness. Notably, we find that domain-specific fine-tuning can degrade ethical robustness, as several specialized models underperform their base backbones in ethical alignment. PsychEthicsBench provides a foundation for systematic, jurisdiction-aware evaluation of LLMs in mental health, encouraging more responsible development in this domain. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 17 pages arXiv:2601.03562 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO From Score to Sound: An End-to-End MIDI-to-Motion Pipeline for Robotic Cello Performance Authors: Samantha Sudhoff , Pranesh Velmurugan , Jiashu Liu , Vincent Zhao , Yung-Hsiang Lu , Kristen Yeon-Ji Yun Abstract : Robot musicians require precise control to obtain proper note accuracy, sound quality, and musical expression. Performance of string instruments, such as violin and cello, presents a significant challenge due to the precise control required over bow angle and pressure to produce the desired sound. While prior robotic cellists focus on accurate bowing trajectories, these works often rely on expensi… ▽ More Robot musicians require precise control to obtain proper note accuracy, sound quality, and musical expression. Performance of string instruments, such as violin and cello, presents a significant challenge due to the precise control required over bow angle and pressure to produce the desired sound. While prior robotic cellists focus on accurate bowing trajectories, these works often rely on expensive motion capture techniques, and fail to sightread music in a human-like way. We propose a novel end-to-end MIDI score to robotic motion pipeline which converts musical input directly into collision-aware bowing motions for a UR5e robot cellist. Through use of Universal Robot Freedrive feature, our robotic musician can achieve human-like sound without the need for motion capture. Additionally, this work records live joint data via Real-Time Data Exchange (RTDE) as the robot plays, providing labeled robotic playing data from a collection of five standard pieces to the research community. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in comparison to human performers, we introduce the Musical Turing Test, in which a collection of 132 human participants evaluate our robot's performance against a human baseline. Human reference recordings are also released, enabling direct comparison for future studies. This evaluation technique establishes the first benchmark for robotic cello performance. Finally, we outline a residual reinforcement learning methodology to improve upon baseline robotic controls, highlighting future opportunities for improved string-crossing efficiency and sound quality. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03562 [ pdf , ps , other ] From Score to Sound: An End-to-End MIDI-to-Motion Pipeline for Robotic Cello Performance Authors: Samantha Sudhoff , Pranesh Velmurugan , Jiashu Liu , Vincent Zhao , Yung-Hsiang Lu , Kristen Yeon-Ji Yun Abstract : Robot musicians require precise control to obtain proper note accuracy, sound quality, and musical expression. Performance of string instruments, such as violin and cello, presents a significant challenge due to the precise control required over bow angle and pressure to produce the desired sound. While prior robotic cellists focus on accurate bowing trajectories, these works often rely on expensi… ▽ More Robot musicians require precise control to obtain proper note accuracy, sound quality, and musical expression. Performance of string instruments, such as violin and cello, presents a significant challenge due to the precise control required over bow angle and pressure to produce the desired sound. While prior robotic cellists focus on accurate bowing trajectories, these works often rely on expensive motion capture techniques, and fail to sightread music in a human-like way. We propose a novel end-to-end MIDI score to robotic motion pipeline which converts musical input directly into collision-aware bowing motions for a UR5e robot cellist. Through use of Universal Robot Freedrive feature, our robotic musician can achieve human-like sound without the need for motion capture. Additionally, this work records live joint data via Real-Time Data Exchange (RTDE) as the robot plays, providing labeled robotic playing data from a collection of five standard pieces to the research community. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in comparison to human performers, we introduce the Musical Turing Test, in which a collection of 132 human participants evaluate our robot's performance against a human baseline. Human reference recordings are also released, enabling direct comparison for future studies. This evaluation technique establishes the first benchmark for robotic cello performance. Finally, we outline a residual reinforcement learning methodology to improve upon baseline robotic controls, highlighting future opportunities for improved string-crossing efficiency and sound quality. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03306 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.LG Mastering the Game of Go with Self-play Experience Replay Authors: Jingbin Liu , Xuechun Wang Abstract : The game of Go has long served as a benchmark for artificial intelligence, demanding sophisticated strategic reasoning and long-term planning. Previous approaches such as AlphaGo and its successors, have predominantly relied on model-based Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS). In this work, we present QZero, a novel model-free reinforcement learning algorithm that forgoes search during training and lear… ▽ More The game of Go has long served as a benchmark for artificial intelligence, demanding sophisticated strategic reasoning and long-term planning. Previous approaches such as AlphaGo and its successors, have predominantly relied on model-based Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS). In this work, we present QZero, a novel model-free reinforcement learning algorithm that forgoes search during training and learns a Nash equilibrium policy through self-play and off-policy experience replay. Built upon entropy-regularized Q-learning, QZero utilizes a single Q-value network to unify policy evaluation and improvement. Starting tabula rasa without human data and trained for 5 months with modest compute resources (7 GPUs), QZero achieved a performance level comparable to that of AlphaGo. This demonstrates, for the first time, the efficiency of using model-free reinforcement learning to master the game of Go, as well as the feasibility of off-policy reinforcement learning in solving large-scale and complex environments. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2601.03306 [ pdf , ps , other ] Mastering the Game of Go with Self-play Experience Replay Authors: Jingbin Liu , Xuechun Wang Abstract : The game of Go has long served as a benchmark for artificial intelligence, demanding sophisticated strategic reasoning and long-term planning. Previous approaches such as AlphaGo and its successors, have predominantly relied on model-based Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS). In this work, we present QZero, a novel model-free reinforcement learning algorithm that forgoes search during training and lear… ▽ More The game of Go has long served as a benchmark for artificial intelligence, demanding sophisticated strategic reasoning and long-term planning. Previous approaches such as AlphaGo and its successors, have predominantly relied on model-based Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS). In this work, we present QZero, a novel model-free reinforcement learning algorithm that forgoes search during training and learns a Nash equilibrium policy through self-play and off-policy experience replay. Built upon entropy-regularized Q-learning, QZero utilizes a single Q-value network to unify policy evaluation and improvement. Starting tabula rasa without human data and trained for 5 months with modest compute resources (7 GPUs), QZero achieved a performance level comparable to that of AlphaGo. This demonstrates, for the first time, the efficiency of using model-free reinforcement learning to master the game of Go, as well as the feasibility of off-policy reinforcement learning in solving large-scale and complex environments. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2601.03267 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI OpenAI GPT-5 System Card Authors: Aaditya Singh , Adam Fry , Adam Perelman , Adam Tart , Adi Ganesh , Ahmed El-Kishky , Aidan McLaughlin , Aiden Low , AJ Ostrow , Akhila Ananthram , Akshay Nathan , Alan Luo , Alec Helyar , Aleksander Madry , Aleksandr Efremov , Aleksandra Spyra , Alex Baker-Whitcomb , Alex Beutel , Alex Karpenko , Alex Makelov , Alex Neitz , Alex Wei , Alexandra Barr , Alexandre Kirchmeyer , Alexey Ivanov , et al. (459 additional authors not shown) Abstract : This is the system card published alongside the OpenAI GPT-5 launch, August 2025. GPT-5 is a unified system with a smart and fast model that answers most questions, a deeper reasoning model for harder problems, and a real-time router that quickly decides which model to use based on conversation type, complexity, tool needs, and explicit intent (for example, if you say 'think hard about this' in… ▽ More This is the system card published alongside the OpenAI GPT-5 launch, August 2025. GPT-5 is a unified system with a smart and fast model that answers most questions, a deeper reasoning model for harder problems, and a real-time router that quickly decides which model to use based on conversation type, complexity, tool needs, and explicit intent (for example, if you say 'think hard about this' in the prompt). The router is continuously trained on real signals, including when users switch models, preference rates for responses, and measured correctness, improving over time. Once usage limits are reached, a mini version of each model handles remaining queries. This system card focuses primarily on gpt-5-thinking and gpt-5-main, while evaluations for other models are available in the appendix. The GPT-5 system not only outperforms previous models on benchmarks and answers questions more quickly, but -- more importantly -- is more useful for real-world queries. We've made significant advances in reducing hallucinations, improving instruction following, and minimizing sycophancy, and have leveled up GPT-5's performance in three of ChatGPT's most common uses: writing, coding, and health. All of the GPT-5 models additionally feature safe-completions, our latest approach to safety training to prevent disallowed content. Similarly to ChatGPT agent, we have decided to treat gpt-5-thinking as High capability in the Biological and Chemical domain under our Preparedness Framework, activating the associated safeguards. While we do not have definitive evidence that this model could meaningfully help a novice to create severe biological harm -- our defined threshold for High capability -- we have chosen to take a precautionary approach. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03267 [ pdf , ps , other ] OpenAI GPT-5 System Card Authors: Aaditya Singh , Adam Fry , Adam Perelman , Adam Tart , Adi Ganesh , Ahmed El-Kishky , Aidan McLaughlin , Aiden Low , AJ Ostrow , Akhila Ananthram , Akshay Nathan , Alan Luo , Alec Helyar , Aleksander Madry , Aleksandr Efremov , Aleksandra Spyra , Alex Baker-Whitcomb , Alex Beutel , Alex Karpenko , Alex Makelov , Alex Neitz , Alex Wei , Alexandra Barr , Alexandre Kirchmeyer , Alexey Ivanov , et al. (459 additional authors not shown) Abstract : This is the system card published alongside the OpenAI GPT-5 launch, August 2025. GPT-5 is a unified system with a smart and fast model that answers most questions, a deeper reasoning model for harder problems, and a real-time router that quickly decides which model to use based on conversation type, complexity, tool needs, and explicit intent (for example, if you say 'think hard about this' in… ▽ More This is the system card published alongside the OpenAI GPT-5 launch, August 2025. GPT-5 is a unified system with a smart and fast model that answers most questions, a deeper reasoning model for harder problems, and a real-time router that quickly decides which model to use based on conversation type, complexity, tool needs, and explicit intent (for example, if you say 'think hard about this' in the prompt). The router is continuously trained on real signals, including when users switch models, preference rates for responses, and measured correctness, improving over time. Once usage limits are reached, a mini version of each model handles remaining queries. This system card focuses primarily on gpt-5-thinking and gpt-5-main, while evaluations for other models are available in the appendix. The GPT-5 system not only outperforms previous models on benchmarks and answers questions more quickly, but -- more importantly -- is more useful for real-world queries. We've made significant advances in reducing hallucinations, improving instruction following, and minimizing sycophancy, and have leveled up GPT-5's performance in three of ChatGPT's most common uses: writing, coding, and health. All of the GPT-5 models additionally feature safe-completions, our latest approach to safety training to prevent disallowed content. Similarly to ChatGPT agent, we have decided to treat gpt-5-thinking as High capability in the Biological and Chemical domain under our Preparedness Framework, activating the associated safeguards. While we do not have definitive evidence that this model could meaningfully help a novice to create severe biological harm -- our defined threshold for High capability -- we have chosen to take a precautionary approach. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03184 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Decentralized Autoregressive Generation Authors: Stepan Maschan , Haoxuan Qu , Jun Liu Abstract : We present a theoretical analysis of decentralization of autoregressive generation. We define the Decentralized Discrete Flow Matching objective, by expressing probability generating velocity as a linear combination of expert flows. We also conduct experiments demonstrating the equivalence between decentralized and centralized training settings for multimodal language models across diverse set of… ▽ More We present a theoretical analysis of decentralization of autoregressive generation. We define the Decentralized Discrete Flow Matching objective, by expressing probability generating velocity as a linear combination of expert flows. We also conduct experiments demonstrating the equivalence between decentralized and centralized training settings for multimodal language models across diverse set of benchmarks. Specifically, we compare two distinct paradigms: LLaVA and InternVL 2.5-1B, which uses a fixed CLIP vision encoder and performs full-parameter fine-tuning (ViT+MLP+LLM) during the instruction tuning stage. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Work in progress arXiv:2601.03184 [ pdf , ps , other ] Decentralized Autoregressive Generation Authors: Stepan Maschan , Haoxuan Qu , Jun Liu Abstract : We present a theoretical analysis of decentralization of autoregressive generation. We define the Decentralized Discrete Flow Matching objective, by expressing probability generating velocity as a linear combination of expert flows. We also conduct experiments demonstrating the equivalence between decentralized and centralized training settings for multimodal language models across diverse set of… ▽ More We present a theoretical analysis of decentralization of autoregressive generation. We define the Decentralized Discrete Flow Matching objective, by expressing probability generating velocity as a linear combination of expert flows. We also conduct experiments demonstrating the equivalence between decentralized and centralized training settings for multimodal language models across diverse set of benchmarks. Specifically, we compare two distinct paradigms: LLaVA and InternVL 2.5-1B, which uses a fixed CLIP vision encoder and performs full-parameter fine-tuning (ViT+MLP+LLM) during the instruction tuning stage. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Work in progress arXiv:2601.03178 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV DiffBench Meets DiffAgent: End-to-End LLM-Driven Diffusion Acceleration Code Generation Authors: Jiajun jiao , Haowei Zhu , Puyuan Yang , Jianghui Wang , Ji Liu , Ziqiong Liu , Dong Li , Yuejian Fang , Junhai Yong , Bin Wang , Emad Barsoum Abstract : Diffusion models have achieved remarkable success in image and video generation. However, their inherently multiple step inference process imposes substantial computational overhead, hindering real-world deployment. Accelerating diffusion models is therefore essential, yet determining how to combine multiple model acceleration techniques remains a significant challenge. To address this issue, we i… ▽ More Diffusion models have achieved remarkable success in image and video generation. However, their inherently multiple step inference process imposes substantial computational overhead, hindering real-world deployment. Accelerating diffusion models is therefore essential, yet determining how to combine multiple model acceleration techniques remains a significant challenge. To address this issue, we introduce a framework driven by large language models (LLMs) for automated acceleration code generation and evaluation. First, we present DiffBench, a comprehensive benchmark that implements a three stage automated evaluation pipeline across diverse diffusion architectures, optimization combinations and deployment scenarios. Second, we propose DiffAgent, an agent that generates optimal acceleration strategies and codes for arbitrary diffusion models. DiffAgent employs a closed-loop workflow in which a planning component and a debugging component iteratively refine the output of a code generation component, while a genetic algorithm extracts performance feedback from the execution environment to guide subsequent code refinements. We provide a detailed explanation of the DiffBench construction and the design principles underlying DiffAgent. Extensive experiments show that DiffBench offers a thorough evaluation of generated codes and that DiffAgent significantly outperforms existing LLMs in producing effective diffusion acceleration strategies. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted to AAAI 2026 arXiv:2601.03178 [ pdf , ps , other ] DiffBench Meets DiffAgent: End-to-End LLM-Driven Diffusion Acceleration Code Generation Authors: Jiajun jiao , Haowei Zhu , Puyuan Yang , Jianghui Wang , Ji Liu , Ziqiong Liu , Dong Li , Yuejian Fang , Junhai Yong , Bin Wang , Emad Barsoum Abstract : Diffusion models have achieved remarkable success in image and video generation. However, their inherently multiple step inference process imposes substantial computational overhead, hindering real-world deployment. Accelerating diffusion models is therefore essential, yet determining how to combine multiple model acceleration techniques remains a significant challenge. To address this issue, we i… ▽ More Diffusion models have achieved remarkable success in image and video generation. However, their inherently multiple step inference process imposes substantial computational overhead, hindering real-world deployment. Accelerating diffusion models is therefore essential, yet determining how to combine multiple model acceleration techniques remains a significant challenge. To address this issue, we introduce a framework driven by large language models (LLMs) for automated acceleration code generation and evaluation. First, we present DiffBench, a comprehensive benchmark that implements a three stage automated evaluation pipeline across diverse diffusion architectures, optimization combinations and deployment scenarios. Second, we propose DiffAgent, an agent that generates optimal acceleration strategies and codes for arbitrary diffusion models. DiffAgent employs a closed-loop workflow in which a planning component and a debugging component iteratively refine the output of a code generation component, while a genetic algorithm extracts performance feedback from the execution environment to guide subsequent code refinements. We provide a detailed explanation of the DiffBench construction and the design principles underlying DiffAgent. Extensive experiments show that DiffBench offers a thorough evaluation of generated codes and that DiffAgent significantly outperforms existing LLMs in producing effective diffusion acceleration strategies. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted to AAAI 2026 arXiv:2601.03031 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.LO FlexProofs: A Vector Commitment with Flexible Linear Time for Computing All Proofs Authors: Jing Liu , Liang Feng Zhang Abstract : In this paper, we introduce FlexProofs, a new vector commitment (VC) scheme that achieves two key properties: (1) the prover can generate all individual opening proofs for a vector of size $N$ in optimal time ${\cal O}(N)$, and there is a flexible batch size parameter $b$ that can be increased to further reduce the time to generate all proofs; and (2) the scheme is directly compatible with a famil… ▽ More In this paper, we introduce FlexProofs, a new vector commitment (VC) scheme that achieves two key properties: (1) the prover can generate all individual opening proofs for a vector of size $N$ in optimal time ${\cal O}(N)$, and there is a flexible batch size parameter $b$ that can be increased to further reduce the time to generate all proofs; and (2) the scheme is directly compatible with a family of zkSNARKs that encode their input as a multi-linear polynomial. As a critical building block, we propose the first functional commitment (FC) scheme for multi-exponentiations with batch opening. Compared with HydraProofs, the only existing VC scheme that computes all proofs in optimal time ${\cal O}(N)$ and is directly compatible with zkSNARKs, FlexProofs may speed up the process of generating all proofs, if the parameter $b$ is properly chosen. Our experiments show that for $N=2^{16}$ and $b=\log^2 N$, FlexProofs can be $6\times$ faster than HydraProofs. Moreover, when combined with suitable zkSNARKs, FlexProofs enable practical applications such as verifiable secret sharing and verifiable robust aggregation. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; v1 submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by ACNS 2026 arXiv:2601.03031 [ pdf , ps , other ] FlexProofs: A Vector Commitment with Flexible Linear Time for Computing All Proofs Authors: Jing Liu , Liang Feng Zhang Abstract : In this paper, we introduce FlexProofs, a new vector commitment (VC) scheme that achieves two key properties: (1) the prover can generate all individual opening proofs for a vector of size $N$ in optimal time ${\cal O}(N)$, and there is a flexible batch size parameter $b$ that can be increased to further reduce the time to generate all proofs; and (2) the scheme is directly compatible with a famil… ▽ More In this paper, we introduce FlexProofs, a new vector commitment (VC) scheme that achieves two key properties: (1) the prover can generate all individual opening proofs for a vector of size $N$ in optimal time ${\cal O}(N)$, and there is a flexible batch size parameter $b$ that can be increased to further reduce the time to generate all proofs; and (2) the scheme is directly compatible with a family of zkSNARKs that encode their input as a multi-linear polynomial. As a critical building block, we propose the first functional commitment (FC) scheme for multi-exponentiations with batch opening. Compared with HydraProofs, the only existing VC scheme that computes all proofs in optimal time ${\cal O}(N)$ and is directly compatible with zkSNARKs, FlexProofs may speed up the process of generating all proofs, if the parameter $b$ is properly chosen. Our experiments show that for $N=2^{16}$ and $b=\log^2 N$, FlexProofs can be $6\times$ faster than HydraProofs. Moreover, when combined with suitable zkSNARKs, FlexProofs enable practical applications such as verifiable secret sharing and verifiable robust aggregation. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; v1 submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by ACNS 2026 1 2 3 4 5 … About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design and effects 3.6 Post-production 3.7 Music 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design and effects 3.6 Post-production 3.7 Music 4 Release Toggle Release subsection 4.1 Context 4.2 Marketing 4.3 Box office 4.1 Context 4.2 Marketing 4.3 Box office 5 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 After release Toggle After release subsection 6.1 Performance analysis and aftermath 6.2 Home media 6.3 Other media 6.1 Performance analysis and aftermath 6.2 Home media 6.3 Other media 7 Thematic analysis Toggle Thematic analysis subsection 7.1 Duality and fragmented identity 7.2 The carnivalesque and social critique 7.3 Sexuality and repression 7.4 Power, politics, and ideology 7.5 Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique 7.1 Duality and fragmented identity 7.2 The carnivalesque and social critique 7.3 Sexuality and repression 7.4 Power, politics, and ideology 7.5 Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique 8 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 8.1 Retrospective reception 8.2 Cultural influence 8.1 Retrospective reception 8.2 Cultural influence 9 Sequels 10 Footnotes 11 Notes 12 References Toggle References subsection 12.1 Citations 12.2 Works cited 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 12.1 Citations 12.2 Works cited 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 13 External links Batman Returns العربية Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Batman Returns Theatrical release poster by John Alvin Directed by Tim Burton Screenplay by Daniel Waters Story by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Daniel Waters Sam Hamm Daniel Waters Sam Hamm Based on Batman characters created by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] and published by DC Comics Batman characters created by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] and published by DC Comics Produced by Denise Di Novi Tim Burton Denise Di Novi Tim Burton Starring Michael Keaton Danny DeVito Michelle Pfeiffer Christopher Walken Michael Gough Pat Hingle Michael Murphy Michael Keaton Danny DeVito Michelle Pfeiffer Christopher Walken Michael Gough Pat Hingle Michael Murphy Cinematography Stefan Czapsky Edited by Chris Lebenzon Music by Danny Elfman Production companies Warner Bros. PolyGram Pictures Warner Bros. PolyGram Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Release dates June 16, 1992 ( 1992-06-16 ) (Hollywood, California) June 19, 1992 ( 1992-06-19 ) (United States) June 16, 1992 ( 1992-06-16 ) (Hollywood, California) June 19, 1992 ( 1992-06-19 ) (United States) Running time 126 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50–80 million Box office $266.8 million Batman Returns is a 1992 American superhero film directed by Tim Burton and written by Daniel Waters . Based on the DC Comics character Batman , it is the sequel to Batman (1989), also directed by Burton, and the second installment in the Batman film series (1989–1997). The cast includes Michael Keaton , Danny DeVito , Michelle Pfeiffer , Christopher Walken , Michael Gough , Pat Hingle , and Michael Murphy . Set during Christmas in Gotham City , the film follows Batman (Keaton) as he confronts corrupt businessman Max Shreck (Walken) and deformed crime boss Oswald Cobblepot / the Penguin (DeVito), whose bid for power threatens the city. Their schemes are further complicated by Shreck's former secretary Selina Kyle (Pfeiffer), who seeks revenge against him as Catwoman. Burton was initially uninterested in directing a sequel to Batman , feeling creatively constrained by Warner Bros. ' expectations. He agreed to return only after being granted greater creative control, which included replacing original writer Sam Hamm with Daniel Waters and reuniting with many of his previous collaborators. Waters's script emphasized characterization over plot, and Wesley Strick was later hired for an uncredited rewrite that added, among other elements, a master plan for the Penguin. Filming took place from September 1991 to February 1992 on a budget of $50–80 million, primarily on sets and soundstages at Warner Bros. Studios and the Universal Studios Lot in California. The film's special effects relied mainly on practical techniques and makeup, supplemented with animatronics, limited computer-generated imagery (CGI), and dozens of live penguins. The film's marketing campaign was extensive, featuring brand tie-ins and merchandise intended to replicate the financial success of Batman . Released on June 19, 1992, Batman Returns broke several box-office records and grossed $266.8 million worldwide, becoming the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1992 , but fell short of Batman in overall success and longevity. The darker tone, along with violent and sexual content, was cited as alienating family audiences and prompted backlash against marketing partners for promoting the film to children. Critical reception was polarized, though most reviewers praised the principal cast. Following the mixed reception of Batman Returns , Burton was replaced as director for its sequel, Batman Forever (1995), which was developed with a more family-friendly tone. Keaton also declined to return. In the years since its release, Batman Returns has been reappraised as one of the strongest Batman films and a pivotal early example of auteur -driven superhero cinema that helped shape the genre's darker, more ambitious direction. The film is also recognized as an alternative Christmas classic due to its winter setting, festive imagery, and themes of loneliness and isolation. Its story was revisited in the comic series Batman '89 (2021), and Keaton later reprised his version of Batman in The Flash (2023). Plot In Gotham City , two wealthy socialites , horrified by the birth of their malformed and feral son Oswald , abandon him in the sewers, where he is taken in by a colony of penguins. Thirty-three years later, during the Christmas season, wealthy industrialist Max Shreck is abducted by the Red Triangle Gang—former circus performers implicated in child disappearances across the country—and taken to their hideout in the abandoned Arctic exhibit at Gotham Zoo. Their leader, Oswald, now known as the Penguin, blackmails Max with evidence of his corruption and murders, coercing him into helping Oswald re-enter Gotham's high society. Max stages the kidnapping of the mayor's infant child, allowing Oswald to "rescue" the child and become a public hero. In return, Oswald requests access to the city's birth records, claiming he seeks to uncover his true identity by investigating Gotham's first-born sons. Max attempts to kill his timid secretary, Selina Kyle , by pushing her out of a window after she discovers his plan to build a power plant that would secretly drain and store Gotham's electricity. Selina survives, returns home, crafts a costume, and adopts the persona of Catwoman . To Max's surprise, she reappears at work with newfound confidence and assertiveness, immediately attracting the attention of visiting billionaire Bruce Wayne . As the vigilante Batman , Bruce begins investigating Oswald, suspecting his ties to the Red Triangle Gang. Seeking to remove opposition to his power plant, Max convinces Oswald to run for mayor and discredit the incumbent by unleashing the gang on Gotham. Batman's efforts to quell the violence bring him into conflict with Catwoman, while in their civilian lives Selina and Bruce begin a romance. Meanwhile, Catwoman allies with Oswald to smear Batman's reputation. During Gotham's Christmas-tree lighting, Oswald and Catwoman kidnap Gotham's beauty queen, the Ice Princess, and lure Batman to a rooftop above the ceremony. Oswald pushes the Ice Princess to her death with a swarm of bats, effectively framing Batman. When Catwoman objects to the murder and rebuffs Oswald's sexual advances, he attacks her, sending her crashing through a glasshouse. Batman escapes in the Batmobile , unaware that the Red Triangle gang has sabotaged it, allowing Oswald to control the vehicle, causing what appears to be a case of road rage . Before regaining control, Batman records Oswald's insulting tirade against Gotham's citizens and later plays it during Oswald's mayoral rally, destroying his public image and forcing him to retreat to Gotham Zoo. There, Oswald renounces his humanity, fully embracing his identity as the Penguin, and sets his plan in motion to abduct and kill Gotham's first-born sons as revenge for his own abandonment and problems. Selina attempts to kill Max at his charity ball, but Bruce intervenes, and the two inadvertently discover each other's secret identities. Penguin crashes the event intending to kidnap Max's son, Chip, but Max offers himself instead. Batman disrupts the Red Triangle gang and halts the kidnappings, prompting the Penguin to unleash his missile-equipped penguin army to destroy Gotham. Batman's ally, Alfred Pennyworth , overrides the control signal, redirecting the penguins back to Gotham Zoo. As the missiles obliterate the zoo, Batman unleashes a swarm of bats, causing the Penguin to fall into the toxic waters of the Arctic exhibit. Catwoman confronts Max, rejecting Batman's plea to abandon her revenge and leave with him. Max shoots Batman, incapacitating him, and then shoots Catwoman multiple times, but she survives, claiming she has two of her nine lives left. Catwoman electrocutes Max with a live cable, causing a power surge that appears to kill them both; however, Batman finds only Max's remains. The Penguin emerges one last time but succumbs to his injuries, with his penguins carrying his body into the water. Sometime later, while traveling home, Bruce spots Selina's silhouette but finds only a cat, which he takes with him. The Bat-Signal shines above the city as Catwoman gazes up at it. Cast Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman : A billionaire businessman who operates as Gotham's vigilante protector [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Danny DeVito as Oswald Cobblepot / Penguin : A malformed crime boss [ 6 ] Michelle Pfeiffer as Selina Kyle / Catwoman : A meek assistant turned vengeful villainess [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Christopher Walken as Max Shreck: A ruthless industrialist [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth : Wayne's butler and surrogate father [ 10 ] Pat Hingle as James Gordon : The Gotham City police commissioner and Batman's ally [ 11 ] Michael Murphy as the Mayor: The city's incumbent mayor [ 5 ] [ 12 ] The cast of Batman Returns includes Andrew Bryniarski as Max's son Charles "Chip" Schreck and Cristi Conaway as the Ice Princess, Gotham's beauty queen-elect. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Paul Reubens and Diane Salinger appear as Tucker and Esther Cobblepot, Oswald's wealthy, elite parents. [ 16 ] Sean Whalen appears as a paperboy; [ 15 ] Jan Hooks and Steve Witting play Jen and Josh, Oswald's mayoral image consultants . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] The Red Triangle gang includes the monkey-toting Organ Grinder ( Vincent Schiavelli ), the Poodle Lady ( Anna Katarina ), the Tattooed Strongman ( Rick Zumwalt ), the Sword Swallower (John Strong), the Knifethrower Dame (Erika Andersch), the Acrobatic Thug (Gregory Scott Cummins), the Terrifying Clown ( Branscombe Richmond ), the Fat Clown (Travis Mckenna), and the Thin Clown ( Doug Jones ). [ 15 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Production Development Following the success of Batman (1989), which became the fifth-highest-grossing film of its time, a sequel was considered inevitable. Warner Bros. Pictures began discussing a follow-up by late 1989, with plans to start filming the next May. [ a ] The studio wanted Robin Williams and Danny DeVito to portray the Riddler and Penguin, respectively, [ 23 ] and invested $2 million in acquiring the Gotham City sets at Pinewood Studios in England, intending to reuse them for at least two sequels. The sets were placed under 24-hour surveillance, as maintaining them was more cost-effective than rebuilding. [ 23 ] Despite Warner Bros.' pressure to secure a script and begin production, director Tim Burton was hesitant to return. [ 23 ] [ 9 ] [ 25 ] He described the idea of a sequel as "dumbfounded", particularly before the first film's box-office performance could be assessed. [ 23 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Burton was skeptical of sequels in general, believing they were only worthwhile if they offered something new and different. [ 23 ] [ 26 ] Batman writer Sam Hamm 's initial story treatment expanded on district attorney Harvey Dent —played by Billy Dee Williams in Batman —and charted his transformation into the supervillain Two-Face . Warner Bros., however, pushed for the Penguin as the primary antagonist, whom Hamm believed the studio regarded as Batman's most recognizable foe after the Joker . Catwoman was also added because Burton and Hamm were interested in the character. [ 25 ] Hamm's drafts followed directly from Batman , continuing Bruce Wayne's relationship with Vicki Vale ( Kim Basinger ) and leading to their engagement. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] His Penguin was depicted as an avian-themed criminal who weaponized birds, while Catwoman was portrayed as more overtly sexual, clad in " bondage " attire, and casually murdering groups of men. [ 25 ] The story paired Penguin and Catwoman in a plot to frame Batman for the murders of Gotham's wealthiest citizens while pursuing a hidden treasure, which ultimately drew them to Wayne Manor and uncovered the Wayne family's secret past. Hamm also introduced the Christmastime setting and included Robin , Batman's sidekick, though his idea of assault rifle -wielding Santas was discarded. In Hamm's drafts, Batman avoided killing and concentrated on protecting Gotham's homeless. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] Ultimately, his two scripts failed to reignite Burton's interest, [ 25 ] [ 26 ] and the director instead focused on Edward Scissorhands (1990) and co-writing The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993). [ 9 ] Burton was confirmed to direct the sequel in January 1991, with filming planned to begin later that year for a 1992 release. [ 27 ] His decision was influenced by the 1989 departure of Batman producers Peter Guber and Jon Peters to Columbia Pictures , as Burton had been frustrated by the level of creative control they exercised over the first film. [ 28 ] He agreed to return only after securing greater creative authority, later admitting that Batman was his least favorite of his films, describing it as "occasionally boring". [ 9 ] [ 25 ] [ 29 ] According to long-time collaborator Denise Di Novi , "Only about 50% of Batman was [Burton]", and Warner Bros. wanted Batman Returns to be "more of a Tim Burton movie ... [a] weirder movie but also more hip and fun". [ 29 ] Burton brought in several long-time collaborators to replace key members of the original Batman crew, including cinematographer Stefan Czapsky , production designer Bo Welch , creature-effects supervisor Stan Winston , makeup artist Ve Neill , and art directors Tom Duffield and Rick Henrichs. [ 30 ] He hired Daniel Waters to replace Hamm, preferring a writer with no emotional attachment to Batman . Burton admired Waters's script for the dark comedy Heathers (1988), which reflected the darker tone and creative direction he envisioned for the sequel. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 29 ] Burton reportedly clashed with Peters, demoting him to executive producer and largely excluding him from the set. [ 9 ] Warner Bros. served as the production company and distributor, with additional support from executive producer Guber and Peters's Polygram Pictures . [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Writing Waters began work on his first draft in mid-1990. [ 33 ] Burton's only guidance was that the script should avoid connections to the previous Batman , aside from a brief reference to Vale as Wayne's former partner, and that Catwoman should be developed with more depth than the typical sexy vixen archetype. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Waters, who disliked the 1989 film, ignored its narrative threads and comic-book history, focusing instead on artistic expression. [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Unlike Hamm, Waters did not object to Batman killing , arguing that the character should reflect darker contemporary sensibilities and that relying on authorities to handle captured villains felt outdated. [ 25 ] Even so, he limited Batman's lethal actions to moments that served the story. He also expressed dissatisfaction with unscripted additions, such as the scene where Batman blows up a Red Triangle gang member. [ 8 ] Keaton had Waters remove jabs at the 1989 film's merchandising, including an opening on a merchandise store, saying, "[This] is very clever. Cut it". [ 36 ] Waters's dialogue for Batman, which he described as "bitter and cynical"—including lines suggesting Gotham City was unworthy of protection—was pared back because Keaton felt Batman should speak as little as possible in costume, and Burton preferred to portray the character as motivated by trauma rather than nihilism . [ 8 ] [ 34 ] [ 37 ] As a result, the script focused on the villains . Burton said he initially struggled to understand the appeal of the Penguin's comic-book counterpart; Batman, Catwoman, and the Joker had clear psychological profiles, but the Penguin was "just this guy with a cigarette and a top hat". [ 25 ] The initial draft portrayed him as a stereotypical DeVito character—an abrasive gangster—but Waters and Burton agreed to make him more "animalistic". [ 33 ] They decided to present the Penguin as a tragic figure, abandoned as an infant by his parents, mirroring Batman's childhood trauma of losing his own parents. [ 25 ] Political and social satire was incorporated, influenced by two episodes of the 1960s television series Batman ("Hizzoner the Penguin" and "Dizhonner the Penguin"), in which the Penguin runs for mayor. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] Waters reimagined Hamm's Catwoman, shifting her from a "fetishy sexual fantasy" femme fatale to a working-class, disenchanted secretary, writing her as an allegory of contemporary feminism. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Waters created Max Shreck—an original character named after actor Max Schreck —to replace Harvey Dent/Two-Face. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Shreck was written satirically, an evil industrialist who orchestrates the Penguin's mayoral campaign, to show that true villains do not always wear costumes. In one draft, he was depicted as the Penguin's favored brother. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] With four central characters to develop, Waters and Burton removed Robin, a garage mechanic who aids Batman after the Penguin crashes the Batmobile, describing the character as "worthless". [ 25 ] [ 30 ] The Red Triangle gang, initially conceived as a troupe of performance artists, was changed to circus clowns at Burton's request. [ 38 ] Waters said his 160-page first draft was too outlandish and would have cost $400 million to produce, prompting him to adopt a more restrained approach. [ 33 ] His fifth and final draft focused on characterization and interactions rather than plot. [ b ] Burton and Waters eventually fell out over disagreements about the script, particularly Waters's refusal to make requested changes. Burton hired Wesley Strick to streamline Waters's lengthy script, condense dialogue, and lighten the tone. [ 37 ] Warner Bros. executives required Strick to include a master plan for the Penguin, leading to the addition of a plot involving the kidnapping of Gotham's first-born sons and the threat of missile attacks. [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 40 ] Strick delivered his draft in August 1991. [ 28 ] Waters described the changes as relatively minor but expressed confusion over the Penguin's master plan. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 37 ] He made a final revision to Strick's shooting script, and although Strick was on set for months and involved in agreed-upon rewrites, Waters was the sole credited screenwriter. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 41 ] Casting Michael Keaton reprised his role as Bruce Wayne / Batman for $10 million, double his salary for Batman . [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 42 ] Burton initially wanted Marlon Brando to play the Penguin, but Warner Bros. preferred Dustin Hoffman . Christopher Lloyd and Robert De Niro were also considered, with Danny DeVito emerging as the frontrunner after Waters reimagined the character as a deformed human-bird hybrid. [ 22 ] [ 26 ] [ 43 ] DeVito was initially hesitant to accept the role until persuaded by his close friend Jack Nicholson , who had portrayed the Joker in Batman . [ 26 ] [ 43 ] To communicate his vision, Burton showed DeVito a painting he had created of a small character sitting on a red-and-white striped ball, captioned: "my name is Jimmy, but my friends call me the hideous penguin boy". [ 8 ] [ 25 ] [ 40 ] Casting Selina Kyle / Catwoman proved challenging. [ 25 ] [ 40 ] Annette Bening was initially cast in the role but had to withdraw due to pregnancy. Other actresses considered included Ellen Barkin , Cher , Bridget Fonda , Jennifer Jason Leigh , Madonna , Julie Newmar , Lena Olin , Susan Sarandon , Raquel Welch , and Kim Basinger. The most notable contender was Sean Young , who had been cast as Vale in Batman before an injury prevented her from performing. [ c ] Young reportedly visited the Warner Bros. lot in a homemade Catwoman costume for an impromptu audition with Burton, who allegedly hid under his desk while Keaton and producer Mark Canton briefly met with her. She also showcased her costume on Entertainment Tonight and pitched it on The Joan Rivers Show . Warner Bros. ultimately decided that Young did not align with their vision for Catwoman. [ d ] The role went to Michelle Pfeiffer , who was regarded as a proven actress and someone who worked well with Burton, although some publications suggested the role would challenge her acting range. [ 8 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] Pfeiffer had also been considered for the role of Vale in Batman , but Keaton vetoed her casting due to their previous romantic relationship, believing her presence could interfere with attempts to reconcile with his wife. [ 47 ] She received a $3 million salary—$2 million more than Bening—plus a share of the film's gross profits. [ e ] Pfeiffer trained for several months in kickboxing with her stunt double, Kathy Long , mastering the whip and becoming skilled enough to perform many of her own stunts with it. [ f ] Shreck's appearance was modeled on Vincent Price in an unspecified older film, while Walken based his performance on moguls such as Sol Hurok and Samuel Goldwyn . [ 5 ] [ 8 ] Walken said, "I tend to play mostly villains and twisted people. Unsavory guys. I think it's my face, the way I look". [ 51 ] Burgess Meredith , who portrayed the Penguin in the 1960s TV series, was originally scheduled to cameo as Penguin's father, Tucker Cobblepot, but became ill during filming. He was replaced by Paul Reubens, while Diane Salinger played Tucker's wife, Esther. Both had previously appeared in Burton's feature-film debut, Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985). [ 9 ] [ 26 ] [ 52 ] Although Robin was removed from the final screenplay, the character's development had progressed far enough that Marlon Wayans had already been cast (Burton had specifically wanted an African-American Robin), and costumes, sets, and action figures were created. In a 1998 interview, Wayans said that he continued to receive residual checks under the two-film contract he had signed. [ g ] Early reports suggested that Nicholson had been asked to return as the Joker, but he allegedly declined to film in England due to foreign salary taxes. Nicholson, however, denied being asked, believing that Warner Bros. would not want to replicate the generous compensation he had received for Batman . [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Filming Principal photography began on September 3, 1991. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 57 ] Burton wanted to film in the United States with American actors, believing that Batman , which had been shot in the United Kingdom, had "suffered from a British subtext". [ h ] Changes in the economics of filming in the UK also made it more cost-effective to remain in the U.S. [ 30 ] This decision required abandoning the Pinewood Studios sets in favor of Burton's new designs. Batman Returns was filmed almost entirely on up to eight soundstages at Warner Bros. Studios, Burbank , California, including Stage 16, which housed the expansive Gotham Plaza set. [ i ] Stage 12 at the Universal Studios Lot was used for the Penguin's Arctic-exhibit lair. [ j ] Warner Bros. maintained a high level of security to avoid details leaking for Batman Returns . Cast and crew wore ID badges branded with the film's working title , Dictel , a word coined by Welch and Burton meaning "dictatorial", as they were unhappy with the studio's "ridiculous gestapo " measures. [ 59 ] Some sets were kept very cold for the live Emperor , black-footed , and King penguins. [ 8 ] [ 22 ] [ 26 ] The birds were transported in a refrigerated airplane for filming, and housed in a chilled waiting area with a swimming pool stocked daily with half a ton of ice and fresh fish. [ 8 ] [ 26 ] DeVito stated that, although he generally enjoyed being on set, he disliked the cold conditions and was the only cast member somewhat comfortable due to the heavy padding in his costume. [ 8 ] The penguin army was created using live penguins supplemented by puppets, forty Emperor-penguin suits worn by little people, and computer-generated imagery (CGI). [ 8 ] [ 22 ] People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) protested the use of real penguins, citing concerns over moving the birds from their natural environment. While the organization later acknowledged that the penguins were not mistreated, it criticized the lack of fresh drinking water, noting they were confined to a small chlorinated pool. [ 22 ] [ 60 ] PETA also objected to the penguins being fitted with prop weapons and gadgets, which Warner Bros. stated were lightweight plastic. [ 61 ] Burton himself expressed a reluctance to use live animals, emphasizing his care and concern for their treatment. [ 62 ] Walken described the filming process as highly collaborative, recalling that his suggestion to add a blueprint for Shreck's power plant led to a model being constructed within hours. [ 8 ] The scene in which Catwoman places a live bird in her mouth was performed live, with no CGI, and Pfeiffer later remarked that she would not perform the stunt again, given the potential risks of injury or disease. [ 8 ] For a sewer scene, handlers positioned above and below guided an organ-grinder monkey carrying a note for the Penguin. When the monkey saw DeVito in full costume and makeup, it lunged at him. DeVito recalled, "The monkey looked at me, froze, and then leapt right at my balls ... Thank god it was a padded costume". [ 63 ] A scene depicting the explosion of Shreck's superstore resulted in minor injuries to four stuntmen. [ 22 ] Principal photography concluded on February 20, 1992, after 170 days. [ 22 ] Design and effects Batman Returns ' production design and visual style were reimagined by Bo Welch, replacing the late Anton Furst and bringing a darker, expressionist aesthetic after collaborating with Burton on Beetlejuice (1988) and Edward Scissorhands . [ 5 ] [ 26 ] [ 35 ] Welch designed key props such as the Batskiboat and Penguin's umbrellas, introduced a "Batmissile" mode for the Batmobile, and oversaw large-scale sets including Gotham Plaza and Penguin's lair. [ 35 ] [ 64 ] Influenced by German Expressionism —a 1920s cinematic style characterized by harsh shadows, distorted architecture, and psychological intensity—Welch also drew from neo-fascist architecture (including Nazi Germany-era styles ), American Precisionist painting, and street-level imagery of homelessness amid affluence. He employed miniatures and exaggerated verticality to evoke a decaying, alienating Gotham. [ 22 ] [ 35 ] [ 65 ] Welch, a trained architect, structured the city on a grid of strong vertical lines, emphasizing huge skyscrapers that transform streets into dark canyons to evoke a sense of victimization and oppression. [ 35 ] [ 66 ] He researched the look by studying fascist architecture from the Third Reich and world's fairs , styles he felt were "evocative of oppressive bureaucracies and dictatorships", to design the monolithic Gotham Plaza. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Welch further drew upon Precisionism, a movement known for using hard outlines, solid shadows, and slick, impersonal surfaces to lend industrial subjects an epic character, citing the work of Charles Sheeler and Georgia O'Keeffe as specific influences. [ 66 ] He also incorporated Burton's early sketch of Catwoman, with a "very S&M kind of look", by integrating steel and chain elements into the set, creating the impression of a city collapsing in on itself. [ 35 ] [ 22 ] Costume designers Bob Ringwood and Mary Vogt updated the Batsuit with a mechanical look and created a fragile latex Catwoman suit requiring numerous backups. [ 22 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] DeVito's Penguin relied on extensive prosthetics by Stan Winston Studio , including black saliva for grotesque effect, and the team built thirty animatronic penguins supplemented with actors and digital effects. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 22 ] Post-production was intense, with some effects shots conceived just weeks before the June 19, 1992 release. [ 72 ] The visual effects workload ultimately encompassed around 115 shots, employing matte paintings, miniatures, CGI, makeup, puppets, and pyrotechnics, handled by six major effects houses including Stan Winston Studio, Boss Film Studios , and Matte World Digital . [ 72 ] [ 31 ] Post-production Chris Lebenzon edited the 126-minute theatrical cut of Batman Returns . [ 7 ] [ 17 ] [ 73 ] The post-production period was rushed, forcing Burton to present a cut to studio executives only four weeks after filming wrapped—far shorter than his typical editing timelines. [ 74 ] The final scene of Catwoman looking up at the Bat-Signal was filmed during post-production, just two weeks before release. Warner Bros. mandated the scene—showing that Catwoman survived—after test audiences responded positively to Pfeiffer's performance. Pfeiffer was unavailable, so a stand-in was used. [ k ] Although the character draws on feline mythology—such as cats having nine lives—Waters and Burton never intended the supernatural elements to be taken literally, and Catwoman was planned to definitively die alongside Shreck. [ 8 ] [ 78 ] A scene showing Penguin's gang destroying a store filled with Batman merchandise was also removed. [ 25 ] Warner Bros. provided a final budget of $55 million for Batman Returns , though other sources have cited estimates of $50 million, $65 million, $75 million, or $80 million. [ l ] [ ii ] Music Danny Elfman was initially reluctant to score Batman Returns because he was unhappy that his Batman score was supplemented with pop music by Prince . [ 8 ] Elfman built on many of his Batman themes, and said that he enjoyed working on the Penguin's themes the most because of the character's sympathetic aspects, such as his abandonment and death. [ 8 ] [ 83 ] Recorded with a studio orchestra on the Sony Scoring Stage in Los Angeles, Elfman's score includes vocals, harps, bells, xylophones, flutes, pianos, and chimes. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Burton and Elfman fell out during production due to the stress of finishing Batman Returns on time, but reconciled shortly afterward. [ 86 ] The song " Face to Face ", played during the costume-ball scene, was co-written and performed by the British rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees . [ 85 ] Release Context By the summer theatrical season of 1992 (starting the last week of May), the film industry faced low ticket sales, rising production costs, and several box-office failures from the previous year. [ 87 ] Eighty-nine films were scheduled for release, including A League of Their Own , Alien 3 , Encino Man , Far and Away , Patriot Games , and Sister Act . [ 24 ] [ 79 ] [ 87 ] Studios had to carefully plan releases to avoid competition from anticipated blockbusters, such as Lethal Weapon 3 , Batman Returns , and the 1992 Summer Olympics . [ 79 ] Batman Returns was predicted to be the summer's biggest hit, causing other studios to worry about scheduling films even a few weeks from its premiere. [ 79 ] [ 88 ] Paramount Pictures reportedly increased Patriot Games ' budget by $14 million to make it more competitive with Batman Returns and Lethal Weapon 3 . [ 79 ] [ 87 ] Marketing Franchising had not been a major focus for Batman prior to its release, but after merchandise generated roughly $500 million of the film's $1.5 billion total earnings, it became a priority for Batman Returns . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 89 ] A 12-minute promotional reel debuted at WorldCon in September 1991, alongside a black-and-white poster of a silhouetted Batman, which was deemed "mundane" and uninspiring by industry professionals. [ 22 ] [ 65 ] Warner Bros. delayed major promotion until February 1992 to avoid over-saturation and alienating audiences. [ 65 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] A trailer rolled out in 5,000 theaters that month, accompanied by a new poster showing a snow-swept Batman logo. [ 22 ] [ 65 ] The campaign focused on the three central characters—Batman, Penguin, and Catwoman—which Warner Bros. believed would offset the absence of the popular Nicholson. [ 87 ] [ 90 ] Over two-thirds of the 300 public posters were stolen, prompting Warner Bros. to offer 200 limited-edition posters for $250, signed by Keaton, who donated his earnings to charity. [ 22 ] [ 90 ] [ 91 ] Marketing expenditures were expected to exceed $100 million, including $20 million by Warner Bros. for commercials and trailers and $60 million by merchandising partners. These partners—including McDonald's , Ralston Purina , Kmart , Target Corporation , Venture Stores , and Sears —planned roughly 300 in-store Batman shops. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] McDonald's converted 9,000 outlets into Gotham City restaurants, featuring Batman-themed packaging and a cup lid that doubled as a flying disc. [ 89 ] CBS aired the television special The Bat, The Cat, The Penguin ... Batman Returns , while Choice Hotels sponsored the hour-long The Making of Batman Returns . [ 22 ] [ 89 ] TV ads depicted Batman and Catwoman fighting over a can of Diet Coke , with the Penguin (and his penguins) promoting Choice Hotels, and additional advertisements ran on billboards and in print—sometimes across three consecutive newspaper pages—targeting older audiences. [ 90 ] Box office Batman Returns premiered on June 16, 1992, at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. Two blocks of Hollywood Boulevard were closed for more than 3,000 fans, 33 TV film crews, and 100 photographers. A party followed on the Stage 16 Gotham Plaza set, attended by the cast and crew, as well as Arnold Schwarzenegger , Faye Dunaway , James Caan , Mickey Rooney , Harvey Keitel , Christian Slater , and James Woods , among others. [ 58 ] The film had a limited preview release in the U.S. and Canada on Thursday, June 18, grossing $2 million. [ 8 ] [ 24 ] [ 82 ] It expanded widely the following day, playing on an above-average 3,000 screens across 2,644 theaters. [ 8 ] [ 24 ] [ 92 ] Batman Returns grossed $45.7 million in its opening weekend, breaking the record set by Batman ($42.7 million), and debuted as the number-one film, topping Sister Act ($7.8 million in its fourth weekend) and Patriot Games ($7.7 million in its third). [ 24 ] [ 92 ] [ 93 ] Batman Returns was the first feature film released in Dolby Stereo Digital , in select theaters, marking a milestone in cinema audio technology that later became synonymous with surround sound in theaters. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Early analysis suggested Batman Returns could become one of the highest-grossing films of all time. Warner Bros. executive Robert Friedman noted, "We opened it the first real weekend when kids are out of school. The audience is everybody, but the engine that drives the charge are kids under 20". [ 24 ] Patriot Games producer Mace Neufeld observed that other films benefited from overflow audiences who avoided long lines or sold-out screenings of Batman Returns . [ 24 ] Batman Returns grossed $25.4 million in its second weekend—a 44.3 percent drop—yet remained the number-one film ahead of the debuting Unlawful Entry ($10.1 million) and Sister Act ($7.2 million). [ 96 ] [ 97 ] By its third weekend, it became the second-fastest film to reach $100 million (11 days), behind Batman (10 days). [ 98 ] It held the top spot with $13.8 million (a 45.6 percent drop), narrowly edging out the debuts of A League of Their Own ($13.7 million) and Boomerang ($13.6 million). [ 97 ] [ 99 ] The Washington Post described its steep week-to-week declines as concerning, and industry analysts suggested that Batman Returns would struggle to match the theatrical longevity of Batman . [ 97 ] [ 22 ] The film exited the top ten highest-grossing films by its seventh week and concluded its 18-week run in late October with a total U.S. and Canada gross of $162.8 million. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] This made it the third-highest-grossing film of 1992, behind Home Alone 2: Lost in New York ($173.6 million) and Aladdin ($217.3 million). [ 102 ] Outside the U.S. and Canada, Batman Returns grossed $104 million, [ 103 ] setting U.K. records for the highest-grossing opening weekend (£2.5 million) and single-day gross (£1.1 million). [ 97 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] Worldwide, Batman Returns grossed $266.8 million, [ iii ] making it the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1992, ahead of A Few Good Men ($243.2 million) and behind Lethal Weapon 3 ($321.7 million). [ 103 ] Reception Critical response Batman Returns drew a polarized response from critics and audiences, with its darker tone and mature content proving divisive. [ 5 ] [ 22 ] [ 106 ] CinemaScore polling reported an average grade from audiences of B on an A+-to-F scale. [ 107 ] Some reviewers, including Janet Maslin and Desson Howe , compared the sequel favorably to Batman , citing faster pacing, increased humor, and greater character depth, which avoided the original's "dourness" and "tedium". [ m ] Maslin and Dave Kehr emphasized that Burton's creative control made Batman Returns a more personal and "fearlessly" distinctive work. [ 109 ] [ 112 ] Critics such as Kenneth Turan commended the film's visuals but argued that the emphasis on spectacle sometimes made it feel cheerless and claustrophobic, occasionally at the expense of the plot. [ 7 ] [ 81 ] [ 111 ] Owen Gleiberman suggested that Burton's imaginative flourishes were undermined by a lack of grounding in normality. [ 7 ] The narrative received mixed reactions. Howe and Turan praised the film for adding emotional depth to its characters, particularly Catwoman and the Penguin, though Turan noted a lag in pacing midway. [ 108 ] [ 81 ] In contrast, Todd McCarthy found the story cluttered, with too many plotlines diminishing momentum. [ 110 ] Gleiberman similarly argued that the numerous storylines created a sense of disjointedness. [ 7 ] Critics generally agreed that the first two acts were more compelling than the finale, which they believed struggled to resolve multiple character arcs satisfactorily. [ 108 ] [ 81 ] [ 110 ] Others, including Jonathan Rosenbaum , believed the film lacked suspense and clever writing, overwhelmed by characters and near-constant banter. [ 12 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] Maslin observed that Burton prioritized visuals over plot. [ 109 ] Gene Siskel argued that the sympathetic villains diminished narrative satisfaction, leaving viewers wishing Batman might not prevail. [ 115 ] Critics noted that the film devoted more attention to its villains than to Batman himself. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] [ 116 ] Gleiberman remarked that the villain sequences often overshadowed Keaton's performance. [ 7 ] McCarthy described Batman as a symbolic figure rather than a psychologically complex character, while Ebert viewed being Batman as a curse rather than a heroic fantasy. [ 12 ] [ 110 ] [ 116 ] Conversely, Peter Travers praised Keaton's "manic depressive hero" as a fully realized character. [ 117 ] DeVito was acclaimed by Gleiberman, McCarthy, and Maslin for his energetic and distinctive portrayal, effectively conveying pathos and complexity despite heavy prosthetics. [ 7 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] Howe highlighted Burton's focus on the character as indicative of directorial sympathy, [ 108 ] while Maslin and Caryn James praised DeVito's charm, making the Penguin a compelling and memorable presence. [ 109 ] [ 116 ] McCarthy and Travers described him as fascinating and humorously warped. [ 110 ] [ 117 ] Turan and Rosenbaum, however, felt he did not evoke the same fear or energy as Nicholson's Joker. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] [ 113 ] Turan, Kehr, and Maslin praised Pfeiffer for her passionate, intelligent, and fiercely independent performance, providing energy and levity amid the film's dark tone. [ 81 ] [ 109 ] [ 112 ] Rosenbaum felt she did not match Nicholson's villainy, [ 113 ] though Turan called the Batman–Catwoman scenes the most interesting. [ 81 ] Travers noted that when the characters remove their masks, they appear "lost and touchingly human," and Ty Burr described the ballroom scene as more emotionally resonant than anything in Batman . [ 117 ] [ 111 ] Ebert observed that their sexual tension seemed muted for a younger audience. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] Walken's performance was praised for its combination of charm, wit, and understated authority. Maslin emphasized Walken's debonair and engaging performance as one of the film's highlights, while McCarthy noted his understated, composed delivery. Travers also remarked on his clever and amusing take on the character, describing him as a "fiendishly funny" presence. [ 109 ] [ 110 ] [ 117 ] Bo Welch's production design received acclaim for creating a sleeker, brighter, and more authoritarian Gotham than Furst's "brooding" style. [ 81 ] [ 112 ] [ 118 ] McCarthy lauded Welch's realization of Burton's vision, though Siskel dismissed it as "toy shop window decorating" compared to Furst. [ 110 ] [ 115 ] Costume and makeup design were praised, with Maslin noting their lingering visual impact. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 119 ] Stefan Czapsky's cinematography was well received, lending a "lively" quality to the subterranean sets. [ 109 ] Accolades At the 46th British Academy Film Awards , Batman Returns was nominated for Best Makeup (Ve Neill and Stan Winston) and Best Special Visual Effects (Michael Fink, Craig Barron, John Bruno, and Dennis Skotak). [ 120 ] For the 65th Academy Awards , Batman Returns received two nomations: Best Makeup (Neill, Ronnie Specter, and Winston) and Best Visual Effects (Fink, Barron, Bruno, and Skotak). [ 121 ] Neill and Winston received the Best Make-up award at the 19th Saturn Awards . The film received four other Saturn Award nominations for Best Fantasy Film , Best Supporting Actor (DeVito), Best Director (Burton), and Best Costume Design (Bob Ringwood, Mary Vogt, and Vin Burnham ). [ 122 ] DeVito was nominated for Worst Supporting Actor at the 13th Golden Raspberry Awards , and Pfeiffer for Most Desirable Female at the 1993 MTV Movie Awards . [ 123 ] [ 124 ] Batman Returns was nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. [ 125 ] After release Performance analysis and aftermath The U.S. and Canadian box office underperformed in 1992, with admissions down by up to five percent and about 290 million tickets sold (compared to over 300 million in each of the preceding four years). Industry professionals attributed the decline to a combination of uninspired films, rising ticket prices, competition from the Olympics, and an economic recession . Even financially successful films experienced steep week-to-week drops, particularly among younger audiences, who were vital to box office success. [ 126 ] Despite these challenges, Batman Returns and Lethal Weapon 3 gave Warner Bros. the most profitable first half-year in its history, with the studio expecting returns over $200 million . [ 98 ] However, Batman Returns fell $114.8 million short of Batman ' s $411.6 million gross, and was considered a disappointment as a sequel to the fifth-highest-grossing film of its time. [ 42 ] [ 127 ] [ 128 ] By July 1992, anonymous Warner Bros. executives reportedly said about the film, "It's too dark. It's not a lot of fun". [ 5 ] Although it carried a PG-13 rating —warning that it may contain content unsuitable for children—Warner Bros. received thousands of complaint letters from parents who objected to the film's violent and sexualized content. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 126 ] Waters recalled one screening where "It's like kids crying, people acting like they've been punched in the stomach and like they've been mugged". [ 5 ] He anticipated some backlash but admitted that certain elements may have gone too far. [ 129 ] Burton later said that he preferred Batman Returns to Batman and did not view it as darker. [ 130 ] Sam Hamm defended Burton and Waters, stating that, aside from merchandising, the film had never been intended as child-friendly. [ 129 ] McDonald's was also criticized for its child-centered promotion and toy tie-ins. [ n ] The company subsequently changed its practices, requiring extended previews of films before agreeing to promotional partnerships. [ 132 ] Warner Bros.' hopes that the film might mirror Batman ' s lucrative merchandising campaign were similarly undercut, as demand for licensed products proved far weaker than in 1989. A JCPenney representative reported that only about one-third of stock had sold, with the remainder discounted, while another store described sales as barely a tenth of Batman ' s. [ 132 ] In light of the backlash and merchandising decline, Warner Bros. chose to continue the series without Burton, whom they considered "too dark and odd for them", and hired Joel Schumacher to direct the next installment. [ 42 ] A rival studio executive remarked, "If you bring back Burton and Keaton, you're stuck with their vision. You can't expect Honey, I Shrunk the Batman ", referencing the family-friendly Honey, I Shrunk the Kids (1989). [ 131 ] Around the same time, executive producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael Uslan sued Warner Bros., alleging that the studio had denied them their share of profits from Batman and Batman Returns through Hollywood accounting practices—artificially inflating a film's production costs to make it appear unprofitable and limit payouts. A court ruled in Warner Bros.' favor, citing insufficient evidence. [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Home media Batman Returns was released on VHS and LaserDisc on October 21, 1992. [ 22 ] [ 135 ] [ 136 ] The VHS carried a lower-than-average price to encourage sales and rentals. Although the film was expected to sell millions of copies and perform strongly as a rental, commentators suggested its darker tone would limit appeal among children, the demographic most responsible for driving home-video sales. [ 135 ] Danny Elfman's score was issued on compact disc in 1992, with an expanded edition released in 2010. [ 85 ] The film was first released on DVD in 1997, without additional features. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] In October 2005, Warner Bros. issued an anthology DVD box set containing all four films in the Burton–Schumacher Batman series. The Batman Returns disc included a commentary by Burton, the making-of featurette The Bat, The Cat, and The Penguin , the fourth part of the documentary Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight , featurettes on costumes, make-up, and special effects, and the music video for Face to Face . [ 139 ] The anthology set was reissued on Blu-ray in 2009, alongside a standalone Blu-ray edition of Batman Returns . [ 137 ] [ 140 ] A 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray edition, restored from the original 35mm negative, was released in 2019 with previously available special features. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] A 4K collector's edition followed in 2022, packaged in a SteelBook case with original cover art, character cards, a double-sided poster, and the earlier supplements. [ 143 ] Other media About 120 products were marketed with Batman Returns , including action figures and toys by Kenner Products , Catwoman-themed clothing, toothbrushes, roller skates, T-shirts, underwear, sunglasses, towels, beanbags, mugs, weightlifting gloves, throw pillows, cookie cutters, commemorative coins, playing cards, costume jewelry, cereal, a radio-controlled Batmobile, and even tortilla chips shaped like the Batman logo. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] Although a similar number of products had been marketed for Batman (1989), Warner Bros. used fewer licensees this time to allow greater oversight. To combat counterfeiting, holographic labels developed by American Bank Note Holographics were attached to licensed merchandise. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] The concurrent release of Batman: The Animated Series later in 1992 was expected to extend merchandising success beyond the film's theatrical run. [ 89 ] Other tie-ins included a novelization by Craig Shaw Gardner , published in July 1992, [ 144 ] [ 145 ] and the roller coaster Batman: The Ride at Six Flags Great America , built at a cost of $8 million and later replicated at additional Six Flags parks alongside a Batman stunt show. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] Several video-game adaptations titled Batman Returns were released across nearly all available platforms; [ 146 ] [ 147 ] [ 148 ] the Super Nintendo Entertainment System version was the most successful. [ 149 ] The film's legacy continued in later media. To celebrate the Penguin's 80th anniversary, DeVito wrote the 2021 comic story "Bird Cat Love", in which Penguin and Catwoman fall in love and end the COVID-19 pandemic . [ 150 ] [ 151 ] In 2022, DC Comics launched Batman '89 , a series written by Sam Hamm with art by Joe Quinones, which continues the Burton continuity, following up on Batman Returns by depicting Harvey Dent's transformation into Two-Face and introducing Robin. [ 152 ] The Red Triangle Gang made their first appearance outside the film in Robin #15 (2022). [ 153 ] [ 154 ] That same year, a holiday tie-in book was released, Batman Returns: One Dark Christmas Eve: The Illustrated Holiday Classic , by Ivan Cohen. [ 155 ] In 2023, LEGO released a near 4,000-piece Batcave set inspired by Batman Returns . [ 156 ] Thematic analysis Duality and fragmented identity Critic David Crow identifies duality as a central motif in Batman Returns , noting that Catwoman, Penguin, and Shreck each reflect warped aspects of Batman. [ 157 ] [ 25 ] [ 114 ] English and American studies professor Carol Siegel contends that the film is a neo-gothic fairy tale exploring bodily transformation and fragmented identity, often through the lens of rage against oppressive social structures. [ 158 ] Siegel argues that the film is unique within the Batman mythos because it is "more concerned with Bruce Wayne than his alter ego", resulting in an "almost complete abandonment of the action-adventure aspect of the comic tradition". [ 159 ] The divided selves of Bruce and Selina are central to the narrative, and themes of fractured identity are especially evident in Catwoman's transformation. [ 159 ] [ 160 ] According to author Simon Born, the dual identities constrain both characters, and their fleeting recognition at the masquerade ball is undermined by what he terms their "advanced schizophrenia". [ 161 ] Like Bruce, Selina is driven by trauma and inner conflict; unlike Batman, who seeks justice, she seeks vengeance. [ 6 ] [ 112 ] Although Catwoman acknowledges Batman's assertion that they are "the same, split right down the center", their differences prevent reconciliation. [ 25 ] Critics Darren Mooney and Betsy Sharkey argue that Penguin mirrors Batman's origin, as both lost their parents at an early age. Shreck even notes that, if not for his abandonment, Oswald Cobblepot and Bruce Wayne might have shared social circles. While Batman accepts his solitude, the Penguin craves acceptance, love, and respect, despite his destructive impulses. [ 5 ] [ 35 ] Mooney suggests Batman's conflicts with Penguin are personal rather than moral: Batman, quietly proud of being a "freak", resents the Penguin for mirroring his own abnormality. [ 5 ] Shreck, meanwhile, embodies Bruce's public persona taken to extremes—an industrialist whose greed and populism are masked by cheap gestures toward the public. [ 25 ] Born describes Batman Returns as a highly stylized neo-gothic work in which identity, social critique, and psychological trauma are externalized through an opulent design. [ 157 ] He refers to Gotham as an "insurrection of signs", where established symbols are inverted and notions of good and evil destabilized. [ 162 ] Born further argues that Batman has lost his personal identity to his alter ego: "Bruce Wayne is the mask of Batman". Batman uses this monstrous persona to shield himself from the world. Born notes that the hero's violence is depicted with a "casualness and malice" that is intended to unsettle the audience. [ 160 ] This portrayal implies that Batman is not far removed from the "relentless methods" of the fascistic powers he once opposed in earlier comics. [ 163 ] The carnivalesque and social critique Writer Catherine Mettler describes Batman Returns as a cinematic application of Mikhail Bakhtin 's theory of the carnivalesque , which posits that carnival can invert existing power hierarchies and enable popular renewal. Burton's work is characterized by elements that are "exuberantly colorful, gay, hallucinogenic, childlike, and chaotic", which he applies to films such as Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005). [ 164 ] The Penguin is a key embodiment of the carnivalesque, particularly through the concept of the grotesque body. [ 165 ] Mettler highlights his deformed physicality and excessive appetites as representations of the "unbounded" and "materially linked" body of the common people. [ 165 ] His sewer lair is described as a circus, further emphasizing the visual chaos of his character. [ 166 ] Living among the city's waste, the Penguin's existence underscores the stark divide between the elite and the masses he represents. [ 167 ] As the "least obvious carnivalesque character," Catwoman embodies the theme on a personal level. [ 168 ] Her transformation aligns with Bakhtin's notion of a carnival spirit that liberates a person from "conventions and established truths" and offers entry into "a completely new order of things". [ 168 ] Selina, a victim of a "sexist macho society", is pushed out a window by her boss. [ 169 ] Born argues that Selina empowers herself by adapting the 'symbol of her oppression—the cat—' and reframing it as a 'furious panther' in opposition to the chauvinistic business world. [ 160 ] Her rebellion reflects post-feminist theories linking sexuality, power, and identity. [ 160 ] However, Born argues that her struggle against masculine authority ultimately fails, as her autonomy is continually challenged by male characters, reflecting Hollywood's patriarchal system. [ 160 ] Sexuality and repression Batman Returns is noted for its exploration of sexuality, particularly the relationship between Batman and Catwoman, with critics often citing its S&M undertones and the use of leather fetish suits. [ 170 ] Siegel described the film as an "S&M art film" marketed as a children's summer blockbuster. [ 171 ] She argues that the film's exploration of fetishism, perversity, and eroticism is central to its neo-gothic themes. [ 158 ] According to Siegel, a central theme in Burton's work, including Batman Returns , is the "shared exhilaration and anxiety concerning bodily transformation". [ 172 ] This is most evident in Catwoman, whose transformation is marked by prominent stitches on her homemade patent-leather suit. [ 173 ] These stitches are both literal and symbolic, testifying to her reanimation after her death and revival by alley cats. [ 172 ] Siegel posits that the act of sewing her own suit functions as an ironic mimicry of the oppressive feminine social roles that had previously terrorized her. [ 174 ] Siegel suggests that their consensual S&M-coded relationship is mitigated by their heroic actions, which allow them to channel "both their rage and their perverse desires into their ongoing fight against destructive evil". [ 175 ] She contends this portrayal suggests that S&M can be regarded as "nearly wholesome so long as it is manifested with control and proper purpose". [ 175 ] Other critics interpret Batman and Catwoman's attraction less as sexual perversity and more as a "romance between two schizophrenics," rooted in shared anger and emotional wounds. [ 175 ] Critic Tom Breihan described Catwoman's vinyl catsuit as "pure BDSM ", complete with the whip she wields as a weapon. [ 25 ] [ 176 ] In the climax, she rejects Batman's offer of a happy ending and abandoning her revenge against Shreck; accepting Batman's will would mean allowing another man to control her. [ 25 ] Selina's arc from timid secretary to dominant Catwoman represents liberation from social conventions and established truths. [ 168 ] For Siegel, her stitched-together "Frankensteinean" catsuit is an artistic embodiment of her rage against patriarchal and repressive roles that once defined her. [ 177 ] Her story is one of personal empowerment against male hegemony, culminating in her showdown with Shreck. [ 178 ] Catwoman's overt embrace of sexuality contrasts with Batman's repression, presenting sexuality as dangerous, destabilizing, and incompatible with their vigilante roles. [ 179 ] Her sexuality functions both as empowerment and as a threat to patriarchal structures embodied by Shreck, Batman, and Penguin. [ 179 ] Alongside Catwoman's sexualized persona, Batman Returns continues a tradition in Batman media in which the hero's power stems from sublimating sexuality into violence. [ 179 ] Criminal justice scholar Graeme Newman said that, historically, Batman has been portrayed as asexual, reinforcing his obsessive focus on crime-fighting and echoing a moral stance that renounces "the medieval evil itself: sex". [ 180 ] His "tremendous force" of sexuality is redirected into "unrestrained lust: violence", presenting a distinctly male response to desire. [ 181 ] In Batman , his sexual encounter with Vicki Vale leaves him restless and disturbed, suggesting intimacy conflicts with his crime-fighting obsession. [ 182 ] The avoidance of homosexual themes—such as omitting Robin from the film or killing him in comics—was partly driven by fears that such portrayals would "contradict and divert attention away from the single-minded pursuit of justice". [ 182 ] The dynamic between Batman and Catwoman underscores this tension; both recognize that if they were to be together, they would no longer need to pursue their respective justice obsessions. [ 181 ] Mettler notes that while Catwoman achieves independence from social constraints and male control, she never achieves sexual liberation, observing that despite their attraction, she and Batman never consummate their relationship. [ 183 ] Film analyst Arthur Taussig argues that Catwoman's final decision in Batman Returns to reject the heroic Batman and choose "total freedom, total independence from all men" is a "revolutionary statement" and a "political breakthrough for popular cinema," as it subverts the traditional Hollywood formula of female characters finding fulfillment only through a male partner. [ 184 ] Power, politics, and ideology These tensions between sexuality and repression feed directly into the film's broader exploration of power and ideology, most clearly embodied in the Penguin's mayoral campaign, which Shreck masterminds. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Selina gains agency by donning the Catwoman costume and embracing her anger and sexuality. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] By contrast, according to Newman, Batman sublimates sexuality into violence, aligning him with a conservative ideology: order requires the denial of personal desire, and strength must be expressed through "good violence" in service of justice. [ 185 ] The film's political themes are interwoven with the machinations of Shreck, a figure who wields wealth to secure influence, declaring, "There's no such thing as too much power; if my life has a meaning that's the meaning". [ 25 ] Born argues that Shreck is arguably the film's only purely evil character; he is more frightening than the "freaks and monsters" because he operates "behind a façade of normalcy" while manipulating, corrupting, and killing others. Born contends that Burton's work suggests the true source of fear is not "the Other" (the outsider) but the "ordinary". [ 186 ] He further explains that Burton portrays the film's "freaks and monsters" as victimized individuals: the Penguin, abandoned by wealthy parents, lashes out at the consumer society that rejected him; Catwoman emerges from a chauvinistic world; and even Batman is a "traumatized individual". [ 187 ] Born concludes that the film ultimately destabilizes the binaries of good and evil, framing them as subjective narrative constructs. [ 188 ] Shreck convinces Penguin to run for mayor to advance his own interests, while Penguin seeks the legitimacy and respect that recognition would bring, echoing Catwoman's struggle. [ 116 ] [ 189 ] Critic Caryn James observed that Batman Returns delivers "sharp political jabs", suggesting that money and image matter more than substance. [ 116 ] Whereas the Joker in Batman won support by throwing money into the crowd, Shreck and Penguin rely on spectacle, pandering, and corporate showmanship. Penguin notes that both he and Shreck are monsters, but only Shreck is "well-respected". James remarked that Penguin does not seek to become lovable, only accepted. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] [ 116 ] When voters turn on him, he retaliates with a plan to kill infants, symbols of the opportunities he never had. Critic John Crow argued that Burton shows greatest sympathy for Penguin, devoting more screen time to his development. [ 25 ] The narrative aligns with Newman's interpretation of the film as delivering a "deeply conservative message". [ 185 ] The ineffectual liberal mayor is outmaneuvered by Shreck, the "evil capitalist", while Gotham's "fickle masses" nearly elect Penguin. [ 185 ] In this reading, "the moral weakness of liberalism is eclipsed by the moral strength of evil", leaving Batman's "good violence" as the only force capable of restoring order. [ 185 ] The interplay of sexuality and politics completes this logic: Catwoman's sexuality threatens male control, Batman's repression channels desire into violence, and Gotham's citizens, manipulated by spectacle, require a morally certain, if brutal, hero to save them from themselves. [ 190 ] These artistic and political strands are closely tied to Burton's personal rebellious impulses. He admitted a desire to vent anger "on such a grand scale," claiming he was "pretty much against society from the beginning". [ 191 ] This resistance to class hierarchy and patriarchy recurs throughout his work. [ 191 ] Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique Crow and Mooney saw Batman Returns as a critique of Batman's real-world cultural popularity and merchandising, particularly following the success of the previous film. Notably, a scene of a store filled with Batman merchandise being destroyed was removed from the final cut. [ 25 ] The film is "saturated with Christmas energy", but rejects conventional holiday norms to function as an anti- Christmas film that critiques commercialism and the absence of true goodwill. Shreck cynically exploits Christmas tropes, falsely portraying himself as selfless and benevolent, while the perversions of Penguin's Red Triangle gang represent a more overt rejection of the holiday. [ 5 ] [ 25 ] Born describes Christmas as a central motif in the film, but it is portrayed as a symbol of "commercial mass deception" and the "tyranny of department stores". [ 162 ] Both Penguin and Catwoman use the festive season to challenge Gotham's established power structures with carnivalesque traits. [ 192 ] Gotham City is dominated by Shreck. [ 193 ] Shreck embodies ruthless capitalism concealed behind the "friendly face of a cartoon animal", a subtle critique by Burton of his own experiences with corporate entities like The Walt Disney Company . [ 193 ] Batman Returns has been described as a neo-gothic fairy tale that is "more Burton than Batman". [ 194 ] Its content was deemed unsuitable for young children, prompting backlash from parents and critics. [ 132 ] An editorial in The New York Times warned that the film was "violent, sexually suggestive", featuring scenes where "kids are abandoned, kidnapped, and threatened with death". [ 132 ] The film includes racy dialogue, such as "just the pussy I've been looking for" and "I'd like to fill her void", which angered many parents. This controversy extended to merchandising, with McDonald's receiving numerous complaints about licensed toys and promotional items tied to the film. The resulting outcry over the film's tone and violence highlighted a clash between its dark themes and its marketing to a younger audience. [ 132 ] The film emphasizes loneliness and isolation during Christmastime: Bruce is first shown sitting alone in his vast mansion, inert until the Bat-Signal shines in the sky. While he forms a connection with Kyle, their differences remain insurmountable, and he ends the film as he began it; alone. [ 5 ] Critic Todd McCarthy noted that isolation is a recurring theme in much of Burton's work, emphasized in the film's three main characters. [ 110 ] Some contemporary critics argue that while the film is not explicitly antisemitic , it utilizes visual and thematic elements associated with historical Jewish stereotypes. [ 195 ] They suggest the Penguin embodies traits such as a "hooked nose, pale face and lust for herring" and is "unathletic and seemingly unthreatening but who, in fact, wants to murder every firstborn child of the gentile community". [ 195 ] The character teams with Shreck (a name the critics describe as 'Jewish-sounding') to disrupt Christmas and Christian traditions. [ 195 ] According to LAist , the Penguin's exaggerated caricature, assault on holiday customs, and overt biblical symbolism create a "perfect storm" of imagery evoking antisemitic tropes. [ 196 ] These critics contend that Burton, in drawing inspiration from the German Expressionist aesthetic, unintentionally referenced a problematic lineage, as some art critics view the Nosferatu (1922) character Count Orlok (portrayed by actor Max Shreck) as an example of a bizarre and monstrous characterization of Jews as the predatory, parasitic "other". [ 195 ] [ 196 ] [ 193 ] Conversely, Melvin Salberg and Abraham H. Foxman of the Anti-Defamation League argued that reading the film as antisemitic is a misinterpretation that overlooks the filmmakers' intent and distracts from real-world antisemitism. [ 197 ] Furthermore, Taussig noted the biblical resonance of the Penguin's infancy, with a baby carriage floating in a river recalling the story of Moses . [ 184 ] Visual effects supervisor Robert Skotak explained that the sequence was conceived as a visual descent into the underworld, portraying a sinister baptism, symbolically paralleling the biblical narrative. [ 198 ] Legacy Retrospective reception Despite a mixed initial reception from critics and audiences, Batman Returns has undergone a critical reappraisal in the years since its release and is now considered a classic of the superhero genre. Several publications, such as Variety and The Hollywood Reporter , now rank it among the best Batman and superhero films, with some calling it "the greatest Batman movie ever made". [ o ] The film is seen as "underrated" and a "series peaking early," with subsequent films failing to live up to its vision. [ 9 ] [ 201 ] Burton's artistic choices, which were criticized at the time, are now seen as prescient and ahead of their time. [ 9 ] The "darker" and more "bleak" aspects of the film have been re-evaluated in the wake of later, more serious superhero films. Burton noted the irony of the film being deemed 'too dark,' given that later films—including The Dark Knight trilogy (2005–2012) and The Batman (2022)—went even darker. [ p ] Burton said that while Batman Returns was seen by some as bleak, for him it was a mixture of gothic, playful, kinky, and experimental tones. [ 202 ] The Hollywood Reporter notes that the film was "truer to Tim Burton's dark vision than its predecessor". [ 205 ] [ 203 ] According to The Ringer , the very "fatalistic and noir elements" that Roger Ebert criticized in 1992 are now "the going currency of event movies". [ 9 ] Critic Brian Tallerico said that the elements which originally upset critics and audiences are what makes it still "revelatory... It's one of the best and strangest movies of its kind ever made". [ 141 ] Writer Daniel Waters recalled being told that Batman Returns was a "great movie for people who don't like Batman". [ 34 ] [ 206 ] While the film received criticism for its depiction of Batman killing, Waters defended the choice, arguing that in a film like The Dark Knight (2008), it was not practical for Batman to let the Joker live, knowing he could escape and cause more harm. [ 8 ] [ 25 ] He believed that the reception to Batman Returns was improving with time, especially after the release of The Batman . [ 34 ] Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes has an 82% approval rating from reviews by 93 critics, with an average score of 6.9/10. According to the website's critical consensus, "Director Tim Burton's dark, brooding atmosphere, Michael Keaton's work as the tormented hero, and the flawless casting of Danny DeVito as The Penguin and Christopher Walken as, well, Christopher Walken make the sequel better than the first". [ 207 ] The film has a score of 68 out of 100 on Metacritic (based on 23 critics), indicating "generally favorable" reviews. [ 208 ] Cultural influence The film is widely regarded as an exemplar of the superhero genre's potential for artistic expression. Variety credits the film with helping to legitimize the genre by pairing Keaton's Batman with Burton's distinct and vivid world-building. [ 199 ] The Burton Batman films are also credited with establishing the darker, more serious tone that would later define the modern superhero genre of the early 21st century. [ 94 ] Publications like Empire and Polygon describe the film as a deeply personal and "unmistakably Burton" work, infused with the same gothic and satirical sensibilities as his earlier films like Beetlejuice and Edward Scissorhands . [ 77 ] [ 202 ] This approach made the film a "bold, auteur-driven detour" in Batman's cinematic history, contrasting sharply with the camp of the 1960s and the later, more grounded style of The Dark Knight trilogy. [ 202 ] Author Jeff Bond called Batman Returns the "first auteur superhero movie" because it allowed Burton to make a film that was his "weird experiment" rather than a strict adaptation. [ 95 ] [ 202 ] This willingness to ignore traditional comic book elements and sequel hooks in favor of his unique vision helped pave the way for other creative directors, such as Christopher Nolan , Peter Jackson , and Sam Raimi , to helm major franchises. [ 9 ] [ 77 ] Director of The Batman Matt Reeves and that film's star Robert Pattinson both called Batman Returns their favorite Batman film. [ 209 ] [ 210 ] Additionally, director Robert Eggers said that it visually inspired his film Nosferatu (2024). [ 211 ] Pfeiffer's portrayal of Catwoman is widely regarded as a definitive big-screen interpretation of the character, praised not only for her iconic costume but for a performance that brought a unique blend of sexuality, danger, outrageousness, and pathos to the role. [ q ] Burton called it one of his favorite performances he has ever worked on. [ 212 ] While initially hailed as the film's "bright spot" amid a mixed critical reception, the performance is now considered one of the greatest in the superhero genre, credited with taking a comic book character and turning her into a complex, contradictory figure that served as a commentary on the portrayal of women in genre fiction. [ r ] The role is seen as a "career-making" one that helped audiences forget previous portrayals and cemented Pfeiffer's as the "definitive big-screen Catwoman". [ 8 ] [ 199 ] [ 205 ] Variety argued that Pfeiffer deserved an Academy Award nomination for her performance, and set a benchmark for future portrayals. [ s ] Burton recalled that by the time of Batman Returns , studios had begun to talk in terms of "franchises" and marketing, concepts that were still relatively new during production of the 1989 film. The Hollywood Reporter notes that while Batman launched the modern superhero movie, Batman Returns marked a more complex stage in that evolution. With its darker tone, bold characterizations, and extensive marketing tie-ins, the film helped pave the way for the genre's later dominance, even if Burton's approach made that progression a more uneven one. [ 8 ] The film's tone and clash with corporate partners like McDonald's, which objected to darker content, prompted Warner Bros. to pivot to the more lighthearted and "campy" style of the Joel Schumacher films. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] While this was an attempt to create films with more broad, family-friendly appeal, The Ringer wrote that the Schumacher films are now seen as "borderline unwatchable", while Batman Returns is seen as a superior and more enduring cinematic work. [ 9 ] [ 224 ] In January 2017, one of the iconic Batsuits worn by Keaton in the film sold at auction for $41,250. [ 225 ] Although a summer blockbuster upon its release, Batman Returns has become a holiday film staple due to its winter setting and Christmas iconography. Several publications have listed it among the best alternative Christmas films, noting its themes of loneliness and isolation. [ t ] It is also identified as the centerpiece of Burton's unofficial Christmas trilogy, bookended by Edward Scissorhands and The Nightmare Before Christmas . [ 5 ] [ 9 ] Sequels Following the reception of Batman Returns , Warner Bros. sought to continue the series without Burton. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 129 ] Although Burton considered making a third film, the studio encouraged him to pursue other projects and he realized they did not want him to return. He was replaced with Joel Schumacher, who was seen as better suited to delivering a more family- and merchandise-friendly sequel. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 129 ] Keaton initially supported the change but eventually left the role, later saying the proposed third film "just wasn't any good, man". [ 42 ] [ 131 ] [ 229 ] Industry reports suggested he also sought a $15 million salary and profit share, though his producing partner Harry Colomby denied money was the issue. [ 129 ] Schumacher's Batman Forever (1995) was financially successful but less well received critically than Batman Returns . [ 230 ] Its sequel, Batman & Robin (1997), was a critical and commercial disappointment, often cited as one of the worst blockbuster films ever made, [ 230 ] [ 231 ] and led to the franchise being placed on hiatus until the reboot Batman Begins (2005). [ 129 ] [ 231 ] [ 131 ] By the mid-1990s, Burton and Waters were attached to a planned Catwoman film starring Pfeiffer. [ 232 ] [ 233 ] Burton and Waters held competing visions for the project: Burton wanted to make an intimate black-and-white drama in homage to Cat People (1942), while Waters's script followed Catwoman, suffering from amnesia after the events of Batman Returns , in the Las Vegas -like Oasisburg, where she confronted corrupt male superheroes. [ 234 ] [ 235 ] The project stalled as Burton and Pfeiffer moved on to other work, and Warner Bros. eventually produced Catwoman (2004), starring Halle Berry , which was widely panned. [ 234 ] [ 236 ] Keaton later reprised his Batman in The Flash (2023), [ 231 ] [ 237 ] and had also filmed scenes for the cancelled Batgirl (2022). [ 238 ] [ 239 ] Footnotes ^ Although Bob Kane received sole credit for Batman and his associated characters in Batman Returns , it was established in 2015 that writer Bill Finger was jointly involved in the creation of Batman as well as The Penguin and Catwoman, among others. He received equal credit to Kane in future adaptations of the Batman comic books. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] ^ The 1992 budget of $50–$80 million is equivalent to $112 million–$202 million in 2024. ^ The 1992 theatrical box office gross of $266.8 million is equivalent to $598 million in 2024. Notes ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 39 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] [ 48 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 22 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 42 ] [ 53 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ 77 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 24 ] [ 35 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] [ 82 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] [ 111 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 5 ] [ 9 ] [ 26 ] [ 131 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 199 ] [ 200 ] [ 201 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 94 ] [ 202 ] [ 203 ] [ 204 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 9 ] [ 212 ] [ 213 ] [ 214 ] [ 215 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 212 ] [ 216 ] [ 217 ] [ 218 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 219 ] [ 220 ] [ 221 ] [ 222 ] [ 223 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 5 ] [ 226 ] [ 227 ] [ 228 ] References Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Meenan, Devin (January 24, 2022). 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London : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 195– 258. doi : 10.1007/978-3-031-40912-7_6 . ISBN 978-3-031-40911-0 . Reinhart, Mark S. (2013). "10: Batman Returns ". The Batman Filmography - Second Edition . Jefferson, North Carolina : McFarland & Company . pp. 123– 138. ISBN 978-0-7864-6891-1 . Salisbury, Mark; Burton, Tim (2006). "Batman Returns". Burton on Burton . London : Faber and Faber . pp. 102– 114. ISBN 0-571-22926-3 . Siegel, Carol (2013). "Tim Burton's Popularization of Perversity: Edward Scissorhands , Batman Returns , Sleepy Hollow , and Corpse Bride ". In Weinstock, J.A. (ed.). The Works of Tim Burton - Margins to Mainstream . New York City : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 197– 216. doi : 10.1057/9781137370839_12 . Journals Born, Simon Philipp (2017). "Shadows of the Bat: Constructions of Good and Evil in the Batman Movies of Tim Burton and Christopher Nolan" . Journal for Religion, Film, and Media . 3 (1). Marburg, Germany: Schüren Publishing House. doi : 10.25364/05.3:2017.1.5 . Retrieved August 12, 2025 . Mettler, Catarina (2012). "The Carnevalesque in Tim Burton's Batman and Batman Returns ". Werkstücke . 2 (2): 109– 133. doi : 10.60135/werkstuecke.02.2012.6 . Newman, Graeme (1993). "Batman and Justice: The True Story". Humanity & Society . 17 (3): 297– 320. doi : 10.1177/016059769301700304 . Magazines Cotta Vaz, Mark (August 1992). "A Knight At The Zoo". Cinefex . No. 51. United States. pp. 22– 69. Fennell, Tim (August 1992). "Schwing!". Empire . London . p. 40. Groves, Don (August 2, 1993). " Park Keeps Stomping On World B.O.". Variety . Los Angeles , California. p. 18. Jones, Alan (November 1989). "Batman" . Cinefantastique . Vol. 20, no. 1– 2. Forest Park, Illinois : Fourth Castle Micromedia. pp. 48– 63 . Retrieved July 2, 2022 . McBride, Joseph (July 14, 1992). "Socko Batsequel Rolls To Record B.O. In U.K.". Daily Variety . Los Angeles , California. p. 20. Resner, Jeffrey (August 1992). "Three Go Mad in Gotham". Empire . London . pp. 39– 46. Shapiro, Marc (July 1992). "Darker Knights When Batman Returns". Fangoria . No. 114. Atlanta, Georgia : Fangoria Publishing, LLC. pp. 30– 33. White, Taylor L. (August 1992). "Batman Returns" . Cinefantastique . Vol. 23, no. 1. Forest Park, Illinois : Fourth Castle Micromedia. pp. 8– 11 . Retrieved July 3, 2022 . External links Official website (Warner Bros.) Official website (DC Comics) Batman Returns at IMDb Batman Returns at the TCM Movie Database (archived version) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade 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characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Batwoman episodes characters episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Live-action films Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of 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Death in the Family Novels The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution Podcasts Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Enemies in other media Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Supporting characters in other media Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Live-action films based on DC Comics v t e Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Single films Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Franchises Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) DC Imprints Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) See also DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Imprints v t e Tim Burton v t e Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Director Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Writer Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) TV series created Beetlejuice (1989–91) Beetlejuice (1989–91) v t e Catwoman v t e Bob Kane Bill Finger Bob Kane Bill Finger Incarnations Selina Kyle Holly Robinson Eiko Hasigawa Selina Kyle Holly Robinson Eiko Hasigawa Supporting characters Batgirl Batman Slam Bradley Gotham City Sirens Dick Grayson Huntress Justice League Outsiders Alfred Pennyworth Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Madame Zodiac Leslie Thompkins Wildcat Batgirl Batman Slam Bradley Gotham City Sirens Dick Grayson Huntress Justice League Outsiders Alfred Pennyworth Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Madame Zodiac Leslie Thompkins Wildcat Antagonists Angle Man Bane Black Mask Clayface Film Freak Hush Joker Penguin Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Riddler Scarecrow Snowflame Hugo Strange Two-Face Zeiss Angle Man Bane Black Mask Clayface Film Freak Hush Joker Penguin Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Riddler Scarecrow Snowflame Hugo Strange Two-Face Zeiss Publications Catwoman Catwoman: When in Rome Gotham City Sirens Nine Lives Catwoman Catwoman: When in Rome Gotham City Sirens Nine Lives In other media Catwoman (film) Chase Me DC Showcase: Catwoman Catwoman (video game) Selina Kyle ( Gotham character) "Selina Kyle" ( Gotham episode) Selina Kyle ( Batman Returns ) " The Cat and the Fiddle " " The Cat and the Claw " Catwoman: Soulstealer Catwoman: Hunted Catwoman (film) Chase Me DC Showcase: Catwoman Catwoman (video game) Selina Kyle ( Gotham character) "Selina Kyle" ( Gotham episode) Selina Kyle ( Batman Returns ) " The Cat and the Fiddle " " The Cat and the Claw " Catwoman: Soulstealer Catwoman: Hunted Category Category 1990s Film United States Speculative fiction Media from Commons Data from Wikidata Authority control databases International VIAF VIAF Other MusicBrainz work Yale LUX MusicBrainz work Yale LUX 1992 films 1990s Christmas films 1990s political satire films 1990s superhero films Batman (1989 film series) American Christmas films American films about revenge American neo-noir films American political satire films American sequel films American superhero films Catwoman in other media Films about elections Films adapted into comics Films directed by Tim Burton Films produced by Denise Di Novi Films produced by Tim Burton Films scored by Danny Elfman Films set in zoos Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Los Angeles Films with screenplays by Daniel Waters (screenwriter) Films with screenplays by Sam Hamm Gothic films Penguin (character) in other media Saturn Award–winning films PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films Warner Bros. films 1990s English-language films 1992 American films Rating controversies in film English-language action films English-language Christmas films Dolby Cinema films Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use list-defined references from July 2022 Use American English from July 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2021 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Template film date with 2 release dates Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:27 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 Economic crisis in Iran 1.2 Comparison to previous protests 1.1 Economic crisis in Iran 1.2 Comparison to previous protests 2 Protests Toggle Protests subsection 2.1 Initial bazaar 2.1.1 28 December 2025 2.1.2 29 December 2.2 Spread across Iran 2.2.1 30 December 2.2.2 31 December 2.3 2026 2.3.1 1 January 2.3.2 2 January 2.3.3 3 January 2.3.4 4 January 2.3.5 5 January 2.3.6 6 January 2.3.7 7 January 2.3.8 8 January 2.3.9 9 January 2.3.10 10 January 2.3.11 11 January 2.3.12 12 January 2.3.13 13 January 2.3.14 14 January 2.3.15 15 January 2.1 Initial bazaar 2.1.1 28 December 2025 2.1.2 29 December 2.1.1 28 December 2025 2.1.2 29 December 2.2 Spread across Iran 2.2.1 30 December 2.2.2 31 December 2.2.1 30 December 2.2.2 31 December 2.3 2026 2.3.1 1 January 2.3.2 2 January 2.3.3 3 January 2.3.4 4 January 2.3.5 5 January 2.3.6 6 January 2.3.7 7 January 2.3.8 8 January 2.3.9 9 January 2.3.10 10 January 2.3.11 11 January 2.3.12 12 January 2.3.13 13 January 2.3.14 14 January 2.3.15 15 January 2.3.1 1 January 2.3.2 2 January 2.3.3 3 January 2.3.4 4 January 2.3.5 5 January 2.3.6 6 January 2.3.7 7 January 2.3.8 8 January 2.3.9 9 January 2.3.10 10 January 2.3.11 11 January 2.3.12 12 January 2.3.13 13 January 2.3.14 14 January 2.3.15 15 January 3 Methods Toggle Methods subsection 3.1 Protesters 3.1.1 National strikes 3.1.2 Demonstrations 3.1.3 Slogans and symbols 3.1.4 Organisation 3.1.5 Territorial control 3.1 Protesters 3.1.1 National strikes 3.1.2 Demonstrations 3.1.3 Slogans and symbols 3.1.4 Organisation 3.1.5 Territorial control 3.1.1 National strikes 3.1.2 Demonstrations 3.1.3 Slogans and symbols 3.1.4 Organisation 3.1.5 Territorial control 4 Suppression, persecution and executions Toggle Suppression, persecution and executions subsection 4.1 Internet blackouts 4.2 Recruitment of foreign militias 4.3 Internal propaganda and coercion 4.4 Direct order for live fire on protesters 4.5 Persecution 4.5.1 Erfan Soltani 4.1 Internet blackouts 4.2 Recruitment of foreign militias 4.3 Internal propaganda and coercion 4.4 Direct order for live fire on protesters 4.5 Persecution 4.5.1 Erfan Soltani 4.5.1 Erfan Soltani 5 Casualties Toggle Casualties subsection 5.1 Casualties, arrests, executions, and injured protesters 5.1.1 31 December 5.1.2 1 January 5.1.3 2 January 5.1.4 3 January 5.1.5 4 January 5.1.6 5 January 5.1.7 6 January 5.1.8 7 January 5.1.9 8 January 5.1.10 9 January 5.1.11 10 January 5.1.12 11 January 5.1.13 12 January 5.1.14 13 January 5.1.15 15 January 5.1.16 Executions 5.2 Government forces 5.3 Notable victims 5.4 Foreign victims 5.1 Casualties, arrests, executions, and injured protesters 5.1.1 31 December 5.1.2 1 January 5.1.3 2 January 5.1.4 3 January 5.1.5 4 January 5.1.6 5 January 5.1.7 6 January 5.1.8 7 January 5.1.9 8 January 5.1.10 9 January 5.1.11 10 January 5.1.12 11 January 5.1.13 12 January 5.1.14 13 January 5.1.15 15 January 5.1.16 Executions 5.1.1 31 December 5.1.2 1 January 5.1.3 2 January 5.1.4 3 January 5.1.5 4 January 5.1.6 5 January 5.1.7 6 January 5.1.8 7 January 5.1.9 8 January 5.1.10 9 January 5.1.11 10 January 5.1.12 11 January 5.1.13 12 January 5.1.14 13 January 5.1.15 15 January 5.1.16 Executions 5.2 Government forces 5.3 Notable victims 5.4 Foreign victims 6 Reactions Toggle Reactions subsection 6.1 Domestic 6.2 International 6.2.1 Sovereign states 6.2.2 Intergovernmental and international organisations 6.2.3 Political parties and organisations 6.2.4 Corporate organisations 6.2.5 International travel advisories 6.2.6 Polling 6.1 Domestic 6.2 International 6.2.1 Sovereign states 6.2.2 Intergovernmental and international organisations 6.2.3 Political parties and organisations 6.2.4 Corporate organisations 6.2.5 International travel advisories 6.2.6 Polling 6.2.1 Sovereign states 6.2.2 Intergovernmental and international organisations 6.2.3 Political parties and organisations 6.2.4 Corporate organisations 6.2.5 International travel advisories 6.2.6 Polling 7 Analysis Toggle Analysis subsection 7.1 View of the protests as an uprising 7.1 View of the protests as an uprising 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 2025–2026 Iranian protests العربية Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kurdî Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Português Română Русский Саха тыла Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF 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Please update outdated or incomplete information with citations to reliable sources . ( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) 2025–2026 Iranian protests Part of the protests against the government of Iran and the Iranian economic crisis and Gen Z protests Cities in Iran where protests have been reported as of 8 January 2026. (Click to zoom in.) Date 28 December 2025 – present (19 days) Location 512 locations across 180 cities in all 31 provinces of Iran . [ 1 ] The protests are recorded in multiple cities across Iran , primarily Tehran ( Grand Bazaar and commercial districts), Ahvaz , Arak , Dargahan , Farsan , Fasa , Fuladshahr , Hamadan , Isfahan , Izeh , Kermanshah , Mashhad , Marlik , Najafabad , Nurabad , Qeshm , Qom , Shiraz , Sari and others. [ a ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Caused by Political issues Authoritarianism Human rights abuses Political corruption Internet censorship and blackouts Systemic/ideological issues Foreign proxy involvement Mandatory hijab enforcement Ethnic-based discrimination Religious persecution Economic issues Economic mismanagement International sanctions Rising price of food and essential goods Currency crisis – Severe depreciation of the Iranian rial Water and energy shortages Authoritarianism Human rights abuses Political corruption Internet censorship and blackouts Systemic/ideological issues Foreign proxy involvement Mandatory hijab enforcement Ethnic-based discrimination Religious persecution Economic issues Economic mismanagement International sanctions Rising price of food and essential goods Currency crisis – Severe depreciation of the Iranian rial Water and energy shortages Goals Overthrow of the Islamic Republic government [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Return of Reza Pahlavi to lead a transitional government (some factions) [ 6 ] End of economic mismanagement Stabilisation of exchange rates Addressing of civilians' and merchants' hardships Overthrow of the Islamic Republic government [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Return of Reza Pahlavi to lead a transitional government (some factions) [ 6 ] End of economic mismanagement Stabilisation of exchange rates Addressing of civilians' and merchants' hardships Stabilisation of exchange rates Addressing of civilians' and merchants' hardships Methods Street protests, marches, arsons , and rooftop demonstrations Chants and slogans Strikes and shop closures (led by bazaar merchants and shopkeepers) Online activism Student activism Riots Rebellion Insurgency Street protests, marches, arsons , and rooftop demonstrations Chants and slogans Strikes and shop closures (led by bazaar merchants and shopkeepers) Online activism Student activism Riots Rebellion Insurgency Status Ongoing Protests suppressed by force Nationwide internet and mobile networks shut down Protests suppressed by force Nationwide internet and mobile networks shut down Parties Iranian opposition Anti-government demonstrators Student demonstrators [ 7 ] Police and military defectors Supported by: Political groups: Iran National Council for Free Elections (INC) [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (MEK) [ 10 ] .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Solidarity for a Secular Democratic Republic in Iran [ 10 ] Separatist groups: Kurdish separatists Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Freedom Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Free Life Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Organisation of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Revolutionary Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan National Guard Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Baloch separatists People's Fighters Front [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Balochistan People's Party [ 20 ] [ 21 ] South Azerbaijani separatists South Azerbaijan Organizations Cooperation Council [ 22 ] [ bare URL ] Coordination Council of Azerbaijani Parties in Iran [ 23 ] Labour, civil, and retiree groups: Free Workers Union of Iran [ 24 ] Iranian Writers Association [ 24 ] Coordination Council of Iranian Teachers Trade Associations [ 24 ] Haft Tappeh Sugarcane Workers Syndicate [ 24 ] Coordination Committee to Help Form Independent Labour Organisations [ 24 ] Khuzestan Retired Workers [ 24 ] Union of Retirees Group [ 24 ] Kurdish Women's Organisations [ 24 ] Retirees Union [ 25 ] Kermanshah Electricity and Metal Association [ 25 ] "Stop Executions" [ 25 ] "Justice Seekers" [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Contract Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Non-Formal Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council of Nurses Protests [ 25 ] "Neday-e Zanan-e Iran" [ 25 ] World Iranian Christian Alliance [ 26 ] Government of Iran Armed Forces Islamic Republic of Iran Army [ 16 ] Police Command Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Pro-government counterprotesters [ 29 ] and plainclothesmen Pro-Government foreign Shia militias [ 21 ] Popular Mobilisation Forces Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Iranian opposition Anti-government demonstrators Student demonstrators [ 7 ] Police and military defectors Supported by: Political groups: Iran National Council for Free Elections (INC) [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (MEK) [ 10 ] .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Solidarity for a Secular Democratic Republic in Iran [ 10 ] Separatist groups: Kurdish separatists Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Freedom Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Free Life Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Organisation of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Revolutionary Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan National Guard Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Baloch separatists People's Fighters Front [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Balochistan People's Party [ 20 ] [ 21 ] South Azerbaijani separatists South Azerbaijan Organizations Cooperation Council [ 22 ] [ bare URL ] Coordination Council of Azerbaijani Parties in Iran [ 23 ] Labour, civil, and retiree groups: Free Workers Union of Iran [ 24 ] Iranian Writers Association [ 24 ] Coordination Council of Iranian Teachers Trade Associations [ 24 ] Haft Tappeh Sugarcane Workers Syndicate [ 24 ] Coordination Committee to Help Form Independent Labour Organisations [ 24 ] Khuzestan Retired Workers [ 24 ] Union of Retirees Group [ 24 ] Kurdish Women's Organisations [ 24 ] Retirees Union [ 25 ] Kermanshah Electricity and Metal Association [ 25 ] "Stop Executions" [ 25 ] "Justice Seekers" [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Contract Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Non-Formal Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council of Nurses Protests [ 25 ] "Neday-e Zanan-e Iran" [ 25 ] World Iranian Christian Alliance [ 26 ] Iranian opposition Anti-government demonstrators Student demonstrators [ 7 ] Police and military defectors Iran National Council for Free Elections (INC) [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (MEK) [ 10 ] .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Solidarity for a Secular Democratic Republic in Iran [ 10 ] Kurdish separatists Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Freedom Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Free Life Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Organisation of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Revolutionary Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan National Guard Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Kurdish separatists Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Freedom Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Free Life Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Organisation of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Revolutionary Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan National Guard Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Freedom Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Free Life Party [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Organisation of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Revolutionary Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan Toilers Association [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Kurdistan National Guard Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Zagros Tornado units [ 16 ] Baloch separatists People's Fighters Front [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Balochistan People's Party [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Baloch separatists People's Fighters Front [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Balochistan People's Party [ 20 ] [ 21 ] People's Fighters Front [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Balochistan People's Party [ 20 ] [ 21 ] South Azerbaijani separatists South Azerbaijan Organizations Cooperation Council [ 22 ] [ bare URL ] Coordination Council of Azerbaijani Parties in Iran [ 23 ] South Azerbaijani separatists South Azerbaijan Organizations Cooperation Council [ 22 ] [ bare URL ] Coordination Council of Azerbaijani Parties in Iran [ 23 ] South Azerbaijan Organizations Cooperation Council [ 22 ] [ bare URL ] Coordination Council of Azerbaijani Parties in Iran [ 23 ] Free Workers Union of Iran [ 24 ] Iranian Writers Association [ 24 ] Coordination Council of Iranian Teachers Trade Associations [ 24 ] Haft Tappeh Sugarcane Workers Syndicate [ 24 ] Coordination Committee to Help Form Independent Labour Organisations [ 24 ] Khuzestan Retired Workers [ 24 ] Union of Retirees Group [ 24 ] Kurdish Women's Organisations [ 24 ] Retirees Union [ 25 ] Kermanshah Electricity and Metal Association [ 25 ] "Stop Executions" [ 25 ] "Justice Seekers" [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Contract Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council for Protests of Non-Formal Oil Workers [ 25 ] Coordination Council of Nurses Protests [ 25 ] "Neday-e Zanan-e Iran" [ 25 ] World Iranian Christian Alliance [ 26 ] Government of Iran Armed Forces Islamic Republic of Iran Army [ 16 ] Police Command Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Pro-government counterprotesters [ 29 ] and plainclothesmen Pro-Government foreign Shia militias [ 21 ] Popular Mobilisation Forces Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Government of Iran Armed Forces Islamic Republic of Iran Army [ 16 ] Police Command Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Pro-government counterprotesters [ 29 ] and plainclothesmen Pro-Government foreign Shia militias [ 21 ] Popular Mobilisation Forces Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Armed Forces Islamic Republic of Iran Army [ 16 ] Police Command Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Islamic Republic of Iran Army [ 16 ] Police Command Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Basij Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Nabi Akram Corps [ 27 ] Ground Forces [ 28 ] Pro-government counterprotesters [ 29 ] and plainclothesmen Pro-Government foreign Shia militias [ 21 ] Popular Mobilisation Forces Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Popular Mobilisation Forces Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Kata'ib Hezbollah Harakat al-Nujaba Kata'ib Sayyid ul-Shuhada Badr Organisation Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Liwa Zainebiyoun Lead figures .mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px} .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} "Broadly leaderless" [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] Reza Pahlavi [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Ali Khamenei ( Supreme Leader of Iran ) Masoud Pezeshkian ( President of Iran ) Others: Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i ( Chief Justice of Iran ) Mohammad Bagher Qalibaf ( Speaker of the Parliament of the Islamic Republic Iran ) Ali Larijani ( Supreme National Security Council ) Abbas Araghchi ( Minister of Foreign Affairs ) Abdolrahim Mousavi ( General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran ) Amir Hatami ( Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Army ) Ahmad-Reza Radan (Chief Commander of the Police Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran Mohammad Pakpour (Commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces Gholamreza Soleimani (Commander of the Basij ) "Broadly leaderless" [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] Reza Pahlavi [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Ali Khamenei ( Supreme Leader of Iran ) Masoud Pezeshkian ( President of Iran ) Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i ( Chief Justice of Iran ) Mohammad Bagher Qalibaf ( Speaker of the Parliament of the Islamic Republic Iran ) Ali Larijani ( Supreme National Security Council ) Abbas Araghchi ( Minister of Foreign Affairs ) Abdolrahim Mousavi ( General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran ) Amir Hatami ( Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Army ) Ahmad-Reza Radan (Chief Commander of the Police Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran Mohammad Pakpour (Commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces Gholamreza Soleimani (Commander of the Basij ) Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i ( Chief Justice of Iran ) Mohammad Bagher Qalibaf ( Speaker of the Parliament of the Islamic Republic Iran ) Ali Larijani ( Supreme National Security Council ) Abbas Araghchi ( Minister of Foreign Affairs ) Abdolrahim Mousavi ( General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran ) Amir Hatami ( Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Army ) Ahmad-Reza Radan (Chief Commander of the Police Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran Mohammad Pakpour (Commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces Gholamreza Soleimani (Commander of the Basij ) Number Millions (per Iran International) [ 36 ] Widespread deployment 800 Iranian-backed Iraqi militiamen (per Iranian opposition) [ 21 ] Tens of thousands of counter-protesters in Tehran [ 37 ] Millions (per Iran International) [ 36 ] Widespread deployment 800 Iranian-backed Iraqi militiamen (per Iranian opposition) [ 21 ] Tens of thousands of counter-protesters in Tehran [ 37 ] Casualties Deaths ~2,000–3,000 overall (per Iranian government officials) [ b ] >4,370 overall (per HRANA ) [ c ] 12,000 protesters (per Iran International ) [ 42 ] 12,000–20,000 protesters (per activist groups) [ 43 ] Arrested 19,097 [ d ] Precise casualties uncertain due to Internet and telephone blackout imposed by the government since 8 January 2026 Beginning on 28 December 2025, demonstrations erupted across multiple cities in Iran amid nationwide unrest against the Islamic Republic government and a deepening economic crisis . The events have been described as the largest uprising since the 1979 Islamic Revolution . [ e ] The ensuing crackdown, carried out under Ali Khamenei's direct order for live fire on protesters, resulted in massacres that left tens of thousands of protesters dead , making them some of the largest massacres in modern Iranian history . [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 49 ] Initially sparked by frustration over record-high inflation , food prices, and currency depreciation, the protests quickly evolved into a broader movement demanding an end to the current regime. [ 50 ] Beginning with the bazaari (shopkeepers and merchants) in Tehran's Grand Bazaar and later university students, the demonstrations soon spread not only to major cities but also small settlements chanting anti-government slogans [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 53 ] and destroying symbols of the government and the IRGC . [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Although largely leaderless, the protests escalated on 8 January following the call for unified protests by Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran and the subsequent call for a general strike by the Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan . [ 56 ] [ 57 ] Many demonstrators have been calling for Pahlavi's return to Iran; [ 58 ] he has called for a peaceful transition and a referendum to decide Iran's future political system. [ 6 ] The Iranian government has cut off Internet access and telephone services in an attempt to prevent protesters from organising. [ 58 ] It has accused the United States and Israel of fuelling the protests, [ 54 ] which analysts suggest may be a tactic to increase security forces' willingness to kill protesters. [ 21 ] As of 9 January, millions took to the streets in protests across all 31 provinces. By 10 January 2026, Iran International reported that at least 2,000 protesters had been killed nationwide over the previous 48 hours amid the internet blackout, as Iranian security forces escalated their use of live ammunition against demonstrators. [ 59 ] Hospitals in Tehran and Shiraz were reported to be overwhelmed by injured protesters, many suffering gunshot wounds. [ 60 ] Iran's foreign ministry spokesperson confirmed security forces fired on protesters, raising international concern over human rights. [ 61 ] In addition, thousands were arrested during the violent crackdown. [ 62 ] Despite the blackout, on 10 January 2026, The Guardian documented multiple reports of security forces opening fire on demonstrations, with one eyewitness stating they saw " hundreds of bodies " across Tehran. [ 63 ] On 11 January, Time reported that an expatriate group of academics and professionals estimated the death toll at 6,000, based on reports from hospitals, without including bodies taken directly to morgues rather than hospitals. [ 64 ] On 13 January, Iran International reported that at least 12,000 had been killed; CBS News reported on the same day that activist groups in Iran estimated at least 12,000 deaths and possibly as many as 20,000. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Background Economic crisis in Iran Beginning in 2024, Iran's economy experienced sharp inflation, a devalued currency, and an energy deficit, culminating in repeated electricity and gas disruptions and apologies from Iranian president Masoud Pezeshkian . Iran had also suffered from major declines in global influence such as with the fall of the Assad regime in Syria, a major ally. [ 65 ] In the final months of 2025, Iran's economy experienced an unprecedented surge in exchange rates , a sharp depreciation of the Iranian rial with the US dollar reaching approximately 145,000 Iranian tomans . [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Additionally, the country's state statistics centre reported an inflation rate of 42.2% in December 2025, an increase of 1.8% compared to November. [ 44 ] Food prices rose by 72%, while health and medical goods increased by 50% year-on-year. [ 44 ] Iran is experiencing a mismanaged water crisis . [ 45 ] Reports in Iranian media also indicated that the government planned to raise taxes with the start of the Iranian new year on 21 March, fuelling further concern among citizens. [ 44 ] Some protest messaging linked economic hardship to criticism of the government's foreign policy priorities; during the December 2025 demonstrations, some participants chanted " Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran ". [ 68 ] Discontent in Iran has also been alleged to have been due to political corruption, with protesters accusing the Iranian government of authoritarianism and prioritising proxies such as Hezbollah and Hamas over domestic needs. [ 46 ] Additionally, Iran faces challenges from ethnic secessionist movements from the Kurds , Azerbaijanis , Khuzestani Arabs , and Balochs and from major powers like the United States and Israel. [ 69 ] Inflation had surged to 48.6% in October 2025 and 42.2% in December, straining household budgets. [ 44 ] On 29 December, the Iranian rial reached its lowest value (1.45 million to the US dollar), then by 3 January, the government increased the value of the rial to 1.38 million in an attempt to control the people. This had no effect, and on 6 January, the rial broke its record low again (reaching 1.5 million to the US dollar), causing a sharp increase in prices, including food and other essential goods. [ 70 ] [ 44 ] The economic crisis, which had been developing over several years, is accompanied by fears of renewed conflict following the 2025 Twelve-Day War with Israel and renewed UN nuclear -related sanctions imposed through the "snapback" mechanism . [ 71 ] [ 44 ] Economic analysts cited government monetary and fiscal policies, economic mismanagement, chronic budget deficits, and the continuation of international sanctions as key contributing factors. These conditions directly affected trade guilds, particularly businesses dependent on imports. Severe exchange-rate volatility left many merchants unable to price goods, secure supplies, or continue economic activity. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] [ 74 ] [ 70 ] Economic uncertainty grew in Iran throughout 2025. In June 2025, Iran was involved in an armed conflict with Israel , during which Iran's nuclear programme was targeted, and its nuclear facilities were also struck by the United States . [ 75 ] [ 44 ] In September 2025, the United Nations reimposed sanctions on Iran through the snapback mechanism, freezing Iranian assets abroad, halting arms transactions, and imposing penalties related to the country's ballistic missile programme . [ 71 ] [ 44 ] Many Iranians fear a broader confrontation involving the United States , which contributed to market instability. [ 44 ] According to The Guardian , the economic crisis was the catalyst for the protests; however, they had expanded into an expression of grievances against government corruption. [ 50 ] It further reported of voices calling for the overthrow of the government, and distrust in the government's calls for dialogue, seeing them as self-serving and deceptive. [ 50 ] NPR reported that months before the protests, public anger and frustration had been mounting due to severe energy shortages, civil rights abuses and widespread corruption, and that the protests sparked concerns that they could deteriorate into something much more serious. [ 76 ] According to The Atlantic , the political character of the protests was manifested by protesters chanting " Death to the Dictator " in reference to Supreme leader of Iran Ali Khamenei , [ 77 ] and their loss of faith in Pezeshkian, who was elected in 2024 on the platform and promises of good governance, but had overseen water and electricity cuts, while failing to deliver on the promise of lifting internet censorship . [ 77 ] Pezeshkian also promised to meet with protest representatives, and recognised "the constitutional right of peaceful protest", [ 77 ] although he lacks control over Iranian security forces. By 1 January 2026, dozens of protesters had been arrested and there were several documented cases of security forces firing live ammunition at protesters, including students, pensioners, and members of Gen Z . [ 77 ] Students at Shahid Beheshti University released a statement declaring that "This criminal system has taken our future hostage for 47 years. It won't be changed with reform or with false promises". [ 77 ] Comparison to previous protests Part of a series on Liberalism in Iran Ideologies Conservative Monarchism Islamic Reformist National Religious Progressivism Radical Mosaddeghism Secular Social Conservative Monarchism Monarchism Islamic Reformist Reformist National Religious Religious Progressivism Radical Mosaddeghism Mosaddeghism Secular Social Principles Civil and political rights Equality Free trade Human rights Liberal democracy Social justice Reformist groups Anti-imperialism Zionist Islamic democracy Islamic modernism Moderate conservatism Realpolitik Republicanism Sovereigntism Mosaddeghist groups Anti-clericalism Anti-communism Anti-imperialism Freedom of the press Iranian nationalism Popular sovereignty Secular state Social democracy Sovereigntism Monarchist groups (post-1979) Anti-clericalism Anti-communism Economic freedom Iranian nationalism Persian Royalism Qajar dynasty Pahlavi dynasty Secular state Westernisation Civil and political rights Equality Free trade Human rights Liberal democracy Social justice Anti-imperialism Zionist Zionist Islamic democracy Islamic modernism Moderate conservatism Realpolitik Republicanism Sovereigntism Anti-clericalism Anti-communism Anti-imperialism Freedom of the press Iranian nationalism Popular sovereignty Secular state Social democracy Sovereigntism Anti-clericalism Anti-communism Economic freedom Iranian nationalism Persian Persian Royalism Qajar dynasty Pahlavi dynasty Qajar dynasty Pahlavi dynasty Secular state Westernisation History Persian Constitutional Revolution Governments of Mohammad Mosaddegh Chain murders of Iran Mohammad Khatami's reforms Woman, Life, Freedom movement Protests 1979 (International Women's Day) 1999 2003 2009 2011–2012 2016 2017–2018 2018–2019 2019–2020 2021–2022 2022–2023 2025–2026 Persian Constitutional Revolution Governments of Mohammad Mosaddegh Chain murders of Iran Mohammad Khatami's reforms Woman, Life, Freedom movement Protests 1979 (International Women's Day) 1999 2003 2009 2011–2012 2016 2017–2018 2018–2019 2019–2020 2021–2022 2022–2023 2025–2026 1979 (International Women's Day) 1999 2003 2009 2011–2012 2016 2017–2018 2018–2019 2019–2020 2021–2022 2022–2023 2025–2026 Intellectuals Jahanbegloo Shariati Shayegan Soroush Reformists Aghajari Malekian Shabestari Tajzadeh Jahanbegloo Shariati Shayegan Soroush Aghajari Malekian Shabestari Tajzadeh Politicians Alam Alijani Bakhtiar Bazargan Ebadi Fatemi Mosaddegh Pahlavi I (early) Sadighi Sanjabi Shariatmadari Yazdi Zaim Reformists Damad Ebtekar Khomeini (Hassan) Khomeini (Hussein) Karroubi Khatami Mohtashami Montazeri Mousavi Nouri Pezeshkian Rafsanjani Rouhani Saanei Shahindokht Zanjani Zarif Exile opposition Bashirtash Boniadi Pahlavi (Reza) Rajavi Alam Alijani Bakhtiar Bazargan Ebadi Fatemi Mosaddegh Pahlavi I (early) Sadighi Sanjabi Shariatmadari Yazdi Zaim Damad Ebtekar Khomeini (Hassan) Khomeini (Hussein) Karroubi Khatami Mohtashami Montazeri Mousavi Nouri Pezeshkian Rafsanjani Rouhani Saanei Shahindokht Zanjani Zarif Bashirtash Boniadi Pahlavi (Reza) Rajavi Commentators Alinejad Baghi Ganji Kar Nafisi Reformists Abdi Hajjarian Zeidabadi Alinejad Baghi Ganji Kar Nafisi Abdi Hajjarian Zeidabadi Parties Active Association of Combatant Clerics Freedom Movement National Front Iran Party Iran National Council Constitutionalist Party Iran-Novin Party National Democratic Front United Republicans Voice of the Nation Defunct Democrat Party Muslim People's Republic Party National Council of Resistance of Iran National Resistance Movement of Iran People's Party People's Mojahedin Organisation of Iran Radical Movement of Iran Revival Party Revolutionary Republican Party of Iran Progressives Social Democratic Party Association of Combatant Clerics Freedom Movement National Front Iran Party Iran National Council Constitutionalist Party Constitutionalist Party Iran-Novin Party National Democratic Front United Republicans Voice of the Nation Democrat Party Muslim People's Republic Party National Council of Resistance of Iran National Resistance Movement of Iran People's Party People's Mojahedin Organisation of Iran Radical Movement of Iran Revival Party Revolutionary Republican Party of Iran Progressives Social Democratic Party Alliances Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front Reformists Front Council for Coordinating the Reforms Front Reformists Front Media Ayandegan Iran International (overseas) Reformists Aftab Yazd Etemaad Shargh Asr-e Maa Asrar Ayande-ye No Bahar Ebtekar Ham-Mihan Hayat-e-No Hambastegi Khordad Salam Yas-e No Zan Ayandegan Iran International (overseas) Aftab Yazd Etemaad Shargh Asr-e Maa Asrar Ayande-ye No Bahar Ebtekar Ham-Mihan Hayat-e-No Hambastegi Khordad Salam Yas-e No Zan Related topics Dialogue Among Civilisations Iranian opposition Islamic feminism Islamo-leftism LGBTQ rights in Iran Transgender rights Secularism in Iran Politics of Iran Anarchism Conservatism Socialism Women's rights in Iran Feminism " Woman, Life, Freedom " Dialogue Among Civilisations Iranian opposition Islamic feminism Islamo-leftism LGBTQ rights in Iran Transgender rights Transgender rights Secularism in Iran Politics of Iran Anarchism Conservatism Socialism Anarchism Conservatism Socialism Women's rights in Iran Feminism Feminism " Woman, Life, Freedom " Liberalism portal Iran portal Liberalism portal Iran portal .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The protests were described as Iran's largest since 2022, when nationwide demonstrations erupted following the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini while in police custody for allegedly wearing her hijab improperly. [ 44 ] On 30 December, Ellie Borhan, a British-Iranian activist, viewed this wave of protests as stronger than previous ones. [ 78 ] Iranian public faith in their government faded since the 2022 crackdown on the Woman, Life, Freedom movement during the Mahsa Amini protests . [ 65 ] Protests were previously held in May 2025 by truck drivers beginning in Bandar Abbas , who blocked roads and ports in Iran due to discontent over low salaries, high insurance rates, and possible hikes in fuel prices in the future. [ 79 ] Protest slogans have shifted ideologically compared to the 2022 protests. Some new chants increasingly reflect monarchist sentiments. [ 80 ] Already in June 2025, during the Iran–Israel war , the exiled crown prince Reza Pahlavi had intensified his political efforts and appealed to the international community to help the Iranian people force out Ali Khamenei 's religious dictatorship offering himself up as interim leader to take over running the country. [ 81 ] In comparison to the Amini protests which were mainly fuelled by girls and women, young men played larger roles in later rounds of the 2025–2026 protests. [ 82 ] Market traders were influential during the 1979 Islamic Revolution , helping to mobilise public support that ultimately led to the overthrow of the monarchy. [ 44 ] The demonstrations were notable in the context of a large-scale government crackdown on dissidents, including arrests of prominent opponents and the highest number of executions in nearly 40 years. [ 75 ] Executions in Iran have reportedly doubled in 2025 compared to 2024; the execution trends were on the rise since 2022, with activists alleging that the Islamic Republic aims to use executions to instil fear in their population and therefore suppress internal opposition. [ 83 ] Kurdish-majority regions in Iran have previously undergone severe repression stemming from the Amini protests in 2022, leading to fears of ethnic crackdowns from the government. This was in part due to Iran's accusing Kurdish opposition groups of having incited the 2022 protests. Despite this, Kurdish opposition groups have continued to call for solidarity in the nationwide protests and strikes. Iran has also repeatedly accused Kurdish militias from Iraq of attempting to incite unrest, including in the protests in 2026. [ 84 ] [ 58 ] [ 28 ] [ 85 ] Likewise, Baloch regions in Iran, long suffering from underdevelopment and political exclusion, have also previously been subject to violent crackdowns in the Amini protests. [ 86 ] On 10 December 2025, Iranian Baloch- Sunni militant groups like the Jaysh al-Adl announced a merge into a united organisation called the Jebhe-ye Mobaarezin-e Mardomi ( People's Fighters Front ). In its coalition video, the union rejected Shia Islam -led clerical rule in the Islamic Republic. The same day, the group carried out an attack on an Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps regional command, killing four of its soldiers and wounding three others; it announced responsibility for the attack the next day. [ 87 ] Protests Initial bazaar 28 December 2025 On 28 December, groups of shopkeepers and merchants at Alaeddin Shopping Centre in Tehran and other commercial centres, including Charsou Mall, went on strike by closing their shops. Simultaneously, protest gatherings formed around these locations, and images and videos of widespread shop closures circulated on social media. [ 73 ] According to reports, protesters cited the rising dollar exchange rate and market instability, warning that continued conditions would lead to the bankruptcy of many small and medium-sized businesses. Some gatherings extended into surrounding streets, including Jomhuri Street . [ 72 ] [ 88 ] [ 89 ] Other people had joined in with the shopkeepers to protest against economic conditions at Jomhuri Street. Elsewhere, iron traders at Iran closed their shops in similar protests of the devalued currency. [ 90 ] Around the time that the protests began, the value of the Iranian rial sunk to a record low of 1.45 million per US dollar before slightly recovering to 1.38 million. [ 91 ] The rial had lost approximately 40 percent of its value since the Iran–Israel war, in part due to the sinking of oil revenue from US sanctions. The year on year inflation rate was up at 42.2 percent. The protests were first started by shopkeepers who sold electronic goods in central Tehran who shut down their stores. [ 70 ] State media revealed blurred footage of initially smaller-scale protests from merchants. [ 91 ] Videos and eyewitness accounts showed groups of merchants chanting slogans against economic mismanagement and in some cases expressing anti-government sentiments. [ 88 ] Protesters also chanted " Law Enforcement , support, support", calling on security forces to back the protests. [ 92 ] The protesters' main demands included stabilising exchange rates, addressing merchants' economic hardships, creating a predictable business environment, and preventing losses caused by market volatility. [ 72 ] [ 88 ] There were no reported clashes with security forces on this day and it remained peaceful. [ 93 ] 29 December The protests continued into their second day on 29 December and expanded across various parts of Tehran, including the Grand Bazaar . Merchants and shopkeepers closed their businesses and gathered in the streets to protest the unprecedented collapse of the rial and sharp increases in currency and gold prices. Protesters voiced opposition to economic conditions and government management, citing declining purchasing power and rising living costs. Videos shared online showed continued gatherings around Lalehzar, Chaharsouq, and Jomhuri Street, with participants largely non-violent while conveying critical messages toward government economic policies. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] [ 96 ] The merchants at the Grand Bazaar in Tehran joined the electronic goods shopkeepers who had started the protests the previous day. [ 70 ] Footage verified by independent sources showed crowds at malls near Tehran's Grand Bazaar chanting "freedom" ( Persian : آزادی , romanised : Âzâdi ). [ 75 ] Law enforcement forces used tear gas to disperse demonstrators outside the Alaeddin Shopping Centre. [ 96 ] Protests also spread to other cities in Iran. [ 97 ] On the night of 29 December 2025, protests were reported in several regions across Iran, including Qeshm in the south, and Zanjan and Hamadan in the north. Demonstrators chanted slogans critical of the supreme leader, including " Death to the Dictator " on Qeshm Island and "Seyyed Ali [Khamenei] will be toppled this year" in Zanjan . [ 98 ] [ 75 ] A video and photo of an unidentified protester went viral, who defiantly sat in the middle of the Jomhuri Eslami Street at Tehran and refused to move for motorbike security forces, but later was beaten and forced to leave. The protester became known as Tehran's Tank Man , a reference to the Tank Man during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre . [ 99 ] [ 100 ] [ 78 ] [ 101 ] Spread across Iran 30 December By the third day of protests, strikes and security measures had expanded, with shops closing in parts of Tehran such as Shoush and Molavi, as well as in Isfahan's Naqsh-e Jahan Square . Heavy security deployments were reported in Tehran, Mashhad, and at Khajeh Nasir University . Government responses included ordering temporary closures in 11 provinces, including Tehran province, due to cold weather and energy constraints. Security forces fired on protesters in Hamadan and deployed tear gas in Tehran and Malard. [ 97 ] [ 102 ] Demonstrations spread to additional cities, including Kermanshah , Shiraz, Yazd , and parts of Tehran such as Shadabad and Shush. Students from universities including Amirkabir , Beheshti , Khajeh Nasir, Sharif , Science and Culture and Tehran Science and Technology as well as Isfahan University of Technology and Yazd University joined rallies, chanting slogans such as "Death to the Dictator", " Death to Khamenei ", " Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran ", "We are all together", and "Seyyed Ali (Khamenei) will be toppled this year". [ 102 ] [ 103 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] [ 106 ] President Masoud Pezeshkian , called on the government to listen to citizens' demands. In response, a government spokesman said a Communication Group would be implemented. [ 107 ] [ 108 ] Pezeshkian's comments do not appear to have appeased the protesters, whose demands go beyond just economic stability. [ 105 ] Furthermore, some Iranians have expressed scepticism in the government's ability to solve the economic problems, citing previous government statements that they are unable to do much about solving the economic problems. [ 109 ] Human rights organisations and Gen Z student groups reported that 11 protesters were arrested in the Shoush Square area in Tehran and that five students were detained and four were later released. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Another news report published that one student was severely injured at Tehran's Amirkabir University during a crackdown on a campus gathering by members of the Basij militia of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps . [ 110 ] Videos on social media appeared to show students chanting slogans critical of the government, removing signs associated with the office of the Supreme Leader's representatives, and confronting security forces at university entrances. [ 110 ] 31 December The people of Isfahan, Kermanshah, and Fasa gathered on the fourth day of protests. In Fasa, people held a large rally in front of the governor's office, and in Kermanshah, the markets went on a complete strike. According to reports, police fired live ammunition and tear gas, at the protesters. [ 113 ] [ 114 ] At the same time, in Shirvan , working and retired teachers gathered in front of the Education Department. In Kermanshah, repressive forces have been deployed from Ferdowsi Square to the garage (about 8 kilometres), and the heavy presence of security forces is noticeable. [ 115 ] One person named Mahdi Samavati was reported to have been killed outside the governor's office protest in Fasa. The semi-official Mehr News Agency quoted the governor of Fasa as denying this report. [ 116 ] Video recordings disseminated online and distributed by the People's Mojahedin Organisation of Iran depict severe confrontations between demonstrators and security forces in several cities, including Tehran , Isfahan , Shiraz , and Kermanshah . [ citation needed ] Protester Amirhesam Khodayarifard was killed by a handgun shot to the head by an Iranian security force member in a protest in Kuhdasht , Lorestan province on 31 December. [ 117 ] The state-run IRNA news agency and Mehr confirmed the death and stated that Khodayarifard was a member of the Basij . [ 118 ] Government authorities pressured Khodayarifard's family to state that he had been a Basij member and called for online social media silence on the topic. [ 117 ] The shooting occurred during clashes with protesters. According to Mehr , 13 police officers and Basij members were injured. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] The government ordered nationwide total business shutdown in most of the country due to "cold weather", [ 120 ] although some analysts say that the real intention is to stifle protests. [ 121 ] The shutdown was applied to 21 out of Iran's 31 provinces. [ 122 ] The government began threatening to crack down on protesters, [ 109 ] and the US State Deparment stated that they were concerned about protesters "facing intimidation, violence, and arrests". [ 123 ] Video footage records protesters like merchants, women's rights activists, and students commonly shouting the slogans "Death to the dictator" and "Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, my life for Iran". [ 46 ] [ 50 ] In response to the ongoing protests, the Iranian government appointed Abdolnasser Hemmati, a former economics minister, as the new governor of the Central Bank of Iran , following Mohammad Reza Farzin's resignation. [ 124 ] 2026 1 January On the fifth day of protests, workers and employees of the central fruit and vegetable market in Tehran stopped working and joined the nationwide uprising by stopping the distribution cycle. Chanting the slogan, "You know with zeal, support support", the protesters called on marketers and the general public to strengthen the national will for change by expanding the strikes. Police officers used tear gas to disperse the demonstrators. [ 125 ] According to reports, Sarira Karimi, secretary of the faculty council of the Faculty of Law and Political Science and a member of the faculty council of the University of Tehran, who had been arrested on 31 December 2025, was released on 1 January 2026. [ 126 ] Protesters were reported to have gathered in Marvdasht and chanted slogans against the Islamic Republic government, such as "This is the year of blood, Seyyed Ali is overthrown". [ 127 ] In Mashhad, protesters gathered at Saadi Metro Station , where riot police attempted to disperse the crowd with force. [ 127 ] In the Sistan and Baluchestan province , a group of Baluch prisoners released a statement calling on locals to join the wider protests and urged for slogans like "Death to the dictator" and "Baluchestan is awake and despises dictatorship". [ 128 ] In Lorestan , home to the Lur minority , protesters were reported lighting fires in the streets while also chanting, "This is the year of blood, Seyyed Ali is overthrown". Additional reports claim officers used live ammunition against protesters. [ 129 ] In Lordegan County , gatherings took place in several parts of Lordegan City , including around the governor's office and the municipality square. According to these reports, as tensions escalated, some individuals attempted to damage government and bank buildings. Police used tear gas to disperse the crowds, and clashes were reported between the two sides. Several people were injured during the unrest, and unconfirmed reports suggested that multiple deaths had occurred. [ 130 ] At least three people, including a boy, were killed in Lordegan. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] There was a heavy presence of government forces in Qom . 2 January On 2 January, according to credible media reports, protests continued in large numbers in Tehran, Qom, Isfahan, Shiraz, Ilam , Mashhad, Karaj, Zanjan, Hamadan , and Qeshm. [ 133 ] In Zahedan and Tehran, protests became active again. Funerals for protesters killed by the security forces were held in Fuladshahr , Kuhdasht , and Marvdasht , during which participants expressed opposition to the government, including chants of "Death to Khamenei". At the Kuhdasht funeral for Khodayarifard, Basij and IRGC forces were chased away from the funeral with stones and chants. Khodayarifard's father confirmed that his son was not a Basij member. [ 134 ] In the Sadaf district of Hamadan province , protesters were seen setting fire to a Quran and attempted to attack a mosque before being stopped by authorities. [ 135 ] 3 January Protests on 3 January were greater in geographic spread and numbers of protesters than on previous days, and the security presence was also greater. [ 136 ] The National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) and Human Rights Activists News Agency (HRANA) named some of the locations of demonstrations, including Kazerun, Malekshahi, Kermanshah, Shiraz, Mashhad, Arkavaz, Isfahan, Tehran, Hafshejan, Karaj, Shahrekord, and Fardis. HRANA reported a cumulative count of 16 fatalities since the beginning of the protests, including one member of government security forces. [ 137 ] [ 136 ] The themes of the protests, as represented by slogans chanted on 3 January, ranged from economic injustice and governance problems to calls for freedom and justice. HRANA viewed the protest aims as having evolved, with "the boundary between trade-related and everyday demands and political demands ha[ving] become blurred, and [the] ongoing protests hav[ing] taken shape on the basis of accumulated, multilayered grievances." [ 136 ] Following statements by US president Donald Trump , where he warns Iran that if they shoot protesters, the United States will come to their rescue, [ 138 ] Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei responded on 3 January by saying "We will not yield to the enemy ", and stating that the "rioters must be put in their place." [ 139 ] [ 140 ] On the same day, the US State Department made a statement condemning suppression on protesters' funerals. [ 141 ] Cloudflare reported a 35% decrease in internet traffic in Iran, with Iranian internet users reporting frequent outages and slow connections . [ 142 ] 4 January There was a heavy presence of security forces in the Grand Bazaar of Tehran. [ 97 ] Protests and strikes took place in at least 20 major cities and small towns throughout Iran. [ 143 ] Donald Trump said that Iranian authorities would be "hit very hard" should additional protesters be killed. [ 144 ] In Shiraz, videos showed the police assaulting and beating a man on the ground. When protesters threw projectiles at the police, officers moved toward them on motorcycles. Moments later, a protester poured gasoline on one officer setting him alight. [ 145 ] 5 January On the ninth day, the protests continued throughout Iran. In Tehran's Bagh-e Sepahsalar neighbourhood, voices echoed chants of "Death to Khamenei". Near Tehran University, special forces stood on high alert, while reports of widespread strikes emerged from cities such as Marvdasht, where resistance pulsed through daily life. [ 146 ] In Yasuj, security forces confronted the families of detainees gathered outside the governor's office. Reports say that the protests have reached the smaller towns of Saman, Sangsar, and Kushk, as part of dissatisfaction of the Iranian people. [ 147 ] In addition to the cities previously mentioned, protests were reported in several other locations across the country, including Saman in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Sangsar in Semnan Province, Zahedan, Fardis in Karaj, Meshkan in Fars Province, and Noorabad in Mamasani. Demonstrations were further documented in Qazvin, Hamedan, Ilam, Mashhad, Neyshabur, Abadeh, Bushehr, Babol, Bojnourd, Kushk in Isfahan Province, Shazand in Markazi Province, as well as the northern cities of Rasht and Sari. According to reports, protesters in these areas gathered in public spaces, chanting slogans and expressing dissatisfaction with the Khamenei government, reflecting the continued spread of nationwide unrest. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] [ 146 ] 6 January In a joint statement, several major Kurdish political groups, including the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI), Komala , the Revolutionary Toilers Association, the Kurdistan Toilers Association, the Khabat Organisation , the Kurdistan Freedom Party (PAK), and the Kurdistan Free Life Party (PJAK), expressed support for the protests and called on Kurds in Iran to carry out strikes and demonstrations. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 150 ] The cities of Abdanan and Malekshahi , both in the Kurdish region of Iran, were abandoned by the country's security forces, leaving control of the cities to the protesters. [ 151 ] A sit-in was conducted by protesters at the Grand Bazaar in Tehran. [ 152 ] Merchants at the market held strikes, in particular with many shops in the corridors of the gold and currency, fabric, and footwear and home appliances markets partially or fully closed. The strikes appeared to be spontaneous, and according to some reports the Bazaar became a "war zone". [ 153 ] [ 154 ] The sit-in was dispersed by security forces using tear gas. [ 152 ] The total number of protest locations over the ten days was estimate by HRANA to be 285 locations in 88 cities [ 155 ] across 27 provinces, with protests having taken place in 22 universities. The slogans of the protests continued to cover a wide range of economic, social and political grievances. [ 153 ] In Yazdan Shahr , locals reported that police used excessive force against protesters, initially deploying tear gas and later firing live ammunition at civilians. [ 154 ] The security forces' raids on the Sina Hospital in Tehran and on the Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ilam , aiming to arrest injured protesters, gained national attention. In Ilam, families and medical staff resisted the security forces. Security forces' methods of attack at the Ilam hospital included firing tear gas inside the buildings and hospital grounds. The Minister of Interior was ordered to investigate the Ilam raid and provide a report. [ 153 ] On 6 January, a total of 15 forced video confessions by arrested protesters had been broadcast on official media. [ 153 ] On online social media , Reza Pahlavi called for chants to take place from homes and in streets at 20:00 (8 pm) IRST on the evenings of 8 and 9 January. He explained the aim as being to "keep [the] demonstrations disciplined, and as large as possible". He promised to "announce the next calls to action" depending on the response to his call. [ 156 ] 7 January According to HRANA , street gatherings, protests and strikes took place in 37 cities in 24 provinces, bring the total since the beginning of the protests to 348 sites across 111 cities in 31 provinces. Ten universities joined the protest on 7 January, making a total of 45. The total number of televised forced confessions by arrestees rose to 40. Artists and teachers published statements supporting the protests and criticising the security forces' repression against protest participants. [ 157 ] HRANA interpreted the continuation of the protests despite arrests and violence by the security forces as showing that "a significant portion of [Iranian] society [had come to view] the cost of protest as lower than the cost of silence and inaction". Key themes continued to be economic and governance grievances, seen as "two facets of a single issue". HRANA interpreted the artists' and teachers' statements as showing that "professional and cultural sectors [we]re increasingly aligning themselves with the protest narrative". [ 157 ] Militants of the Baloch nationalist militant organisation People's Fighters Front (PFF) assassinated Mahmoud Haqiqat, the police chief of Iranshahr . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 150 ] IRGC-affiliated media reported that protesters killed two Law Enforcement Command officers during protests in Lordegan as well as an unspecified security force member in Malekshahi. [ 150 ] In Mashhad , protesters were seen lowering a massive flag of the Islamic Republic and later ripping it in half. [ 158 ] The Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan called for a general strike in Iran, receiving support from six other Iranian Kurdish opposition parties. The authorities attempted to forcibly disperse the existing protests over economic conditions in the cities of western Iran ( Iranian Kurdistan ) ahead of the announced date, reportedly with the use of live ammunition. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] 8 January Protests escalated after 20:00, the time specified in Reza Pahlavi's calls for demonstrations. Immediate telephone line and internet cuts occurred in several cities, following a common government practice before it commits intense crackdowns. [ 30 ] Starlink satellite internet service was unaffected, allowing some users to bypass government-controlled internet blackouts. [ 159 ] Crowds chanting in Tehran appeared to be mainly pro-Pahlavi. CBS News described the protests as reaching "a possible tipping point ", [ 160 ] [ 161 ] [ 162 ] and according to Euronews it represented "a new escalation in the protest movement". [ 30 ] In Qaemiyeh , protesters pulled down a statue of Qasem Soleimani , an IRGC commander who was assassinated by the United States in 2020 and declared a martyr by the Islamic Republic shortly thereafter. [ 163 ] In Mashhad, a group of protesters had taken down and torn up a large flag of the Islamic Republic. [ 164 ] Norway-based human rights organisation Hengaw claimed that two IRGC Ground Forces members were killed during the protests in Kermanshah . [ 28 ] A police officer in Malard County at the Tehran province was killed from a stabbing after attempts to control local unrest. [ 165 ] Human rights groups have also verified a video showing "distressed family members" in Ghadir hospital in Tehran, looking through a body-pile of protesters killed by Islamic Republic security forces. [ 63 ] 9 January Protesters took to the streets of Iran on Friday night, videos and eyewitness reports show. [ 166 ] Pahlavi asked US president Donald Trump to support the Iranian protesters. [ 167 ] The Economist reported that the protests had grown to be the biggest since 2009 , while "some veteran Iran-watchers thought the protests were the biggest since the overthrow of the shah in 1979." [ 168 ] NDTV 24x7 reported a viral protest trend of Iranian women lighting cigarettes to burn pictures of Khamenei in videos, gaining popularity on social media platforms like X , Reddit , Instagram , and Telegram . Because burning Khamenei's image is illegal in Iran, observers have interpreted the videos as deliberate acts of defiance, with the women rejecting state authority over their personal freedoms. [ 169 ] The trend has been recorded by multiple other news outlets, which similarly note rejection of strict religious and governmental standards over women. [ 170 ] [ 171 ] [ 172 ] Khamenei addressed the protests in a brief televised appearance. [ 173 ] [ 174 ] In his address, Khamenei called President Trump "arrogant", saying that his hands were stained with the blood of Iranians, and further stating that Trump would be overthrown like other arrogant leaders. [ 173 ] [ 174 ] He described the protesters as harmful individuals and rioters. [ 175 ] A fire broke out at an Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting office in Isfahan . [ 176 ] Protesters also set fire to buildings in Tehran, including mosques in the Gholhak and Sa'adat Abad neighbourhoods. [ 177 ] Opposition media reported that clashes between protesters and security forces in Kermanshah Province had killed at least 10 IRGC Kermanshah Nabi Akram Corps members. [ 27 ] Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i , Iran's judiciary chief, stated that protesters would face decisive and severe punishment, applied to the fullest extent of the law. [ 178 ] Senior officers of American intelligence told Axios that their evaluation that these protests were not capable of destabilising the regime was "being reassessed". [ 179 ] US president Donald Trump warned Iran's authorities against killing demonstrators while praising Iranians as "brave people" amid nationwide protests on Thursday. [ 166 ] The Twemoji emoji library changed the Iran flag emoji from the flag of the Islamic Republic to the modern design of the Lion and Sun flag . [ 180 ] Airline flights from the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, and Turkey to Iranian cities were cancelled amid the mass protests. [ 181 ] As of 9 January, protests across all 31 provinces left millions in the streets, with at least 217 killed in Tehran alone, while hospitals in Tehran and Shiraz were overwhelmed by injured protesters, many with gunshot wounds. [ 182 ] [ 60 ] In addition, thousands were arrested by the violent crackdown. [ 62 ] Nobel laureate Shirin Ebadi warned that, under the Internet blackout , the Islamic Republic may massacre the protesters. [ 183 ] Despite the internet outage, on 10 January 2026, The Guardian documented multiple reports of Islamic Republic security forces opening fire on demonstrations, causing many casualties among the protesters, with one eyewitness stating they saw "hundreds of bodies" throughout Tehran. [ 63 ] Doctors at hospitals in Tehran and Shiraz reported being overwhelmed by large numbers of injured protesters, with some facilities suspending non-urgent admissions and surgeries due to the influx of patients, many of whom suffered gunshot wounds to the head and eyes. [ 60 ] In an audio message sent to CNN, an Iranian doctor in the city of Nishapur stated that Iranian security forces killed "at least 30 people" and "among them were children", they further stated that "a 5-year-old child was shot while in their mother's arms." [ 184 ] According to the doctor's description, security forces had shot pedestrians and bystanders as well. [ 184 ] They added that "Hospitals are extremely chaotic and patients terrified to admit and be identified, for this reason, we are trying to inform people and treat them privately in clinics." [ 184 ] The Kurdistan National Guard announced that its Zagros Tornado units attacked an IRGC base in Nourabad , Lorestan Province, and injured three IRGC members. [ 16 ] 10 January During the midnight until dawn, Tehran municipality workers were reportedly tasked to clear and collect the cartridge cases off the streets and to deliver them to security forces. [ 185 ] Despite the continued internet shutdown imposed by Islamic Republic authorities, thousands of protesters gathered in Tehran and throughout Iran overnight on 9–10 January, chanting "Death to Khamenei", and "Long live the shah". [ 63 ] This followed a call by Reza Pahlavi for protesters to seize control over the city centres and hoist the pre-regime Lion and Sun flag , with a promise he would return to Iran soon. [ 63 ] The Internet blockade disrupted everyday life, including digital transactions, as well as the functioning of hospitals, pharmacies, banks, and bureaus. Many businesses did not open. [ 185 ] The Internet outage has also prevented proper documentation of the size of the demonstrations, as well as the extent of police brutality against the protesters; [ 63 ] Iranian Nobel peace prize winner Shirin Ebadi had issued a warning on 9 January 2026, about the possibility of a planned "massacre under the cover of a sweeping communications blackout", stating that she had already heard testimonies reporting hundreds of wounded protesters at a single Tehran hospital. [ 63 ] On 10 January 2026, The Guardian received additional reports via Starlink, stating: "We're standing up for a revolution, but we need help. Snipers have been stationed behind the Tajrish Arg area [one of the affluent areas of Tehran]." [ 63 ] Another protester testified that throughout the city, many protesters had been shot, stating, "We saw hundreds of bodies", while a third testimony from a protester confirmed this by saying that they had witnessed a "very high" number of protesters being killed as security forces opened fire on them. [ 63 ] Human Rights activists stated that the testimonies were consistent with the reports they had received. [ 63 ] The Guardian stated that despite the Internet blackout, protesters had requested that international media cover the reports of increasing police brutality, with one activist saying "please make sure to state clearly that they are killing people with live ammunition." [ 63 ] According to The Guardian , much of the international community, including the EU and the US, showed clear support for the protesters. [ 63 ] US Secretary of State Marco Rubio posted on X (formerly Twitter) , "The United States supports the brave people of Iran", [ 63 ] and US president Donald Trump "Iran is looking at FREEDOM, perhaps like never before. The USA stands ready to help!!!" [ 186 ] Mohammad Movahedi-Azad , attorney general of Iran , stated that protesters may be charged as the "enemy of god", or moharebeh , a crime prosecutable by death, according to CBS News , which also reported that state media's reports of order and "no news of any gathering or chaos in Tehran and most provinces" were contradicted by a photo of ongoing demonstrations in Sa'adat Abad , Tehran, obtained by the Associated Press , and a surveillance video from Fars News Agency in which protesters in Isfahan threw petrol bombs and at least one appeared to be firing a long gun . The Young Journalists' Club , associated with state media, reported that protesters killed three members of the volunteer Basij militia of the IRGC in Gachsaran . Reza Pahlavi called for protests to continue through Sunday, while also stating in a social media post that he was "preparing to return to my homeland" and that the goal of the protests should be to seize city centres. [ 187 ] According to an analysis of photos by BBC Persian, the protesters in different cities were engaged in violent conflict with government forces until dawn. [ 188 ] A video from Punak neighbourhood of Tehran shows that as the government turned off the street lights, the protesters set off fireworks and created a sea of light using their smartphones in defiance. [ 188 ] [ 189 ] Deutsche Welle later fact checked and confirmed that the video was fabricated using artificial intelligence technology and old footage, with the aim of misleading people's understanding of the protests in Iran. [ 190 ] Videos published by BBC Persian shows explosions amid protests in Kerman and gunshots in Mashhad . [ 188 ] Unlike previous days, on Saturday mostly IRGC and Basij were mobilised, who use live ammunition, according to witnesses in Tehran and Karaj. [ 191 ] On 10 January, Iran International reported that at least 2,000 protesters had been killed over the previous 48 hours alone amidst the internet blackout , as Iranian security forces escalated their use of lethal force against demonstrators nationwide. [ 59 ] As a result all online service have been shut down too, including ATM machines, international phone calls, credit card transactions and business networks, as well as most news sources and social media. [ 192 ] 11 January Khamenei and senior Iranian officials said they were willing to talk to the protesters about economic issues, but also characterised the unrest as incitement by "rioters" and said the protests were funded by foreign powers (the United States and Israel). Iranian state media reported that President Masoud Pezeshkian gave a speech accusing foreign "terrorists" of inciting the protests; Pezeshkian also mentioned: "We are determined, and have decided, to resolve economic problems by any means possible" [ 193 ] [ 194 ] Parliament speaker Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf gave a speech during a parliament session in which he warned of United States military bases and regional ships and Israel would both be subject to retaliation if Iran is attacked by the United States in reference to Trump's prior threats. In the session, hardliner politicians went at the dais and shouted " Death to America ". Demonstrators rallied in Paris, Vilnius, and London in solidarity with the ongoing protests in Iran and urged Western governments to support the Iranian people seeking freedom. [ 195 ] The New York Times reported that Trump was briefed on military options on Iran but did not yet make a final decision. [ 196 ] Forbes reported that the Iranian government successfully shut down the Starlink internet amidst the internet blackout . [ 197 ] Other sources say Iran has successfully disrupted Starlink network connectivity nationwide, reporting that up to 80% of Starlink traffic was interrupted due to coordinated jamming operations. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] [ 200 ] During a solidarity rally in Los Angeles on 11 January, a U-Haul truck was used to ram into protesters at Westwood . [ 201 ] [ 202 ] In Iran, fighters from the Balochi People's Fighters Front killed one Law Enforcement Command officer and injured another in an attack on an LEC patrol vehicle in Dashtiari County , Sistan and Baluchistan Province. [ 21 ] 12 January In Tehran, tens of thousands of people participated in a pro-government rally after being called by leaders to counter the protests. People are seen flying the Iranian flag and chanting Islamic slogans and figures like Haydar, referring to Ali . [ 29 ] [ 37 ] However, reports from Iran International stated the images and videos were altered . [ 203 ] [ 204 ] President Masoud Pezeshkian was seen taking part in the rally. [ 205 ] US president Donald Trump stated that Iran has reached out to the United States to negotiate its nuclear programme, following his threat to strike the Islamic Republic over its violent crackdown on protesters. [ 206 ] Also Esmail Baghaei , spokesperson for the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs , publicly confirmed that security forces had directly fired on protesting citizens, statements that drew widespread attention and concern both domestically and internationally, highlighting criticism of the Iranian government's handling of the demonstrations, raising questions about the proportionality of its response, and drawing scrutiny from human rights organisations regarding the broader state of civil liberties and fundamental rights in the country. [ 61 ] 13 January On 13 January, Iran International reported that at least 12,000 people had been killed, describing the massacre as the "largest killing in Iranian contemporary history ". [ 42 ] CBS News reported that 12,000 people have been killed, and possibly 20,000, as Iran's phone services were being restored, and new information was being released. [ 43 ] President Trump urged Iranians to keep protesting and stated that help was on the way, with no details. Trump said in a post on Truth Social : [ 207 ] [ 208 ] "Iranian Patriots, KEEP PROTESTING – TAKE OVER YOUR INSTITUTIONS!!! Save the names of the killers and abusers. They will pay a big price. I have cancelled all meetings with Iranian Officials until the senseless killing of protesters STOPS. HELP IS ON ITS WAY. MIGA [ Make Iran Great Again ]!!! PRESIDENT DONALD J. TRUMP" "Iranian Patriots, KEEP PROTESTING – TAKE OVER YOUR INSTITUTIONS!!! Save the names of the killers and abusers. They will pay a big price. I have cancelled all meetings with Iranian Officials until the senseless killing of protesters STOPS. HELP IS ON ITS WAY. MIGA [ Make Iran Great Again ]!!! PRESIDENT DONALD J. TRUMP" When a reporter asked Trump what he meant by "help is on its way", he simply replied, "You're going to have to figure that one out. I'm sorry." [ 209 ] 14 January The Kurdistan Freedom Party assaulted the IRGC's headquarters in Kermanshah and, allegedly, according to the KFP's own claims, succesfully infiltrated the headquarters and caused severe IRGC casualties. [ 210 ] Armed Kurdish groups designated as terrorists by Turkey clashed with the IRGC while seeking to cross the border from Iraq and Turkey into Iran; the IRGC had received warning about their movements from Turkey. [ 211 ] A video, analyzed by BBC Verify and BBC Persian, showed, according to forensic examination, nearly 200 bodies were scattered in the morgue, many with obvious wounds, including one victim who was only 16 years old. [ 212 ] The Iranian Human Rights Organisation (IHR), based in Norway, said that at least 3,428 protesters were killed by Iranian security forces and at least 10,000 protesters were arrested during the peak of the unrest in Iran from January 8 to 12. [ 213 ] The head of Iran's judiciary stated that those arrested during the nationwide protests would be swiftly tried and executed. [ 213 ] [ 214 ] [ 215 ] Washington has threatened military action in response to the crackdown. [ 214 ] [ 216 ] British and American troops are withdrawing from Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar. [ 217 ] [ 218 ] The US stated that the withdrawal was a precautionary measure. [ 218 ] "It's a posture change and not an ordered evacuation," a diplomat told Reuters. [ 217 ] Italy and Poland, among other countries, have been urging their citizens to leave Iran "immediately". [ 219 ] [ 220 ] [ 221 ] [ 222 ] Donald Trump said in the Oval Office that he had been informed that killings in Iran's crackdown on the country's protest was ceased, and he believed that "there are no plans for executions," referring to the death sentence of Erfan Soltani . [ 223 ] According to AFP, Iranian state television broadcast footage of Donald Trump's attempted assassination at the 2024 Butler, Pennsylvania rally , accompanied by the Persian message "This time, [the bullet] won't miss," which angered Texas Republican Senator Ted Cruz and other close allies of President Trump. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] [ 226 ] 15 January The Iranian government imposed a nationwide curfew to prevent any protests. ISW recorded zero protests on 15 January. [ 227 ] Methods Protesters National strikes Nationwide strikes were conducted by businesses, stores, cafes, and workers as well as by online shops and social media influencers. [ 231 ] [ 232 ] [ 233 ] [ 234 ] [ 235 ] Demonstrations Protests are in the form of street demonstrations chanting slogans, car honking , [ 236 ] [ 237 ] lighting fires, [ 236 ] and removing surveillance cameras. [ 238 ] [ 239 ] In order not to be identified and later arrested, many protesters wear masks and dark clothes, reminiscent of V for Vendetta . [ 191 ] As the street lights are turned off by the government, the protesters defiantly set off fireworks and create a sea of light using their smartphones in the darkness of the city. [ 236 ] [ 188 ] [ 189 ] Slogans and symbols During the protests, several notable slogans were chanted by demonstrators, reflecting anti-government sentiments, calls for the restoration of the monarchy, and unity among protesters. These slogans were frequently documented in videos and reports by Persian-language media outlets such as Manoto and Iran International . Many drew on historical references to the Pahlavi dynasty , while others directly targeted Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei or the Islamic Republic's leadership. Symbols associated with the protests included the Lion and Sun flag , which was waved in several demonstrations as a sign of monarchist aspirations and opposition to the government. [ 229 ] [ 53 ] [ 240 ] On 9 January 2026, X changed the Iran flag emoji from the Islamic Republic flag to the modern design of the Lion and Sun flag . [ 180 ] " Death to the Dictator " ( Persian : مرگ بر دیکتاتور , romanised : Marg bar Diktâtor )—a general anti-authoritarian chant targeting the government's leadership, reported in Tehran, Isfahan, Kermanshah, Malard , Nahavand, Noorabad , and Karaj . [ 241 ] [ 242 ] [ 243 ] [ 244 ] [ 245 ] [ 52 ] [ 246 ] [ 247 ] [ 248 ] " Death to Khamenei " ( Persian : مرگ بر خامنهای , romanised : Marg bar Khâmene'i )—direct call against Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, heard in Isfahan, Farsan , Arak, and other protest sites. Previously used during the 2021–2022 and 2022–2023 protests . [ 249 ] [ 250 ] [ 251 ] [ 252 ] " Reza Shah , may your soul be blessed" ( Persian : رضا شاه، روحت شاد , romanised : Rezâ Shâh, ruhat shâd )—a slogan honouring Reza Shah Pahlavi, founder of the Pahlavi dynasty, chanted in Hamadan , Tehran , Isfahan , Kermanshah , and other locations. [ 253 ] [ 250 ] " Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran " ( Persian : نه غزه نه لبنان، جانم فدای ایران , romanised : Na Qazze na Lebnan, jânam fadâ-ye Irân )—a chant that expresses the opposition of some Iranians to the Islamic Republic's military, financial, and political support for Palestinian militant groups , neglecting the needs and interests of Iran itself. [ 68 ] [ 254 ] "Don't be afraid, don't be afraid, we are all together" ( Persian : نترسید، نترسید، ما همه با هم هستیم , romanised : Natarsid, natarsid, mâ hame bâ ham hastim )—a chant promoting unity and courage among protesters, chanted during nighttime gatherings in Isfahan. [ 255 ] [ 247 ] "Dishonourable, dishonourable" ( Persian : بیشرف، بیشرف , romanised : Bi-sharaf, bi-sharaf )—directed at security forces or government officials. [ 256 ] "Freedom, freedom, freedom" ( Persian : آزادی، آزادی، آزادی , romanised : Āzādi, āzādi, āzādi ). [ 257 ] [ 252 ] "Long live the Shah " ( Persian : جاوید شاه , romanised : Jâvid Shâh )—repeated chants calling for the return of the monarchy , heard in Hamadan , Arak , Nahavand , Dehloran , and other cities during nighttime protests. [ 53 ] [ 258 ] [ 259 ] [ 260 ] [ 8 ] [ 261 ] [ 262 ] [ 81 ] [ 263 ] "This is the final battle, Pahlavi will return" ( Persian : این آخرین نبرده، پهلوی برمیگرده , romanised : In âkharin nabarde, Pahlavi barmigarde )—a phrase conveying determination for regime change and the return of the Pahlavi family, chanted in Arak, Rasht , Khorramabad , Isfahan, Nahavand, and Dorud . [ 51 ] [ 264 ] [ 265 ] [ 250 ] [ 53 ] [ 247 ] "The Shah is coming home, Zahhak is overthrown" ( Persian : شاه مییاد به خونه، ضحاک سرنگونه , romanised : Shâh mi-yâd be khune, Zahâk sarnegune )—referencing Persian mythology ( Zahhak as a tyrant) to symbolise the overthrow of the current government and return of the Shah. [ 266 ] "Death to the oppressor, whether Shah or Rahbar" ( Persian : مرگ بر ستمگر، چه شاه باشد چه رهبر )—a general anti-Islamic Republic and anti-monarchy chant mainly by expressed by supporters of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI). [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ non-primary source needed ] Organisation As of 7 January, HRANA viewed the protests as being networked. [ 157 ] The Associated Press viewed the first steps of protests as "broadly leaderless" before 8 January, and described Reza Pahlavi's influence after the call for demonstration on 8 January as unclear; however, when the time clocked at 8 p.m., chanting broke out across Tehran, with crowds shouting anti-regime slogans and expressing support for the shah's return. [ 267 ] IranWire viewed Generation Z Iranians as "one of the most visible and active groups" in the 2025–2026 protests, whose political views were strongly impacted by the Mahsa Amini protests of 2022–2023. [ 268 ] Territorial control According to human rights activist Hamid Enayat, Malekshahi and Abdanan effectively came under protesters' control on 6 January when security forces fled from the protesters. [ 269 ] Suppression, persecution and executions Internet blackouts On 8 January 2026, the government imposed significant restrictions on telephone and internet access to limit communication and the dissemination of information. Unlike the Twelve-Day War , there has not been an official internet shut down nationwide. However, connectivity was heavily disrupted in cities experiencing active demonstrations, making it difficult for citizens to send messages, share media, or organise further protests. These measures were widely seen as part of the authorities' efforts to suppress dissent and control the narrative around the unrest. [ 270 ] On 9 January it was reported by multiple media outlets that Iran, in a largely unprecedented measure, had activated military-grade jammers to disrupt civilian Starlink signals. [ 197 ] [ 271 ] [ 272 ] Initially only 30 percent of the media traffic was affected but it rose to 80 percent within several hours. [ 197 ] [ 271 ] However, from the morning after the blackout began, Islamic Republic authorities issued a "white list" which allowed government affiliated institutions and accounts limited access to the internet, included were governmet aligned media and Telegram channels, as well as some universities. [ 271 ] Forbes quoted VPN expert Simon Migliano [ 273 ] as saying that "Iran's current nationwide blackout is a blunt instrument intended to crush dissent." [ 197 ] Migliano also addressed the cost of the internet shutdown, saying "this 'kill switch' approach comes at a staggering price, draining $1.56 million from Iran's economy every single hour the internet is down." [ 197 ] By 11 January, Iran shut down the Starlink internet for the first time. [ 197 ] Recruitment of foreign militias The presence of Iraqi Popular Mobilisation Forces , Arabic-speaking mercenaries, Lebanon's Hezbollah , and the Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun in suppressing protests was reported. [ 274 ] [ 275 ] [ 276 ] [ 277 ] Iran International reported that on 2 January 2026, Iraqi militias affiliated with the Iranian government recruited forces to assist Iranian security forces in suppressing protests in Iran. [ 276 ] On 6 January 2026, it was reported that approximately 800 members of Iraqi Shia militia groups, including Kata'ib Hezbollah , Harakat al-Nujaba , Sayyid al-Shuhada , and the Badr Organisation had been sent to Iran. [ 276 ] The troops were reportedly transported through the border crossings of Shalamcheh , Chazabeh , and Khosravi , officially under the cover of a "pilgrimage to the holy sites of Imam Reza in Mashhad ", while in practice they were gathered at a base in Ahvaz before being dispatched to various regions to assist in suppressing protests. [ 276 ] According to Iran International , "The reason behind this move by the Islamic Republic could be its concern that the Iranian police might not follow orders to attack unarmed, ordinary people, or simply because its forces are insufficient to stop protests in more than 100 cities". [ 278 ] On 9 January 2026 the United States warned Iran against using foreign militias to crush protests. [ 279 ] According to The Media Line , Iraqi Shiite militia members were recruited to help suppress Iranian protesters, receiving $600 each. By 11 January, more than 60 buses, each carrying about 50 people, had crossed the Iraq‑Iran border. [ 280 ] On 15 Jan, an Iraqi source stated to CNN that "nearly 5,000" fighters from Iraqi militias had crossed into Iran over the preceding weeks. [ 281 ] Internal propaganda and coercion The Iranian government has been accused of using footage of protesters' bodies in morgues to demoralise future protests. [ 282 ] Families trying to receive the bodies of their loved ones have often times been forced to pay compensation for the bullets that killed their relatives. [ 282 ] [ 283 ] Reports stated that security forces and Revolutionary Guard members raided and intimidated the families of protesters who were killed, imposed restrictions on the retrieval and burial of bodies, and warned that families would be charged fees. [ 283 ] There have been reports that families were unable to locate the remains of their relatives after authorities buried them in locations far from where the deaths occurred. [ 282 ] Reports have also indicated that the authorities retained the remains until families consented to official accounts describing the deceased as aligned with the government and Basij rather than as protesters. [ 282 ] [ 284 ] Likewise, images and videos from the pro-government rallies were reported to have been altered . [ 203 ] [ 204 ] Direct order for live fire on protesters Sources close to Iran’s Supreme National Security Council and the presidential office report that the killing of protesters was carried out on the direct order of Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, with full approval from senior state officials. The council allegedly authorised live fire, which was executed mainly by the IRGC in what is described as a deliberate, organised operation exceptional in scale and intensity. [ 49 ] On 13 January the Guardian reported that Islamic Republic security forces were documented using shotguns and rifles with live ammunition, [ 285 ] as well as heavy DShK machine guns against protesters, [ 286 ] with a Tehran doctor stating that security forces were "shooting to kill". [ 285 ] A spokesperson from the Abdorrahman Boroumand Center for Human Rights cited evidence that even when using "less lethal" weapons, security forces were deliberately shooting at the heads, eyes, genitals and vital organs of the protesters, so as terrorise protesters by mutilating them and causing them permanent disability, [ 285 ] reusing the tactic employed in the 2022 Mahsa Amini protests. [ 285 ] At least one young girl had been shot in the pelvic area and was in critical condition. [ 285 ] and a medic in Tehran reported that there were "direct shots to the heads of the young people, to their hearts as well." [ 287 ] Additionally, multiple testimonies have revealed Iranian security forces raiding hospitals to arrest, [ 288 ] and in many cases execute, hospitalised protesters. [ 289 ] [ 286 ] On 4 January, according to Namdar Baghaei Yazdi, vice president of the Iranian Medical Society UK, security forces in full riot gear stormed Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ilam, attacked medical personnel with tear gas and shotgun pellets and arrested injured protesters, [ 290 ] with another similar assault being carried out by security forces on 6 January in Sina Hospital in Tehran. [ 290 ] Yazdi was quoted as saying "Hospitals are no longer sacred in Iran, and we are very concerned for our medical colleagues there who are already at risk from the regime." [ 290 ] A doctor from southern Iran reported that security forces had "finished off" protesters who had been hospitalised at the time, [ 286 ] [ 289 ] further stating "they killed many, arrested many, and many are on the run. The situation is very bad." [ 289 ] According to The Times, another doctor from Tehran stated that security forces had "gone into hospitals and forcibly taken the corpses of protesters with them", and some of the wounded protesters treat their injuries at home and avoid being admitted to the hospital out of fear of being arrested. [ 291 ] Persecution On 5 January 2026, Gholamhossein Mohseni Ejei, head of the judiciary in the Islamic Republic, stated that there would be no leniency for "rioters" despite the right to demonstrate, [ 292 ] [ 293 ] and the judiciary's Mizan news agency quoted him saying "I instruct the attorney general and prosecutors across the country to act in accordance with the law and with resolve against the rioters and those who support them (...) and to show no leniency or indulgence," [ 292 ] [ 293 ] and stressing that the penalty would be "decisive" and "maximum". [ 294 ] [ 294 ] Regarding the rapid trials and executions or protesters, Iran state television shared a video in which Mohseni-Ejei said "If we want to do a job, we should do it now. If we want to do something, we have to do it quickly, if it becomes late, two months, three months later, it doesn't have the same effect. If we want to do something, we have to do that fast." [ 295 ] [ 296 ] On 10 January, Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei said that the demands of protesters in the country are "completely fair," but "rioters" should "be put in their place." [ 293 ] On 13 January, in a televised statement from the office of the Tehran prosecutor, the office declared that an undeclared number of protesters would be charged with " moharebeh ", or "waging war against God", an offence punished by death in Iran , and used extensively in the past by the regime's judiciary. [ 297 ] According to the Human Rights Activists News Agency, as of 14 January 2026, over 18,400 people had been arrested. [ 295 ] According to Iran International, on 10 January 2026 the "One Word" lawyers' network, citing the internet shutdown isolating protesters from the outside world, called on the international community and Iranian judges to prevent the show trials and extrajudicial executions of protesters following the orders of Ali Khamenei and senior judicial officials. [ 298 ] In its statement, the network detailed new orders from Khamenei instructing security forces "to deal harshly with protesters in recent gatherings" as well as separate statements from the Head of the Judiciary, the Attorney General of the country, and the Tehran Prosecutor calling for "extraordinary, out-of-order proceedings and the imposition of the most severe punishments in the cases of detained protesters." [ 298 ] Erfan Soltani According to the BBC, on 8 January 2026, clothes shop owner Erfan Soltani was arrested in his home for allegedly being connected with the protests in Fardis, while he was denied a lawyer and his family was not notified of the charges brought against him. [ 299 ] Several days later, Soltani was notified that he was to face execution on 14 January, less that a week after his arrest. [ 299 ] However after US president Donald Trump told reporters that the US would take "very strong action" if the regime were to execute protesters, Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi denied any plan to hang people in a televised interview, and Soltani's family was notified that his execution had been postponed, while the judiciary stated that the charges against him only consisted of "colluding against national security" and "propaganda activities against the establishment" which are not punishable by death in Iran. [ 299 ] The state broadcasting company IRIB claimed that reports of Soltani's pending execution were a "blatant act of news fabrication." [ 299 ] Casualties Casualties, arrests, executions, and injured protesters 31 December On 31 December 2025, during a protest in Fuladshahr , Dariush Ansari Bakhtiariwand was shot with a Kalashnikov rifle by security forces. He died before reaching medical care. [ 300 ] While participating in a protest in Kuhdasht on 31 December, Amirhesam Khodayarifard (reported to be 21, [ 118 ] or 22 years old) [ 117 ] was shot dead with a bullet to the head by a plainclothes retired IRGC agent. [ 301 ] Eyewitness testimony and video evidence showed that Khodayarifard was among the protesters. [ 117 ] Government media stated that protesters had been throwing rocks at security forces, and that Khodayarafid was killed after the rocks had been thrown. [ 302 ] Governmental media, including Mehr News Agency , [ 118 ] claimed that Khodayarifard was a member of the Basij . The governor of Kuhdasht, an Imam of Friday Prayer , and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) members visited Khodayarifard's family. Permission for the family to access Khodayarifard's body and carry out a burial was conditioned on the family making a televised statement stating that Khodayarifard had been a member of the Basij. [ 117 ] Governmental authorities gave warnings on Telegram and Instagram forbidding the publication of information about Khodayarifard's killing. [ 117 ] As of 5 January 2026 [update] , the authorities, who were pressuring Khodayarifard's family to state that he was a Basij member, had not given the body to Khodayarifard's family, according to IranWire . [ 301 ] 1 January Two protesters, Ahmad Jalil, 21, and Sajjad Valamanesh, 28, were killed in Lordegan on 1 January 2026. Both were shot by security forces with live ammunition and died later from their injuries. [ 303 ] [ 304 ] On the evening of 1 January, two men and a teenage boy, Shayan Asadollahi, 30, Vahab Musavi, and Mostafa, 15, residents of Azna (in Lorestan province) were killed by gunfire from security forces. [ 132 ] The IRGC-aligned Fars News Agency stated that the protesters had either tried to attack a police station [ 305 ] or had tried to disarm the security forces. [ 132 ] Ahmadreza Amani, 28, was shot in the chest by security forces at around 18:00 IRST in Azna and died in hospital. [ 306 ] Khodadad Shirvani, 33, a Marvdasht resident, was shot with shotgun pellets by security forces on the same evening in Marvdasht. He died after being transferred to a hospital. [ 307 ] In Nurabad (Lorestan province), Ahad Ebrahimpour Abdoli, 35, was lethally shot the same evening with three bullets (one to his heart) by security forces during a protest in Ba'ath Square in Nurabad. Security forces and the Imam of Friday Prayer pressured Abdoli's family to say that he was a Basij member and that he was shot by "enemy forces". [ 308 ] 2 January On 2 January, a 42-year-old protester, Ali Azizi Jafarabadi, a Kurdish man from Harsin County was shot dead by security forces in Harsin . [ 309 ] 3 January On 3 January, the total number of arrested protesters had increased to 132 according to Hengaw [ 310 ] or 582 according to HRANA . [ 136 ] Iran International estimated the death count of protesters to be at least eight, the number of locations to be 113 locations in 46 cities across 22 provinces, with at least 44 people shot and wounded by live ammunition or pellet guns fired by Iranian security forces. [ 97 ] [ 311 ] Four protesters were shot dead with "military-grade" weapons by IRGC members at protests in Malekshahi County in Ilam province ; forty were injured and many taken to hospital. [ 312 ] 4 January By the early morning of 4 January, Iran International reported the death toll from the protests to have risen to at least 16. [ 313 ] HRANA estimated that since the beginning of the protests there had been 990 arrests and 51 cases of injuries to protesters, mostly from pellet and plastic bullets. [ 143 ] 5 January The total number of arrested protesters rose to 1,200 on 5 January. [ 314 ] Iranian authorities claimed to have arrested a Mossad agent partaking in the protests, with the agent allegedly confessed to being recruited, trained by, and continuing communication with Mossad, and said that Mossad handlers told him to go to people's residences, but was later instructed to move his "operations" to local marketplaces. [ 315 ] 6 January On 6 January, a total of 2,076 protesters had been arrested, and at least 34 protesters and 2 police officers had been killed, according to HRANA . [ 153 ] 7 January HRANA estimated 140 new arrests of protesters or identifications of previously arrested protesters, making a total of 2217, including 165 minors and 46 university students. HRANA counted at total since the beginning of the protests as 38 deaths, including 29 adult protesters, 5 minor protesters, and 4 security officers. [ 157 ] 8 January In response to intensified protests on 8 January 2026, the government initiated a nationwide outage of internet and telephone services, a tactic often used prior to using deadly force against protesters, in order to suppress news and evade scrutiny. According to social media reports, a massacre began in Fardis , where government forces allegedly killed 50 protesters with a machine gun. [ 316 ] 9 January On 9 January, HRANA estimated that a total of 2,311 protesters had been arrested and at least 65 were dead. [ 1 ] Time reported that they were in contact with a Tehran-based doctor who informed them that over 217 protester deaths had been recorded across six hospitals in the city, while Iranian Nobel Peace Prize laureate Shirin Ebadi warned that authorities might carry out a massacre under the cover of the widespread internet blackout . [ 182 ] [ 183 ] Reports from two hospitals in Rasht and Tehran indicate overall 110 dead bodies being transferred to these two hospitals during 8 and 9 January. Some wounded people had military-grade bullets in head and neck, indicating that the shootings were intended to kill. [ 317 ] 10 January Amidst the internet blackout during the protests, Iran International stated their most conservative estimates indicated that at least 2,000 people had been killed by government forces over the past 48 hours alone. [ 59 ] On 10 January, HRANA estimated that 2,638 protesters had been arrested and confirmed that 116 fatalities had occurred. [ 318 ] The Centre for Human Rights in Iran warned that a "massacre is unfolding." It said hundreds of protesters had been killed since the government cut off internet access, and security forces, as in the past, shot people in the eyes with metal pellets and rubber bullets. It reported that hospitals were overwhelmed, and that casualties continue to rise. [ 319 ] 11 January According to a US-based rights group, more than 500 people have been killed in Iran's protests, with 579 additional deaths under investigation (raising the total to 1,123), while over 10,681 people have been arrested. [ 320 ] The People's Mojahedin Organisation of Iran reported that more than 3,000 people had been killed in the protests by 11 January. Their figures, based on local sources, hospitals, and families, show the regime even displayed some bodies on state TV, falsely blaming protesters for their deaths. [ 321 ] [ 322 ] By 11 January, Time reported that, starting with reports from a handful of Tehran hospitals, an informal, expatriate group of academics and professionals calculated that protester deaths could have reached 6,000 through Saturday the 10th. [ 64 ] 12 January On 12 January, CNN reported that given the government's internet shutdown and the slow trickle of information emerging from Iran, the full scale of casualties remains unclear. [ 323 ] 13 January On 13 January, Iran International reported that at least 12,000 people had been killed, describing the massacre as the "largest killing in Iranian contemporary history ". [ 42 ] CBS News reported that activist groups in Iran estimated 12,000 people to have been killed, and possibly 20,000, based on medical reports. [ 43 ] 15 January By 15 January, fatality reports saw a significant increase as internet connectivity was partially restored. [ 324 ] While confirmed figures from the U.S.-based Human Rights Activists News Agency ( HRANA) stood at approximately 2,000-2,500 deaths [ 325 ] [ 324 ] , other rights organisations such as Iran Human Rights (IHR) reported at least 3,428 fatalities. [ 286 ] At the same time, leaked internal documents from the Supreme National Security Council and the presidential office, reported by Iran International , suggested that as many as 12,000 people may have been killed during the peak crackdown between January 8 and 10. [ 326 ] CBS News cited sources within Iran claiming the total death toll could potentially reach 20,000. [ 327 ] [ 328 ] Executions On 12 January 2026, it was reported that 26-year-old protester, Erfan Soltani , was sentenced to be executed on 14 January, making him one of the first of these protesters to be handed an execution sentence . [ 329 ] Soltani was arrested during protests in Fardis on 8 January. [ 329 ] [ 330 ] [ 331 ] Human rights groups and activists report that Soltani was denied access to a lawyer, a fair trial , or any opportunity to appeal. [ 329 ] Government forces Government authorities repeatedly presented fatalities during the protests as members of the security forces killed by protesters, after which evidence from witnesses and family statements showed that the victim had been shot by the security forces. [ 332 ] Government media claimed that Amirhesam Khodayarifard, killed on 31 December, was a member of the Basij . [ 119 ] Eyewitness reports and video evidence, collected by Hengaw , contradicted this claim, in particular showing that he was standing among the protesters and was killed by a shot to the head by a security forces member. [ 117 ] Initially, authorities conditioned family access to Khodayarifard's body on the family making a televised statement that he was a Basij member. [ 117 ] During the funeral, which took place on 2 January, Khodayarifard's father confirmed that his son was not a Basij member. [ 134 ] On 3 January, Agence France-Presse referred to a statement by Mehr that IRGC member Latif Karimi was killed during clashes in Malekshahi County , [ 333 ] during which four protesters were killed by the IRGC. [ 334 ] On 4 January, eyewitnesses and other sources clarified that Karimi was present among the protesters when he was shot by IRGC members, and died in Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ilam . Karimi was a retired brigadier-general by profession. Karimi's son stated on Telegram , "My father's only 'crime' was telling [the government security forces] not to shoot at the people." [ 332 ] On 7 January, militants of the Baloch nationalist militant organisation People's Fighters Front (PFF) assassinated Mahmoud Haqiqat, the police chief of Iranshahr . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 150 ] IRGC-affiliated media reported that protesters killed two Law Enforcement Command officers during protests in Lordegan as well as an unspecified security force member in Malekshahi. [ 150 ] On 8 January, Norway-based human rights organisation Hengaw claimed that two IRGC Ground Forces members were killed during the protests in Kermanshah . [ 28 ] A police officer in Malard County at the Tehran province was killed from a stabbing after attempts to control local unrest. [ 165 ] On 9 January, Opposition media reported that clashes between protesters and security forces in Kermanshah Province killed at least 10 IRGC Ground Forces Nabi Akram Unit members. [ 27 ] On 11 January, fighters from the PFF killed one Law Enforcement Command officer and injured another in an attack on an LEC patrol vehicle in Dashtiari County , Sistan and Baluchistan Province. [ 21 ] Notable victims Shahram Maghsoudi , powerlifting champion [ 335 ] Foreign victims Canadian minister of foreign affairs Anita Anand confirmed that a Canadian citizen was killed by the Islamic Republic forces during the protests. [ 336 ] Reactions Reactions to the protests ranged from calls for dialogue and economic relief to warnings of force. Domestic Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei said officials should talk to protesters, but added that "rioters must be put in their place". [ 337 ] As the unrest continued, President Masoud Pezeshkian announced economic measures including changes to foreign-exchange subsidies intended to shift support directly to consumers. [ 338 ] Vice President Mohammad Reza Aref attempted to resign during the first days of the protests, but it was not accepted by President Pezeshkian. [ 339 ] Mohammad Baqer Qalibaf , Speaker of the Islamic Consultative Assembly , said "Malicious individuals and organised movements want to turn any kind of public demand and protest into chaos and chaos using their trained agents in the square, but the Iranian nation has repeatedly demonstrated its vigilance, awareness, and compassion for the country's security". [ 340 ] On 10 January 2026, the IRGC warned that safeguarding security is a "red line". [ 341 ] Chief Justice Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i , the head of Iran's judiciary, said that the punishment for rioters would "be decisive, maximum and without any legal leniency". [ 342 ] Attorney general Mohammad Movahedi Azad warned that anyone taking part in demonstrations is an " enemy of God ", a crime that carries the death penalty under Iranian law. [ 343 ] International Sovereign states United States – US president Donald Trump warned that the United States would intervene if Iranian authorities violently suppressed "peaceful protests". [ 344 ] On 9 January 2026, Trump stated on Truth Social that the US was "locked and loaded and ready to go" if the Iranian security forces killed protesters. [ 345 ] Trump later said that US is considering "very strong options" as a response to the Iran protests, among them possible military intervention, and he said: "we will hit them at levels that they've never been hit before". [ 346 ] A senior American official told The New York Times that Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu urged President Trump to delay a potential American attack against Iran. [ 347 ] On 15 January, multiple sources reported that Carrier Strike Group 3 was expected to arrive in the Middle East in "about a week", and The New York Times reported that an array of combat and refueling aircraft "were expected to start flowing into the region soon". [ 348 ] [ 349 ] Israel – Netanyahu said Israel "[identifies] with the struggle of the Iranian people for freedom, liberty and justice". He also mentioned the possibility that the people would take their fate into their hands. [ 350 ] Mossad , Israel's intelligence agency , claimed it was "with [the Iranian protesters] in the field". [ 351 ] Israel's former defence minister, Yoav Gallant , stated "At this time, when what matters is the action of the masses on the ground, we need to stay behind and direct things with an invisible hand". [ 352 ] Mossad , Israel's intelligence agency , claimed it was "with [the Iranian protesters] in the field". [ 351 ] Israel's former defence minister, Yoav Gallant , stated "At this time, when what matters is the action of the masses on the ground, we need to stay behind and direct things with an invisible hand". [ 352 ] France , Germany , and the United Kingdom 's leaders released a joint statement on 9 January urging Iran to exercise restraint. [ 62 ] German chancellor Friedrich Merz spoke out against the violent suppression of Iranian protesters, saying, "This violence is not an expression of strength, but rather a sign of weakness. This violence must end", [ 353 ] later saying "If a regime can only keep itself in power by force, then it's effectively at the end. I believe we are now seeing the final days and weeks of this regime. In any case, it has no legitimacy through elections in the population. The population is now rising up against this regime." [ 354 ] [ 355 ] German chancellor Friedrich Merz spoke out against the violent suppression of Iranian protesters, saying, "This violence is not an expression of strength, but rather a sign of weakness. This violence must end", [ 353 ] later saying "If a regime can only keep itself in power by force, then it's effectively at the end. I believe we are now seeing the final days and weeks of this regime. In any case, it has no legitimacy through elections in the population. The population is now rising up against this regime." [ 354 ] [ 355 ] Australia and Canada issued a joint statement condemning Iran's use of force against protesters. [ 356 ] New Zealand – Foreign minister Winston Peters expressed concern about the killing of protesters and described protests as a "fundamental human right." [ 357 ] Poland – On 15 January 2026, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs summoned the Iranian ambassador to express concern over the growing number of casualties and arrests, and called on Iran to cease violence against the protesters and initiate talks. [ 358 ] Turkey – Foreign minister Hakan Fidan stated that the protests in Iran were "being manipulated from abroad by Iran's rivals", including the United States and Israel, expressed a wish for the resolution of the perceived antagonism between Iran and the West through negotiations, and called on Iran to engage in "very genuine reconciliation and cooperation" with other Middle Eastern countries. [ 359 ] Vatican City – Pope Leo XIV expressed concern. [ 360 ] United Kingdom – On 13 January 2026, Foreign Secretary Yvette Cooper summoned the Iranian ambassador over the mass killings. [ 361 ] British Secretary of State for Transport Heidi Alexander told Sky News that the current priority is to "stem the violence" in Iran. She said Iran is a threat to the Middle East and represses its own people. [ 362 ] Intergovernmental and international organisations European Union : The European External Action Service urged Iran's security forces to exercise restraint and called on authorities to uphold rights including freedom of expression and peaceful assembly. [ 363 ] The EU also co-signed the aforementioned joint statement issued by Australia and Canada. [ 356 ] European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen , urged the release of imprisoned Iranian protesters, condemned the violent crackdown, and called for internet access to be restored, saying Europe stands "fully behind" those demonstrating. [ 364 ] European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen , urged the release of imprisoned Iranian protesters, condemned the violent crackdown, and called for internet access to be restored, saying Europe stands "fully behind" those demonstrating. [ 364 ] The United Nations criticised Iran's internet shutdown and violation of civil liberties. [ 365 ] Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch condemned the violent repression and documented indiscriminate killings and arrests. [ 366 ] [ 367 ] Political parties and organisations United Kingdom – Kemi Badenoch , the leader of the United Kingdom's opposition Conservative Party , told the BBC that she would "not have an issue" with Iranian regime change and said she supported the involvement of the US and its allies. She claimed that Iran posed a direct threat to the UK, saying it would "very happily wipe out the UK if it felt it could get away with it". [ 362 ] The Mobarizoun Popular Front, a newly-formed Baloch nationalist organisation, expressed its support for the protests. [ 19 ] The Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order expressed support for the Iranian opposition against the Iranian government in early January, calling the Iranian government a "fraudulent mullah regime." [ 368 ] The Kurdistan Free Life Party (PJAK) co-chair Amir Kerimi stated that the Islamic Republic had lost its social legitimacy and described the situation as an opportunity to build "a democratic and decentralised Iran … that transcends the nation-state , based on the self-governance of the people", while indicating "the construction of a new authoritarian regime through Reza Pahlavi" as his biggest concern. [ 369 ] Corporate organisations From 9 January 2026, multiple international airlines suspended or cancelled flights to and from Iran due to the protests, the internet blackout, and security concerns. Turkish Airlines cancelled flights between Istanbul and Iranian cities including Tehran, Tabriz and Mashhad, while AJet and Pegasus Airlines suspended all services to Iran. UAE carriers flydubai and Emirates halted flights to Iranian destinations, and Qatar Airways cancelled several flights from Doha to Iran. In Europe, Austrian Airlines cancelled its Vienna-Tehran flight on 9 January. Lufthansa , which had planned to resume flights on 16 January after it suspended them due to regional security concerns, delayed its plans to resume services due to the protests. [ 370 ] [ 371 ] [ 372 ] [ 181 ] [ 373 ] International travel advisories Since the outbreak of the protests, several countries have issued travel advisories or warnings for Iran and have advised their citizens to leave the country. These advisories cite security concerns and potential disruptions to transportation and communications. Countries that have issued such advisories include the United States, [ 374 ] the United Kingdom, [ 375 ] Canada, [ 376 ] Australia, [ 377 ] Germany, [ 378 ] France, [ 379 ] New Zealand, [ 380 ] Ireland, [ 381 ] and India. [ 382 ] Polling A January 2026 Quinnipiac poll, found that 70% oppose U.S. military involvement in Iran, 79% of Democrats, 80% of independents and 53% of Republicans opposed military involvement. [ 383 ] [ 384 ] [ 385 ] Analysis On 30 December, Iran International suggested that the protests were a "historic break" of Iranian bazaar merchants, historically a critical and old ally of the Islamic Republic, from the Iranian government. Such breaks, the news agency suggested, were fuelled by the Islamic Republic's blame towards the merchants as "price gougers" for rejecting state-standardised pricing and being unable to restock market inventories if they complied to their demands. Anger towards the government by merchants were also caused by the proposed 2025–26 Iranian budget , which would prioritise deficit spending and large tax increases to make up for a decline in oil revenues for government funding. [ 386 ] On 2 January, Iran International cited the opinion of analysts, including intelligence analysts and journalists, who suggested that Iran might have entered the early stages of regime collapse. [ 387 ] On 4 January, according to the New York Times , Iranian officials, including foreign minister Abbas Araghchi , described the government as being in a "survival mode", with difficulties in either reversing economic problems or handling the military threat of attack by the United States or Israel. Pezeshkian held two emergency meetings following the start of the protests. Some of his advisers recommended that he publicly criticise the role of Khamenei as supreme leader. [ 252 ] A 5 January analysis in Foreign Policy argues that the 2025–2026 protests differ from the Mahsa Amini protests in that the 2025–2026 protests are more geographically widespread, including small towns rather than just major cities, and involve a broader range of groups, including students, workers, women, and ethnic minorities. The analysis also saw differences in the international context as significant, with Trump's unpredictability and overt willingness to violate international law as a factor differing from Biden's approach, and the fall of the Assad regime as a weakening of Iran's regional support. The authors also saw the focus of the 2025–2026 protests as shifting from social reform to regime change. [ 7 ] In early January 2026, The Times referred to intelligence reports stating that Khamenei had an escape plan, for him and about twenty close associates and family members, including Khamenei's son Mojtaba Khamenei , ready to flee to Moscow in case security forces defected to the side of the protesters. Beni Sabti, a former Israeli intelligence officer, stated that he expected Moscow to be Khamenei's preferred location of exile if he fled. [ 254 ] Social scientist Mali Rezaei viewed the protests as showing a "deepening rupture between society and the ideological foundations of the state". She argued that one of the factors behind the protests was the context of Iran's multi-millenial history and ethnic and cultural diversity, in which the seventh century CE Muslim conquest of Persia left in place "a persistent resistance to absolutism". She pointed to a 2020 GAMAAN study that found that irreligion in Iran and support for secularism was growing. In addition to economic factors, Rezaei saw environmental crises such as the disappearance of Lake Urmia as playing a role. She viewed the Iranian government's destruction of some elements of Persian culture and a "passivity in defending [cultural] legacy" as a weakening of the government's protection of "the nation". Rezaei saw the Mahsa Amini protests and the Woman, Life, Freedom slogan as a key turning point in which the protest movement evolved to avoid cooptation by either the government and individual celebrities. She viewed the pro-Pahlavi slogans as mainly representing a desire for a secular democracy, not absolute monarchy, that would recover national agency . [ 388 ] View of the protests as an uprising On 10 January, human rights activist Hamid Enayat suggested that "dozens of instances" of disarmament of security forces during the protests, and the "breakdown of the deterrent function" of the Iranian state's monopoly of violence indicated a transition to a new phase , that of an uprising . Enayat cited cases of protesters stopping security forces on buses, disarming them and tying their hands, and a case of a stun gun being taken from a security forces member and used against him. He argued that Malekshahi County effectively came under insurgent control on 6 January when security forces fled from the protesters. He saw the protests as having shifted to a phase in which the Iranian state had lost its power to frighten citizens into obedience. [ 269 ] On 11 January, historian Mark Almond disagreed with comparison of the Iranian protests to the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989. He argued that it would be more like the Storming of the Bastille , because, if successful, the overthrow of the Islamic Republic would be a rebellion against an internally developed regime, rather than one imposed internationally. He argued that the protests already qualified for the term "revolution". [ 389 ] In contradistinction most Israeli analysts believed that the conditions for successful revolution had not yet been met, the existential threat to the regime notwithstanding. [ 390 ] [ 391 ] A minority view, such as held by retired Brigadier General Amir Avivi , chairman of the Israel Defence and Security Forum (IDSF),is that the Iranian regime faces imminent collapse. [ 392 ] See also Iran portal Middle East portal Politics portal 2025 Iran internal crisis 2025–26 Iranian budget Deaths during the Mahsa Amini protests Iran Prosperity Project Iranian energy crisis Iranian opposition Killing of Saghar Etemadi Political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran Notes ^ Protests reported in over 145 locations, including Abadan , Abdanan , Ahvaz , Aligudarz , Alvand , Amlash , Amol , Arak , Arakvaz , Arsanjan , Asadabad , Asaluyeh , Ashkhaneh , Astara , Lorestan , Babaheydar , Babol , Bagh-e Malek , Bandar Abbas , Bandar Ganaveh , Bandar-e Anzali , Bandar Kangan , Baneh , Borazjan , Borujerd , Chaboksar , Chaharbagh , Chenar Shahijan , Dargahan , Dehloran , Delijan , Dezful , Dogonbadan , Dorud , Eqlid , Esfarayen , Eslamabad-e Gharb , Eslamshahr , Falavarjan , Fariman , Farsan , Fasa , Firuzabad , Firuzkuh , Fuladshahr , Garmdarreh , Garmsar , Gilan-e Gharb , Gonabad , Gorgan , Hafshejan , Hamadan , Harsin , Holeylan County , Ilam , Isfahan , Izeh , Jahrom , Junqan , Juyabad , Karaj , Kashan , Kavar , Kazerun , Kerend-e Gharb , Kerman , Kermanshah , Khash , Khomeyni Shahr , Khorramabad , Kish Island , Kuhchenar County , Kuhdasht , Lahijan , Lali , Lordegan , Lumar , Mahabad , Mahallat , Malard , Malayer , Maragheh , Marivan , Marvdasht , Mashhad , Meshkan , Murmuri , Nahavand , Najafabad , Neqab , Neyriz , Nishapur , Nurabad , Pardis , Paveh , Qaen , Qasr-e Shirin , Qazvin , Qeydar , Qom , Qorveh , Ramhormoz , Rasht , Robat Karim , Rudsar , Sabzevar , Safashahr , Sahneh , Salehabad, Ilam , Saman, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari , Saqqez , Sarpol-e Zahab , Sarvestan , Sari , Saveh , Semnan , Shahin Shahr , Shahrekord , Shahrud , Shalamzar , Shazand , Shiraz , Shirvan , Shush , Sonqor , Tabriz , Tehran , Tonekabon , Torbat-e Heydarieh , Tuyserkan , Urmia , Vahdatiyeh , Varamin , Varzaneh , Yasuj , Yazd , Yazdan Shahr , Zabol , Zahedan , Zanjan , Zarqan , Zarrinshahr and Zibashahr . ^ Lower estimate per an official speaking to Reuters , upper estimate per an official speaking to The New York Times . [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Including 121 security forces, per Iranian state media. [ 40 ] ^ Including 2,478 protestors, 163 government affiliated individuals, 20 non-protesting civilians, 16 minors and 1,693 other unidentified deaths. [ 41 ] ^ Including 800 individuals who received death sentences. [ 41 ] ^ Attributed to multiple sources: [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] [ 48 ] [ 10 ] References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Day Thirteen of the Protests: Nighttime Demonstrations Continue Amid Internet Shutdown" . 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The Independent . Retrieved 31 December 2025 . ^ Golkar, Saeid; Brodsky, Jason M. (5 January 2026). "What's New About This Wave of Protests in Iran" . Foreign Policy . A notable development in late 2025 was the ideological shift within the protest slogans themselves. While 'Woman, Life, Freedom' remains symbolically powerful, new chants increasingly reflect monarchist sentiments. Calls such as 'Javid Shah' (Long Live the King) and 'This Is the Final Battle / Pahlavi Will Return' have echoed through the cities where the protests are concentrated. These slogans point to a renewed interest in the Pahlavi legacy and open calls for the return of Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi, representing a significant departure from the largely republican and rights-based framing of the 2022 movement. 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Haaretz . ^ "Iran Protests, Explained: How Real Is the Danger to the Regime, and How Might Trump Intervene? - Iran" . ^ "Live - Iran closes airspace as US moves carrier strike group to Mideast" . www.iranintl.com . 15 January 2026. v t e 2025–2026 Iranian protests v t e Overview General Timeline [ fa ] Reactions Geographical scope [ fa ] Map Background Corruption Ethnic-based discrimination Inflation [ fa ] Food International sanctions Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Economic crisis Internal crisis Twelve-Day War United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites Mahsa Amini protests Sex segregation Energy crisis Water scarcity General Timeline [ fa ] Reactions Geographical scope [ fa ] Map Timeline [ fa ] Reactions Geographical scope [ fa ] Map Map Background Corruption Ethnic-based discrimination Inflation [ fa ] Food International sanctions Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Economic crisis Internal crisis Twelve-Day War United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites Mahsa Amini protests Sex segregation Energy crisis Water scarcity Corruption Ethnic-based discrimination Inflation [ fa ] Food Food International sanctions Iran and state-sponsored terrorism Economic crisis Internal crisis Twelve-Day War United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites Mahsa Amini protests Sex segregation Energy crisis Water scarcity People Deaths Saghar Etemadi Amirhesam Khodayarifard Shayan Asadollahi Reza Ghanbari Mohammad Nouri Reza Moradi Abdolvand Latif Karimi Kadyvrian brothers Death sentences Erfan Soltani Diaspora Reza Pahlavi Deaths Saghar Etemadi Amirhesam Khodayarifard Shayan Asadollahi Reza Ghanbari Mohammad Nouri Reza Moradi Abdolvand Latif Karimi Kadyvrian brothers Saghar Etemadi Amirhesam Khodayarifard Shayan Asadollahi Reza Ghanbari Mohammad Nouri Reza Moradi Abdolvand Latif Karimi Kadyvrian brothers Death sentences Erfan Soltani Erfan Soltani Diaspora Reza Pahlavi Reza Pahlavi Armed forces IRGC Cyber Command Basij Iranian police Special Units State-sponsored foreign militia [ fa ] IRGC Cyber Command Basij Cyber Command Basij Iranian police Special Units Special Units State-sponsored foreign militia [ fa ] Events Tehran's Tank Man Massacres Fardis Malekshahi Internet blackout Los Angeles ramming attack Tehran's Tank Man Massacres Fardis Malekshahi Fardis Malekshahi Internet blackout Los Angeles ramming attack Slogans " Death to Khamenei " " Death to the Dictator " " Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran " " This is the final battle, Pahlavi will return " " Javid Shah [ fa ] " " Death to Khamenei " " Death to the Dictator " " Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran " " This is the final battle, Pahlavi will return " " Javid Shah [ fa ] " Related PMOI/MEK NCRI Kurdish separatism in Iran Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency People's Fighters Front Iranian opposition Political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran Lion and Sun flag Lion and Sun Pahlavi dynasty Iran International PMOI/MEK NCRI NCRI Kurdish separatism in Iran Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency People's Fighters Front People's Fighters Front Iranian opposition Political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran Lion and Sun flag Lion and Sun Lion and Sun Pahlavi dynasty Iran International v t e Protests in Iran v t e 19th century Tobacco Protest (1890–1892) Tobacco Protest (1890–1892) 20th century 1906 revolution 1952 riots 1963 riots Iranian Revolution 1978 Qom protest 1978 Tabriz protests Black Friday (1978) 1979 Women Day protests 1981 protests 1999 student protests 1906 revolution 1952 riots 1963 riots Iranian Revolution 1978 Qom protest 1978 Tabriz protests Black Friday (1978) 1978 Qom protest 1978 Tabriz protests Black Friday (1978) 1979 Women Day protests 1981 protests 1999 student protests 21st century 2003 student protests 2005 Ahvaz unrest Green Movement 2009 presidential election protests 2009 Ashura protests 2011–2012 protests 2011 Khuzestan protests 2015 Mahabad riots 2015 Fitilieh programme protests 2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt 2017–2018 protests Iranian protests against compulsory hijab 2018 Dervish protests 2018 protests 2018–2019 general strikes and protests 2018 water protests August 2018 uprising 2018 protest movement 2018 university protests 2019 protests 2019–2020 protests Mahshahr massacre 2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests 2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 2021–2022 protests 2021 water protests 2022 food protests Mahsa Amini protests May 2025 Iranian protests 2025–2026 Iranian protests 2003 student protests 2005 Ahvaz unrest Green Movement 2009 presidential election protests 2009 Ashura protests 2009 presidential election protests 2009 Ashura protests 2009 Ashura protests 2011–2012 protests 2011 Khuzestan protests 2011 Khuzestan protests 2015 Mahabad riots 2015 Fitilieh programme protests 2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt 2017–2018 protests Iranian protests against compulsory hijab 2018 Dervish protests 2018 protests 2018–2019 general strikes and protests 2018 water protests August 2018 uprising 2018 protest movement 2018 university protests 2019 protests 2019–2020 protests Mahshahr massacre Mahshahr massacre 2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests 2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 2021–2022 protests 2021 water protests 2022 food protests 2021 water protests 2022 food protests Mahsa Amini protests May 2025 Iranian protests 2025–2026 Iranian protests v t e Ali Khamenei v t e Politics Ahl Al-Bayt World Assembly Assassination attempt October 1981 Iranian presidential election 1985 Iranian presidential election Supreme Leader of Iran Statement of 14 Political Activists Executive Order 13876 Mahsa Amini protests 2025–2026 Iranian protests Ahl Al-Bayt World Assembly Assassination attempt October 1981 Iranian presidential election 1985 Iranian presidential election Supreme Leader of Iran Statement of 14 Political Activists Executive Order 13876 Mahsa Amini protests 2025–2026 Iranian protests Policies Fatwa against nuclear weapons Islamic clerics in politics Iran Slogan of the Year Second Phase of the Revolution Sex segregation Anti-Zionism 8-Article Command to the Chiefs of Branches Fatwa against nuclear weapons Islamic clerics in politics Iran Slogan of the Year Second Phase of the Revolution Sex segregation Anti-Zionism 8-Article Command to the Chiefs of Branches Books and messages A 250 Years Old Person An Outline of Islamic Thought in the Quran Four main books of Biographical-Evaluation Ghena Palestine Ruhe-Tawhid, Nafye Obudiate GheireKhoda Sharh-e Esm Fatwa against insulting revered Sunni figures To the Youth in Europe and North America To the Youth in Western Countries Israel won't exist in 25 years A 250 Years Old Person An Outline of Islamic Thought in the Quran Four main books of Biographical-Evaluation Ghena Palestine Ruhe-Tawhid, Nafye Obudiate GheireKhoda Sharh-e Esm Fatwa against insulting revered Sunni figures To the Youth in Europe and North America To the Youth in Western Countries Israel won't exist in 25 years Family Mansoureh Khojasteh Bagherzadeh (wife) Mostafa (son) Mojtaba (son) Masoud (son) Javad (father) Mohammad (brother) Hadi (brother) Badri (sister) Ali Tehrani (brother-in-law) Farideh Moradkhani (niece) Mahmoud Moradkhani (nephew) Co-fathers-in-law : Azizollah Khoshvaght Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel Mohsen Kharazi Mohammad Mohammadi Golpayegani Mansoureh Khojasteh Bagherzadeh (wife) Mostafa (son) Mojtaba (son) Masoud (son) Javad (father) Mohammad (brother) Hadi (brother) Badri (sister) Ali Tehrani (brother-in-law) Farideh Moradkhani (niece) Mahmoud Moradkhani (nephew) Co-fathers-in-law : Azizollah Khoshvaght Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel Mohsen Kharazi Mohammad Mohammadi Golpayegani Economy Wealth of Khamenei family Wealth of Khamenei family Category 2025–2026 Iranian protests 2020s internet outages 2025 labor disputes and strikes 2025 protests 2026 in Iran 2026 labor disputes and strikes 2026 protests Ali Khamenei Arson in 2026 Arson in Iran Civil rights protests Conflicts involving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran December 2025 in Iran Economic history of Iran Food riots Food security Gen Z protests in Asia History of civil rights and liberties in Iran History of the Islamic Republic of Iran Human rights abuses in Iran Internet censorship in Iran Iran–United States relations Iranian democracy movements Iranian nationalism Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps January 2026 in Iran Labour disputes in Iran Law enforcement in Iran Massacres in Iran Monarchism in Iran Movements for civil rights Opposition to the Islamic Republic of Iran Police brutality in Iran Police brutality in the 2020s Police misconduct in Iran Presidency of Masoud Pezeshkian Protest marches in Iran Protests in Iran Rebellions in Iran Reform movements Riots and civil disorder in Iran Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present) CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 uses Persian-language script (fa) CS1 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 3,162 results for author: Zhou, J Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 3 4 5 … arXiv:2601.10348 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.LG Training-Trajectory-Aware Token Selection Authors: Zhanming Shen , Jiaqi Hu , Zeyu Qin , Hao Chen , Wentao Ye , Zenan Huang , Yihong Zhuang , Guoshan Lu , Junlin Zhou , Junbo Zhao Abstract : Efficient distillation is a key pathway for converting expensive reasoning capability into deployable efficiency, yet in the frontier regime where the student already has strong reasoning ability, naive continual distillation often yields limited gains or even degradation. We observe a characteristic training phenomenon: even as loss decreases monotonically, all performance metrics can drop sharpl… ▽ More Efficient distillation is a key pathway for converting expensive reasoning capability into deployable efficiency, yet in the frontier regime where the student already has strong reasoning ability, naive continual distillation often yields limited gains or even degradation. We observe a characteristic training phenomenon: even as loss decreases monotonically, all performance metrics can drop sharply at almost the same bottleneck, before gradually recovering. We further uncover a token-level mechanism: confidence bifurcates into steadily increasing Imitation-Anchor Tokens that quickly anchor optimization and other yet-to-learn tokens whose confidence is suppressed until after the bottleneck. And the characteristic that these two types of tokens cannot coexist is the root cause of the failure in continual distillation. To this end, we propose Training-Trajectory-Aware Token Selection (T3S) to reconstruct the training objective at the token level, clearing the optimization path for yet-to-learn tokens. T3 yields consistent gains in both AR and dLLM settings: with only hundreds of examples, Qwen3-8B surpasses DeepSeek-R1 on competitive reasoning benchmarks, Qwen3-32B approaches Qwen3-235B, and T3-trained LLaDA-2.0-Mini exceeds its AR baseline, achieving state-of-the-art performance among all of 16B-scale no-think models. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10348 [ pdf , ps , other ] Training-Trajectory-Aware Token Selection Authors: Zhanming Shen , Jiaqi Hu , Zeyu Qin , Hao Chen , Wentao Ye , Zenan Huang , Yihong Zhuang , Guoshan Lu , Junlin Zhou , Junbo Zhao Abstract : Efficient distillation is a key pathway for converting expensive reasoning capability into deployable efficiency, yet in the frontier regime where the student already has strong reasoning ability, naive continual distillation often yields limited gains or even degradation. We observe a characteristic training phenomenon: even as loss decreases monotonically, all performance metrics can drop sharpl… ▽ More Efficient distillation is a key pathway for converting expensive reasoning capability into deployable efficiency, yet in the frontier regime where the student already has strong reasoning ability, naive continual distillation often yields limited gains or even degradation. We observe a characteristic training phenomenon: even as loss decreases monotonically, all performance metrics can drop sharply at almost the same bottleneck, before gradually recovering. We further uncover a token-level mechanism: confidence bifurcates into steadily increasing Imitation-Anchor Tokens that quickly anchor optimization and other yet-to-learn tokens whose confidence is suppressed until after the bottleneck. And the characteristic that these two types of tokens cannot coexist is the root cause of the failure in continual distillation. To this end, we propose Training-Trajectory-Aware Token Selection (T3S) to reconstruct the training objective at the token level, clearing the optimization path for yet-to-learn tokens. T3 yields consistent gains in both AR and dLLM settings: with only hundreds of examples, Qwen3-8B surpasses DeepSeek-R1 on competitive reasoning benchmarks, Qwen3-32B approaches Qwen3-235B, and T3-trained LLaDA-2.0-Mini exceeds its AR baseline, achieving state-of-the-art performance among all of 16B-scale no-think models. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10306 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL Evidence-Augmented Policy Optimization with Reward Co-Evolution for Long-Context Reasoning Authors: Xin Guan , Zijian Li , Shen Huang , Pengjun Xie , Jingren Zhou , Jiuxin Cao Abstract : While Reinforcement Learning (RL) has advanced LLM reasoning, applying it to long-context scenarios is hindered by sparsity of outcome rewards. This limitation fails to penalize ungrounded "lucky guesses," leaving the critical process of needle-in-a-haystack evidence retrieval largely unsupervised. To address this, we propose EAPO (Evidence-Augmented Policy Optimization). We first establish the Ev… ▽ More While Reinforcement Learning (RL) has advanced LLM reasoning, applying it to long-context scenarios is hindered by sparsity of outcome rewards. This limitation fails to penalize ungrounded "lucky guesses," leaving the critical process of needle-in-a-haystack evidence retrieval largely unsupervised. To address this, we propose EAPO (Evidence-Augmented Policy Optimization). We first establish the Evidence-Augmented Reasoning paradigm, validating via Tree-Structured Evidence Sampling that precise evidence extraction is the decisive bottleneck for long-context reasoning. Guided by this insight, EAPO introduces a specialized RL algorithm where a reward model computes a Group-Relative Evidence Reward, providing dense process supervision to explicitly improve evidence quality. To sustain accurate supervision throughout training, we further incorporate an Adaptive Reward-Policy Co-Evolution mechanism. This mechanism iteratively refines the reward model using outcome-consistent rollouts, sharpening its discriminative capability to ensure precise process guidance. Comprehensive evaluations across eight benchmarks demonstrate that EAPO significantly enhances long-context reasoning performance compared to SOTA baselines. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10306 [ pdf , ps , other ] Evidence-Augmented Policy Optimization with Reward Co-Evolution for Long-Context Reasoning Authors: Xin Guan , Zijian Li , Shen Huang , Pengjun Xie , Jingren Zhou , Jiuxin Cao Abstract : While Reinforcement Learning (RL) has advanced LLM reasoning, applying it to long-context scenarios is hindered by sparsity of outcome rewards. This limitation fails to penalize ungrounded "lucky guesses," leaving the critical process of needle-in-a-haystack evidence retrieval largely unsupervised. To address this, we propose EAPO (Evidence-Augmented Policy Optimization). We first establish the Ev… ▽ More While Reinforcement Learning (RL) has advanced LLM reasoning, applying it to long-context scenarios is hindered by sparsity of outcome rewards. This limitation fails to penalize ungrounded "lucky guesses," leaving the critical process of needle-in-a-haystack evidence retrieval largely unsupervised. To address this, we propose EAPO (Evidence-Augmented Policy Optimization). We first establish the Evidence-Augmented Reasoning paradigm, validating via Tree-Structured Evidence Sampling that precise evidence extraction is the decisive bottleneck for long-context reasoning. Guided by this insight, EAPO introduces a specialized RL algorithm where a reward model computes a Group-Relative Evidence Reward, providing dense process supervision to explicitly improve evidence quality. To sustain accurate supervision throughout training, we further incorporate an Adaptive Reward-Policy Co-Evolution mechanism. This mechanism iteratively refines the reward model using outcome-consistent rollouts, sharpening its discriminative capability to ensure precise process guidance. Comprehensive evaluations across eight benchmarks demonstrate that EAPO significantly enhances long-context reasoning performance compared to SOTA baselines. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09972 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Chinese Labor Law Large Language Model Benchmark Authors: Zixun Lan , Maochun Xu , Yifan Ren , Rui Wu , Jianghui Zhou , Xueyang Cheng , Jianan Ding Ding , Xinheng Wang , Mingmin Chi , Fei Ma Abstract : Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to substantial progress in domain-specific applications, particularly within the legal domain. However, general-purpose models such as GPT-4 often struggle with specialized subdomains that require precise legal knowledge, complex reasoning, and contextual sensitivity. To address these limitations, we present LabourLawLLM, a legal large langu… ▽ More Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to substantial progress in domain-specific applications, particularly within the legal domain. However, general-purpose models such as GPT-4 often struggle with specialized subdomains that require precise legal knowledge, complex reasoning, and contextual sensitivity. To address these limitations, we present LabourLawLLM, a legal large language model tailored to Chinese labor law. We also introduce LabourLawBench, a comprehensive benchmark covering diverse labor-law tasks, including legal provision citation, knowledge-based question answering, case classification, compensation computation, named entity recognition, and legal case analysis. Our evaluation framework combines objective metrics (e.g., ROUGE-L, accuracy, F1, and soft-F1) with subjective assessment based on GPT-4 scoring. Experiments show that LabourLawLLM consistently outperforms general-purpose and existing legal-specific LLMs across task categories. Beyond labor law, our methodology provides a scalable approach for building specialized LLMs in other legal subfields, improving accuracy, reliability, and societal value of legal AI applications. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09972 [ pdf , ps , other ] Chinese Labor Law Large Language Model Benchmark Authors: Zixun Lan , Maochun Xu , Yifan Ren , Rui Wu , Jianghui Zhou , Xueyang Cheng , Jianan Ding Ding , Xinheng Wang , Mingmin Chi , Fei Ma Abstract : Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to substantial progress in domain-specific applications, particularly within the legal domain. However, general-purpose models such as GPT-4 often struggle with specialized subdomains that require precise legal knowledge, complex reasoning, and contextual sensitivity. To address these limitations, we present LabourLawLLM, a legal large langu… ▽ More Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to substantial progress in domain-specific applications, particularly within the legal domain. However, general-purpose models such as GPT-4 often struggle with specialized subdomains that require precise legal knowledge, complex reasoning, and contextual sensitivity. To address these limitations, we present LabourLawLLM, a legal large language model tailored to Chinese labor law. We also introduce LabourLawBench, a comprehensive benchmark covering diverse labor-law tasks, including legal provision citation, knowledge-based question answering, case classification, compensation computation, named entity recognition, and legal case analysis. Our evaluation framework combines objective metrics (e.g., ROUGE-L, accuracy, F1, and soft-F1) with subjective assessment based on GPT-4 scoring. Experiments show that LabourLawLLM consistently outperforms general-purpose and existing legal-specific LLMs across task categories. Beyond labor law, our methodology provides a scalable approach for building specialized LLMs in other legal subfields, improving accuracy, reliability, and societal value of legal AI applications. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09668 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV STEP3-VL-10B Technical Report Authors: Ailin Huang , Chengyuan Yao , Chunrui Han , Fanqi Wan , Hangyu Guo , Haoran Lv , Hongyu Zhou , Jia Wang , Jian Zhou , Jianjian Sun , Jingcheng Hu , Kangheng Lin , Liang Zhao , Mitt Huang , Song Yuan , Wenwen Qu , Xiangfeng Wang , Yanlin Lai , Yingxiu Zhao , Yinmin Zhang , Yukang Shi , Yuyang Chen , Zejia Weng , Ziyang Meng , Ang Li , et al. (68 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present STEP3-VL-10B, a lightweight open-source foundation model designed to redefine the trade-off between compact efficiency and frontier-level multimodal intelligence. STEP3-VL-10B is realized through two strategic shifts: first, a unified, fully unfrozen pre-training strategy on 1.2T multimodal tokens that integrates a language-aligned Perception Encoder with a Qwen3-8B decoder to establish… ▽ More We present STEP3-VL-10B, a lightweight open-source foundation model designed to redefine the trade-off between compact efficiency and frontier-level multimodal intelligence. STEP3-VL-10B is realized through two strategic shifts: first, a unified, fully unfrozen pre-training strategy on 1.2T multimodal tokens that integrates a language-aligned Perception Encoder with a Qwen3-8B decoder to establish intrinsic vision-language synergy; and second, a scaled post-training pipeline featuring over 1k iterations of reinforcement learning. Crucially, we implement Parallel Coordinated Reasoning (PaCoRe) to scale test-time compute, allocating resources to scalable perceptual reasoning that explores and synthesizes diverse visual hypotheses. Consequently, despite its compact 10B footprint, STEP3-VL-10B rivals or surpasses models 10$\times$-20$\times$ larger (e.g., GLM-4.6V-106B, Qwen3-VL-235B) and top-tier proprietary flagships like Gemini 2.5 Pro and Seed-1.5-VL. Delivering best-in-class performance, it records 92.2% on MMBench and 80.11% on MMMU, while excelling in complex reasoning with 94.43% on AIME2025 and 75.95% on MathVision. We release the full model suite to provide the community with a powerful, efficient, and reproducible baseline. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; v1 submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 50 pages arXiv:2601.09668 [ pdf , ps , other ] STEP3-VL-10B Technical Report Authors: Ailin Huang , Chengyuan Yao , Chunrui Han , Fanqi Wan , Hangyu Guo , Haoran Lv , Hongyu Zhou , Jia Wang , Jian Zhou , Jianjian Sun , Jingcheng Hu , Kangheng Lin , Liang Zhao , Mitt Huang , Song Yuan , Wenwen Qu , Xiangfeng Wang , Yanlin Lai , Yingxiu Zhao , Yinmin Zhang , Yukang Shi , Yuyang Chen , Zejia Weng , Ziyang Meng , Ang Li , et al. (68 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present STEP3-VL-10B, a lightweight open-source foundation model designed to redefine the trade-off between compact efficiency and frontier-level multimodal intelligence. STEP3-VL-10B is realized through two strategic shifts: first, a unified, fully unfrozen pre-training strategy on 1.2T multimodal tokens that integrates a language-aligned Perception Encoder with a Qwen3-8B decoder to establish… ▽ More We present STEP3-VL-10B, a lightweight open-source foundation model designed to redefine the trade-off between compact efficiency and frontier-level multimodal intelligence. STEP3-VL-10B is realized through two strategic shifts: first, a unified, fully unfrozen pre-training strategy on 1.2T multimodal tokens that integrates a language-aligned Perception Encoder with a Qwen3-8B decoder to establish intrinsic vision-language synergy; and second, a scaled post-training pipeline featuring over 1k iterations of reinforcement learning. Crucially, we implement Parallel Coordinated Reasoning (PaCoRe) to scale test-time compute, allocating resources to scalable perceptual reasoning that explores and synthesizes diverse visual hypotheses. Consequently, despite its compact 10B footprint, STEP3-VL-10B rivals or surpasses models 10$\times$-20$\times$ larger (e.g., GLM-4.6V-106B, Qwen3-VL-235B) and top-tier proprietary flagships like Gemini 2.5 Pro and Seed-1.5-VL. Delivering best-in-class performance, it records 92.2% on MMBench and 80.11% on MMMU, while excelling in complex reasoning with 94.43% on AIME2025 and 75.95% on MathVision. We release the full model suite to provide the community with a powerful, efficient, and reproducible baseline. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; v1 submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 50 pages arXiv:2601.09469 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI FairGU: Fairness-aware Graph Unlearning in Social Network Authors: Renqiang Luo , Yongshuai Yang , Huafei Huang , Qing Qing , Mingliang Hou , Ziqi Xu , Yi Yu , Jingjing Zhou , Feng Xia Abstract : Graph unlearning has emerged as a critical mechanism for supporting sustainable and privacy-preserving social networks, enabling models to remove the influence of deleted nodes and thereby better safeguard user information. However, we observe that existing graph unlearning techniques insufficiently protect sensitive attributes, often leading to degraded algorithmic fairness compared with traditio… ▽ More Graph unlearning has emerged as a critical mechanism for supporting sustainable and privacy-preserving social networks, enabling models to remove the influence of deleted nodes and thereby better safeguard user information. However, we observe that existing graph unlearning techniques insufficiently protect sensitive attributes, often leading to degraded algorithmic fairness compared with traditional graph learning methods. To address this gap, we introduce FairGU, a fairness-aware graph unlearning framework designed to preserve both utility and fairness during the unlearning process. FairGU integrates a dedicated fairness-aware module with effective data protection strategies, ensuring that sensitive attributes are neither inadvertently amplified nor structurally exposed when nodes are removed. Through extensive experiments on multiple real-world datasets, we demonstrate that FairGU consistently outperforms state-of-the-art graph unlearning methods and fairness-enhanced graph learning baselines in terms of both accuracy and fairness metrics. Our findings highlight a previously overlooked risk in current unlearning practices and establish FairGU as a robust and equitable solution for the next generation of socially sustainable networked systems. The codes are available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 9 pages, 2 figs, WWW 2026 accepted arXiv:2601.09469 [ pdf , ps , other ] FairGU: Fairness-aware Graph Unlearning in Social Network Authors: Renqiang Luo , Yongshuai Yang , Huafei Huang , Qing Qing , Mingliang Hou , Ziqi Xu , Yi Yu , Jingjing Zhou , Feng Xia Abstract : Graph unlearning has emerged as a critical mechanism for supporting sustainable and privacy-preserving social networks, enabling models to remove the influence of deleted nodes and thereby better safeguard user information. However, we observe that existing graph unlearning techniques insufficiently protect sensitive attributes, often leading to degraded algorithmic fairness compared with traditio… ▽ More Graph unlearning has emerged as a critical mechanism for supporting sustainable and privacy-preserving social networks, enabling models to remove the influence of deleted nodes and thereby better safeguard user information. However, we observe that existing graph unlearning techniques insufficiently protect sensitive attributes, often leading to degraded algorithmic fairness compared with traditional graph learning methods. To address this gap, we introduce FairGU, a fairness-aware graph unlearning framework designed to preserve both utility and fairness during the unlearning process. FairGU integrates a dedicated fairness-aware module with effective data protection strategies, ensuring that sensitive attributes are neither inadvertently amplified nor structurally exposed when nodes are removed. Through extensive experiments on multiple real-world datasets, we demonstrate that FairGU consistently outperforms state-of-the-art graph unlearning methods and fairness-enhanced graph learning baselines in terms of both accuracy and fairness metrics. Our findings highlight a previously overlooked risk in current unlearning practices and establish FairGU as a robust and equitable solution for the next generation of socially sustainable networked systems. The codes are available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 9 pages, 2 figs, WWW 2026 accepted arXiv:2601.09281 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI STaR: Sensitive Trajectory Regulation for Unlearning in Large Reasoning Models Authors: Jingjing Zhou , Gaoxiang Cong , Li Su , Liang Li Abstract : Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have advanced automated multi-step reasoning, but their ability to generate complex Chain-of-Thought (CoT) trajectories introduces severe privacy risks, as sensitive information may be deeply embedded throughout the reasoning process. Existing Large Language Models (LLMs) unlearning approaches that typically focus on modifying only final answers are insufficient for L… ▽ More Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have advanced automated multi-step reasoning, but their ability to generate complex Chain-of-Thought (CoT) trajectories introduces severe privacy risks, as sensitive information may be deeply embedded throughout the reasoning process. Existing Large Language Models (LLMs) unlearning approaches that typically focus on modifying only final answers are insufficient for LRMs, as they fail to remove sensitive content from intermediate steps, leading to persistent privacy leakage and degraded security. To address these challenges, we propose Sensitive Trajectory Regulation (STaR), a parameter-free, inference-time unlearning framework that achieves robust privacy protection throughout the reasoning process. Specifically, we first identify sensitive content via semantic-aware detection. Then, we inject global safety constraints through secure prompt prefix. Next, we perform trajectory-aware suppression to dynamically block sensitive content across the entire reasoning chain. Finally, we apply token-level adaptive filtering to prevent both exact and paraphrased sensitive tokens during generation. Furthermore, to overcome the inadequacies of existing evaluation protocols, we introduce two metrics: Multi-Decoding Consistency Assessment (MCS), which measures the consistency of unlearning across diverse decoding strategies, and Multi-Granularity Membership Inference Attack (MIA) Evaluation, which quantifies privacy protection at both answer and reasoning-chain levels. Experiments on the R-TOFU benchmark demonstrate that STaR achieves comprehensive and stable unlearning with minimal utility loss, setting a new standard for privacy-preserving reasoning in LRMs. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09281 [ pdf , ps , other ] STaR: Sensitive Trajectory Regulation for Unlearning in Large Reasoning Models Authors: Jingjing Zhou , Gaoxiang Cong , Li Su , Liang Li Abstract : Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have advanced automated multi-step reasoning, but their ability to generate complex Chain-of-Thought (CoT) trajectories introduces severe privacy risks, as sensitive information may be deeply embedded throughout the reasoning process. Existing Large Language Models (LLMs) unlearning approaches that typically focus on modifying only final answers are insufficient for L… ▽ More Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have advanced automated multi-step reasoning, but their ability to generate complex Chain-of-Thought (CoT) trajectories introduces severe privacy risks, as sensitive information may be deeply embedded throughout the reasoning process. Existing Large Language Models (LLMs) unlearning approaches that typically focus on modifying only final answers are insufficient for LRMs, as they fail to remove sensitive content from intermediate steps, leading to persistent privacy leakage and degraded security. To address these challenges, we propose Sensitive Trajectory Regulation (STaR), a parameter-free, inference-time unlearning framework that achieves robust privacy protection throughout the reasoning process. Specifically, we first identify sensitive content via semantic-aware detection. Then, we inject global safety constraints through secure prompt prefix. Next, we perform trajectory-aware suppression to dynamically block sensitive content across the entire reasoning chain. Finally, we apply token-level adaptive filtering to prevent both exact and paraphrased sensitive tokens during generation. Furthermore, to overcome the inadequacies of existing evaluation protocols, we introduce two metrics: Multi-Decoding Consistency Assessment (MCS), which measures the consistency of unlearning across diverse decoding strategies, and Multi-Granularity Membership Inference Attack (MIA) Evaluation, which quantifies privacy protection at both answer and reasoning-chain levels. Experiments on the R-TOFU benchmark demonstrate that STaR achieves comprehensive and stable unlearning with minimal utility loss, setting a new standard for privacy-preserving reasoning in LRMs. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09216 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DB Honesty-Aware Multi-Agent Framework for High-Fidelity Synthetic Data Generation in Digital Psychiatric Intake Doctor-Patient Interactions Authors: Xinyuan Zhang , Zijian Wang , Chang Dao , Juexiao Zhou Abstract : Data scarcity and unreliable self-reporting -- such as concealment or exaggeration -- pose fundamental challenges to psychiatric intake and assessment. We propose a multi-agent synthesis framework that explicitly models patient deception to generate high-fidelity, publicly releasable synthetic psychiatric intake records. Starting from DAIC-WOZ interviews, we construct enriched patient profiles and… ▽ More Data scarcity and unreliable self-reporting -- such as concealment or exaggeration -- pose fundamental challenges to psychiatric intake and assessment. We propose a multi-agent synthesis framework that explicitly models patient deception to generate high-fidelity, publicly releasable synthetic psychiatric intake records. Starting from DAIC-WOZ interviews, we construct enriched patient profiles and simulate a four-role workflow: a \emph{Patient} completes self-rated scales and participates in a semi-structured interview under a topic-dependent honesty state; an \emph{Assessor} selects instruments based on demographics and chief complaints; an \emph{Evaluator} conducts the interview grounded in rater-administered scales, tracks suspicion, and completes ratings; and a \emph{Diagnostician} integrates all evidence into a diagnostic summary. Each case links the patient profile, self-rated and rater-administered responses, interview transcript, diagnostic summary, and honesty state. We validate the framework through four complementary evaluations: diagnostic consistency and severity grading, chain-of-thought ablations, human evaluation of clinical realism and dishonesty modeling, and LLM-based comparative evaluation. The resulting corpus spans multiple disorders and severity levels, enabling controlled study of dishonesty-aware psychiatric assessment and the training and evaluation of adaptive dialogue agents. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09216 [ pdf , ps , other ] Honesty-Aware Multi-Agent Framework for High-Fidelity Synthetic Data Generation in Digital Psychiatric Intake Doctor-Patient Interactions Authors: Xinyuan Zhang , Zijian Wang , Chang Dao , Juexiao Zhou Abstract : Data scarcity and unreliable self-reporting -- such as concealment or exaggeration -- pose fundamental challenges to psychiatric intake and assessment. We propose a multi-agent synthesis framework that explicitly models patient deception to generate high-fidelity, publicly releasable synthetic psychiatric intake records. Starting from DAIC-WOZ interviews, we construct enriched patient profiles and… ▽ More Data scarcity and unreliable self-reporting -- such as concealment or exaggeration -- pose fundamental challenges to psychiatric intake and assessment. We propose a multi-agent synthesis framework that explicitly models patient deception to generate high-fidelity, publicly releasable synthetic psychiatric intake records. Starting from DAIC-WOZ interviews, we construct enriched patient profiles and simulate a four-role workflow: a \emph{Patient} completes self-rated scales and participates in a semi-structured interview under a topic-dependent honesty state; an \emph{Assessor} selects instruments based on demographics and chief complaints; an \emph{Evaluator} conducts the interview grounded in rater-administered scales, tracks suspicion, and completes ratings; and a \emph{Diagnostician} integrates all evidence into a diagnostic summary. Each case links the patient profile, self-rated and rater-administered responses, interview transcript, diagnostic summary, and honesty state. We validate the framework through four complementary evaluations: diagnostic consistency and severity grading, chain-of-thought ablations, human evaluation of clinical realism and dishonesty modeling, and LLM-based comparative evaluation. The resulting corpus spans multiple disorders and severity levels, enabling controlled study of dishonesty-aware psychiatric assessment and the training and evaluation of adaptive dialogue agents. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07298 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Mimic Human Cognition, Master Multi-Image Reasoning: A Meta-Action Framework for Enhanced Visual Understanding Authors: Jianghao Yin , Qingbin Li , Kun Sun , Cheng Ding , Jie Wang , Qin Chen , Jie Zhou , Nan Wang , Changqing Li , Pei Wu , Jian Xu , Zheming Yang , Liang He Abstract : While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) excel at single-image understanding, they exhibit significantly degraded performance in multi-image reasoning scenarios. Multi-image reasoning presents fundamental challenges including complex inter-relationships between images and scattered critical information across image sets. Inspired by human cognitive processes, we propose the Cognition-Inspire… ▽ More While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) excel at single-image understanding, they exhibit significantly degraded performance in multi-image reasoning scenarios. Multi-image reasoning presents fundamental challenges including complex inter-relationships between images and scattered critical information across image sets. Inspired by human cognitive processes, we propose the Cognition-Inspired Meta-Action Framework (CINEMA), a novel approach that decomposes multi-image reasoning into five structured meta-actions: Global, Focus, Hint, Think, and Answer which explicitly modeling the sequential cognitive steps humans naturally employ. For cold-start training, we introduce a Retrieval-Based Tree Sampling strategy that generates high-quality meta-action trajectories to bootstrap the model with reasoning patterns. During reinforcement learning, we adopt a two-stage paradigm: an exploration phase with Diversity-Preserving Strategy to avoid entropy collapse, followed by an annealed exploitation phase with DAPO to gradually strengthen exploitation. To train our model, we construct a dataset of 57k cold-start and 58k reinforcement learning instances spanning multi-image, multi-frame, and single-image tasks. We conduct extensive evaluations on multi-image reasoning benchmarks, video understanding benchmarks, and single-image benchmarks, achieving competitive state-of-the-art performance on several key benchmarks. Our model surpasses GPT-4o on the MUIR and MVMath benchmarks and notably outperforms specialized video reasoning models on video understanding benchmarks, demonstrating the effectiveness and generalizability of our human cognition-inspired reasoning framework. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07298 [ pdf , ps , other ] Mimic Human Cognition, Master Multi-Image Reasoning: A Meta-Action Framework for Enhanced Visual Understanding Authors: Jianghao Yin , Qingbin Li , Kun Sun , Cheng Ding , Jie Wang , Qin Chen , Jie Zhou , Nan Wang , Changqing Li , Pei Wu , Jian Xu , Zheming Yang , Liang He Abstract : While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) excel at single-image understanding, they exhibit significantly degraded performance in multi-image reasoning scenarios. Multi-image reasoning presents fundamental challenges including complex inter-relationships between images and scattered critical information across image sets. Inspired by human cognitive processes, we propose the Cognition-Inspire… ▽ More While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) excel at single-image understanding, they exhibit significantly degraded performance in multi-image reasoning scenarios. Multi-image reasoning presents fundamental challenges including complex inter-relationships between images and scattered critical information across image sets. Inspired by human cognitive processes, we propose the Cognition-Inspired Meta-Action Framework (CINEMA), a novel approach that decomposes multi-image reasoning into five structured meta-actions: Global, Focus, Hint, Think, and Answer which explicitly modeling the sequential cognitive steps humans naturally employ. For cold-start training, we introduce a Retrieval-Based Tree Sampling strategy that generates high-quality meta-action trajectories to bootstrap the model with reasoning patterns. During reinforcement learning, we adopt a two-stage paradigm: an exploration phase with Diversity-Preserving Strategy to avoid entropy collapse, followed by an annealed exploitation phase with DAPO to gradually strengthen exploitation. To train our model, we construct a dataset of 57k cold-start and 58k reinforcement learning instances spanning multi-image, multi-frame, and single-image tasks. We conduct extensive evaluations on multi-image reasoning benchmarks, video understanding benchmarks, and single-image benchmarks, achieving competitive state-of-the-art performance on several key benchmarks. Our model surpasses GPT-4o on the MUIR and MVMath benchmarks and notably outperforms specialized video reasoning models on video understanding benchmarks, demonstrating the effectiveness and generalizability of our human cognition-inspired reasoning framework. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07262 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.HC ColorBrowserAgent: An Intelligent GUI Agent for Complex Long-Horizon Web Automation Authors: Jiamu Zhou , Jihong Wang , Weiming Zhang , Weiwen Liu , Zhuosheng Zhang , Xingyu Lou , Weinan Zhang , Huarong Deng , Jun Wang Abstract : The web browser serves as a primary interface for daily human activities, making its automation a critical frontier for Human-Centred AI. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled autonomous agents to interact with web GUIs, their reliability in real-world scenarios is hampered by long-horizon instability and the vast heterogeneity of site designs. In this paper, we introduce ColorBrowserAge… ▽ More The web browser serves as a primary interface for daily human activities, making its automation a critical frontier for Human-Centred AI. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled autonomous agents to interact with web GUIs, their reliability in real-world scenarios is hampered by long-horizon instability and the vast heterogeneity of site designs. In this paper, we introduce ColorBrowserAgent, a framework designed for Collaborative Autonomy in complex web tasks. Our approach integrates two human-centred mechanisms: (1) Progressive Progress Summarization, which mimics human short-term memory to maintain coherence over extended interactions; and (2) Human-in-the-Loop Knowledge Adaptation, which bridges the knowledge gap in diverse environments by soliciting expert intervention only when necessary. This symbiotic design allows the agent to learn from human tips without extensive retraining, effectively combining the scalability of AI with the adaptability of human cognition. Evaluated on the WebArena benchmark using GPT-5, ColorBrowserAgent achieves a state-of-the-art success rate of 71.2\%, demonstrating the efficacy of interactive human assistance in robust web automation. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07262 [ pdf , ps , other ] ColorBrowserAgent: An Intelligent GUI Agent for Complex Long-Horizon Web Automation Authors: Jiamu Zhou , Jihong Wang , Weiming Zhang , Weiwen Liu , Zhuosheng Zhang , Xingyu Lou , Weinan Zhang , Huarong Deng , Jun Wang Abstract : The web browser serves as a primary interface for daily human activities, making its automation a critical frontier for Human-Centred AI. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled autonomous agents to interact with web GUIs, their reliability in real-world scenarios is hampered by long-horizon instability and the vast heterogeneity of site designs. In this paper, we introduce ColorBrowserAge… ▽ More The web browser serves as a primary interface for daily human activities, making its automation a critical frontier for Human-Centred AI. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled autonomous agents to interact with web GUIs, their reliability in real-world scenarios is hampered by long-horizon instability and the vast heterogeneity of site designs. In this paper, we introduce ColorBrowserAgent, a framework designed for Collaborative Autonomy in complex web tasks. Our approach integrates two human-centred mechanisms: (1) Progressive Progress Summarization, which mimics human short-term memory to maintain coherence over extended interactions; and (2) Human-in-the-Loop Knowledge Adaptation, which bridges the knowledge gap in diverse environments by soliciting expert intervention only when necessary. This symbiotic design allows the agent to learn from human tips without extensive retraining, effectively combining the scalability of AI with the adaptability of human cognition. Evaluated on the WebArena benchmark using GPT-5, ColorBrowserAgent achieves a state-of-the-art success rate of 71.2\%, demonstrating the efficacy of interactive human assistance in robust web automation. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07253 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.CR Universal Adversarial Purification with DDIM Metric Loss for Stable Diffusion Authors: Li Zheng , Liangbin Xie , Jiantao Zhou , He YiMin Abstract : Stable Diffusion (SD) often produces degraded outputs when the training dataset contains adversarial noise. Adversarial purification offers a promising solution by removing adversarial noise from contaminated data. However, existing purification methods are primarily designed for classification tasks and fail to address SD-specific adversarial strategies, such as attacks targeting the VAE encoder,… ▽ More Stable Diffusion (SD) often produces degraded outputs when the training dataset contains adversarial noise. Adversarial purification offers a promising solution by removing adversarial noise from contaminated data. However, existing purification methods are primarily designed for classification tasks and fail to address SD-specific adversarial strategies, such as attacks targeting the VAE encoder, UNet denoiser, or both. To address the gap in SD security, we propose Universal Diffusion Adversarial Purification (UDAP), a novel framework tailored for defending adversarial attacks targeting SD models. UDAP leverages the distinct reconstruction behaviors of clean and adversarial images during Denoising Diffusion Implicit Models (DDIM) inversion to optimize the purification process. By minimizing the DDIM metric loss, UDAP can effectively remove adversarial noise. Additionally, we introduce a dynamic epoch adjustment strategy that adapts optimization iterations based on reconstruction errors, significantly improving efficiency without sacrificing purification quality. Experiments demonstrate UDAP's robustness against diverse adversarial methods, including PID (VAE-targeted), Anti-DreamBooth (UNet-targeted), MIST (hybrid), and robustness-enhanced variants like Anti-Diffusion (Anti-DF) and MetaCloak. UDAP also generalizes well across SD versions and text prompts, showcasing its practical applicability in real-world scenarios. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07253 [ pdf , ps , other ] Universal Adversarial Purification with DDIM Metric Loss for Stable Diffusion Authors: Li Zheng , Liangbin Xie , Jiantao Zhou , He YiMin Abstract : Stable Diffusion (SD) often produces degraded outputs when the training dataset contains adversarial noise. Adversarial purification offers a promising solution by removing adversarial noise from contaminated data. However, existing purification methods are primarily designed for classification tasks and fail to address SD-specific adversarial strategies, such as attacks targeting the VAE encoder,… ▽ More Stable Diffusion (SD) often produces degraded outputs when the training dataset contains adversarial noise. Adversarial purification offers a promising solution by removing adversarial noise from contaminated data. However, existing purification methods are primarily designed for classification tasks and fail to address SD-specific adversarial strategies, such as attacks targeting the VAE encoder, UNet denoiser, or both. To address the gap in SD security, we propose Universal Diffusion Adversarial Purification (UDAP), a novel framework tailored for defending adversarial attacks targeting SD models. UDAP leverages the distinct reconstruction behaviors of clean and adversarial images during Denoising Diffusion Implicit Models (DDIM) inversion to optimize the purification process. By minimizing the DDIM metric loss, UDAP can effectively remove adversarial noise. Additionally, we introduce a dynamic epoch adjustment strategy that adapts optimization iterations based on reconstruction errors, significantly improving efficiency without sacrificing purification quality. Experiments demonstrate UDAP's robustness against diverse adversarial methods, including PID (VAE-targeted), Anti-DreamBooth (UNet-targeted), MIST (hybrid), and robustness-enhanced variants like Anti-Diffusion (Anti-DF) and MetaCloak. UDAP also generalizes well across SD versions and text prompts, showcasing its practical applicability in real-world scenarios. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06707 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Evaluating Accounting Reasoning Capabilities of Large Language Models Authors: Jie Zhou , Xin Chen , Jie Zhang , Hai Li , Jie Wang , Zhe Li Abstract : Large language models are transforming learning, cognition, and research across many fields. Effectively integrating them into professional domains, such as accounting, is a key challenge for enterprise digital transformation. To address this, we define vertical domain accounting reasoning and propose evaluation criteria derived from an analysis of the training data characteristics of representati… ▽ More Large language models are transforming learning, cognition, and research across many fields. Effectively integrating them into professional domains, such as accounting, is a key challenge for enterprise digital transformation. To address this, we define vertical domain accounting reasoning and propose evaluation criteria derived from an analysis of the training data characteristics of representative GLM models. These criteria support systematic study of accounting reasoning and provide benchmarks for performance improvement. Using this framework, we evaluate GLM-6B, GLM-130B, GLM-4, and OpenAI GPT-4 on accounting reasoning tasks. Results show that prompt design significantly affects performance, with GPT-4 demonstrating the strongest capability. Despite these gains, current models remain insufficient for real-world enterprise accounting, indicating the need for further optimization to unlock their full practical value. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06707 [ pdf , ps , other ] Evaluating Accounting Reasoning Capabilities of Large Language Models Authors: Jie Zhou , Xin Chen , Jie Zhang , Hai Li , Jie Wang , Zhe Li Abstract : Large language models are transforming learning, cognition, and research across many fields. Effectively integrating them into professional domains, such as accounting, is a key challenge for enterprise digital transformation. To address this, we define vertical domain accounting reasoning and propose evaluation criteria derived from an analysis of the training data characteristics of representati… ▽ More Large language models are transforming learning, cognition, and research across many fields. Effectively integrating them into professional domains, such as accounting, is a key challenge for enterprise digital transformation. To address this, we define vertical domain accounting reasoning and propose evaluation criteria derived from an analysis of the training data characteristics of representative GLM models. These criteria support systematic study of accounting reasoning and provide benchmarks for performance improvement. Using this framework, we evaluate GLM-6B, GLM-130B, GLM-4, and OpenAI GPT-4 on accounting reasoning tasks. Results show that prompt design significantly affects performance, with GPT-4 demonstrating the strongest capability. Despite these gains, current models remain insufficient for real-world enterprise accounting, indicating the need for further optimization to unlock their full practical value. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06559 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV ArrowGEV: Grounding Events in Video via Learning the Arrow of Time Authors: Fangxu Yu , Ziyao Lu , Liqiang Niu , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou Abstract : Grounding events in videos serves as a fundamental capability in video analysis. While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) are increasingly employed for this task, existing approaches predominantly train models to associate events with timestamps in the forward video only. This paradigm hinders VLMs from capturing the inherent temporal structure and directionality of events, thereby limiting robustness… ▽ More Grounding events in videos serves as a fundamental capability in video analysis. While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) are increasingly employed for this task, existing approaches predominantly train models to associate events with timestamps in the forward video only. This paradigm hinders VLMs from capturing the inherent temporal structure and directionality of events, thereby limiting robustness and generalization. To address this limitation, inspired by the arrow of time in physics, which characterizes the intrinsic directionality of temporal processes, we propose ArrowGEV, a reinforcement learning framework that explicitly models temporal directionality in events to improve both event grounding and temporal directionality understanding in VLMs. Specifically, we categorize events into time-sensitive (e.g., putting down a bag) and time-insensitive (e.g., holding a towel in the left hand). The former denote events whose reversal substantially alters their meaning, while the latter remain semantically unchanged under reversal. For time-sensitive events, ArrowGEV introduces a reward that encourages VLMs to discriminate between forward and backward videos, whereas for time-insensitive events, it enforces consistent grounding across both directions. Extensive experiments demonstrate that ArrowGEV not only improves grounding precision and temporal directionality recognition, but also enhances general video understanding and reasoning ability. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06559 [ pdf , ps , other ] ArrowGEV: Grounding Events in Video via Learning the Arrow of Time Authors: Fangxu Yu , Ziyao Lu , Liqiang Niu , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou Abstract : Grounding events in videos serves as a fundamental capability in video analysis. While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) are increasingly employed for this task, existing approaches predominantly train models to associate events with timestamps in the forward video only. This paradigm hinders VLMs from capturing the inherent temporal structure and directionality of events, thereby limiting robustness… ▽ More Grounding events in videos serves as a fundamental capability in video analysis. While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) are increasingly employed for this task, existing approaches predominantly train models to associate events with timestamps in the forward video only. This paradigm hinders VLMs from capturing the inherent temporal structure and directionality of events, thereby limiting robustness and generalization. To address this limitation, inspired by the arrow of time in physics, which characterizes the intrinsic directionality of temporal processes, we propose ArrowGEV, a reinforcement learning framework that explicitly models temporal directionality in events to improve both event grounding and temporal directionality understanding in VLMs. Specifically, we categorize events into time-sensitive (e.g., putting down a bag) and time-insensitive (e.g., holding a towel in the left hand). The former denote events whose reversal substantially alters their meaning, while the latter remain semantically unchanged under reversal. For time-sensitive events, ArrowGEV introduces a reward that encourages VLMs to discriminate between forward and backward videos, whereas for time-insensitive events, it enforces consistent grounding across both directions. Extensive experiments demonstrate that ArrowGEV not only improves grounding precision and temporal directionality recognition, but also enhances general video understanding and reasoning ability. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06502 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI DRAGON: LLM-Driven Decomposition and Reconstruction Agents for Large-Scale Combinatorial Optimization Authors: Shengkai Chen , Zhiguang Cao , Jianan Zhou , Yaoxin Wu , Senthilnath Jayavelu , Zhuoyi Lin , Xiaoli Li , Shili Xiang Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown promise in addressing combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) through prompt-based strategies. However, their scalability and generalization remain limited, and their effectiveness diminishes as problem size increases, particularly in routing problems involving more than 30 nodes. We propose DRAGON, which stands for Decomposition and Reconstructi… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown promise in addressing combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) through prompt-based strategies. However, their scalability and generalization remain limited, and their effectiveness diminishes as problem size increases, particularly in routing problems involving more than 30 nodes. We propose DRAGON, which stands for Decomposition and Reconstruction Agents Guided OptimizatioN, a novel framework that combines the strengths of metaheuristic design and LLM reasoning. Starting from an initial global solution, DRAGON autonomously identifies regions with high optimization potential and strategically decompose large-scale COPs into manageable subproblems. Each subproblem is then reformulated as a concise, localized optimization task and solved through targeted LLM prompting guided by accumulated experiences. Finally, the locally optimized solutions are systematically reintegrated into the original global context to yield a significantly improved overall outcome. By continuously interacting with the optimization environment and leveraging an adaptive experience memory, the agents iteratively learn from feedback, effectively coupling symbolic reasoning with heuristic search. Empirical results show that, unlike existing LLM-based solvers limited to small-scale instances, DRAGON consistently produces feasible solutions on TSPLIB, CVRPLIB, and Weibull-5k bin packing benchmarks, and achieves near-optimal results (0.16% gap) on knapsack problems with over 3M variables. This work shows the potential of feedback-driven language agents as a new paradigm for generalizable and interpretable large-scale optimization. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: This paper has been accepted for presentation and publication at the 25th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2026), source code will be available soon arXiv:2601.06502 [ pdf , ps , other ] DRAGON: LLM-Driven Decomposition and Reconstruction Agents for Large-Scale Combinatorial Optimization Authors: Shengkai Chen , Zhiguang Cao , Jianan Zhou , Yaoxin Wu , Senthilnath Jayavelu , Zhuoyi Lin , Xiaoli Li , Shili Xiang Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown promise in addressing combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) through prompt-based strategies. However, their scalability and generalization remain limited, and their effectiveness diminishes as problem size increases, particularly in routing problems involving more than 30 nodes. We propose DRAGON, which stands for Decomposition and Reconstructi… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown promise in addressing combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) through prompt-based strategies. However, their scalability and generalization remain limited, and their effectiveness diminishes as problem size increases, particularly in routing problems involving more than 30 nodes. We propose DRAGON, which stands for Decomposition and Reconstruction Agents Guided OptimizatioN, a novel framework that combines the strengths of metaheuristic design and LLM reasoning. Starting from an initial global solution, DRAGON autonomously identifies regions with high optimization potential and strategically decompose large-scale COPs into manageable subproblems. Each subproblem is then reformulated as a concise, localized optimization task and solved through targeted LLM prompting guided by accumulated experiences. Finally, the locally optimized solutions are systematically reintegrated into the original global context to yield a significantly improved overall outcome. By continuously interacting with the optimization environment and leveraging an adaptive experience memory, the agents iteratively learn from feedback, effectively coupling symbolic reasoning with heuristic search. Empirical results show that, unlike existing LLM-based solvers limited to small-scale instances, DRAGON consistently produces feasible solutions on TSPLIB, CVRPLIB, and Weibull-5k bin packing benchmarks, and achieves near-optimal results (0.16% gap) on knapsack problems with over 3M variables. This work shows the potential of feedback-driven language agents as a new paradigm for generalizable and interpretable large-scale optimization. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: This paper has been accepted for presentation and publication at the 25th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2026), source code will be available soon arXiv:2601.06487 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI ArenaRL: Scaling RL for Open-Ended Agents via Tournament-based Relative Ranking Authors: Qiang Zhang , Boli Chen , Fanrui Zhang , Ruixue Ding , Shihang Wang , Qiuchen Wang , Yinfeng Huang , Haonan Zhang , Rongxiang Zhu , Pengyong Wang , Ailin Ren , Xin Li , Pengjun Xie , Jiawei Liu , Ning Guo , Jingren Zhou , Zheng-Jun Zha Abstract : Reinforcement learning has substantially improved the performance of LLM agents on tasks with verifiable outcomes, but it still struggles on open-ended agent tasks with vast solution spaces (e.g., complex travel planning). Due to the absence of objective ground-truth for these tasks, current RL algorithms largely rely on reward models that assign scalar scores to individual responses. We contend t… ▽ More Reinforcement learning has substantially improved the performance of LLM agents on tasks with verifiable outcomes, but it still struggles on open-ended agent tasks with vast solution spaces (e.g., complex travel planning). Due to the absence of objective ground-truth for these tasks, current RL algorithms largely rely on reward models that assign scalar scores to individual responses. We contend that such pointwise scoring suffers from an inherent discrimination collapse: the reward model struggles to distinguish subtle advantages among different trajectories, resulting in scores within a group being compressed into a narrow range. Consequently, the effective reward signal becomes dominated by noise from the reward model, leading to optimization stagnation. To address this, we propose ArenaRL, a reinforcement learning paradigm that shifts from pointwise scalar scoring to intra-group relative ranking. ArenaRL introduces a process-aware pairwise evaluation mechanism, employing multi-level rubrics to assign fine-grained relative scores to trajectories. Additionally, we construct an intra-group adversarial arena and devise a tournament-based ranking scheme to obtain stable advantage signals. Empirical results confirm that the built seeded single-elimination scheme achieves nearly equivalent advantage estimation accuracy to full pairwise comparisons with O(N^2) complexity, while operating with only O(N) complexity, striking an optimal balance between efficiency and precision. Furthermore, to address the lack of full-cycle benchmarks for open-ended agents, we build Open-Travel and Open-DeepResearch, two high-quality benchmarks featuring a comprehensive pipeline covering SFT, RL training, and multi-dimensional evaluation. Extensive experiments show that ArenaRL substantially outperforms standard RL baselines, enabling LLM agents to generate more robust solutions for complex real-world tasks. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06487 [ pdf , ps , other ] ArenaRL: Scaling RL for Open-Ended Agents via Tournament-based Relative Ranking Authors: Qiang Zhang , Boli Chen , Fanrui Zhang , Ruixue Ding , Shihang Wang , Qiuchen Wang , Yinfeng Huang , Haonan Zhang , Rongxiang Zhu , Pengyong Wang , Ailin Ren , Xin Li , Pengjun Xie , Jiawei Liu , Ning Guo , Jingren Zhou , Zheng-Jun Zha Abstract : Reinforcement learning has substantially improved the performance of LLM agents on tasks with verifiable outcomes, but it still struggles on open-ended agent tasks with vast solution spaces (e.g., complex travel planning). Due to the absence of objective ground-truth for these tasks, current RL algorithms largely rely on reward models that assign scalar scores to individual responses. We contend t… ▽ More Reinforcement learning has substantially improved the performance of LLM agents on tasks with verifiable outcomes, but it still struggles on open-ended agent tasks with vast solution spaces (e.g., complex travel planning). Due to the absence of objective ground-truth for these tasks, current RL algorithms largely rely on reward models that assign scalar scores to individual responses. We contend that such pointwise scoring suffers from an inherent discrimination collapse: the reward model struggles to distinguish subtle advantages among different trajectories, resulting in scores within a group being compressed into a narrow range. Consequently, the effective reward signal becomes dominated by noise from the reward model, leading to optimization stagnation. To address this, we propose ArenaRL, a reinforcement learning paradigm that shifts from pointwise scalar scoring to intra-group relative ranking. ArenaRL introduces a process-aware pairwise evaluation mechanism, employing multi-level rubrics to assign fine-grained relative scores to trajectories. Additionally, we construct an intra-group adversarial arena and devise a tournament-based ranking scheme to obtain stable advantage signals. Empirical results confirm that the built seeded single-elimination scheme achieves nearly equivalent advantage estimation accuracy to full pairwise comparisons with O(N^2) complexity, while operating with only O(N) complexity, striking an optimal balance between efficiency and precision. Furthermore, to address the lack of full-cycle benchmarks for open-ended agents, we build Open-Travel and Open-DeepResearch, two high-quality benchmarks featuring a comprehensive pipeline covering SFT, RL training, and multi-dimensional evaluation. Extensive experiments show that ArenaRL substantially outperforms standard RL baselines, enabling LLM agents to generate more robust solutions for complex real-world tasks. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05485 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SE Readability-Robust Code Summarization via Meta Curriculum Learning Authors: Wenhao Zeng , Yitian Chai , Hao Zhou , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou , Xiaodong Gu Abstract : Code summarization has emerged as a fundamental technique in the field of program comprehension. While code language models have shown significant advancements, the current models and benchmarks are confined to high-readability code, which contains sufficient semantic cues such as function and variable names. In the real world, however, code is often poorly structured or obfuscated, significantly… ▽ More Code summarization has emerged as a fundamental technique in the field of program comprehension. While code language models have shown significant advancements, the current models and benchmarks are confined to high-readability code, which contains sufficient semantic cues such as function and variable names. In the real world, however, code is often poorly structured or obfuscated, significantly degrading model performance. In this paper, we first empirically evaluate the robustness of state-of-the-art language models on poor-readability code for the task of code summarization, focusing on (1) their effectiveness, (2) the impact of prompt engineering, and (3) the robustness of different variants. Experimental results reveal that state-of-the-art models-including GPT-4o and DeepSeek-V3 experience a substantial performance drop when faced with poorly readable code, and that prompt engineering and reasoning-enhanced models offer limited improvements. Motivated by these findings, we propose RoFTCodeSum, a novel fine-tuning method that enhances the robustness of code summarization against poorly readable code. RoFTCodeSum marries the concepts of curriculum learning and meta-learning: based on the original dataset for fine-tuning, it creates curricular training sets, e.g., obfuscating function names and identifiers from the code, respectively, that have progressive difficulty in code comprehension. In each training step, the approach meta-updates the gradients using these progressively challenging datasets, thereby optimizing both accuracy and readability robustness simultaneously. Experimental results demonstrate that RoFTCodeSum exhibits increased robustness against semantic perturbation while enhancing performance on the original code. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Code available at arXiv:2601.05485 [ pdf , ps , other ] Readability-Robust Code Summarization via Meta Curriculum Learning Authors: Wenhao Zeng , Yitian Chai , Hao Zhou , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou , Xiaodong Gu Abstract : Code summarization has emerged as a fundamental technique in the field of program comprehension. While code language models have shown significant advancements, the current models and benchmarks are confined to high-readability code, which contains sufficient semantic cues such as function and variable names. In the real world, however, code is often poorly structured or obfuscated, significantly… ▽ More Code summarization has emerged as a fundamental technique in the field of program comprehension. While code language models have shown significant advancements, the current models and benchmarks are confined to high-readability code, which contains sufficient semantic cues such as function and variable names. In the real world, however, code is often poorly structured or obfuscated, significantly degrading model performance. In this paper, we first empirically evaluate the robustness of state-of-the-art language models on poor-readability code for the task of code summarization, focusing on (1) their effectiveness, (2) the impact of prompt engineering, and (3) the robustness of different variants. Experimental results reveal that state-of-the-art models-including GPT-4o and DeepSeek-V3 experience a substantial performance drop when faced with poorly readable code, and that prompt engineering and reasoning-enhanced models offer limited improvements. Motivated by these findings, we propose RoFTCodeSum, a novel fine-tuning method that enhances the robustness of code summarization against poorly readable code. RoFTCodeSum marries the concepts of curriculum learning and meta-learning: based on the original dataset for fine-tuning, it creates curricular training sets, e.g., obfuscating function names and identifiers from the code, respectively, that have progressive difficulty in code comprehension. In each training step, the approach meta-updates the gradients using these progressively challenging datasets, thereby optimizing both accuracy and readability robustness simultaneously. Experimental results demonstrate that RoFTCodeSum exhibits increased robustness against semantic perturbation while enhancing performance on the original code. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Code available at arXiv:2601.05329 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD eess.AS CosyEdit: Unlocking End-to-End Speech Editing Capability from Zero-Shot Text-to-Speech Models Authors: Junyang Chen , Yuhang Jia , Hui Wang , Jiaming Zhou , Yaxin Han , Mengying Feng , Yong Qin Abstract : Automatic speech editing aims to modify spoken content based on textual instructions, yet traditional cascade systems suffer from complex preprocessing pipelines and a reliance on explicit external temporal alignment. Addressing these limitations, we propose CosyEdit, an end-to-end speech editing model adapted from CosyVoice through task-specific fine-tuning and an optimized inference procedure, w… ▽ More Automatic speech editing aims to modify spoken content based on textual instructions, yet traditional cascade systems suffer from complex preprocessing pipelines and a reliance on explicit external temporal alignment. Addressing these limitations, we propose CosyEdit, an end-to-end speech editing model adapted from CosyVoice through task-specific fine-tuning and an optimized inference procedure, which internalizes speech-text alignment while ensuring high consistency between the speech before and after editing. By fine-tuning on only 250 hours of supervised data from our curated GigaEdit dataset, our 400M-parameter model achieves reliable speech editing performance. Experiments on the RealEdit benchmark indicate that CosyEdit not only outperforms several billion-parameter language model baselines but also matches the performance of state-of-the-art cascade approaches. These results demonstrate that, with task-specific fine-tuning and inference optimization, robust and efficient speech editing capabilities can be unlocked from a zero-shot TTS model, yielding a novel and cost-effective end-to-end solution for high-quality speech editing. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05329 [ pdf , ps , other ] CosyEdit: Unlocking End-to-End Speech Editing Capability from Zero-Shot Text-to-Speech Models Authors: Junyang Chen , Yuhang Jia , Hui Wang , Jiaming Zhou , Yaxin Han , Mengying Feng , Yong Qin Abstract : Automatic speech editing aims to modify spoken content based on textual instructions, yet traditional cascade systems suffer from complex preprocessing pipelines and a reliance on explicit external temporal alignment. Addressing these limitations, we propose CosyEdit, an end-to-end speech editing model adapted from CosyVoice through task-specific fine-tuning and an optimized inference procedure, w… ▽ More Automatic speech editing aims to modify spoken content based on textual instructions, yet traditional cascade systems suffer from complex preprocessing pipelines and a reliance on explicit external temporal alignment. Addressing these limitations, we propose CosyEdit, an end-to-end speech editing model adapted from CosyVoice through task-specific fine-tuning and an optimized inference procedure, which internalizes speech-text alignment while ensuring high consistency between the speech before and after editing. By fine-tuning on only 250 hours of supervised data from our curated GigaEdit dataset, our 400M-parameter model achieves reliable speech editing performance. Experiments on the RealEdit benchmark indicate that CosyEdit not only outperforms several billion-parameter language model baselines but also matches the performance of state-of-the-art cascade approaches. These results demonstrate that, with task-specific fine-tuning and inference optimization, robust and efficient speech editing capabilities can be unlocked from a zero-shot TTS model, yielding a novel and cost-effective end-to-end solution for high-quality speech editing. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.05014 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO The RoboSense Challenge: Sense Anything, Navigate Anywhere, Adapt Across Platforms Authors: Lingdong Kong , Shaoyuan Xie , Zeying Gong , Ye Li , Meng Chu , Ao Liang , Yuhao Dong , Tianshuai Hu , Ronghe Qiu , Rong Li , Hanjiang Hu , Dongyue Lu , Wei Yin , Wenhao Ding , Linfeng Li , Hang Song , Wenwei Zhang , Yuexin Ma , Junwei Liang , Zhedong Zheng , Lai Xing Ng , Benoit R. Cottereau , Wei Tsang Ooi , Ziwei Liu , Zhanpeng Zhang , et al. (114 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2… ▽ More Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2025 Challenge is designed to advance robustness and adaptability in robot perception across diverse sensing scenarios. It unifies five complementary research tracks spanning language-grounded decision making, socially compliant navigation, sensor configuration generalization, cross-view and cross-modal correspondence, and cross-platform 3D perception. Together, these tasks form a comprehensive benchmark for evaluating real-world sensing reliability under domain shifts, sensor failures, and platform discrepancies. RoboSense 2025 provides standardized datasets, baseline models, and unified evaluation protocols, enabling large-scale and reproducible comparison of robust perception methods. The challenge attracted 143 teams from 85 institutions across 16 countries, reflecting broad community engagement. By consolidating insights from 23 winning solutions, this report highlights emerging methodological trends, shared design principles, and open challenges across all tracks, marking a step toward building robots that can sense reliably, act robustly, and adapt across platforms in real-world environments. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Official IROS 2025 RoboSense Challenge Report; 51 pages, 37 figures, 5 tables; Competition Website at arXiv:2601.05014 [ pdf , ps , other ] The RoboSense Challenge: Sense Anything, Navigate Anywhere, Adapt Across Platforms Authors: Lingdong Kong , Shaoyuan Xie , Zeying Gong , Ye Li , Meng Chu , Ao Liang , Yuhao Dong , Tianshuai Hu , Ronghe Qiu , Rong Li , Hanjiang Hu , Dongyue Lu , Wei Yin , Wenhao Ding , Linfeng Li , Hang Song , Wenwei Zhang , Yuexin Ma , Junwei Liang , Zhedong Zheng , Lai Xing Ng , Benoit R. Cottereau , Wei Tsang Ooi , Ziwei Liu , Zhanpeng Zhang , et al. (114 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2… ▽ More Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2025 Challenge is designed to advance robustness and adaptability in robot perception across diverse sensing scenarios. It unifies five complementary research tracks spanning language-grounded decision making, socially compliant navigation, sensor configuration generalization, cross-view and cross-modal correspondence, and cross-platform 3D perception. Together, these tasks form a comprehensive benchmark for evaluating real-world sensing reliability under domain shifts, sensor failures, and platform discrepancies. RoboSense 2025 provides standardized datasets, baseline models, and unified evaluation protocols, enabling large-scale and reproducible comparison of robust perception methods. The challenge attracted 143 teams from 85 institutions across 16 countries, reflecting broad community engagement. By consolidating insights from 23 winning solutions, this report highlights emerging methodological trends, shared design principles, and open challenges across all tracks, marking a step toward building robots that can sense reliably, act robustly, and adapt across platforms in real-world environments. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Official IROS 2025 RoboSense Challenge Report; 51 pages, 37 figures, 5 tables; Competition Website at arXiv:2601.04720 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Qwen3-VL-Embedding and Qwen3-VL-Reranker: A Unified Framework for State-of-the-Art Multimodal Retrieval and Ranking Authors: Mingxin Li , Yanzhao Zhang , Dingkun Long , Keqin Chen , Sibo Song , Shuai Bai , Zhibo Yang , Pengjun Xie , An Yang , Dayiheng Liu , Jingren Zhou , Junyang Lin Abstract : In this report, we introduce the Qwen3-VL-Embedding and Qwen3-VL-Reranker model series, the latest extensions of the Qwen family built on the Qwen3-VL foundation model. Together, they provide an end-to-end pipeline for high-precision multimodal search by mapping diverse modalities, including text, images, document images, and video, into a unified representation space. The Qwen3-VL-Embedding model… ▽ More In this report, we introduce the Qwen3-VL-Embedding and Qwen3-VL-Reranker model series, the latest extensions of the Qwen family built on the Qwen3-VL foundation model. Together, they provide an end-to-end pipeline for high-precision multimodal search by mapping diverse modalities, including text, images, document images, and video, into a unified representation space. The Qwen3-VL-Embedding model employs a multi-stage training paradigm, progressing from large-scale contrastive pre-training to reranking model distillation, to generate semantically rich high-dimensional vectors. It supports Matryoshka Representation Learning, enabling flexible embedding dimensions, and handles inputs up to 32k tokens. Complementing this, Qwen3-VL-Reranker performs fine-grained relevance estimation for query-document pairs using a cross-encoder architecture with cross-attention mechanisms. Both model series inherit the multilingual capabilities of Qwen3-VL, supporting more than 30 languages, and are released in $\textbf{2B}$ and $\textbf{8B}$ parameter sizes to accommodate diverse deployment requirements. Empirical evaluations demonstrate that the Qwen3-VL-Embedding series achieves state-of-the-art results across diverse multimodal embedding evaluation benchmarks. Specifically, Qwen3-VL-Embedding-8B attains an overall score of $\textbf{77.8}$ on MMEB-V2, ranking first among all models (as of January 8, 2025). This report presents the architecture, training methodology, and practical capabilities of the series, demonstrating their effectiveness on various multimodal retrieval tasks, including image-text retrieval, visual question answering, and video-text matching. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04720 [ pdf , ps , other ] Qwen3-VL-Embedding and Qwen3-VL-Reranker: A Unified Framework for State-of-the-Art Multimodal Retrieval and Ranking Authors: Mingxin Li , Yanzhao Zhang , Dingkun Long , Keqin Chen , Sibo Song , Shuai Bai , Zhibo Yang , Pengjun Xie , An Yang , Dayiheng Liu , Jingren Zhou , Junyang Lin Abstract : In this report, we introduce the Qwen3-VL-Embedding and Qwen3-VL-Reranker model series, the latest extensions of the Qwen family built on the Qwen3-VL foundation model. Together, they provide an end-to-end pipeline for high-precision multimodal search by mapping diverse modalities, including text, images, document images, and video, into a unified representation space. The Qwen3-VL-Embedding model… ▽ More In this report, we introduce the Qwen3-VL-Embedding and Qwen3-VL-Reranker model series, the latest extensions of the Qwen family built on the Qwen3-VL foundation model. Together, they provide an end-to-end pipeline for high-precision multimodal search by mapping diverse modalities, including text, images, document images, and video, into a unified representation space. The Qwen3-VL-Embedding model employs a multi-stage training paradigm, progressing from large-scale contrastive pre-training to reranking model distillation, to generate semantically rich high-dimensional vectors. It supports Matryoshka Representation Learning, enabling flexible embedding dimensions, and handles inputs up to 32k tokens. Complementing this, Qwen3-VL-Reranker performs fine-grained relevance estimation for query-document pairs using a cross-encoder architecture with cross-attention mechanisms. Both model series inherit the multilingual capabilities of Qwen3-VL, supporting more than 30 languages, and are released in $\textbf{2B}$ and $\textbf{8B}$ parameter sizes to accommodate diverse deployment requirements. Empirical evaluations demonstrate that the Qwen3-VL-Embedding series achieves state-of-the-art results across diverse multimodal embedding evaluation benchmarks. Specifically, Qwen3-VL-Embedding-8B attains an overall score of $\textbf{77.8}$ on MMEB-V2, ranking first among all models (as of January 8, 2025). This report presents the architecture, training methodology, and practical capabilities of the series, demonstrating their effectiveness on various multimodal retrieval tasks, including image-text retrieval, visual question answering, and video-text matching. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04052 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO cs.CL Stable Language Guidance for Vision-Language-Action Models Authors: Zhihao Zhan , Yuhao Chen , Jiaying Zhou , Qinhan Lv , Hao Liu , Keze Wang , Liang Lin , Guangrun Wang Abstract : Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have demonstrated impressive capabilities in generalized robotic control; however, they remain notoriously brittle to linguistic perturbations. We identify a critical ``modality collapse'' phenomenon where strong visual priors overwhelm sparse linguistic signals, causing agents to overfit to specific instruction phrasings while ignoring the underlying semantic i… ▽ More Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have demonstrated impressive capabilities in generalized robotic control; however, they remain notoriously brittle to linguistic perturbations. We identify a critical ``modality collapse'' phenomenon where strong visual priors overwhelm sparse linguistic signals, causing agents to overfit to specific instruction phrasings while ignoring the underlying semantic intent. To address this, we propose \textbf{Residual Semantic Steering (RSS)}, a probabilistic framework that disentangles physical affordance from semantic execution. RSS introduces two theoretical innovations: (1) \textbf{Monte Carlo Syntactic Integration}, which approximates the true semantic posterior via dense, LLM-driven distributional expansion, and (2) \textbf{Residual Affordance Steering}, a dual-stream decoding mechanism that explicitly isolates the causal influence of language by subtracting the visual affordance prior. Theoretical analysis suggests that RSS effectively maximizes the mutual information between action and intent while suppressing visual distractors. Empirical results across diverse manipulation benchmarks demonstrate that RSS achieves state-of-the-art robustness, maintaining performance even under adversarial linguistic perturbations. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04052 [ pdf , ps , other ] Stable Language Guidance for Vision-Language-Action Models Authors: Zhihao Zhan , Yuhao Chen , Jiaying Zhou , Qinhan Lv , Hao Liu , Keze Wang , Liang Lin , Guangrun Wang Abstract : Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have demonstrated impressive capabilities in generalized robotic control; however, they remain notoriously brittle to linguistic perturbations. We identify a critical ``modality collapse'' phenomenon where strong visual priors overwhelm sparse linguistic signals, causing agents to overfit to specific instruction phrasings while ignoring the underlying semantic i… ▽ More Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have demonstrated impressive capabilities in generalized robotic control; however, they remain notoriously brittle to linguistic perturbations. We identify a critical ``modality collapse'' phenomenon where strong visual priors overwhelm sparse linguistic signals, causing agents to overfit to specific instruction phrasings while ignoring the underlying semantic intent. To address this, we propose \textbf{Residual Semantic Steering (RSS)}, a probabilistic framework that disentangles physical affordance from semantic execution. RSS introduces two theoretical innovations: (1) \textbf{Monte Carlo Syntactic Integration}, which approximates the true semantic posterior via dense, LLM-driven distributional expansion, and (2) \textbf{Residual Affordance Steering}, a dual-stream decoding mechanism that explicitly isolates the causal influence of language by subtracting the visual affordance prior. Theoretical analysis suggests that RSS effectively maximizes the mutual information between action and intent while suppressing visual distractors. Empirical results across diverse manipulation benchmarks demonstrate that RSS achieves state-of-the-art robustness, maintaining performance even under adversarial linguistic perturbations. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03717 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL MIND: From Passive Mimicry to Active Reasoning through Capability-Aware Multi-Perspective CoT Distillation Authors: Jin Cui , Jiaqi Guo , Jiepeng Zhou , Ruixuan Yang , Jiayi Lu , Jiajun Xu , Jiangcheng Song , Boran Zhao , Pengju Ren Abstract : While Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged with remarkable capabilities in complex tasks through Chain-of-Thought reasoning, practical resource constraints have sparked interest in transferring these abilities to smaller models. However, achieving both domain performance and cross-domain generalization remains challenging. Existing approaches typically restrict students to following a single… ▽ More While Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged with remarkable capabilities in complex tasks through Chain-of-Thought reasoning, practical resource constraints have sparked interest in transferring these abilities to smaller models. However, achieving both domain performance and cross-domain generalization remains challenging. Existing approaches typically restrict students to following a single golden rationale and treat different reasoning paths independently. Due to distinct inductive biases and intrinsic preferences, alongside the student's evolving capacity and reasoning preferences during training, a teacher's "optimal" rationale could act as out-of-distribution noise. This misalignment leads to a degeneration of the student's latent reasoning distribution, causing suboptimal performance. To bridge this gap, we propose MIND, a capability-adaptive framework that transitions distillation from passive mimicry to active cognitive construction. We synthesize diverse teacher perspectives through a novel "Teaching Assistant" network. By employing a Feedback-Driven Inertia Calibration mechanism, this network utilizes inertia-filtered training loss to align supervision with the student's current adaptability, effectively enhancing performance while mitigating catastrophic forgetting. Extensive experiments demonstrate that MIND achieves state-of-the-art performance on both in-distribution and out-of-distribution benchmarks, and our sophisticated latent space analysis further confirms the mechanism of reasoning ability internalization. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages, 8 figures arXiv:2601.03717 [ pdf , ps , other ] MIND: From Passive Mimicry to Active Reasoning through Capability-Aware Multi-Perspective CoT Distillation Authors: Jin Cui , Jiaqi Guo , Jiepeng Zhou , Ruixuan Yang , Jiayi Lu , Jiajun Xu , Jiangcheng Song , Boran Zhao , Pengju Ren Abstract : While Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged with remarkable capabilities in complex tasks through Chain-of-Thought reasoning, practical resource constraints have sparked interest in transferring these abilities to smaller models. However, achieving both domain performance and cross-domain generalization remains challenging. Existing approaches typically restrict students to following a single… ▽ More While Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged with remarkable capabilities in complex tasks through Chain-of-Thought reasoning, practical resource constraints have sparked interest in transferring these abilities to smaller models. However, achieving both domain performance and cross-domain generalization remains challenging. Existing approaches typically restrict students to following a single golden rationale and treat different reasoning paths independently. Due to distinct inductive biases and intrinsic preferences, alongside the student's evolving capacity and reasoning preferences during training, a teacher's "optimal" rationale could act as out-of-distribution noise. This misalignment leads to a degeneration of the student's latent reasoning distribution, causing suboptimal performance. To bridge this gap, we propose MIND, a capability-adaptive framework that transitions distillation from passive mimicry to active cognitive construction. We synthesize diverse teacher perspectives through a novel "Teaching Assistant" network. By employing a Feedback-Driven Inertia Calibration mechanism, this network utilizes inertia-filtered training loss to align supervision with the student's current adaptability, effectively enhancing performance while mitigating catastrophic forgetting. Extensive experiments demonstrate that MIND achieves state-of-the-art performance on both in-distribution and out-of-distribution benchmarks, and our sophisticated latent space analysis further confirms the mechanism of reasoning ability internalization. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages, 8 figures arXiv:2601.03655 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV VideoMemory: Toward Consistent Video Generation via Memory Integration Authors: Jinsong Zhou , Yihua Du , Xinli Xu , Luozhou Wang , Zijie Zhuang , Yehang Zhang , Shuaibo Li , Xiaojun Hu , Bolan Su , Ying-cong Chen Abstract : Maintaining consistent characters, props, and environments across multiple shots is a central challenge in narrative video generation. Existing models can produce high-quality short clips but often fail to preserve entity identity and appearance when scenes change or when entities reappear after long temporal gaps. We present VideoMemory, an entity-centric framework that integrates narrative plann… ▽ More Maintaining consistent characters, props, and environments across multiple shots is a central challenge in narrative video generation. Existing models can produce high-quality short clips but often fail to preserve entity identity and appearance when scenes change or when entities reappear after long temporal gaps. We present VideoMemory, an entity-centric framework that integrates narrative planning with visual generation through a Dynamic Memory Bank. Given a structured script, a multi-agent system decomposes the narrative into shots, retrieves entity representations from memory, and synthesizes keyframes and videos conditioned on these retrieved states. The Dynamic Memory Bank stores explicit visual and semantic descriptors for characters, props, and backgrounds, and is updated after each shot to reflect story-driven changes while preserving identity. This retrieval-update mechanism enables consistent portrayal of entities across distant shots and supports coherent long-form generation. To evaluate this setting, we construct a 54-case multi-shot consistency benchmark covering character-, prop-, and background-persistent scenarios. Extensive experiments show that VideoMemory achieves strong entity-level coherence and high perceptual quality across diverse narrative sequences. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project page: arXiv:2601.03655 [ pdf , ps , other ] VideoMemory: Toward Consistent Video Generation via Memory Integration Authors: Jinsong Zhou , Yihua Du , Xinli Xu , Luozhou Wang , Zijie Zhuang , Yehang Zhang , Shuaibo Li , Xiaojun Hu , Bolan Su , Ying-cong Chen Abstract : Maintaining consistent characters, props, and environments across multiple shots is a central challenge in narrative video generation. Existing models can produce high-quality short clips but often fail to preserve entity identity and appearance when scenes change or when entities reappear after long temporal gaps. We present VideoMemory, an entity-centric framework that integrates narrative plann… ▽ More Maintaining consistent characters, props, and environments across multiple shots is a central challenge in narrative video generation. Existing models can produce high-quality short clips but often fail to preserve entity identity and appearance when scenes change or when entities reappear after long temporal gaps. We present VideoMemory, an entity-centric framework that integrates narrative planning with visual generation through a Dynamic Memory Bank. Given a structured script, a multi-agent system decomposes the narrative into shots, retrieves entity representations from memory, and synthesizes keyframes and videos conditioned on these retrieved states. The Dynamic Memory Bank stores explicit visual and semantic descriptors for characters, props, and backgrounds, and is updated after each shot to reflect story-driven changes while preserving identity. This retrieval-update mechanism enables consistent portrayal of entities across distant shots and supports coherent long-form generation. To evaluate this setting, we construct a 54-case multi-shot consistency benchmark covering character-, prop-, and background-persistent scenarios. Extensive experiments show that VideoMemory achieves strong entity-level coherence and high perceptual quality across diverse narrative sequences. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project page: arXiv:2601.03543 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL EvolMem: A Cognitive-Driven Benchmark for Multi-Session Dialogue Memory Authors: Ye Shen , Dun Pei , Yiqiu Guo , Junying Wang , Yijin Guo , Zicheng Zhang , Qi Jia , Jun Zhou , Guangtao Zhai Abstract : Despite recent advances in understanding and leveraging long-range conversational memory, existing benchmarks still lack systematic evaluation of large language models(LLMs) across diverse memory dimensions, particularly in multi-session settings. In this work, we propose EvolMem, a new benchmark for assessing multi-session memory capabilities of LLMs and agent systems. EvolMem is grounded in cogn… ▽ More Despite recent advances in understanding and leveraging long-range conversational memory, existing benchmarks still lack systematic evaluation of large language models(LLMs) across diverse memory dimensions, particularly in multi-session settings. In this work, we propose EvolMem, a new benchmark for assessing multi-session memory capabilities of LLMs and agent systems. EvolMem is grounded in cognitive psychology and encompasses both declarative and non-declarative memory, further decomposed into multiple fine-grained abilities. To construct the benchmark, we introduce a hybrid data synthesis framework that consists of topic-initiated generation and narrative-inspired transformations. This framework enables scalable generation of multi-session conversations with controllable complexity, accompanied by sample-specific evaluation guidelines. Extensive evaluation reveals that no LLM consistently outperforms others across all memory dimensions. Moreover, agent memory mechanisms do not necessarily enhance LLMs' capabilities and often exhibit notable efficiency limitations. Data and code will be released at △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 14 pages, 7 figures, 8 tables arXiv:2601.03543 [ pdf , ps , other ] EvolMem: A Cognitive-Driven Benchmark for Multi-Session Dialogue Memory Authors: Ye Shen , Dun Pei , Yiqiu Guo , Junying Wang , Yijin Guo , Zicheng Zhang , Qi Jia , Jun Zhou , Guangtao Zhai Abstract : Despite recent advances in understanding and leveraging long-range conversational memory, existing benchmarks still lack systematic evaluation of large language models(LLMs) across diverse memory dimensions, particularly in multi-session settings. In this work, we propose EvolMem, a new benchmark for assessing multi-session memory capabilities of LLMs and agent systems. EvolMem is grounded in cogn… ▽ More Despite recent advances in understanding and leveraging long-range conversational memory, existing benchmarks still lack systematic evaluation of large language models(LLMs) across diverse memory dimensions, particularly in multi-session settings. In this work, we propose EvolMem, a new benchmark for assessing multi-session memory capabilities of LLMs and agent systems. EvolMem is grounded in cognitive psychology and encompasses both declarative and non-declarative memory, further decomposed into multiple fine-grained abilities. To construct the benchmark, we introduce a hybrid data synthesis framework that consists of topic-initiated generation and narrative-inspired transformations. This framework enables scalable generation of multi-session conversations with controllable complexity, accompanied by sample-specific evaluation guidelines. Extensive evaluation reveals that no LLM consistently outperforms others across all memory dimensions. Moreover, agent memory mechanisms do not necessarily enhance LLMs' capabilities and often exhibit notable efficiency limitations. Data and code will be released at △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 14 pages, 7 figures, 8 tables arXiv:2601.03164 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL WebAnchor: Anchoring Agent Planning to Stabilize Long-Horizon Web Reasoning Authors: Xinmiao Yu , Liwen Zhang , Xiaocheng Feng , Yong Jiang , Bing Qin , Pengjun Xie , Jingren Zhou Abstract : Large Language Model(LLM)-based agents have shown strong capabilities in web information seeking, with reinforcement learning (RL) becoming a key optimization paradigm. However, planning remains a bottleneck, as existing methods struggle with long-horizon strategies. Our analysis reveals a critical phenomenon, plan anchor, where the first reasoning step disproportionately impacts downstream behavi… ▽ More Large Language Model(LLM)-based agents have shown strong capabilities in web information seeking, with reinforcement learning (RL) becoming a key optimization paradigm. However, planning remains a bottleneck, as existing methods struggle with long-horizon strategies. Our analysis reveals a critical phenomenon, plan anchor, where the first reasoning step disproportionately impacts downstream behavior in long-horizon web reasoning tasks. Current RL algorithms, fail to account for this by uniformly distributing rewards across the trajectory. To address this, we propose Anchor-GRPO, a two-stage RL framework that decouples planning and execution. In Stage 1, the agent optimizes its first-step planning using fine-grained rubrics derived from self-play experiences and human calibration. In Stage 2, execution is aligned with the initial plan through sparse rewards, ensuring stable and efficient tool usage. We evaluate Anchor-GRPO on four benchmarks: BrowseComp, BrowseComp-Zh, GAIA, and XBench-DeepSearch. Across models from 3B to 30B, Anchor-GRPO outperforms baseline GRPO and First-step GRPO, improving task success and tool efficiency. Notably, WebAnchor-30B achieves 46.0% pass@1 on BrowseComp and 76.4% on GAIA. Anchor-GRPO also demonstrates strong scalability, getting higher accuracy as model size and context length increase. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; v1 submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03164 [ pdf , ps , other ] WebAnchor: Anchoring Agent Planning to Stabilize Long-Horizon Web Reasoning Authors: Xinmiao Yu , Liwen Zhang , Xiaocheng Feng , Yong Jiang , Bing Qin , Pengjun Xie , Jingren Zhou Abstract : Large Language Model(LLM)-based agents have shown strong capabilities in web information seeking, with reinforcement learning (RL) becoming a key optimization paradigm. However, planning remains a bottleneck, as existing methods struggle with long-horizon strategies. Our analysis reveals a critical phenomenon, plan anchor, where the first reasoning step disproportionately impacts downstream behavi… ▽ More Large Language Model(LLM)-based agents have shown strong capabilities in web information seeking, with reinforcement learning (RL) becoming a key optimization paradigm. However, planning remains a bottleneck, as existing methods struggle with long-horizon strategies. Our analysis reveals a critical phenomenon, plan anchor, where the first reasoning step disproportionately impacts downstream behavior in long-horizon web reasoning tasks. Current RL algorithms, fail to account for this by uniformly distributing rewards across the trajectory. To address this, we propose Anchor-GRPO, a two-stage RL framework that decouples planning and execution. In Stage 1, the agent optimizes its first-step planning using fine-grained rubrics derived from self-play experiences and human calibration. In Stage 2, execution is aligned with the initial plan through sparse rewards, ensuring stable and efficient tool usage. We evaluate Anchor-GRPO on four benchmarks: BrowseComp, BrowseComp-Zh, GAIA, and XBench-DeepSearch. Across models from 3B to 30B, Anchor-GRPO outperforms baseline GRPO and First-step GRPO, improving task success and tool efficiency. Notably, WebAnchor-30B achieves 46.0% pass@1 on BrowseComp and 76.4% on GAIA. Anchor-GRPO also demonstrates strong scalability, getting higher accuracy as model size and context length increase. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; v1 submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02983 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD cs.AI Interpretable All-Type Audio Deepfake Detection with Audio LLMs via Frequency-Time Reinforcement Learning Authors: Yuankun Xie , Xiaoxuan Guo , Jiayi Zhou , Tao Wang , Jian Liu , Ruibo Fu , Xiaopeng Wang , Haonan Cheng , Long Ye Abstract : Recent advances in audio large language models (ALLMs) have made high-quality synthetic audio widely accessible, increasing the risk of malicious audio deepfakes across speech, environmental sounds, singing voice, and music. Real-world audio deepfake detection (ADD) therefore requires all-type detectors that generalize across heterogeneous audio and provide interpretable decisions. Given the stron… ▽ More Recent advances in audio large language models (ALLMs) have made high-quality synthetic audio widely accessible, increasing the risk of malicious audio deepfakes across speech, environmental sounds, singing voice, and music. Real-world audio deepfake detection (ADD) therefore requires all-type detectors that generalize across heterogeneous audio and provide interpretable decisions. Given the strong multi-task generalization ability of ALLMs, we first investigate their performance on all-type ADD under both supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and reinforcement fine-tuning (RFT). However, SFT using only binary real/fake labels tends to reduce the model to a black-box classifier, sacrificing interpretability. Meanwhile, vanilla RFT under sparse supervision is prone to reward hacking and can produce hallucinated, ungrounded rationales. To address this, we propose an automatic annotation and polishing pipeline that constructs Frequency-Time structured chain-of-thought (CoT) rationales, producing ~340K cold-start demonstrations. Building on CoT data, we propose Frequency Time-Group Relative Policy Optimization (FT-GRPO), a two-stage training paradigm that cold-starts ALLMs with SFT and then applies GRPO under rule-based frequency-time constraints. Experiments demonstrate that FT-GRPO achieves state-of-the-art performance on all-type ADD while producing interpretable, FT-grounded rationales. The data and code are available online. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02983 [ pdf , ps , other ] Interpretable All-Type Audio Deepfake Detection with Audio LLMs via Frequency-Time Reinforcement Learning Authors: Yuankun Xie , Xiaoxuan Guo , Jiayi Zhou , Tao Wang , Jian Liu , Ruibo Fu , Xiaopeng Wang , Haonan Cheng , Long Ye Abstract : Recent advances in audio large language models (ALLMs) have made high-quality synthetic audio widely accessible, increasing the risk of malicious audio deepfakes across speech, environmental sounds, singing voice, and music. Real-world audio deepfake detection (ADD) therefore requires all-type detectors that generalize across heterogeneous audio and provide interpretable decisions. Given the stron… ▽ More Recent advances in audio large language models (ALLMs) have made high-quality synthetic audio widely accessible, increasing the risk of malicious audio deepfakes across speech, environmental sounds, singing voice, and music. Real-world audio deepfake detection (ADD) therefore requires all-type detectors that generalize across heterogeneous audio and provide interpretable decisions. Given the strong multi-task generalization ability of ALLMs, we first investigate their performance on all-type ADD under both supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and reinforcement fine-tuning (RFT). However, SFT using only binary real/fake labels tends to reduce the model to a black-box classifier, sacrificing interpretability. Meanwhile, vanilla RFT under sparse supervision is prone to reward hacking and can produce hallucinated, ungrounded rationales. To address this, we propose an automatic annotation and polishing pipeline that constructs Frequency-Time structured chain-of-thought (CoT) rationales, producing ~340K cold-start demonstrations. Building on CoT data, we propose Frequency Time-Group Relative Policy Optimization (FT-GRPO), a two-stage training paradigm that cold-starts ALLMs with SFT and then applies GRPO under rule-based frequency-time constraints. Experiments demonstrate that FT-GRPO achieves state-of-the-art performance on all-type ADD while producing interpretable, FT-grounded rationales. The data and code are available online. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02806 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Topology-aware Pathological Consistency Matching for Weakly-Paired IHC Virtual Staining Authors: Mingzhou Jiang , Jiaying Zhou , Nan Zeng , Mickael Li , Qijie Tang , Chao He , Huazhu Fu , Honghui He Abstract : Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining provides crucial molecular characterization of tissue samples and plays an indispensable role in the clinical examination and diagnosis of cancers. However, compared with the commonly used Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining, IHC staining involves complex procedures and is both time-consuming and expensive, which limits its widespread clinical use. Virtual stain… ▽ More Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining provides crucial molecular characterization of tissue samples and plays an indispensable role in the clinical examination and diagnosis of cancers. However, compared with the commonly used Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining, IHC staining involves complex procedures and is both time-consuming and expensive, which limits its widespread clinical use. Virtual staining converts H&E images to IHC images, offering a cost-effective alternative to clinical IHC staining. Nevertheless, using adjacent slides as ground truth often results in weakly-paired data with spatial misalignment and local deformations, hindering effective supervised learning. To address these challenges, we propose a novel topology-aware framework for H&E-to-IHC virtual staining. Specifically, we introduce a Topology-aware Consistency Matching (TACM) mechanism that employs graph contrastive learning and topological perturbations to learn robust matching patterns despite spatial misalignments, ensuring structural consistency. Furthermore, we propose a Topology-constrained Pathological Matching (TCPM) mechanism that aligns pathological positive regions based on node importance to enhance pathological consistency. Extensive experiments on two benchmarks across four staining tasks demonstrate that our method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches, achieving superior generation quality with higher clinical relevance. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02806 [ pdf , ps , other ] Topology-aware Pathological Consistency Matching for Weakly-Paired IHC Virtual Staining Authors: Mingzhou Jiang , Jiaying Zhou , Nan Zeng , Mickael Li , Qijie Tang , Chao He , Huazhu Fu , Honghui He Abstract : Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining provides crucial molecular characterization of tissue samples and plays an indispensable role in the clinical examination and diagnosis of cancers. However, compared with the commonly used Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining, IHC staining involves complex procedures and is both time-consuming and expensive, which limits its widespread clinical use. Virtual stain… ▽ More Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining provides crucial molecular characterization of tissue samples and plays an indispensable role in the clinical examination and diagnosis of cancers. However, compared with the commonly used Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining, IHC staining involves complex procedures and is both time-consuming and expensive, which limits its widespread clinical use. Virtual staining converts H&E images to IHC images, offering a cost-effective alternative to clinical IHC staining. Nevertheless, using adjacent slides as ground truth often results in weakly-paired data with spatial misalignment and local deformations, hindering effective supervised learning. To address these challenges, we propose a novel topology-aware framework for H&E-to-IHC virtual staining. Specifically, we introduce a Topology-aware Consistency Matching (TACM) mechanism that employs graph contrastive learning and topological perturbations to learn robust matching patterns despite spatial misalignments, ensuring structural consistency. Furthermore, we propose a Topology-constrained Pathological Matching (TCPM) mechanism that aligns pathological positive regions based on node importance to enhance pathological consistency. Extensive experiments on two benchmarks across four staining tasks demonstrate that our method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches, achieving superior generation quality with higher clinical relevance. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02754 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI cs.IR doi 10.1145/3770854.3783950 Q-Regularized Generative Auto-Bidding: From Suboptimal Trajectories to Optimal Policies Authors: Mingming Zhang , Na Li , Zhuang Feiqing , Hongyang Zheng , Jiangbing Zhou , Wang Wuyin , Sheng-jie Sun , XiaoWei Chen , Junxiong Zhu , Lixin Zou , Chenliang Li Abstract : With the rapid development of e-commerce, auto-bidding has become a key asset in optimizing advertising performance under diverse advertiser environments. The current approaches focus on reinforcement learning (RL) and generative models. These efforts imitate offline historical behaviors by utilizing a complex structure with expensive hyperparameter tuning. The suboptimal trajectories further exac… ▽ More With the rapid development of e-commerce, auto-bidding has become a key asset in optimizing advertising performance under diverse advertiser environments. The current approaches focus on reinforcement learning (RL) and generative models. These efforts imitate offline historical behaviors by utilizing a complex structure with expensive hyperparameter tuning. The suboptimal trajectories further exacerbate the difficulty of policy learning. To address these challenges, we proposes QGA, a novel Q-value regularized Generative Auto-bidding method. In QGA, we propose to plug a Q-value regularization with double Q-learning strategy into the Decision Transformer backbone. This design enables joint optimization of policy imitation and action-value maximization, allowing the learned bidding policy to both leverage experience from the dataset and alleviate the adverse impact of the suboptimal trajectories. Furthermore, to safely explore the policy space beyond the data distribution, we propose a Q-value guided dual-exploration mechanism, in which the DT model is conditioned on multiple return-to-go targets and locally perturbed actions. This entire exploration process is dynamically guided by the aforementioned Q-value module, which provides principled evaluation for each candidate action. Experiments on public benchmarks and simulation environments demonstrate that QGA consistently achieves superior or highly competitive results compared to existing alternatives. Notably, in large-scale real-world A/B testing, QGA achieves a 3.27% increase in Ad GMV and a 2.49% improvement in Ad ROI. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 11pages, 5figures, In Proceedings of the 32nd ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining arXiv:2601.02754 [ pdf , ps , other ] Q-Regularized Generative Auto-Bidding: From Suboptimal Trajectories to Optimal Policies Authors: Mingming Zhang , Na Li , Zhuang Feiqing , Hongyang Zheng , Jiangbing Zhou , Wang Wuyin , Sheng-jie Sun , XiaoWei Chen , Junxiong Zhu , Lixin Zou , Chenliang Li Abstract : With the rapid development of e-commerce, auto-bidding has become a key asset in optimizing advertising performance under diverse advertiser environments. The current approaches focus on reinforcement learning (RL) and generative models. These efforts imitate offline historical behaviors by utilizing a complex structure with expensive hyperparameter tuning. The suboptimal trajectories further exac… ▽ More With the rapid development of e-commerce, auto-bidding has become a key asset in optimizing advertising performance under diverse advertiser environments. The current approaches focus on reinforcement learning (RL) and generative models. These efforts imitate offline historical behaviors by utilizing a complex structure with expensive hyperparameter tuning. The suboptimal trajectories further exacerbate the difficulty of policy learning. To address these challenges, we proposes QGA, a novel Q-value regularized Generative Auto-bidding method. In QGA, we propose to plug a Q-value regularization with double Q-learning strategy into the Decision Transformer backbone. This design enables joint optimization of policy imitation and action-value maximization, allowing the learned bidding policy to both leverage experience from the dataset and alleviate the adverse impact of the suboptimal trajectories. Furthermore, to safely explore the policy space beyond the data distribution, we propose a Q-value guided dual-exploration mechanism, in which the DT model is conditioned on multiple return-to-go targets and locally perturbed actions. This entire exploration process is dynamically guided by the aforementioned Q-value module, which provides principled evaluation for each candidate action. Experiments on public benchmarks and simulation environments demonstrate that QGA consistently achieves superior or highly competitive results compared to existing alternatives. Notably, in large-scale real-world A/B testing, QGA achieves a 3.27% increase in Ad GMV and a 2.49% improvement in Ad ROI. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 11pages, 5figures, In Proceedings of the 32nd ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining arXiv:2601.02007 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.ET Physics-Informed Deep Recurrent Back-Projection Network for Tunnel Propagation Modeling Authors: Kunyu Wu , Qiushi Zhao , Jingyi Zhou , Junqiao Wang , Hao Qin , Xinyue Zhang , Xingqi Zhang Abstract : Accurate and efficient modeling of radio wave propagation in railway tunnels is is critical for ensuring reliable communication-based train control (CBTC) systems. Fine-grid parabolic wave equation (PWE) solvers provide high-fidelity field predictions but are computationally expensive for large-scale tunnels, whereas coarse-grid models lose essential modal and geometric details. To address this ch… ▽ More Accurate and efficient modeling of radio wave propagation in railway tunnels is is critical for ensuring reliable communication-based train control (CBTC) systems. Fine-grid parabolic wave equation (PWE) solvers provide high-fidelity field predictions but are computationally expensive for large-scale tunnels, whereas coarse-grid models lose essential modal and geometric details. To address this challenge, we propose a physics-informed recurrent back-projection propagation network (PRBPN) that reconstructs fine-resolution received-signal-strength (RSS) fields from coarse PWE slices. The network integrates multi-slice temporal fusion with an iterative projection/back-projection mechanism that enforces physical consistency and avoids any pre-upsampling stage, resulting in strong data efficiency and improved generalization. Simulations across four tunnel cross-section geometries and four frequencies show that the proposed PRBPN closely tracks fine-mesh PWE references. Engineering-level validation on the Massif Central tunnel in France further confirms robustness in data-scarce scenarios, trained with only a few paired coarse/fine RSS. These results indicate that the proposed PRBPN can substantially reduce reliance on computationally intensive fine-grid solvers while maintaining high-fidelity tunnel propagation predictions. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02007 [ pdf , ps , other ] Physics-Informed Deep Recurrent Back-Projection Network for Tunnel Propagation Modeling Authors: Kunyu Wu , Qiushi Zhao , Jingyi Zhou , Junqiao Wang , Hao Qin , Xinyue Zhang , Xingqi Zhang Abstract : Accurate and efficient modeling of radio wave propagation in railway tunnels is is critical for ensuring reliable communication-based train control (CBTC) systems. Fine-grid parabolic wave equation (PWE) solvers provide high-fidelity field predictions but are computationally expensive for large-scale tunnels, whereas coarse-grid models lose essential modal and geometric details. To address this ch… ▽ More Accurate and efficient modeling of radio wave propagation in railway tunnels is is critical for ensuring reliable communication-based train control (CBTC) systems. Fine-grid parabolic wave equation (PWE) solvers provide high-fidelity field predictions but are computationally expensive for large-scale tunnels, whereas coarse-grid models lose essential modal and geometric details. To address this challenge, we propose a physics-informed recurrent back-projection propagation network (PRBPN) that reconstructs fine-resolution received-signal-strength (RSS) fields from coarse PWE slices. The network integrates multi-slice temporal fusion with an iterative projection/back-projection mechanism that enforces physical consistency and avoids any pre-upsampling stage, resulting in strong data efficiency and improved generalization. Simulations across four tunnel cross-section geometries and four frequencies show that the proposed PRBPN closely tracks fine-mesh PWE references. Engineering-level validation on the Massif Central tunnel in France further confirms robustness in data-scarce scenarios, trained with only a few paired coarse/fine RSS. These results indicate that the proposed PRBPN can substantially reduce reliance on computationally intensive fine-grid solvers while maintaining high-fidelity tunnel propagation predictions. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01802 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI PsychEval: A Multi-Session and Multi-Therapy Benchmark for High-Realism AI Psychological Counselor Authors: Qianjun Pan , Junyi Wang , Jie Zhou , Yutao Yang , Junsong Li , Kaiyin Xu , Yougen Zhou , Yihan Li , Jingyuan Zhao , Qin Chen , Ningning Zhou , Kai Chen , Liang He Abstract : To develop a reliable AI for psychological assessment, we introduce \texttt{PsychEval}, a multi-session, multi-therapy, and highly realistic benchmark designed to address three key challenges: \textbf{1) Can we train a highly realistic AI counselor?} Realistic counseling is a longitudinal task requiring sustained memory and dynamic goal tracking. We propose a multi-session benchmark (spanning 6-10… ▽ More To develop a reliable AI for psychological assessment, we introduce \texttt{PsychEval}, a multi-session, multi-therapy, and highly realistic benchmark designed to address three key challenges: \textbf{1) Can we train a highly realistic AI counselor?} Realistic counseling is a longitudinal task requiring sustained memory and dynamic goal tracking. We propose a multi-session benchmark (spanning 6-10 sessions across three distinct stages) that demands critical capabilities such as memory continuity, adaptive reasoning, and longitudinal planning. The dataset is annotated with extensive professional skills, comprising over 677 meta-skills and 4577 atomic skills. \textbf{2) How to train a multi-therapy AI counselor?} While existing models often focus on a single therapy, complex cases frequently require flexible strategies among various therapies. We construct a diverse dataset covering five therapeutic modalities (Psychodynamic, Behaviorism, CBT, Humanistic Existentialist, and Postmodernist) alongside an integrative therapy with a unified three-stage clinical framework across six core psychological topics. \textbf{3) How to systematically evaluate an AI counselor?} We establish a holistic evaluation framework with 18 therapy-specific and therapy-shared metrics across Client-Level and Counselor-Level dimensions. To support this, we also construct over 2,000 diverse client profiles. Extensive experimental analysis fully validates the superior quality and clinical fidelity of our dataset. Crucially, \texttt{PsychEval} transcends static benchmarking to serve as a high-fidelity reinforcement learning environment that enables the self-evolutionary training of clinically responsible and adaptive AI counselors. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01802 [ pdf , ps , other ] PsychEval: A Multi-Session and Multi-Therapy Benchmark for High-Realism AI Psychological Counselor Authors: Qianjun Pan , Junyi Wang , Jie Zhou , Yutao Yang , Junsong Li , Kaiyin Xu , Yougen Zhou , Yihan Li , Jingyuan Zhao , Qin Chen , Ningning Zhou , Kai Chen , Liang He Abstract : To develop a reliable AI for psychological assessment, we introduce \texttt{PsychEval}, a multi-session, multi-therapy, and highly realistic benchmark designed to address three key challenges: \textbf{1) Can we train a highly realistic AI counselor?} Realistic counseling is a longitudinal task requiring sustained memory and dynamic goal tracking. We propose a multi-session benchmark (spanning 6-10… ▽ More To develop a reliable AI for psychological assessment, we introduce \texttt{PsychEval}, a multi-session, multi-therapy, and highly realistic benchmark designed to address three key challenges: \textbf{1) Can we train a highly realistic AI counselor?} Realistic counseling is a longitudinal task requiring sustained memory and dynamic goal tracking. We propose a multi-session benchmark (spanning 6-10 sessions across three distinct stages) that demands critical capabilities such as memory continuity, adaptive reasoning, and longitudinal planning. The dataset is annotated with extensive professional skills, comprising over 677 meta-skills and 4577 atomic skills. \textbf{2) How to train a multi-therapy AI counselor?} While existing models often focus on a single therapy, complex cases frequently require flexible strategies among various therapies. We construct a diverse dataset covering five therapeutic modalities (Psychodynamic, Behaviorism, CBT, Humanistic Existentialist, and Postmodernist) alongside an integrative therapy with a unified three-stage clinical framework across six core psychological topics. \textbf{3) How to systematically evaluate an AI counselor?} We establish a holistic evaluation framework with 18 therapy-specific and therapy-shared metrics across Client-Level and Counselor-Level dimensions. To support this, we also construct over 2,000 diverse client profiles. Extensive experimental analysis fully validates the superior quality and clinical fidelity of our dataset. Crucially, \texttt{PsychEval} transcends static benchmarking to serve as a high-fidelity reinforcement learning environment that enables the self-evolutionary training of clinically responsible and adaptive AI counselors. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01373 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD cs.AI eess.AS UltraEval-Audio: A Unified Framework for Comprehensive Evaluation of Audio Foundation Models Authors: Qundong Shi , Jie Zhou , Biyuan Lin , Junbo Cui , Guoyang Zeng , Yixuan Zhou , Ziyang Wang , Xin Liu , Zhen Luo , Yudong Wang , Zhiyuan Liu Abstract : The development of audio foundation models has accelerated rapidly since the emergence of GPT-4o. However, the lack of comprehensive evaluation has become a critical bottleneck for further progress in the field, particularly in audio generation. Current audio evaluation faces three major challenges: (1) audio evaluation lacks a unified framework, with datasets and code scattered across various sou… ▽ More The development of audio foundation models has accelerated rapidly since the emergence of GPT-4o. However, the lack of comprehensive evaluation has become a critical bottleneck for further progress in the field, particularly in audio generation. Current audio evaluation faces three major challenges: (1) audio evaluation lacks a unified framework, with datasets and code scattered across various sources, hindering fair and efficient cross-model comparison;(2) audio codecs, as a key component of audio foundation models, lack a widely accepted and holistic evaluation methodology; (3) existing speech benchmarks are heavily reliant on English, making it challenging to objectively assess models' performance on Chinese. To address the first issue, we introduce UltraEval-Audio, a unified evaluation framework for audio foundation models, specifically designed for both audio understanding and generation tasks. UltraEval-Audio features a modular architecture, supporting 10 languages and 14 core task categories, while seamlessly integrating 24 mainstream models and 36 authoritative benchmarks. To enhance research efficiency, the framework provides a one-command evaluation feature, accompanied by real-time public leaderboards. For the second challenge, UltraEval-Audio adopts a novel comprehensive evaluation scheme for audio codecs, evaluating performance across three key dimensions: semantic accuracy, timbre fidelity, and acoustic quality. To address the third issue, we propose two new Chinese benchmarks, SpeechCMMLU and SpeechHSK, designed to assess Chinese knowledge proficiency and language fluency. We wish that UltraEval-Audio will provide both academia and industry with a transparent, efficient, and fair platform for comparison of audio models. Our code, benchmarks, and leaderboards are available at △ Less Submitted 3 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages, 2 figures arXiv:2601.01373 [ pdf , ps , other ] UltraEval-Audio: A Unified Framework for Comprehensive Evaluation of Audio Foundation Models Authors: Qundong Shi , Jie Zhou , Biyuan Lin , Junbo Cui , Guoyang Zeng , Yixuan Zhou , Ziyang Wang , Xin Liu , Zhen Luo , Yudong Wang , Zhiyuan Liu Abstract : The development of audio foundation models has accelerated rapidly since the emergence of GPT-4o. However, the lack of comprehensive evaluation has become a critical bottleneck for further progress in the field, particularly in audio generation. Current audio evaluation faces three major challenges: (1) audio evaluation lacks a unified framework, with datasets and code scattered across various sou… ▽ More The development of audio foundation models has accelerated rapidly since the emergence of GPT-4o. However, the lack of comprehensive evaluation has become a critical bottleneck for further progress in the field, particularly in audio generation. Current audio evaluation faces three major challenges: (1) audio evaluation lacks a unified framework, with datasets and code scattered across various sources, hindering fair and efficient cross-model comparison;(2) audio codecs, as a key component of audio foundation models, lack a widely accepted and holistic evaluation methodology; (3) existing speech benchmarks are heavily reliant on English, making it challenging to objectively assess models' performance on Chinese. To address the first issue, we introduce UltraEval-Audio, a unified evaluation framework for audio foundation models, specifically designed for both audio understanding and generation tasks. UltraEval-Audio features a modular architecture, supporting 10 languages and 14 core task categories, while seamlessly integrating 24 mainstream models and 36 authoritative benchmarks. To enhance research efficiency, the framework provides a one-command evaluation feature, accompanied by real-time public leaderboards. For the second challenge, UltraEval-Audio adopts a novel comprehensive evaluation scheme for audio codecs, evaluating performance across three key dimensions: semantic accuracy, timbre fidelity, and acoustic quality. To address the third issue, we propose two new Chinese benchmarks, SpeechCMMLU and SpeechHSK, designed to assess Chinese knowledge proficiency and language fluency. We wish that UltraEval-Audio will provide both academia and industry with a transparent, efficient, and fair platform for comparison of audio models. Our code, benchmarks, and leaderboards are available at △ Less Submitted 3 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 13 pages, 2 figures arXiv:2601.01239 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD cs.CR cs.MM eess.AS IO-RAE: Information-Obfuscation Reversible Adversarial Example for Audio Privacy Protection Authors: Jiajie Zhu , Xia Du , Xiaoyuan Liu , Jizhe Zhou , Qizhen Xu , Zheng Lin , Chi-Man Pun Abstract : The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence have significantly accelerated the adoption of speech recognition technology, leading to its widespread integration across various applications. However, this surge in usage also highlights a critical issue: audio data is highly vulnerable to unauthorized exposure and analysis, posing significant privacy risks for businesses and individuals. This p… ▽ More The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence have significantly accelerated the adoption of speech recognition technology, leading to its widespread integration across various applications. However, this surge in usage also highlights a critical issue: audio data is highly vulnerable to unauthorized exposure and analysis, posing significant privacy risks for businesses and individuals. This paper introduces an Information-Obfuscation Reversible Adversarial Example (IO-RAE) framework, the pioneering method designed to safeguard audio privacy using reversible adversarial examples. IO-RAE leverages large language models to generate misleading yet contextually coherent content, effectively preventing unauthorized eavesdropping by humans and Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems. Additionally, we propose the Cumulative Signal Attack technique, which mitigates high-frequency noise and enhances attack efficacy by targeting low-frequency signals. Our approach ensures the protection of audio data without degrading its quality or our ability. Experimental evaluations demonstrate the superiority of our method, achieving a targeted misguidance rate of 96.5% and a remarkable 100% untargeted misguidance rate in obfuscating target keywords across multiple ASR models, including a commercial black-box system from Google. Furthermore, the quality of the recovered audio, measured by the Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality score, reached 4.45, comparable to high-quality original recordings. Notably, the recovered audio processed by ASR systems exhibited an error rate of 0%, indicating nearly lossless recovery. These results highlight the practical applicability and effectiveness of our IO-RAE framework in protecting sensitive audio privacy. △ Less Submitted 3 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 10 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2601.01239 [ pdf , ps , other ] IO-RAE: Information-Obfuscation Reversible Adversarial Example for Audio Privacy Protection Authors: Jiajie Zhu , Xia Du , Xiaoyuan Liu , Jizhe Zhou , Qizhen Xu , Zheng Lin , Chi-Man Pun Abstract : The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence have significantly accelerated the adoption of speech recognition technology, leading to its widespread integration across various applications. However, this surge in usage also highlights a critical issue: audio data is highly vulnerable to unauthorized exposure and analysis, posing significant privacy risks for businesses and individuals. This p… ▽ More The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence have significantly accelerated the adoption of speech recognition technology, leading to its widespread integration across various applications. However, this surge in usage also highlights a critical issue: audio data is highly vulnerable to unauthorized exposure and analysis, posing significant privacy risks for businesses and individuals. This paper introduces an Information-Obfuscation Reversible Adversarial Example (IO-RAE) framework, the pioneering method designed to safeguard audio privacy using reversible adversarial examples. IO-RAE leverages large language models to generate misleading yet contextually coherent content, effectively preventing unauthorized eavesdropping by humans and Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems. Additionally, we propose the Cumulative Signal Attack technique, which mitigates high-frequency noise and enhances attack efficacy by targeting low-frequency signals. Our approach ensures the protection of audio data without degrading its quality or our ability. Experimental evaluations demonstrate the superiority of our method, achieving a targeted misguidance rate of 96.5% and a remarkable 100% untargeted misguidance rate in obfuscating target keywords across multiple ASR models, including a commercial black-box system from Google. Furthermore, the quality of the recovered audio, measured by the Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality score, reached 4.45, comparable to high-quality original recordings. Notably, the recovered audio processed by ASR systems exhibited an error rate of 0%, indicating nearly lossless recovery. These results highlight the practical applicability and effectiveness of our IO-RAE framework in protecting sensitive audio privacy. △ Less Submitted 3 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 10 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2601.00533 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV All-in-One Video Restoration under Smoothly Evolving Unknown Weather Degradations Authors: Wenrui Li , Hongtao Chen , Yao Xiao , Wangmeng Zuo , Jiantao Zhou , Yonghong Tian , Xiaopeng Fan Abstract : All-in-one image restoration aims to recover clean images from diverse unknown degradations using a single model. But extending this task to videos faces unique challenges. Existing approaches primarily focus on frame-wise degradation variation, overlooking the temporal continuity that naturally exists in real-world degradation processes. In practice, degradation types and intensities evolve smoot… ▽ More All-in-one image restoration aims to recover clean images from diverse unknown degradations using a single model. But extending this task to videos faces unique challenges. Existing approaches primarily focus on frame-wise degradation variation, overlooking the temporal continuity that naturally exists in real-world degradation processes. In practice, degradation types and intensities evolve smoothly over time, and multiple degradations may coexist or transition gradually. In this paper, we introduce the Smoothly Evolving Unknown Degradations (SEUD) scenario, where both the active degradation set and degradation intensity change continuously over time. To support this scenario, we design a flexible synthesis pipeline that generates temporally coherent videos with single, compound, and evolving degradations. To address the challenges in the SEUD scenario, we propose an all-in-One Recurrent Conditional and Adaptive prompting Network (ORCANet). First, a Coarse Intensity Estimation Dehazing (CIED) module estimates haze intensity using physical priors and provides coarse dehazed features as initialization. Second, a Flow Prompt Generation (FPG) module extracts degradation features. FPG generates both static prompts that capture segment-level degradation types and dynamic prompts that adapt to frame-level intensity variations. Furthermore, a label-aware supervision mechanism improves the discriminability of static prompt representations under different degradations. Extensive experiments show that ORCANet achieves superior restoration quality, temporal consistency, and robustness over image and video-based baselines. Code is available at △ Less Submitted 1 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.00533 [ pdf , ps , other ] All-in-One Video Restoration under Smoothly Evolving Unknown Weather Degradations Authors: Wenrui Li , Hongtao Chen , Yao Xiao , Wangmeng Zuo , Jiantao Zhou , Yonghong Tian , Xiaopeng Fan Abstract : All-in-one image restoration aims to recover clean images from diverse unknown degradations using a single model. But extending this task to videos faces unique challenges. Existing approaches primarily focus on frame-wise degradation variation, overlooking the temporal continuity that naturally exists in real-world degradation processes. In practice, degradation types and intensities evolve smoot… ▽ More All-in-one image restoration aims to recover clean images from diverse unknown degradations using a single model. But extending this task to videos faces unique challenges. Existing approaches primarily focus on frame-wise degradation variation, overlooking the temporal continuity that naturally exists in real-world degradation processes. In practice, degradation types and intensities evolve smoothly over time, and multiple degradations may coexist or transition gradually. In this paper, we introduce the Smoothly Evolving Unknown Degradations (SEUD) scenario, where both the active degradation set and degradation intensity change continuously over time. To support this scenario, we design a flexible synthesis pipeline that generates temporally coherent videos with single, compound, and evolving degradations. To address the challenges in the SEUD scenario, we propose an all-in-One Recurrent Conditional and Adaptive prompting Network (ORCANet). First, a Coarse Intensity Estimation Dehazing (CIED) module estimates haze intensity using physical priors and provides coarse dehazed features as initialization. Second, a Flow Prompt Generation (FPG) module extracts degradation features. FPG generates both static prompts that capture segment-level degradation types and dynamic prompts that adapt to frame-level intensity variations. Furthermore, a label-aware supervision mechanism improves the discriminability of static prompt representations under different degradations. Extensive experiments show that ORCANet achieves superior restoration quality, temporal consistency, and robustness over image and video-based baselines. Code is available at △ Less Submitted 1 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.00357 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR Traffic-MoE: A Sparse Foundation Model for Network Traffic Analysis Authors: Jiajun Zhou , Changhui Sun , Meng Shen , Shanqing Yu , Qi Xuan Abstract : While pre-trained large models have achieved state-of-the-art performance in network traffic analysis, their prohibitive computational costs hinder deployment in real-time, throughput-sensitive network defense environments. This work bridges the gap between advanced representation learning and practical network protection by introducing Traffic-MoE, a sparse foundation model optimized for high-eff… ▽ More While pre-trained large models have achieved state-of-the-art performance in network traffic analysis, their prohibitive computational costs hinder deployment in real-time, throughput-sensitive network defense environments. This work bridges the gap between advanced representation learning and practical network protection by introducing Traffic-MoE, a sparse foundation model optimized for high-efficiency real-time inference. By dynamically routing traffic tokens to a small subset of specialized experts, Traffic-MoE effectively decouples model capacity from computational overhead. Extensive evaluations across three security-oriented tasks demonstrate that Traffic-MoE achieves up to a 12.38% improvement in detection performance compared to leading dense competitors. Crucially, it delivers a 91.62% increase in throughput, reduces inference latency by 47.81%, and cuts peak GPU memory consumption by 38.72%. Beyond efficiency, Traffic-MoE exhibits superior robustness against adversarial traffic shaping and maintains high detection efficacy in few-shot scenarios, establishing a new paradigm for scalable and resilient network traffic analysis. △ Less Submitted 1 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.00357 [ pdf , ps , other ] Traffic-MoE: A Sparse Foundation Model for Network Traffic Analysis Authors: Jiajun Zhou , Changhui Sun , Meng Shen , Shanqing Yu , Qi Xuan Abstract : While pre-trained large models have achieved state-of-the-art performance in network traffic analysis, their prohibitive computational costs hinder deployment in real-time, throughput-sensitive network defense environments. This work bridges the gap between advanced representation learning and practical network protection by introducing Traffic-MoE, a sparse foundation model optimized for high-eff… ▽ More While pre-trained large models have achieved state-of-the-art performance in network traffic analysis, their prohibitive computational costs hinder deployment in real-time, throughput-sensitive network defense environments. This work bridges the gap between advanced representation learning and practical network protection by introducing Traffic-MoE, a sparse foundation model optimized for high-efficiency real-time inference. By dynamically routing traffic tokens to a small subset of specialized experts, Traffic-MoE effectively decouples model capacity from computational overhead. Extensive evaluations across three security-oriented tasks demonstrate that Traffic-MoE achieves up to a 12.38% improvement in detection performance compared to leading dense competitors. Crucially, it delivers a 91.62% increase in throughput, reduces inference latency by 47.81%, and cuts peak GPU memory consumption by 38.72%. Beyond efficiency, Traffic-MoE exhibits superior robustness against adversarial traffic shaping and maintains high detection efficacy in few-shot scenarios, establishing a new paradigm for scalable and resilient network traffic analysis. △ Less Submitted 1 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.00051 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV TeleWorld: Towards Dynamic Multimodal Synthesis with a 4D World Model Authors: Yabo Chen , Yuanzhi Liang , Jiepeng Wang , Tingxi Chen , Junfei Cheng , Zixiao Gu , Yuyang Huang , Zicheng Jiang , Wei Li , Tian Li , Weichen Li , Zuoxin Li , Guangce Liu , Jialun Liu , Junqi Liu , Haoyuan Wang , Qizhen Weng , Xuan'er Wu , Xunzhi Xiang , Xiaoyan Yang , Xin Zhang , Shiwen Zhang , Junyu Zhou , Chengcheng Zhou , Haibin Huang , et al. (2 additional authors not shown) Abstract : World models aim to endow AI systems with the ability to represent, generate, and interact with dynamic environments in a coherent and temporally consistent manner. While recent video generation models have demonstrated impressive visual quality, they remain limited in real-time interaction, long-horizon consistency, and persistent memory of dynamic scenes, hindering their evolution into practical… ▽ More World models aim to endow AI systems with the ability to represent, generate, and interact with dynamic environments in a coherent and temporally consistent manner. While recent video generation models have demonstrated impressive visual quality, they remain limited in real-time interaction, long-horizon consistency, and persistent memory of dynamic scenes, hindering their evolution into practical world models. In this report, we present TeleWorld, a real-time multimodal 4D world modeling framework that unifies video generation, dynamic scene reconstruction, and long-term world memory within a closed-loop system. TeleWorld introduces a novel generation-reconstruction-guidance paradigm, where generated video streams are continuously reconstructed into a dynamic 4D spatio-temporal representation, which in turn guides subsequent generation to maintain spatial, temporal, and physical consistency. To support long-horizon generation with low latency, we employ an autoregressive diffusion-based video model enhanced with Macro-from-Micro Planning (MMPL)--a hierarchical planning method that reduces error accumulation from frame-level to segment-level-alongside efficient Distribution Matching Distillation (DMD), enabling real-time synthesis under practical computational budgets. Our approach achieves seamless integration of dynamic object modeling and static scene representation within a unified 4D framework, advancing world models toward practical, interactive, and computationally accessible systems. Extensive experiments demonstrate that TeleWorld achieves strong performance in both static and dynamic world understanding, long-term consistency, and real-time generation efficiency, positioning it as a practical step toward interactive, memory-enabled world models for multimodal generation and embodied intelligence. △ Less Submitted 31 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.00051 [ pdf , ps , other ] TeleWorld: Towards Dynamic Multimodal Synthesis with a 4D World Model Authors: Yabo Chen , Yuanzhi Liang , Jiepeng Wang , Tingxi Chen , Junfei Cheng , Zixiao Gu , Yuyang Huang , Zicheng Jiang , Wei Li , Tian Li , Weichen Li , Zuoxin Li , Guangce Liu , Jialun Liu , Junqi Liu , Haoyuan Wang , Qizhen Weng , Xuan'er Wu , Xunzhi Xiang , Xiaoyan Yang , Xin Zhang , Shiwen Zhang , Junyu Zhou , Chengcheng Zhou , Haibin Huang , et al. (2 additional authors not shown) Abstract : World models aim to endow AI systems with the ability to represent, generate, and interact with dynamic environments in a coherent and temporally consistent manner. While recent video generation models have demonstrated impressive visual quality, they remain limited in real-time interaction, long-horizon consistency, and persistent memory of dynamic scenes, hindering their evolution into practical… ▽ More World models aim to endow AI systems with the ability to represent, generate, and interact with dynamic environments in a coherent and temporally consistent manner. While recent video generation models have demonstrated impressive visual quality, they remain limited in real-time interaction, long-horizon consistency, and persistent memory of dynamic scenes, hindering their evolution into practical world models. In this report, we present TeleWorld, a real-time multimodal 4D world modeling framework that unifies video generation, dynamic scene reconstruction, and long-term world memory within a closed-loop system. TeleWorld introduces a novel generation-reconstruction-guidance paradigm, where generated video streams are continuously reconstructed into a dynamic 4D spatio-temporal representation, which in turn guides subsequent generation to maintain spatial, temporal, and physical consistency. To support long-horizon generation with low latency, we employ an autoregressive diffusion-based video model enhanced with Macro-from-Micro Planning (MMPL)--a hierarchical planning method that reduces error accumulation from frame-level to segment-level-alongside efficient Distribution Matching Distillation (DMD), enabling real-time synthesis under practical computational budgets. Our approach achieves seamless integration of dynamic object modeling and static scene representation within a unified 4D framework, advancing world models toward practical, interactive, and computationally accessible systems. Extensive experiments demonstrate that TeleWorld achieves strong performance in both static and dynamic world understanding, long-term consistency, and real-time generation efficiency, positioning it as a practical step toward interactive, memory-enabled world models for multimodal generation and embodied intelligence. △ Less Submitted 31 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2512.25000 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Bi-C2R: Bidirectional Continual Compatible Representation for Re-indexing Free Lifelong Person Re-identification Authors: Zhenyu Cui , Jiahuan Zhou , Yuxin Peng Abstract : Lifelong person Re-IDentification (L-ReID) exploits sequentially collected data to continuously train and update a ReID model, focusing on the overall performance of all data. Its main challenge is to avoid the catastrophic forgetting problem of old knowledge while training on new data. Existing L-ReID methods typically re-extract new features for all historical gallery images for inference after… ▽ More Lifelong person Re-IDentification (L-ReID) exploits sequentially collected data to continuously train and update a ReID model, focusing on the overall performance of all data. Its main challenge is to avoid the catastrophic forgetting problem of old knowledge while training on new data. Existing L-ReID methods typically re-extract new features for all historical gallery images for inference after each update, known as "re-indexing". However, historical gallery data typically suffers from direct saving due to the data privacy issue and the high re-indexing costs for large-scale gallery images. As a result, it inevitably leads to incompatible retrieval between query features extracted by the updated model and gallery features extracted by those before the update, greatly impairing the re-identification performance. To tackle the above issue, this paper focuses on a new task called Re-index Free Lifelong person Re-IDentification (RFL-ReID), which requires performing lifelong person re-identification without re-indexing historical gallery images. Therefore, RFL-ReID is more challenging than L-ReID, requiring continuous learning and balancing new and old knowledge in diverse streaming data, and making the features output by the new and old models compatible with each other. To this end, we propose a Bidirectional Continuous Compatible Representation (Bi-C2R) framework to continuously update the gallery features extracted by the old model to perform efficient L-ReID in a compatible manner. We verify our proposed Bi-C2R method through theoretical analysis and extensive experiments on multiple benchmarks, which demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve leading performance on both the introduced RFL-ReID task and the traditional L-ReID task. △ Less Submitted 31 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.25000 [ pdf , ps , other ] Bi-C2R: Bidirectional Continual Compatible Representation for Re-indexing Free Lifelong Person Re-identification Authors: Zhenyu Cui , Jiahuan Zhou , Yuxin Peng Abstract : Lifelong person Re-IDentification (L-ReID) exploits sequentially collected data to continuously train and update a ReID model, focusing on the overall performance of all data. Its main challenge is to avoid the catastrophic forgetting problem of old knowledge while training on new data. Existing L-ReID methods typically re-extract new features for all historical gallery images for inference after… ▽ More Lifelong person Re-IDentification (L-ReID) exploits sequentially collected data to continuously train and update a ReID model, focusing on the overall performance of all data. Its main challenge is to avoid the catastrophic forgetting problem of old knowledge while training on new data. Existing L-ReID methods typically re-extract new features for all historical gallery images for inference after each update, known as "re-indexing". However, historical gallery data typically suffers from direct saving due to the data privacy issue and the high re-indexing costs for large-scale gallery images. As a result, it inevitably leads to incompatible retrieval between query features extracted by the updated model and gallery features extracted by those before the update, greatly impairing the re-identification performance. To tackle the above issue, this paper focuses on a new task called Re-index Free Lifelong person Re-IDentification (RFL-ReID), which requires performing lifelong person re-identification without re-indexing historical gallery images. Therefore, RFL-ReID is more challenging than L-ReID, requiring continuous learning and balancing new and old knowledge in diverse streaming data, and making the features output by the new and old models compatible with each other. To this end, we propose a Bidirectional Continuous Compatible Representation (Bi-C2R) framework to continuously update the gallery features extracted by the old model to perform efficient L-ReID in a compatible manner. We verify our proposed Bi-C2R method through theoretical analysis and extensive experiments on multiple benchmarks, which demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve leading performance on both the introduced RFL-ReID task and the traditional L-ReID task. △ Less Submitted 31 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.24867 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI Encyclo-K: Evaluating LLMs with Dynamically Composed Knowledge Statements Authors: Yiming Liang , Yizhi Li , Yantao Du , Ge Zhang , Jiayi Zhou , Yuchen Wu , Yinzhu Piao , Denghui Cao , Tong Sun , Ziniu Li , Li Du , Bo Lei , Jiaheng Liu , Chenghua Lin , Zhaoxiang Zhang , Wenhao Huang , Jiajun Zhang Abstract : Benchmarks play a crucial role in tracking the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) and identifying their capability boundaries. However, existing benchmarks predominantly curate questions at the question level, suffering from three fundamental limitations: vulnerability to data contamination, restriction to single-knowledge-point assessment, and reliance on costly domain expert annot… ▽ More Benchmarks play a crucial role in tracking the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) and identifying their capability boundaries. However, existing benchmarks predominantly curate questions at the question level, suffering from three fundamental limitations: vulnerability to data contamination, restriction to single-knowledge-point assessment, and reliance on costly domain expert annotation. We propose Encyclo-K, a statement-based benchmark that rethinks benchmark construction from the ground up. Our key insight is that knowledge statements, not questions, can serve as the unit of curation, and questions can then be constructed from them. We extract standalone knowledge statements from authoritative textbooks and dynamically compose them into evaluation questions through random sampling at test time. This design directly addresses all three limitations: the combinatorial space is too vast to memorize, and model rankings remain stable across dynamically generated question sets, enabling reliable periodic dataset refresh; each question aggregates 8-10 statements for comprehensive multi-knowledge assessment; annotators only verify formatting compliance without requiring domain expertise, substantially reducing annotation costs. Experiments on over 50 LLMs demonstrate that Encyclo-K poses substantial challenges with strong discriminative power. Even the top-performing OpenAI-GPT-5.1 achieves only 62.07% accuracy, and model performance displays a clear gradient distribution--reasoning models span from 16.04% to 62.07%, while chat models range from 9.71% to 50.40%. These results validate the challenges introduced by dynamic evaluation and multi-statement comprehensive understanding. These findings establish Encyclo-K as a scalable framework for dynamic evaluation of LLMs' comprehensive understanding over multiple fine-grained disciplinary knowledge statements. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; v1 submitted 31 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.24867 [ pdf , ps , other ] Encyclo-K: Evaluating LLMs with Dynamically Composed Knowledge Statements Authors: Yiming Liang , Yizhi Li , Yantao Du , Ge Zhang , Jiayi Zhou , Yuchen Wu , Yinzhu Piao , Denghui Cao , Tong Sun , Ziniu Li , Li Du , Bo Lei , Jiaheng Liu , Chenghua Lin , Zhaoxiang Zhang , Wenhao Huang , Jiajun Zhang Abstract : Benchmarks play a crucial role in tracking the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) and identifying their capability boundaries. However, existing benchmarks predominantly curate questions at the question level, suffering from three fundamental limitations: vulnerability to data contamination, restriction to single-knowledge-point assessment, and reliance on costly domain expert annot… ▽ More Benchmarks play a crucial role in tracking the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) and identifying their capability boundaries. However, existing benchmarks predominantly curate questions at the question level, suffering from three fundamental limitations: vulnerability to data contamination, restriction to single-knowledge-point assessment, and reliance on costly domain expert annotation. We propose Encyclo-K, a statement-based benchmark that rethinks benchmark construction from the ground up. Our key insight is that knowledge statements, not questions, can serve as the unit of curation, and questions can then be constructed from them. We extract standalone knowledge statements from authoritative textbooks and dynamically compose them into evaluation questions through random sampling at test time. This design directly addresses all three limitations: the combinatorial space is too vast to memorize, and model rankings remain stable across dynamically generated question sets, enabling reliable periodic dataset refresh; each question aggregates 8-10 statements for comprehensive multi-knowledge assessment; annotators only verify formatting compliance without requiring domain expertise, substantially reducing annotation costs. Experiments on over 50 LLMs demonstrate that Encyclo-K poses substantial challenges with strong discriminative power. Even the top-performing OpenAI-GPT-5.1 achieves only 62.07% accuracy, and model performance displays a clear gradient distribution--reasoning models span from 16.04% to 62.07%, while chat models range from 9.71% to 50.40%. These results validate the challenges introduced by dynamic evaluation and multi-statement comprehensive understanding. These findings establish Encyclo-K as a scalable framework for dynamic evaluation of LLMs' comprehensive understanding over multiple fine-grained disciplinary knowledge statements. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; v1 submitted 31 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.24617 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Dynamic Large Concept Models: Latent Reasoning in an Adaptive Semantic Space Authors: Xingwei Qu , Shaowen Wang , Zihao Huang , Kai Hua , Fan Yin , Rui-Jie Zhu , Jundong Zhou , Qiyang Min , Zihao Wang , Yizhi Li , Tianyu Zhang , He Xing , Zheng Zhang , Yuxuan Song , Tianyu Zheng , Zhiyuan Zeng , Chenghua Lin , Ge Zhang , Wenhao Huang Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) apply uniform computation to all tokens, despite language exhibiting highly non-uniform information density. This token-uniform regime wastes capacity on locally predictable spans while under-allocating computation to semantically critical transitions. We propose $\textbf{Dynamic Large Concept Models (DLCM)}$, a hierarchical language modeling framework that learns sema… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) apply uniform computation to all tokens, despite language exhibiting highly non-uniform information density. This token-uniform regime wastes capacity on locally predictable spans while under-allocating computation to semantically critical transitions. We propose $\textbf{Dynamic Large Concept Models (DLCM)}$, a hierarchical language modeling framework that learns semantic boundaries from latent representations and shifts computation from tokens to a compressed concept space where reasoning is more efficient. DLCM discovers variable-length concepts end-to-end without relying on predefined linguistic units. Hierarchical compression fundamentally changes scaling behavior. We introduce the first $\textbf{compression-aware scaling law}$, which disentangles token-level capacity, concept-level reasoning capacity, and compression ratio, enabling principled compute allocation under fixed FLOPs. To stably train this heterogeneous architecture, we further develop a $\textbf{decoupled $μ$P parametrization}$ that supports zero-shot hyperparameter transfer across widths and compression regimes. At a practical setting ($R=4$, corresponding to an average of four tokens per concept), DLCM reallocates roughly one-third of inference compute into a higher-capacity reasoning backbone, achieving a $\textbf{+2.69$\%$ average improvement}$ across 12 zero-shot benchmarks under matched inference FLOPs. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; v1 submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.24617 [ pdf , ps , other ] Dynamic Large Concept Models: Latent Reasoning in an Adaptive Semantic Space Authors: Xingwei Qu , Shaowen Wang , Zihao Huang , Kai Hua , Fan Yin , Rui-Jie Zhu , Jundong Zhou , Qiyang Min , Zihao Wang , Yizhi Li , Tianyu Zhang , He Xing , Zheng Zhang , Yuxuan Song , Tianyu Zheng , Zhiyuan Zeng , Chenghua Lin , Ge Zhang , Wenhao Huang Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) apply uniform computation to all tokens, despite language exhibiting highly non-uniform information density. This token-uniform regime wastes capacity on locally predictable spans while under-allocating computation to semantically critical transitions. We propose $\textbf{Dynamic Large Concept Models (DLCM)}$, a hierarchical language modeling framework that learns sema… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) apply uniform computation to all tokens, despite language exhibiting highly non-uniform information density. This token-uniform regime wastes capacity on locally predictable spans while under-allocating computation to semantically critical transitions. We propose $\textbf{Dynamic Large Concept Models (DLCM)}$, a hierarchical language modeling framework that learns semantic boundaries from latent representations and shifts computation from tokens to a compressed concept space where reasoning is more efficient. DLCM discovers variable-length concepts end-to-end without relying on predefined linguistic units. Hierarchical compression fundamentally changes scaling behavior. We introduce the first $\textbf{compression-aware scaling law}$, which disentangles token-level capacity, concept-level reasoning capacity, and compression ratio, enabling principled compute allocation under fixed FLOPs. To stably train this heterogeneous architecture, we further develop a $\textbf{decoupled $μ$P parametrization}$ that supports zero-shot hyperparameter transfer across widths and compression regimes. At a practical setting ($R=4$, corresponding to an average of four tokens per concept), DLCM reallocates roughly one-third of inference compute into a higher-capacity reasoning backbone, achieving a $\textbf{+2.69$\%$ average improvement}$ across 12 zero-shot benchmarks under matched inference FLOPs. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; v1 submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.24297 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Figure It Out: Improve the Frontier of Reasoning with Executable Visual States Authors: Meiqi Chen , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou Abstract : Complex reasoning problems often involve implicit spatial and geometric relationships that are not explicitly encoded in text. While recent reasoning models perform well across many domains, purely text-based reasoning struggles to capture structural constraints in complex settings. In this paper, we introduce FIGR, which integrates executable visual construction into multi-turn reasoning via end-… ▽ More Complex reasoning problems often involve implicit spatial and geometric relationships that are not explicitly encoded in text. While recent reasoning models perform well across many domains, purely text-based reasoning struggles to capture structural constraints in complex settings. In this paper, we introduce FIGR, which integrates executable visual construction into multi-turn reasoning via end-to-end reinforcement learning. Rather than relying solely on textual chains of thought, FIGR externalizes intermediate hypotheses by generating executable code that constructs diagrams within the reasoning loop. An adaptive reward mechanism selectively regulates when visual construction is invoked, enabling more consistent reasoning over latent global properties that are difficult to infer from text alone. Experiments on eight challenging mathematical benchmarks demonstrate that FIGR outperforms strong text-only chain-of-thought baselines, improving the base model by 13.12% on AIME 2025 and 11.00% on BeyondAIME. These results highlight the effectiveness of precise, controllable figure construction of FIGR in enhancing complex reasoning ability. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; v1 submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.24297 [ pdf , ps , other ] Figure It Out: Improve the Frontier of Reasoning with Executable Visual States Authors: Meiqi Chen , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou Abstract : Complex reasoning problems often involve implicit spatial and geometric relationships that are not explicitly encoded in text. While recent reasoning models perform well across many domains, purely text-based reasoning struggles to capture structural constraints in complex settings. In this paper, we introduce FIGR, which integrates executable visual construction into multi-turn reasoning via end-… ▽ More Complex reasoning problems often involve implicit spatial and geometric relationships that are not explicitly encoded in text. While recent reasoning models perform well across many domains, purely text-based reasoning struggles to capture structural constraints in complex settings. In this paper, we introduce FIGR, which integrates executable visual construction into multi-turn reasoning via end-to-end reinforcement learning. Rather than relying solely on textual chains of thought, FIGR externalizes intermediate hypotheses by generating executable code that constructs diagrams within the reasoning loop. An adaptive reward mechanism selectively regulates when visual construction is invoked, enabling more consistent reasoning over latent global properties that are difficult to infer from text alone. Experiments on eight challenging mathematical benchmarks demonstrate that FIGR outperforms strong text-only chain-of-thought baselines, improving the base model by 13.12% on AIME 2025 and 11.00% on BeyondAIME. These results highlight the effectiveness of precise, controllable figure construction of FIGR in enhancing complex reasoning ability. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; v1 submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23959 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.LG Improving Multi-step RAG with Hypergraph-based Memory for Long-Context Complex Relational Modeling Authors: Chulun Zhou , Chunkang Zhang , Guoxin Yu , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou , Wai Lam , Mo Yu Abstract : Multi-step retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has become a widely adopted strategy for enhancing large language models (LLMs) on tasks that demand global comprehension and intensive reasoning. Many RAG systems incorporate a working memory module to consolidate retrieved information. However, existing memory designs function primarily as passive storage that accumulates isolated facts for the pur… ▽ More Multi-step retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has become a widely adopted strategy for enhancing large language models (LLMs) on tasks that demand global comprehension and intensive reasoning. Many RAG systems incorporate a working memory module to consolidate retrieved information. However, existing memory designs function primarily as passive storage that accumulates isolated facts for the purpose of condensing the lengthy inputs and generating new sub-queries through deduction. This static nature overlooks the crucial high-order correlations among primitive facts, the compositions of which can often provide stronger guidance for subsequent steps. Therefore, their representational strength and impact on multi-step reasoning and knowledge evolution are limited, resulting in fragmented reasoning and weak global sense-making capacity in extended contexts. We introduce HGMem, a hypergraph-based memory mechanism that extends the concept of memory beyond simple storage into a dynamic, expressive structure for complex reasoning and global understanding. In our approach, memory is represented as a hypergraph whose hyperedges correspond to distinct memory units, enabling the progressive formation of higher-order interactions within memory. This mechanism connects facts and thoughts around the focal problem, evolving into an integrated and situated knowledge structure that provides strong propositions for deeper reasoning in subsequent steps. We evaluate HGMem on several challenging datasets designed for global sense-making. Extensive experiments and in-depth analyses show that our method consistently improves multi-step RAG and substantially outperforms strong baseline systems across diverse tasks. △ Less Submitted 2 January, 2026; v1 submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 21 pages arXiv:2512.23959 [ pdf , ps , other ] Improving Multi-step RAG with Hypergraph-based Memory for Long-Context Complex Relational Modeling Authors: Chulun Zhou , Chunkang Zhang , Guoxin Yu , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou , Wai Lam , Mo Yu Abstract : Multi-step retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has become a widely adopted strategy for enhancing large language models (LLMs) on tasks that demand global comprehension and intensive reasoning. Many RAG systems incorporate a working memory module to consolidate retrieved information. However, existing memory designs function primarily as passive storage that accumulates isolated facts for the pur… ▽ More Multi-step retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has become a widely adopted strategy for enhancing large language models (LLMs) on tasks that demand global comprehension and intensive reasoning. Many RAG systems incorporate a working memory module to consolidate retrieved information. However, existing memory designs function primarily as passive storage that accumulates isolated facts for the purpose of condensing the lengthy inputs and generating new sub-queries through deduction. This static nature overlooks the crucial high-order correlations among primitive facts, the compositions of which can often provide stronger guidance for subsequent steps. Therefore, their representational strength and impact on multi-step reasoning and knowledge evolution are limited, resulting in fragmented reasoning and weak global sense-making capacity in extended contexts. We introduce HGMem, a hypergraph-based memory mechanism that extends the concept of memory beyond simple storage into a dynamic, expressive structure for complex reasoning and global understanding. In our approach, memory is represented as a hypergraph whose hyperedges correspond to distinct memory units, enabling the progressive formation of higher-order interactions within memory. This mechanism connects facts and thoughts around the focal problem, evolving into an integrated and situated knowledge structure that provides strong propositions for deeper reasoning in subsequent steps. We evaluate HGMem on several challenging datasets designed for global sense-making. Extensive experiments and in-depth analyses show that our method consistently improves multi-step RAG and substantially outperforms strong baseline systems across diverse tasks. △ Less Submitted 2 January, 2026; v1 submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 21 pages arXiv:2512.23647 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.IR cs.MA Nested Browser-Use Learning for Agentic Information Seeking Authors: Baixuan Li , Jialong Wu , Wenbiao Yin , Kuan Li , Zhongwang Zhang , Huifeng Yin , Zhengwei Tao , Liwen Zhang , Pengjun Xie , Jingren Zhou , Yong Jiang Abstract : Information-seeking (IS) agents have achieved strong performance across a range of wide and deep search tasks, yet their tool use remains largely restricted to API-level snippet retrieval and URL-based page fetching, limiting access to the richer information available through real browsing. While full browser interaction could unlock deeper capabilities, its fine-grained control and verbose page c… ▽ More Information-seeking (IS) agents have achieved strong performance across a range of wide and deep search tasks, yet their tool use remains largely restricted to API-level snippet retrieval and URL-based page fetching, limiting access to the richer information available through real browsing. While full browser interaction could unlock deeper capabilities, its fine-grained control and verbose page content returns introduce substantial complexity for ReAct-style function-calling agents. To bridge this gap, we propose Nested Browser-Use Learning (NestBrowse), which introduces a minimal and complete browser-action framework that decouples interaction control from page exploration through a nested structure. This design simplifies agentic reasoning while enabling effective deep-web information acquisition. Empirical results on challenging deep IS benchmarks demonstrate that NestBrowse offers clear benefits in practice. Further in-depth analyses underscore its efficiency and flexibility. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23647 [ pdf , ps , other ] Nested Browser-Use Learning for Agentic Information Seeking Authors: Baixuan Li , Jialong Wu , Wenbiao Yin , Kuan Li , Zhongwang Zhang , Huifeng Yin , Zhengwei Tao , Liwen Zhang , Pengjun Xie , Jingren Zhou , Yong Jiang Abstract : Information-seeking (IS) agents have achieved strong performance across a range of wide and deep search tasks, yet their tool use remains largely restricted to API-level snippet retrieval and URL-based page fetching, limiting access to the richer information available through real browsing. While full browser interaction could unlock deeper capabilities, its fine-grained control and verbose page c… ▽ More Information-seeking (IS) agents have achieved strong performance across a range of wide and deep search tasks, yet their tool use remains largely restricted to API-level snippet retrieval and URL-based page fetching, limiting access to the richer information available through real browsing. While full browser interaction could unlock deeper capabilities, its fine-grained control and verbose page content returns introduce substantial complexity for ReAct-style function-calling agents. To bridge this gap, we propose Nested Browser-Use Learning (NestBrowse), which introduces a minimal and complete browser-action framework that decouples interaction control from page exploration through a nested structure. This design simplifies agentic reasoning while enabling effective deep-web information acquisition. Empirical results on challenging deep IS benchmarks demonstrate that NestBrowse offers clear benefits in practice. Further in-depth analyses underscore its efficiency and flexibility. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23374 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV NeXT-IMDL: Build Benchmark for NeXT-Generation Image Manipulation Detection & Localization Authors: Yifei Li , Haoyuan He , Yu Zheng , Bingyao Yu , Wenzhao Zheng , Lei Chen , Jie Zhou , Jiwen Lu Abstract : The accessibility surge and abuse risks of user-friendly image editing models have created an urgent need for generalizable, up-to-date methods for Image Manipulation Detection and Localization (IMDL). Current IMDL research typically uses cross-dataset evaluation, where models trained on one benchmark are tested on others. However, this simplified evaluation approach conceals the fragility of exis… ▽ More The accessibility surge and abuse risks of user-friendly image editing models have created an urgent need for generalizable, up-to-date methods for Image Manipulation Detection and Localization (IMDL). Current IMDL research typically uses cross-dataset evaluation, where models trained on one benchmark are tested on others. However, this simplified evaluation approach conceals the fragility of existing methods when handling diverse AI-generated content, leading to misleading impressions of progress. This paper challenges this illusion by proposing NeXT-IMDL, a large-scale diagnostic benchmark designed not just to collect data, but to probe the generalization boundaries of current detectors systematically. Specifically, NeXT-IMDL categorizes AIGC-based manipulations along four fundamental axes: editing models, manipulation types, content semantics, and forgery granularity. Built upon this, NeXT-IMDL implements five rigorous cross-dimension evaluation protocols. Our extensive experiments on 11 representative models reveal a critical insight: while these models perform well in their original settings, they exhibit systemic failures and significant performance degradation when evaluated under our designed protocols that simulate real-world, various generalization scenarios. By providing this diagnostic toolkit and the new findings, we aim to advance the development towards building truly robust, next-generation IMDL models. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23374 [ pdf , ps , other ] NeXT-IMDL: Build Benchmark for NeXT-Generation Image Manipulation Detection & Localization Authors: Yifei Li , Haoyuan He , Yu Zheng , Bingyao Yu , Wenzhao Zheng , Lei Chen , Jie Zhou , Jiwen Lu Abstract : The accessibility surge and abuse risks of user-friendly image editing models have created an urgent need for generalizable, up-to-date methods for Image Manipulation Detection and Localization (IMDL). Current IMDL research typically uses cross-dataset evaluation, where models trained on one benchmark are tested on others. However, this simplified evaluation approach conceals the fragility of exis… ▽ More The accessibility surge and abuse risks of user-friendly image editing models have created an urgent need for generalizable, up-to-date methods for Image Manipulation Detection and Localization (IMDL). Current IMDL research typically uses cross-dataset evaluation, where models trained on one benchmark are tested on others. However, this simplified evaluation approach conceals the fragility of existing methods when handling diverse AI-generated content, leading to misleading impressions of progress. This paper challenges this illusion by proposing NeXT-IMDL, a large-scale diagnostic benchmark designed not just to collect data, but to probe the generalization boundaries of current detectors systematically. Specifically, NeXT-IMDL categorizes AIGC-based manipulations along four fundamental axes: editing models, manipulation types, content semantics, and forgery granularity. Built upon this, NeXT-IMDL implements five rigorous cross-dimension evaluation protocols. Our extensive experiments on 11 representative models reveal a critical insight: while these models perform well in their original settings, they exhibit systemic failures and significant performance degradation when evaluated under our designed protocols that simulate real-world, various generalization scenarios. By providing this diagnostic toolkit and the new findings, we aim to advance the development towards building truly robust, next-generation IMDL models. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23343 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.CV AI Meets Brain: Memory Systems from Cognitive Neuroscience to Autonomous Agents Authors: Jiafeng Liang , Hao Li , Chang Li , Jiaqi Zhou , Shixin Jiang , Zekun Wang , Changkai Ji , Zhihao Zhu , Runxuan Liu , Tao Ren , Jinlan Fu , See-Kiong Ng , Xia Liang , Ming Liu , Bing Qin Abstract : Memory serves as the pivotal nexus bridging past and future, providing both humans and AI systems with invaluable concepts and experience to navigate complex tasks. Recent research on autonomous agents has increasingly focused on designing efficient memory workflows by drawing on cognitive neuroscience. However, constrained by interdisciplinary barriers, existing works struggle to assimilate the e… ▽ More Memory serves as the pivotal nexus bridging past and future, providing both humans and AI systems with invaluable concepts and experience to navigate complex tasks. Recent research on autonomous agents has increasingly focused on designing efficient memory workflows by drawing on cognitive neuroscience. However, constrained by interdisciplinary barriers, existing works struggle to assimilate the essence of human memory mechanisms. To bridge this gap, we systematically synthesizes interdisciplinary knowledge of memory, connecting insights from cognitive neuroscience with LLM-driven agents. Specifically, we first elucidate the definition and function of memory along a progressive trajectory from cognitive neuroscience through LLMs to agents. We then provide a comparative analysis of memory taxonomy, storage mechanisms, and the complete management lifecycle from both biological and artificial perspectives. Subsequently, we review the mainstream benchmarks for evaluating agent memory. Additionally, we explore memory security from dual perspectives of attack and defense. Finally, we envision future research directions, with a focus on multimodal memory systems and skill acquisition. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 57 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2512.23343 [ pdf , ps , other ] AI Meets Brain: Memory Systems from Cognitive Neuroscience to Autonomous Agents Authors: Jiafeng Liang , Hao Li , Chang Li , Jiaqi Zhou , Shixin Jiang , Zekun Wang , Changkai Ji , Zhihao Zhu , Runxuan Liu , Tao Ren , Jinlan Fu , See-Kiong Ng , Xia Liang , Ming Liu , Bing Qin Abstract : Memory serves as the pivotal nexus bridging past and future, providing both humans and AI systems with invaluable concepts and experience to navigate complex tasks. Recent research on autonomous agents has increasingly focused on designing efficient memory workflows by drawing on cognitive neuroscience. However, constrained by interdisciplinary barriers, existing works struggle to assimilate the e… ▽ More Memory serves as the pivotal nexus bridging past and future, providing both humans and AI systems with invaluable concepts and experience to navigate complex tasks. Recent research on autonomous agents has increasingly focused on designing efficient memory workflows by drawing on cognitive neuroscience. However, constrained by interdisciplinary barriers, existing works struggle to assimilate the essence of human memory mechanisms. To bridge this gap, we systematically synthesizes interdisciplinary knowledge of memory, connecting insights from cognitive neuroscience with LLM-driven agents. Specifically, we first elucidate the definition and function of memory along a progressive trajectory from cognitive neuroscience through LLMs to agents. We then provide a comparative analysis of memory taxonomy, storage mechanisms, and the complete management lifecycle from both biological and artificial perspectives. Subsequently, we review the mainstream benchmarks for evaluating agent memory. Additionally, we explore memory security from dual perspectives of attack and defense. Finally, we envision future research directions, with a focus on multimodal memory systems and skill acquisition. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 57 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2512.22737 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL WeDLM: Reconciling Diffusion Language Models with Standard Causal Attention for Fast Inference Authors: Aiwei Liu , Minghua He , Shaoxun Zeng , Sijun Zhang , Linhao Zhang , Chuhan Wu , Wei Jia , Yuan Liu , Xiao Zhou , Jie Zhou Abstract : Autoregressive (AR) generation is the standard decoding paradigm for Large Language Models (LLMs), but its token-by-token nature limits parallelism at inference time. Diffusion Language Models (DLLMs) offer parallel decoding by recovering multiple masked tokens per step; however, in practice they often fail to translate this parallelism into deployment speed gains over optimized AR engines (e.g.,… ▽ More Autoregressive (AR) generation is the standard decoding paradigm for Large Language Models (LLMs), but its token-by-token nature limits parallelism at inference time. Diffusion Language Models (DLLMs) offer parallel decoding by recovering multiple masked tokens per step; however, in practice they often fail to translate this parallelism into deployment speed gains over optimized AR engines (e.g., vLLM). A key reason is that many DLLMs rely on bidirectional attention, which breaks standard prefix KV caching and forces repeated contextualization, undermining efficiency. We propose WeDLM, a diffusion decoding framework built entirely on standard causal attention to make parallel generation prefix-cache friendly. The core idea is to let each masked position condition on all currently observed tokens while keeping a strict causal mask, achieved by Topological Reordering that moves observed tokens to the physical prefix while preserving their logical positions. Building on this property, we introduce a streaming decoding procedure that continuously commits confident tokens into a growing left-to-right prefix and maintains a fixed parallel workload, avoiding the stop-and-wait behavior common in block diffusion methods. Experiments show that WeDLM preserves the quality of strong AR backbones while delivering substantial speedups, approaching 3x on challenging reasoning benchmarks and up to 10x in low-entropy generation regimes; critically, our comparisons are against AR baselines served by vLLM under matched deployment settings, demonstrating that diffusion-style decoding can outperform an optimized AR engine in practice. △ Less Submitted 27 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 23 pages, 8 figures, project page: MSC Class: 68T50 ACM Class: I.2.7 arXiv:2512.22737 [ pdf , ps , other ] WeDLM: Reconciling Diffusion Language Models with Standard Causal Attention for Fast Inference Authors: Aiwei Liu , Minghua He , Shaoxun Zeng , Sijun Zhang , Linhao Zhang , Chuhan Wu , Wei Jia , Yuan Liu , Xiao Zhou , Jie Zhou Abstract : Autoregressive (AR) generation is the standard decoding paradigm for Large Language Models (LLMs), but its token-by-token nature limits parallelism at inference time. Diffusion Language Models (DLLMs) offer parallel decoding by recovering multiple masked tokens per step; however, in practice they often fail to translate this parallelism into deployment speed gains over optimized AR engines (e.g.,… ▽ More Autoregressive (AR) generation is the standard decoding paradigm for Large Language Models (LLMs), but its token-by-token nature limits parallelism at inference time. Diffusion Language Models (DLLMs) offer parallel decoding by recovering multiple masked tokens per step; however, in practice they often fail to translate this parallelism into deployment speed gains over optimized AR engines (e.g., vLLM). A key reason is that many DLLMs rely on bidirectional attention, which breaks standard prefix KV caching and forces repeated contextualization, undermining efficiency. We propose WeDLM, a diffusion decoding framework built entirely on standard causal attention to make parallel generation prefix-cache friendly. The core idea is to let each masked position condition on all currently observed tokens while keeping a strict causal mask, achieved by Topological Reordering that moves observed tokens to the physical prefix while preserving their logical positions. Building on this property, we introduce a streaming decoding procedure that continuously commits confident tokens into a growing left-to-right prefix and maintains a fixed parallel workload, avoiding the stop-and-wait behavior common in block diffusion methods. Experiments show that WeDLM preserves the quality of strong AR backbones while delivering substantial speedups, approaching 3x on challenging reasoning benchmarks and up to 10x in low-entropy generation regimes; critically, our comparisons are against AR baselines served by vLLM under matched deployment settings, demonstrating that diffusion-style decoding can outperform an optimized AR engine in practice. △ Less Submitted 27 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 23 pages, 8 figures, project page: MSC Class: 68T50 ACM Class: I.2.7 arXiv:2512.22443 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Exploring the Vertical-Domain Reasoning Capabilities of Large Language Models Authors: Jie Zhou , Xin Chen , Jie Zhang , Zhe Li Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) are reshaping learning paradigms, cognitive processes, and research methodologies across a wide range of domains. Integrating LLMs with professional fields and redefining the relationship between LLMs and domain-specific applications has become a critical challenge for promoting enterprise digital transformation and broader social development. To effectively integrate… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) are reshaping learning paradigms, cognitive processes, and research methodologies across a wide range of domains. Integrating LLMs with professional fields and redefining the relationship between LLMs and domain-specific applications has become a critical challenge for promoting enterprise digital transformation and broader social development. To effectively integrate LLMs into the accounting domain, it is essential to understand their domain-specific reasoning capabilities. This study introduces the concept of vertical-domain accounting reasoning and establishes evaluation criteria by analyzing the training data characteristics of representative GLM-series models. These criteria provide a foundation for subsequent research on reasoning paradigms and offer benchmarks for improving accounting reasoning performance. Based on this framework, we evaluate several representative models, including GLM-6B, GLM-130B, GLM-4, and OpenAI GPT-4, on a set of accounting reasoning tasks. Experimental results show that different prompt engineering strategies lead to varying degrees of performance improvement across models, with GPT-4 achieving the strongest accounting reasoning capability. However, current LLMs still fall short of real-world application requirements. In particular, further optimization is needed for deployment in enterprise-level accounting scenarios to fully realize the potential value of LLMs in this domain. △ Less Submitted 26 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.22443 [ pdf , ps , other ] Exploring the Vertical-Domain Reasoning Capabilities of Large Language Models Authors: Jie Zhou , Xin Chen , Jie Zhang , Zhe Li Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) are reshaping learning paradigms, cognitive processes, and research methodologies across a wide range of domains. Integrating LLMs with professional fields and redefining the relationship between LLMs and domain-specific applications has become a critical challenge for promoting enterprise digital transformation and broader social development. To effectively integrate… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) are reshaping learning paradigms, cognitive processes, and research methodologies across a wide range of domains. Integrating LLMs with professional fields and redefining the relationship between LLMs and domain-specific applications has become a critical challenge for promoting enterprise digital transformation and broader social development. To effectively integrate LLMs into the accounting domain, it is essential to understand their domain-specific reasoning capabilities. This study introduces the concept of vertical-domain accounting reasoning and establishes evaluation criteria by analyzing the training data characteristics of representative GLM-series models. These criteria provide a foundation for subsequent research on reasoning paradigms and offer benchmarks for improving accounting reasoning performance. Based on this framework, we evaluate several representative models, including GLM-6B, GLM-130B, GLM-4, and OpenAI GPT-4, on a set of accounting reasoning tasks. Experimental results show that different prompt engineering strategies lead to varying degrees of performance improvement across models, with GPT-4 achieving the strongest accounting reasoning capability. However, current LLMs still fall short of real-world application requirements. In particular, further optimization is needed for deployment in enterprise-level accounting scenarios to fully realize the potential value of LLMs in this domain. △ Less Submitted 26 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.22047 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV MAI-UI Technical Report: Real-World Centric Foundation GUI Agents Authors: Hanzhang Zhou , Xu Zhang , Panrong Tong , Jianan Zhang , Liangyu Chen , Quyu Kong , Chenglin Cai , Chen Liu , Yue Wang , Jingren Zhou , Steven Hoi Abstract : The development of GUI agents could revolutionize the next generation of human-computer interaction. Motivated by this vision, we present MAI-UI, a family of foundation GUI agents spanning the full spectrum of sizes, including 2B, 8B, 32B, and 235B-A22B variants. We identify four key challenges to realistic deployment: the lack of native agent-user interaction, the limits of UI-only operation, the… ▽ More The development of GUI agents could revolutionize the next generation of human-computer interaction. Motivated by this vision, we present MAI-UI, a family of foundation GUI agents spanning the full spectrum of sizes, including 2B, 8B, 32B, and 235B-A22B variants. We identify four key challenges to realistic deployment: the lack of native agent-user interaction, the limits of UI-only operation, the absence of a practical deployment architecture, and brittleness in dynamic environments. MAI-UI addresses these issues with a unified methodology: a self-evolving data pipeline that expands the navigation data to include user interaction and MCP tool calls, a native device-cloud collaboration system routes execution by task state, and an online RL framework with advanced optimizations to scale parallel environments and context length. MAI-UI establishes new state-of-the-art across GUI grounding and mobile navigation. On grounding benchmarks, it reaches 73.5% on ScreenSpot-Pro, 91.3% on MMBench GUI L2, 70.9% on OSWorld-G, and 49.2% on UI-Vision, surpassing Gemini-3-Pro and Seed1.8 on ScreenSpot-Pro. On mobile GUI navigation, it sets a new SOTA of 76.7% on AndroidWorld, surpassing UI-Tars-2, Gemini-2.5-Pro and Seed1.8. On MobileWorld, MAI-UI obtains 41.7% success rate, significantly outperforming end-to-end GUI models and competitive with Gemini-3-Pro based agentic frameworks. Our online RL experiments show significant gains from scaling parallel environments from 32 to 512 (+5.2 points) and increasing environment step budget from 15 to 50 (+4.3 points). Finally, the native device-cloud collaboration system improves on-device performance by 33%, reduces cloud model calls by over 40%, and preserves user privacy. △ Less Submitted 26 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.22047 [ pdf , ps , other ] MAI-UI Technical Report: Real-World Centric Foundation GUI Agents Authors: Hanzhang Zhou , Xu Zhang , Panrong Tong , Jianan Zhang , Liangyu Chen , Quyu Kong , Chenglin Cai , Chen Liu , Yue Wang , Jingren Zhou , Steven Hoi Abstract : The development of GUI agents could revolutionize the next generation of human-computer interaction. Motivated by this vision, we present MAI-UI, a family of foundation GUI agents spanning the full spectrum of sizes, including 2B, 8B, 32B, and 235B-A22B variants. We identify four key challenges to realistic deployment: the lack of native agent-user interaction, the limits of UI-only operation, the… ▽ More The development of GUI agents could revolutionize the next generation of human-computer interaction. Motivated by this vision, we present MAI-UI, a family of foundation GUI agents spanning the full spectrum of sizes, including 2B, 8B, 32B, and 235B-A22B variants. We identify four key challenges to realistic deployment: the lack of native agent-user interaction, the limits of UI-only operation, the absence of a practical deployment architecture, and brittleness in dynamic environments. MAI-UI addresses these issues with a unified methodology: a self-evolving data pipeline that expands the navigation data to include user interaction and MCP tool calls, a native device-cloud collaboration system routes execution by task state, and an online RL framework with advanced optimizations to scale parallel environments and context length. MAI-UI establishes new state-of-the-art across GUI grounding and mobile navigation. On grounding benchmarks, it reaches 73.5% on ScreenSpot-Pro, 91.3% on MMBench GUI L2, 70.9% on OSWorld-G, and 49.2% on UI-Vision, surpassing Gemini-3-Pro and Seed1.8 on ScreenSpot-Pro. On mobile GUI navigation, it sets a new SOTA of 76.7% on AndroidWorld, surpassing UI-Tars-2, Gemini-2.5-Pro and Seed1.8. On MobileWorld, MAI-UI obtains 41.7% success rate, significantly outperforming end-to-end GUI models and competitive with Gemini-3-Pro based agentic frameworks. Our online RL experiments show significant gains from scaling parallel environments from 32 to 512 (+5.2 points) and increasing environment step budget from 15 to 50 (+4.3 points). Finally, the native device-cloud collaboration system improves on-device performance by 33%, reduces cloud model calls by over 40%, and preserves user privacy. △ Less Submitted 26 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.22035 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DC Robust Federated Fine-Tuning in Heterogeneous Networks with Unreliable Connections: An Aggregation View Authors: Yanmeng Wang , Zhiwen Dai , Shuai Wang , Jian Zhou , Fu Xiao , Tony Q. S. Quek , Tsung-Hui Chang Abstract : Federated Fine-Tuning (FFT) has attracted growing interest as it leverages both server- and client-side data to enhance global model generalization while preserving privacy, and significantly reduces the computational burden on edge devices by avoiding training from scratch. Despite these advantages, FFT performance is often degraded by unreliable server-client connections and heterogeneous client… ▽ More Federated Fine-Tuning (FFT) has attracted growing interest as it leverages both server- and client-side data to enhance global model generalization while preserving privacy, and significantly reduces the computational burden on edge devices by avoiding training from scratch. Despite these advantages, FFT performance is often degraded by unreliable server-client connections and heterogeneous client data distributions. Most existing methods assume homogeneous network conditions or require prior knowledge of connection failures. However, these assumptions are impractical in real-world networks characterized by diverse communication standards (e.g., wired, Wi-Fi, 4G, and 5G) and heterogeneous failure patterns. To address these limitations, we propose FedAuto, a novel FFT framework that mitigates the combined effects of connection failures and data heterogeneity via adaptive aggregation. FedAuto operates without prior knowledge of network conditions or modifications to existing infrastructure, enabling seamless plug-and-play deployment. Moreover, we establish a rigorous convergence guarantee for FedAuto. By adopting a novel per-round aggregation perspective, our analysis removes the need for assumptions on connection failures probabilities or client selection strategies commonly imposed in prior work, and guarantees convergence of FedAuto for each individual realization, providing a stronger theoretical assurance. Extensive experiments demonstrate that FedAuto consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines under diverse connection failure scenarios for both full-parameter and partial-parameter fine-tuning (e.g., LoRA), and even surpasses strategies that rely on complex communication resource optimization. △ Less Submitted 26 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.22035 [ pdf , ps , other ] Robust Federated Fine-Tuning in Heterogeneous Networks with Unreliable Connections: An Aggregation View Authors: Yanmeng Wang , Zhiwen Dai , Shuai Wang , Jian Zhou , Fu Xiao , Tony Q. S. Quek , Tsung-Hui Chang Abstract : Federated Fine-Tuning (FFT) has attracted growing interest as it leverages both server- and client-side data to enhance global model generalization while preserving privacy, and significantly reduces the computational burden on edge devices by avoiding training from scratch. Despite these advantages, FFT performance is often degraded by unreliable server-client connections and heterogeneous client… ▽ More Federated Fine-Tuning (FFT) has attracted growing interest as it leverages both server- and client-side data to enhance global model generalization while preserving privacy, and significantly reduces the computational burden on edge devices by avoiding training from scratch. Despite these advantages, FFT performance is often degraded by unreliable server-client connections and heterogeneous client data distributions. Most existing methods assume homogeneous network conditions or require prior knowledge of connection failures. However, these assumptions are impractical in real-world networks characterized by diverse communication standards (e.g., wired, Wi-Fi, 4G, and 5G) and heterogeneous failure patterns. To address these limitations, we propose FedAuto, a novel FFT framework that mitigates the combined effects of connection failures and data heterogeneity via adaptive aggregation. FedAuto operates without prior knowledge of network conditions or modifications to existing infrastructure, enabling seamless plug-and-play deployment. Moreover, we establish a rigorous convergence guarantee for FedAuto. By adopting a novel per-round aggregation perspective, our analysis removes the need for assumptions on connection failures probabilities or client selection strategies commonly imposed in prior work, and guarantees convergence of FedAuto for each individual realization, providing a stronger theoretical assurance. Extensive experiments demonstrate that FedAuto consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines under diverse connection failure scenarios for both full-parameter and partial-parameter fine-tuning (e.g., LoRA), and even surpasses strategies that rely on complex communication resource optimization. △ Less Submitted 26 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.21625 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Rethinking Sample Polarity in Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards Authors: Xinyu Tang , Yuliang Zhan , Zhixun Li , Wayne Xin Zhao , Zhenduo Zhang , Zujie Wen , Zhiqiang Zhang , Jun Zhou Abstract : Large reasoning models (LRMs) are typically trained using reinforcement learning with verifiable reward (RLVR) to enhance their reasoning abilities. In this paradigm, policies are updated using both positive and negative self-generated rollouts, which correspond to distinct sample polarities. In this paper, we provide a systematic investigation into how these sample polarities affect RLVR training… ▽ More Large reasoning models (LRMs) are typically trained using reinforcement learning with verifiable reward (RLVR) to enhance their reasoning abilities. In this paradigm, policies are updated using both positive and negative self-generated rollouts, which correspond to distinct sample polarities. In this paper, we provide a systematic investigation into how these sample polarities affect RLVR training dynamics and behaviors. We find that positive samples sharpen existing correct reasoning patterns, while negative samples encourage exploration of new reasoning paths. We further explore how adjusting the advantage values of positive and negative samples at both the sample level and the token level affects RLVR training. Based on these insights, we propose an Adaptive and Asymmetric token-level Advantage shaping method for Policy Optimization, namely A3PO, that more precisely allocates advantage signals to key tokens across different polarities. Experiments across five reasoning benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. △ Less Submitted 25 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.21625 [ pdf , ps , other ] Rethinking Sample Polarity in Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards Authors: Xinyu Tang , Yuliang Zhan , Zhixun Li , Wayne Xin Zhao , Zhenduo Zhang , Zujie Wen , Zhiqiang Zhang , Jun Zhou Abstract : Large reasoning models (LRMs) are typically trained using reinforcement learning with verifiable reward (RLVR) to enhance their reasoning abilities. In this paradigm, policies are updated using both positive and negative self-generated rollouts, which correspond to distinct sample polarities. In this paper, we provide a systematic investigation into how these sample polarities affect RLVR training… ▽ More Large reasoning models (LRMs) are typically trained using reinforcement learning with verifiable reward (RLVR) to enhance their reasoning abilities. In this paradigm, policies are updated using both positive and negative self-generated rollouts, which correspond to distinct sample polarities. In this paper, we provide a systematic investigation into how these sample polarities affect RLVR training dynamics and behaviors. We find that positive samples sharpen existing correct reasoning patterns, while negative samples encourage exploration of new reasoning paths. We further explore how adjusting the advantage values of positive and negative samples at both the sample level and the token level affects RLVR training. Based on these insights, we propose an Adaptive and Asymmetric token-level Advantage shaping method for Policy Optimization, namely A3PO, that more precisely allocates advantage signals to key tokens across different polarities. Experiments across five reasoning benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. △ Less Submitted 25 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.21003 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV MVInverse: Feed-forward Multi-view Inverse Rendering in Seconds Authors: Xiangzuo Wu , Chengwei Ren , Jun Zhou , Xiu Li , Yuan Liu Abstract : Multi-view inverse rendering aims to recover geometry, materials, and illumination consistently across multiple viewpoints. When applied to multi-view images, existing single-view approaches often ignore cross-view relationships, leading to inconsistent results. In contrast, multi-view optimization methods rely on slow differentiable rendering and per-scene refinement, making them computationally… ▽ More Multi-view inverse rendering aims to recover geometry, materials, and illumination consistently across multiple viewpoints. When applied to multi-view images, existing single-view approaches often ignore cross-view relationships, leading to inconsistent results. In contrast, multi-view optimization methods rely on slow differentiable rendering and per-scene refinement, making them computationally expensive and hard to scale. To address these limitations, we introduce a feed-forward multi-view inverse rendering framework that directly predicts spatially varying albedo, metallic, roughness, diffuse shading, and surface normals from sequences of RGB images. By alternating attention across views, our model captures both intra-view long-range lighting interactions and inter-view material consistency, enabling coherent scene-level reasoning within a single forward pass. Due to the scarcity of real-world training data, models trained on existing synthetic datasets often struggle to generalize to real-world scenes. To overcome this limitation, we propose a consistency-based finetuning strategy that leverages unlabeled real-world videos to enhance both multi-view coherence and robustness under in-the-wild conditions. Extensive experiments on benchmark datasets demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance in terms of multi-view consistency, material and normal estimation quality, and generalization to real-world imagery. Project page: △ Less Submitted 28 December, 2025; v1 submitted 24 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 21 pages, 17 figures, 5 tables, project page: arXiv:2512.21003 [ pdf , ps , other ] MVInverse: Feed-forward Multi-view Inverse Rendering in Seconds Authors: Xiangzuo Wu , Chengwei Ren , Jun Zhou , Xiu Li , Yuan Liu Abstract : Multi-view inverse rendering aims to recover geometry, materials, and illumination consistently across multiple viewpoints. When applied to multi-view images, existing single-view approaches often ignore cross-view relationships, leading to inconsistent results. In contrast, multi-view optimization methods rely on slow differentiable rendering and per-scene refinement, making them computationally… ▽ More Multi-view inverse rendering aims to recover geometry, materials, and illumination consistently across multiple viewpoints. When applied to multi-view images, existing single-view approaches often ignore cross-view relationships, leading to inconsistent results. In contrast, multi-view optimization methods rely on slow differentiable rendering and per-scene refinement, making them computationally expensive and hard to scale. To address these limitations, we introduce a feed-forward multi-view inverse rendering framework that directly predicts spatially varying albedo, metallic, roughness, diffuse shading, and surface normals from sequences of RGB images. By alternating attention across views, our model captures both intra-view long-range lighting interactions and inter-view material consistency, enabling coherent scene-level reasoning within a single forward pass. Due to the scarcity of real-world training data, models trained on existing synthetic datasets often struggle to generalize to real-world scenes. To overcome this limitation, we propose a consistency-based finetuning strategy that leverages unlabeled real-world videos to enhance both multi-view coherence and robustness under in-the-wild conditions. Extensive experiments on benchmark datasets demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance in terms of multi-view consistency, material and normal estimation quality, and generalization to real-world imagery. Project page: △ Less Submitted 28 December, 2025; v1 submitted 24 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 21 pages, 17 figures, 5 tables, project page: arXiv:2512.20569 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI Distilling to Hybrid Attention Models via KL-Guided Layer Selection Authors: Yanhong Li , Songlin Yang , Shawn Tan , Mayank Mishra , Rameswar Panda , Jiawei Zhou , Yoon Kim Abstract : Distilling pretrained softmax attention Transformers into more efficient hybrid architectures that interleave softmax and linear attention layers is a promising approach for improving the inference efficiency of LLMs without requiring expensive pretraining from scratch. A critical factor in the conversion process is layer selection, i.e., deciding on which layers to convert to linear attention var… ▽ More Distilling pretrained softmax attention Transformers into more efficient hybrid architectures that interleave softmax and linear attention layers is a promising approach for improving the inference efficiency of LLMs without requiring expensive pretraining from scratch. A critical factor in the conversion process is layer selection, i.e., deciding on which layers to convert to linear attention variants. This paper describes a simple and efficient recipe for layer selection that uses layer importance scores derived from a small amount of training on generic text data. Once the layers have been selected we use a recent pipeline for the distillation process itself \citep[RADLADS;][]{goldstein2025radlads}, which consists of attention weight transfer, hidden state alignment, KL-based distribution matching, followed by a small amount of finetuning. We find that this approach is more effective than existing approaches for layer selection, including heuristics that uniformly interleave linear attentions based on a fixed ratio, as well as more involved approaches that rely on specialized diagnostic datasets. △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.20569 [ pdf , ps , other ] Distilling to Hybrid Attention Models via KL-Guided Layer Selection Authors: Yanhong Li , Songlin Yang , Shawn Tan , Mayank Mishra , Rameswar Panda , Jiawei Zhou , Yoon Kim Abstract : Distilling pretrained softmax attention Transformers into more efficient hybrid architectures that interleave softmax and linear attention layers is a promising approach for improving the inference efficiency of LLMs without requiring expensive pretraining from scratch. A critical factor in the conversion process is layer selection, i.e., deciding on which layers to convert to linear attention var… ▽ More Distilling pretrained softmax attention Transformers into more efficient hybrid architectures that interleave softmax and linear attention layers is a promising approach for improving the inference efficiency of LLMs without requiring expensive pretraining from scratch. A critical factor in the conversion process is layer selection, i.e., deciding on which layers to convert to linear attention variants. This paper describes a simple and efficient recipe for layer selection that uses layer importance scores derived from a small amount of training on generic text data. Once the layers have been selected we use a recent pipeline for the distillation process itself \citep[RADLADS;][]{goldstein2025radlads}, which consists of attention weight transfer, hidden state alignment, KL-based distribution matching, followed by a small amount of finetuning. We find that this approach is more effective than existing approaches for layer selection, including heuristics that uniformly interleave linear attentions based on a fixed ratio, as well as more involved approaches that rely on specialized diagnostic datasets. △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.20369 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD eess.AS EnvSSLAM-FFN: Lightweight Layer-Fused System for ESDD 2026 Challenge Authors: Xiaoxuan Guo , Hengyan Huang , Jiayi Zhou , Renhe Sun , Jian Liu , Haonan Cheng , Long Ye , Qin Zhang Abstract : Recent advances in generative audio models have enabled high-fidelity environmental sound synthesis, raising serious concerns for audio security. The ESDD 2026 Challenge therefore addresses environmental sound deepfake detection under unseen generators (Track 1) and black-box low-resource detection (Track 2) conditions. We propose EnvSSLAM-FFN, which integrates a frozen SSLAM self-supervised encod… ▽ More Recent advances in generative audio models have enabled high-fidelity environmental sound synthesis, raising serious concerns for audio security. The ESDD 2026 Challenge therefore addresses environmental sound deepfake detection under unseen generators (Track 1) and black-box low-resource detection (Track 2) conditions. We propose EnvSSLAM-FFN, which integrates a frozen SSLAM self-supervised encoder with a lightweight FFN back-end. To effectively capture spoofing artifacts under severe data imbalance, we fuse intermediate SSLAM representations from layers 4-9 and adopt a class-weighted training objective. Experimental results show that the proposed system consistently outperforms the official baselines on both tracks, achieving Test Equal Error Rates (EERs) of 1.20% and 1.05%, respectively. △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: ESDD 2026 Challenge Technical Report arXiv:2512.20369 [ pdf , ps , other ] EnvSSLAM-FFN: Lightweight Layer-Fused System for ESDD 2026 Challenge Authors: Xiaoxuan Guo , Hengyan Huang , Jiayi Zhou , Renhe Sun , Jian Liu , Haonan Cheng , Long Ye , Qin Zhang Abstract : Recent advances in generative audio models have enabled high-fidelity environmental sound synthesis, raising serious concerns for audio security. The ESDD 2026 Challenge therefore addresses environmental sound deepfake detection under unseen generators (Track 1) and black-box low-resource detection (Track 2) conditions. We propose EnvSSLAM-FFN, which integrates a frozen SSLAM self-supervised encod… ▽ More Recent advances in generative audio models have enabled high-fidelity environmental sound synthesis, raising serious concerns for audio security. The ESDD 2026 Challenge therefore addresses environmental sound deepfake detection under unseen generators (Track 1) and black-box low-resource detection (Track 2) conditions. We propose EnvSSLAM-FFN, which integrates a frozen SSLAM self-supervised encoder with a lightweight FFN back-end. To effectively capture spoofing artifacts under severe data imbalance, we fuse intermediate SSLAM representations from layers 4-9 and adopt a class-weighted training objective. Experimental results show that the proposed system consistently outperforms the official baselines on both tracks, achieving Test Equal Error Rates (EERs) of 1.20% and 1.05%, respectively. △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: ESDD 2026 Challenge Technical Report arXiv:2512.20312 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI TableGPT-R1: Advancing Tabular Reasoning Through Reinforcement Learning Authors: Saisai Yang , Qingyi Huang , Jing Yuan , Liangyu Zha , Kai Tang , Yuhang Yang , Ning Wang , Yucheng Wei , Liyao Li , Wentao Ye , Hao Chen , Tao Zhang , Junlin Zhou , Haobo Wang , Gang Chen , Junbo Zhao Abstract : Tabular data serves as the backbone of modern data analysis and scientific research. While Large Language Models (LLMs) fine-tuned via Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) have significantly improved natural language interaction with such structured data, they often fall short in handling the complex, multi-step reasoning and robust code execution required for real-world table tasks. Reinforcement Learnin… ▽ More Tabular data serves as the backbone of modern data analysis and scientific research. While Large Language Models (LLMs) fine-tuned via Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) have significantly improved natural language interaction with such structured data, they often fall short in handling the complex, multi-step reasoning and robust code execution required for real-world table tasks. Reinforcement Learning (RL) offers a promising avenue to enhance these capabilities, yet its application in the tabular domain faces three critical hurdles: the scarcity of high-quality agentic trajectories with closed-loop code execution and environment feedback on diverse table structures, the extreme heterogeneity of feedback signals ranging from rigid SQL execution to open-ended data interpretation, and the risk of catastrophic forgetting of general knowledge during vertical specialization. To overcome these challenges and unlock advanced reasoning on complex tables, we introduce \textbf{TableGPT-R1}, a specialized tabular model built on a systematic RL framework. Our approach integrates a comprehensive data engineering pipeline that synthesizes difficulty-stratified agentic trajectories for both supervised alignment and RL rollouts, a task-adaptive reward system that combines rule-based verification with a criteria-injected reward model and incorporates process-level step reward shaping with behavioral regularization, and a multi-stage training framework that progressively stabilizes reasoning before specializing in table-specific tasks. Extensive evaluations demonstrate that TableGPT-R1 achieves state-of-the-art performance on authoritative benchmarks, significantly outperforming baseline models while retaining robust general capabilities. Our model is available at △ Less Submitted 25 December, 2025; v1 submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.20312 [ pdf , ps , other ] TableGPT-R1: Advancing Tabular Reasoning Through Reinforcement Learning Authors: Saisai Yang , Qingyi Huang , Jing Yuan , Liangyu Zha , Kai Tang , Yuhang Yang , Ning Wang , Yucheng Wei , Liyao Li , Wentao Ye , Hao Chen , Tao Zhang , Junlin Zhou , Haobo Wang , Gang Chen , Junbo Zhao Abstract : Tabular data serves as the backbone of modern data analysis and scientific research. While Large Language Models (LLMs) fine-tuned via Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) have significantly improved natural language interaction with such structured data, they often fall short in handling the complex, multi-step reasoning and robust code execution required for real-world table tasks. Reinforcement Learnin… ▽ More Tabular data serves as the backbone of modern data analysis and scientific research. While Large Language Models (LLMs) fine-tuned via Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) have significantly improved natural language interaction with such structured data, they often fall short in handling the complex, multi-step reasoning and robust code execution required for real-world table tasks. Reinforcement Learning (RL) offers a promising avenue to enhance these capabilities, yet its application in the tabular domain faces three critical hurdles: the scarcity of high-quality agentic trajectories with closed-loop code execution and environment feedback on diverse table structures, the extreme heterogeneity of feedback signals ranging from rigid SQL execution to open-ended data interpretation, and the risk of catastrophic forgetting of general knowledge during vertical specialization. To overcome these challenges and unlock advanced reasoning on complex tables, we introduce \textbf{TableGPT-R1}, a specialized tabular model built on a systematic RL framework. Our approach integrates a comprehensive data engineering pipeline that synthesizes difficulty-stratified agentic trajectories for both supervised alignment and RL rollouts, a task-adaptive reward system that combines rule-based verification with a criteria-injected reward model and incorporates process-level step reward shaping with behavioral regularization, and a multi-stage training framework that progressively stabilizes reasoning before specializing in table-specific tasks. Extensive evaluations demonstrate that TableGPT-R1 achieves state-of-the-art performance on authoritative benchmarks, significantly outperforming baseline models while retaining robust general capabilities. Our model is available at △ Less Submitted 25 December, 2025; v1 submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. 1 2 3 4 5 … About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations 3 Impact 4 Aftermath 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Tropical Storm Hermine (1998) Français Українська 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Tropical Storm Hermine on September 19, 1998 Meteorological history Formed September 17, 1998 Dissipated September 20, 1998 Tropical storm 1-minute sustained ( SSHWS / NWS ) Highest winds 45 mph (75 km/h) Lowest pressure 999 mbar ( hPa ); 29.50 inHg Overall effects Fatalities ~2 indirect [ note 1 ] Damage $85,000 (1998 USD ) Areas affected Louisiana , Mississippi , Alabama , Florida , Georgia IBTrACS Part of the 1998 Atlantic hurricane season Tropical Storm Hermine was the eighth tropical cyclone and named storm of the 1998 Atlantic hurricane season . Hermine developed from a tropical wave that emerged from the west coast of Africa on September 5. The wave moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean, and on entering the northwest Caribbean interacted with other weather systems. The resultant system was declared a tropical depression on September 17 in the central Gulf of Mexico . The storm meandered north slowly, and after being upgraded to a tropical storm made landfall on Louisiana , where it quickly deteriorated into a tropical depression again on September 20. Before the storm's arrival, residents of Grand Isle, Louisiana , were evacuated. As a weak tropical storm, damages from Hermine were light. Rainfall spread from Louisiana through Georgia , causing isolated flash flooding . In some areas, the storm tide prolonged the coastal flooding from a tropical cyclone. Gusty winds were reported. Associated tornadoes in Mississippi damaged mobile homes and vehicles, and inflicted one injury. While Hermine was not of itself a particularly damaging storm, its effects combined with those of other tropical cyclones, and resulted in agricultural damage. Meteorological history On September 5, 1998, a tropical wave emerged from the west coast of Africa and entered the Atlantic Ocean. The wave was not associated with any thunderstorm activity until it reached the Windward Islands , when cloud and shower activity began to increase. Continuing westward, the disturbance approached the South American coastline and turned into the northwest Caribbean. The wave interacted with an upper-level low-pressure system and another tropical wave that entered the region. At the time, a large monsoon -type flow prevailed over Central America, part of the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico . [ 1 ] An area of low pressure developed over the northwestern Caribbean, and at about 1200 UTC on September 17, the system was sufficiently organized to be declared a tropical depression in the central Gulf of Mexico. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Initially, the cloud pattern associated with the system featured a tight and well-defined circulation, as well as clusters of deep convection south of the center. Due to the proximity of a large upper-level low-pressure area in the southern Gulf of Mexico, the surrounding environment did not favor intensification. [ 3 ] Influenced by the low, the depression moved southward. [ 4 ] The system completed a cyclonic loop in the central gulf, [ 1 ] and by early on September 18 was drifting northward. [ 5 ] As a result of wind shear , the center of circulation was separated from the deep convective activity. [ 6 ] Early the next day, deep convection persisted in a small area northeast of the center. Forward motion was nearly stationary, with a gradual drift east-southeastward. [ 7 ] Despite the wind shear, the depression attained tropical storm status at 1200 UTC on September 19; as such, it was named Hermine by the National Hurricane Center . [ 1 ] Shortly after being upgraded to a tropical storm, Hermine reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). [ 1 ] The tropical storm-force winds were confined to the eastern semicircle of the cyclone. [ 8 ] Hermine tracked northward and approached the coast, where it nearly stalled. [ 9 ] A continually weakening storm, it moved ashore near Cocodrie, Louisiana at 0500 UTC on September 20 with winds of 40 miles per hour (64 km/h), and then deteriorated into a tropical depression. [ 1 ] On its landfall, associated rain bands were deemed "not very impressive", although there was a rapid increase in thunderstorm activity east of the center. The thunderstorms produced heavy rainfall in parts of southeastern Louisiana and southern Mississippi. The storm progressively weakened as the circulation moved northeastward, and dissipated at 1800 UTC. [ 10 ] Initially, it was believed that Hermine's remnants contributed to the development of Hurricane Karl ; however, this belief was not confirmed. [ 11 ] Preparations On September 17, the National Hurricane Center issued a tropical storm watch from Sargent, Texas to Grand Isle, Louisiana . The following day, the watch was extended southward from Sargent to Matagorda, Texas , and eastward to Pascagoula, Mississippi . A tropical storm warning was posted from Morgan City, Louisiana , eastward to Pensacola, Florida on September 19. The warning was promptly extended westward from Morgan City to Intracoastal City, Louisiana , and by 1200 UTC on September 20 all tropical cyclone watches and warnings were discontinued. [ 1 ] As the storm moved inland, flood advisories were issued for southern Mississippi. [ 10 ] On Grand Isle, a mandatory evacuation order was declared for the third time in three weeks, [ 12 ] and residents in low-lying areas of Lafourche Parish were ordered to leave. [ 13 ] Shelters were opened, [ 14 ] but few people used them. Only fifteen people entered the American Red Cross shelter in Larose, Louisiana , which had been designed to hold 500. [ 15 ] Workers were evacuated from oil rigs in the Gulf of Mexico, [ 16 ] and energy futures rose substantially in anticipation of the storm, though when Hermine failed to cause significant damage, they retreated. [ 17 ] The Coast Guard evacuated its Grand Isle station in preparation. [ 18 ] Impact In southern Florida, the combination of rainbands from Hermine and a separate upper-level cyclone in its vicinity produced up to 14.14 inches (359 mm) of rainfall. [ 19 ] Hermine's remnants spread showers and thunderstorms across northern parts of the state. [ 20 ] The heavy rainfall downed a tree Orlando , and led to several traffic accidents. A man died on U.S. Route 441 after losing control of his vehicle. [ 21 ] Upon landfall in Louisiana, winds were primarily of minimal tropical storm-force and confined to squalls. Offshore, a wind gust of 46 miles per hour (74 km/h) was reported near the mouth of the Mississippi River , and near New Orleans , wind gusts peaked at 32 miles per hour (51 km/h). Along the coast, storm tides generally ran 1 to 3 feet (0.30 to 0.91 m) above normal, which prolonged coastal flooding in some areas from previous Tropical Storm Frances . [ 22 ] Winds on Grand Isle reached 25 miles per hour (40 km/h), and storm tides on the island averaged 1 foot (0.30 m). [ 23 ] Hermine brought 3 to 4 inches (76 to 102 mm) of rainfall to the state, triggering isolated flash flooding. Near Thomas, part of Louisiana Highway 438 was submerged under flood waters. [ 22 ] An oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico reported sustained winds of 48 miles per hour (77 km/h) with gusts to 59 miles per hour (95 km/h). [ 24 ] At around 8:30 AM on September 20, a man was presumed drowned in Lake Cataouatche , southwest of New Orleans. [ 25 ] The man had been shrimping in the lake in choppy waters caused by the storm, and dove into the water without a life vest to untangle a net from his boat's propeller. After he freed the propeller, the boat was carried away by the current in the lake, and he was last seen swimming after the boat. After the disappearance, the Coast Guard launched a search with rescue boats and search dogs but could not locate him. [ 26 ] His body was eventually found on the morning of September 22. [ 27 ] Captain Pat Yoes, of the St. Charles Parish Sheriff's Office, said that the storm "obviously ... played a part" in the man's death, [ 26 ] but Lieutenant Commander William Brewer of the United States Coast Guard told the press that he did not "think it was directly storm-related." [ 25 ] Hermine spawned two tornadoes in Mississippi. One destroyed two mobile homes, damaged seven cars, and resulted in one minor injury; [ 28 ] the other caused only minor damage. Rainfall of 4 to 5 inches (100 to 130 mm) caused localized flooding; in southern Walthall County , parts of Mississippi Highway 27 were under 1 foot (0.30 m) of water. [ 29 ] Over 6 inches (150 mm) of rainfall was reported in Alabama, resulting in the flooding of apartments and several roads and the closure of several highways. Numerous cars were damaged, and motorists were stranded on Bibb County Route 24. [ 30 ] Floodwaters also covered U.S. Route 11 near Tuscaloosa, Alabama stranding several motorists and a milk truck. [ 31 ] Flash flood warnings were issued in Bibb and Shelby counties as northern Alabama experienced its first rainfall in the month of September. [ 32 ] The rainfall extended eastward into Georgia , where the rains led the state to lift a fire alert for three northern counties, [ 19 ] [ 33 ] South Carolina and North Carolina . [ 34 ] The remnants of the storm dumped 10.5 inches (27 cm) of rain on Charleston, South Carolina and rainfall of up to one foot was reported in other parts of the state. The rain in Charleston led to over five feet of standing water in some neighborhoods, forcing several families to evacuate their mobile homes and stranding a number of vehicles. As a result, the local police closed several roads, including sections of Interstate 526 . [ 35 ] Overall, damage totaled $85,000 (1998 USD); [ 36 ] the effects were described as minor. [ 37 ] Although the effects from Hermine were small, counties in Louisiana and Texas were declared disaster areas due to damage associated with the earlier Tropical Storm Frances and the Louisiana Office of Emergency Preparedness extended these funds to cover damages from Hermine as well. [ 38 ] Aftermath The heavy rains from Hermine combined with those from Frances caused major fish kills in southern Louisiana, the first since those caused by Hurricane Andrew in 1992. The rain from the two storms flooded the swamps in south Louisiana, where it rapidly lost oxygen due to decaying plant matter. After the swamps began to drain, the low-oxygen water flowed into streams, canals, and bayous in the area, and testing in the days following the storm showed that the water was "almost devoid of oxygen." Without sufficient oxygen, local fish population died quickly, filling waterways, particularly in the area of Lake Charles and Lafayette , according to the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. [ 39 ] In total, the fish kills affected at least a dozen separate lakes and bayous in the state. [ 40 ] The combined effects of Hermine and other storms caused significant damage to Louisiana agriculture. The standing water after Hermine provided ideal hatching conditions for mosquitoes, who formed swarms large enough to kill livestock in the days after the storm. At least twelve bulls and horses were killed by mosquito bites in the next week, including bulls who drowned after wading into deep water to escape the insects. The rains and standing water from the storm also prevented farmers from drying out soybeans for harvest and ruined sugar cane. According to Louisiana Agriculture Commissioner Bob Odom , the combined effects of Hurricane Earl , Tropical Storm Frances, and Tropical Storm Hermine caused $420 million in direct and indirect losses for Louisiana farmers. [ 41 ] See also Tropical cyclones portal 1990s portal Other storms of the same name Hurricane Georges List of Florida hurricanes List of North Carolina hurricanes (1980–1999) Notes ^ Hermine did not directly cause any direct fatalities; however, it may have contributed to two deaths, in Florida and Louisiana. References ^ a b c d e f g .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Lixion A. Avila (November 9, 1998). Tropical Storm Hermine Tropical Cyclone Report (Report). National Hurricane Center . Archived from the original on October 6, 2010 . Retrieved 2008-11-08 . ^ Gary Padgett (1998). Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary; September, 1998 (Report). Australiansevereweather.com . Retrieved 2008-12-13 . ^ Lixion A. Avila (September 17, 1998). Tropical Depression Eight Discussion Number 1 (Report). National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2008-11-08 . ^ Edward N. Rappaport (September 17, 1998). Tropical Depression Eight Discussion Number 2 (Report). National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2008-11-08 . ^ Lixion A. Avila (September 18, 1998). Tropical Depression Eight Discussion Number 4 (Report). National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2008-11-08 . ^ Lixion A. Avila (September 18, 1998). Tropical Depression Eight Discussion Number 5 (Report). National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2008-11-08 . ^ James M. Gross (September 19, 1998). Tropical Depression Eight Discussion Number 7 (Report). National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2008-11-08 . ^ Richard J. Pasch (September 19, 1998). Tropical Storm Hermine Discussion Number 9 (Report). National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2008-11-08 . ^ Edward N. Rappaport (September 19, 1998). Tropical Storm Hermine Discussion Number 10 (Report). National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2008-11-08 . ^ a b Bruce Sullivan (September 20, 1998). Storm Summary 13 for Tropical Depression Hermine (Report). Weather Prediction Center. Archived from the original on 2008-10-04 . Retrieved 2008-11-08 . ^ Edward N. Rappaport (September 23, 1998). Tropical Depression Eleven Discussion Number 1 (Report). National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2008-12-09 . ^ "Grand Isle Abandoned - The approaching storm chases residents of Louisiana's low-lying areas to the mainland". Dayton Daily News . September 20, 1998. p. 12A. ^ "Tropical storm forces third evacuation" . Sunday Gazette-Mail . Associated Press. September 20, 1998. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012 . Retrieved 2008-11-19 . ^ "LA. Prepares for Another Tropical Storm" . United Press International. September 19, 1998 . Retrieved 2008-11-19 . [ dead link ] ^ Bacon-Blood, Littice (September 20, 1998). "Tropical Storm Hermine Soaks Storm-weary Coast - Grand Isle Evacuates Third Time". The Times-Picayune . p. A1. ^ "Louisiana braces for third storm Oil workers evacuated as heavy rains hit coast" . The Dallas Morning News . Associated Press. September 19, 1998 . Retrieved 2008-11-19 . ^ "Oil, natural gas futures retreat after storm fails to pack a wallop" . Associated Press. September 21, 1998. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012 . Retrieved 2008-11-19 . ^ "Coastal Areas Calm After Hermine" . United Press International. September 20, 1998 . Retrieved 2008-11-19 . [ dead link ] ^ a b David Roth. "Tropical Storm Hermine - September 13–23, 1998" . Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Retrieved 2008-12-11 . ^ "Tropical storm remnants spread through South" . Associated Press. September 20, 1998 . Retrieved 2008-12-11 . ^ Youngblood, Garrett (September 20, 1998). "Hermine Sends Rains Our Way - Storm Knocks Tree Down, Causes Traffic Accidents". Orlando Sentinel . p. B1. ^ a b "Tropical Storm Event Report for Louisiana" . National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on 2012-08-06 . Retrieved 2008-12-11 . ^ "Hermine barely attained storm status" . USA Today . June 11, 1999 . Retrieved 2009-01-01 . ^ Mary Ann Burke; et al. (1999). "Mariners Weather Log" (PDF) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2009-01-01 . ^ a b Delguzzi, Kristen (September 21, 1998). "Georges Raises Fears as Hermine Fizzles". The Times-Picayune . p. A1. ^ a b Bell, Rhonda (September 22, 1998). "Search for Man in Lake Still On - Officials Say Drowning Likely". The Times-Picayune . p. B1. ^ "Westwego Man's Body Found After Drowning". The Times-Picayune . September 24, 1998. p. B2. ^ "Remnants Produce Heavy Rains". The Sun Herald . Biloxi, MS. September 21, 1998. p. A9. ^ "Tropical Storm Event Report for Mississippi" . National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on 2012-08-06 . Retrieved 2008-12-11 . ^ "Flash Flood Event Report for Alabama" . National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on 2012-08-05 . Retrieved 2008-12-11 . ^ "Hermine Leaves Memento". The Florida Times-Union . September 22, 1998. p. A3. ^ Sikora, Frank (September 22, 1998). "Storm's Remains Flood Parts of State". Birmingham News . p. 1B. ^ "Abducted Toddler Could be in Area". The Augusta Chronicle . September 22, 1998. p. C9. ^ Roth, David M (May 12, 2022). "Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Southeastern United States" . Tropical Cyclone Rainfall . United States Weather Prediction Center . Retrieved January 6, 2023 . This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . ^ Reilly, Brenna; Wise, Warren (September 22, 1998). "Roads, homes flooded RECORD RAINFALL: Heavy storms left 10.5 inches of rain at Charleston International Airport by 11:45 p.m., according to the National Weather Service". The Post and Courier . Charleston, SC. p. 1. ^ Richard Pasch; et al. (2001). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1998" (PDF) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-07 . Retrieved 2008-12-13 . ^ "Conditions for the month of September 1998" . United States Geological Survey. June 8, 2007 . Retrieved 2008-12-22 . ^ "Foster asks Clinton for Disaster Declaration". The Times-Picayune . September 22, 1998. p. A4. ^ Anderson, Bob (September 26, 1998). "Tropical storm causes fish kill". The Advocate . Baton Rouge. p. 4A. ^ "Tangipahoa Leaders Eye Contingency Plans". The Advocate . Baton Rouge. September 25, 1998. p. 4A. ^ Tahan, Raya (September 28, 1998). "Farm Scene: Mosquitos are killing livestock in Louisiana". Associated Press. External links Preliminary Report on Hermine Tropical Storm Hermine advisory archive .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Tropical cyclones of the 1998 Atlantic hurricane season v t e Timeline Timeline TS Alex 3 Bonnie TS Charley 2 Danielle 2 Earl TS Frances 4 Georges ( history ) TS Hermine 1 Ivan 2 Jeanne 2 Karl 1 Lisa 5 Mitch ( history ) 1 Nicole Category Category 1998 Atlantic hurricane season Atlantic tropical storms 1998 natural disasters in the United States Hurricanes in Louisiana Hurricanes in Florida Hurricanes in Mississippi Hurricanes in Alabama Hurricanes in Georgia (U.S. state) 1998 in Alabama 1998 in Florida 1998 in Georgia (U.S. state) 1998 in Mississippi All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2019 Source attribution Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Pages using obsolete storm path colors Commons category link is on Wikidata Featured articles This page was last edited on 16 November 2025, at 16:41 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Life 2 Career Toggle Career subsection 2.1 Architecture 2.2 Yachts 2.3 Furniture 2.4 Technology 2.5 Collections 2.1 Architecture 2.2 Yachts 2.3 Furniture 2.4 Technology 2.5 Collections 3 Gallery 4 Philosophy Toggle Philosophy subsection 4.1 Democratic design 4.1 Democratic design 5 Publications 6 References 7 External links Philippe Starck Alemannisch العربية Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Philippe Starck Starck in 2011 Born ( 1949-01-18 ) 18 January 1949 (age 76) Paris , France Alma mater École Nissim de Camondo Occupation Architect Children Ara Starck, Oa Starck, K Starck, Lago Starck Parent(s) André Starck, Jacqueline Starck Awards Ordre des Arts et des Lettres Legion of Honour Buildings Asahi Beer Hall Website www .starck .com Philippe Starck ( .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} French pronunciation: [filip staʁk] ; born 18 January 1949) is a French industrial architect and designer known for his wide range of designs, including interior design, architecture, household objects, furniture, boats and other vehicles. His most popular pieces were made in the 1980s and the 1990s. [ 1 ] He is considered one of the pioneers of democratic design, aiming to offer the best possible service while using the minimum of materials, in order to improve the life of the user. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Life Starck was born on 18 January 1949 in Paris . He is the son of André Starck, who was an aeronautics engineer . He says that his father often inspired him because he was an engineer , who made invention a "duty". His family is originally from, and lived in, the Alsace region, before his grandfather moved to Paris. He studied at the École Nissim de Camondo in Paris. [ 1 ] Career While working for Adidas , Starck set up his first industrial design company, Starck Product , which he later renamed Ubik [ 5 ] after Philip K. Dick's novel . For this company, he built relationships with manufacturers across Europe including: Driade, [ 6 ] Alessi , and Kartell , in Italy, Drimmer in Austria, Vitra in Switzerland, and Disform and Andreu World [ 7 ] in Spain. In 1983, then-French President François Mitterrand , on the recommendation of his Minister of Culture, Jack Lang , chose Starck to refurbish the president's private apartments at the Élysée . [ 1 ] The following year he designed the Café Costes. [ 8 ] One of his best-known creations is the Juicy Salif for Alessi in 1987 and the Louis Ghost Chair for Kartell (2000), which sold over two million copies. [ 9 ] After this, Starck's output expanded to include furniture, decoration, architecture, street furniture , industry (wind turbines, photo booths ), bathroom fittings, kitchens, floor, and wall coverings, lighting, domestic appliances, office equipment such as staplers , utensils, tableware, clothing, accessories, toys, glassware, graphic design and publishing, food, and vehicles for land, sea, air and space. [ 10 ] Architecture The buildings Starck designed in Japan, starting in 1989, went against the grain of traditional forms. The first, Nani Nani , in Tokyo , [ 11 ] was described as a biomorphic shed. [ 1 ] A year later he designed the Asahi Beer Hall in Tokyo, a building topped with a golden flame. This was followed in 1992 by Le Baron Vert office complex in Osaka . [ 12 ] In France, with Luc Arsène-Henry, Starck designed the extension of the École Nationale Supérieure des Arts Décoratifs ( ENSAD ) in Paris (1998). [ 13 ] In 1991, Starck designed one of the pavilions for the new Groninger Museum . [ 14 ] At the 2024 Italian F1 Grand Prix in Monza, Alpine and Philippe Starck unveil the new motorhome for the French Alpine F1 Team . [ 15 ] [ 16 ] In October 2024, LA Almazara, entirely imagined by Philippe Starck, opens in Ronda in Andalusia . The project is the first olive oil mill designed by an internationally renowned designer; a unique and immersive place, with an oil press, museum and restaurant. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] It is present in the list of the World's Greatest Places of 2025 by the Times magazine. [ 19 ] Since the late 1980s, Starck has designed several hotels in different countries, these include the Royalton Hotel [ 20 ] (1988) and the lobby of the Paramount Hotel (1990) in New York City, [ 1 ] the Delano in Miami, [ 1 ] the Hudson Hotel , [ 21 ] the Mondrian Hotel in West Hollywood, the Sanderson , [ 22 ] the Saint Martin's Lane in London, [ 23 ] Le Meurice renovations in 2016, the Royal Monceau (2010) [ 24 ] and, more recently, the Hotel Brach (2018) [ 25 ] and the Hotel 9Confidentiel (2018), [ 26 ] in Paris. Also in France, in the South West, Philippe Starck designed La Co(o)rniche [ 27 ] and Ha(a)itza [ 28 ] hotels, both in Arcachon , near the Dune of Pilat . In 2019, Starck created the Lily of the Valley Hotel [ 29 ] on the French Riviera and in 2020, opened La Réserve Eden au Lac Zurich. [ 30 ] In 2022 Philippe Starck was appointed artistic director of the TOO Hotel, which opened its doors at the top of one of Jean Nouvel's DUO Towers in Paris. [ 31 ] In the same year, he collaborated once again with architect Jean Nouvel to design the Rosewood Sao Paulo, [ 32 ] a hotel in which most of the materials used were locally sourced and inspired by Brazilian culture. [ 33 ] Also in 2022, Cyril Aouizerate, Michel Reybier and Philippe Starck joined forces to open the MOB House hotel and restaurant in Saint-Ouen, a concept designed for longer stays. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] In 2023, Philippe Starck was appointed artistic director of Mondrian Bordeaux les Carmes, a hotel in the heart of Bordeaux's Chartrons district, inspired by Japanese culture and featuring typical Bordeaux architecture. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Starck has designed several restaurants, including in the early years, the Café Costes (1984) in Paris, Manin (1985) in Tokyo, Theatron (1985) in Mexico City, Teatriz (1990) in Madrid, [ 38 ] [ 1 ] and, more recently, several restaurants with the Alajmo brothers in Paris, Venice and Milan: Caffe Stern (2014), [ 39 ] Amo (2016), [ 40 ] Gran Caffe Quadri (2018) [ 41 ] and Amor (2019), [ 42 ] La Réserve à la Plage in Saint Tropez , with Michel Reybier Hospitality, and The Avenue at Saks in New York in 2019. [ 43 ] The Alhondiga , a 43,000 square-meter culture and leisure venue in Bilbao designed by Starck, opened in 2010. [ 44 ] Starck also designed affordable and adjustable pre-fabricated P.A.T.H. houses. [ 45 ] Starck was commissioned by the Hilton Worldwide to create an entirely new hotel in Metz , France. Maison Heler is a phantasmagoric building topped by a traditional Alsatian house, a poetic symbol of the region that opened in 2025. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Yachts Starck designed the Wedge Too , a 65 m (213 ft) superyacht , built by Feadship and launched in 2002. [ 48 ] In 2004, commissioned by Russian Oligarch Andrey Melnichenko , Starck designed the Motor Yacht A [ 49 ] and then, in 2012, A (sailing yacht) , one of the world's largest sailing yachts. [ 50 ] [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Starck designed the luxury marina renovation in the Port Adriano harbor , on the south-west bay of Palma de Mallorca [ 53 ] It opened in April 2012. [ 54 ] In 2008, he designed for Steve Jobs the 78 m (256 ft) superyacht Venus , launched in October 2012, just over a year after Jobs' death. The yacht was built at Aalsmeer in the Netherlands. [ 55 ] [ 48 ] Furniture Zartan, created for Magis by Stark in 2010, is a chair entirely made from natural material like bamboo, linen and hemp fiber, a non-toxic and biodegradable alternative to replace plastic. [ 56 ] In 2012, Starck released Broom for Emeco , an anti-waste chair made of materials collected in lumber and plastic plants. [ 57 ] Starck released Cassina Croque la pomme in 2019, a furniture collection for Cassina , entirely made from a vegan fabric, with apple leather. [ 58 ] In the same year, he created Smart Wood for Kartell, a collection of seats designed with a minimum of material thanks to a molding technique using wood residues. [ 59 ] For Salone del Mobile 2022, Dior Maison invited Starck to reinterpret the timeless Médallion seat. [ 60 ] Technology In 1996, Starck worked with Alain Mikli to launch Starck Eyes. In 2013 Luxottica bought Starck Eyes and renamed it Starck Biotech Paris in 2019. Starck Biotech Paris is inspired by the human body to create revolutionary eyewear, merging design with biomechanics. [ 61 ] Starck helped design the Xiaomi Mi MIX smartphone, notable for having a 6.4-inch "whole surface screen". [ 62 ] In 2016, Starck developed a GPS-tracking wristband, DIAL (Individual Alert and Localization Device) for Société Nationale de Sauvetage en Mer , which allows endangered people to share their exact location with rescue services from the sea or the beach. [ 63 ] In 2018, Starck collaborated with Axiom Space and created the interior of the International Space Station 's housing module – a comfortable and luxurious living space adapted to weightlessness, with suede-textured walls, big windows to appreciate the view and all the technology needed to stay connected. [ 64 ] In 2019, Starck unveiled the A.I. chair to the public. The A.I. chair was developed in collaboration with experts of the 3D software company Autodesk and designed with help of Artificial Intelligence . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] In 2024 and in 2025 at the Salone del Mobile in Milan , Philippe Starck presents two new versions of the A.I. chair , the A.I.O.R.I. which is folding and the A.I. Lite , a lighter chair with no armrests edited by Kartell . [1] In 2021 Starck teams up with Delta Café to create RISE Delta Q, a coffee machine featuring the RISE system, a revolutionary reverse coffee extraction process. [ 67 ] In spring 2023, Baliston by Starck launches a collection of shoes featuring augmented technology and 100% recyclability. They incorporate a patented sensor module that analyzes the way the wearer moves to provide personalized information and recommendations. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] The same year, at COP 28 in Dubai, the HRS by Starck refueling stations were presented. These hydrogen refueling stations are accessible to all, considerably reducing fossil fuel emissions. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] Collections Starck's work is seen in the collections of European and American museums, including the Musée National d'Art Moderne [ 72 ] (to which he has donated several pieces, in particular, prototypes) the Musée des Arts Décoratifs in Paris , [ 73 ] MOMA [ 74 ] and the Brooklyn Museum [ 75 ] in New York City , the Vitra Design Museum in Basel [ 76 ] and the Design Museum in London . [ 77 ] More than 660 of his designs were inventoried in French public collections in 2011. [ 78 ] Gallery Chaise Costes , Centre Georges Pompidou (1981) Dr. Glob Chair, Kartell Indianapolis Museum of Art (1988) Juicy Salif , Alessi, Indianapolis Museum of Art (1990) Tabouret WW , Vitra, Indianapolis Museum of Art (1990) Colander for Alessi (1990) Hot Bertaa - Kettle for Alessi (1990) [ 79 ] [ 80 ] Masters Chair , homage to the masters, Arne Jacobsen , Charles Eames , Eero Saarinen , Kartell, Indianapolis Museum of Art (2002) Gold plated gun lamp designed for Flos (2005) Volteis V+ by Starck (2012) Laguiole knife Louis Ghost Chair for Kartell (2000) Philosophy Democratic design Starck's concept of democratic design led him to focus on mass-produced consumer goods rather than one-off pieces, seeking ways to reduce cost and improve quality in mass market goods. [ 81 ] Through his "democratic design" concept, Starck has campaigned for well-designed objects that are affordable to the masses. He has expressed this as a utopian ideal, approached in practice by increasing production quantities to cut costs and by using mail-order, [ 82 ] via Les 3 Suisses . In 1998, Starck established the Good Goods catalogue with La Redoute , proposing 170 sustainable and respectful everyday life objects "for the future moral market". [ 83 ] In 2000 he worked with Target Stores and proposed a collection of more than 50 products. [ 84 ] Starck released Ideas Box in 2011 for Bibliothèques Sans Frontières . These kit media libraries give refugee populations access to culture and information and can be installed anywhere around the world providing screens, books, games, cameras and more. [ 85 ] Starck has been involved in the development of Fluocaril toothbrushes and Laguiole Knives . [ 86 ] [ 87 ] Working with electric bicycle maker Moustache Bikes , Starck designed the M.A.S.S. (Mud, Asphalt, Sand and Snow) line, released in 2014. The collection comprised four ebikes, each intended to handle a particular terrain, powered by a Bosch motor. [ 88 ] In January 2013, Starck redesigned the Navigo travel pass. [ 89 ] In 2016, the SNSM called on Philippe Starck to come up with the design for a portable warning device, he graciously created the design for DIAL - an individual warning and location device. [ 90 ] [ 91 ] Philippe Starck also designed the cauldron and Olympic flame for the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, [ 92 ] as well as the Panneaux Histoire de Paris (sometimes called “Starck shovels” or “Starck lollipops”) installed in 1992 during Jacques Chirac's last municipal term. [ 93 ] In 2023, to celebrate 160 years of Perrier , Philippe Starck reimagines the iconic green bottle with the new Perrier + Starck limited edition. His design echoes the Fresnel lens and its diffraction. [ 94 ] Publications This section needs expansion . You can help by expanding it . ( February 2024 ) .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Lloyd Morgan, Conway (1999). Starck . Universe Publishing. ISBN 978-0789302274 . Sweet, Fay (1999). Philippe Starck : subverchic design . Watson-Guptill. ISBN 9780823012008 . Bertoni, Franco (1994). The architecture of Philippe Starck . Academy Editions. ISBN 9781854903785 . Morozzi, Cristina (2011). Philippe Stark . 24 ore cultura. ISBN 9788866480303 . Riewoldt, Otto (2006). New Hotel Design . Laurence King Publishing. pp. 18, 28 and 44. ISBN 9781856694797 . Vanderpooten, Gilles (2012). Impression d'ailleurs (in French). Éditions de l'Aube. ISBN 978-2815905176 . References ^ a b c d e f g "Philippe Starck" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 31 October 2024 . ^ Sharaf, Sama (2 August 2022). "Philippe Starck: Ideology and Philosophy" . RTF | Rethinking The Future . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ "Philippe Starck on democratic design" . ZDNET . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ world, STIR. "Philippe Starck, the leader of democratic design, continues to push boundaries at 71" . www.stirworld.com . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ Designer of the Year (1985). Management n°24, p 122, February 1997 ^ "Driade" . ^ "Worldwide renowned designers who have collaborated with Andreu World - Andreu World" . andreuworld.com . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ Philippe Starck pulled off his first feat with his interior for the Parisian nightclub and restaurant Les Bains-Douches , followed by Café Costes, "Psychoanalysis of the Starck Object", Le Monde , 27 January 1994 ^ "The Louis Ghost chair: A modern piece of furniture that's become a cult classic - Plastics le Mag" . Nom du site (in French) . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ Massimo De Conti (2011). Design Talks : Contemporary Creatives on Architecture and Design, biography by Jasper Eder . Images Publishing. pp. 161, 162. ISBN 9781864704402 . ^ "Unhex Nani Nani and Dual Curving" . Kikukawa Kogyo . 17 February 2022. ^ Penn Library, Fine Arts Library Image Collection . ^ "Starck « design » l'école des arts déco" . Le Journal des Arts . 20 November 1998 . Retrieved 17 September 2024 . ^ "Philippe Starck Paviljoen, Groningen | 255516 | EMPORIS" . Emporis . Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. ^ "BWT Alpine F1 Team welcomes Philippe Starck in Monza" . Newsroom Alpine . 31 August 2024 . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ "Philippe Starck designed F1 racing motorhome for team Alpine" . www.domusweb.it . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ Forbes, Andrew (28 October 2024). "LA Almazara – the World's First Signature Olive Oil Mill – Opens in Ronda, Spain" . The Luxury Editor . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ designboom, kat barandy I. (18 October 2024). "phillipe starck curates radical and minimalist 'LA almazara' in andalusia, spain" . designboom | architecture & design magazine . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ "La Almazara: World's Greatest Places 2025" . TIME . 13 March 2025 . Retrieved 17 March 2025 . ^ LLC, New York Media (31 October 1988). "New York Magazine" . New York Media, LLC – via Google Books. ^ Riewoldt 2006 , p. 44. ^ Riewoldt 2006 , p. 18. ^ Riewoldt 2006 , p. 28. ^ "Le Royal Monceau réinventé par Starck" . LExpress.fr . 18 October 2010. ^ "Brach Hotel, Designed by Philippe Starck, Opens in Paris" . Luxury Travel Advisor . 4 October 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2020 . ^ Kulawick-Assante, Katia (9 October 2018). "See Inside Philippe Starck's Trio of Game-Changing New Hotels" . Architectural Digest . Retrieved 23 June 2020 . ^ "La Co(o)rniche" . The Telegraph . 16 September 2016. ISSN 0307-1235 . Retrieved 23 June 2020 . ^ "Hôtel Ha(a)ïtza" . The Telegraph . 1 August 2016. ISSN 0307-1235 . Retrieved 23 June 2020 . ^ "Exclusive: Philippe Starck on Lily of the Valley, his stunning new Côte d'Azur hotel" . Vogue Paris . 11 July 2019 . Retrieved 23 June 2020 . ^ "La Réserve Eden au Lac Zurich Is Now Open" . Luxury Travel Advisor . 9 January 2020 . Retrieved 23 June 2020 . ^ "Too Restaurant, we tested the sublime panoramic restaurant in Paris, menu and photos" . www.sortiraparis.com . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ "Jean Nouvel designs "vertical garden tower" for Rosewood São Paulo hotel" . Dezeen . 15 November 2024 . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ "Philippe Starck reinterprets Brazilian modernism in São Paulo penthouse" . Dezeen . 11 December 2024 . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ "The MOB House, the trendy hotel at the Puces de Saint-Ouen" . www.sortiraparis.com . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ "Mob House, the new hotel with swimming pool in Saint-Ouen" . www.doitinparis.com . 2 May 2022 . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ "Mondrian Bordeaux Les Carmes | Bordeaux Tourism & Conventions" . www.bordeaux-tourism.co.uk . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ "Announcing the Opening of Mondrian Bordeaux" . Hospitality Net . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ "Arquitectura de Madrid" . guia-arquitectura-madrid.coam.org . ^ "Caffè Stern in Paris by Philippe Starck | Paris Design Agenda" . www.parisdesignagenda.com . 19 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 June 2020 . ^ "Amo, Luxury Made Accessible in Central Venice" . www.finedininglovers.com . Retrieved 23 June 2020 . ^ "Philippe Starck restores time-worn interiors of the Quadri restaurant in Venice" . Dezeen . 24 March 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2020 . ^ Minero, Giulia (9 April 2019). "Amor, the New Alajmo Restaurant in Corso Como" . Where Milan . Archived from the original on 26 June 2020 . Retrieved 23 June 2020 . ^ Latterner, Timothy (2 February 2019). "Philippe Starck–Designed L'Avenue Restaurant Opens at Saks" . Architectural Digest . ^ Philippe Starck has transformed this former oil and wine warehouse into an arts and leisure centre (in Spanish) El pais ^ Archdaily . ^ designboom, kieron marchese I. (16 March 2018). "philippe starck's maison heler, a phantasmagoric hotel and habitable work of surrealism" . designboom | architecture & design magazine . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ Staff, A. D. (28 November 2024). "AD's Global Editors recommend top 22 places to travel in 2025" . Architectural Digest India . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ a b "5 of the best Philippe Starck designed yachts" . BoatInternational . Retrieved 7 December 2018 . ^ "Motor Yacht A: On board the world's most famous yacht with legendary designer Philippe Starck" . Boat International . Retrieved 23 June 2020 . ^ Springer, Bill. "One of the World's Largest Sailing Superyachts Has Launched in Holland" . Forbes . Retrieved 23 June 2020 . ^ 5 of the best Philippe Starck-designed Yachts boatsinternational.com ^ Sam Dangremond, World’s Largest Sailing Yacht Meets Its Baby Brother In Monaco , 10 May 2017 Town&Country ^ Magazine, Wallpaper* (8 May 2012). "Port Adriano marina by Philippe Starck, Mallorca" . Wallpaper* . ^ "Port Adriano" . The Mallorca Insider . 17 September 2020 . Retrieved 17 September 2024 . ^ Kamp, David (3 November 2016). "All You Need to Know About Philippe Starck, Industrial Design's Willy Wonka" . Vanity Fair . ^ "liquid wood: philippe starck with eugeni quitllet created zartan for magis" . designboom | architecture & design magazine . 20 April 2011. ^ "Broom Chair by Philippe Starck for Emeco" . Dezeen . 24 April 2012. ^ "Philippe Starck Replaces Leather Skin With Apple Febric" . issuu . ^ "Smart Wood" . www.stirpad.com . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ "Dior Maison Employs Philippe Starck for Reimagined Miss Dior Chair" . HYPEBEAST . 17 June 2022 . Retrieved 22 June 2022 . ^ "philippe starck develops an eyewear sphere hinge with no screws or welds" . designboom | architecture & design magazine . 4 March 2020. ^ "小米MIX-小米商城" . www.mi.com . 25 October 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . ^ "GPS-connected wristband allows swimmers who run into difficulties to alert rescue services" . Dezeen . 3 January 2019. ^ "Philippe Starck designs "foetal" interiors for Axiom's commercial space station" . Dezeen . 14 June 2018. ^ "The A.I. Chair" . 17 April 2019. ^ Xinying, Hong. "Why Philippe Starck Designed A Chair For Kartell Using Artificial Intelligence" . Tatler Asia . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ "Rise Delta Q With Starck" . DeltaQ GL . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ "Baliston introduces AI-augmented footwear by Philippe Starck" . DesignWanted . 23 May 2023 . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ Richford, Rhonda (11 May 2023). "Philippe Starck's New Sustainable Sneaker" . WWD . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ designboom, matthew burgos | (1 December 2023). "philippe starck launches hydrogen refueling station in polished steel at dubai's COP28" . designboom | architecture & design magazine . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ "Philippe Starck designs minimalist refuelling station that highlights the "nothingness" of hydrogen" . Dezeen . 11 December 2023 . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ "Pompidou center" . ^ (in French) MAD paris Philippe Starck Le design pour tous, Coffret maison Starck . ^ "Philippe Starck | MoMA" . The Museum of Modern Art . ^ "Brooklyn Museum" . www.brooklynmuseum.org . ^ "Vitra Design Museum: Collection" . collection.design-museum.de . ^ Q42, Fabrique &. "WIN a copy of 'Design: An Essential Introduction' and a 'Philippe Starck designed squeezer' " . Design Museum . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link ) ^ "Base de données" . www.lescollectionsdesign.fr . ^ "Philippe Starck Hot Bertaa" . Museum of Failure . Retrieved 29 May 2025 . ^ Bailey, Charlie (16 September 2016). "Design horror: the Hot Bertaa kettle by Philippe Starck" . Financial Times . Retrieved 29 May 2025 . ^ Designs on love, Le Monde, 10 February 2008 ^ "So it is absolutely possible to talk about a utopian project with Starck", Benoît Heilbrunn, Starck in Words, 2003 ^ "Design: Starck naked" . The Independent . 23 October 2011. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. ^ "Target to Introduce Chic Philippe Starck Collection" . Progressive Grocer . 3 April 2002. ^ "Bibliothèques Sans Frontières" . 30 August 2014. ^ Museum of Design in Plastics, Philippe Starck toothbrush and holder . ^ Laurent Marcaillou (22 August 2014). "Usines d'architectes : et Starck recréa Laguiole" . Les Echos (in French). ^ Davies, Alex (10 September 2014). "Philippe Starck's Electric Mountain Bikes Boost You Up Hills in Style" . Wired . Retrieved 16 September 2024 . ^ Philippe Starck waived his fee for designing this new-generation card, said transport authority STIF. Its pared-down design is intended to make it last, Le Parisien, January 2012 ^ www.aberratio.de, aberratio GmbH, Hamburg. "Winners" . www.german-innovation-award.de . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) ^ "Dial" . theindexproject.org . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ "Albertville 1992, torch - Philippe Starck" . Google Arts & Culture . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ "The ultimate street signs, historical sites and house numbers | Search results: signs that the name or text on sign or address contains All signs in the collection: The History of Paris (Starck's Lollipops)" . www.streetsigns.co.il . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . ^ designboom, myrto katsikopoulou I. (19 October 2023). "perrier celebrates 160th anniversary with limited edition bottle by philippe starck" . designboom | architecture & design magazine . Retrieved 10 February 2025 . External links Official website Mobilier national (France): Philippe Starck Authority control databases International VIAF GND VIAF GND National United States France BnF data United States France BnF data Artists ULAN RKD Artists KulturNav Victoria Museum of Modern Art ULAN RKD Artists KulturNav Victoria Museum of Modern Art People Trove Deutsche Biographie Trove Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC SNAC 1949 births Living people École Camondo alumni French industrial designers French furniture designers French interior designers Product designers Compasso d'Oro Award recipients Lucky Strike Designer Award recipients Axiom Space Businesspeople from Paris People named in the Paradise Papers Recipients of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres Recipients of the Legion of Honour Lighting designers CS1 French-language sources (fr) CS1: unfit URL Articles with Spanish-language sources (es) Articles with French-language sources (fr) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use dmy dates from January 2025 Pages using infobox person with multiple parents Articles with hCards Pages using infobox person with deprecated parameters Pages with French IPA Articles to be expanded from February 2024 All articles to be expanded Commons category link is on Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles containing video clips This page was last edited on 10 December 2025, at 19:07 (UTC) . 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Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence Title: MMPG: MoE-based Adaptive Multi-Perspective Graph Fusion for Protein Representation Learning Abstract: Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have been widely adopted for Protein Representation Learning (PRL), as residue interaction networks can be naturally represented as graphs. Current GNN-based PRL methods typically rely on single-perspective graph construction strategies, which capture partial properties of residue interactions, resulting in incomplete protein representations. To address this limitation, we propose MMPG, a framework that constructs protein graphs from multiple perspectives and adaptively fuses them via Mixture of Experts (MoE) for PRL. MMPG constructs graphs from physical, chemical, and geometric perspectives to characterize different properties of residue interactions. To capture both perspective-specific features and their synergies, we develop an MoE module, which dynamically routes perspectives to specialized experts, where experts learn intrinsic features and cross-perspective interactions. We quantitatively verify that MoE automatically specializes experts in modeling distinct levels of interaction from individual representations, to pairwise inter-perspective synergies, and ultimately to a global consensus across all perspectives. Through integrating this multi-level information, MMPG produces superior protein representations and achieves advanced performance on four different downstream protein tasks. Subjects: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) Cite as: arXiv:2601.10157 [cs.AI] (or arXiv:2601.10157v1 [cs.AI] for this version) Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history Access Paper: View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar BibTeX formatted citation Bookmark Bibliographic and Citation Tools Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article Demos Recommenders and Search Tools Author Venue Institution Topic arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs . About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early history 2 Establishing the nature of alum 3 Isolation of metal 4 Early industrial production 5 Electrolytic production and commercialization 6 Mass usage 7 Aluminium Age 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography History of aluminium العربية Català Español فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ Português Türkçe Tiếng Việt Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Aluminium (or aluminum) metal is very rare in native form , and the process to refine it from ores is complex, so for most of human history it was unknown. However, the compound alum has been known since the 5th century BCE and was used extensively by the ancients for dyeing . During the Middle Ages , its use for dyeing made it a commodity of international commerce. Renaissance scientists believed that alum was a salt of a new earth ; during the Age of Enlightenment , it was established that this earth, alumina , was an oxide of a new metal. Discovery of this metal was announced in 1825 by Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted , whose work was extended by German chemist Friedrich Wöhler . Aluminium was difficult to refine and thus uncommon in actual use. Soon after its discovery, the price of aluminium exceeded that of gold. It was reduced only after the initiation of the first industrial production by French chemist Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville in 1856. Aluminium became much more available to the public with the Hall–Héroult process developed independently by French engineer Paul Héroult and American engineer Charles Martin Hall in 1886, and the Bayer process developed by Austrian chemist Carl Josef Bayer in 1889. These processes have been used for aluminium production up to the present. The introduction of these methods for the mass production of aluminium led to extensive use of the light, corrosion-resistant metal in industry and everyday life. Aluminium began to be used in engineering and construction. In World Wars I and II , aluminium was a crucial strategic resource for aviation . World production of the metal grew from 6,800 metric tons in 1900 to 2,810,000 metric tons in 1954, when aluminium became the most produced non-ferrous metal , surpassing copper . In the second half of the 20th century, aluminium gained usage in transportation and packaging. Aluminium production became a source of concern due to its effect on the environment, and aluminium recycling gained ground. The metal became an exchange commodity in the 1970s. Production began to shift from developed countries to developing ones ; by 2010, China had accumulated an especially large share in both production and consumption of aluminium. World production continued to rise, reaching 58,500,000 metric tons in 2015. Aluminium production exceeds those of all other non-ferrous metals combined. Early history " Today, I bring you the victory over the Turk. Every year they wring from the Christians more than three hundred thousand ducats for the alum with which we dye wool. For this is not found among the Latins except a very small quantity. [...] But I have found seven mountains so rich in this material that they could supply seven worlds. If you will give orders to engage workmen, build furnaces, and smelt the ore, you will provide all Europe with alum and the Turk will lose all his profits. Instead they will accrue to you ... " " Today, I bring you the victory over the Turk. Every year they wring from the Christians more than three hundred thousand ducats for the alum with which we dye wool. For this is not found among the Latins except a very small quantity. [...] But I have found seven mountains so rich in this material that they could supply seven worlds. If you will give orders to engage workmen, build furnaces, and smelt the ore, you will provide all Europe with alum and the Turk will lose all his profits. Instead they will accrue to you ... " — Giovanni da Castro to his godfather Pope Pius II in 1461, after discovering a rich source of alum at Tolfa near Rome [ 1 ] The history of aluminium was shaped by the usage of its compound alum . The first written record of alum was in the 5th century BCE by Greek historian Herodotus . [ 2 ] The ancients used it as a dyeing mordant , in medicine, in chemical milling , and as a fire-resistant coating for wood to protect fortresses from enemy arson. [ 3 ] Aluminium metal was unknown. Roman writer Petronius mentioned in his novel Satyricon that an unusual glass had been presented to the emperor: after it was thrown on the pavement, it did not break but only deformed. It was returned to its former shape using a hammer. After learning from the inventor that nobody else knew how to produce this material, the emperor had the inventor executed so that it did not diminish the price of gold. [ 4 ] Variations of this story were mentioned briefly in Natural History by Roman historian Pliny the Elder (who noted the story had "been current through frequent repetition rather than authentic") [ 5 ] and Roman History by Roman historian Cassius Dio . [ 4 ] Some sources suggest this glass could be aluminium. [ a ] [ b ] It is possible aluminium-containing alloys were produced in China during the reign of the first Jin dynasty (266–420). [ c ] After the Crusades , alum was a commodity of international commerce; [ 9 ] it was indispensable in the European fabric industry. [ 10 ] Small alum mines were worked in Catholic Europe but most alum came from the Middle East. [ 11 ] Alum continued to be traded through the Mediterranean Sea until the mid-15th century, when the Ottomans greatly increased export taxes. In a few years, alum was discovered in great abundance in Italy. Pope Pius II forbade all imports from the east, using the profits from the alum trade to start a war with the Ottomans. [ 1 ] This newly found alum long played an important role in European pharmacy , but the high prices set by the papal government eventually made other states start their own production; large-scale alum mining came to other regions of Europe in the 16th century. [ 12 ] Establishing the nature of alum I think it not too venturesome to predict that a day will come when the metallic nature of the base of alum will be incontestably proven. I think it not too venturesome to predict that a day will come when the metallic nature of the base of alum will be incontestably proven. — French chemist Théodore Baron d'Hénouville in 1760 at the Paris Academy of Sciences [ 13 ] At the start of the Renaissance , the nature of alum remained unknown. Around 1530, Swiss physician Paracelsus recognized alum as separate from vitriole (sulfates) and suggested it was a salt of an earth . [ 14 ] In 1595, German doctor and chemist Andreas Libavius demonstrated that alum and green and blue vitriole were formed by the same acid but different earths; [ 15 ] for the undiscovered earth that formed alum, he proposed the name "alumina". [ 14 ] German chemist Georg Ernst Stahl stated that the unknown base of alum was akin to lime or chalk in 1702; this mistaken view was shared by many scientists for half a century. [ 16 ] In 1722, German chemist Friedrich Hoffmann suggested that the base of alum was a distinct earth. [ 16 ] In 1728, French chemist Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire claimed alum was formed by an unknown earth and sulfuric acid ; [ 16 ] he mistakenly believed burning that earth yielded silica. [ 17 ] (Geoffroy's mistake was corrected only in 1785 by German chemist and pharmacist Johann Christian Wiegleb . He determined that earth of alum could not be synthesized from silica and alkalis, contrary to contemporary belief.) [ 18 ] French chemist Jean Gello proved the earth in clay and the earth resulting from the reaction of an alkali on alum were identical in 1739. [ 19 ] German chemist Johann Heinrich Pott showed the precipitate obtained from pouring an alkali into a solution of alum was different from lime and chalk in 1746. [ 20 ] German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf synthesized the earth of alum by boiling clay in sulfuric acid and adding potash in 1754. [ 16 ] He realized that adding soda, potash, or an alkali to a solution of the new earth in sulfuric acid yielded alum. [ 21 ] He described the earth as alkaline, as he had discovered it dissolved in acids when dried. Marggraf also described salts of this earth: chloride , nitrate and acetate . [ 19 ] In 1758, French chemist Pierre Macquer wrote that alumina [ d ] resembled a metallic earth. [ 13 ] In 1760, French chemist Théodore Baron d'Hénouville expressed his confidence that alumina was a metallic earth. [ 13 ] In 1767, Swedish chemist Torbern Bergman synthesized alum by boiling alunite in sulfuric acid and adding potash to the solution. He also synthesized alum as a reaction product between sulfates of potassium and earth of alum, demonstrating that alum was a double salt. [ 14 ] Swedish German pharmaceutical chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele demonstrated that both alum and silica originated from clay and alum did not contain silicon in 1776. [ 22 ] Writing in 1782, French chemist Antoine Lavoisier considered alumina an oxide of a metal with an affinity for oxygen so strong that no known reducing agents could overcome it. [ 23 ] Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius suggested [ 24 ] the formula AlO 3 for alumina in 1815. [ 25 ] The correct formula, Al 2 O 3 , was established by German chemist Eilhard Mitscherlich in 1821; this helped Berzelius determine the correct atomic weight of the metal, 27. [ 25 ] Isolation of metal This amalgam quickly separates in air, and by distillation, in an inert atmosphere, gives a lump of metal which in color and luster somewhat resembles tin. This amalgam quickly separates in air, and by distillation, in an inert atmosphere, gives a lump of metal which in color and luster somewhat resembles tin. — Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted in 1825, describing isolation of aluminium at the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters , [ 26 ] In 1760, Baron de Hénouville unsuccessfully attempted to reduce alumina to its metal. He claimed he had tried every method of reduction known at the time, though his methods were unpublished. It is probable he mixed alum with carbon or some organic substance, with salt or soda for flux, and heated it in a charcoal fire. [ 13 ] Austrian chemists Anton Leopold Ruprecht and Matteo Tondi repeated Baron's experiments in 1790, significantly increasing the temperatures. They found small metallic particles they believed were the sought-after metal; but later experiments by other chemists showed these were iron phosphide from impurities in the charcoal and bone ash. German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth commented in an aftermath, "if there exists an earth which has been put in conditions where its metallic nature should be disclosed, if it had such, an earth exposed to experiments suitable for reducing it, tested in the hottest fires by all sorts of methods, on a large as well as on a small scale, that earth is certainly alumina, yet no one has yet perceived its metallization." [ 27 ] Lavoisier in 1794 [ 28 ] and French chemist Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau in 1795 melted alumina to a white enamel in a charcoal fire fed by pure oxygen but found no metal. [ 28 ] American chemist Robert Hare melted alumina with an oxyhydrogen blowpipe in 1802, also obtaining the enamel, but still found no metal. [ 27 ] In 1807, British chemist Humphry Davy successfully electrolyzed alumina with alkaline batteries, but the resulting alloy contained potassium and sodium , and Davy had no means to separate the desired metal from these. He then heated alumina with potassium, forming potassium oxide but was unable to produce the sought-after metal. [ 27 ] In 1808, Davy set up a different experiment on electrolysis of alumina, establishing that alumina decomposed in the electric arc but formed metal alloyed with iron ; he was unable to separate the two. [ 29 ] Finally, he tried yet another electrolysis experiment, seeking to collect the metal on iron, but was again unable to separate the coveted metal from it. [ 27 ] Davy suggested the metal be named alumium in 1808 [ 30 ] and aluminum in 1812, thus producing the modern name. [ 29 ] Other scientists used the spelling aluminium ; the former spelling regained usage in the United States in the following decades. [ 31 ] American chemist Benjamin Silliman repeated Hare's experiment in 1813 and obtained small granules of the sought-after metal, which almost immediately burned. [ 27 ] In 1824, Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted attempted to produce the metal. He reacted anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium amalgam , yielding a lump of metal that looked similar to tin. [ 26 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] He presented his results and demonstrated a sample of the new metal in 1825. In 1826, he wrote, "aluminium has a metallic luster and somewhat grayish color and breaks down water very slowly"; this suggests he had obtained an aluminium–potassium alloy, rather than pure aluminium. [ 34 ] Ørsted placed little importance on his discovery. [ 35 ] He did not notify either Davy or Berzelius, both of whom he knew, and published his work in a Danish magazine unknown to the European public. [ 35 ] As a result, he is often not credited as the discoverer of the element; [ 36 ] some earlier sources claimed Ørsted had not isolated aluminium. [ 37 ] Berzelius tried isolating the metal in 1825 by carefully washing the potassium analog of the base salt in cryolite in a crucible. Prior to the experiment, he had correctly identified the formula of this salt as K 3 AlF 6 . He found no metal, but his experiment came very close to succeeding and was successfully reproduced many times later. Berzelius's mistake was in using an excess of potassium, which made the solution too alkaline and dissolved all the newly formed aluminium. [ 38 ] German chemist Friedrich Wöhler visited Ørsted in 1827 and received explicit permission to continue the aluminium research, which Ørsted "did not have time" for. [ 35 ] Wöhler repeated Ørsted's experiments but did not identify any aluminium. (Wöhler later wrote to Berzelius, "what Oersted assumed to be a lump of aluminium was certainly nothing but aluminium-containing potassium".) [ 39 ] He conducted a similar experiment, mixing anhydrous aluminium chloride with potassium (the Wöhler process ), and produced a powder of aluminium. [ 33 ] After hearing about this, Ørsted suggested that his own aluminium might have contained potassium. [ 35 ] Wöhler continued his research and in 1845 was able to produce small pieces of the metal and described some of its physical properties. Wöhler's description of the properties indicates that he had obtained impure aluminium. [ 40 ] Other scientists also failed to reproduce Ørsted's experiment, [ 40 ] and Wöhler was credited as the discoverer for many years. [ 41 ] While Ørsted was not concerned with the priority of the discovery, [ 35 ] [ e ] some Danes tried to demonstrate he had obtained aluminium. [ 35 ] In 1921, the reason for the inconsistency between Ørsted's and Wöhler's experiments was discovered by Danish chemist Johan Fogh, who demonstrated that Ørsted's experiment was successful thanks to use of a large amount of excess aluminium chloride and an amalgam with low potassium content. [ 40 ] In 1936, scientists from American aluminium producing company Alcoa successfully recreated that experiment. [ 42 ] However, many later sources still credit Wöhler with the discovery of aluminium, as well as its successful isolation in a relatively pure form. [ 43 ] Early industrial production My first thought was I had laid my hands on this intermediate metal which would find its place in man's uses and needs when we would find the way of taking it out of the chemists' laboratory and putting it in the industry. My first thought was I had laid my hands on this intermediate metal which would find its place in man's uses and needs when we would find the way of taking it out of the chemists' laboratory and putting it in the industry. — Preface of Aluminium, its properties, manufacture and applications , book written by French chemist Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville in 1859 [ 44 ] Since Wöhler's method could not yield large amounts of aluminium, the metal remained uncommon; its cost [ f ] had exceeded that of gold before a new method was devised. In 1852, aluminium was sold at US$34 per ounce. [ 45 ] In comparison, the price of gold at the time was $19 per ounce. [ 46 ] French chemist Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville announced an industrial method of aluminium production in 1854 at the French Academy of Sciences in Paris. [ 47 ] Aluminium chloride could be reduced by sodium, a metal more convenient and less expensive than potassium used by Wöhler. [ 48 ] Deville was able to produce an ingot of the metal. [ 49 ] Napoleon III of France promised Deville an unlimited subsidy for aluminium research; in total, Deville used 36,000 French francs —20 times the annual income of an ordinary family. [ 50 ] Napoleon's interest in aluminium lay in its potential military use: he wished weapons, helmets, armor, and other equipment for the French army could be made of the new light, shiny metal. [ 50 ] While the metal was still not displayed to the public, Napoleon is reputed to have held a banquet where the most honored guests were given aluminium utensils while others made do with gold. [ 51 ] Twelve small ingots of aluminium were later exhibited for the first time to the public at the Exposition Universelle of 1855 . [ 50 ] The metal was presented as "the silver from clay" (aluminium is very similar to silver visually), and this name was soon widely used. [ 50 ] It attracted widespread attention; it was suggested aluminium be used in arts, music, medicine, cooking, and tableware. [ 52 ] The metal was noticed by the avant-garde writers of the time— Charles Dickens , Nikolay Chernyshevsky , and Jules Verne —who envisioned its use in the future. [ 53 ] However, not all attention was favorable. Newspapers wrote, "The Parisian expo put an end to the fairy tale of the silver from clay", saying that much of what had been said about the metal was exaggerated if not untrue and that the amount of the presented metal—about a kilogram—contrasted with what had been expected and was "not a lot for a discovery that was said to turn the world upside down". [ 50 ] Overall, the fair led to the eventual commercialization of the metal. [ 53 ] That year, aluminium was put to the market at a price of 300 F per kilogram. [ 54 ] At the next fair in Paris in 1867 , visitors were presented with aluminium wire and foil as well a new alloy— aluminium bronze , notable for its low cost of production, high resistance to corrosion , and desirable mechanical properties. [ 55 ] Manufacturers did not wish to divert resources from producing well-known (and marketable) metals, such as iron and bronze , to experiment with a new one; moreover, produced aluminium was still not of great purity and differed in properties by sample. This led to an initial general reluctance to produce the new metal. [ 50 ] Deville and partners established the world's first industrial production of aluminium at a smelter in Rouen in 1856. [ 47 ] Deville's smelter moved that year to La Glacière and then Nanterre , and in 1857 to Salindres . For the factory in Nanterre, an output of 2 kilograms of aluminium per day was recorded, [ 56 ] with a purity of 98%. [ 57 ] Originally, production started with synthesis of pure alumina, which was obtained from calcination of ammonium alum. In 1858, Deville was introduced to bauxite and, in collaboration with Louis Le Châtelier , soon developed what became known as the Deville–Pechiney process , employing the mineral as a source for alumina production. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] : 122 In 1860, Deville sold his aluminium interests to Henri Merle , a founder of Compagnie d'Alais et de la Camargue; this company dominated the aluminium market in France decades later. [ 60 ] Some chemists, including Deville, sought to use cryolite as the source ore, but with little success. [ 62 ] British engineer William Gerhard set up a plant with cryolite as the primary raw material in Battersea, London, in 1856, but technical and financial difficulties forced the closure of the plant in three years. [ 57 ] British ironmaster Isaac Lowthian Bell produced aluminium from 1860 to 1874. During the opening of his factory, he waved to the crowd with a unique and costly aluminium top hat . [ 63 ] No statistics about this production can be recovered, but it "cannot be very high". [ 64 ] Deville's output grew to 1 metric ton per year in 1860; 1.7 metric tons in 1867; and 1.8 metric tons in 1872. [ 64 ] At the time, demand for aluminium was low: for example, sales of Deville's aluminium by his British agents equaled 15 kilograms in 1872. [ 57 ] Aluminium at the time was often compared with silver; like silver, it was found to be suitable for making jewelry and objéts d'art . [ 55 ] Price for aluminium steadily declined to 240 F in 1859; 200 F in 1862; 120 F in 1867. [ 65 ] Other production sites began to appear in the 1880s. British engineer James Fern Webster launched the industrial production of aluminium by reduction with sodium in 1882; his aluminium was much purer than Deville's (it contained 0.8% impurities whereas Deville's typically contained 2%). [ 66 ] World production of aluminium in 1884 equaled 3.6 metric tons. [ 67 ] In 1884, American architect William Frishmuth combined production of sodium, alumina, and aluminium into a single technological process; this contrasted with the previous need to collect sodium, which combusts in water and sometimes air; [ 68 ] his aluminium production cost was about $16 per pound (compare to silver's cost of $19 per pound, or the French price, an equivalent of $12 per pound). [ 69 ] In 1885, Aluminium- und Magnesiumfabrik started production in Hemelingen . [ 70 ] Its production figures strongly exceeded those of the factory in Salindres but the factory stopped production in 1888. [ 71 ] In 1886, American engineer Hamilton Castner devised a method of cheaper production of sodium, which decreased the cost of aluminium production to $8 per pound, but he did not have enough capital to construct a large factory like Deville's. [ 72 ] In 1887, he constructed a factory in Oldbury ; Webster constructed a plant nearby and bought Castner's sodium to use it in his own production of aluminium. [ 66 ] In 1889, German metallurgist Curt Netto launched a method of reduction of cryolite with sodium that produced aluminium containing 0.5–1.0% of impurities. [ 73 ] Electrolytic production and commercialization I'm going for that metal. I'm going for that metal. — Purportedly, American student Charles Martin Hall in 1880, after hearing from his chemistry professor that an industrial production of aluminium would be a great good for humanity and a source of wealth for the discoverer [ 67 ] Aluminium was first produced independently using electrolysis in 1854 by the German chemist Robert Bunsen and Deville. Their methods did not become the basis for industrial production of aluminium because electrical supplies were inefficient at the time. This changed only with Belgian engineer Zénobe Gramme's invention of the dynamo in 1870, which made creation of large amounts of electricity possible. The invention of the three-phase current by Russian engineer Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky in 1889 made transmission of this electricity over long distances achievable. [ 75 ] Soon after his discovery, Bunsen moved on to other areas of interest while Deville's work was noticed by Napoleon III; this was the reason Deville's Napoleon-funded research on aluminium production had been started. Deville quickly realized electrolytic production was impractical at the time and moved on to chemical methods, presenting results later that year. [ 67 ] [ 76 ] Electrolytic mass production remained difficult because electrolytic baths could not withstand prolonged contact with molten salts, succumbing to corrosion. The first attempt to overcome this for aluminium production was made by American engineer Charles Bradley in 1883. Bradley heated aluminium salts internally: the highest temperature was inside the bath and the lowest was on its walls, where salts would solidify and protect the bath. Bradley then sold his patent claim to brothers Alfred and Eugene Cowles, who used it at a smelter in Lockport and later in Stoke-upon-Trent but the method was modified to yield alloys rather than pure aluminium. [ 77 ] Bradley applied for a patent in 1883; due to his broad wordings, it was rejected as composed of prior art . After a necessary two-year break, he re-applied. This process lasted for six years, as the patent office questioned whether Bradley's ideas were original. [ 78 ] When Bradley was granted a patent, electrolytic aluminium production had already been in place for several years. [ 79 ] The first large-scale production method was independently developed by French engineer Paul Héroult and American engineer Charles Martin Hall in 1886; it is now known as the Hall–Héroult process . Pure alumina's very high melting point made electrolysis impractical; both Héroult and Hall realized it could be greatly lowered by the presence of molten cryolite. [ g ] Héroult was granted a patent in France in April [ 81 ] and subsequently in several other European countries; [ 82 ] he also applied for a U.S. patent in May. [ 81 ] After securing a patent, Héroult could not find interest in his invention. When asking professionals for advice, he was told there was no demand for aluminium but some for aluminium bronze. The factory in Salindres did not wish to improve its process. In 1888, Héroult and his companions founded Aluminium Industrie Aktiengesellschaft and started industrial production of aluminium bronze in Neuhausen am Rheinfall . Then, Société électrométallurgique française was founded in Paris. They convinced Héroult to return to France, purchased his patents, and appointed him as the director of a smelter in Isère , which produced aluminium bronze on a large scale at first and pure aluminium in a few months. [ 83 ] [ 84 ] At the same time, Hall produced aluminium by the same process in his home at Oberlin . [ 86 ] He applied for a patent in July, and the patent office notified Hall of an "interference" with Héroult's application. The Cowles brothers offered legal support. By then, Hall had failed to develop a commercial process for his first investors, and he turned to experimenting at Cowles' smelter in Lockport. He experimented for a year without much success but gained the attention of investors. [ h ] Hall co-founded the Pittsburgh Reduction Company in 1888 and initiated production of aluminium. [ 88 ] Hall's patent was granted in 1889. [ 74 ] [ i ] In 1889, Hall's production began to use the principle of internal heating. [ j ] By September 1889, Hall's production grew to 385 pounds (175 kilograms) at a cost of $0.65 per pound. [ 91 ] By 1890, Hall's company still lacked capital and did not pay dividends ; Hall had to sell some of his shares to attract investments. [ 92 ] During that year, a new factory in Patricroft was constructed. [ 93 ] The smelter in Lockport was unable to withstand the competition and shut down by 1892. [ 94 ] The Hall–Héroult process converts alumina into the metal. Austrian chemist Carl Josef Bayer discovered a way of purifying bauxite to yield alumina in 1888 at a textile factory in Saint Petersburg and was issued a patent later that year; [ 95 ] this is now known as the Bayer process . Bayer sintered bauxite with alkali and leached it with water; after stirring the solution and introducing a seeding agent to it, he found a precipitate of pure aluminium hydroxide, which decomposed to alumina on heating. In 1892, while working at a chemical plant in Yelabuga , he discovered the aluminium contents of bauxite dissolved in the alkaline leftover from isolation of alumina solids; this was crucial for the industrial employment of this method. He was issued a patent later that year. [ 95 ] [ 96 ] The total amount of unalloyed aluminium produced using Deville's chemical method from 1856 to 1889 equaled 200 metric tons. [ 47 ] Production in 1890 alone was 175 metric tons. It grew to 715 metric tons in 1893 and to 4,034 metric tons in 1898. [ 71 ] The price fell to $2 per pound in 1889 and to $0.5 per pound in 1894. [ 97 ] By the end of 1889, a consistently high purity of aluminium produced via electrolysis had been achieved. [ 98 ] In 1890, Webster's factory went obsolete after an electrolysis factory was opened in England. [ 68 ] Netto's main advantage, the high purity of the resulting aluminium, was outmatched by electrolytic aluminium and his company closed the following year. [ 98 ] Compagnie d'Alais et de la Camargue also decided to switch to electrolytic production, and their first plant using this method was opened in 1895. [ 74 ] Modern production of the aluminium is based on the Bayer and Hall–Héroult processes. It was further improved in 1920 by a team led by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Söderberg. Previously, anode electrodes had been made from pre-baked coal blocks, which quickly corrupted and required replacement; the team introduced continuous electrodes made from a coke and tar paste in a reduction chamber. This advance greatly increased the world output of aluminium. [ 99 ] Mass usage Give us aluminum in the right quantity, and we will be able to fight for another four years. Give us aluminum in the right quantity, and we will be able to fight for another four years. — Soviet leader Joseph Stalin to Harry Hopkins , personal representative of the U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt , in August 1941, [ 100 ] Prices for aluminium declined, and by the early 1890s, the metal had become widely used in jewelry, eyeglass frames, optical instruments, and many everyday items. Aluminium cookware began to be produced in the late 19th century and gradually supplanted copper and cast iron cookware in the first decades of the 20th century. Aluminium foil was popularized at that time. Aluminium is soft and light, but it was soon discovered that alloying it with other metals could increase its hardness while preserving its low density. Aluminium alloys found many uses in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. For instance, aluminium bronze is applied to make flexible bands, sheets, and wire, and is widely employed in the shipbuilding and aviation industries. [ 101 ] Aviation used a new aluminium alloy, duralumin , invented in 1903. [ 102 ] Aluminium recycling began in the early 1900s and has been used extensively since [ 103 ] as aluminium is not impaired by recycling and thus can be recycled repeatedly. [ 104 ] At this point, only the metal that had not been used by end-consumers was recycled. [ 105 ] During World War I , major governments demanded large shipments of aluminium for light strong airframes. They often subsidized factories and the necessary electrical supply systems. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] Overall production of aluminium peaked during the war: world production of aluminium in 1900 was 6,800 metric tons; in 1916, annual production exceeded 100,000 metric tons. [ 105 ] The war created a greater demand for aluminium, which the growing primary production was unable to fully satisfy, and recycling grew intensely as well. [ 103 ] The peak in production was followed by a decline, then a swift growth. [ 105 ] During the first half of the 20th century, the real price for aluminium fell continuously from $14,000 per metric ton in 1900 to $2,340 in 1948 (in 1998 United States dollars). There were some exceptions such as the sharp price rise during World War I. [ 105 ] Aluminium was plentiful, and in 1919 Germany began to replace its silver coins with aluminium ones; more and more denominations were switched to aluminium coins as hyperinflation progressed in the country. [ 109 ] By the mid-20th century, aluminium had become a part of everyday lives, becoming an essential component of housewares. [ 110 ] Aluminium freight cars first appeared in 1931. Their lower mass allowed them to carry more cargo. [ 107 ] During the 1930s, aluminium emerged as a civil engineering material used in both basic construction and building interiors. [ 111 ] Its use in military engineering for both airplanes and tank engines advanced. [ 112 ] Aluminium obtained from recycling was considered inferior to primary aluminium because of poorer chemistry control as well as poor removal of dross and slags . Recycling grew overall but depended largely on the output of primary production: for instance, as electric energy prices declined in the United States in the late 1930s, more primary aluminium could be produced using the energy-expensive Hall–Héroult process. This rendered recycling less necessary, and thus aluminium recycling rates went down. [ 103 ] By 1940, mass recycling of post-consumer aluminium had begun. [ 105 ] During World War II , production peaked again, exceeding 1,000,000 metric tons for the first time in 1941. [ 105 ] Aluminium was used heavily in aircraft production and was a strategic material of extreme importance; so much so that when Alcoa (successor of Hall's Pittsburgh Reduction Company and the aluminium production monopolist in the United States at the time) did not expand its production, the United States Secretary of the Interior proclaimed in 1941, "If America loses the war, it can thank the Aluminum Corporation of America". [ 114 ] In 1939, Germany was the world's leading producer of aluminium; the Germans thus saw aluminium as their edge in the war. Aluminium coins continued to be used but while they symbolized a decline on their introduction, by 1939, they had come to represent power. [ 115 ] (In 1941, they began to be withdrawn from circulation to save the metal for military needs.) [ 116 ] After the United Kingdom was attacked in 1940, it started an ambitious program of aluminium recycling; the newly appointed Minister of Aircraft Production appealed to the public to donate any household aluminium for airplane building. [ 113 ] [ k ] The Soviet Union received 328,100 metric tons of aluminium from its co-combatants from 1941 to 1945; [ 121 ] this aluminium was used in aircraft and tank engines. [ 122 ] Without these shipments, the output of the Soviet aircraft industry would have fallen by over a half. [ 123 ] After the wartime peak, world production fell for three late-war and post-war years but then regained its rapid growth. [ 105 ] In 1954, the world output equaled 2,810,000 metric tons; [ 105 ] this production surpassed that of copper , [ l ] historically second in production only to iron, [ 125 ] [ 126 ] making it the most produced non-ferrous metal . Aluminium Age Nothing stops time. One epoch follows another, and sometimes we don't even notice it. The Stone Age... The Bronze Age... The Iron Age... [...now] we stand on the threshold of the Aluminium Age. Nothing stops time. One epoch follows another, and sometimes we don't even notice it. The Stone Age... The Bronze Age... The Iron Age... [...now] we stand on the threshold of the Aluminium Age. — Aluminium: The Thirteenth Element , [ 127 ] Earth's first artificial satellite Sputnik 1 , launched in 1957, consisted of two joined aluminium hemispheres. All subsequent spacecraft have used aluminium to some extent. [ 99 ] The aluminium can was first manufactured in 1956 and employed as a container for drinks in 1958. [ 128 ] In the 1960s, aluminium was employed for the production of wires and cables . [ 129 ] Since the 1970s, high-speed trains have commonly used aluminium for its high strength-to-weight ratio. For the same reason, the aluminium content of cars is growing. [ 107 ] Six major companies dominated the world market [ m ] by 1955: Alcoa, Alcan (originated as a part of Alcoa), Reynolds , Kaiser , Pechiney (merger of Compagnie d'Alais et de la Camargue that bought Deville's smelter and Société électrométallurgique française that hired Héroult), and Alusuisse (successor of Héroult's Aluminium Industrie Aktien Gesellschaft); their combined share of the market equaled 86%. [ 130 ] From 1945, aluminium consumption grew by almost 10% each year for nearly three decades, gaining ground in building applications, electric cables, basic foils and the aircraft industry. In the early 1970s, an additional boost came from the development of aluminium beverage cans. [ 131 ] The real price declined until the early 1970s; [ 132 ] in 1973, the real price equaled $2,130 per metric ton (in 1998 United States dollars). [ 105 ] The main drivers of the drop in price was the decline of extraction and processing costs, technological progress, and the increase in aluminium production, [ 132 ] which first exceeded 10,000,000 metric tons in 1971. [ 105 ] In the late 1960s, governments became aware of waste from the industrial production; they enforced a series of regulations favoring recycling and waste disposal. Söderberg anodes, which save capital and labor to bake the anodes but are more harmful to the environment (because of a greater difficulty in collecting and disposing of the baking fumes), [ 133 ] fell into disfavor, and production began to shift back to the pre-baked anodes. [ 134 ] The aluminium industry began promoting the recycling of aluminium cans in an attempt to avoid restrictions on them. [ 103 ] This sparked recycling of aluminium previously used by end-consumers: for example, in the United States, levels of recycling of such aluminium increased 3.5 times from 1970 to 1980 and 7.5 times to 1990. [ 105 ] Production costs for primary aluminium grew in the 1970s and 1980s, and this also contributed to the rise of aluminium recycling. [ 103 ] Closer composition control and improved refining technology diminished the quality difference between primary and secondary aluminium. [ 103 ] In the 1970s, the increased demand for aluminium made it an exchange commodity; it entered the London Metal Exchange , the world's oldest industrial metal exchange, in 1978. [ 99 ] Since then, aluminium has been traded for United States dollars and its price fluctuated along with the currency's exchange rate. [ 135 ] The need to exploit lower-grade poorer quality deposits and fast increasing input costs of energy, but also bauxite, as well as changes in exchange rates and greenhouse gas regulation, increased the net cost of aluminium; [ 132 ] the real price grew in the 1970s. [ 136 ] The increase of the real price, and changes of tariffs and taxes, began the redistribution of world producers' shares: the United States, the Soviet Union, and Japan accounted for nearly 60% of world's primary production in 1972 (and their combined share of consumption of primary aluminium was also close to 60%); [ 137 ] but their combined share only slightly exceeded 10% in 2012. [ 138 ] The production shift began in the 1970s with production moving from the United States, Japan, and Western Europe to Australia, Canada, the Middle East, Russia, and China, where it was cheaper due to lower electricity prices and favorable state regulation, such as low taxes or subsidies. [ 139 ] Production costs in the 1980s and 1990s declined because of advances in technology, lower energy and alumina prices, and high exchange rates of the United States dollar. [ 140 ] In the 2000s, the BRIC countries' (Brazil, Russia, India and China) combined share grew from 32.6% to 56.5% in primary production and 21.4% to 47.8% in primary consumption. [ 141 ] China has accumulated an especially large share of world production, thanks to an abundance of resources, cheap energy, and governmental stimuli; [ 142 ] it also increased its share of consumption from 2% in 1972 to 40% in 2010. [ 143 ] The only other country with a two-digit percentage was the United States with 11%; no other country exceeded 5%. [ 144 ] In the United States, Western Europe and Japan, most aluminium was consumed in transportation, engineering, construction, and packaging. [ 144 ] In the mid-2000s, increasing energy, alumina and carbon (used in anodes) prices caused an increase in production costs. This was amplified by a shift in currency exchange rates: not only a weakening of the United States dollar, but also a strengthening of the Chinese yuan . The latter became important as most Chinese aluminium was relatively cheap. [ 145 ] World output continued growing: in 2018, it was a record 63,600,000 metric tons before falling slightly in 2019. [ 105 ] Aluminium is produced in greater quantities than all other non-ferrous metals combined. [ 146 ] Its real price (in 1998 United States dollars) in 2019 was $1,400 per metric ton ($2,190 per ton in contemporary dollars). [ 105 ] See also Chemistry portal List of countries by aluminium production Notes ^ Deville had established that heating a mixture of sodium chloride , clay, and charcoal yields numerous aluminium globules. This was published in the Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences but eventually forgotten. [ 4 ] French chemist André Duboin discovered that heating a mixture of borax , alumina, and smaller quantities of dichromate and silica in a crucible formed impure aluminium. Boric acid is abundant in Italy. According to Duboin, this hints at the possibility that boric acid, potash, and clay under the reducing influence of coal may have produced aluminium in Rome. [ 4 ] ^ A similar story is attributed to Pliny, which mentions instead a light bright metal extracted from clay—a description that matches that of aluminium. Both Petronius and Pliny, however, mentioned glass [ 6 ] (and Dio did not mention the material at all). [ 7 ] A possible source of the error is French general Louis Gaspard Gustave Adolphe Yvelin de Béville , who was openly cited by Deville in 1864. De Béville searched in the Roman sources for possible ancient mentions of the new metal and discovered among others the story in Satiricon . De Béville might have misinterpreted Petronius's expression aurum pro luto habere (literally "to have gold as dirt"), assuming that lutum stands for "clay" (a possible translation), whereas the word throughout the book actually means something valueless in general. German chemist Gerhard Eggert concluded that this story was erroneous. [ 6 ] After evaluating other possible explanations, he announced the original story was also probably made up; however, he did not evaluate Duboin's suggestion. [ 6 ] ^ Alumina was plentiful and could be reduced by coke in the presence of copper, giving aluminium–copper alloys. Existing works by Chinese alchemists show that alloys with a small aluminium content could be produced in China. The Chinese did not have the technology to produce pure aluminium and the temperatures needed (around 2000 °C) were unachievable. A number of high-aluminium artifacts were found in China supposedly relating to the times of the first Jin dynasty, but it was later shown the technology needed to make them was not available at the time and thus the artifacts were not authentic. [ 8 ] ^ The terms "earth of alum" and "alumina" refer to the same substance. German-speaking authors mentioned in this section used "earth of alum" ( Alaun-Erde ), while French authors used "alumina" ( alumine ). ^ Ørsted's description of the isolation of the new element, as recorded by the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, [ 26 ] does not include a name for the metal, neither the name "aluminium" nor a suggestion of his own; in comparison, Wöhler put the word "aluminium" into the title of his article. [ 33 ] ^ Note the difference between cost and price . Cost is the amount of money (and, sometimes, other resources, such as time) that was spent in making a product whereas price is the amount of money (or, sometimes, other goods or services) the product is sold for. Manufacturer's price equals cost plus manufacturer's profit . ^ Although very similar and now commonly seen as one, Hall and Héroult processes had some small initial differences. For instance, Héroult used coal anodes while Hall used copper. [ 80 ] ^ The Cowles brothers did not wish to change their production method because they feared that mass production of aluminium would immediately reduce the metal's price. The president of the company considered purchasing Hall's patent (which was still not granted at the time) to ensure that competitors would not make use of it. [ 87 ] ^ Hall was able to prove his originality thanks to his keeping record on experiments. Hall documented the isolation of aluminium in February 1886, and his family members provided evidence for that. In contrast, the earliest date to which Héroult's invention could be traced back was the date of granting of the French patent in April. [ 81 ] ^ Because the principle of internal heating was missing from Hall's patent, the Cowles brothers believed Hall had stolen it from them and sued his company in 1891. This lawsuit was resolved only in 1903; the Pittsburgh Reduction Company had to pay a large indemnity . [ 89 ] [ 90 ] ^ This campaign was not effective as a means to achieve the declared goal, collecting of aluminium for production of airplanes: the collected metal was not of high quality, [ 117 ] required manual working (such as removal of wooden handles of pans), [ 118 ] and aluminium was available as unused kitchenware in stores and as scrap; [ 117 ] already existing scrap in particular could be easily converted into the required grade purity of aluminium and could not be sold elsewhere. [ 119 ] However, the campaign boosted the morale of the British civilian public who engaged in the wartime effort. [ 117 ] [ 120 ] ^ Compare annual statistics of aluminium [ 105 ] and copper [ 124 ] production by USGS. ^ Note that not all economies in the world were market economies ; for example, the Soviet Union had a planned economy . 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International Aluminium Institute. Richards, Joseph William (1896). Aluminium: Its history, occurrence, properties, metallurgy and applications, including its alloys (3 ed.). Henry Carey Baird & Co. Skrabec, Quentin R. (2017). Aluminum in America: A History . McFarland . ISBN 978-1-4766-2564-5 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Aluminium alloys v t e Introduction Aluminium Aluminum powder Aluminium alloys History of aluminium Aluminium Aluminum powder Aluminium alloys History of aluminium Al 1000 series (pure) 1050 1060 1070 1100 1145 1199 1200 1230 1350 1370 1420 1421 1424 1430 1440 1441 1445 1450 1460 1461 1464 1469 1050 1060 1070 1100 1145 1199 1200 1230 1350 1370 1420 1421 1424 1430 1440 1441 1445 1450 1460 1461 1464 1469 Al-Cu 2000 series 2004 2011 2014 2017 2020 2024 2025 2029 2036 2048 2055 2080 2090 2091 2094 2095 2097 2098 2099 2124 2195 2196 2197 2198 2218 2219 2224&2324 2297 2319 2397 2519 2524 2618 2004 2011 2014 2017 2020 2024 2025 2029 2036 2048 2055 2080 2090 2091 2094 2095 2097 2098 2099 2124 2195 2196 2197 2198 2218 2219 2224&2324 2297 2319 2397 2519 2524 2618 Al-Mn 3000 series 3003 3004 3005 3102 3102&3303 3105 3203 3003 3004 3005 3102 3102&3303 3105 3203 Al-Si 4000 series 4006 4007 4015 4032 4043 4047 4543 4006 4007 4015 4032 4043 4047 4543 Al-Mg 5000 series 5005&5657 5010 5019 5024 5026 5050 5052&5652 5056 5059 5083 5086 5154&5254 5182 5252 5356 5454 5456 5457 5557 5754 5005&5657 5010 5019 5024 5026 5050 5052&5652 5056 5059 5083 5086 5154&5254 5182 5252 5356 5454 5456 5457 5557 5754 Al-Mg-Si 6000 series 6005 ( 6005A ) 6009 6010 6013 6022 6060 6061 6063 6065 6066 6070 6081 6082 6101 6105 6113 6151 6162 6201 6205 6262 6351 6463 6951 6005 ( 6005A ) 6009 6010 6013 6022 6060 6061 6063 6065 6066 6070 6081 6082 6101 6105 6113 6151 6162 6201 6205 6262 6351 6463 6951 Al-Zn 7000 series 7005 7010 7022 7034 7039 7046 7050 7055 7065 7068 7072 7075 7079 7085 7090 7091 7093 7116 7129 7150 7178 7255 7475 7005 7010 7022 7034 7039 7046 7050 7055 7065 7068 7072 7075 7079 7085 7090 7091 7093 7116 7129 7150 7178 7255 7475 8000 series (misc.) 8006 8009 8011 8014 8019 8025 8030 8090 8091 8093 8176 8006 8009 8011 8014 8019 8025 8030 8090 8091 8093 8176 Named alloys Aluminium–lithium alloys AlBeMet Alclad Alnico AlSiC Alumel Aluminium granules Alusil Birmabright Devarda's alloy Duralumin Hiduminium (aka R.R. alloys) Hydronalium Italma Lo-Ex Magnalium Magnox (alloy) MKM steel Nickel aluminide Aluminium–scandium alloys Y alloy Al-Ca composite Hypereutectic piston Aluminium bronze AlSi10Mg Aluminium–lithium alloys AlBeMet Alclad Alnico AlSiC Alumel Aluminium granules Alusil Birmabright Devarda's alloy Duralumin Hiduminium (aka R.R. alloys) Hydronalium Italma Lo-Ex Magnalium Magnox (alloy) MKM steel Nickel aluminide Aluminium–scandium alloys Y alloy Al-Ca composite Hypereutectic piston Aluminium bronze AlSi10Mg v t e History of chemistry ( timeline ) v t e By branch Physical chemistry ( timeline ) Atomic theory Molecular theory Electrochemistry Spectroscopy Thermodynamics timeline Crystallography timeline Chemical crystallography Organic chemistry ( timeline ) Biochemistry Nuclear chemistry Fission Fusion Power Weapons Applied chemistry 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Portada Portal da comunidade A Taberna Actualidade Cambios recentes Artigos de calidade Páxina ao chou Axuda Doazóns Crear unha conta Acceder ao sistema Doazóns Crear unha conta Acceder ao sistema Presidente de Venezuela Aragonés العربية مصرى Azərbaycanca Български Català Chavacano de Zamboanga کوردی Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά English Español Eesti فارسی Suomi Français עברית हिन्दी 日本語 한국어 Latviešu Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Norsk bokmål Português Română Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Simple English Svenska 中文 Artigo Conversa Ler Editar Editar a fonte Ver o historial Ler Editar Editar a fonte Ver o historial Páxinas que ligan con esta Cambios relacionados Ligazón permanente Información da páxina Citar esta páxina Xerar o enderezo URL acurtado Descargar o código QR Crear un libro Descargar como PDF Versión para imprimir Elemento de Wikidata Atención: Este artigo é demasiado curto e precisa dun traballo de ampliación. Este artigo é demasiado curto ou tan só unha definición de dicionario . 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Presidente de Venezuela Presidenta de Venezuela .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}} Escudo Instancia de cargo público Subclase de presidente da República xefe de estado xefe de goberno Parte de poder executivo de Venezuela Lista do elemento lista de presidentes da Venezuela (pt) Instancia de cargo público Subclase de presidente da República xefe de estado xefe de goberno Parte de poder executivo de Venezuela Lista do elemento lista de presidentes da Venezuela (pt) Residencia oficial La Casona Implicados Titular Nicolás Maduro 5 de marzo de 2013 - Juan Guaidó 23 de xaneiro de 2019 - Rafael Caldera 2 de febreiro de 1994 - 2 de febreiro de 1999 Hugo Chávez 2 de febreiro de 1999 - 5 de marzo de 2013 Francisco Javier Ustáriz 21 de marzo de 1812 - 26 de abril de 1812 Implicados Titular Nicolás Maduro 5 de marzo de 2013 - Juan Guaidó 23 de xaneiro de 2019 - Rafael Caldera 2 de febreiro de 1994 - 2 de febreiro de 1999 Hugo Chávez 2 de febreiro de 1999 - 5 de marzo de 2013 Francisco Javier Ustáriz 21 de marzo de 1812 - 26 de abril de 1812 Organizacións Organización dirixida poder executivo de Venezuela Organizacións Organización dirixida poder executivo de Venezuela Datas Fundación / creación 13 de xaneiro de 1830 Datas Fundación / creación 13 de xaneiro de 1830 Localización Xurisdición Venezuela País Venezuela Localización Xurisdición Venezuela País Venezuela Fontes e ligazóns Páxina WEB presidencia.gob.ve Fontes e ligazóns Páxina WEB presidencia.gob.ve Wikidata O presidente da República Bolivariana de Venezuela é ao mesmo tempo xefe de Estado e de Goberno, dirixe o poder executivo nacional de Venezuela e é comandante xeral das Forzas Armadas Bolivianas. Do mesmo xeito, a posición corresponde á maxistrada máis alta do país e ao máis alto funcionario público nacional. O actual mandato presidencial é de seis anos, coa posibilidade garantida pola Constitución de celebrar un referendo de retiro popular en calquera momento durante os últimos tres anos de mandato presidencial. O 15 de febreiro de 2009, un referendo aprobado pola maioría dos votantes eliminou as restricións anteriores que limitaron o mandato presidencial a dous mandatos consecutivos. O nomeamento de presidente inclúe só as persoas que xuran as súas posicións como presidente de Venezuela. O primeiro presidente foi Cristóbal Mendoza, asumiu o cargo o 5 de marzo de 1811, por decisión do Congreso Nacional e foi oficial o 5 de xullo de 1811 coa Declaración de Independencia da Coroa Española. Debido á profunda axitación polas guerras da independencia en Suramérica, entre 1814 e 1818 España establece novamente o seu goberno co país en guerra, ata o Congreso de Angostura, chamado Simón Bolívar «xefe supremo da República de Venezuela» (comandante supremo da República de Venezuela) de 1819 a 1821. Posteriormente o Libertador actuou como presidente da Gran Colombia (que unía a Venezuela, Colombia, Panamá e Ecuador) entre 1821 e 1830. Logo de dividirse o Grande Colombia Simón Bolívar está exiliado da súa nacente república, tomando posesión de José Antonio Páez. Aínda que o papel do presidente da república e do seu significado sufriron cambios ao longo de 200 anos de historia, así como a súa posición e relacións cos outros actores da organización política nacional, foi e é unha das figuras políticas máis destacadas. Presidentes de Venezuela Wikipedia:Páxinas con modelos con argumentos duplicados Wikipedia:Todos os artigos que requiren atención Atención desde xaneiro de 2026 Wikipedia:Todos os artigos que requiren referencias Wikipedia:Artigos que requiren referencias desde xuño de 2018 Artigos sen formato wiki A última edición desta páxina foi o 3 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 13:15. Todo o texto está dispoñible baixo a licenza Creative Commons recoñecemento compartir igual 4.0 ; pódense aplicar termos adicionais. Consulte os termos de uso para obter máis información. Wikipedia® é unha marca rexistrada da Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , unha organización sen fins lucrativos. Normas de protección de datos Acerca de Wikipedia Advertencias Código de conduta Desenvolvedores Estatísticas Declaración de cookies Vista móbil
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Key 2 List of Test cricket centuries 3 List of ODI centuries 4 Sachin Tendulkar centuries and results for India 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 Further reading List of international cricket centuries by Sachin Tendulkar বাংলা हिन्दी മലയാളം नेपाली 日本語 پنجابی Русский සිංහල தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This article is part of a series about Sachin Tendulkar This article is part of a series about Sachin Tendulkar Indian International Cricketer International centuries Career achievements Achievements Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy 2010 Test Team of the Year 2010 2011 ODI Team of the Year 2004 2007 2008 2010 Wisden Leading Cricketer 1998 2010 Wisden Cricketer of the Year 1997 Eponyms Stand at Wankhede Stadium Anderson–Tendulkar Trophy Marengo sachintendulkar In Media Ferrari Ki Sawaari Sachin! Tendulkar Alla Sachin: A Billion Dreams Sachin Sachin: The Ultimate Winner Tendulkar Out Books Playing It My Way (Autobiography) People Ramesh Tendulkar Father Arjun Tendulkar Son Ramakant Achrekar Coach Sudhir Kumar Chaudhary Fan International centuries Career achievements Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy 2010 2010 Test Team of the Year 2010 2011 2010 2011 ODI Team of the Year 2004 2007 2008 2010 2004 2007 2008 2010 Wisden Leading Cricketer 1998 2010 1998 2010 Wisden Cricketer of the Year 1997 1997 Stand at Wankhede Stadium Anderson–Tendulkar Trophy Marengo sachintendulkar Ferrari Ki Sawaari Sachin! Tendulkar Alla Sachin: A Billion Dreams Sachin Sachin: The Ultimate Winner Tendulkar Out Playing It My Way (Autobiography) Ramesh Tendulkar Father Father Arjun Tendulkar Son Son Ramakant Achrekar Coach Coach Sudhir Kumar Chaudhary Fan Fan Gallery : Picture, Sound, Video .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e Sachin Tendulkar played for India, widely acknowledged as one of the greatest batsmen of all time, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] he is the most prolific run-scorer in international cricket. [ 3 ] Tendulkar has scored the highest number of centuries (100 or more runs ) in Test matches and One Day International (ODI) matches organised by the International Cricket Council . His total of 51 centuries in Test matches is a world record for highest number of centuries by a batsman and his 49 centuries in ODI matches are the second highest number of centuries after Virat Kohli. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] He became the first and only cricketer to score 100 international centuries when he made 114 against Bangladesh in March 2012. [ 3 ] After making his Test debut in 1989, Tendulkar achieved his first century against England at Old Trafford , Manchester in 1990; he made 119 not out . In Test matches, Tendulkar has scored centuries against all the Test cricket playing nations , and is the second batsman to score 150 against each of them. [ a ] [ 6 ] He has scored a century in at least one cricket ground of all Test cricket playing nations, except Zimbabwe . In October 2010, Tendulkar went past Brian Lara 's record of 19 scores of 150 or more by hitting his 20th against Australia in Bangalore. He made his highest score in 2004, when he made 248 not out against Bangladesh at the Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka . Tendulkar has scored six double centuries and remained unbeaten on 15 occasions. His centuries have come in 30 different cricket grounds , with 27 of them being scored in venues outside India. Tendulkar has been dismissed nine times between scores of 90 and 99. [ 7 ] Although Tendulkar made his ODI debut in 1989 it took him five years to make his first century in the format. He made 110 against Australia in the third match of the Singer World Series at the R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo in September 1994. In ODIs, Tendulkar has scored centuries against 11 different opponents. He has scored centuries against all cricketing nations that have permanent One Day International status . He was the first batsman to score a double century in ODIs, which he scored against South Africa at the Captain Roop Singh Stadium , Gwalior in 2010. [ b ] He has scored 19 ODI centuries in India, compared to 30 in away or neutral venues. Seven of these centuries were hit at the Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium . He has been dismissed 18 times between the score of 90 and 99 and 17 times between the score of 80 and 89. [ 9 ] Key * – Remained not out ‡ – Captain of India in that match † – Man of the match List of Test cricket centuries No. Score Against Pos. Inn. Test Venue H/A Date Result Ref 1 119 * † England 6 4 2 Old Trafford , Manchester Away 9 August 1990 Drawn [ 11 ] 2 148 * Australia 6 2 3 Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney Away 2 January 1992 Drawn [ 12 ] 3 114 Australia 4 2 5 WACA Ground , Perth Away 1 February 1992 Lost [ 13 ] 4 111 South Africa 4 2 2 Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg Away 26 November 1992 Drawn [ 14 ] 5 165 † England 4 1 2 M. A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Home 11 February 1993 Won [ 15 ] 6 104 * Sri Lanka 4 3 2 Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo Away 27 July 1993 Won [ 16 ] 7 142 Sri Lanka 4 1 1 K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, Lucknow Home 18 January 1994 Won [ 17 ] 8 179 West Indies 4 1 2 Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground , Nagpur Home 1 December 1994 Drawn [ 18 ] 9 122 England 4 3 1 Edgbaston , Birmingham Away 6 June 1996 Lost [ 19 ] 10 177 England 4 1 3 Trent Bridge , Nottingham Away 4 July 1996 Drawn [ 20 ] 11 169 ‡ South Africa 5 2 2 Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town Away 2 January 1997 Lost [ 21 ] 12 143 ‡ Sri Lanka 4 1 1 R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo Away 2 August 1997 Drawn [ 22 ] 13 139 ‡ Sri Lanka 4 2 2 Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo Away 9 August 1997 Drawn [ 23 ] 14 148 ‡ Sri Lanka 5 1 3 Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Home 3 December 1997 Drawn [ 24 ] 15 155 * † Australia 4 3 1 M. A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Home 6 March 1998 Won [ 25 ] 16 177 Australia 4 1 3 M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Home 25 March 1998 Lost [ 26 ] 17 113 New Zealand 5 3 2 Basin Reserve , Wellington Away 26 December 1998 Lost [ 27 ] 18 136 † Pakistan 4 4 1 M. A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Home 28 January 1999 Lost [ 28 ] 19 124 * Sri Lanka 4 3 2 Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo Away 24 February 1999 Drawn [ 29 ] 20 126 * ‡ New Zealand 4 3 1 Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali Home 10 October 1999 Drawn [ 30 ] 21 217 ‡ † New Zealand 4 1 3 Sardar Patel Stadium , Motera , Ahmedabad Home 29 October 1999 Drawn [ 31 ] 22 116 ‡ † Australia 4 2 2 Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne Away 26 December 1999 Lost [ 32 ] 23 122 Zimbabwe 4 2 1 Feroz Shah Kotla Ground , New Delhi Home 18 November 2000 Won [ 33 ] 24 201 * Zimbabwe 4 1 2 Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground , Nagpur Home 25 November 2000 Drawn [ 34 ] 25 126 Australia 4 2 3 M. A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Home 18 March 2001 Won [ 35 ] 26 155 South Africa 4 1 1 Goodyear Park , Bloemfontein Away 3 November 2001 Lost [ 36 ] 27 103 England 4 2 2 Sardar Patel Stadium , Ahmedabad Home 11 December 2001 Drawn [ 37 ] 28 176 Zimbabwe 4 2 1 Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground , Nagpur Home 21 February 2002 Won [ 38 ] 29 117 West Indies 4 1 2 Queen's Park Oval , Port of Spain Away 19 April 2002 Won [ 39 ] 30 193 England 4 1 3 Headingley , Leeds Away 22 August 2002 Won [ 40 ] 31 176 † West Indies 4 3 3 Eden Gardens , Kolkata Home 30 October 2002 Drawn [ 41 ] 32 241 * † Australia 4 1 4 Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney Away 2 January 2004 Drawn [ 42 ] 33 194 * Pakistan 4 1 1 Multan Cricket Stadium , Multan Away 28 March 2004 Won [ 43 ] 34 248 * Bangladesh 4 2 1 Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka Away 10 December 2004 Won [ 44 ] 35 109 Sri Lanka 4 1 2 Feroz Shah Kotla Ground , New Delhi Home 10 December 2005 Won [ 45 ] 36 101 Bangladesh 4 1 1 Bir Shrestha Shahid Ruhul Amin Stadium , Chittagong Away 18 May 2007 Drawn [ 46 ] 37 122 * Bangladesh 4 1 2 Sher-e-Bangla National Stadium , Mirpur Away 25 May 2007 Won [ 47 ] 38 154 * Australia 4 2 2 Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney Away 2 January 2008 Lost [ 48 ] 39 153 † Australia 4 1 4 Adelaide Oval , Adelaide Away 24 January 2008 Drawn [ 49 ] 40 109 Australia 4 1 4 Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium , Nagpur Home 6 November 2008 Won [ 50 ] 41 103 * England 4 4 1 M. A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Home 11 December 2008 Won [ 51 ] 42 160 † New Zealand 4 2 1 Seddon Park , Hamilton Away 18 March 2009 Won [ 52 ] 43 100 * Sri Lanka 5 3 1 Sardar Patel Stadium , Ahmedabad Home 16 November 2009 Drawn [ 53 ] 44 105 * † Bangladesh 4 1 1 Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong Away 17 January 2010 Won [ 54 ] 45 143 Bangladesh 4 2 2 Sher-e-Bangla National Stadium , Mirpur Away 24 January 2010 Won [ 55 ] 46 100 South Africa 4 3 1 Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium , Nagpur Home 6 February 2010 Lost [ 56 ] 47 106 South Africa 4 2 2 Eden Gardens , Kolkata Home 14 February 2010 Won [ 57 ] 48 203 Sri Lanka 4 2 2 Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo Away 26 July 2010 Drawn [ 58 ] 49 214 † Australia 4 2 2 M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Home 9 October 2010 Won [ 59 ] 50 111 * South Africa 5 3 1 SuperSport Park , Centurion Away 16 December 2010 Lost [ 60 ] 51 146 South Africa 4 2 3 Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town Away 2 January 2011 Drawn [ 61 ] List of ODI centuries No. Score Against Pos. Inn. S/R Venue H/A/N Date Result Ref 1 110 † Australia 2 1 84.61 R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo Neutral 9 September 1994 Won [ 63 ] 2 115 † New Zealand 2 2 84.55 IPCL Sports Complex Ground , Vadodara Home 28 October 1994 Won [ 64 ] 3 105 West Indies 2 1 78.35 Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Home 11 November 1994 Won [ 65 ] 4 112 * † Sri Lanka 2 2 104.67 Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium , Sharjah Neutral 9 April 1995 Won [ 66 ] 5 127 * † Kenya 2 2 92.02 Barabati Stadium , Cuttack Home 18 February 1996 Won [ 67 ] 6 137 Sri Lanka 2 1 100.00 Feroz Shah Kotla , New Delhi Home 2 March 1996 Lost [ 68 ] 7 100 Pakistan 2 1 90.09 Padang, Singapore Neutral 5 April 1996 Lost [ 69 ] 8 118 † Pakistan 2 1 84.28 Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium , Sharjah Neutral 15 April 1996 Won [ 70 ] 9 110 ‡ Sri Lanka 2 1 79.71 R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo Away 28 August 1996 Lost [ 71 ] 10 114 ‡ † South Africa 1 1 90.47 Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Home 14 December 1996 Won [ 72 ] 11 104 ‡ † Zimbabwe 1 1 107.21 Willowmoore Park , Benoni Neutral 9 February 1997 Won [ 73 ] 12 117 ‡ † New Zealand 2 2 85.40 M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Home 14 May 1997 Won [ 74 ] 13 100 † Australia 2 2 112.35 Green Park Stadium , Kanpur Home 7 April 1998 Won [ 75 ] 14 143 † Australia 2 2 109.16 Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium , Sharjah Neutral 22 April 1998 Lost [ 76 ] 15 134 † Australia 2 2 102.29 Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium , Sharjah Neutral 24 April 1998 Won [ 77 ] 16 100 * † Kenya 2 2 97.08 Eden Gardens , Kolkata Home 31 May 1998 Won [ 78 ] 17 128 † Sri Lanka 2 1 97.70 R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo Away 7 July 1998 Won [ 79 ] 18 127 * † Zimbabwe 2 2 97.69 Queens Sports Club , Bulawayo Away 26 September 1998 Won [ 80 ] 19 141 † Australia 2 1 110.15 Bangabandhu Stadium , Dhaka Neutral 28 October 1998 Won [ 81 ] 20 118 * † Zimbabwe 2 2 105.35 Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium , Sharjah Neutral 8 November 1998 Won [ 82 ] 21 124 * † Zimbabwe 2 2 134.78 Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium , Sharjah Neutral 13 November 1998 Won [ 83 ] 22 140 * † Kenya 4 1 138.61 County Ground , Bristol Neutral 23 May 1999 Won [ 84 ] 23 120 ‡ Sri Lanka 1 1 85.10 Sinhalese Sports Club Ground , Colombo Away 29 August 1999 Won [ 85 ] 24 186 * ‡ † New Zealand 2 1 124.00 Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium , Hyderabad Home 8 November 1999 Won [ 86 ] 25 122 † South Africa 2 2 88.40 IPCL Sports Complex Ground , Vadodara Home 17 March 2000 Won [ 87 ] 26 101 † Sri Lanka 2 1 72.14 Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium , Sharjah Neutral 20 October 2000 Lost [ 88 ] 27 146 Zimbabwe 2 1 95.42 Barkatullah Khan Stadium , Jodhpur Home 8 December 2000 Lost [ 89 ] 28 139 † Australia 2 1 111.20 Nehru Stadium , Indore Home 31 March 2001 Won [ 90 ] 29 122 * † West Indies 2 2 93.12 Harare Sports Club , Harare Neutral 4 July 2001 Won [ 91 ] 30 101 South Africa 2 1 78.29 New Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg Away 5 October 2001 Lost [ 92 ] 31 146 † Kenya 2 1 110.60 Boland Park , Paarl Neutral 24 October 2001 Won [ 93 ] 32 105 * England 4 1 97.22 Riverside Ground , Chester-le-Street Away 4 July 2002 No result [ 94 ] 33 113 † Sri Lanka 4 1 110.78 County Ground , Bristol Neutral 11 July 2002 Won [ 95 ] 34 152 † Namibia 2 1 100.66 City Oval , Pietermaritzburg Neutral 23 February 2003 Won [ 96 ] 35 100 † Australia 2 1 84.03 Roop Singh Stadium , Gwalior Home 26 October 2003 Won [ 97 ] 36 102 New Zealand 2 1 112.08 Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium , Hyderabad Home 15 November 2003 Won [ 98 ] 37 141 † Pakistan 2 2 104.44 Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium , Rawalpindi Away 16 March 2004 Lost [ 99 ] 38 123 Pakistan 2 1 94.61 Sardar Patel Stadium , Motera , Ahmedabad Home 12 April 2005 Lost [ 100 ] 39 100 Pakistan 2 1 88.49 Arbab Niaz Stadium , Peshawar Away 6 February 2006 Lost [ 101 ] 40 141 * West Indies 2 1 95.27 Kinrara Academy Oval , Kuala Lumpur Neutral 14 September 2006 Lost [ 102 ] 41 100 * West Indies 4 1 131.57 IPCL Sports Complex Ground , Vadodara Home 31 January 2007 Won [ 103 ] 42 117 * † Australia 1 2 97.50 Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney Away 2 March 2008 Won [ 104 ] 43 163 * † New Zealand 2 1 122.55 AMI Stadium , Christchurch Away 8 March 2009 Won [ 105 ] 44 138 † Sri Lanka 1 1 103.75 R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo Away 14 September 2009 Won [ 106 ] 45 175 † Australia 2 2 124.11 Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium , Hyderabad Home 5 November 2009 Lost [ 107 ] 46 200 * † South Africa 2 1 136.05 Roop Singh Stadium , Gwalior Home 24 February 2010 Won [ 108 ] 47 120 England 2 1 104.34 M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Home 27 February 2011 Tied [ 109 ] 48 111 South Africa 2 1 109.90 VCA Stadium , Nagpur Home 12 March 2011 Lost [ 110 ] 49 114 Bangladesh 2 1 77.55 Sher-e-Bangla National Stadium , Mirpur Away 16 March 2012 Lost [ 111 ] Sachin Tendulkar centuries and results for India Total Won Win % Lost Lost% Tie Tie% Draw Draw% NR NR% Test 51 20 39.22% 11 21.56% 0 0% 20 39.22% 0 0% ODI 49 33 67.35% 14 28.57% 1 2.04% 0 0% 1 2.04% Total 100 53 53% 25 25% 1 1% 20 20% 1 1% See also List of career achievements by Sachin Tendulkar List of cricketers by number of international centuries scored Player of the Match awards (cricket) List of One Day International cricket records List of Test cricket records Notes and references ^ The first being Steve Waugh ^ The score has been surpassed by Virender Sehwag (219), Rohit Sharma (208 not out, 209 and 264), Chris Gayle (215), Martin Guptill (237 not out), Fakhar Zaman , Pathum Nissanka (both 210 not out), Ishan Kishan (210), Shubman Gill (208) and Glenn Maxwell (201 not out). [ 8 ] ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Majumdar, Boria (19 October 2013). 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Master Stroke: 100 Centuries of Sachin Tendulkar : Old Trafford, Manchester 1990-Shere Bangla National Stadium, Mirpur 2012 . Sakal Publications. ISBN 978-93-80571-84-3 . Krishnaswamy, V. (2012). Sachin: A Hundred Hundreds Now . Harper Sport. ISBN 978-93-5029-999-9 . Pant, Dharmendra (2012). Sachin ke sau shatak . National Book Trust. ISBN 978-81-237-6524-2 . v t e Sachin Tendulkar v t e Career Achievements International centuries Achievements International centuries Books Playing It My Way (2014 autobiography) Playing It My Way (2014 autobiography) In popular culture Ferrari Ki Sawaari (2012 film) Sachin! Tendulkar Alla (2014 film) Sachin: A Billion Dreams (2017 documentary) Sachin (2019 film) God of Cricket (2021 film) Sachin: The Ultimate Winner (2023 film) Ferrari Ki Sawaari (2012 film) Sachin! Tendulkar Alla (2014 film) Sachin: A Billion Dreams (2017 documentary) Sachin (2019 film) God of Cricket (2021 film) Sachin: The Ultimate Winner (2023 film) Related Ramesh Tendulkar (Father) Arjun Tendulkar (Son) Ramakant Achrekar Sudhir Kumar Chaudhary Ramesh Tendulkar (Father) Arjun Tendulkar (Son) Ramakant Achrekar Sudhir Kumar Chaudhary v t e List of international cricket centuries v t e International cricket ( Test , ODI and T20I ) Sachin Tendulkar (100) Virat Kohli (84) Ricky Ponting (71) Kumar Sangakkara (63) Jacques Kallis (62) Joe Root (60) Hashim Amla (55) Mahela Jayawardene (54) Brian Lara (53) Rohit Sharma (50) David Warner (49) Steve Smith (49) Rahul Dravid (48) Kane Williamson (48) AB de Villiers (47) Chris Gayle (42) Sanath Jayasuriya (42) Shivnarine Chanderpaul (41) Younis Khan (41) Matthew Hayden (40) Ross Taylor (40) Mohammad Yousuf (39) Tillakaratne Dilshan (39) Mark Waugh (38) Sourav Ganguly (38) Virender Sehwag (38) Alastair Cook (38) Graeme Smith (37) Michael Clarke (36) Sunil Gavaskar (35) Desmond Haynes (35) Viv Richards (35) Steve Waugh (35) Inzamam-ul-Haq (35) Herschelle Gibbs (35) Gary Kirsten (34) Adam Gilchrist (33) Kevin Pietersen (32) Babar Azam (32) Javed Miandad (31) Aravinda de Silva (31) Saeed Anwar (31) Allan Border (30) Gordon Greenidge (30) Quinton de Kock (30) Mohammad Azharuddin (29) Don Bradman (29) Graham Gooch (28) Greg Chappell (27) Marvan Atapattu (27) Nathan Astle (27) Andrew Strauss (27) Garfield Sobers (26) David Boon (26) Marcus Trescothick (26) Ian Bell (26) David Gower (25) Tamim Iqbal (25) World Cup centuries T20 World Cup centuries Champions Trophy centuries Asia Cup centuries Sachin Tendulkar (100) Virat Kohli (84) Ricky Ponting (71) Kumar Sangakkara (63) Jacques Kallis (62) Joe Root (60) Hashim Amla (55) Mahela Jayawardene (54) Brian Lara (53) Rohit Sharma (50) David Warner (49) Steve Smith (49) Rahul Dravid (48) Kane Williamson (48) AB de Villiers (47) Chris Gayle (42) Sanath Jayasuriya (42) Shivnarine Chanderpaul (41) Younis Khan (41) Matthew Hayden (40) Ross Taylor (40) Mohammad Yousuf (39) Tillakaratne Dilshan (39) Mark Waugh (38) Sourav Ganguly (38) Virender Sehwag (38) Alastair Cook (38) Graeme Smith (37) Michael Clarke (36) Sunil Gavaskar (35) Desmond Haynes (35) Viv Richards (35) Steve Waugh (35) Inzamam-ul-Haq (35) Herschelle Gibbs (35) Gary Kirsten (34) Adam Gilchrist (33) Kevin Pietersen (32) Babar Azam (32) Javed Miandad (31) Aravinda de Silva (31) Saeed Anwar (31) Allan Border (30) Gordon Greenidge (30) Quinton de Kock (30) Mohammad Azharuddin (29) Don Bradman (29) Graham Gooch (28) Greg Chappell (27) Marvan Atapattu (27) Nathan Astle (27) Andrew Strauss (27) Garfield Sobers (26) David Boon (26) Marcus Trescothick (26) Ian Bell (26) David Gower (25) Tamim Iqbal (25) World Cup centuries T20 World Cup centuries Champions Trophy centuries Asia Cup centuries Women's cricket Test cricket ODI cricket Twenty20 International cricket Test cricket ODI cricket Twenty20 International cricket Under-19 cricket World Cup centuries World Cup centuries Note: Italics denote the players who are currently active at international level India cricket-related lists Lists of international cricket centuries by player Sachin Tendulkar Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use British English from February 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from February 2022 Featured lists This page was last edited on 27 September 2025, at 08:41 (UTC) . 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–9 of 9 results for author: Dorfner, F J Show abstracts Hide abstracts arXiv:2601.10154 [ pdf ] cs.AI cs.CV cs.ET cs.LG cs.SE MHub.ai: A Simple, Standardized, and Reproducible Platform for AI Models in Medical Imaging Authors: Leonard Nürnberg , Dennis Bontempi , Suraj Pai , Curtis Lisle , Steve Pieper , Ron Kikinis , Sil van de Leemput , Rahul Soni , Gowtham Murugesan , Cosmin Ciausu , Miriam Groeneveld , Felix J. Dorfner , Jue Jiang , Aneesh Rangnekar , Harini Veeraraghavan , Joeran S. Bosma , Keno Bressem , Raymond Mak , Andrey Fedorov , Hugo JWL Aerts Abstract : Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform medical imaging by automating image analysis and accelerating clinical research. However, research and clinical use are limited by the wide variety of AI implementations and architectures, inconsistent documentation, and reproducibility issues. Here, we introduce MHub.ai, an open-source, container-based platform that standardizes access t… ▽ More Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform medical imaging by automating image analysis and accelerating clinical research. However, research and clinical use are limited by the wide variety of AI implementations and architectures, inconsistent documentation, and reproducibility issues. Here, we introduce MHub.ai, an open-source, container-based platform that standardizes access to AI models with minimal configuration, promoting accessibility and reproducibility in medical imaging. MHub.ai packages models from peer-reviewed publications into standardized containers that support direct processing of DICOM and other formats, provide a unified application interface, and embed structured metadata. Each model is accompanied by publicly available reference data that can be used to confirm model operation. MHub.ai includes an initial set of state-of-the-art segmentation, prediction, and feature extraction models for different modalities. The modular framework enables adaptation of any model and supports community contributions. We demonstrate the utility of the platform in a clinical use case through comparative evaluation of lung segmentation models. To further strengthen transparency and reproducibility, we publicly release the generated segmentations and evaluation metrics and provide interactive dashboards that allow readers to inspect individual cases and reproduce or extend our analysis. By simplifying model use, MHub.ai enables side-by-side benchmarking with identical execution commands and standardized outputs, and lowers the barrier to clinical translation. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 41 pages, 15 figures, 6 tables arXiv:2601.10154 [ pdf ] MHub.ai: A Simple, Standardized, and Reproducible Platform for AI Models in Medical Imaging Authors: Leonard Nürnberg , Dennis Bontempi , Suraj Pai , Curtis Lisle , Steve Pieper , Ron Kikinis , Sil van de Leemput , Rahul Soni , Gowtham Murugesan , Cosmin Ciausu , Miriam Groeneveld , Felix J. Dorfner , Jue Jiang , Aneesh Rangnekar , Harini Veeraraghavan , Joeran S. Bosma , Keno Bressem , Raymond Mak , Andrey Fedorov , Hugo JWL Aerts Abstract : Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform medical imaging by automating image analysis and accelerating clinical research. However, research and clinical use are limited by the wide variety of AI implementations and architectures, inconsistent documentation, and reproducibility issues. Here, we introduce MHub.ai, an open-source, container-based platform that standardizes access t… ▽ More Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform medical imaging by automating image analysis and accelerating clinical research. However, research and clinical use are limited by the wide variety of AI implementations and architectures, inconsistent documentation, and reproducibility issues. Here, we introduce MHub.ai, an open-source, container-based platform that standardizes access to AI models with minimal configuration, promoting accessibility and reproducibility in medical imaging. MHub.ai packages models from peer-reviewed publications into standardized containers that support direct processing of DICOM and other formats, provide a unified application interface, and embed structured metadata. Each model is accompanied by publicly available reference data that can be used to confirm model operation. MHub.ai includes an initial set of state-of-the-art segmentation, prediction, and feature extraction models for different modalities. The modular framework enables adaptation of any model and supports community contributions. We demonstrate the utility of the platform in a clinical use case through comparative evaluation of lung segmentation models. To further strengthen transparency and reproducibility, we publicly release the generated segmentations and evaluation metrics and provide interactive dashboards that allow readers to inspect individual cases and reproduce or extend our analysis. By simplifying model use, MHub.ai enables side-by-side benchmarking with identical execution commands and standardized outputs, and lowers the barrier to clinical translation. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 41 pages, 15 figures, 6 tables arXiv:2512.13608 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV DBT-DINO: Towards Foundation model based analysis of Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Authors: Felix J. Dorfner , Manon A. Dorster , Ryan Connolly , Oscar Gentilhomme , Edward Gibbs , Steven Graham , Seth Wander , Thomas Schultz , Manisha Bahl , Dania Daye , Albert E. Kim , Christopher P. Bridge Abstract : Foundation models have shown promise in medical imaging but remain underexplored for three-dimensional imaging modalities. No foundation model currently exists for Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT), despite its use for breast cancer screening. To develop and evaluate a foundation model for DBT (DBT-DINO) across multiple clinical tasks and assess the impact of domain-specific pre-training. Sel… ▽ More Foundation models have shown promise in medical imaging but remain underexplored for three-dimensional imaging modalities. No foundation model currently exists for Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT), despite its use for breast cancer screening. To develop and evaluate a foundation model for DBT (DBT-DINO) across multiple clinical tasks and assess the impact of domain-specific pre-training. Self-supervised pre-training was performed using the DINOv2 methodology on over 25 million 2D slices from 487,975 DBT volumes from 27,990 patients. Three downstream tasks were evaluated: (1) breast density classification using 5,000 screening exams; (2) 5-year risk of developing breast cancer using 106,417 screening exams; and (3) lesion detection using 393 annotated volumes. For breast density classification, DBT-DINO achieved an accuracy of 0.79 (95\% CI: 0.76--0.81), outperforming both the MetaAI DINOv2 baseline (0.73, 95\% CI: 0.70--0.76, p<.001) and DenseNet-121 (0.74, 95\% CI: 0.71--0.76, p<.001). For 5-year breast cancer risk prediction, DBT-DINO achieved an AUROC of 0.78 (95\% CI: 0.76--0.80) compared to DINOv2's 0.76 (95\% CI: 0.74--0.78, p=.57). For lesion detection, DINOv2 achieved a higher average sensitivity of 0.67 (95\% CI: 0.60--0.74) compared to DBT-DINO with 0.62 (95\% CI: 0.53--0.71, p=.60). DBT-DINO demonstrated better performance on cancerous lesions specifically with a detection rate of 78.8\% compared to Dinov2's 77.3\%. Using a dataset of unprecedented size, we developed DBT-DINO, the first foundation model for DBT. DBT-DINO demonstrated strong performance on breast density classification and cancer risk prediction. However, domain-specific pre-training showed variable benefits on the detection task, with ImageNet baseline outperforming DBT-DINO on general lesion detection, indicating that localized detection tasks require further methodological development. △ Less Submitted 15 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.13608 [ pdf , ps , other ] DBT-DINO: Towards Foundation model based analysis of Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Authors: Felix J. Dorfner , Manon A. Dorster , Ryan Connolly , Oscar Gentilhomme , Edward Gibbs , Steven Graham , Seth Wander , Thomas Schultz , Manisha Bahl , Dania Daye , Albert E. Kim , Christopher P. Bridge Abstract : Foundation models have shown promise in medical imaging but remain underexplored for three-dimensional imaging modalities. No foundation model currently exists for Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT), despite its use for breast cancer screening. To develop and evaluate a foundation model for DBT (DBT-DINO) across multiple clinical tasks and assess the impact of domain-specific pre-training. Sel… ▽ More Foundation models have shown promise in medical imaging but remain underexplored for three-dimensional imaging modalities. No foundation model currently exists for Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT), despite its use for breast cancer screening. To develop and evaluate a foundation model for DBT (DBT-DINO) across multiple clinical tasks and assess the impact of domain-specific pre-training. Self-supervised pre-training was performed using the DINOv2 methodology on over 25 million 2D slices from 487,975 DBT volumes from 27,990 patients. Three downstream tasks were evaluated: (1) breast density classification using 5,000 screening exams; (2) 5-year risk of developing breast cancer using 106,417 screening exams; and (3) lesion detection using 393 annotated volumes. For breast density classification, DBT-DINO achieved an accuracy of 0.79 (95\% CI: 0.76--0.81), outperforming both the MetaAI DINOv2 baseline (0.73, 95\% CI: 0.70--0.76, p<.001) and DenseNet-121 (0.74, 95\% CI: 0.71--0.76, p<.001). For 5-year breast cancer risk prediction, DBT-DINO achieved an AUROC of 0.78 (95\% CI: 0.76--0.80) compared to DINOv2's 0.76 (95\% CI: 0.74--0.78, p=.57). For lesion detection, DINOv2 achieved a higher average sensitivity of 0.67 (95\% CI: 0.60--0.74) compared to DBT-DINO with 0.62 (95\% CI: 0.53--0.71, p=.60). DBT-DINO demonstrated better performance on cancerous lesions specifically with a detection rate of 78.8\% compared to Dinov2's 77.3\%. Using a dataset of unprecedented size, we developed DBT-DINO, the first foundation model for DBT. DBT-DINO demonstrated strong performance on breast density classification and cancer risk prediction. However, domain-specific pre-training showed variable benefits on the detection task, with ImageNet baseline outperforming DBT-DINO on general lesion detection, indicating that localized detection tasks require further methodological development. △ Less Submitted 15 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2509.00900 [ pdf , ps , other ] eess.IV cs.CV cs.LG Towards Early Detection: AI-Based Five-Year Forecasting of Breast Cancer Risk Using Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Imaging Authors: Manon A. Dorster , Felix J. Dorfner , Mason C. Cleveland , Melisa S. Guelen , Jay Patel , Dania Daye , Jean-Philippe Thiran , Albert E. Kim , Christopher P. Bridge Abstract : As early detection of breast cancer strongly favors successful therapeutic outcomes, there is major commercial interest in optimizing breast cancer screening. However, current risk prediction models achieve modest performance and do not incorporate digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) imaging, which was FDA-approved for breast cancer screening in 2011. To address this unmet need, we present a deep l… ▽ More As early detection of breast cancer strongly favors successful therapeutic outcomes, there is major commercial interest in optimizing breast cancer screening. However, current risk prediction models achieve modest performance and do not incorporate digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) imaging, which was FDA-approved for breast cancer screening in 2011. To address this unmet need, we present a deep learning (DL)-based framework capable of forecasting an individual patient's 5-year breast cancer risk directly from screening DBT. Using an unparalleled dataset of 161,753 DBT examinations from 50,590 patients, we trained a risk predictor based on features extracted using the Meta AI DINOv2 image encoder, combined with a cumulative hazard layer, to assess a patient's likelihood of developing breast cancer over five years. On a held-out test set, our best-performing model achieved an AUROC of 0.80 on predictions within 5 years. These findings reveal the high potential of DBT-based DL approaches to complement traditional risk assessment tools, and serve as a promising basis for additional investigation to validate and enhance our work. △ Less Submitted 31 August, 2025; originally announced September 2025. Comments: Deep Breath Workshop, MICCAI 2025 arXiv:2509.00900 [ pdf , ps , other ] Towards Early Detection: AI-Based Five-Year Forecasting of Breast Cancer Risk Using Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Imaging Authors: Manon A. Dorster , Felix J. Dorfner , Mason C. Cleveland , Melisa S. Guelen , Jay Patel , Dania Daye , Jean-Philippe Thiran , Albert E. Kim , Christopher P. Bridge Abstract : As early detection of breast cancer strongly favors successful therapeutic outcomes, there is major commercial interest in optimizing breast cancer screening. However, current risk prediction models achieve modest performance and do not incorporate digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) imaging, which was FDA-approved for breast cancer screening in 2011. To address this unmet need, we present a deep l… ▽ More As early detection of breast cancer strongly favors successful therapeutic outcomes, there is major commercial interest in optimizing breast cancer screening. However, current risk prediction models achieve modest performance and do not incorporate digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) imaging, which was FDA-approved for breast cancer screening in 2011. To address this unmet need, we present a deep learning (DL)-based framework capable of forecasting an individual patient's 5-year breast cancer risk directly from screening DBT. Using an unparalleled dataset of 161,753 DBT examinations from 50,590 patients, we trained a risk predictor based on features extracted using the Meta AI DINOv2 image encoder, combined with a cumulative hazard layer, to assess a patient's likelihood of developing breast cancer over five years. On a held-out test set, our best-performing model achieved an AUROC of 0.80 on predictions within 5 years. These findings reveal the high potential of DBT-based DL approaches to complement traditional risk assessment tools, and serve as a promising basis for additional investigation to validate and enhance our work. △ Less Submitted 31 August, 2025; originally announced September 2025. Comments: Deep Breath Workshop, MICCAI 2025 arXiv:2410.13174 [ pdf , other ] eess.IV cs.CV cs.LG Scalable Drift Monitoring in Medical Imaging AI Authors: Jameson Merkow , Felix J. Dorfner , Xiyu Yang , Alexander Ersoy , Giridhar Dasegowda , Mannudeep Kalra , Matthew P. Lungren , Christopher P. Bridge , Ivan Tarapov Abstract : The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into medical imaging has advanced clinical diagnostics but poses challenges in managing model drift and ensuring long-term reliability. To address these challenges, we develop MMC+, an enhanced framework for scalable drift monitoring, building upon the CheXstray framework that introduced real-time drift detection for medical imaging AI models using m… ▽ More The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into medical imaging has advanced clinical diagnostics but poses challenges in managing model drift and ensuring long-term reliability. To address these challenges, we develop MMC+, an enhanced framework for scalable drift monitoring, building upon the CheXstray framework that introduced real-time drift detection for medical imaging AI models using multi-modal data concordance. This work extends the original framework's methodologies, providing a more scalable and adaptable solution for real-world healthcare settings and offers a reliable and cost-effective alternative to continuous performance monitoring addressing limitations of both continuous and periodic monitoring methods. MMC+ introduces critical improvements to the original framework, including more robust handling of diverse data streams, improved scalability with the integration of foundation models like MedImageInsight for high-dimensional image embeddings without site-specific training, and the introduction of uncertainty bounds to better capture drift in dynamic clinical environments. Validated with real-world data from Massachusetts General Hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic, MMC+ effectively detects significant data shifts and correlates them with model performance changes. While not directly predicting performance degradation, MMC+ serves as an early warning system, indicating when AI systems may deviate from acceptable performance bounds and enabling timely interventions. By emphasizing the importance of monitoring diverse data streams and evaluating data shifts alongside model performance, this work contributes to the broader adoption and integration of AI solutions in clinical settings. △ Less Submitted 18 October, 2024; v1 submitted 16 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. arXiv:2410.13174 [ pdf , other ] Scalable Drift Monitoring in Medical Imaging AI Authors: Jameson Merkow , Felix J. Dorfner , Xiyu Yang , Alexander Ersoy , Giridhar Dasegowda , Mannudeep Kalra , Matthew P. Lungren , Christopher P. Bridge , Ivan Tarapov Abstract : The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into medical imaging has advanced clinical diagnostics but poses challenges in managing model drift and ensuring long-term reliability. To address these challenges, we develop MMC+, an enhanced framework for scalable drift monitoring, building upon the CheXstray framework that introduced real-time drift detection for medical imaging AI models using m… ▽ More The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into medical imaging has advanced clinical diagnostics but poses challenges in managing model drift and ensuring long-term reliability. To address these challenges, we develop MMC+, an enhanced framework for scalable drift monitoring, building upon the CheXstray framework that introduced real-time drift detection for medical imaging AI models using multi-modal data concordance. This work extends the original framework's methodologies, providing a more scalable and adaptable solution for real-world healthcare settings and offers a reliable and cost-effective alternative to continuous performance monitoring addressing limitations of both continuous and periodic monitoring methods. MMC+ introduces critical improvements to the original framework, including more robust handling of diverse data streams, improved scalability with the integration of foundation models like MedImageInsight for high-dimensional image embeddings without site-specific training, and the introduction of uncertainty bounds to better capture drift in dynamic clinical environments. Validated with real-world data from Massachusetts General Hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic, MMC+ effectively detects significant data shifts and correlates them with model performance changes. While not directly predicting performance degradation, MMC+ serves as an early warning system, indicating when AI systems may deviate from acceptable performance bounds and enabling timely interventions. By emphasizing the importance of monitoring diverse data streams and evaluating data shifts alongside model performance, this work contributes to the broader adoption and integration of AI solutions in clinical settings. △ Less Submitted 18 October, 2024; v1 submitted 16 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. arXiv:2408.13833 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL Biomedical Large Languages Models Seem not to be Superior to Generalist Models on Unseen Medical Data Authors: Felix J. Dorfner , Amin Dada , Felix Busch , Marcus R. Makowski , Tianyu Han , Daniel Truhn , Jens Kleesiek , Madhumita Sushil , Jacqueline Lammert , Lisa C. Adams , Keno K. Bressem Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have shown potential in biomedical applications, leading to efforts to fine-tune them on domain-specific data. However, the effectiveness of this approach remains unclear. This study evaluates the performance of biomedically fine-tuned LLMs against their general-purpose counterparts on a variety of clinical tasks. We evaluated their performance on clinical case challen… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have shown potential in biomedical applications, leading to efforts to fine-tune them on domain-specific data. However, the effectiveness of this approach remains unclear. This study evaluates the performance of biomedically fine-tuned LLMs against their general-purpose counterparts on a variety of clinical tasks. We evaluated their performance on clinical case challenges from the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) and the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) and on several clinical tasks (e.g., information extraction, document summarization, and clinical coding). Using benchmarks specifically chosen to be likely outside the fine-tuning datasets of biomedical models, we found that biomedical LLMs mostly perform inferior to their general-purpose counterparts, especially on tasks not focused on medical knowledge. While larger models showed similar performance on case tasks (e.g., OpenBioLLM-70B: 66.4% vs. Llama-3-70B-Instruct: 65% on JAMA cases), smaller biomedical models showed more pronounced underperformance (e.g., OpenBioLLM-8B: 30% vs. Llama-3-8B-Instruct: 64.3% on NEJM cases). Similar trends were observed across the CLUE (Clinical Language Understanding Evaluation) benchmark tasks, with general-purpose models often performing better on text generation, question answering, and coding tasks. Our results suggest that fine-tuning LLMs to biomedical data may not provide the expected benefits and may potentially lead to reduced performance, challenging prevailing assumptions about domain-specific adaptation of LLMs and highlighting the need for more rigorous evaluation frameworks in healthcare AI. Alternative approaches, such as retrieval-augmented generation, may be more effective in enhancing the biomedical capabilities of LLMs without compromising their general knowledge. △ Less Submitted 25 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024. Comments: 10 pages, 3 tables, 1 figure arXiv:2408.13833 [ pdf , other ] Biomedical Large Languages Models Seem not to be Superior to Generalist Models on Unseen Medical Data Authors: Felix J. Dorfner , Amin Dada , Felix Busch , Marcus R. Makowski , Tianyu Han , Daniel Truhn , Jens Kleesiek , Madhumita Sushil , Jacqueline Lammert , Lisa C. Adams , Keno K. Bressem Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have shown potential in biomedical applications, leading to efforts to fine-tune them on domain-specific data. However, the effectiveness of this approach remains unclear. This study evaluates the performance of biomedically fine-tuned LLMs against their general-purpose counterparts on a variety of clinical tasks. We evaluated their performance on clinical case challen… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have shown potential in biomedical applications, leading to efforts to fine-tune them on domain-specific data. However, the effectiveness of this approach remains unclear. This study evaluates the performance of biomedically fine-tuned LLMs against their general-purpose counterparts on a variety of clinical tasks. We evaluated their performance on clinical case challenges from the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) and the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) and on several clinical tasks (e.g., information extraction, document summarization, and clinical coding). Using benchmarks specifically chosen to be likely outside the fine-tuning datasets of biomedical models, we found that biomedical LLMs mostly perform inferior to their general-purpose counterparts, especially on tasks not focused on medical knowledge. While larger models showed similar performance on case tasks (e.g., OpenBioLLM-70B: 66.4% vs. Llama-3-70B-Instruct: 65% on JAMA cases), smaller biomedical models showed more pronounced underperformance (e.g., OpenBioLLM-8B: 30% vs. Llama-3-8B-Instruct: 64.3% on NEJM cases). Similar trends were observed across the CLUE (Clinical Language Understanding Evaluation) benchmark tasks, with general-purpose models often performing better on text generation, question answering, and coding tasks. Our results suggest that fine-tuning LLMs to biomedical data may not provide the expected benefits and may potentially lead to reduced performance, challenging prevailing assumptions about domain-specific adaptation of LLMs and highlighting the need for more rigorous evaluation frameworks in healthcare AI. Alternative approaches, such as retrieval-augmented generation, may be more effective in enhancing the biomedical capabilities of LLMs without compromising their general knowledge. △ Less Submitted 25 August, 2024; originally announced August 2024. Comments: 10 pages, 3 tables, 1 figure arXiv:2405.07369 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV cs.LG doi 10.1136/rmdopen-2024-004628 Incorporating Anatomical Awareness for Enhanced Generalizability and Progression Prediction in Deep Learning-Based Radiographic Sacroiliitis Detection Authors: Felix J. Dorfner , Janis L. Vahldiek , Leonhard Donle , Andrei Zhukov , Lina Xu , Hartmut Häntze , Marcus R. Makowski , Hugo J. W. L. Aerts , Fabian Proft , Valeria Rios Rodriguez , Judith Rademacher , Mikhail Protopopov , Hildrun Haibel , Torsten Diekhoff , Murat Torgutalp , Lisa C. Adams , Denis Poddubnyy , Keno K. Bressem Abstract : Purpose: To examine whether incorporating anatomical awareness into a deep learning model can improve generalizability and enable prediction of disease progression. Methods: This retrospective multicenter study included conventional pelvic radiographs of 4 different patient cohorts focusing on axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) collected at university and community hospitals. The first cohort, whic… ▽ More Purpose: To examine whether incorporating anatomical awareness into a deep learning model can improve generalizability and enable prediction of disease progression. Methods: This retrospective multicenter study included conventional pelvic radiographs of 4 different patient cohorts focusing on axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) collected at university and community hospitals. The first cohort, which consisted of 1483 radiographs, was split into training (n=1261) and validation (n=222) sets. The other cohorts comprising 436, 340, and 163 patients, respectively, were used as independent test datasets. For the second cohort, follow-up data of 311 patients was used to examine progression prediction capabilities. Two neural networks were trained, one on images cropped to the bounding box of the sacroiliac joints (anatomy-aware) and the other one on full radiographs. The performance of the models was compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Results: On the three test datasets, the standard model achieved AUC scores of 0.853, 0.817, 0.947, with an accuracy of 0.770, 0.724, 0.850. Whereas the anatomy-aware model achieved AUC scores of 0.899, 0.846, 0.957, with an accuracy of 0.821, 0.744, 0.906, respectively. The patients who were identified as high risk by the anatomy aware model had an odds ratio of 2.16 (95% CI: 1.19, 3.86) for having progression of radiographic sacroiliitis within 2 years. Conclusion: Anatomical awareness can improve the generalizability of a deep learning model in detecting radiographic sacroiliitis. The model is published as fully open source alongside this study. △ Less Submitted 12 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. arXiv:2405.07369 [ pdf , other ] Incorporating Anatomical Awareness for Enhanced Generalizability and Progression Prediction in Deep Learning-Based Radiographic Sacroiliitis Detection Authors: Felix J. Dorfner , Janis L. Vahldiek , Leonhard Donle , Andrei Zhukov , Lina Xu , Hartmut Häntze , Marcus R. Makowski , Hugo J. W. L. Aerts , Fabian Proft , Valeria Rios Rodriguez , Judith Rademacher , Mikhail Protopopov , Hildrun Haibel , Torsten Diekhoff , Murat Torgutalp , Lisa C. Adams , Denis Poddubnyy , Keno K. Bressem Abstract : Purpose: To examine whether incorporating anatomical awareness into a deep learning model can improve generalizability and enable prediction of disease progression. Methods: This retrospective multicenter study included conventional pelvic radiographs of 4 different patient cohorts focusing on axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) collected at university and community hospitals. The first cohort, whic… ▽ More Purpose: To examine whether incorporating anatomical awareness into a deep learning model can improve generalizability and enable prediction of disease progression. Methods: This retrospective multicenter study included conventional pelvic radiographs of 4 different patient cohorts focusing on axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) collected at university and community hospitals. The first cohort, which consisted of 1483 radiographs, was split into training (n=1261) and validation (n=222) sets. The other cohorts comprising 436, 340, and 163 patients, respectively, were used as independent test datasets. For the second cohort, follow-up data of 311 patients was used to examine progression prediction capabilities. Two neural networks were trained, one on images cropped to the bounding box of the sacroiliac joints (anatomy-aware) and the other one on full radiographs. The performance of the models was compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Results: On the three test datasets, the standard model achieved AUC scores of 0.853, 0.817, 0.947, with an accuracy of 0.770, 0.724, 0.850. Whereas the anatomy-aware model achieved AUC scores of 0.899, 0.846, 0.957, with an accuracy of 0.821, 0.744, 0.906, respectively. The patients who were identified as high risk by the anatomy aware model had an odds ratio of 2.16 (95% CI: 1.19, 3.86) for having progression of radiographic sacroiliitis within 2 years. Conclusion: Anatomical awareness can improve the generalizability of a deep learning model in detecting radiographic sacroiliitis. The model is published as fully open source alongside this study. △ Less Submitted 12 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. arXiv:2405.06463 [ pdf , other ] eess.IV cs.CV cs.LG doi 10.1148/ryai.240777 MRSegmentator: Multi-Modality Segmentation of 40 Classes in MRI and CT Authors: Hartmut Häntze , Lina Xu , Christian J. Mertens , Felix J. Dorfner , Leonhard Donle , Felix Busch , Avan Kader , Sebastian Ziegelmayer , Nadine Bayerl , Nassir Navab , Daniel Rueckert , Julia Schnabel , Hugo JWL Aerts , Daniel Truhn , Fabian Bamberg , Jakob Weiß , Christopher L. Schlett , Steffen Ringhof , Thoralf Niendorf , Tobias Pischon , Hans-Ulrich Kauczor , Tobias Nonnenmacher , Thomas Kröncke , Henry Völzke , Jeanette Schulz-Menger , et al. (7 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Purpose: To develop and evaluate a deep learning model for multi-organ segmentation of MRI scans. Materials and Methods: The model was trained on 1,200 manually annotated 3D axial MRI scans from the UK Biobank, 221 in-house MRI scans, and 1228 CT scans from the TotalSegmentator dataset. A human-in-the-loop annotation workflow was employed, leveraging cross-modality transfer learning from an exis… ▽ More Purpose: To develop and evaluate a deep learning model for multi-organ segmentation of MRI scans. Materials and Methods: The model was trained on 1,200 manually annotated 3D axial MRI scans from the UK Biobank, 221 in-house MRI scans, and 1228 CT scans from the TotalSegmentator dataset. A human-in-the-loop annotation workflow was employed, leveraging cross-modality transfer learning from an existing CT segmentation model to segment 40 anatomical structures. The annotation process began with a model based on transfer learning between CT and MR, which was iteratively refined based on manual corrections to predicted segmentations. The model's performance was evaluated on MRI examinations obtained from the German National Cohort (NAKO) study (n=900) from the AMOS22 dataset (n=60) and from the TotalSegmentator-MRI test data (n=29). The Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) and Hausdorff Distance (HD) were used to assess segmentation quality, stratified by organ and scan type. The model and its weights will be open-sourced. Results: MRSegmentator demonstrated high accuracy for well-defined organs (lungs: DSC 0.96, heart: DSC 0.94) and organs with anatomic variability (liver: DSC 0.96, kidneys: DSC 0.95). Smaller structures showed lower accuracy (portal/splenic veins: DSC 0.64, adrenal glands: DSC 0.69). On external validation using NAKO data, mean DSC ranged from 0.85 $\pm$ 0.08 for T2-HASTE to 0.91 $\pm$ 0.05 for in-phase sequences. The model generalized well to CT, achieving mean DSC of 0.84 $\pm$ 0.11 on AMOS CT data. Conclusion: MRSegmentator accurately segments 40 anatomical structures in MRI across diverse datasets and imaging protocols, with additional generalizability to CT images. This open-source model will provide a valuable tool for automated multi-organ segmentation in medical imaging research. It can be downloaded from △ Less Submitted 14 November, 2024; v1 submitted 10 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. Comments: 17 pages, 6 figures; updated data; completed co-author info ACM Class: J.3 arXiv:2405.06463 [ pdf , other ] MRSegmentator: Multi-Modality Segmentation of 40 Classes in MRI and CT Authors: Hartmut Häntze , Lina Xu , Christian J. Mertens , Felix J. Dorfner , Leonhard Donle , Felix Busch , Avan Kader , Sebastian Ziegelmayer , Nadine Bayerl , Nassir Navab , Daniel Rueckert , Julia Schnabel , Hugo JWL Aerts , Daniel Truhn , Fabian Bamberg , Jakob Weiß , Christopher L. Schlett , Steffen Ringhof , Thoralf Niendorf , Tobias Pischon , Hans-Ulrich Kauczor , Tobias Nonnenmacher , Thomas Kröncke , Henry Völzke , Jeanette Schulz-Menger , et al. (7 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Purpose: To develop and evaluate a deep learning model for multi-organ segmentation of MRI scans. Materials and Methods: The model was trained on 1,200 manually annotated 3D axial MRI scans from the UK Biobank, 221 in-house MRI scans, and 1228 CT scans from the TotalSegmentator dataset. A human-in-the-loop annotation workflow was employed, leveraging cross-modality transfer learning from an exis… ▽ More Purpose: To develop and evaluate a deep learning model for multi-organ segmentation of MRI scans. Materials and Methods: The model was trained on 1,200 manually annotated 3D axial MRI scans from the UK Biobank, 221 in-house MRI scans, and 1228 CT scans from the TotalSegmentator dataset. A human-in-the-loop annotation workflow was employed, leveraging cross-modality transfer learning from an existing CT segmentation model to segment 40 anatomical structures. The annotation process began with a model based on transfer learning between CT and MR, which was iteratively refined based on manual corrections to predicted segmentations. The model's performance was evaluated on MRI examinations obtained from the German National Cohort (NAKO) study (n=900) from the AMOS22 dataset (n=60) and from the TotalSegmentator-MRI test data (n=29). The Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) and Hausdorff Distance (HD) were used to assess segmentation quality, stratified by organ and scan type. The model and its weights will be open-sourced. Results: MRSegmentator demonstrated high accuracy for well-defined organs (lungs: DSC 0.96, heart: DSC 0.94) and organs with anatomic variability (liver: DSC 0.96, kidneys: DSC 0.95). Smaller structures showed lower accuracy (portal/splenic veins: DSC 0.64, adrenal glands: DSC 0.69). On external validation using NAKO data, mean DSC ranged from 0.85 $\pm$ 0.08 for T2-HASTE to 0.91 $\pm$ 0.05 for in-phase sequences. The model generalized well to CT, achieving mean DSC of 0.84 $\pm$ 0.11 on AMOS CT data. Conclusion: MRSegmentator accurately segments 40 anatomical structures in MRI across diverse datasets and imaging protocols, with additional generalizability to CT images. This open-source model will provide a valuable tool for automated multi-organ segmentation in medical imaging research. It can be downloaded from △ Less Submitted 14 November, 2024; v1 submitted 10 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. Comments: 17 pages, 6 figures; updated data; completed co-author info ACM Class: J.3 arXiv:2405.03713 [ pdf , other ] eess.IV cs.CV cs.LG doi 10.1186/s41747-025-00626-6 Improve Cross-Modality Segmentation by Treating T1-Weighted MRI Images as Inverted CT Scans Authors: Hartmut Häntze , Lina Xu , Maximilian Rattunde , Leonhard Donle , Felix J. Dorfner , Alessa Hering , Lisa C. Adams , Keno K. Bressem Abstract : Computed tomography (CT) segmentation models often contain classes that are not currently supported by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) segmentation models. In this study, we show that a simple image inversion technique can significantly improve the segmentation quality of CT segmentation models on MRI data. We demonstrate the feasibility for both a general multi-class and a specific renal carcino… ▽ More Computed tomography (CT) segmentation models often contain classes that are not currently supported by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) segmentation models. In this study, we show that a simple image inversion technique can significantly improve the segmentation quality of CT segmentation models on MRI data. We demonstrate the feasibility for both a general multi-class and a specific renal carcinoma model for segmenting T1-weighted MRI images. Using this technique, we were able to localize and segment clear cell renal cell carcinoma in T1-weighted MRI scans, using a model that was trained on only CT data. Image inversion is straightforward to implement and does not require dedicated graphics processing units, thus providing a quick alternative to complex deep modality-transfer models. Our results demonstrate that existing CT models, including pathology models, might be transferable to the MRI domain with reasonable effort. △ Less Submitted 19 September, 2024; v1 submitted 4 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. Comments: 6 pages, 3 figures, updated data and methodology, conclusion unchanged ACM Class: J.3 Journal ref: Eur Radiol Exp 9, 93 (2025) arXiv:2405.03713 [ pdf , other ] Improve Cross-Modality Segmentation by Treating T1-Weighted MRI Images as Inverted CT Scans Authors: Hartmut Häntze , Lina Xu , Maximilian Rattunde , Leonhard Donle , Felix J. Dorfner , Alessa Hering , Lisa C. Adams , Keno K. Bressem Abstract : Computed tomography (CT) segmentation models often contain classes that are not currently supported by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) segmentation models. In this study, we show that a simple image inversion technique can significantly improve the segmentation quality of CT segmentation models on MRI data. We demonstrate the feasibility for both a general multi-class and a specific renal carcino… ▽ More Computed tomography (CT) segmentation models often contain classes that are not currently supported by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) segmentation models. In this study, we show that a simple image inversion technique can significantly improve the segmentation quality of CT segmentation models on MRI data. We demonstrate the feasibility for both a general multi-class and a specific renal carcinoma model for segmenting T1-weighted MRI images. Using this technique, we were able to localize and segment clear cell renal cell carcinoma in T1-weighted MRI scans, using a model that was trained on only CT data. Image inversion is straightforward to implement and does not require dedicated graphics processing units, thus providing a quick alternative to complex deep modality-transfer models. Our results demonstrate that existing CT models, including pathology models, might be transferable to the MRI domain with reasonable effort. △ Less Submitted 19 September, 2024; v1 submitted 4 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. Comments: 6 pages, 3 figures, updated data and methodology, conclusion unchanged ACM Class: J.3 Journal ref: Eur Radiol Exp 9, 93 (2025) arXiv:2402.12298 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL cs.AI doi 10.1148/radiol.241139 Is Open-Source There Yet? A Comparative Study on Commercial and Open-Source LLMs in Their Ability to Label Chest X-Ray Reports Authors: Felix J. Dorfner , Liv Jürgensen , Leonhard Donle , Fares Al Mohamad , Tobias R. Bodenmann , Mason C. Cleveland , Felix Busch , Lisa C. Adams , James Sato , Thomas Schultz , Albert E. Kim , Jameson Merkow , Keno K. Bressem , Christopher P. Bridge Abstract : Introduction: With the rapid advances in large language models (LLMs), there have been numerous new open source as well as commercial models. While recent publications have explored GPT-4 in its application to extracting information of interest from radiology reports, there has not been a real-world comparison of GPT-4 to different leading open-source models. Materials and Methods: Two different… ▽ More Introduction: With the rapid advances in large language models (LLMs), there have been numerous new open source as well as commercial models. While recent publications have explored GPT-4 in its application to extracting information of interest from radiology reports, there has not been a real-world comparison of GPT-4 to different leading open-source models. Materials and Methods: Two different and independent datasets were used. The first dataset consists of 540 chest x-ray reports that were created at the Massachusetts General Hospital between July 2019 and July 2021. The second dataset consists of 500 chest x-ray reports from the ImaGenome dataset. We then compared the commercial models GPT-3.5 Turbo and GPT-4 from OpenAI to the open-source models Mistral-7B, Mixtral-8x7B, Llama2-13B, Llama2-70B, QWEN1.5-72B and CheXbert and CheXpert-labeler in their ability to accurately label the presence of multiple findings in x-ray text reports using different prompting techniques. Results: On the ImaGenome dataset, the best performing open-source model was Llama2-70B with micro F1-scores of 0.972 and 0.970 for zero- and few-shot prompts, respectively. GPT-4 achieved micro F1-scores of 0.975 and 0.984, respectively. On the institutional dataset, the best performing open-source model was QWEN1.5-72B with micro F1-scores of 0.952 and 0.965 for zero- and few-shot prompting, respectively. GPT-4 achieved micro F1-scores of 0.975 and 0.973, respectively. Conclusion: In this paper, we show that while GPT-4 is superior to open-source models in zero-shot report labeling, the implementation of few-shot prompting can bring open-source models on par with GPT-4. This shows that open-source models could be a performant and privacy preserving alternative to GPT-4 for the task of radiology report classification. △ Less Submitted 19 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024. arXiv:2402.12298 [ pdf , other ] Is Open-Source There Yet? A Comparative Study on Commercial and Open-Source LLMs in Their Ability to Label Chest X-Ray Reports Authors: Felix J. Dorfner , Liv Jürgensen , Leonhard Donle , Fares Al Mohamad , Tobias R. Bodenmann , Mason C. Cleveland , Felix Busch , Lisa C. Adams , James Sato , Thomas Schultz , Albert E. Kim , Jameson Merkow , Keno K. Bressem , Christopher P. Bridge Abstract : Introduction: With the rapid advances in large language models (LLMs), there have been numerous new open source as well as commercial models. While recent publications have explored GPT-4 in its application to extracting information of interest from radiology reports, there has not been a real-world comparison of GPT-4 to different leading open-source models. Materials and Methods: Two different… ▽ More Introduction: With the rapid advances in large language models (LLMs), there have been numerous new open source as well as commercial models. While recent publications have explored GPT-4 in its application to extracting information of interest from radiology reports, there has not been a real-world comparison of GPT-4 to different leading open-source models. Materials and Methods: Two different and independent datasets were used. The first dataset consists of 540 chest x-ray reports that were created at the Massachusetts General Hospital between July 2019 and July 2021. The second dataset consists of 500 chest x-ray reports from the ImaGenome dataset. We then compared the commercial models GPT-3.5 Turbo and GPT-4 from OpenAI to the open-source models Mistral-7B, Mixtral-8x7B, Llama2-13B, Llama2-70B, QWEN1.5-72B and CheXbert and CheXpert-labeler in their ability to accurately label the presence of multiple findings in x-ray text reports using different prompting techniques. Results: On the ImaGenome dataset, the best performing open-source model was Llama2-70B with micro F1-scores of 0.972 and 0.970 for zero- and few-shot prompts, respectively. GPT-4 achieved micro F1-scores of 0.975 and 0.984, respectively. On the institutional dataset, the best performing open-source model was QWEN1.5-72B with micro F1-scores of 0.952 and 0.965 for zero- and few-shot prompting, respectively. GPT-4 achieved micro F1-scores of 0.975 and 0.973, respectively. Conclusion: In this paper, we show that while GPT-4 is superior to open-source models in zero-shot report labeling, the implementation of few-shot prompting can bring open-source models on par with GPT-4. This shows that open-source models could be a performant and privacy preserving alternative to GPT-4 for the task of radiology report classification. △ Less Submitted 19 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024. About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Etymology and pronunciation 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 Early history 2.2 Colonial Rangoon (1852–1948) 2.3 Contemporary Yangon (1948–present) 2.1 Early history 2.2 Colonial Rangoon (1852–1948) 2.3 Contemporary Yangon (1948–present) 3 Geography Toggle Geography subsection 3.1 Climate 3.1 Climate 4 Cityscape Toggle Cityscape subsection 4.1 Architecture 4.2 Road layout 4.3 Parks and gardens 4.4 Water supply 4.1 Architecture 4.2 Road layout 4.3 Parks and gardens 4.4 Water supply 5 Administration 6 Transport Toggle Transport subsection 6.1 Air 6.2 Railways 6.3 Rapid transit 6.4 Buses and cars 6.5 River 6.1 Air 6.2 Railways 6.3 Rapid transit 6.4 Buses and cars 6.5 River 7 Demographics Toggle Demographics subsection 7.1 Religions 7.2 Media 7.3 Communication 7.4 Lifestyle 7.1 Religions 7.2 Media 7.3 Communication 7.4 Lifestyle 8 Sports 9 Economy 10 Education 11 Health care 12 Notable sites Toggle Notable sites subsection 12.1 Pagodas 12.2 Recreation 12.3 Museums and art galleries 12.4 Concert halls and theatres 12.1 Pagodas 12.2 Recreation 12.3 Museums and art galleries 12.4 Concert halls and theatres 13 Notable people 14 International relations Toggle International relations subsection 14.1 Twin towns – sister cities 14.1 Twin towns – sister cities 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 Bibliography 19 External links Yangon Afrikaans አማርኛ العربية Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български བོད་ཡིག Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ ភាសាខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Wikidata item Greater Yangon မဟာရန်ကုန် Rangoon City Yangon City .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} Shwedagon Pagoda Yangon City Hall Downtown Yangon Colonial-era buildings along Strand Road The Karaweik at Kandawgyi Lake .mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top} Flag .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} Greater Yangon Location of Yangon, Myanmar Show map of Myanmar Greater Yangon Greater Yangon (Southeast Asia) Show map of Southeast Asia Greater Yangon Greater Yangon (Asia) Show map of Asia Coordinates (Asia/Yangon): .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 16°47′42″N 96°09′36″E / 16.795°N 96.160°E / 16.795; 96.160 Country Myanmar Region Yangon Region Settled c. 1028–1043 CE Government • Mayor Bo Htay [ citation needed ] Area [ 1 ] • Urban 598.75 km 2 (231.18 sq mi) • Metro 10,170 km 2 (3,930 sq mi) • Rank division Population ( 2014 Census ) • Rank 1st in Myanmar • Urban 5,160,512 • Urban density 8,618.8/km 2 (22,323/sq mi) • Rural 2,200,191 • Metro [ 2 ] 7,360,703 ( Yangon Region ) • Metro density 723.8/km 2 (1,875/sq mi) • Ethnicities List of ethnicities Bamar Burmese Chinese Burmese Indians Chin Rakhine Mon Karen Shan Kayah Kachin Bamar Burmese Chinese Burmese Indians Chin Rakhine Mon Karen Shan Kayah Kachin • Religions List of religions Buddhism 91% Islam 4.7% Christianity 3.2% Hinduism 1.0% Others 0.1% Buddhism 91% Islam 4.7% Christianity 3.2% Hinduism 1.0% Others 0.1% Demonym Yangonite GDP [ 3 ] • Metro US$ 10.7 billion (2016) Time zones UTC+06:30 ( Asia/Yangon or Asia/Rangoon ) UTC+06:30 ( Myanmar Time ) Area code 01 Geocode Yangon ISO 3166 code MM06 Vehicle registration YGN Website yangon .gov .mm Yangon , [ a ] sometimes romanised in English as Rangoon , [ 4 ] [ 5 ] is the capital of the Yangon Region and the largest city of Myanmar . Yangon was the capital of Myanmar until 2005 and served as such until 2006, when the military government relocated the administrative functions to the purpose-built capital city of Naypyidaw in north central Myanmar. [ 6 ] With over five million people, Yangon is Myanmar's most populous city and its most important commercial centre. Yangon boasts the largest number of colonial-era buildings in Southeast Asia , [ 7 ] and has a unique colonial-era urban core that is remarkably intact. [ 8 ] The colonial-era commercial core is centred around the Sule Pagoda , which is reputed to be over 2,000 years old. [ 9 ] The city is also home to the gilded Shwedagon Pagoda – Myanmar's most sacred and famous Buddhist pagoda. Yangon suffers from profoundly inadequate infrastructure , especially compared to other major cities in Southeast Asia, such as Jakarta , Bangkok or Hanoi . Especially rail transport is lacking. [ 10 ] Though many historic residential and commercial buildings have been renovated throughout central Yangon, most satellite towns that ring the city continue to be profoundly impoverished and lack basic infrastructure. [ 11 ] Etymology and pronunciation The name Yangon ( ရန်ကုန် ) is derived from the combination of the Burmese words yan ( ရန် ) and koun ( ကုန် ), which mean 'enemies' and 'run out of', respectively. This word combination can be translated as 'End of Strife'. The name is pronounced / ˌ j æ ŋ ˈ ɡ ɒ n / yang- GON in British English and / ˌ j ɑː n ˈ ɡ oʊ n / yahn- GOHN in American English. [ 12 ] The English romanisation, Rangoon , is based on the Rakhine dialect , [ 13 ] and pronounced / r æ ŋ ˈ ɡ uː n / rang- GOON in English. [ 14 ] History Early history Yangon was founded as Dagon in the early 11th century ( c. 1028–1043 ) by the Mon people , who inhabited Lower Burma at that time. [ 15 ] Dagon became an important pilgrimage pagoda town, starting in the 14th century, during the Hanthawaddy kingdom . Notable governors of Dagon included Princess Maha Dewi , who ruled the town from 1364 to 1392, [ 16 ] and her grandniece, Shin Saw Pu , who later became the only female queen regnant in Burmese history . Queen Saw Pu built a palace next to the Shwedagon Pagoda in the town in 1460 and spent her semi-retired life at that palace until her death in 1471. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] In 1755, King Alaungpaya , the founder of the Konbaung dynasty captured Dagon, added settlements around it, and called the enlarged town "Yangon". In the 1790s, the East India Company opened a factory in Yangon. The estimated population of Yangon in 1823 was about 30,000. [ 19 ] The British captured Yangon during the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26), but returned the city to Burmese rule after the war. The city was destroyed by a fire in 1841. [ 20 ] Colonial Rangoon (1852–1948) The British captured Yangon and all of Lower Burma in the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852, and subsequently transformed Yangon into the commercial and political hub of British Burma . After the war, the British moved the capital of British Burma from Moulmein (present-day Mawlamyine ) to Yangon. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Based on the design by army engineer Lt. Alexander Fraser , the British constructed a new city on a grid plan on delta land, bounded to the east by the Pazundaung Creek and to the south and west by the Yangon River . Yangon became the capital of all British-ruled Burma after the British had captured Upper Burma in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885. By the 1890s, Yangon's growing population and commerce gave birth to prosperous residential suburbs to the north of Royal Lake (Kandawgyi) and Inya Lake . [ 23 ] The British also established hospitals including Rangoon General Hospital and colleges including Rangoon University . After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the British sent Bahadur Shah II , the last Mughal emperor, to Yangon to live in exile. [ 24 ] Colonial Yangon, with its spacious parks and lakes and mix of modern buildings and traditional wooden architecture, was known as "the garden city of the East". [ 23 ] By the early 20th century, Yangon had public services and infrastructure on par with London. [ 25 ] Before World War II , about 55% of Yangon's population of 500,000 was Indian or South Asian , and only about a third was Bamar (Burman). [ 26 ] Karens , Chinese , Anglo-Burmese , and others made up the rest. [ citation needed ] After World War I , Yangon became the center of the Burmese independence movement, with leftist Rangoon University students leading the way. Three nationwide strikes against British rule in 1920, 1936, and 1938 lead by April lin Htet all began in Yangon. Yangon was under Japanese occupation (1942–45), and incurred heavy damage during World War II. The city was retaken by the Allies in May 1945. Yangon became the capital of the Union of Burma on 4 January 1948 when the country gained independence from British rule. [ 27 ] Contemporary Yangon (1948–present) Soon after Burma's independence in 1948, many colonial-era names of streets and parks were changed to more nationalistic Burmese names. In 1989, the military junta changed the city's English name to "Yangon", along with many other changes in English transliteration of Burmese names. (The changes have not been accepted by many Burmese who consider the junta unfit to make such changes, nor by many publications and news bureaus, including, most notably, the BBC and foreign nations including the United Kingdom and the United States.) [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Since independence, Yangon has expanded outwards. Successive governments have built satellite towns such as Thaketa , North Okkalapa and South Okkalapa in the 1950s to Hlaingthaya , Shwepyitha and South Dagon in the 1980s. [ 20 ] Today, Greater Yangon encompasses an area covering nearly 600 square kilometres (230 sq mi). [ 1 ] During Ne Win 's isolationist rule (1962–88), Yangon's infrastructure deteriorated through poor maintenance and did not keep up with its growing population. In the 1990s, the military government's more open market policies attracted domestic and foreign investment, bringing a modicum of modernity to the city's infrastructure. Some inner city residents were forcibly relocated to new satellite towns. Many colonial-period buildings were demolished to make way for high-rise hotels, office buildings, and shopping malls, [ 30 ] leading the city government to place about 200 notable colonial-period buildings under the Yangon City Heritage List in 1996. [ 31 ] Major building programs resulted in six new bridges and five new highways linking the city to its industrial back country. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Still, much of Yangon remains without basic municipal services such as 24-hour electricity and regular garbage collection. Yangon has become much more indigenous Burmese in its ethnic make-up since independence. After independence, many South Asians and Anglo-Burmese left. Many more South Asians were forced to leave during the 1960s by Ne Win's xenophobic government. [ 26 ] Nevertheless, sizeable South Asian and Chinese communities still exist in Yangon. The Anglo-Burmese have effectively disappeared, having left the country or intermarried with other Burmese groups. Yangon was the centre of major anti-government protests in 1974 , 1988 and 2007 . In particular, the 8888 Uprising resulted in the deaths of hundreds, if not thousands of Burmese civilians, many of them in Yangoon where hundreds of thousands of people flooded into the streets of the former capital city. The Saffron Revolution saw mass shootings and the use of crematoria in Yangon by the Burmese government to erase evidence of their crimes against monks, unarmed protesters, journalists and students. [ 35 ] The city's streets saw bloodshed each time as protesters were gunned down by the government, most notably during the 1988 , [ 36 ] 2007 , [ 37 ] and 2021 mass protests, [ 38 ] [ 39 ] all of which were started in Yangon itself, signifying its importance as the cultural centre of Burma . In May 2008, Cyclone Nargis hit Yangon. While the city had few human casualties, three-quarters of Yangon's industrial infrastructure was destroyed or damaged, with losses estimated at US$800 million. [ 40 ] In November 2005, the military government designated Naypyidaw , 320 kilometres (199 mi) north of Yangon, as the new administrative capital, and moved much of the government to the newly developed city. Yangon remains the largest city and the most important commercial, economic and cultural center of Myanmar. On 7 May 2005, a series of coordinated bombings occurred in the city of Yangon, Myanmar. Eleven people were killed in the attack, and one of the 162 people that were injured was a member of the LCMS mission team to Myanmar. [ 41 ] In the 2020s, life in Yangon was greatly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and 2021 coup d'état . [ 42 ] [ 43 ] The city was the location of mass protests in response to the coup. [ 44 ] The pandemic and protests prompted the authorities to enforce a series of lockdowns and curfews . The city's economy subsequently slowed. [ 43 ] Geography Yangon is located in Lower Burma (Myanmar) at the convergence of the Yangon and Bago Rivers about 30 km (19 mi) away from the Gulf of Martaban at 16°48' North, 96°09' East (16.8, 96.15). Its standard time zone is UTC/GMT +6:30 hours. It is located 23 metres above sea level. Due to its location on the Irrawaddy Delta, intertidal flat ecosystems occur adjacent to the city. [ 45 ] Climate Yangon has a tropical monsoon climate (Am) under the Köppen climate classification system. [ 46 ] The city features a lengthy wet season from May through October where a substantial amount of rainfall is received; and a dry season from November through April, where little rainfall is seen. It is primarily due to the heavy rainfall received during the rainy season that makes Yangon fall under the tropical monsoon climate category. From 1961 to the 1990s, average temperatures show little variance, with average highs ranging from 29 to 36 °C (84 to 97 °F) and average lows ranging from 18 to 25 °C (64 to 77 °F). Yangon is prone to tropical cyclones . In 2008, Cyclone Nargis made landfall as a Category 4 cyclone, making it the worst cyclone on record in the country. Climate data for Yangon (Kaba–Aye) 1991–2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 39.0 (102.2) 39.8 (103.6) 40.4 (104.7) 42.2 (108.0) 42.0 (107.6) 40.0 (104.0) 37.8 (100.0) 37.2 (99.0) 38.9 (102.0) 38.0 (100.4) 38.9 (102.0) 35.6 (96.1) 42.2 (108.0) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 33.1 (91.6) 35.1 (95.2) 36.8 (98.2) 37.7 (99.9) 34.5 (94.1) 31.3 (88.3) 30.6 (87.1) 30.3 (86.5) 31.3 (88.3) 32.7 (90.9) 33.6 (92.5) 32.9 (91.2) 33.3 (91.9) Daily mean °C (°F) 24.9 (76.8) 26.6 (79.9) 28.9 (84.0) 30.6 (87.1) 29.2 (84.6) 27.3 (81.1) 26.7 (80.1) 26.6 (79.9) 27.0 (80.6) 27.7 (81.9) 27.4 (81.3) 25.4 (77.7) 27.4 (81.3) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 16.6 (61.9) 18.1 (64.6) 20.9 (69.6) 23.5 (74.3) 24.0 (75.2) 23.2 (73.8) 22.8 (73.0) 22.8 (73.0) 22.8 (73.0) 22.7 (72.9) 21.1 (70.0) 17.9 (64.2) 21.4 (70.5) Record low °C (°F) 10.0 (50.0) 12.8 (55.0) 15.0 (59.0) 16.0 (60.8) 17.5 (63.5) 18.4 (65.1) 18.5 (65.3) 16.0 (60.8) 17.0 (62.6) 13.5 (56.3) 12.4 (54.3) 9.2 (48.6) 9.2 (48.6) Average precipitation mm (inches) 4.5 (0.18) 3.0 (0.12) 15.1 (0.59) 37.9 (1.49) 333.8 (13.14) 554.0 (21.81) 624.5 (24.59) 562.2 (22.13) 426.8 (16.80) 217.4 (8.56) 52.6 (2.07) 9.2 (0.36) 2,841 (111.85) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 0.4 0.2 0.8 2.4 14.5 25.9 26.7 26.5 21.4 14.0 3.4 0.4 136.6 Average relative humidity (%) 62 66 69 66 73 85 86 87 85 78 71 65 74 Mean monthly sunshine hours 300 272 290 292 181 80 77 92 97 203 280 288 2,452 Source 1: World Meteorological Organization , [ 47 ] Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes) [ 48 ] Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute (sun and relative humidity 1931–1960), [ 49 ] Myanmar Times (May record high and December record low) [ 50 ] Cityscape Until the mid-1990s, Yangon remained largely constrained to its traditional peninsula setting between the Bago , Yangon, and Hlaing Rivers . People moved in, but little of the city moved out. Maps from 1944 show little development north of Inya Lake and areas that are now layered in cement and stacked with houses were then virtual backwaters. In the late 1980s, however, the city began a rapid spread north to where Yangon International Airport is located. But the result is a stretching tail on the city, with the downtown area well removed from its geographic centre. [ 51 ] The city's area has steadily increased from 72.52 square kilometres (28.00 sq mi) in 1901 to 86.2 square kilometres (33.3 sq mi) in 1940 to 208.51 square kilometres (80.51 sq mi) in 1974, to 346.13 square kilometres (133.64 sq mi) in 1985, and to 598.75 square kilometres (231.18 sq mi) in 2008. [ 1 ] [ 52 ] Architecture Downtown Yangon is known for its leafy avenues and fin-de-siècle architecture. [ 53 ] The former British colonial capital has the highest number of colonial period buildings in south-east Asia. [ 7 ] Downtown Yangon is still mainly made up of decaying colonial buildings. The former High Court , the former Secretariat buildings , the former St. Paul's English High School and the Strand Hotel are excellent examples of the bygone era. Most downtown buildings from this era are four-story mix-use (residential and commercial) buildings with 14-foot (4.3 m) ceilings, allowing for the construction of mezzanines . Despite their less-than-perfect conditions, the buildings remain highly sought after and most expensive in the city's property market. [ 54 ] In 1996, the Yangon City Development Committee created a Yangon City Heritage List of old buildings and structures in the city that cannot be modified or torn down without approval. [ 55 ] In 2012, the city of Yangon imposed a 50-year moratorium on demolition of buildings older than 50 years. [ 56 ] The Yangon Heritage Trust , an NGO started by Thant Myint-U , aims to create heritage areas in Downtown, and attract investors to renovate buildings for commercial use. [ 56 ] A latter-day hallmark of Yangon is the eight-story apartment building . (In Yangon parlance, a building with no elevators (lifts) is called an apartment building and one with elevators is called a condominium . [ 57 ] Condos which have to invest in a local power generator to ensure 24-hour electricity for the elevators are beyond the reach of most Yangonites.) Found throughout the city, eight-story apartment buildings provide inexpensive housing for many Yangonites. The apartments are usually eight stories high (including the ground floor) mainly because city regulations, until February 2008, required that all buildings higher than 75 feet (23 m) or eight stories to install lifts. [ 58 ] The code calls for elevators in buildings higher than 62 feet (19 m) or six stories, likely ushering in the era of the six-story apartment building. Although most apartment buildings were built only within the last 20 years, they look much older and rundown due to shoddy construction and lack of proper maintenance. Unlike other major Asian cities, Yangon does not have any skyscrapers. This is due to rule that no building should be more than 75% the height above sea level of Shwedagon Pagoda , which rises about 160 metres (520 ft). For instance, in 2015, a luxury housing project was cancelled due to its proximity to Shwedagon Pagoda. Critics of the project claimed that the project could cause structural damage to the pagoda. [ 59 ] Aside from a few high-rise hotels and office towers, most high-rise buildings (usually 10 stories and up) are "condos" scattered across prosperous neighbourhoods north of downtown such as Bahan , Dagon , Kamayut and Mayangon . Older satellite towns such as Thaketa , North Okkalapa , and South Okkalapa are lined mostly with one to two-story detached houses with access to the city's electricity grid. Newer satellite towns such as North Dagon and South Dagon are in a grid layout. The satellite towns—old or new—receive little or no municipal services. Road layout Downtown Yangon 's road layout follows a grid pattern, based on four types of roads: Broad 49-m wide roads running west to east Broad 30-m wide roads running south to north Two narrow 9.1-m wide streets running south to north Mid-size 15-m wide streets running south to north The east–west grid of central was laid out by British military engineers Fraser and Montgomerie after the Second Anglo-Burmese War . [ 25 ] The city was later developed by the Public Works Department and Bengal Corps of Engineers. The pattern of south to north roads is as follows: one broad 100-foot (30 m) wide road, two narrow streets, one mid-size street, two more narrow streets, and then another broad 100-foot (30 m) wide road. This order is repeated from west to east. The narrow streets are numbered; the medium and broad roads are named. For example, the 100-foot (30 m) Lanmadaw Road is followed by 30-foot (9.1 m)-wide 17th and 18th streets then the medium 50-foot (15 m) Sint-Oh-Dan Road, the 30-foot 19th and 20th streets, followed by another 100-foot (30 m) wide Latha Road, followed again by the two numbered small roads 21st and 22nd streets, and so on. The roads running parallel west to east were the Strand Road, Merchant Road, Maha Bandula (née Dalhousie) Road, Anawrahta (Fraser) Road, and Bogyoke Aung San (Montgomerie) Road. Parks and gardens The largest and best maintained parks in Yangon are located around Shwedagon Pagoda . To the south-east of the gilded stupa is the most popular recreational area in the city – Kandawgyi Lake . The 150-acre (61-ha) lake is surrounded by the 110-acre (45-ha) Kandawgyi Nature Park , [ 60 ] and the 69.25-acre (28-ha) Yangon Zoological Gardens , which consists of a zoo, an aquarium and an amusement park, and Bogyoke Aung San Park . [ 61 ] West of the pagoda towards the former Hluttaw (Parliament) complex is the 130-acre (53-ha) People's Square and Park , the former parading ground on important national days when Yangon was the capital. [ 62 ] A few miles north of the pagoda lies the 37-acre (15-ha) Inya Lake Park – a favourite hangout place of Yangon University students, and a well-known place of romance in Burmese popular culture. Hlawga National Park and Allied War Memorial at the outskirts of the city are popular day-trip destinations with tourists. Water supply Yangon's water is supplied by four reservoirs managed by the YCDC: Hlawga, Gyobyu, Phugyi, and Ngamoeyeik Reservoirs, all of which are scattered throughout Yangon Region. [ 63 ] Kandawgyi and Inya Lakes no longer function as reservoirs for the city. [ 63 ] Administration Yangon is administered by the Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC). YCDC also coordinates urban planning . [ 64 ] The city is made up of 33 townships and is part of Yangon Region . Yangon Region is divided into districts, which overlap with the city's jurisdiction. [ 65 ] The current mayor of Yangon is Maung Maung Soe . Each township is administered by a Township Development Committee, [ 66 ] alongside local leaders who make decisions regarding city beautification and infrastructure. Myo-thit (lit. "New Towns", or satellite towns ) are not within such jurisdictions. In 2022, the districts of Yangon Region were reorganised giving Yangon city nine newly formed districts , as well as parts of the newly formed Twante District . [ 67 ] [ 68 ] List of Yangon City Townships by District: [ 69 ] Mingaladon District Mingaladon Township Shwepyitha Township Mingaladon Township Shwepyitha Township Insein District Insein Township Hlaingthaya East Township Hlaingthaya West Township Insein Township Hlaingthaya East Township Hlaingthaya West Township Ahlon District Ahlon Township Kyimyindaing Township Sanchaung Township Ahlon Township Kyimyindaing Township Sanchaung Township Kamayut District Bahan Township Kamayut Township Bahan Township Kamayut Township Mayangon District Hlaing Township Mayangon Township North Okkalapa Township Hlaing Township Mayangon Township North Okkalapa Township Thingangyun District South Okkalapa Township Tamwe Township Thingangyun Township Yankin Township South Okkalapa Township Tamwe Township Thingangyun Township Yankin Township Kyauktada District ( Downtown ) Dagon Township Kyauktada Township Lanmadaw Township Latha Township Pabedan Township Seikkan Township Dagon Township Kyauktada Township Lanmadaw Township Latha Township Pabedan Township Seikkan Township Botataung District ( Downtown ) Botataung Township Dawbon Township Mingala Taungnyunt Township Pazundaung Township Thaketa Township Botataung Township Dawbon Township Mingala Taungnyunt Township Pazundaung Township Thaketa Township Dagon Myothit District Dagon Seikkan Township North Dagon Township South Dagon Township East Dagon Township Dagon Seikkan Township North Dagon Township South Dagon Township East Dagon Township Twante District Seikkyi Kanaungto Township Parts of Dala Township Seikkyi Kanaungto Township Parts of Dala Township Yangon is a member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21 . Transport Yangon is Burma's main domestic and international hub for air, rail, and ground transportation. Air Yangon International Airport , located 12 miles (19 km) from downtown, is the country's main gateway for domestic and international air travel. The airport has three terminals, known as T1, T2 and T3 which is also known as Domestic. It has direct flights to major cities in Asia, such as Tokyo , Shanghai , Seoul , Singapore , Hong Kong , Kuala Lumpur , Kolkata , and Dubai . Although domestic airlines offer service to about forty domestic locations, most flights are to tourist destinations such as Bagan , Mandalay , Heho and Ngapali , and to the capital Naypyidaw . Railways Yangon Central Railway Station is the main terminus of Myanmar Railways ' 5,403-kilometre (3,357 mi) rail network [ 70 ] whose reach covers Upper Myanmar ( Naypyidaw , Mandalay , Shwebo ), upcountry ( Myitkyina ), Shan hills ( Taunggyi , Lashio ) and the Taninthayi coast ( Mawlamyine , Dawei ). Yangon Circular Railway operates a 45.9-kilometre (28.5 mi) 39-station commuter rail network that connects Yangon's satellite towns. The system is heavily used by the local populace, selling about 150,000 tickets daily. [ 71 ] The popularity of the commuter line has jumped since the government reduced petrol subsidies in August 2007. [ 71 ] In 2017 the government of Japan provided more than US$200 million in finance to assist with a range of works including developing and maintaining the Yangon circular railway line, purchasing new carriages and upgrading signalling. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] Rapid transit The Yangon Urban Mass Rapid Transit is a proposed rapid transit system, due to begin construction in 2022 and be complete by 2027. [ 74 ] Buses and cars Yangon has a 4,456-kilometre (2,769 mi) road network of all types (tar, concrete and dirt) in March 2011. Many of the roads are in poor condition and not wide enough to accommodate an increasing number of cars. [ 75 ] The vast majority of Yangon residents cannot afford a car and rely on an extensive network of buses to get around. Over 300 public and private bus lines operate about 6,300 crowded buses around the city, carrying over 4.4 million passengers a day. [ 1 ] [ 76 ] All buses and 80% of the taxis in Yangon run on compressed natural gas (CNG), following the 2005 government decree to save money on imported petroleum. [ 77 ] Highway buses to other cities depart from Dagon Ayeyar Highway Bus Terminal for Irrawaddy delta region and Aung Mingala Highway Bus Terminal for other parts of the country. [ 78 ] Motor transportation in Yangon is highly expensive for most of its citizens. As the government allows only a few thousand cars to be imported each year in a country with over 50 million people, [ 79 ] car prices in Yangon (and in Burma) are among the highest in the world. [ citation needed ] In July 2008, the two most popular cars in Yangon, 1986/87 Nissan Sunny Super Saloon and 1988 Toyota Corolla SE Limited, cost the equivalent of about US$20,000 and US$29,000 respectively. [ 80 ] A sports utility vehicle, imported for the equivalent of around US$50,000, goes for US$250,000. [ 79 ] Illegally imported unregistered cars are cheaper – typically about half the price of registered cars. Nonetheless, car usage in Yangon is on the rise, a sign of rising incomes for some, and already causes much traffic congestion in highway-less Yangon's streets. In 2011, Yangon had about 300,000 registered motor vehicles in addition to an unknown number of unregistered ones. [ 75 ] Within Yangon city limits, it is illegal to drive trishaws , bicycles, and motorcycles. Since February 2010, pick-up truck bus lines have been forbidden to run in six townships of central Yangon, namely Latha , Lanmadaw , Pabedan , Kyauktada , Botahtaung and Pazundaung Townships . [ 81 ] In May 2003, a ban on using car horns was implemented in six townships of Downtown Yangon to reduce noise pollution . [ 82 ] In April 2004, the car horn ban was expanded to cover the entire city. [ 82 ] On 16 January 2017, as part of public transport reforms, city bus network system Yangon Bus Service (YBS) was created by the Yangon Region Transport Authority . [ 83 ] On 20 May 2021, YRTA was reorganised as Yangon Region Transport Committee (YRTC). [ 84 ] YBS is claimed to be a disabled-friendly bus service and have a card payment system. [ 85 ] [ 86 ] Since January 2019, passengers can either pay with cash or smart cards through the machines installed near the driver seat on the bus. As of January 2022, it is claimed that card machines are installed on more than 1900 buses. [ 87 ] Ride hailing services operated by private corporations such as Uber and Grab are also available in Yangon today. [ 88 ] River Yangon's four main passenger jetties, all located on or near downtown waterfront, mainly serve local ferries across the river to Dala and Thanlyin , and regional ferries to the Irrawaddy delta . [ 89 ] The 22-mile (35 km) Twante Canal was the quickest route from Yangon to the Irrawaddy delta until the 1990s when roads between Yangon and the Irrawaddy Division became usable year-round. While passenger ferries to the delta are still used, those to Upper Burma via the Irrawaddy river are now limited mostly to tourist river cruises. In October 2017, a New Yangon Water Bus was launched. [ 90 ] Demographics Year Pop. ±% 1824 10,000 — 1856 46,000 +360.0% 1872 100,000 +117.4% 1881 165,000 +65.0% 1891 181,000 +9.7% 1901 248,000 +37.0% 1911 295,000 +19.0% 1921 340,000 +15.3% 1931 400,000 +17.6% 1941 500,000 +25.0% 1950 1,302,000 +160.4% 1960 1,592,000 +22.3% 1970 1,946,000 +22.2% 1980 2,378,000 +22.2% 1990 2,907,000 +22.2% 2000 3,553,000 +22.2% 2010 5,348,000 +50.5% Sources: 1846, [ 20 ] 1872–1941, [ 26 ] 1950–2025 [ 91 ] Yangon is the most populous city by far in Myanmar. According to the 2014 census, the city had a population of 5.16 million. [ 92 ] The city's population grew sharply after 1948 as many people (mainly, the indigenous Burmese) from other parts of the country moved into the newly built satellite towns of North Okkalapa, South Okkalapa, and Thaketa in the 1950s and East Dagon, North Dagon and South Dagon in the 1990s. [ citation needed ] Immigrants have founded their regional associations (such as Mandalay Association, Mawlamyaing Association, etc.) in Yangon for networking purposes. The government's decision to move the nation's administrative capital to Naypyidaw has drained an unknown number of civil servants away from Yangon. Yangon is the most ethnically diverse city in the country. While Indians formed the slight majority prior to World War II, [ 26 ] today, the majority of the population is of indigenous Bamar (Burman) descent. Large communities of Indians Burmese and the Chinese Burmese exist, especially in the traditional downtown neighbourhoods. A large number of Rakhine and Karen people also live in the city. [ 93 ] Burmese is the principal language of the city. English is by far the preferred second language of the educated class. In recent years, however, the prospect of overseas job opportunities has enticed some to study other languages: Mandarin Chinese is most popular, followed by Japanese, and French. [ 94 ] Religions The primary religions practised in Yangon are Buddhism , Christianity , Islam , and Hinduism . Shwedagon Pagoda is a famous religious landmark in the city. Media Yangon is the country's hub for the movie, music, advertising, newspaper, and book publishing industries, and is the country's cultural center. All media is heavily regulated by the military government. Television broadcasting is off-limits to the private sector. All media content must first be approved by the government's media censor board, Press Scrutiny and Registration Division . [ 95 ] Most television channels in the country are broadcast from Yangon. MRTV and Myawaddy TV are the two main channels, providing Burmese-language news and entertainment programs. Other special interest channels are MWD-1 and MWD-2, MITV , the English-language channel that targets overseas audiences via satellite and via internet, MRTV-4 and Channel 7 (Yangon) are with a focus on non-formal education programs and movies, and Movie 5, a pay-TV channel specialising in broadcasting foreign movies. [ 96 ] Yangon has three radio stations. Myanmar Radio is the national radio service and broadcasts mostly in Burmese and in English during specific times. Pop culture-oriented Yangon City FM and Mandalay City FM radio stations specialise in Burmese and English pop music, entertainment programs, live celebrity interviews, etc. New radio channels such as Shwe FM and Pyinsawaddy FM can also be tuned with the city area. Nearly all print media and industries are based out of Yangon. All three national newspapers – two Burmese language dailies Myanma Alin ( မြန်မာ့အလင်း ) and Kyemon ( ကြေးမုံ ), and the English language The New Light of Myanmar – are published by the government. Semi-governmental The Myanmar Times weekly, published in Burmese and in English, is mainly geared for Yangon's expatriate community. There are over 20 special interest journals and magazines covering sports, fashion, finance, crime, and literature (but never politics). Access to foreign media is extremely difficult. Satellite television in Yangon, and in Burma, is very expensive as the government imposes an annual registration fee of Ks. 10,00,000/-, equivalent to around U$600/year. [ 95 ] Certain foreign newspapers and periodicals such as the Straits Times can be found only in a few (mostly downtown) bookstores. Internet access in Yangon, which has the best telecommunication infrastructure in the country, is slow and erratic at best, and the Burmese government implements one of the world's most restrictive regimes of internet control. [ 97 ] International text messaging and voice messaging was permitted only in August 2008. [ 98 ] Communication Common facilities taken for granted elsewhere are luxury prized items in Yangon and Burma. The price of a GSM mobile phone was about K1.1 million in August 2008. [ 98 ] In 2007, the country of 55 million had only 775,000 phone lines (including 275,000 mobile phones), [ 99 ] [ 100 ] and 400,000 computers. [ 99 ] Even in Yangon, which has the best infrastructure, the estimated telephone penetration rate was only 6% at the end of 2004, and the official waiting time for a telephone line was 3.6 years. [ 101 ] Most people cannot afford a computer and have to use the city's numerous Internet cafes to access a heavily restricted internet, and a heavily censored local intranet. [ 97 ] According to official statistics, in July 2010, the country had over 400,000 internet users, with the vast majority hailing from just two cities, Yangon and Mandalay. Although internet access was available in 42 cities across the country, the number of users outside the two main cities was just over 10,000. [ 102 ] Lifestyle Yangon's property market is the most expensive in the country and beyond the reach of most Yangonites. Most rent outside the centre and few can afford to rent such apartments. (In 2008, rents for a typical 650-to-750-square-foot (60 to 70 m 2 ) apartments in the centre and vicinity range between K70,000 and K150,000 and those for high end condos between K200,000 and K500,000.) [ 103 ] Yangon is home to pagoda festivals ( paya pwe ), held during dry-season months (November – March). The most famous of all, the Shwedagon Pagoda Festival in March, attracts thousands of pilgrims from around the country. Yangon's museums are the domain of tourists and rarely visited by the locals. Most of Yangon's larger hotels offer nightlife entertainment, geared towards tourists and the well-to-do Burmese. Some hotels offer traditional Burmese performing arts shows complete with a traditional Burmese orchestra. Sports As the city has the best sporting facilities in the country, most national-level annual sporting tournaments such as track and field, football, volleyball, tennis and swimming are held in Yangon. The 40,000-seat Aung San Stadium and the 32,000-seat Thuwunna Stadium are the main venues for the popular annual State and Division football tournament. Until April 2009, the now-defunct Myanmar Premier League , consisted of 16 Yangon-based clubs, [ 104 ] played all its matches in Yangon stadiums, and attracted little interest from the general public or commercial success despite the enormous popularity of football in Burma. Most Yangonites prefer watching European football on satellite TV. Teams such as Manchester United, Liverpool, Chelsea, Real Madrid, Barcelona, Bayern Munich, and Manchester City are among the favourite European teams among the Yangonites. It remains to be seen whether the Myanmar National League , the country's first professional football league, and its Yangon-based club Yangon United FC will attract a sufficient following in the country's most important media market. Yangon is also home to annual the Myanmar Open golf tournament, and the Myanmar Open tennis tournament. The city hosted the 1961 and 1969 South East Asian Games . During colonial times, cricket was played mostly by British officials in the city. First-class cricket was played in the city in January 1927 when the touring Marylebone Cricket Club played Burma and the Rangoon Gymkhana . Two grounds were used to host these matches, the BAA Ground and the Gymkhana Ground . [ 105 ] [ 106 ] These matches mark the only time Burma and Rangoon Gymkhana have appeared in first-class cricket, and the only time first-class cricket has been played in Burma. After independence cricket all but died out in the country. Yangon has a growing population of skateboarders, as documented in the films Altered Focus: Burma and Youth of Yangon. German non-profit organization Make Life Skate Life has received permission from the Yangon City Development Committee to construct a concrete skatepark at Thakin Mya park in downtown. The park was completed in 2015 and is available free of charge to anyone in the city. [ 107 ] Economy Yangon is the country's main center for trade, industry, real estate, media, entertainment and tourism. The city represents about one fifth of the national economy . According to official statistics for FY 2010–2011, the size of the economy of Yangon Region was 8.93 trillion kyats, or 23% of the national GDP. [ 108 ] The city is Lower Burma's main trading hub for all kinds of merchandise – from basic foodstuffs to used cars although commerce continues to be hampered by the city's severely underdeveloped banking industry and communication infrastructure. Bayinnaung Market is the largest wholesale center in the country for rice, beans and pulses , and other agricultural commodities. [ 109 ] Much of the country's legal imports and exports go through Thilawa Port , the largest and busiest port in Burma. There is also a great deal of informal trade, especially in street markets that exist alongside street platforms of Downtown Yangon's townships. However, on 17 June 2011, the YCDC announced that street vendors, who had previously been allowed to legally open shop at 3 pm, would be prohibited from selling on the streets, and permitted to sell only in their townships of residence. [ 110 ] Since 1 December 2009, high-density polyethylene plastic bags have been banned by city authorities. [ 111 ] Manufacturing accounts for a sizeable share of employment. At least 14 light industrial zones ring Yangon, [ 112 ] directly employing over 150,000 workers in 4,300 factories in early 2010. [ 113 ] The city is the centre of country's garment industry which exported US$292 million in 2008/9 fiscal year. More than 80 percent of factory workers in Yangon work on a day-to-day basis. Most are young women between 15 and 27 years of age who come from the countryside in search of a better life. [ 114 ] The manufacturing sector suffers from both structural problems (e.g. chronic power shortages) and political problems (e.g. economic sanctions). In 2008, Yangon's 2500 factories alone needed about 120 MW of power; [ 115 ] yet, the entire city received only about 250 MW of the 530 MW needed. [ 116 ] Chronic power shortages limit the factories' operating hours between 8 am and 6 pm. [ 117 ] Construction is a major source of employment. The construction industry has been negatively affected by the move of state apparatus and civil servants to Naypyidaw, [ 118 ] new regulations introduced in August 2009 requiring builders to provide at least 12 parking spaces in every new high-rise building, and the general poor business climate. As of January 2010, the number of new high-rise building starts approved in 2009–2010 was only 334, compared to 582 in 2008–2009. [ 119 ] Tourism represents a major source of foreign currency for the city although by south-east Asian standards the number of foreign visitors to Yangon has always been quite low—about 250,000 before the Saffron Revolution in September 2007. The number of visitors dipped even further following the Saffron Revolution and Cyclone Nargis . [ 120 ] The recent improvement in the country's political climate has attracted an increasing number of businessmen and tourists. Between 300,000 and 400,000 visitors that went through Yangon International in 2011. However, after years of underinvestment, Yangon's modest hotel infrastructure—only 3000 of the total 8000 hotel rooms in Yangon are "suitable for tourists"—is already bursting at seams, and will need to be expanded to handle additional visitors. [ 121 ] As part of an urban development strategy, a hotel zone has been planned in Yangon's outskirts, encompassing government- and military-owned land in Mingaladon , Hlegu and Htaukkyant Townships. [ 122 ] Education Yangon educational facilities has a very high number of qualified teachers but the state spending on education is among the lowest of the world. [ 123 ] Around 2007 estimate by the London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies puts the spending for education at 0.5% of the national budget. [ 124 ] The disparity in educational opportunities and achievement between rich and poor schools is quite stark even within the city. With little or no state support forthcoming, schools have to rely on forced "donations" and fees from parents for nearly everything – school maintenance to teachers' salaries, [ 125 ] forcing many poor students to drop out. While many students in poor districts fail to reach high school , a handful of Yangon high schools in wealthier districts such as Dagon 1 , Sanchaung 2 , Kamayut 2 , Bahan 2 , Latha 2 , and TTC provide the majority of students admitted to the most selective universities in the country, highlighting the extreme shallowness of talent pool in the country. [ 126 ] The wealthy bypass the state education system altogether, sending their children to private English language instruction schools such as YIEC or more widely known as ISM, or abroad (typically Singapore or Australia) for university education. [ 127 ] In 2014, international schools in Yangon cost at least US$8,000 a year. [ 128 ] There are over 20 universities and colleges in the city. While Yangon University remains the best known (its main campus is a part of popular Burmese culture e.g. literature, music, film, etc.), the nation's oldest university is now mostly a graduate school, deprived of undergraduate studies. Following the 1988 nationwide uprising, the military government has repeatedly closed universities, and has dispersed most of the undergraduate student population to new universities in the suburbs such as Dagon University , the University of East Yangon and the University of West Yangon . Nonetheless, many of the country's most selective universities are still in Yangon. Students from around the country still have to come to study in Yangon as some subjects are offered only at its universities. The University of Medicine 1 , University of Medicine 2 , Yangon Technological University , University of Computer Studies and Myanmar Maritime University are the most selective in the country. [ 129 ] Schools for foreign expatriates include: International School of Myanmar International School Yangon Myanmar International School Yangon International School Lycée français international de Rangoun - Joseph-Kessel [ 130 ] Yangon Japanese School Health care The general state of health care in Yangon is poor. According to a 2007 estimate, the military government spends 0.4% of the national budget on health care, and 40% to 60% on defence. [ 124 ] By the government's own figures, it spends 849 kyats (US$0.85) per person. [ 131 ] Although health care is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals including the flagship Yangon General Hospital lack many of the basic facilities and equipment. Wealthier Yangonites still have access to country's best medical facilities and internationally qualified doctors. Only Yangon and Mandalay have any sizeable number of doctors left as many Burmese doctors have emigrated. The well-to-do go to private clinics or hospitals like Pun Hlaing International Hospital and Bahosi Medical Clinic. [ 132 ] Medical malpractice is widespread, even in private clinics and hospitals that serve the well-to-do. In 2009 and 2010, a spate of high-profile deaths [ 131 ] brought out the severity of the problem, even for the relatively well off Yangonites. The wealthy do not rely on domestic hospitals and travel abroad, usually Bangkok or Singapore, for treatment. [ 133 ] The following are healthcare facilities in Yangon in 2010–2011. [ 75 ] FY 2010–2011 Number of public hospitals Number of private hospitals Physician-patient ratio Eastern District 16 10 1:3638 Western District 10 21 1:1400 Southern District 23 1 1:18,176 Northern District 25 5 1:13,647 Notable sites Pagodas Shwedagon Pagoda Sule Pagoda Botataung Pagoda Chaukhtatgyi Buddha Temple Kyauktawgyi Buddha Temple Kaba Aye Pagoda Kyaikkhauk Pagoda Maha Wizaya Pagoda Ye Le Pagoda Shwe Pone Pwint Pagoda Recreation Allied War Memorial Bogyoke Market (Scott's Market) Hlawga National Park Inya Lake (formerly Lake Victoria) Kandawgyi Lake (formerly Royal Lake) Kandawmin Garden Mausolea Maha Bandula Park Martyrs' Mausoleum People's Square and Park St Mary's Cathedral Sain Lan So Pyae Garden Yangon University Yangon Zoological Gardens (Yangon Zoo) Museums and art galleries National Museum of Myanmar Myanmar Gems Museum Bogyoke Aung San Museum Yangon Drugs Elimination Museum Yangon Planetarium Yangon City Hall Concert halls and theatres Yangon National Theatre Myanmar Convention Centre Notable people Nick Drake , English singer-songwriter Eric G. Hall (1922–1998), Air Vice Marshal and Chief of Staff of the Pakistan Air Force Annabella Lwin , lead vocalist of English new wave music band Bow Wow Wow Honey Nway Oo , prominent revolutionary in Myanmar Giorgi Pirtskhalava (born 1965), retired Georgian professional football player Zainulabedin Gulamhusain Rangoonwala (1913–1994), Indian banker Vijay Rupani (1956–2025), Former Chief Minister, Gujarat, India May Tha Hla , Anglo-Burmese psychologist and activist Aethel Tollemache (c. 1875–1955), British suffragette Sein Tun (1939–2011), physicist, university professor and author Zaw Lin Htut , Burmese doctor and politician Jack de Sequeira (1915–1989), Indian politician and surgeon International relations Yangon is a member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21 . Twin towns – sister cities Yangon is twinned with: Busan , South Korea [ 134 ] Fukuoka , Japan (2016) [ 135 ] Haikou , China [ 136 ] Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam (2012) [ 137 ] Kathmandu , Nepal [ 138 ] Kunming , China (2008) [ 139 ] Nanning , China (2009) [ 140 ] Quezon City , Philippines (2017) [ 141 ] Yangzhou , China (1997) [ 142 ] See also Rangoon Development Trust Cities portal Myanmar portal Notes ^ / ˌ j æ ŋ ˈ ɡ ɒ n / ; Burmese : ရန်ကုန် ; .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} pronounced [jàɰ̃.ɡòʊɰ̃] , MLCTS Ranku.an References ^ a b c d .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Third Regional EST Forum: Presentation of Myanmar" (PDF) . 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Satellite picture by Google Maps Media from Commons Travel guides from Wikivoyage Yangon Preceded by Mawlamyaing , Sittwe , Yangon Capital of British Burma 31 January 1862 – 7 March 1942 3 May 1945 – 4 January 1948 Succeeded by End of British rule Preceded by Yangon Capital of Japanese Burma 7 March 1942 – 3 May 1945 Succeeded by End of Japanese rule Preceded by Yangon Capital of Myanmar 4 January 1948 – 6 November 2005 Succeeded by Naypyidaw Articles related to Yangon .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Districts/Townships of Yangon Capital : Yangon Mingaladon District Mingaladon Township Shwepyitha Township Insein District Insein Township Hlaingthaya East Township Hlaingthaya West Township Kyauktada District Dagon Township Kyauktada Township Lanmadaw Township Latha Township Pabedan Township Ahlon District Ahlon Township Kyimyindaing Township Sanchaung Township Kamayut District Bahan Township Kamayut Township Mayangon District Hlaing Township Mayangon Township North Okkalapa Township Thingangyun District South Okkalapa Township Tamwe Township Thingangyun Township Yankin Township Botataung District Botataung Township Dawbon Township Mingala Taungnyunt Township Pazundaung Township Thaketa Township Dagon Myothit District Dagon Seikkan Township North Dagon Township South Dagon Township East Dagon Township Twante District Seikkyi Kanaungto Township Dala Township v t e Yangon Region Capital : Yangon Taikkyi District Taikkyi Township Hlegu District Hlegu Township Hmawbi District Hmawbi Township Htantabin Township Yangon Mingaladon District Mingaladon Township Shwepyitha Township Insein District Insein Township Hlaingthaya East Township Hlaingthaya West Township Kyauktada District Dagon Township Kyauktada Township Lanmadaw Township Latha Township Pabedan Township Ahlon District Ahlon Township Kyimyindaing Township Sanchaung Township Kamayut District Bahan Township Kamayut Township Mayangon District Hlaing Township Mayangon Township North Okkalapa Township Thingangyun District South Okkalapa Township Tamwe Township Thingangyun Township Yankin Township Botataung District Botataung Township Dawbon Township Mingala Taungnyunt Township Pazundaung Township Thaketa Township Dagon Myothit District Dagon Seikkan Township North Dagon Township South Dagon Township East Dagon Township Thanlyin District Cocokyun Township Kayan Township Kyauktan Township Tada Subtownship Thanlyin Township Thongwa Township Twante District Dala Township 1 Kawhmu Township Kungyangon Township Seikkyi Kanaungto Township 2 Twante Township Main cities and towns Hlegu Kawhmu Kyauktan Taikkyi Thongwa Thanlyin Twante Yangon 1 - partially in Yangon city; 2 - part of Yangon city v t e Administrative divisions of Myanmar States Chin Kachin Kayah Kayin Mon Rakhine Shan Regions Ayeyarwady Bago Magway Mandalay Sagaing Tanintharyi Yangon Self-Administered Zones Danu Kokang Naga Pa Laung Pa-O Self-Administered Divisions Wa Union Territories Naypyidaw Myanmar portal v t e Myanmar cities with a 100,000+ population 2,000,000 and more Yangon 1,000,000–1,999,999 Mandalay 500,000–999,999 Naypyidaw (capital) 200,000–499,999 Bago Taunggyi Mawlamyine Myitkyina Monywa 100,000–199,999 Pathein Pyay Myeik Meiktila Taungoo Sittwe .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Districts/Townships of Yangon v t e Capital : Yangon Mingaladon District Mingaladon Township Shwepyitha Township Mingaladon Township Shwepyitha Township Insein District Insein Township Hlaingthaya East Township Hlaingthaya West Township Insein Township Hlaingthaya East Township Hlaingthaya West Township Kyauktada District Dagon Township Kyauktada Township Lanmadaw Township Latha Township Pabedan Township Dagon Township Kyauktada Township Lanmadaw Township Latha Township Pabedan Township Ahlon District Ahlon Township Kyimyindaing Township Sanchaung Township Ahlon Township Kyimyindaing Township Sanchaung Township Kamayut District Bahan Township Kamayut Township Bahan Township Kamayut Township Mayangon District Hlaing Township Mayangon Township North Okkalapa Township Hlaing Township Mayangon Township North Okkalapa Township Thingangyun District South Okkalapa Township Tamwe Township Thingangyun Township Yankin Township South Okkalapa Township Tamwe Township Thingangyun Township Yankin Township Botataung District Botataung Township Dawbon Township Mingala Taungnyunt Township Pazundaung Township Thaketa Township Botataung Township Dawbon Township Mingala Taungnyunt Township Pazundaung Township Thaketa Township Dagon Myothit District Dagon Seikkan Township North Dagon Township South Dagon Township East Dagon Township Dagon Seikkan Township North Dagon Township South Dagon Township East Dagon Township Twante District Seikkyi Kanaungto Township Dala Township Seikkyi Kanaungto Township Dala Township v t e Yangon Region v t e Capital : Yangon Taikkyi District Taikkyi Township Taikkyi Township Hlegu District Hlegu Township Hlegu Township Hmawbi District Hmawbi Township Htantabin Township Hmawbi Township Htantabin Township Yangon Mingaladon District Mingaladon Township Shwepyitha Township Insein District Insein Township Hlaingthaya East Township Hlaingthaya West Township Kyauktada District Dagon Township Kyauktada Township Lanmadaw Township Latha Township Pabedan Township Ahlon District Ahlon Township Kyimyindaing Township Sanchaung Township Kamayut District Bahan Township Kamayut Township Mayangon District Hlaing Township Mayangon Township North Okkalapa Township Thingangyun District South Okkalapa Township Tamwe Township Thingangyun Township Yankin Township Botataung District Botataung Township Dawbon Township Mingala Taungnyunt Township Pazundaung Township Thaketa Township Dagon Myothit District Dagon Seikkan Township North Dagon Township South Dagon Township East Dagon Township Mingaladon District Mingaladon Township Shwepyitha Township Mingaladon Township Shwepyitha Township Insein District Insein Township Hlaingthaya East Township Hlaingthaya West Township Insein Township Hlaingthaya East Township Hlaingthaya West Township Kyauktada District Dagon Township Kyauktada Township Lanmadaw Township Latha Township Pabedan Township Dagon Township Kyauktada Township Lanmadaw Township Latha Township Pabedan Township Ahlon District Ahlon Township Kyimyindaing Township Sanchaung Township Ahlon Township Kyimyindaing Township Sanchaung Township Kamayut District Bahan Township Kamayut Township Bahan Township Kamayut Township Mayangon District Hlaing Township Mayangon Township North Okkalapa Township Hlaing Township Mayangon Township North Okkalapa Township Thingangyun District South Okkalapa Township Tamwe Township Thingangyun Township Yankin Township South Okkalapa Township Tamwe Township Thingangyun Township Yankin Township Botataung District Botataung Township Dawbon Township Mingala Taungnyunt Township Pazundaung Township Thaketa Township Botataung Township Dawbon Township Mingala Taungnyunt Township Pazundaung Township Thaketa Township Dagon Myothit District Dagon Seikkan Township North Dagon Township South Dagon Township East Dagon Township Dagon Seikkan Township North Dagon Township South Dagon Township East Dagon Township Thanlyin District Cocokyun Township Kayan Township Kyauktan Township Tada Subtownship Thanlyin Township Thongwa Township Cocokyun Township Kayan Township Kyauktan Township Tada Subtownship Tada Subtownship Thanlyin Township Thongwa Township Twante District Dala Township 1 Kawhmu Township Kungyangon Township Seikkyi Kanaungto Township 2 Twante Township Dala Township 1 Kawhmu Township Kungyangon Township Seikkyi Kanaungto Township 2 Twante Township Main cities and towns Hlegu Kawhmu Kyauktan Taikkyi Thongwa Thanlyin Twante Yangon Hlegu Kawhmu Kyauktan Taikkyi Thongwa Thanlyin Twante Yangon 1 - partially in Yangon city; 2 - part of Yangon city v t e Administrative divisions of Myanmar v t e States Chin Kachin Kayah Kayin Mon Rakhine Shan Chin Kachin Kayah Kayin Mon Rakhine Shan Regions Ayeyarwady Bago Magway Mandalay Sagaing Tanintharyi Yangon Ayeyarwady Bago Magway Mandalay Sagaing Tanintharyi Yangon Self-Administered Zones Danu Kokang Naga Pa Laung Pa-O Danu Kokang Naga Pa Laung Pa-O Self-Administered Divisions Wa Wa Union Territories Naypyidaw Naypyidaw Myanmar portal v t e Myanmar cities with a 100,000+ population v t e 2,000,000 and more Yangon Yangon 1,000,000–1,999,999 Mandalay Mandalay 500,000–999,999 Naypyidaw (capital) Naypyidaw (capital) 200,000–499,999 Bago Taunggyi Mawlamyine Myitkyina Monywa Bago Taunggyi Mawlamyine Myitkyina Monywa 100,000–199,999 Pathein Pyay Myeik Meiktila Taungoo Sittwe Pathein Pyay Myeik Meiktila Taungoo Sittwe Authority control databases International VIAF GND FAST WorldCat VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Sweden Israel United States France BnF data Czech Republic Sweden Israel Geographic MusicBrainz area MusicBrainz area Other IdRef NARA Yale LUX IdRef NARA Yale LUX Yangon Former national capitals Populated places in Yangon Region Ports and harbours of Myanmar Ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments Articles containing Burmese-language text Pages with Burmese IPA CS1 maint: publisher location Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Danish-language sources (da) CS1: unfit URL CS1 Burmese-language sources (my) All articles with dead external links 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Amb aquestes lleis el monarca borbònic s'arrogà la sobirania dels regnes invocant un dret diví . El sistema de govern de la monarquia espanyola, basat en consells deliberatius i col·legiats – règim polisinodial –, quedà extingit i s'imposà un règim de secretaries d'Estat executiu i jeràrquic que es fonamentava en darrer terme en la «reial voluntat» del monarca com a font de tota sobirania . Així mateix, invocant al « dret de conquesta », acusant-los de « rebel·lió », i manifestant la voluntat de reduir tots els seus estats a les lleis de Castella, foren abolits els Furs i les Constitucions dels estats de la Corona d'Aragó . - Vegeu informació sobre la imatge Decrets de Nova Planta Els Decrets de Nova Planta són el conjunt de lleis sancionades i promulgades per Felip V a l'inici del seu regnat que implantaren l' absolutisme a la Monarquia d'Espanya . Amb aquestes lleis el monarca borbònic s'arrogà la sobirania dels regnes invocant un dret diví . El sistema de govern de la monarquia espanyola, basat en consells deliberatius i col·legiats – règim polisinodial –, quedà extingit i s'imposà un règim de secretaries d'Estat executiu i jeràrquic que es fonamentava en darrer terme en la «reial voluntat» del monarca com a font de tota sobirania . Així mateix, invocant al « dret de conquesta », acusant-los de « rebel·lió », i manifestant la voluntat de reduir tots els seus estats a les lleis de Castella, foren abolits els Furs i les Constitucions dels estats de la Corona d'Aragó . Decrets de Nova Planta Els Decrets de Nova Planta són el conjunt de lleis sancionades i promulgades per Felip V a l'inici del seu regnat que implantaren l' absolutisme a la Monarquia d'Espanya . Amb aquestes lleis el monarca borbònic s'arrogà la sobirania dels regnes invocant un dret diví . El sistema de govern de la monarquia espanyola, basat en consells deliberatius i col·legiats – règim polisinodial –, quedà extingit i s'imposà un règim de secretaries d'Estat executiu i jeràrquic que es fonamentava en darrer terme en la «reial voluntat» del monarca com a font de tota sobirania . Així mateix, invocant al « dret de conquesta », acusant-los de « rebel·lió », i manifestant la voluntat de reduir tots els seus estats a les lleis de Castella, foren abolits els Furs i les Constitucions dels estats de la Corona d'Aragó . Imatge del dia Caracarà capgroc (Milvago chimachima) damunt d'un capibara (Hydrochoeris hydrochaeris) - Vegeu informació sobre la imatge Imatge del dia Caracarà capgroc (Milvago chimachima) damunt d'un capibara (Hydrochoeris hydrochaeris) Imatge del dia Caracarà capgroc (Milvago chimachima) damunt d'un capibara (Hydrochoeris hydrochaeris) Projecte destacat Articles absents Hi ha articles clau en més d'una vintena de Viquipèdies en altres idiomes, però encara absents en català. Ajuda'ns a reduir aquesta llista i a tenir-los també presents i amb una qualitat digna en la nostra llengua! ( Informació de la imatge ) Projecte destacat: Articles absents Hi ha articles clau en més d'una vintena de Viquipèdies en altres idiomes, però encara absents en català. Ajuda'ns a reduir aquesta llista i a tenir-los també presents i amb una qualitat digna en la nostra llengua! ( Informació de la imatge ) Projecte destacat: Articles absents Hi ha articles clau en més d'una vintena de Viquipèdies en altres idiomes, però encara absents en català. Ajuda'ns a reduir aquesta llista i a tenir-los també presents i amb una qualitat digna en la nostra llengua! ( Informació de la imatge ) Decrets de Nova Planta Els Decrets de Nova Planta són el conjunt de lleis sancionades i promulgades per Felip V a l'inici del seu regnat que implantaren l' absolutisme a la Monarquia d'Espanya . Amb aquestes lleis el monarca borbònic s'arrogà la sobirania dels regnes invocant un dret diví . El sistema de govern de la monarquia espanyola, basat en consells deliberatius i col·legiats – règim polisinodial –, quedà extingit i s'imposà un règim de secretaries d'Estat executiu i jeràrquic que es fonamentava en darrer terme en la «reial voluntat» del monarca com a font de tota sobirania . Així mateix, invocant al « dret de conquesta », acusant-los de « rebel·lió », i manifestant la voluntat de reduir tots els seus estats a les lleis de Castella, foren abolits els Furs i les Constitucions dels estats de la Corona d'Aragó . Imatge del dia Caracarà capgroc (Milvago chimachima) damunt d'un capibara (Hydrochoeris hydrochaeris) Projecte destacat: Articles absents Hi ha articles clau en més d'una vintena de Viquipèdies en altres idiomes, però encara absents en català. Ajuda'ns a reduir aquesta llista i a tenir-los també presents i amb una qualitat digna en la nostra llengua! ( Informació de la imatge ) El Programa Copernicus adverteix que 2025 ha estat el tercer any més calorós mai registrat, només per darrera de 2023 i 2024 . Amb més de dues dècades a la carretera, la banda Pepet i Marieta anuncia que 2026 serà el seu darrer any dalt dels escenaris. Després de la derrota davant el FC Barcelona a la final de la Supercopa , el Reial Madrid acomiada Xabi Alonso i contracta Álvaro Arbeloa com a entrenador . One battle after another s'enduu 4 premis en la gala dels Globus d'Or del 2026 . Evolució de la temperatura mitjana anual a València Defuncions recents : Irene de Grècia · Károly Morvay · Claudette Colvin · George Vasiliou Groenlàndia Groenlàndia o bé Grenlàndia ( Kalaallit Nunaat en groenlandès ; Grønland en danès ) és un país constituent del Regne de Dinamarca , situat entre l' oceà Àrtic i l' oceà Atlàntic , a l'est de les illes àrtiques del Canadà . Groenlàndia pertany geogràficament a l' Amèrica del Nord , tot i que geopolíticament pertany a Europa . Aquesta gran illa ha estat estretament lligada a Europa (especialment a Noruega i després a Dinamarca ) durant més d'un mil·lenni, tant políticament com culturalment. La capital és Nuuk . (Informació sobre la imatge) Irene de Grècia (princesa de Grècia) Irene de Grècia (grec: Ειρήνη) (Ciutat del Cap, 11 de maig de 1942 - Madrid, 15 de gener de 2026), princesa de Grècia i de Dinamarca , fou membre de la casa de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg. Filla del rei Pau I de Grècia i de Frederica de Hannover , era germana del rei Constantí II de Grècia i de la reina Sofia d’Espanya . Soltera, residí a Espanya des de 1981 i el 2018 adquirí la nacionalitat espanyola, amb renúncia a la grega. (Informació sobre la imatge) Álvaro Arbeloa Coca Álvaro Arbeloa Coca ( Salamanca , 17 de gener de 1983 ) és un ex futbolista professional castellanolleonès que jugava sobretot com a lateral dret i actualment entrenador de futbol del Real Madrid . (Informació sobre la imatge) Emma Vilarasau Tomàs Emma Vilarasau Tomàs ( Sant Cugat del Vallès , Vallès Occidental , 6 d'abril de 1959 ) és una actriu catalana de teatre, cinema i televisió, des del 1989 casada amb el company d'ofici Jordi Bosch i Palacios amb qui ha tingut dos fills. És considerada com una de les millors actrius de Catalunya i una de les millors en dramatúrgia motiu pel qual el 2015 li fou concedida la Creu de Sant Jordi "per la trajectòria de conjunt que la distingeix en els àmbits del teatre, el cinema i la televisió". 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 NBA career statistics Toggle NBA career statistics subsection 1.1 Regular season 1.2 Playoffs 1.3 Career ranking 1.1 Regular season 1.2 Playoffs 1.3 Career ranking 2 NBA awards and accomplishments 3 NBA records Toggle NBA records subsection 3.1 Currently holds 3.2 Previously held 3.1 Currently holds 3.2 Previously held 4 Los Angeles Lakers franchise records 5 Miscellaneous records 6 Others 7 See also 8 References 9 External links List of career achievements by Kobe Bryant 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Kobe Bryant was a shooting guard for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA) for his entire 20-year career. Selected 13th overall by the Charlotte Hornets in the 1996 NBA draft , Bryant was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers for Vlade Divac a month later. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] He and then-teammate Shaquille O'Neal led the Lakers to three consecutive NBA championships from 2000 to 2002 . After O'Neal was traded to the Miami Heat following the 2003–04 season , Bryant became the cornerstone of the Lakers franchise. [ 3 ] He led the NBA in scoring during the 2005–06 and 2006–07 seasons. [ 4 ] In 2006, Bryant scored a career-high 81 points against the Toronto Raptors , the second-highest number of points scored in a game in NBA history, [ 5 ] [ 6 ] behind only Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 point performance , and highest output for a guard, as well as being the most points scored by an individual during a televised performance. Bryant was awarded the regular season's Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) in the 2007–08 season and led his team to the 2008 NBA Finals as the first seed in the Western Conference. [ 7 ] As a member of the U.S. men's basketball team , Bryant was a two-time Olympic gold medalist starting with the 2008 Summer Olympics ("The Redeem Team" [ 8 ] ) and following with the 2012 Summer Olympics team. He led the Lakers to two more championships in 2009 and 2010, winning the Finals MVP award on both occasions. Bryant currently ranks fourth both on the league's all-time post-season scoring and all-time regular-season scoring lists . He has been selected to 15 All-NBA Team (eleven times to the All-NBA First Team) and 12 All-Defensive Team (nine times to the All-Defensive First Team). He was selected to play in the NBA All-Star Game on 18 occasions, winning All-Star MVP Awards in 2002, 2007, 2009, and 2011 (he shared the 2009 award with Shaquille O'Neal). The award would be named after him in 2020. He also won the NBA Slam Dunk Contest as well as the Rookie Game scoring title in 1997. [ 9 ] He has had 1 eighty-point game, 6 sixty-point games (including his final game), 26 fifty-point games, and 134 forty-point games in his career. Kobe had been also in a three-way tie with Stephen Curry and Donyell Marshall for most three-pointers with 12 in a game until November 8, 2016, when Curry set a new record with 13. In his final game on April 13, 2016, at 37 years old, he became the oldest player to score 60 points in a single game and set the highest point total in the 2015–16 regular season. NBA career statistics † Denotes seasons in which the Lakers won an NBA Championship * Denotes seasons in which the Lakers reached the NBA Finals ^ Denotes seasons in which Bryant led the league Bold Denotes career-highs Regular season Season Team Games played Games started Minutes per game Field goal percentage 3-point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Rebounds per game Assists per game Steals per game Blocks per game Points per game 1996–97 L.A. Lakers 71 6 15.5 .417 .375 .819 1.9 1.3 .7 .3 7.9 1997–98 L.A. Lakers 79 1 26.0 .428 .341 .794 3.1 2.5 .9 .5 15.4 1998–99 L.A. Lakers 50^ 50 37.9 .465 .267 .839 5.3 3.8 1.4 1.0 19.9 1999–2000 † L.A. Lakers † 66 62 38.2 .468 .319 .821 6.3 4.9 1.6 .9 22.5 2000–01 † L.A. Lakers † 68 68 40.9 .464 .305 .853 5.9 5.0 1.7 .6 28.5 2001–02 † L.A. Lakers † 80 80 38.3 .469 .250 .829 5.5 5.5 1.5 .4 25.2 2002–03 L.A. Lakers 82 ^ 82 41.5 .451 .383 .843 6.9 5.9 2.2 .8 30.0 2003–04 * L.A. Lakers * 65 64 37.6 .438 .327 .852 5.5 5.1 1.7 .4 24.0 2004–05 L.A. Lakers 66 66 40.7 .433 .339 .816 5.9 6.0 1.3 .8 27.6 2005–06 L.A. Lakers 80 80 41.0 .450 .347 .850 5.3 4.5 1.8 .4 35.4 ^ 2006–07 L.A. Lakers 77 77 40.8 .463 .344 .868 5.7 5.4 1.4 .5 31.6^ 2007–08 * L.A. Lakers * 82 ^ 82 38.9 .459 .361 .840 6.3 5.4 1.8 .5 28.3 2008–09 † L.A. Lakers † 82 ^ 82 36.1 .467 .351 .856 5.2 4.9 1.5 .5 26.8 2009–10 † L.A. Lakers † 73 73 38.8 .456 .329 .811 5.4 5.0 1.5 .3 27.0 2010–11 L.A. Lakers 82 82 33.9 .451 .323 .828 5.1 4.7 1.2 .1 25.3 2011–12 L.A. Lakers 58 58 38.5 .430 .303 .845 5.4 4.6 1.2 .3 27.9 2012–13 L.A. Lakers 78 78 38.6 .463 .324 .839 5.6 6.0 1.4 .3 27.3 2013–14 L.A. Lakers 6 6 29.5 .425 .188 .857 4.3 6.3 1.2 .2 13.8 2014–15 L.A. Lakers 35 35 34.5 .373 .293 .813 5.7 5.6 1.3 .2 22.3 2015–16 L.A. Lakers 66 66 28.2 .358 .285 .826 3.7 2.8 .9 .2 17.6 Career 1,346 1,198 36.1 .447 .329 .837 5.2 4.7 1.4 .5 25.0 All-Star 14 14 27.8 .507 .333 .806 4.9 4.5 2.6 .4 20.0 Playoffs Season Team Games played Games started Minutes per g Field goal percentage 3-point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Rebounds per game Assists per game Steals per game Blocks per game Points per game 1996–97 L.A. Lakers 9 0 14.8 .382 .261 .867 1.2 1.2 .3 .2 8.2 1997–98 L.A. Lakers 11 0 20.0 .408 .214 .689 1.9 1.5 .3 .7 8.7 1998–99 L.A. Lakers 8 8 39.4 .430 .348 .800 6.9 4.6 1.9 1.2 19.8 1999–2000 † L.A. Lakers † 22 22 39.0 .442 .344 .754 4.5 4.4 1.5 1.5 21.1 2000–01 † L.A. Lakers † 16 16 43.4 .469 .324 .821 7.3 6.1 1.6 .8 29.4 2001–02 † L.A. Lakers † 19 19 43.8 .434 .379 .759 5.8 4.6 1.4 .9 26.6 2002–03 L.A. Lakers 12 12 44.3 .432 .403 .827 5.1 5.2 1.2 .1 32.1^ 2003–04 * L.A. Lakers * 22 22 44.2 .413 .247 .813 4.7 5.5 1.9 .3 24.5 2005–06 L.A. Lakers 7 7 44.9 .497 .400 .771 6.3 5.1 1.1 .4 27.9 2006–07 L.A. Lakers 5 5 43.0 .462 .357 .919 5.2 4.4 1.0 .4 32.8 ^ 2007–08 * L.A. Lakers * 21 21 41.1 .479 .302 .809 5.7 5.6 1.7 .4 30.1^ 2008–09 † L.A. Lakers † 23 23 40.9 .457 .349 .883 5.3 5.5 1.7 .9 30.2 2009–10 † L.A. Lakers † 23 23 40.1 .458 .374 .842 6.0 5.5 1.4 .7 29.2 2010–11 L.A. Lakers 10 10 35.4 .446 .293 .820 3.4 3.3 1.6 .3 22.8 2011–12 L.A. Lakers 12 12 39.7 .439 .283 .832 4.8 4.3 1.3 .2 30.0 Career 220 200 39.3 .448 .331 .816 5.1 4.7 1.4 .6 25.6 Career ranking Points – 4th (33,643) Field goal attempts – 3rd (26,200) Field goals made – 5th (11,719) Field goals missed – 2nd (14,481) Free throws made – 3rd (8,378) Free throw attempts – 5th (10,011) Points per game – 12th (25.00) 3-point field goal attempts – 6th (5,546) Turnovers – 3rd (4,010) 40-point games - 3rd (135) 50-point games - 3rd (26) 60-point games - 2nd (6) Points – 4th (33,643) Field goal attempts – 3rd (26,200) Field goals made – 5th (11,719) Field goals missed – 2nd (14,481) Free throws made – 3rd (8,378) Free throw attempts – 5th (10,011) Points per game – 12th (25.00) 3-point field goal attempts – 6th (5,546) Turnovers – 3rd (4,010) 40-point games - 3rd (135) 50-point games - 3rd (26) 60-point games - 2nd (6) 3-point field goals made – 12th (1,827) Steals – 14th (1,944) Minutes played – 6th (48,637) Steals per game – 92nd (1.44) Minutes per game – 41st (36.13) Games played – 11th – (1,346) Assists – 29th (6,306) Free throw % – 84th (.8369) 3-point field goals made – 12th (1,827) Steals – 14th (1,944) Minutes played – 6th (48,637) Steals per game – 92nd (1.44) Minutes per game – 41st (36.13) Games played – 11th – (1,346) Assists – 29th (6,306) Free throw % – 84th (.8369) Personal fouls – 39th (3,353) Defensive rebounds – 46th (5,548) Assists per game – 134th (4.69) Rebounds – 100th (7,047) Blocks – 180th (640) Offensive rebounds – 190th (1,499) Personal fouls – 39th (3,353) Defensive rebounds – 46th (5,548) Assists per game – 134th (4.69) Rebounds – 100th (7,047) Blocks – 180th (640) Offensive rebounds – 190th (1,499) 3-point field goal attempts – 3rd (882) 3-point field goals made – 6th (292) Field goal attempts – 3rd (4,499) Free throws made – 3rd (1,320) Points – 4th (5,640) Minutes played – 3rd (8,641) Turnovers – 3rd (647) Field goals made – 5th (66,014) 3-point field goal attempts – 3rd (882) 3-point field goals made – 6th (292) Field goal attempts – 3rd (4,499) Free throws made – 3rd (1,320) Points – 4th (5,640) Minutes played – 3rd (8,641) Turnovers – 3rd (647) Field goals made – 5th (66,014) NBA awards and accomplishments 5-time NBA champion : 2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010 [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] 7 NBA Finals appearances: 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010 [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] 2-time NBA Finals MVP : 2009, 2010 NBA Most Valuable Player : 2008 [ 7 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] 2-time scoring champion : 2006, 2007 [ 18 ] 18-time NBA All-Star : 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 [ 9 ] 18 consecutive selections, 13 consecutive appearances (No All-Star game in 1999 due to a league-wide lockout ) [ 9 ] [ 19 ] Missed the 2010, 2014 and 2015 games due to injury [ 20 ] 4-time NBA All-Star Game MVP : 2002, 2007, 2009, 2011 (shared the 2009 award with Shaquille O'Neal ) [ 21 ] 15-time All-NBA Team selection : First team : 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 [ 22 ] [ 23 ] Second team : 2000, 2001 [ 22 ] [ 23 ] Third team : 1999, 2005 [ 22 ] [ 23 ] 12-time All-Defensive Team selection : First team : 2000, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Second team : 2001, 2002, 2012 [ 24 ] [ 25 ] NBA All-Rookie Team selection : Second team : 1997 [ 26 ] [ 27 ] NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion : 1997 [ 28 ] 17-time Player of the Month : December 2000, November 2001, January 2003, March 2004, January 2006, April 2006, December 2006, March 2007, April 2007, February 2008, April 2008, December 2008, January 2009, December 2009, March 2011, December/January 2012, February 2013 [ 9 ] Player of the Month was awarded separately to Eastern and Western Conference starting from the 2001–02 season . [ 29 ] NBA regular season leader : games played : 1998–99 ( 50 ), 2007–08 ( 82 ), 2008–09 ( 82 ) [ 9 ] usage percentage : 2005–06 ( 38.7 ), 2010–11 ( 35.1 ), 2011–12 ( 35.7 ) [ 9 ] points : 2002–03 ( 2,461 ), 2005–06 ( 2,832 , 7th in NBA history), [ 30 ] 2006–07 ( 2,430 ), 2007–08 ( 2,323 ) [ 9 ] points per game : 2005–06 ( 35.4 , 8th in NBA history), [ 31 ] 2006–07 ( 31.6 ) [ 9 ] field goals attempted : 2005–06 ( 2,173 ), 2006–07 ( 1,757 ), 2007–08 ( 1,690 ), 2010–11 ( 1,639 ), 2011–12 ( 1336 ) [ 9 ] field goals made : 2002–03 ( 868 ), 2005–06 ( 978 ), 2006–07 ( 813 ) [ 9 ] free throws attempted : 2006–07 ( 768 ) [ 9 ] free throws made : 2005–06 ( 696 ), 2006–07 ( 667 ) [ 9 ] 2nd most points in a game : 81 (on January 22, 2006, vs. the Toronto Raptors) [ 5 ] [ 6 ] 2nd most points in a half : 55 (On January 22, 2006, vs. the Toronto Raptors) 3rd most 40 point games : 135 3rd most 50 point games : 26 2nd most 60 point games : 6 2× Best NBA Player ESPY Award winner : 2008, 2010 NBA playoffs leader : win shares : 2001 ( 3.8 ) points : 2004 ( 539 ), 2008 ( 633 ), 2009 ( 695 ), 2010 ( 671 ) points per game : 2003 ( 32.1 ), 2007 ( 32.8 ), 2008 ( 30.1 ) minutes played : 2002 ( 833 ), 2004 ( 973 ) field goals made : 2004 ( 190 ), 2008 ( 222 ), 2009 ( 242 ), 2010 ( 234 ) field goals attempted : 2002 ( 431 ), 2004 ( 460 ), 2008 ( 463 ), 2009 ( 530 ), 2010 ( 511 ) free throws made : 2004 ( 135 ), 2008 ( 157 ), 2009 ( 174 ), 2010 ( 154 ) free throws attempted : 2008 ( 194 ), 2010 ( 183 ) steals : 2000 ( 32 ), 2009 ( 38 ) turnovers : 2010 ( 79 ) personal fouls : 2000 ( 89 ) NBA records Currently holds Bryant holds or shares numerous NBA records : Most All-Star Game MVP awards won, career: 4 (tied with Bob Pettit ) Most offensive rebounds in an All-Star Game: 10 2nd most All-NBA Team honors won, career: 15 2nd most All-NBA First Team honors won, career: 11 (tied with Karl Malone ) Most All-NBA Team honors won by a guard, career: 15 Most All-NBA First Team honors won by a guard, career: 11 2nd most All-Defensive Team honors won, career: 12 Most All-Defensive First Team honors won, career: 9 (tied with Michael Jordan , Gary Payton , and Kevin Garnett ) Most free throws made, four-game playoff series: 51 (second round vs. Sacramento Kings, 2001) [ 32 ] 2nd most points scored in a game in NBA history (81 points) Most points scored in a game in modern era of basketball (81 points) 3rd most points scored as an opponent at Madison Square Garden (61 points) Most points scored as an opponent at the current Madison Square Garden (61 points) Most points scored in one arena, career: 16,161 (as of April 14, 2016, at Staples Center , Los Angeles) [ 33 ] Most games played at one arena, career: 599 (as of April 14, 2016, at Staples Center , Los Angeles [ 33 ] Most career points for a guard: 33,643 Highest Score against rest of teams in the league above 40 (share with Bob Pettit ) Surpassed Hakeem Olajuwon , the previous holder of the record [ 34 ] Youngest player to be named to the NBA All-Rookie Team: ( 1996–97 ) [ 35 ] 2nd youngest player to be named to the NBA All-Defensive Team: ( 1999–2000 season ) [ 35 ] Youngest player to be named to the NBA All-Defensive First Team Youngest player to start a game: ( 18 years, 158 days ) [ 4 ] Youngest player to win the NBA Slam Dunk Championship: ( 18 years, 169 days ) [ 36 ] Youngest player to start an All-Star game: ( 19 years, 169 days ) [ 35 ] Youngest player to score in an All-Star game Youngest player to score in a Playoff game Youngest player to score a 3-pointer in a Playoff game Youngest player to score 30+ points in a game as a reserve Youngest player to win 3 championships Youngest player to appear in 1,000 NBA games (31 yrs, 177 days) Only player in NBA history to score at least 600 points in the postseason for three consecutive years. [ 37 ] 633 (2008), 695 (2009), 671 (2010) [ 37 ] Only player in NBA history to retire two jersey numbers in a single franchise team (8 and 24) Only player to outscore a team in three quarters since the introduction of shot clock Only player to record a triple-double with at least 30 points at age 36 or older Only player in NBA history to record 47 points, 8 rebounds, 5 assists, 4 blocks, and 3 steals in an NBA game Only player to lead an All-Star game in votes during his final career season Oldest player to score 60+ points, one game: (37 years, 234 days) [ 38 ] Oldest player to record back-to-back games of 40+ points and 10+ assists (34 yrs, 197 days) Oldest player to put up a 30-point triple-double (36 yrs, 99 days) Oldest player to score 30 or more points in 10+ consecutive games (34 yrs) Most total playoff CP with 3800 Highest CPPG with 20 cppg Previously held Most All-NBA Total Selections won, career: 15 (tied with Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Tim Duncan ) - Surpassed by LeBron James (16), 2020 Most three-point field goals made, one game: 12 (on January 7, 2003, vs. Seattle SuperSonics; shared with Donyell Marshall and Stephen Curry ) [ 39 ] Surpassed by Stephen Curry (13) on November 7, 2016 [ 40 ] Surpassed by Klay Thompson (14) on October 29, 2018. [ 41 ] Surpassed by Stephen Curry (13) on November 7, 2016 [ 40 ] Surpassed by Klay Thompson (14) on October 29, 2018. [ 41 ] Most three-point field goals made, one half: 8 (on March 28, 2003, vs. Washington Wizards; shared with 5 other players) [ 39 ] [ 42 ] Broken by Deron Williams on March 8, 2013. [ 43 ] Youngest player to score 23,000 points: ( 30 years, 171 days) Surpassed by LeBron James (29 years, 95 days) on April 4, 2014 Surpassed by LeBron James (29 years, 95 days) on April 4, 2014 Youngest player to score 22,000 points: ( 30 years, 99 days ) [ 44 ] Surpassed by LeBron James (29 years, 11 days) on January 10, 2014. [ 45 ] Youngest player to score 20,000 points: ( 29 years, 122 days ) [ 46 ] Surpassed by LeBron James (28 years, 17 days) on January 16, 2013. [ 47 ] Chamberlain (29 years, 134 days), [ 46 ] Jordan (29 years, 326 days), [ 48 ] Kevin Durant (29 years, 103 days), [ 49 ] Bryant, and James are the only five players to reach the milestone before reaching the age of 30. Youngest player to score 18,000 points: ( 28 years, 156 days ) Surpassed by LeBron James (27 years, 35 days) on February 3, 2012. Youngest player to score 15,000 points: ( 27 years, 136 days ) [ 50 ] Surpassed by LeBron James (25 years, 79 days) on March 19, 2010 [ 51 ] Youngest player to score 10,000 points: ( 24 years, 193 days ) on March 4, 2003 [ 4 ] [ 52 ] Surpassed by LeBron James (23 years, 59 days) on February 27, 2008 [ 53 ] Youngest player to appear in an NBA game: ( 18 years, 72 days ) on November 3, 1996 [ 35 ] Surpassed by Jermaine O'Neal (18 years, 53 days) on December 5, 1996 [ 35 ] Then surpassed by Andrew Bynum (18 years, 9 days) on November 2, 2005 Los Angeles Lakers franchise records Bryant holds or shares numerous Lakers franchise records : Most seasons played 20 ( 1996–1997 to 2015–2016 ) Most playoff seasons played 15 ( 1997 – 2004 , 2006 – 2012 ) Most All-Star Game Selections 18 (1998, 2000 – 2016) Most All-NBA First Team 11 (2002 – 2004, 2006 – 2013) Most All-Defensive First Team 9 (2000, 2003 – 2004, 2006 – 2011) Games Most career regular-season games played: 1,346 [ 54 ] Most career playoff games played: 220 [ 55 ] Points Career: 33,643 [ 56 ] Surpassed Jerry West , the previous holder of the record, on February 1, 2010 [ 57 ] Surpassed Jerry West , the previous holder of the record, on February 1, 2010 [ 57 ] Career, playoffs: 5,640 [ 56 ] Surpassed Jerry West, the previous holder of the record, on April 23, 2010) [ 58 ] Surpassed Jerry West, the previous holder of the record, on April 23, 2010) [ 58 ] Season: 2,832 ( 2005–06 ) [ 9 ] Game: 81 (on January 22, 2006 vs. Toronto Raptors) [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Half: 55 (2nd half, on January 22, 2006 vs. Toronto Raptors) [ 5 ] Quarter: 30 (twice, most recently on November 30, 2006 in 3rd quarter vs. Utah Jazz) [ 5 ] Games scoring 60 points or more, career: 6 Games scoring 50 points or more, career: 26 [ 59 ] Games scoring 50 points or more, season: 10 (2006–07) [ 4 ] Games scoring 40 points or more, career: 134 [ 57 ] Games scoring 40 points or more, season: 27 (2005–06) [ 60 ] Consecutive games of 50 points or more: 4 (March 16–23, 2007) [ 61 ] Behind Wilt Chamberlain (7 consecutive games five times in 1961–62) [ 61 ] Behind Wilt Chamberlain (7 consecutive games five times in 1961–62) [ 61 ] Consecutive games of 40 points or more: 9 (February 6–23, 2003) [ 62 ] Tied with Michael Jordan (1986–87) and behind Wilt Chamberlain (14 consecutive games twice in 1961–62 and 10 consecutive games in 1962–63) [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Tied with Michael Jordan (1986–87) and behind Wilt Chamberlain (14 consecutive games twice in 1961–62 and 10 consecutive games in 1962–63) [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Field goals made and attempted Career attempts: 26,200 [ 56 ] [ 64 ] Career: 11,719 [ 65 ] Career, playoffs: 2,014 [ 66 ] Career attempts, playoffs: 4,499 [ 67 ] Half: 18 (2nd half, on January 22, 2006 vs. Toronto Raptors) [ 5 ] [ 68 ] Half attempts: 28 (tied with Elgin Baylor ; on November 17, 2002 at Boston Celtics) [ 68 ] Half, playoffs: 12 (tied with Elgin Baylor; on April 20, 2003 at Minnesota Timberwolves ) [ 69 ] Quarter: 11 (twice, most recently on January 22, 2006 vs. Toronto Raptors) [ 68 ] Quarter attempts, playoffs: 13 (tied with 3 players; on May 13, 2003 at San Antonio Spurs ) [ 69 ] Free throws made and attempted Career: 8,378 [ 56 ] [ 65 ] Career attempts: 10,011 Career, playoffs: 1,320 [ 55 ] [ 70 ] Career attempts, playoffs: 1,617 [ 55 ] Game, playoffs: 21 (on May 4, 2008 vs. Utah Jazz) [ 69 ] [ 71 ] Quarter, playoffs: 11 (tied with 3 players; on May 8, 1997 vs. Utah Jazz) [ 69 ] Most free throws in a game without a miss, playoffs: 18 (May 18, 2012) Consecutive: 62 (January 11–22, 2006) [ 5 ] [ 68 ] Three-point field goals made and attempted Career: 1,827 [ 4 ] [ 68 ] Career, playoffs: 292 [ 72 ] Game: 12 (on January 7, 2003 vs. Seattle SuperSonics) [ 68 ] [ 73 ] Half: 8 (1st half, on March 28, 2003 vs. Washington Wizards) [ 68 ] [ 74 ] Consecutive: 9 (on January 7, 2003 vs. Seattle SuperSonics) [ 73 ] Career attempts: 5,546 [ 56 ] Career attempts, playoffs: 882 [ 75 ] Season attempts: 518 (2005–06) [ 4 ] [ 68 ] Game attempts: 18 (on January 7, 2003 vs. Seattle SuperSonics) [ 68 ] [ 73 ] Steals Career: 1,944 Half: 6 (tied with 3 players; on February 13, 2006 vs. Utah Jazz) [ 68 ] Quarter, playoffs: 3 (five times, tied with 9 players; most recently on June 15, 2008 vs. Boston Celtics) [ 69 ] Minutes played Career: 48,637 [ 64 ] [ 76 ] Career, playoffs: 8,641 [ 64 ] [ 77 ] Personal Fouls Career: 3,353 Career, playoffs: 660 Turnovers Career: 4,010 Miscellaneous records Most points scored as an opponent at the modern Madison Square Garden (IV): 61 (on February 2, 2009, vs. New York Knicks ) [ 59 ] Most points scored in Christmas Day games : 395 (as of December 25, 2015) [ 78 ] Surpassed Oscar Robertson [ 78 ] Most points scored in final career game: 60 (on April 13, 2016, vs. Utah Jazz ) [ 79 ] Others 1995 Adidas Academic Betterment and Career Development (ABCD) Summer Camp Senior MVP [ 80 ] [ 81 ] 1996 Naismith High School Player of the Year [ 80 ] 1996 Gatorade Circle of Champions High School Player of the Year [ 80 ] 1996 McDonald's High School All-American [ 80 ] 1996 USA Today All-USA First Team [ 80 ] USA Today and PARADE 's 1996 National High School Player of the Year with a seasonal average of 30.8 points, 12.0 rebounds, 6.5 assists, 4.0 steals and 3.8 blocks per game. [ 4 ] Named Most Outstanding Player at the Beach Ball Classic in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina in his senior year [ 80 ] All-time leading scorer in Southeastern Pennsylvania school history with 2,883 points [ 4 ] Led Lower Merion High School to a 31–3 record, including 27 straight wins, and the Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association (PIAA) Class AAAA state title as a senior in 1996. [ 4 ] #33 retired at Lower Merion High School in 2002 [ 82 ] Five-time ESPY Award winner: 2002 Outstanding Team Award (Los Angeles Lakers) [ 83 ] 2006 Under Armour Undeniable Performance Award (Kobe Bryant's 81 points) [ 83 ] 2008 Best NBA Player Award (Kobe Bryant, Los Angeles Lakers) [ 83 ] [ 84 ] 2009 Best Team Award (Los Angeles Lakers) [ 83 ] 2010 Best NBA Player Award (Kobe Bryant, Los Angeles Lakers) [ 83 ] Gold medal with Team USA , 2007 FIBA Americas Championship (Tournament of Americas) [ 85 ] Gold medal with Team USA, 2008 Summer Olympics [ 85 ] Gold medal with Team USA, 2012 Summer Olympics [ 85 ] Sporting News NBA Athlete of the Decade (2000s) [ 86 ] TNT NBA Player of the Decade (2000s) [ 87 ] Ranked #1 in Dime Magazine ' s 2012 List: The 10 Best NBA Players Since 2000 (published in the February 2011 issue) [ 88 ] Ranked #5 in SLAM Magazine ' s 2018 revision of the top 100 greatest players of all time (published in the January 2018 issue) [ 89 ] 2018 Academy Award - Best Animated Short Film (as a producer of Dear Basketball ) Inducted into the inaugural Orange County Hall of Fame [ 90 ] See also List of National Basketball Association career games played leaders List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career 3-point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career minutes played leaders List of National Basketball Association career triple-double leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff 3-point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single-game playoff scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association players with most points in a game List of National Basketball Association franchise career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association seasons played leaders List of NBA players who have spent their entire career with one franchise List of NBA players with most championships References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Robert, Selena (June 9, 2007). 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Retrieved June 18, 2011 . ^ "Kobe Bryant Career Stats Page" . NBA.com . Archived from the original on 2009-12-22 . Retrieved March 9, 2012 . ^ "Career Playoff Leaders and Records for Minutes Played" . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 18, 2011 . ^ a b "NBA game: Knicks at L.A. Lakers Recap: Kobe Bryant scores 34 as Lakers drop Knicks to win 5th straight" . ESPN. December 25, 2012 . Retrieved December 25, 2012 . ^ Gomez, Jesus (14 April 2016). "Kobe Bryant had by far the best final game in NBA history" . SB Nation . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . ^ a b c d e f "#24 Kobe Bryant" . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive, Inc . Retrieved August 5, 2008 . ^ Armstrong, Kevin (January 26, 2007). "End of an era: Vaccaro closes ABCD camp as he eyes hoops academy" . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on April 27, 2009 . Retrieved September 2, 2010 . ^ "Debate on charge rages in Bryant's hometown" . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on August 1, 2003 . Retrieved December 20, 2008 . ^ a b c d e "Past winners" . ESPN. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010 . Retrieved July 15, 2010 . ^ "ESPY Award winners" . ESPN. July 17, 2008 . Retrieved September 19, 2008 . ^ a b c "All-Time USA Basketball Men's Roster — B" . USA Basketball, Inc. Archived from the original on January 11, 2010 . Retrieved December 5, 2008 . ^ "NBA Athlete of the Decade: Kobe Bryant, SG, Lakers" . The Sporting News . September 24, 2009. Archived from the original on April 12, 2010 . Retrieved September 24, 2009 . ^ "Vote 13 – Player of the Decade" . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on February 15, 2010 . Retrieved February 15, 2010 . ^ "The 10 Best NBA Players Since 2000" . Dime Magazine . Retrieved September 19, 2012 . ^ "SLAM's Top 100 Players Of All-Time: Kobe Bryant, No. 5" . SLAM . May 3, 2018 . Retrieved May 3, 2018 . ^ Torres, Destiny (January 13, 2024). "Celebrating OC's inaugural Hall of Fame class" . The Orange County Register . Archived from the original on January 18, 2024 . Retrieved January 24, 2024 . External links Official Site Player Profile at NBA.com The Ultimate Kobe Page at NBA.com .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Kobe Bryant v t e Life and events Career achievements Shaq–Kobe feud Sexual assault case Granity Studios Helicopter crash and death Career achievements Shaq–Kobe feud Sexual assault case Granity Studios Helicopter crash and death Media Dear Basketball Kobe Doin' Work NBA Action '98 NBA 3 on 3 featuring Kobe Bryant Kobe Bryant in NBA Courtside NBA Courtside 2 Featuring Kobe Bryant NBA Courtside 2002 NBA 07 NBA 2K10 NBA 2K17 NBA 2K21 NBA 2K24 The Mamba Mentality: How I Play Dear Basketball Kobe Doin' Work NBA Action '98 NBA 3 on 3 featuring Kobe Bryant Kobe Bryant in NBA Courtside NBA Courtside 2 Featuring Kobe Bryant NBA Courtside 2002 NBA 07 NBA 2K10 NBA 2K17 NBA 2K21 NBA 2K24 The Mamba Mentality: How I Play Honors and legacy Statue of Kobe Bryant Murals of Kobe Bryant Statue of Kobe and Gianna Bryant Kobe Bryant Day Kobe Bryant Boulevard Statue of Kobe Bryant Murals of Kobe Bryant Statue of Kobe and Gianna Bryant Kobe Bryant Day Kobe Bryant Boulevard Family Gianna Bryant (daughter) Vanessa Bryant (wife) Joe Bryant (father) Gianna Bryant (daughter) Vanessa Bryant (wife) Joe Bryant (father) Category Category Kobe Bryant Los Angeles Lakers Career achievements of basketball players Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured lists This page was last edited on 20 February 2025, at 02:17 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Definition 2 Payment for unfree labour 3 Modern day unfree labour 4 Trafficking 5 Forms of unfree labour Toggle Forms of unfree labour subsection 5.1 Slavery 5.2 Serfdom 5.3 Truck system 5.4 Mandatory services due to social status 5.4.1 Corvée 5.4.2 Vetti-chakiri 5.5 Penal labour 5.5.1 Labour camps 5.5.2 Prison labour 5.6 Indentured and bonded labour 5.7 Contemporary illegal forced labour 5.1 Slavery 5.2 Serfdom 5.3 Truck system 5.4 Mandatory services due to social status 5.4.1 Corvée 5.4.2 Vetti-chakiri 5.4.1 Corvée 5.4.2 Vetti-chakiri 5.5 Penal labour 5.5.1 Labour camps 5.5.2 Prison labour 5.5.1 Labour camps 5.5.2 Prison labour 5.6 Indentured and bonded labour 5.7 Contemporary illegal forced labour 6 Permitted exceptions of unfree labour Toggle Permitted exceptions of unfree labour subsection 6.1 Civil conscription 6.1.1 Temporary civil conscription 6.1.2 Recurring civil conscription 6.2 Conscription for military service and security forces 6.3 Mandatory community service 6.3.1 Community services 6.3.2 De facto obligatory community work 6.3.3 Hand and hitch-up services 6.1 Civil conscription 6.1.1 Temporary civil conscription 6.1.2 Recurring civil conscription 6.1.1 Temporary civil conscription 6.1.2 Recurring civil conscription 6.2 Conscription for military service and security forces 6.3 Mandatory community service 6.3.1 Community services 6.3.2 De facto obligatory community work 6.3.3 Hand and hitch-up services 6.3.1 Community services 6.3.2 De facto obligatory community work 6.3.3 Hand and hitch-up services 7 International conventions 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References Toggle References subsection 10.1 Citations 10.2 Sources 10.1 Citations 10.2 Sources 11 External links Forced labour العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item This article needs additional citations for verification . 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Find sources: "Forced labour" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( February 2023 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Part of a series on Forced labour and slavery Contemporary Child labour Child soldiers Conscription CSEC Debt bondage India Forced marriage Bride buying Child marriage Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Child China Cybersex Europe Fraud factory India United States Involuntary servitude ... in 21st-century jihadism ... in Africa Peonage Penal labour Sex trafficking China Europe United States Sexual slavery Wage slavery Child labour Child soldiers Conscription CSEC Debt bondage India India Forced marriage Bride buying Child marriage Wife selling Bride buying Child marriage Wife selling Forced prostitution Human trafficking Child China Cybersex Europe Fraud factory India United States Child China Cybersex Europe Fraud factory India United States Involuntary servitude ... in 21st-century jihadism ... in Africa Peonage Penal labour Sex trafficking China Europe United States China Europe United States Sexual slavery Wage slavery Historical Antiquity Babylonia Egypt Greece Rome Medieval Europe Ancillae Black Sea slave trade Byzantine Empire Genoese slave trade Kholop Prague slave trade Serfs History In Russia Emancipation Thrall Venetian slave trade Balkan slave trade Muslim world Baqt Barbary Coast slave trade pirates Sack of Baltimore Slave raid of Suðuroy Turkish Abductions Bukhara slave trade Concubinage history Ma malakat aymanukum Avret Pazarları Harem Abbasid harem Ottoman Imperial Harem Safavid imperial harem Qajar harem Jarya / Cariye Odalisque Qiyan Umm al-walad Circassian slave trade Contract of manumission Crimean slave trade Kafala system Kazakh raids into Russia Khazar slave trade Khivan slave trade Ottoman Empire Avret Pazarları Saqaliba Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate Slavery in al-Andalus Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate Volga Bulgarian slave trade 21st century Atlantic slave trade Brazil Bristol Database Dutch Middle Passage Nantes New France Panyarring Spanish Empire Slave Coast Thirteen colonies Topics and practice Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica Field slaves in the United States Treatment Gladiator Gladiatrix House slaves Planter class Proslavery thought Saqaliba Seasoning Slave market Slave Power Slave raiding Slavocracy Voluntary slavery White slavery Naval Galley slave Impressment Pirates Shanghaiing Slave ship Babylonia Egypt Greece Rome Ancillae Black Sea slave trade Byzantine Empire Genoese slave trade Kholop Prague slave trade Serfs History In Russia Emancipation History In Russia Emancipation Thrall Venetian slave trade Balkan slave trade Balkan slave trade Baqt Barbary Coast slave trade pirates Sack of Baltimore Slave raid of Suðuroy Turkish Abductions slave trade pirates Sack of Baltimore Slave raid of Suðuroy Turkish Abductions Bukhara slave trade Concubinage history Ma malakat aymanukum Avret Pazarları Harem Abbasid harem Ottoman Imperial Harem Safavid imperial harem Qajar harem Jarya / Cariye Odalisque Qiyan Umm al-walad Circassian slave trade history Ma malakat aymanukum Avret Pazarları Harem Abbasid harem Ottoman Imperial Harem Safavid imperial harem Qajar harem Jarya / Cariye Odalisque Qiyan Umm al-walad Circassian slave trade Contract of manumission Crimean slave trade Kafala system Kazakh raids into Russia Khazar slave trade Khivan slave trade Ottoman Empire Avret Pazarları Avret Pazarları Saqaliba Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate Slavery in al-Andalus Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate Volga Bulgarian slave trade 21st century Brazil Bristol Database Dutch Middle Passage Nantes New France Panyarring Spanish Empire Slave Coast Thirteen colonies Blackbirding Child soldiers Conscription Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Devshirme Ghilman Mamluk Coolie Corvée labour Drapetomania Dysaesthesia aethiopica Field slaves in the United States Treatment Treatment Gladiator Gladiatrix House slaves Planter class Proslavery thought Saqaliba Seasoning Slave market Slave Power Slave raiding Slavocracy Voluntary slavery White slavery Galley slave Impressment Pirates Shanghaiing Slave ship By country or region Sub-Saharan Africa Contemporary Africa Trans-Saharan slave trade Red Sea slave trade Indian Ocean slave trade Zanzibar slave trade Angola Chad Comoros Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Seychelles Somalia Somali slave trade South Africa Sudan Zanzibar North and South America Pre-Columbian America Aztec Americas Indigenous U.S. Natives United States field slaves female contemporary maps partus prison labour slave codes treatment interregional proslavery sexual slavery The Bahamas Canada Caribbean Barbados British Virgin Islands Trinidad Code Noir Latin America Brazil Lei Áurea Colombia Cuba Haiti revolt Restavek ( Encomienda ) Puerto Rico East, Southeast, and South Asia Haruwa-charuwa Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan Brunei China Booi Aha Eunuchs Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Bawi system Indonesia Japan comfort women Karayuki-san Korea Kwalliso Nobi Malaysia Maldives Slavery in the Mongol Empire Thailand Yankee princess Vietnam Australia and Oceania Australia Human trafficking Blackbirding Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Europe and North Asia Sex trafficking in Europe United Kingdom Penal Labour Slavery Albania Bulgaria Denmark Dutch Republic Finland France Georgia Germany in World War II Hungary Malta Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland North Africa and West Asia Afghanistan Bacha bazi Algeria Bahrain Egypt Human trafficking in the Middle East Iran Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Morocco Oman Palestine Saudi Arabia Syria Tunisia Qatar Yemen United Arab Emirates Contemporary Africa Trans-Saharan slave trade Red Sea slave trade Indian Ocean slave trade Zanzibar slave trade Zanzibar slave trade Angola Chad Comoros Ethiopia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Seychelles Somalia Somali slave trade Somali slave trade South Africa Sudan Zanzibar Pre-Columbian America Aztec Aztec Americas Indigenous U.S. Natives U.S. Natives United States field slaves female contemporary maps partus prison labour slave codes treatment interregional proslavery sexual slavery field slaves female contemporary maps partus prison labour slave codes treatment interregional proslavery sexual slavery The Bahamas Canada Caribbean Barbados British Virgin Islands Trinidad Code Noir Barbados British Virgin Islands Trinidad Code Noir Latin America Brazil Lei Áurea Lei Áurea Colombia Cuba Haiti revolt Restavek revolt Restavek ( Encomienda ) Puerto Rico Haruwa-charuwa Human trafficking in Southeast Asia Bhutan Brunei China Booi Aha Eunuchs Laogai penal system Booi Aha Eunuchs Laogai penal system India Debt bondage Chukri System Bawi system Debt bondage Chukri System Bawi system Indonesia Japan comfort women Karayuki-san comfort women Karayuki-san Korea Kwalliso Nobi Kwalliso Nobi Malaysia Maldives Slavery in the Mongol Empire Thailand Yankee princess Yankee princess Vietnam Australia Human trafficking Human trafficking Blackbirding Slave raiding in Easter Island Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea Blackbirding in Polynesia Sex trafficking in Europe United Kingdom Penal Labour Slavery Penal Labour Slavery Albania Bulgaria Denmark Dutch Republic Finland France Georgia Germany in World War II Hungary Malta Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Afghanistan Bacha bazi Bacha bazi Algeria Bahrain Egypt Human trafficking in the Middle East Iran Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Morocco Oman Palestine Saudi Arabia Syria Tunisia Qatar Yemen United Arab Emirates Religion Bible Christianity Catholicism Mormonism Islam Judaism Baháʼí Faith Bible Christianity Catholicism Mormonism Catholicism Mormonism Islam Judaism Baháʼí Faith Opposition and resistance Abolitionism U.K. U.S. Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 Temporary Slavery Commission 1926 Slavery Convention Committee of Experts on Slavery Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery Abolitionists Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention Anti-Slavery International Blockade of Africa U.K. U.S. Colonization Liberia Sierra Leone Compensated emancipation Freedman Manumission Freedom suit Slave Power Underground Railroad songs Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts International law Third Servile War 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf [ fa ] Abolitionism U.K. U.S. Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 Temporary Slavery Commission 1926 Slavery Convention Committee of Experts on Slavery Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery Abolitionists U.K. U.S. Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 Temporary Slavery Commission 1926 Slavery Convention Committee of Experts on Slavery Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery Abolitionists Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention Anti-Slavery International Blockade of Africa U.K. U.S. U.K. U.S. Colonization Liberia Sierra Leone Liberia Sierra Leone Compensated emancipation Freedman Manumission Manumission Freedom suit Slave Power Underground Railroad songs songs Slave rebellion Slave Trade Acts International law Third Servile War 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf [ fa ] Related Black triangle (badge) Common law Critique of political economy Critique of work Extermination through labour Forced labour Forced Labour Convention Fugitive slaves laws convention Great Dismal Swamp maroons Indentured servitude Infinite workday List of slaves owners last survivors of American slavery List of slavery-related memorials and museums Refusal of work Right to rest and leisure Slave catcher Slave marriages in the United States Slave narrative films songs Slave name Slave patrol Slave Route Project breeding court cases Washington Jefferson J.Q. Adams Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation 40 acres Freedmen's Bureau Iron bit Emancipation Day Black triangle (badge) Common law Critique of political economy Critique of work Extermination through labour Forced labour Forced Labour Convention Fugitive slaves laws convention Great Dismal Swamp maroons laws convention Great Dismal Swamp maroons Indentured servitude Infinite workday List of slaves owners last survivors of American slavery owners last survivors of American slavery List of slavery-related memorials and museums Refusal of work Right to rest and leisure Slave catcher Slave marriages in the United States Slave narrative films songs films songs Slave name Slave patrol Slave Route Project breeding court cases Washington Jefferson J.Q. Adams Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation 40 acres Freedmen's Bureau Iron bit breeding court cases Washington Jefferson J.Q. Adams Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation Emancipation Proclamation 40 acres Freedmen's Bureau Iron bit Emancipation Day .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e Forced labour , or unfree labour , is any work relation, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with the threat of destitution , detention , or violence , including death or other forms of extreme hardship to either themselves or members of their families. [ note 1 ] [ 1 ] Unfree labour includes all forms of slavery , penal labour , and the corresponding institutions, such as debt slavery , serfdom , corvée and labour camps . [ 1 ] Definition Many forms of unfree labour are also covered by the term forced labour , which is defined by the International Labour Organization (ILO) as all involuntary work or service exacted under the menace of a penalty. [ 2 ] However, under the ILO Forced Labour Convention of 1930, the term forced or compulsory labour does not include: [ 3 ] "any work or service exacted in virtue of compulsory military service laws for work of a purely military character;" "any work or service which forms part of the normal civic obligations of the citizens of a fully self-governing country;" "any work or service exacted from any person as a consequence of a conviction in a court of law , provided that the said work or service is carried out under the supervision and control of a public authority and that the said person is not hired to or placed at the disposal of private individuals, companies or associations (requiring that prison farms no longer do convict leasing )"; "any work or service exacted in cases of emergency, that is to say, in the event of war , of a calamity or threatened calamity, such as fire , flood , famine , earthquake , violent epidemic or epizootic diseases , invasion by: animal , insect or vegetable pests , and in general any circumstance that would endanger the existence or the well-being of the whole or part of the population"; Payment for unfree labour If payment occurs, it may be in one or more of the following forms: The payment does not exceed subsistence or barely exceeds it; The payment is in goods which are not desirable and/or cannot be exchanged or are difficult to exchange; or The payment wholly or mostly consists of cancellation of a debt or liability that was itself coerced, or belongs to someone else. Unfree labour is often more easily instituted and enforced on migrant workers, who have travelled far from their homelands and who are easily identified because of their physical, ethnic, linguistic, or cultural differences from the general population, since they are unable or unlikely to report their conditions to the authorities. [ 4 ] Modern day unfree labour Unfree labour re-emerged as an issue in the debate about rural development during the years following the end of the Second World War, when a political concern of Keynesian theory was not just economic reconstruction (mainly in Europe and Asia) but also planning (in developing "Third World" nations ). A crucial aspect of the ensuing discussion concerned the extent to which different relational forms constituted obstacles to capitalist development, and why. During the 1960s and 1970s, unfree labour was regarded as incompatible with capitalist accumulation, and thus an obstacle to economic growth, an interpretation advanced by exponents of the then-dominant semi-feudal thesis. From the 1980s onwards, however, another and very different Marxist view emerged, arguing that evidence from Latin America and India suggested agribusiness enterprises, commercial farmers and rich peasants reproduced, introduced or reintroduced unfree relations. However, recent contributions to this debate have attempted to exclude Marxism from the discussion. These contributions maintain that, because Marxist theory failed to understand the centrality of unfreedom to modern capitalism, a new explanation of this link is needed. This claim has been questioned by Tom Brass . [ 5 ] He argues that many of these new characteristics are in fact no different from those identified earlier by Marxist theory and that the exclusion of the latter approach from the debate is thus unwarranted. The International Labour Organization (ILO) now estimates that at least 27.6 million people are victims of forced labour worldwide on any given day; [ 6 ] 86% of forced labour is imposed by private actors: 63% in non-sexual sectors and 23% in commercial sexual exploitation. [ 6 ] State authorities account for the remaining 14%. [ 6 ] The forced labour prevalence of adult migrant workers is more than 3x higher than that of adult non-migrant workers. [ 6 ] From an international law perspective, countries that allow forced labour are violating international labour standards as set forth in the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (C105), one of the fundamental conventions of the ILO. [ 7 ] According to the ILO Special Action Programme to Combat Forced Labour (SAP-FL), global profits from forced trafficked labour exploited by private agents are estimated at US$44.3 billion per year. About 70% of this value (US$31.6 billion) comes from trafficked victims. At least the half of this sum (more than US$15 billion) comes from industrialised countries. [ 8 ] Trafficking Trafficking is a term to define the recruiting, harbouring, obtaining and transportation of a person by use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjecting them to involuntary acts, such as acts related to commercial sexual exploitation (including forced prostitution ) or involuntary labour. [ 9 ] Forms of unfree labour Slavery Slavery was common in many ancient societies , including ancient Egypt , Babylon , Persia , ancient Greece , Rome , ancient China , the pre-modern Muslim world , as well as many societies in Africa and the Americas . Being sold into slavery was a common fate of populations that were conquered in wars. Chattel Slavery is an extreme form of unfree labour in which people are legally regarded as property for life and are subject to being bought, sold, or transferred by their owners, and typically receive no personal benefit from their work. [ 10 ] One of the most widespread and systematized forms of chattel slavery occurred during the transatlantic slave trade between the 16th and 19th centuries. During this period, it is estimated that between 10 million and 12 million Black Africans were forcibly transported across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. [ 11 ] Many were taken through the Middle Passage to Brazil, the Caribbean, and North America. In these systems, slavery was typically hereditary, with the legal status of enslavement passed from parent to child. Smaller numbers of enslaved Africans were brought to Europe, and others were also trafficked through the trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean slave trades. These systems varied significantly in structure, scale, and legal status and were not always chattel in form. The term "slavery" is often applied to situations which do not meet the above definitions, but which are other, closely related forms of unfree labour, such as debt slavery or debt-bondage (although not all repayment of debts through labour constitutes unfree labour). In late 16th century Japan, "unfree labour" or slavery was officially banned; but forms of contract and indentured labour persisted alongside the period's penal codes' forced labour. Somewhat later, the Edo period 's penal laws prescribed "non-free labour" for the immediate families of executed criminals in Article 17 of the Gotōke reijō (Tokugawa House Laws), but the practice never became common. The 1711 Gotōke reijō was compiled from over 600 statutes that were promulgated between 1597 and 1696. [ 12 ] According to Kevin Bales in Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy (1999), there are now an estimated 27 million slaves in the world. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Serfdom Serfdom bonds labourers to the land they farm, typically in a feudal society. Serfs typically have no legal right to leave, change employers, or seek paid work, though depending on economic conditions many did so anyway. Unlike chattel slaves, they typically cannot be sold separately from the land, and have rights such as the military protection of the lord. Truck system A truck system, in the specific sense in which the term is used by labour historians , refers to an unpopular or even exploitative form of payment associated with small, isolated and/or rural communities, in which workers or self-employed small producers are paid in either: goods, a form of payment known as truck wages , or tokens, private currency ("scrip") or direct credit, to be used at a company store , owned by their employers. A specific kind of truck system, in which credit advances are made against future work, is known in the U.S. as debt bondage . Many scholars have suggested that employers use such systems to exploit workers and/or indebt them. This could occur, for example, if employers were able to pay workers with goods which had a market value below the level of subsistence , or by selling items to workers at inflated prices. Others argue that truck wages were a convenient way for isolated communities, such as during the early colonial settlement of North America, to operate when official currency was scarce. [ 15 ] By the early 20th century, truck systems were widely seen, in industrialised countries, as exploitative; perhaps the most well-known example of this view was a 1947 U.S. hit song " Sixteen Tons ". Many countries have Truck Act legislation that outlaws truck systems and requires payment in cash. Mandatory services due to social status Corvée Though most closely associated with Medieval Europe, governments throughout human history have imposed regular short stints of unpaid labour upon lower social classes. These might be annual obligations of a few weeks or something similarly regular that lasted for the labourer's entire working life. As the system developed in the Philippines and elsewhere, the labourer could pay an appropriate fee and be exempted from the obligation. [ 16 ] Vetti-chakiri A form of forced labour in which peasants and members of lower castes were required to work for free existed in India before independence. This form of labour was known by several names, including veth , vethi , vetti-chakiri and begar . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Penal labour Labour camps Another historically significant example of forced labour was that of political prisoners , people from conquered or occupied countries, members of persecuted minorities, and prisoners of war , especially during the 20th century. The best-known example of this are the concentration camp system run by Nazi Germany in Europe during World War II, the Gulag camps [ 19 ] run by the Soviet Union , [ 20 ] and the forced labour used by the military of the Empire of Japan , especially during the Pacific War (such as the Burma Railway ). Roughly 4,000,000 German POWs were used as "reparations labour" by the Allies for several years after the German surrender; this was permitted under the Third Geneva Convention provided they were accorded proper treatment. [ 21 ] China's laogai ("labour reform") system and North Korea 's kwalliso camps are current examples. About 12 million forced labourers, most of whom were Poles and Soviet citizens ( Ost-Arbeiter ) were employed in the German war economy inside Nazi Germany. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] More than 2000 German companies profited from slave labour during the Nazi era, including Daimler , Deutsche Bank , Siemens , Volkswagen , Hoechst , Dresdner Bank , Krupp , Allianz , BASF , Bayer , BMW , and Degussa . [ 24 ] [ 25 ] In particular, Germany's Jewish population was subject to slave labour prior to their extermination. [ 26 ] In Asia, according to a joint study of historians featuring Zhifen Ju, Mark Peattie , Toru Kubo, and Mitsuyoshi Himeta, more than 10 million Chinese were mobilised by the Japanese army and enslaved by the Kōa-in for slave labour in Manchukuo and north China. [ 27 ] The U.S. Library of Congress estimates that in Java , between 4 and 10 million romusha ( Japanese : "manual labourer") were forced to work by the Japanese military. About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese-held areas in South East Asia. Only 52,000 were repatriated to Java, meaning that there was a death rate of 80%. [ 28 ] Also, 6.87 million Koreans were forcefully put into slave labour from 1939 to 1945 in both Japan and Japanese-occupied Korea. [ 29 ] Kerja rodi ( Heerendiensten ) , was the term for forced labour in Indonesia under Dutch colonial rule . The Khmer Rouge attempted to turn Cambodia into a classless society by depopulating cities and forcing the urban population ("New People") into agricultural communes . The entire population was forced to become farmers in labour camps . Prison labour Convict or prison labour is another classic form of unfree labour. The forced labour of convicts has often been regarded with lack of sympathy, because of the social stigma attached to people regarded as common criminals. Three British colonies in Australia – New South Wales , Van Diemen's Land and Western Australia – are examples of the state use of convict labour. Australia received thousands of convict labourers in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries who were given sentences for crimes ranging from those now considered to be minor misdemeanours to such serious offences as murder, rape and incest. A considerable number of Irish convicts were sentenced to transportation for treason while fighting against British rule in Ireland . [ citation needed ] More than 165,000 convicts were transported to Australian colonies from 1788 to 1868. [ 30 ] Most British or Irish convicts who were sentenced to transportation, however, completed their sentences in British jails and were not transported at all. It is estimated that in the last 50 years more than 50 million people have been sent to Chinese laogai camps. [ 31 ] Indentured and bonded labour A more common form in modern society is indenture, or bonded labour , under which workers sign contracts to work for a specific period of time, for which they are paid only with accommodation and sustenance, or these essentials in addition to limited benefits such as cancellation of a debt, or transportation to a desired country. Contemporary illegal forced labour While historically unfree labour was frequently sanctioned by law, in the present day most unfree labour now revolves around illegal control rather than legal ownership, as all countries have made slavery illegal. [ 32 ] Permitted exceptions of unfree labour As mentioned above, there are several exceptions of unfree or forced labour recognised by the International Labour Organization : Civil conscription Some countries practise forms of civil conscription for different major occupational groups or inhabitants under different denominations like civil conscription , civil mobilization , political mobilisation etc. This obligatory service on the one hand has been implemented due to long-lasting labour strikes , during wartime or economic crisis, to provide basic services like medical care, food supply or supply of the defence industry. On the other hand, this service can be obligatory to provide recurring and inevitable services to the population, like fire services, due to lack of volunteers. Temporary civil conscription Between December 1943 and March 1948 young men in the United Kingdom , the so-called Bevin Boys , had been conscripted for the work in coal mines . [ 33 ] In Belgium in 1964, [ 34 ] in Portugal [ 35 ] and in Greece from 2010 to 2014 due to the severe economic crisis , [ 36 ] [ 37 ] a system of civil mobilisation was implemented to provide public services as a national interest. Recurring civil conscription In Switzerland in most communities for all inhabitants, no matter if they are Swiss or not, it is mandatory to join the so-called Militia Fire Brigades , as well as the obligatory service in Swiss civil defence and protection force. Conscripts in Singapore are providing the personnel of the country's fire service as part of the national service in the Civil Defence Force . In Austria and Germany citizens have to join a compulsory fire brigade if a volunteer fire service can not be provided, due to lack of volunteers. In 2018 this regulation is executed only in a handful of communities in Germany and currently none in Austria. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] [ 40 ] Conscription for military service and security forces Beside the conscription for military services, some countries draft citizens for paramilitary or security forces , like internal troops , border guards or police forces . While sometimes paid, conscripts are not free to decline enlistment. Draft dodging or desertion are often met with severe punishment. Even in countries which prohibit other forms of unfree labour, conscription is generally justified as being necessary in the national interest and therefore is one of the five exceptions to the Forced Labour Convention , signed by the most countries in the world. [ 41 ] Mandatory community service Community services Community service is a non-paying job performed by one person or a group of people for the benefit of their community or its institutions. Community service is distinct from volunteering, since it is not always performed on a voluntary basis. Although personal benefits may be realised, it may be performed for a variety of reasons including citizenship requirements, a substitution of criminal justice sanctions, requirements of a school or class, and requisites for the receipt of certain benefits. De facto obligatory community work During the Cold War in some communist countries like Czechoslovakia , the German Democratic Republic or the Soviet Union the originally voluntary work on Saturday for the community called Subbotnik , Voskresnik or Akce Z became de facto obligatory for the members of a community. Hand and hitch-up services In some Austrian and German states it is feasible for communities to draft citizens for public services, called hand and hitch-up services . This mandatory service is still executed to maintain the infrastructure of small communities. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] International conventions ILO "Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29)" ILO "Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105)" ILO "Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138)" OHCHR "Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182)" See also Coolie Trade Coming home to liberated France (World War II) Construction soldier Critique of work Debt bondage Exploitation of labour Forced labour in Germany during World War II Forced labor of Germans after World War II Gulag Involuntary servitude Indentured servitude Labor army Labour battalion Labor trafficking in the United States List of concentration and internment camps NKVD labor columns Orwellian Refusal of work SAP-FL , the ILO Special Action Programme to Combat Forced Labour Sexual slavery Shanghaiing Sweatshop Trafficking in human beings Trafficking of children Wage slavery Workfare Workhouse Sex trafficking in Dubai Notes ^ forced labour under German rule during World War II through Service du travail obligatoire of Vichy France References Citations ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} LeBaron, Genevieve; Phillips, Nicola (2 January 2019). 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Seafood from Slaves - Associated Press investigation of the international Pacific fishing fleet, 2015–2016, winner of the 2016 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service v t e Employment v t e Classifications Academic tenure Casual Contingent work Full-time job Gig worker Job sharing Part-time job Self-employment Side job Skilled worker Journeyman Technician Tradesperson Independent contractor Labour hire Temporary work Laborer Wage labour Academic tenure Casual Contingent work Full-time job Gig worker Job sharing Part-time job Self-employment Side job Skilled worker Journeyman Technician Tradesperson Journeyman Technician Tradesperson Independent contractor Labour hire Temporary work Laborer Wage labour Hiring Application Background check Business networking Cover letter Curriculum vitae Drug testing Employment contract Employment counsellor Executive search list Induction programme Job fair Job fraud Job hunting Job interview Letter of recommendation Onboarding Overqualification 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Creative class Education Continuing education E-learning Employability Further education Graduate school Induction training Knowledge worker Licensure Lifelong learning Overspecialization Practice-based professional learning Professional association Professional certification Professional development Professional school Reflective practice Retraining Vocational education Vocational school Vocational university Continuing education E-learning Employability Further education Graduate school Induction training Knowledge worker Licensure Lifelong learning Overspecialization Practice-based professional learning Professional association Professional certification Professional development Professional school Reflective practice Retraining Vocational education Vocational school Vocational university Mentorship Occupational Outlook Handbook Practice firm Profession Operator Professional Operator Professional Tradesman Vocation Attendance Break Break room Career break Compassionate leave Bereavement leave Furlough Gap year Leave of absence Long service leave No call, no show Sabbatical Sick leave Stress leave Time clock Break Break room Career break Compassionate leave Bereavement leave Bereavement leave Furlough Gap year Leave of absence Long service leave No call, no show Sabbatical Sick leave Stress leave Time clock Schedules 35-hour workweek Four-day week Eight-hour day 996 working hour system Flextime On-call Overtime Remote work Six-hour day Shift work Working time Workweek and weekend 35-hour workweek Four-day week Eight-hour day 996 working hour system Flextime On-call Overtime Remote work Six-hour day Shift work Working time Workweek and weekend Wages and salaries Frisch elasticity of labor supply Global labor arbitrage Labour economics Labor share Labour supply Living wage Maximum wage National average salary World Europe Minimum wage Canada Hong Kong Europe United States Price elasticity of demand Progressive wage Singapore Overtime rate Paid time off Performance-related pay Remuneration Salary cap Frisch elasticity of labor supply Global labor arbitrage Labour economics Labor share Labour supply Living wage Maximum wage National average salary World Europe World Europe Minimum wage Canada Hong Kong Europe United States Canada Hong Kong Europe United States Price elasticity of demand Progressive wage Singapore Singapore Overtime rate Paid time off Performance-related pay Remuneration Salary cap Benefits Annual leave Casual Friday Child care Disability insurance Health insurance Life insurance Marriage leave Parental leave Pension By country Perk-cession Sick leave United States Take-home vehicle Well-being washing Annual leave Casual Friday Child care Disability insurance Health insurance Life insurance Marriage leave Parental leave Pension By country By country Perk-cession Sick leave United States United States Take-home vehicle Well-being washing Taxes Payroll tax Tax bracket Income tax Negative Disposable income Salary packaging Unreported employment Payroll tax Tax bracket Income tax Negative Disposable income Tax bracket Income tax Negative Negative Disposable income Salary packaging Unreported employment Safety and health Crunch Epilepsy and employment Human factors and ergonomics Karoshi List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents Occupational burnout Occupational disease Occupational exposure limit Occupational health psychology Occupational injury Occupational noise Occupational stress Personal protective equipment Repetitive strain injury Right to sit United States Sick building syndrome Work accident Occupational fatality Workers' compensation Workers' right to access the toilet Workplace health promotion Workplace phobia Workplace wellness Crunch Epilepsy and employment Human factors and ergonomics Karoshi List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents Occupational burnout Occupational disease Occupational exposure limit Occupational health psychology Occupational injury Occupational noise Occupational stress Personal protective equipment Repetitive strain injury Right to sit United States United States Sick building syndrome Work accident Occupational fatality Occupational fatality Workers' compensation Workers' right to access the toilet Workplace health promotion Workplace phobia Workplace wellness Equal opportunity Affirmative action Discrimination Equal pay for equal work Gender pay gap Glass ceiling Affirmative action Discrimination Equal pay for equal work Gender pay gap Glass ceiling Infractions Corporate collapses and scandals Accounting scandals Control fraud Corporate behaviour Corporate crime Exploitation of labour Dress code Employee handbook Employee monitoring Evaluation Labour law Sexual harassment Sleeping while on duty Wage theft Whistleblower Workplace bullying Workplace harassment Workplace incivility Corporate collapses and scandals Accounting scandals Control fraud Corporate behaviour Corporate crime Accounting scandals Control fraud Corporate behaviour Corporate crime Exploitation of labour Dress code Employee handbook Employee monitoring Evaluation Labour law Sexual harassment Sleeping while on duty Wage theft Whistleblower Workplace bullying Workplace harassment Workplace incivility Willingness Boreout Careerism Civil conscription Conscription Critique of work Dead-end job Employment rate List Job satisfaction McJob Organizational commitment Refusal of work Slavery Bonded labour Human trafficking Labour camp Penal labour Peonage Truck wages Unfree labour Wage slavery Stay interview Workforce Work ethic Work–life interface Downshifting Slow living Workaholic Boreout Careerism Civil conscription Conscription Critique of work Dead-end job Employment rate List List Job satisfaction McJob Organizational commitment Refusal of work Slavery Bonded labour Human trafficking Labour camp Penal labour Peonage Truck wages Unfree labour Wage slavery Bonded labour Human trafficking Labour camp Penal labour Peonage Truck wages Unfree labour Wage slavery Stay interview Workforce Work ethic Work–life interface Downshifting Slow living Downshifting Slow living Workaholic Termination At-will employment Dismissal Banishment room Constructive dismissal Wrongful dismissal Employee offboarding Employee turnover Exit interview Labour market flexibility Layoff Notice period Pink slip Resignation Letter of resignation Restructuring Retirement Mandatory retirement Retirement planning Retirement spend-down Severance package Golden handshake Golden parachute At-will employment Dismissal Banishment room Constructive dismissal Wrongful dismissal Banishment room Constructive dismissal Wrongful dismissal Employee offboarding Employee turnover Exit interview Labour market flexibility Layoff Notice period Pink slip Resignation Letter of resignation Letter of resignation Restructuring Retirement Mandatory retirement Retirement planning Retirement spend-down Mandatory retirement Retirement planning Retirement spend-down Severance package Golden handshake Golden parachute Golden handshake Golden parachute Unemployment Barriers to entry Discouraged worker Economic depression Great Depression Long Depression Frictional unemployment Full employment Graduate unemployment Involuntary unemployment Jobless recovery NEET Phillips curve Recession Great Recession Job losses caused by the Great Recession Lists of recessions Recession-proof job Reserve army of labour Structural unemployment Technological unemployment Types of unemployment Unemployment benefits Unemployment Convention, 1919 Unemployment extension List of countries by unemployment rate Wage curve Youth unemployment Barriers to entry Discouraged worker Economic depression Great Depression Long Depression Great Depression Long Depression Frictional unemployment Full employment Graduate unemployment Involuntary unemployment Jobless recovery NEET Phillips curve Recession Great Recession Job losses caused by the Great Recession Lists of recessions Recession-proof job Great Recession Job losses caused by the Great Recession Lists of recessions Recession-proof job Reserve army of labour Structural unemployment Technological unemployment Types of unemployment Unemployment benefits Unemployment Convention, 1919 Unemployment extension List of countries by unemployment rate Wage curve Youth unemployment Public programs Workfare Unemployment insurance Make-work job Job creation program Job creation index Job guarantee Employer of last resort Guaranteed minimum income Right to work Historical: U.S.A.: Civil Works Administration Works Progress Administration Comprehensive Employment and Training Act Workfare Unemployment insurance Make-work job Job creation program Job creation index Job guarantee Employer of last resort Guaranteed minimum income Right to work Historical: U.S.A.: Civil Works Administration Works Progress Administration Comprehensive Employment and Training Act See also Bullshit job Busy work Credentialism and educational inflation Emotional labor Evil corporation Going postal Kiss up kick down Labor rights Make-work job Narcissism in the workplace Post-work society Presenteeism Psychopathy in the workplace Sunday scaries Slow movement (culture) Toxic leader Toxic workplace Wage compression Working poor Workhouse Bullshit job Busy work Credentialism and educational inflation Emotional labor Evil corporation Going postal Kiss up kick down Labor rights Make-work job Narcissism in the workplace Post-work society Presenteeism Psychopathy in the workplace Sunday scaries Slow movement (culture) Toxic leader Toxic workplace Wage compression Working poor Workhouse See also templates Aspects of corporations Aspects of jobs Aspects of occupations Aspects of organizations Aspects of workplaces Corporate titles Critique of work Organized labor Aspects of corporations Aspects of jobs Aspects of occupations Aspects of organizations Aspects of workplaces Corporate titles Critique of work Organized labor v t e Substantive human rights v t e What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights Civil and political Equality before the law Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention Freedom of assembly Freedom of association Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment Freedom from discrimination Freedom of information Freedom of movement Freedom of religion Freedom from slavery Freedom of speech Freedom of thought Freedom from torture LGBTQ rights ( Transgender rights ) Liberty Nationality Personhood Presumption of innocence Access to justice Right of asylum Right to die Right to a fair trial Right to counsel Right to family life Right to keep and bear arms Right to life Right to petition Right to privacy Right to protest Right to refuse medical treatment Right to resist Right of return Right of self-defense Right to truth Security of person Speedy trial Suffrage right to be a candidate Right to homeland Equality before the law Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention Freedom of assembly Freedom of association Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment Freedom from discrimination Freedom of information Freedom of movement Freedom of religion Freedom from slavery Freedom of speech Freedom of thought Freedom from torture LGBTQ rights ( Transgender rights ) Liberty Nationality Personhood Presumption of innocence Access to justice Right of asylum Right to die Right to a fair trial Right to counsel Right to family life Right to keep and bear arms Right to life Right to petition Right to privacy Right to protest Right to refuse medical treatment Right to resist Right of return Right of self-defense Right to truth Security of person Speedy trial Suffrage right to be a candidate right to be a candidate Right to homeland Economic, social and cultural Digital rights Equal pay for equal work Fair remuneration Labor rights Right to an adequate standard of living Right to clothing Right to development Right to education Right to food Right to health Right to a healthy environment Right to housing Right to Internet access Right to property Right to public participation Right of reply Right to rest and leisure Right of return Right to science and culture Right to social security Right to water Right to work Digital rights Equal pay for equal work Fair remuneration Labor rights Right to an adequate standard of living Right to clothing Right to development Right to education Right to food Right to health Right to a healthy environment Right to housing Right to Internet access Right to property Right to public participation Right of reply Right to rest and leisure Right of return Right to science and culture Right to social security Right to water Right to work Sexual and reproductive Abortion Family planning Family rights Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation Freedom from forced circumcision Intersex human rights LGBTQ rights Sexual and reproductive health Right to sexuality Transgender rights Abortion Family planning Family rights Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation Freedom from forced circumcision Intersex human rights LGBTQ rights Sexual and reproductive health Right to sexuality Transgender rights v t e Unfree labour relationships and institutions v t e Conscription Corvée Encomienda Haruwa–charuwa Labour camp Mit'a Penal labour Serfdom Slavery Truck wages Conscription Corvée Encomienda Haruwa–charuwa Labour camp Mit'a Penal labour Serfdom Slavery Truck wages Authority control databases International GND GND National United States Japan Czech Republic Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX Forced labour Ethically disputed working conditions Human rights abuses Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2018 Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles needing additional references from 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Overview 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 18th century 2.2 19th century 2.3 20th century 2.4 21st century 2.1 18th century 2.2 19th century 2.3 20th century 2.4 21st century 3 Women in Congress 4 Role Toggle Role subsection 4.1 Powers 4.1.1 Overview 4.1.2 Enumeration 4.1.3 Implicit, commerce clause 4.1.4 Territorial government 4.2 Checks and balances 4.1 Powers 4.1.1 Overview 4.1.2 Enumeration 4.1.3 Implicit, commerce clause 4.1.4 Territorial government 4.1.1 Overview 4.1.2 Enumeration 4.1.3 Implicit, commerce clause 4.1.4 Territorial government 4.2 Checks and balances 5 Structure Toggle Structure subsection 5.1 Committees 5.1.1 Specializations 5.1.2 Power 5.1.3 Officer 5.2 Support services 5.2.1 Library of Congress 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.2 Congressional Budget Office 5.2.3 Government Accountability Office 5.2.4 Architect of the Capitol 5.2.5 United States Capitol Police 5.2.6 Lobbying 5.3 Partisanship versus bipartisanship 5.1 Committees 5.1.1 Specializations 5.1.2 Power 5.1.3 Officer 5.1.1 Specializations 5.1.2 Power 5.1.3 Officer 5.2 Support services 5.2.1 Library of Congress 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.2 Congressional Budget Office 5.2.3 Government Accountability Office 5.2.4 Architect of the Capitol 5.2.5 United States Capitol Police 5.2.6 Lobbying 5.2.1 Library of Congress 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.1.1 Congressional Research Service 5.2.2 Congressional Budget Office 5.2.3 Government Accountability Office 5.2.4 Architect of the Capitol 5.2.5 United States Capitol Police 5.2.6 Lobbying 5.3 Partisanship versus bipartisanship 6 Procedures Toggle Procedures subsection 6.1 Sessions 6.2 Joint sessions 6.3 Bills and resolutions 6.1 Sessions 6.2 Joint sessions 6.3 Bills and resolutions 7 Public interaction Toggle Public interaction subsection 7.1 Advantage of incumbency 7.1.1 Citizens and representatives 7.1.2 Expensive campaigns 7.1.3 Television and negative advertising 7.1.4 Perceptions 7.2 Smaller states and bigger states 7.3 Members and constituents 7.4 Motivation 7.1 Advantage of incumbency 7.1.1 Citizens and representatives 7.1.2 Expensive campaigns 7.1.3 Television and negative advertising 7.1.4 Perceptions 7.1.1 Citizens and representatives 7.1.2 Expensive campaigns 7.1.3 Television and negative advertising 7.1.4 Perceptions 7.2 Smaller states and bigger states 7.3 Members and constituents 7.4 Motivation 8 Privileges Toggle Privileges subsection 8.1 Outside income and gifts 8.2 Pay 8.3 Postage 8.4 Protection 8.1 Outside income and gifts 8.2 Pay 8.3 Postage 8.4 Protection 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Citations 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links United States Congress Afrikaans Ænglisc العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego Gĩkũyũ 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lombard Magyar Македонски मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikibooks Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikiversity Wikidata item Page version status This is an accepted version of this page This article has multiple issues. 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Find sources: "United States Congress" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) United States Congress 119th Congress Coat of arms of the United States Type Type Bicameral Houses Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives History Founded March 4, 1789 (236 years ago) ( 1789-03-04 ) Preceded by Congress of the Confederation Leadership President of the Senate JD Vance ( R ) since January 20, 2025 ( 2025-01-20 ) President pro tempore of the Senate Chuck Grassley ( R ) since January 3, 2025 ( 2025-01-03 ) Speaker of the House Mike Johnson ( R ) since October 25, 2023 ( 2023-10-25 ) Structure Seats .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 535 voting members 100 senators 435 representatives 6 non-voting members 535 voting members 100 senators 435 representatives 100 senators 435 representatives 6 non-voting members Senate political groups Majority (53) .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Republican (53) Minority (47) Democratic (45) Independent (2) [ a ] .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Republican (53) Minority (47) Democratic (45) Independent (2) [ a ] House of Representatives political groups Majority (218) Republican (218) Minority (213) Democratic (213) Vacant (4) Vacant (4) Republican (218) Minority (213) Democratic (213) Vacant (4) Vacant (4) Elections Last Senate election November 5, 2024 Last House of Representatives election November 5, 2024 Next Senate election November 3, 2026 Next House of Representatives election November 3, 2026 Meeting place United States Capitol Washington, D.C. United States of America Website congress .gov Constitution United States Constitution , Article I The United States Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States . It is a bicameral legislature, including a lower body , the U.S. House of Representatives , and an upper body , the U.S. Senate . They both meet in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Members of Congress are chosen through direct election , [ b ] though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a governor 's appointment. Congress has a total of 535 voting members, a figure which includes 100 senators and 435 representatives ; the House of Representatives has 6 additional non-voting members . The vice president of the United States , as president of the Senate, has a vote in the Senate only when there is a tie. [ 2 ] Congress [ c ] convenes for a two-year term (a Congress), commencing every other January. Each Congress is usually split into two sessions, one for each year. Elections are held every even-numbered year on Election Day . The members of the House of Representatives are elected for the two-year term of a Congress. The Reapportionment Act of 1929 established that there be 435 representatives, and the Uniform Congressional District Act requires that they be elected from single-member constituencies or districts . It is also required that the congressional districts be apportioned among states by population every ten years using the U.S. census results, provided that each state has at least one congressional representative. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a six-year term, with terms staggered , so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, so currently, there are 100 senators for the 50 states. Article One of the U.S. Constitution requires that members of Congress be at least 25 years old for the House and at least 30 years old for the U.S. Senate, be a U.S. citizen for seven years for the House and nine years for the Senate, and be an inhabitant of the state which they represent. Members in both chambers may stand for re-election an unlimited number of times. Congress was created by the U.S. Constitution 's First Article and first met in 1789 , replacing the Congress of the Confederation in its legislative function. Although not legally mandated, in practice members of Congress since the late 19th century are typically affiliated with one of the two major parties , the Democratic Party or the Republican Party , and only rarely with a third party or independents affiliated with no party. Members can also switch parties at any time, though this is uncommon. Overview Article One of the United States Constitution states, "All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives." The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process – legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers. The Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue -raising bills. [ citation needed ] The House initiates and decides impeachment while the Senate votes on conviction and removal of office for impeachment cases. [ 4 ] A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before an impeached person can be removed from office. [ 4 ] The term Congress can also refer to a particular meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years; the current one, the 119th Congress , began on January 3, 2025, and will end on January 3, 2027. Since the adoption of the Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution , the Congress has started and ended at noon on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, while members of the House of Representatives are commonly referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. [ citation needed ] Scholar and representative Lee H. Hamilton asserted that the "historic mission of Congress has been to maintain freedom" and insisted it was a "driving force in American government" [ 5 ] and a "remarkably resilient institution". [ 6 ] Congress is the "heart and soul of our democracy", according to this view, even though legislators rarely achieve the prestige or name recognition of presidents or Supreme Court justices ; one wrote that "legislators remain ghosts in America's historical imagination." One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played an active role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. [ 7 ] Several academics described Congress: Congress reflects us in all our strengths and all our weaknesses. It reflects our regional idiosyncrasies, our ethnic, religious, and racial diversity, our multitude of professions, and our shadings of opinion on everything from the value of war to the war over values. Congress is the government's most representative body ... Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the great public policy issues of the day. [ 5 ] Congress reflects us in all our strengths and all our weaknesses. It reflects our regional idiosyncrasies, our ethnic, religious, and racial diversity, our multitude of professions, and our shadings of opinion on everything from the value of war to the war over values. Congress is the government's most representative body ... Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the great public policy issues of the day. [ 5 ] Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux. [ 8 ] In recent times, the American South and West have gained House seats according to demographic changes recorded by the census and includes more women and minorities . [ 8 ] While power balances among the different parts of government continue to change, the internal structure of Congress is important to understand along with its interactions with so-called intermediary institutions such as political parties , civic associations , interest groups , and the mass media . [ 7 ] The Congress of the United States serves two distinct purposes that overlap: local representation to the federal government of a congressional district by representatives and a state's at-large representation to the federal government by senators . [ citation needed ] Most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent. [ 9 ] The historical records of the House of Representatives and the Senate are maintained by the Center for Legislative Archives, which is a part of the National Archives and Records Administration . [ 10 ] Congress is directly responsible for the governing of the District of Columbia , the current seat of the federal government. [ citation needed ] History 18th century The First Continental Congress was a gathering of representatives from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies . [ 11 ] On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence , referring to the new nation as the "United States of America". The Articles of Confederation in 1781 created the Congress of the Confederation , a unicameral body with equal representation among the states in which each state had a veto over most decisions. Congress had executive but not legislative authority, and the federal judiciary was confined to admiralty [ 12 ] and lacked authority to collect taxes, regulate commerce, or enforce laws. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Government powerlessness led to the Convention of 1787 which proposed a revised constitution with a two-chamber or bicameral Congress. [ 15 ] Smaller states argued for equal representation for each state. [ 16 ] The two-chamber structure had functioned well in state governments. [ 17 ] A compromise plan, the Connecticut Compromise , was adopted with representatives chosen by population (benefiting larger states) and exactly two senators chosen by state governments (benefiting smaller states). [ 8 ] [ 18 ] The ratified constitution created a federal structure with two overlapping power centers so that each citizen as an individual is subject to the powers of state government and national government. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] To protect against abuse of power, each branch of government – executive, legislative, and judicial – had a separate sphere of authority and could check other branches according to the principle of the separation of powers . [ 4 ] Furthermore, there were checks and balances within the legislature since there were two separate chambers. [ 22 ] The new government became active in 1789. [ 4 ] [ 23 ] Political scientist Julian E. Zelizer suggested there were four main congressional eras, with considerable overlap, and included the formative era (1780s–1820s), the partisan era (1830s–1900s), the committee era (1910s–1960s), and the contemporary era (1970–present). [ 24 ] Federalists and anti-federalists jostled for power in the early years as political parties became pronounced. With the passage of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights , the anti-federalist movement was exhausted. Some activists joined the Anti-Administration Party that James Madison and Thomas Jefferson were forming about 1790–1791 to oppose policies of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton ; it soon became the Democratic-Republican Party or the Jeffersonian Republican Party [ 25 ] [ 26 ] and thus began the era of the First Party System . [ citation needed ] 19th century In 1800, Thomas Jefferson 's election to the presidency marked a peaceful transition of power between the parties. John Marshall , 4th chief justice of the Supreme Court , empowered the courts by establishing the principle of judicial review in law in the landmark case Marbury v. Madison in 1803, effectively giving the Supreme Court a power to nullify congressional legislation. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] The Civil War , which lasted from 1861 to 1865, resolved the slavery issue and unified the nation under federal authority but weakened the power of states' rights . The Gilded Age (1877–1901) was marked by Republican dominance of Congress. During this time, lobbying activity became more intense, particularly during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant in which influential lobbies advocated for railroad subsidies and tariffs on wool. [ 29 ] Immigration and high birth rates swelled the ranks of citizens and the nation grew at a rapid pace. The Progressive Era was characterized by strong party leadership in both houses of Congress and calls for reform; sometimes reformers said lobbyists corrupted politics. [ 30 ] The position of Speaker of the House became extremely powerful under leaders such as Thomas Reed in 1890 and Joseph Gurney Cannon . [ citation needed ] 20th century By the beginning of the 20th century, party structures and leadership emerged as key organizers of Senate proceedings. [ 32 ] A system of seniority, in which long-time members of Congress gained more and more power, encouraged politicians of both parties to seek long terms. Committee chairmen remained influential in both houses until the reforms of the 1970s. [ 33 ] Important structural changes included the direct popular election of senators according to the Seventeenth Amendment , [ 18 ] ratified on April 8, 1913. Supreme Court decisions based on the Constitution's commerce clause expanded congressional power to regulate the economy. [ 34 ] One effect of popular election of senators was to reduce the difference between the House and Senate in terms of their link to the electorate. [ 35 ] Lame duck reforms according to the Twentieth Amendment reduced the power of defeated and retiring members of Congress to wield influence despite their lack of accountability. [ 36 ] The Great Depression ushered in President Franklin Roosevelt and strong control by Democrats [ 37 ] and historic New Deal policies. Roosevelt 's election in 1932 marked a shift in government power towards the executive branch. Numerous New Deal initiatives came from the White House rather initiated by Congress. [ 38 ] President Roosevelt pushed his agenda in Congress by detailing Executive Branch staff to friendly Senate committees, a practice that ended with the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946. [ 39 ] The Democratic Party controlled both houses of Congress for many years. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ] During this time, Republicans and conservative southern Democrats [ 43 ] formed the Conservative Coalition . [ 42 ] [ 44 ] Democrats maintained control of Congress during World War II . [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Congress struggled with efficiency in the postwar era partly by reducing the number of standing congressional committees. [ 47 ] Southern Democrats became a powerful force in many influential committees although political power alternated between Republicans and Democrats during these years. More complex issues required greater specialization and expertise, such as space flight and atomic energy policy. [ 47 ] Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited the fear of communism during the Second Red Scare and conducted televised hearings. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] In 1960, Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy narrowly won the presidency and power shifted again to the Democrats who dominated both chambers of Congress from 1961 to 1980, and retained a consistent majority in the House from 1955 to 1994. [ 50 ] Congress enacted Johnson's Great Society program to fight poverty and hunger. The Watergate Scandal had a powerful effect of waking up a somewhat dormant Congress which investigated presidential wrongdoing and coverups; the scandal "substantially reshaped" relations between the branches of government, suggested political scientist Bruce J. Schulman . [ 51 ] Partisanship returned, particularly after 1994; one analyst attributes partisan infighting to slim congressional majorities which discouraged friendly social gatherings in meeting rooms such as the Board of Education . [ 7 ] Congress began reasserting its authority. [ 38 ] [ 52 ] Lobbying became a big factor despite the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act . Political action committees or PACs could make substantive donations to congressional candidates via such means as soft money contributions. [ 53 ] While soft money funds were not given to specific campaigns for candidates, the money often benefited candidates substantially in an indirect way and helped reelect candidates. [ 53 ] Reforms such as the 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act limited campaign donations but did not limit soft money contributions. [ 54 ] One source suggests post-Watergate laws amended in 1974 meant to reduce the "influence of wealthy contributors and end payoffs" instead "legitimized PACs" since they "enabled individuals to band together in support of candidates". [ 55 ] From 1974 to 1984, PACs grew from 608 to 3,803 and donations leaped from $12.5 million to $120 million [ 55 ] [ 56 ] [ 57 ] along with concern over PAC influence in Congress. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] In 2009, there were 4,600 business, labor and special-interest PACs [ 60 ] including ones for lawyers , electricians , and real estate brokers . [ 61 ] From 2007 to 2008, 175 members of Congress received "half or more of their campaign cash" from PACs. [ 60 ] [ 62 ] [ 63 ] From 1970 to 2009, the House expanded delegates, along with their powers and privileges representing U.S. citizens in non-state areas, beginning with representation on committees for Puerto Rico's resident commissioner in 1970. In 1971, a delegate for the District of Columbia was authorized, and in 1972 new delegate positions were established for U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam . In 1978, an additional delegate for American Samoa were added. [ citation needed ] In the late 20th century, the media became more important in Congress's work. [ 64 ] Analyst Michael Schudson suggested that greater publicity undermined the power of political parties and caused "more roads to open up in Congress for individual representatives to influence decisions". [ 64 ] Norman Ornstein suggested that media prominence led to a greater emphasis on the negative and sensational side of Congress, and referred to this as the tabloidization of media coverage. [ 8 ] Others saw pressure to squeeze a political position into a thirty-second soundbite. [ 65 ] A report characterized Congress in 2013 as unproductive, gridlocked, and "setting records for futility". [ 66 ] In October 2013, with Congress unable to compromise, the government was shut down for several weeks and risked a serious default on debt payments, causing 60% of the public to say they would "fire every member of Congress" including their own representative. [ 67 ] One report suggested Congress posed the "biggest risk to the U.S. economy" because of its brinksmanship , "down-to-the-wire budget and debt crises" and "indiscriminate spending cuts", resulting in slowed economic activity and keeping up to two million people unemployed. [ 68 ] There has been increasing public dissatisfaction with Congress, [ 69 ] with extremely low approval ratings [ 70 ] [ 71 ] which dropped to 5% in October 2013. [ 72 ] 21st century In 2009, Congress authorized another delegate for the Northern Mariana Islands . These six members of Congress enjoy floor privileges to introduce bills and resolutions, and in recent Congresses they vote in permanent and select committees, in party caucuses and in joint conferences with the Senate. They have Capitol Hill offices, staff and two annual appointments to each of the four military academies. While their votes are constitutional when Congress authorizes their House Committee of the Whole votes, recent Congresses have not allowed for that, and they cannot vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] On January 6, 2021, Congress gathered to confirm the election of Joe Biden, when supporters of the outgoing president Donald Trump attacked the building . The session of Congress ended prematurely, and Congress representatives evacuated. Trump supporters occupied Congress until D.C. police evacuated the area. The event was the first time since the Burning of Washington by the British during the War of 1812 that the United States Congress was forcefully occupied. [ 76 ] Despite the importance of Congress outlined in Article One , Congress has [ when? ] lost power to the executive and judiciary both intentionally and unintentionally. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] Women in Congress Various social and structural barriers have prevented women from gaining seats in Congress. In the early 20th century, women's domestic roles and the inability to vote forestalled opportunities to run for and hold public office. The two party system and the lack of term limits favored incumbent white men, making the widow's succession – in which a woman temporarily took over a seat vacated by the death of her husband – the most common path to Congress for white women. [ 82 ] Women candidates began making substantial inroads in the later 20th century, due in part to new political support mechanisms and public awareness of their underrepresentation in Congress. [ 83 ] Recruitment and financial support for women candidates were rare until the second-wave feminism movement , when activists moved into electoral politics. Beginning in the 1970s, donors and political action committees like EMILY's List began recruiting, training and funding women candidates. Watershed political moments like the confirmation of Clarence Thomas and the 2016 presidential election created momentum for women candidates, resulting in the Year of the Woman and the election of members of The Squad , respectively. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Women of color faced additional challenges that made their ascension to Congress even more difficult. Jim Crow laws , voter suppression and other forms of structural racism made it virtually impossible for women of color to reach Congress prior to 1965. The passage of the Voting Rights Act that year , and the elimination of race-based immigration laws in the 1960s opened the possibility for Black, Asian American, Latina and other non-white women candidates to run for Congress. [ 86 ] Racially polarized voting, racial stereotypes and lack of institutional support still prevent women of color from reaching Congress as easily as white people . Senate elections, which require victories in statewide electorates, have been particularly difficult for women of color. [ 87 ] Carol Moseley Braun became the first woman of color to reach the Senate in 1993. The second, Mazie Hirono , won in 2013. [ citation needed ] In 2021, Kamala Harris became the first female President of the Senate , which came with her role as the first female Vice President of the United States . [ citation needed ] Role Powers Overview Article One of the Constitution creates and sets forth the structure and most of the powers of Congress. Sections One through Six describe how Congress is elected and gives each House the power to create its own structure. Section Seven lays out the process for creating laws, and Section Eight enumerates numerous powers. Section Nine is a list of powers Congress does not have, and Section Ten enumerates powers of the state, some of which may only be granted by Congress. [ 88 ] Constitutional amendments have granted Congress additional powers. Congress also has implied powers derived from the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause . [ citation needed ] Congress has authority over financial and budgetary policy through the enumerated power to "lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States". There is vast authority over budgets, although analyst Eric Patashnik suggested that much of Congress's power to manage the budget has been lost when the welfare state expanded since "entitlements were institutionally detached from Congress's ordinary legislative routine and rhythm." [ 89 ] Another factor leading to less control over the budget was a Keynesian belief that balanced budgets were unnecessary. [ 89 ] The Sixteenth Amendment in 1913 extended congressional power of taxation to include income taxes without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration. [ 90 ] The Constitution also grants Congress the exclusive power to appropriate funds, and this power of the purse is one of Congress's primary checks on the executive branch. [ 90 ] Congress can borrow money on the credit of the United States, regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, and coin money. [ 91 ] Generally, the Senate and the House of Representatives have equal legislative authority, although only the House may originate revenue and appropriation bills . [ 4 ] Congress has an important role in national defense , including the exclusive power to declare war, to raise and maintain the armed forces , and to make rules for the military. [ 92 ] Some critics charge that the executive branch has usurped Congress's constitutionally defined task of declaring war. [ 93 ] While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war, they asked for and received formal war declarations from Congress for the War of 1812 , the Mexican–American War , the Spanish–American War , World War I , and World War II , [ 94 ] although President Theodore Roosevelt 's military move into Panama in 1903 did not get congressional approval. [ 94 ] In the early days after the North Korean invasion of 1950 , President Truman described the American response as a "police action". [ 95 ] According to Time magazine in 1970, "U.S. presidents [had] ordered troops into position or action without a formal congressional declaration a total of 149 times." [ 94 ] In 1993, Michael Kinsley wrote that "Congress's war power has become the most flagrantly disregarded provision in the Constitution," and that the "real erosion [of Congress's war power] began after World War II." [ 96 ] [ 97 ] [ 98 ] Disagreement about the extent of congressional versus presidential power regarding war has been present periodically throughout the nation's history. [ 99 ] Congress can establish post offices and post roads, issue patents and copyrights , fix standards of weights and measures, establish Courts inferior to the Supreme Court , and "make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof". Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union. [ citation needed ] One of Congress's foremost non-legislative functions is the power to investigate and oversee the executive branch. [ 100 ] Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress's subpoena power. [ 101 ] Some critics have charged that Congress has in some instances failed to do an adequate job of overseeing the other branches of government. In the Plame affair , critics including Representative Henry A. Waxman charged that Congress was not doing an adequate job of oversight in this case. [ 102 ] There have been concerns about congressional oversight of executive actions such as warrantless wiretapping , although others respond that Congress did investigate the legality of presidential decisions. [ 103 ] Political scientists Ornstein and Mann suggested that oversight functions do not help members of Congress win reelection. Congress also has the exclusive power of removal , allowing impeachment and removal of the president, federal judges and other federal officers. [ 104 ] There have been charges that presidents acting under the doctrine of the unitary executive have assumed important legislative and budgetary powers that should belong to Congress. [ 105 ] So-called signing statements are one way in which a president can "tip the balance of power between Congress and the White House a little more in favor of the executive branch", according to one account. [ 106 ] Past presidents, including Ronald Reagan , George H. W. Bush , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush , [ 107 ] have made public statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it, and commentators, including the American Bar Association , have described this practice as against the spirit of the Constitution. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] There have been concerns that presidential authority to cope with financial crises is eclipsing the power of Congress. [ 110 ] In 2008, George F. Will called the Capitol building a "tomb for the antiquated idea that the legislative branch matters". [ 111 ] Enumeration The Constitution enumerates the powers of Congress in detail. In addition, other congressional powers have been granted, or confirmed, by constitutional amendments. The Thirteenth (1865), Fourteenth (1868), and Fifteenth Amendments (1870) gave Congress authority to enact legislation to enforce rights of African Americans, including voting rights , due process , and equal protection under the law. [ 112 ] Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments, not Congress. [ 113 ] Implicit, commerce clause Congress also has implied powers deriving from the Constitution's Necessary and Proper Clause which permit Congress to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof". [ 114 ] Broad interpretations of this clause and of the Commerce Clause , the enumerated power to regulate commerce, in rulings such as McCulloch v. Maryland , have effectively widened the scope of Congress's legislative authority far beyond that prescribed in Section Eight. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] Territorial government Constitutional responsibility for the oversight of Washington, D.C. , the federal district and national capital, and the U.S. territories of Guam , American Samoa , Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the Northern Mariana Islands rests with Congress. [ 117 ] The republican form of government in territories is devolved by congressional statute to the respective territories including direct election of governors, the D.C. mayor and locally elective territorial legislatures. [ 118 ] Each territory and Washington, D.C., elects a non-voting delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives as they have throughout congressional history. They "possess the same powers as other members of the House, except that they may not vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives". They are assigned offices and allowances for staff, participate in debate, and appoint constituents to the four military service academies for the Army, Navy, Air Force and Coast Guard. [ 119 ] Washington, D.C., citizens alone among U.S. territories have the right to directly vote for the President of the United States, although the Democratic and Republican political parties nominate their presidential candidates at national conventions which include delegates from the five major territories. [ 120 ] Checks and balances Representative Lee H. Hamilton explained how Congress functions within the federal government: To me the key to understanding it is balance. The founders went to great lengths to balance institutions against each other – balancing powers among the three branches: Congress, the president, and the Supreme Court; between the House of Representatives and the Senate; between the federal government and the states; among states of different sizes and regions with different interests; between the powers of government and the rights of citizens, as spelled out in the Bill of Rights ... No one part of government dominates the other. [ 5 ] : 6 To me the key to understanding it is balance. The founders went to great lengths to balance institutions against each other – balancing powers among the three branches: Congress, the president, and the Supreme Court; between the House of Representatives and the Senate; between the federal government and the states; among states of different sizes and regions with different interests; between the powers of government and the rights of citizens, as spelled out in the Bill of Rights ... No one part of government dominates the other. [ 5 ] : 6 The Constitution provides checks and balances among the three branches of the federal government. Its authors expected the greater power to lie with Congress as described in Article One. [ 5 ] [ 121 ] The influence of Congress on the presidency has varied from period to period depending on factors such as congressional leadership, presidential political influence, historical circumstances such as war, and individual initiative by members of Congress. The impeachment of Andrew Johnson made the presidency less powerful than Congress for a considerable period afterwards. [ 122 ] The 20th and 21st centuries have seen the rise of presidential power under politicians such as Theodore Roosevelt , Woodrow Wilson , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Richard Nixon , Ronald Reagan , and George W. Bush . [ 123 ] Congress restricted presidential power with laws such as the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 and the War Powers Resolution . The presidency remains considerably more powerful today than during the 19th century. [ 5 ] [ 123 ] Executive branch officials are often loath to reveal sensitive information to members of Congress because of concern that information could not be kept secret; in return, knowing they may be in the dark about executive branch activity, congressional officials are more likely to distrust their counterparts in executive agencies. [ 124 ] Many government actions require fast coordinated effort by many agencies, and this is a task that Congress is ill-suited for. Congress is slow, open, divided, and not well matched to handle more rapid executive action or do a good job of overseeing such activity, according to one analysis. [ 125 ] The Constitution concentrates removal powers in the Congress by empowering and obligating the House of Representatives to impeach executive or judicial officials for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors". Impeachment is a formal accusation of unlawful activity by a civil officer or government official. The Senate is constitutionally empowered and obligated to try all impeachments. A simple majority in the House is required to impeach an official; a two-thirds majority in the Senate is required for conviction. A convicted official is automatically removed from office; in addition, the Senate may stipulate that the defendant be banned from holding office in the future. Impeachment proceedings may not inflict more than this. A convicted party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law. In the history of the United States, the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials, of whom seven were convicted. Another resigned before the Senate could complete the trial. Only three presidents have ever been impeached: Andrew Johnson in 1868, Bill Clinton in 1999, Donald Trump in 2019 and 2021. The trials of Johnson, Clinton, and the 2019 trial of Trump all ended in acquittal; in Johnson's case, the Senate fell one vote short of the two-thirds majority required for conviction . In 1974, Richard Nixon resigned from office after impeachment proceedings in the House Judiciary Committee indicated his removal from office. [ citation needed ] The Senate has an important check on the executive power by confirming Cabinet officials, judges, and other high officers "by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate". It confirms most presidential nominees, but rejections are not uncommon. Furthermore, treaties negotiated by the President must be ratified by a two-thirds majority vote in the Senate to take effect. As a result, presidential arm-twisting of senators can happen before a key vote; for example, President Obama's secretary of state, Hillary Clinton , urged her former senate colleagues to approve a nuclear arms treaty with Russia in 2010. [ 126 ] The House of Representatives has no formal role in either the ratification of treaties or the appointment of federal officials, other than in filling a vacancy in the office of the vice president; in such a case, a majority vote in each House is required to confirm a president's nomination of a vice president. [ 4 ] In 1803, the Supreme Court established judicial review of federal legislation in Marbury v. Madison , holding that Congress could not grant unconstitutional power to the Court itself. The Constitution did not explicitly state that the courts may exercise judicial review. The notion that courts could declare laws unconstitutional was envisioned by the founding fathers . Alexander Hamilton , for example, mentioned and expounded upon the doctrine in Federalist No. 78 . Originalists on the Supreme Court have argued that if the constitution does not say something explicitly it is unconstitutional to infer what it should, might, or could have said. [ 127 ] Judicial review means that the Supreme Court can nullify a congressional law. It is a huge check by the courts on the legislative authority and limits congressional power substantially. In 1857, for example, the Supreme Court struck down provisions of a congressional act of 1820 in its Dred Scott decision. [ 128 ] At the same time, the Supreme Court can extend congressional power through its constitutional interpretations. [ citation needed ] The congressional inquiry into St. Clair's Defeat of 1791 was the first congressional investigation of the executive branch. [ 129 ] Investigations are conducted to gather information on the need for future legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed, and to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members and officials of the other branches. Committees may hold hearings, and, if necessary, subpoena people to testify when investigating issues over which it has the power to legislate. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] Witnesses who refuse to testify may be cited for contempt of Congress , and those who testify falsely may be charged with perjury . Most committee hearings are open to the public (the House and Senate intelligence committees are the exception); important hearings are widely reported in the mass media and transcripts published a few months afterwards. [ 131 ] Congress, in the course of studying possible laws and investigating matters, generates an incredible amount of information in various forms, and can be described as a publisher. [ 132 ] Indeed, it publishes House and Senate reports [ 132 ] and maintains databases which are updated irregularly with publications in a variety of electronic formats. [ 132 ] Congress also plays a role in presidential elections. Both Houses meet in joint session on the sixth day of January following a presidential election to count the electoral votes, and there are procedures to follow if no candidate wins a majority. [ 4 ] The main result of congressional activity is the creation of laws, [ 133 ] most of which are contained in the United States Code, arranged by subject matter alphabetically under fifty title headings to present the laws "in a concise and usable form". [ 4 ] Structure Congress is split into two chambers – House and Senate – and manages the task of writing national legislation by dividing work into separate committees which specialize in different areas. Some members of Congress are elected by their peers to be officers of these committees. Further, Congress has ancillary organizations such as the Government Accountability Office and the Library of Congress to help provide it with information, and members of Congress have staff and offices to assist them as well. In addition, a vast industry of lobbyists helps members write legislation on behalf of diverse corporate and labor interests. Committees Specializations The committee structure permits members of Congress to study a particular subject intensely. It is neither expected nor possible that a member be an expert on all subject areas before Congress. [ 134 ] As time goes by, members develop expertise in particular subjects and their legal aspects. Committees investigate specialized subjects and advise the entire Congress about choices and trade-offs. The choice of specialty may be influenced by the member's constituency, important regional issues, prior background and experience. [ 135 ] Senators often choose a different specialty from that of the other senator from their state to prevent overlap. [ 136 ] Some committees specialize in running the business of other committees and exert a powerful influence over all legislation; for example, the House Ways and Means Committee has considerable influence over House affairs. [ 137 ] Power Committees write legislation. While procedures, such as the House discharge petition process, can introduce bills to the House floor and effectively bypass committee input, they are exceedingly difficult to implement without committee action. Committees have power and have been called independent fiefdoms . Legislative, oversight, and internal administrative tasks are divided among about two hundred committees and subcommittees which gather information, evaluate alternatives, and identify problems. [ 138 ] They propose solutions for consideration by the full chamber. [ 138 ] In addition, they perform the function of oversight by monitoring the executive branch and investigating wrongdoing. [ 138 ] Officer At the start of each two-year session, the House elects a speaker who does not normally preside over debates but serves as the majority party's leader. In the Senate, the vice president is the ex officio president of the Senate. In addition, the Senate elects an officer called the president pro tempore . Pro tempore means for the time being and this office is usually held by the most senior member of the Senate's majority party and customarily keeps this position until there is a change in party control. Accordingly, the Senate does not necessarily elect a new president pro tempore at the beginning of a new Congress. In the House and Senate, the actual presiding officer is generally a junior member of the majority party who is appointed so that new members become acquainted with the rules of the chamber. [ citation needed ] Support services Library of Congress The Library of Congress (LOC) was established by an act of Congress in 1800. It is primarily housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill , but also includes several other sites: the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped in Washington, D.C.; the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center in Culpeper, Virginia ; a large book storage facility located in Fort Meade, Maryland ; and multiple overseas offices. The Library had mostly law books when it was burnt by British forces in 1814 during the War of 1812 , but the library's collections were restored and expanded when Congress authorized the purchase of Thomas Jefferson 's private library. One of the library's missions is to serve Congress and its staff as well as the American public. It is the largest library in the world with nearly 150 million items including books, films, maps, photographs, music, manuscripts, graphics, and materials in 470 languages. [ 139 ] Congressional Research Service The Congressional Research Service (CRS), part of the Library of Congress, provides detailed, up-to-date and non-partisan research for senators, representatives, and their staff to help them carry out their official duties. It provides ideas for legislation, helps members analyze a bill, facilitates public hearings, makes reports, consults on matters such as parliamentary procedure, and helps the two chambers resolve disagreements. It has been called the "House's think tank" and has a staff of about 900 employees. [ 140 ] Congressional Budget Office The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) is a federal agency which provides economic data to Congress. [ 141 ] It was created as an independent non-partisan agency by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 . It helps Congress estimate revenue inflows from taxes and helps the budgeting process. It makes projections about such matters as the national debt [ 142 ] as well as likely costs of legislation. It prepares an annual Economic and Budget Outlook with a mid-year update and writes An Analysis of the President's Budgetary Proposals for the Senate's Appropriations Committee . The speaker of the House and the Senate's president pro tempore jointly appoint the CBO director for a four-year term. [ citation needed ] Government Accountability Office The Government Accountability Office (GAO), is a federal agency within the legislative branch that provides auditing , evaluative , and investigative services for the United States Congress in an independent and nonpartisan capacity. [ 143 ] The GAO is the supreme audit institution of the federal government of the United States . It identifies its core "mission values" as: accountability, integrity, and reliability. [ 144 ] It is also known as the "congressional watchdog". [ 145 ] Architect of the Capitol The Architect of the Capitol (AOC) is a federal agency within the legislative branch that is responsible for the maintenance , operation, development, construction , building preservation , and property management of the United States Capitol Complex [ 146 ] and is accountable directly to the United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States . [ 147 ] United States Capitol Police Lobbying Lobbyists represent diverse interests and often seek to influence congressional decisions to reflect their clients' needs. Lobby groups and their members sometimes write legislation and whip bills. In 2007, there were approximately 17,000 federal lobbyists in Washington, D.C. [ 148 ] They explain to legislators the goals of their organizations. Some lobbyists represent non-profit organizations and work pro bono for issues in which they are personally interested. [ citation needed ] Partisanship versus bipartisanship Congress has alternated between periods of constructive cooperation and compromise between parties, known as bipartisanship , and periods of deep political polarization and fierce infighting, known as partisanship . The period after the Civil War was marked by partisanship, as is the case today. It is generally easier for committees to reach accord on issues when compromise is possible. Some political scientists speculate that a prolonged period marked by narrow majorities in both chambers of Congress has intensified partisanship in the last few decades, but that an alternation of control of Congress between Democrats and Republicans may lead to greater flexibility in policies, as well as pragmatism and civility within the institution. [ 149 ] Procedures Sessions A term of Congress is divided into two " sessions ", one for each year; Congress has occasionally been called into an extra or special session . A new session commences on January 3 each year unless Congress decides differently. The Constitution requires Congress to meet at least once each year and forbids either house from meeting outside the Capitol without the consent of the other house. Joint sessions Joint sessions of the United States Congress occur on special occasions that require a concurrent resolution from House and Senate. These sessions include counting electoral votes after a presidential election and the president's State of the Union address. The constitutionally mandated report , normally given as an annual speech, is modeled on Britain's Speech from the Throne , was written by most presidents after Jefferson but personally delivered as a spoken oration beginning with Wilson in 1913. Joint Sessions and Joint Meetings are traditionally presided over by the speaker of the House, except when counting presidential electoral votes when the vice president (acting as the president of the Senate) presides. [ citation needed ] Bills and resolutions Ideas for legislation can come from members, lobbyists, state legislatures, constituents, legislative counsel, or executive agencies. Anyone can write a bill, but only members of Congress may introduce bills. Most bills are not written by Congress members, but originate from the Executive branch; interest groups often draft bills as well. The usual next step is for the proposal to be passed to a committee for review. [ 4 ] A proposal is usually in one of these forms: Bills are laws in the making. A House-originated bill begins with the letters "H.R." for "House of Representatives", followed by a number kept as it progresses. [ 133 ] Joint resolutions. There is little difference between a bill and a joint resolution since both are treated similarly; a joint resolution originating from the House, for example, begins "H.J.Res." followed by its number. [ 133 ] Concurrent Resolutions affect only the House and Senate and accordingly are not presented to the president. In the House, they begin with "H.Con.Res." [ 133 ] Simple resolutions concern only the House or only the Senate and begin with "H.Res." or "S.Res." [ 133 ] Representatives introduce a bill while the House is in session by placing it in the hopper on the Clerk's desk. [ 133 ] It is assigned a number and referred to a committee which studies each bill intensely at this stage. [ 133 ] Drafting statutes requires "great skill, knowledge, and experience" and sometimes take a year or more. [ 4 ] Sometimes lobbyists write legislation and submit it to a member for introduction. Joint resolutions are the normal way to propose a constitutional amendment or declare war. On the other hand, concurrent resolutions (passed by both houses) and simple resolutions (passed by only one house) do not have the force of law but express the opinion of Congress or regulate procedure . Bills may be introduced by any member of either house. The Constitution states: "All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives." While the Senate cannot originate revenue and appropriation bills , it has the power to amend or reject them. Congress has sought ways to establish appropriate spending levels. [ 4 ] Each chamber determines its own internal rules of operation unless specified in the Constitution or prescribed by law. In the House, a Rules Committee guides legislation; in the Senate, a Standing Rules committee is in charge. Each branch has its own traditions; for example, the Senate relies heavily on the practice of getting "unanimous consent" for noncontroversial matters. [ 4 ] House and Senate rules can be complex, sometimes requiring a hundred specific steps before a bill can become a law. [ 5 ] Members sometimes turn to outside experts to learn about proper congressional procedures. [ 150 ] Each bill goes through several stages in each house including consideration by a committee and advice from the Government Accountability Office . [ 4 ] Most legislation is considered by standing committees which have jurisdiction over a particular subject such as Agriculture or Appropriations. The House has twenty standing committees; the Senate has sixteen. Standing committees meet at least once each month. [ 4 ] Almost all standing committee meetings for transacting business must be open to the public unless the committee votes, publicly, to close the meeting. [ 4 ] A committee might call for public hearings on important bills. [ 4 ] Each committee is led by a chair who belongs to the majority party and a ranking member of the minority party. Witnesses and experts can present their case for or against a bill. [ 133 ] Then, a bill may go to what is called a mark-up session, where committee members debate the bill's merits and may offer amendments or revisions. [ 133 ] Committees may also amend the bill, but the full house holds the power to accept or reject committee amendments. After debate, the committee votes whether it wishes to report the measure to the full house. If a bill is tabled then it is rejected. If amendments are extensive, sometimes a new bill with amendments built in will be submitted as a so-called clean bill with a new number. [ 133 ] Both houses have procedures under which committees can be bypassed or overruled but they are rarely used. Generally, members who have been in Congress longer have greater seniority and therefore greater power. [ 151 ] A bill which reaches the floor of the full house can be simple or complex [ 133 ] and begins with an enacting formula such as "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled ..." Consideration of a bill requires, itself, a rule which is a simple resolution specifying the particulars of debate – time limits, possibility of further amendments, and such. [ 133 ] Each side has equal time and members can yield to other members who wish to speak. [ 133 ] Sometimes opponents seek to recommit a bill which means to change part of it. [ 133 ] Generally, discussion requires a quorum , usually half of the total number of representatives, before discussion can begin, although there are exceptions. [ 152 ] The house may debate and amend the bill; the precise procedures used by the House and Senate differ. A final vote on the bill follows. Once a bill is approved by one house, it is sent to the other which may pass, reject, or amend it. For the bill to become law, both houses must agree to identical versions of the bill. [ 133 ] If the second house amends the bill, then the differences between the two versions must be reconciled in a conference committee , an ad hoc committee that includes senators and representatives [ 133 ] sometimes by using a reconciliation process to limit budget bills. [ 4 ] Both houses use a budget enforcement mechanism informally known as pay-as-you-go or paygo which discourages members from considering acts that increase budget deficits. [ 4 ] If both houses agree to the version reported by the conference committee, the bill passes, otherwise it fails. [ citation needed ] The Constitution specifies that a majority of members (a quorum ) be present before doing business in each house. The rules of each house assume that a quorum is present unless a quorum call demonstrates the contrary and debate often continues despite the lack of a majority. [ citation needed ] Voting within Congress can take many forms, including systems using lights and bells and electronic voting. [ 4 ] Both houses use voice voting to decide most matters in which members shout "aye" or "no" and the presiding officer announces the result. The Constitution requires a recorded vote if demanded by one-fifth of the members present or when voting to override a presidential veto. If the voice vote is unclear or if the matter is controversial, a recorded vote usually happens. The Senate uses roll-call voting , in which a clerk calls out the names of all the senators, each senator stating "aye" or "no" when their name is announced. In the Senate, the Vice President may cast the tie-breaking vote if present when the senators are equally divided. [ citation needed ] The House reserves roll-call votes for the most formal matters, as a roll call of all 435 representatives takes quite some time; normally, members vote by using an electronic device. In the case of a tie, the motion in question fails. Most votes in the House are done electronically, allowing members to vote yea or nay or present or open . [ 4 ] Members insert a voting ID card and can change their votes during the last five minutes if they choose; in addition, paper ballots are used occasionally ( yea indicated by green and nay by red). [ 4 ] One member cannot cast a proxy vote for another. [ 4 ] Congressional votes are recorded on an online database. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] After passage by both houses, a bill is enrolled and sent to the president for approval. [ 133 ] The president may sign it making it law or veto it, perhaps returning it to Congress with the president's objections. A vetoed bill can still become law if each house of Congress votes to override the veto with a two-thirds majority. Finally, the president may do nothing neither signing nor vetoing the bill and then the bill becomes law automatically after ten days (not counting Sundays) according to the Constitution. But if Congress is adjourned during this period, presidents may veto legislation passed at the end of a congressional session simply by ignoring it; the maneuver is known as a pocket veto , and cannot be overridden by the adjourned Congress. [ citation needed ] Public interaction Advantage of incumbency Citizens and representatives Senators face reelection every six years, and representatives every two. Reelections encourage candidates to focus their publicity efforts at their home states or districts. [ 64 ] Running for reelection can be a grueling process of distant travel and fund-raising which distracts senators and representatives from paying attention to governing, according to some critics. [ 155 ] Although others respond that the process is necessary to keep members of Congress in touch with voters. [ citation needed ] Incumbent members of Congress running for reelection have strong advantages over challengers. [ 53 ] They raise more money [ 58 ] because donors fund incumbents over challengers, perceiving the former as more likely to win, [ 56 ] [ 156 ] and donations are vital for winning elections. [ 157 ] One critic compared election to Congress to receiving life tenure at a university. [ 156 ] Another advantage for representatives is the practice of gerrymandering . [ 158 ] [ 159 ] After each ten-year census, states are allocated representatives based on population, and officials in power can choose how to draw the congressional district boundaries to support candidates from their party. As a result, reelection rates of members of Congress hover around 90 percent, [ 9 ] causing some critics to call them a privileged class. [ 8 ] Academics such as Princeton's Stephen Macedo have proposed solutions to fix gerrymandering in the U.S. Senators and representatives enjoy free mailing privileges, called franking privileges ; while these are not intended for electioneering, this rule is often skirted by borderline election-related mailings during campaigns. [ citation needed ] Expensive campaigns In 1971, the cost of running for Congress in Utah was $70,000 [ 160 ] but costs have climbed. [ 161 ] The biggest expense is television advertisements. [ 57 ] [ 156 ] [ 160 ] [ 162 ] [ 163 ] Today's races cost more than a million dollars for a House seat, and six million or more for a Senate seat. [ 8 ] [ 57 ] [ 162 ] [ 164 ] [ 165 ] Since fundraising is vital, "members of Congress are forced to spend ever-increasing hours raising money for their re-election", according to the Fair Elections Now coalition. [ 166 ] The Supreme Court has treated campaign contributions as a free speech issue. [ 161 ] Some see money as a good influence in politics since it "enables candidates to communicate with voters". [ 161 ] Few members retire from Congress without complaining about how much it costs to campaign for reelection. [ 8 ] Critics contend that members of Congress are more likely to attend to the needs of heavy campaign contributors than to ordinary citizens. [ 8 ] Elections are influenced by many variables. Some political scientists speculate there is a coattail effect (when a popular president or party position has the effect of reelecting incumbents who win by "riding on the president's coattails"), although there is some evidence that the coattail effect is irregular and possibly declining since the 1950s. [ 53 ] Some districts are so heavily Democratic or Republican that they are called a safe seat ; any candidate winning the primary will almost always be elected, and these candidates do not need to spend money on advertising. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] But some races can be competitive when there is no incumbent. If a seat becomes vacant in an open district, then both parties may spend heavily on advertising in these races; in California in 1992, only four of twenty races for House seats were considered highly competitive. [ 169 ] Television and negative advertising Since members of Congress must advertise heavily on television, this usually involves negative advertising , which smears an opponent's character without focusing on the issues. [ 170 ] Negative advertising is seen as effective because "the messages tend to stick." [ 171 ] These advertisements sour the public on the political process in general as most members of Congress seek to avoid blame. [ 172 ] One wrong decision or one damaging television image can mean defeat at the next election, which leads to a culture of risk avoidance, a need to make policy decisions behind closed doors, [ 172 ] [ 173 ] and concentrating publicity efforts in the members' home districts. [ 64 ] Perceptions Prominent Founding Fathers , writing in The Federalist Papers , felt that elections were essential to liberty, that a bond between the people and the representatives was particularly essential, [ 174 ] and that "frequent elections are unquestionably the only policy by which this dependence and sympathy can be effectually secured." [ 174 ] In 2009, few Americans were familiar with leaders of Congress. [ 175 ] [ 176 ] [ 177 ] The percentage of Americans eligible to vote who did, in fact, vote was 63% in 1960, but has been falling since, although there was a slight upward trend in the 2008 election. [ 178 ] Public opinion polls asking people if they approve of the job Congress is doing have, in the last few decades, hovered around 25% with some variation. [ 8 ] [ 179 ] [ 180 ] [ 181 ] [ 182 ] [ 183 ] [ 184 ] Scholar Julian Zeliger suggested that the "size, messiness, virtues, and vices that make Congress so interesting also create enormous barriers to our understanding the institution ... Unlike the presidency, Congress is difficult to conceptualize." [ 185 ] Other scholars suggest that despite the criticism, "Congress is a remarkably resilient institution ... its place in the political process is not threatened ... it is rich in resources" and that most members behave ethically. [ 6 ] They contend that "Congress is easy to dislike and often difficult to defend" and this perception is exacerbated because many challengers running for Congress run against Congress, which is an "old form of American politics" that further undermines Congress's reputation with the public: [ 8 ] The rough-and-tumble world of legislating is not orderly and civil, human frailties too often taint its membership, and legislative outcomes are often frustrating and ineffective ... Still, we are not exaggerating when we say that Congress is essential to American democracy. We would not have survived as a nation without a Congress that represented the diverse interests of our society, conducted a public debate on the major issues, found compromises to resolve conflicts peacefully, and limited the power of our executive, military, and judicial institutions ... The popularity of Congress ebbs and flows with the public's confidence in government generally ... the legislative process is easy to dislike – it often generates political posturing and grandstanding, it necessarily involves compromise, and it often leaves broken promises in its trail. Also, members of Congress often appear self-serving as they pursue their political careers and represent interests and reflect values that are controversial. Scandals, even when they involve a single member, add to the public's frustration with Congress and have contributed to the institution's low ratings in opinion polls. The rough-and-tumble world of legislating is not orderly and civil, human frailties too often taint its membership, and legislative outcomes are often frustrating and ineffective ... Still, we are not exaggerating when we say that Congress is essential to American democracy. We would not have survived as a nation without a Congress that represented the diverse interests of our society, conducted a public debate on the major issues, found compromises to resolve conflicts peacefully, and limited the power of our executive, military, and judicial institutions ... The popularity of Congress ebbs and flows with the public's confidence in government generally ... the legislative process is easy to dislike – it often generates political posturing and grandstanding, it necessarily involves compromise, and it often leaves broken promises in its trail. Also, members of Congress often appear self-serving as they pursue their political careers and represent interests and reflect values that are controversial. Scandals, even when they involve a single member, add to the public's frustration with Congress and have contributed to the institution's low ratings in opinion polls. — Smith, Roberts & Wielen [ 8 ] An additional factor that confounds public perceptions of Congress is that congressional issues are becoming more technical and complex and require expertise in subjects such as science, engineering and economics. [ 8 ] As a result, Congress often cedes authority to experts at the executive branch. [ 8 ] Since 2006, Congress has dropped ten points in the Gallup confidence poll with only nine percent having "a great deal" or "quite a lot" of confidence in their legislators. [ 186 ] Since 2011, Gallup poll has reported Congress's approval rating among Americans at 10% or below three times. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] Public opinion of Congress plummeted further to 5% in October 2013 after parts of the U.S. government deemed 'nonessential government' shut down. [ 72 ] Smaller states and bigger states When the Constitution was ratified in 1787, the ratio of the populations of large states to small states was roughly twelve to one. The Connecticut Compromise gave every state, large and small, an equal vote in the Senate. [ 187 ] Since each state has two senators, residents of smaller states have more clout in the Senate than residents of larger states. But since 1787, the population disparity between large and small states has grown; in 2006, for example, California had seventy times the population of Wyoming . [ 188 ] Critics, such as constitutional scholar Sanford Levinson , have suggested that the population disparity works against residents of large states and causes a steady redistribution of resources from "large states to small states". [ 189 ] [ 190 ] [ 191 ] Others argue that the Connecticut Compromise was deliberately intended by the Founding Fathers to construct the Senate so that each state had equal footing not based on population, [ 187 ] and contend that the result works well on balance. Members and constituents A major role for members of Congress is providing services to constituents . [ 192 ] Constituents request assistance with problems. [ 193 ] Providing services helps members of Congress win votes and elections [ 158 ] [ 194 ] [ 195 ] and can make a difference in close races. [ 196 ] Congressional staff can help citizens navigate government bureaucracies. [ 5 ] One academic described the complex intertwined relation between lawmakers and constituents as home style . [ 197 ] : 8 Motivation One way to categorize lawmakers, according to former University of Rochester political science professor Richard Fenno , is by their general motivation: Reelection: These are lawmakers who "never met a voter they didn't like" and provide excellent constituent services. Good public policy: Legislators who "burnish a reputation for policy expertise and leadership". Power in the chamber: Lawmakers who spend serious time along the "rail of the House floor or in the Senate cloakroom ministering to the needs of their colleagues". Famous legislator Henry Clay in the mid-19th century was described as an "issue entrepreneur" who looked for issues to serve his ambitions. [ 197 ] : 34 Privileges Outside income and gifts Representative Jim Cooper of Tennessee told Harvard professor Lawrence Lessig that a chief problem with Congress was that members focused on their future careers as lobbyists after serving – that Congress was a " Farm League for K Street ". [ 198 ] [ 199 ] Family members of active legislators have also been hired by lobbying firms, which while not allowed to lobby their family member, has drawn criticism as a conflict of interest. [ 200 ] Members of congress have been accused of insider trading , such as in the 2020 congressional insider trading scandal , where members of Congress or their family members have traded on stocks related to work on their committees. [ 201 ] One 2011 study concluded that portfolios of members of Congress outperformed both the market and hedge funds, which the authors suggested as evidence of insider trading. [ 202 ] Proposed solutions include putting stocks in blind trusts to prevent future insider trading. [ 203 ] Some members of Congress have gone on lavish trips paid for by outside groups, sometimes bringing family members, which are often legal even if in an ethical gray area. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] Pay Some critics complain congressional pay is high compared with a median American income . [ 206 ] Others have countered that congressional pay is consistent with other branches of government . [ 179 ] Another criticism is that members of Congress are insulated from the health care market due to their coverage. [ 207 ] Others have criticized the wealth of members of Congress. [ 160 ] [ 163 ] In January 2014, it was reported that for the first time over half of the members of Congress were millionaires. [ 208 ] Congress has been criticized for trying to conceal pay raises by slipping them into a large bill at the last minute. [ 209 ] Members elected since 1984 are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS). Like other federal employees, congressional retirement is funded through taxes and participants' contributions. Members of Congress under FERS contribute 1.3% of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2% of their salary in Social Security taxes. And like federal employees, members contribute one-third of the cost of health insurance with the government covering the other two-thirds. [ 210 ] The size of a congressional pension depends on the years of service and the average of the highest three years of their salary. By law, the starting amount of a member's retirement annuity may not exceed 80% of their final salary. In 2018, the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) was $75,528, while those who retired under FERS, or in combination with CSRS, was $41,208. [ 211 ] Members of Congress make fact-finding missions to learn about other countries and stay informed, but these outings can cause controversy if the trip is deemed excessive or unconnected with the task of governing. For example, The Wall Street Journal reported in 2009 that lawmaker trips abroad at taxpayer expense had included spas, $300-per-night extra unused rooms, and shopping excursions. [ 212 ] Some lawmakers responded that "traveling with spouses compensates for being away from them a lot in Washington" and justify the trips as a way to meet officials in other nations. [ 212 ] By the Twenty-seventh Amendment , changes to congressional pay may not take effect before the next election to the House of the Representatives. [ 213 ] In Boehner v. Anderson , the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled that the amendment does not affect cost-of-living adjustments . [ 214 ] [ 213 ] Postage The franking privilege allows members of Congress to send official mail to constituents at government expense. Though they are not permitted to send election materials, borderline material is often sent, especially in the run-up to an election by those in close races. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] Some academics consider free mailings as giving incumbents a big advantage over challengers. [ 9 ] [ failed verification ] [ 217 ] Protection Members of Congress enjoy parliamentary privilege , including freedom from arrest in all cases except for treason , felony , and breach of the peace , and freedom of speech in debate. This constitutionally derived immunity applies to members during sessions and when traveling to and from sessions. [ 218 ] The term "arrest" has been interpreted broadly, and includes any detention or delay in the course of law enforcement , including court summons and subpoenas . The rules of the House strictly guard this privilege; a member may not waive the privilege on their own but must seek the permission of the whole house to do so. Senate rules are less strict and permit individual senators to waive the privilege as they choose. [ 219 ] The Constitution guarantees absolute freedom of debate in both houses, providing in the Speech or Debate Clause of the Constitution that "for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place." Accordingly, a member of Congress may not be sued in court for slander because of remarks made in either house, although each house has its own rules restricting offensive speeches, and may punish members who transgress. [ 220 ] Obstructing the work of Congress is a crime under federal law and is known as contempt of Congress . Each member has the power to cite people for contempt but can only issue a contempt citation – the judicial system pursues the matter like a normal criminal case. If convicted in court of contempt of Congress, a person may be imprisoned for up to one year. [ 221 ] See also Caucuses of the United States Congress Congressional archives – Records documenting the history and activities of the United States Congress Congressional Baseball Game – Annual baseball game played by members of the United States Congress Divided government in the United States – Divided control of the US government between political parties Elections in the United States § Congressional elections List of current United States representatives List of current United States senators List of United States Congresses Oath of office § United States Radio and Television Correspondents' Association United States congressional hearing Notes ^ Independent Sens. Angus King of Maine and Bernie Sanders of Vermont caucus with the Democratic Party. [ 1 ] ^ Before the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. ^ Congress does not take a grammatical article , except when referring to an individual Congress. [ 3 ] Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Maine Independent Angus King To Caucus With Senate Democrats" . 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Retrieved May 15, 2024 . ^ Schwartz, John (July 9, 2011). "Not-So-Representative Investors" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved May 15, 2024 . ^ Vitali, Ali; Tsirkin, Julie; Talbot, Haley (February 8, 2022). "Stock ban proposed for Congress to stop insider trading among lawmakers" . NBC News . Retrieved May 15, 2024 . ^ Leonard, Kimberly. "An $84,000 trip to Qatar and a $41,000 retreat in Miami: Members of Congress are going on expensive travels paid for by private groups where some bring their loved ones" . Business Insider . Retrieved May 15, 2024 . ^ House, Billy (March 18, 2023). "US Lawmakers Resume Globe Trotting Paid by Special Interests" . Bloomberg . ^ Lee, Timothy B. (September 19, 2013). "This chart shows why members of Congress really should earn more than $172,000" . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 17, 2024 . ^ Lui, Kevin (March 17, 2017). "A Petition to Remove Health Care Subsidies From Members of Congress Has Nearly 500000 Signatures" . Time Magazine . Washington D.C. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved May 22, 2018 . ^ Lipton, Eric (January 9, 2014). "Half of Congress Members Are Millionaires, Report Says" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved January 11, 2014 . ^ "A Quiet Raise – Congressional Pay – special report" . The Washington Post . 1998. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved February 23, 2015 . ^ Scott, Walter (April 25, 2010). "Personality Parade column:Q. Does Congress pay for its own health care?". New York, NY: Parade. p. 2. ^ Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress Archived October 14, 2022, at the Wayback Machine (PDF). Congressional Research Service , August 8, 2019. ^ a b Brody Mullins & T. W. Farnam (December 17, 2009). "Congress Travels More, Public Pays: Lawmakers Ramp Up Taxpayer-Financed Journeys; Five Days in Scotland" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved December 17, 2009 . ^ a b "Constitutional Amendments – Amendment 27 – "Financial Compensation for the Congress" " . Ronald Reagan . Retrieved May 17, 2024 . ^ 30 F.3d 156 (D.C. Cir. 1994) ^ English (2003), pp. 24–25. ^ Simpson, G. R. (October 22, 1992). "Surprise! Top Frankers Also Have the Stiffest Challenges". Roll Call. ^ Steven S. Smith; Jason M. Roberts; Ryan J. Vander Wielen (2006). "The American Congress (Fourth Edition)" . Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 9781139446990 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 11, 2010 . ^ Davidson (2006), p. 17. ^ "Rules Of The Senate" . U.S. Senate Committee on Rules & Administration . Archived from the original on December 30, 2017 . Retrieved September 30, 2022 . ^ Brewer, F. M. (1952). "Congressional Immunity" . CQ Press . doi : 10.4135/cqresrre1952042500 . Archived from the original on January 25, 2021 . Retrieved January 16, 2021 . ^ "Contempt of Congress" . HeinOnline . The Jurist . January 1, 1957. ProQuest 1296619169 . Retrieved September 7, 2020 . References "How To Clean Up The Mess From Inside The System, A Plea – And A Plan – To Reform Campaign Finance Before It's Too" . Newsweek . October 28, 1996. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 20, 2009 . "The Constitution and the Idea of Compromise" . PBS. October 10, 2009. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 10, 2009 . Alexander Hamilton (1788). "Federalist No. 15 – The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union" . FoundingFathers.info. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 10, 2009 . Bacon, Donald C.; Davidson, Roger H.; Keller, Morton, eds. (1995). Encyclopedia of the United States Congress (4 vols.) . Simon & Schuster. Collier, Christopher & Collier, James Lincoln (1986). Decision in Philadelphia: The Constitutional Convention of 1787 . Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-394-52346-6 . Davidson, Roger H. & Walter J. Oleszek (2006). Congress and Its Members (10th ed.). Congressional Quarterly (CQ) Press. ISBN 0-87187-325-7 . (Legislative procedure, informal practices, and other information) English, Ross M. (2003). The United States Congress . Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-6309-4 . Francis-Smith, Janice (October 22, 2008). "Waging campaigns against incumbents in Oklahoma" . The Oklahoma City Journal Record. Archived from the original on May 10, 2010 . Retrieved September 20, 2009 . Herrnson, Paul S. (2004). Congressional Elections: Campaigning at Home and in Washington . CQ Press. ISBN 1-56802-826-1 . Huckabee, David C. (2003). Reelection Rates of Incumbents . Hauppauge, New York: Novinka Books, an imprint of Nova Science Publishers. p. 21. ISBN 1-59033-509-0 . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 27, 2020 . Huckabee, David C. – Analyst in American National Government – Government Division (March 8, 1995). "Reelection rate of House Incumbents 1790–1990 Summary (page 2)" (PDF) . Congressional Research Service – The Library of Congress. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011 . Retrieved September 20, 2009 . Maier, Pauline (book reviewer) (November 18, 2007). "HISTORY – The Framers' Real Motives (book review) Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution book by Woody Holton" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021 . Retrieved October 10, 2009 . Oleszek, Walter J. (2004). Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process . CQ Press. ISBN 0-87187-477-6 . Polsby, Nelson W. (2004). How Congress Evolves: Social Bases of Institutional Change . Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516195-5 . Price, David E. (2000). The Congressional Experience . Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-1157-8 . Sanbonmatsu, Kira (2020). "Women's Underrepresentation in the U.S. Congress" . Daedalus . 149 : 40– 55. doi : 10.1162/daed_a_01772 . ISSN 0011-5266 . S2CID 209487865 . Archived from the original on April 24, 2021 . Retrieved April 6, 2021 . Struble, Robert Jr. (2007). Chapter seven, Treatise on Twelve Lights . TeLL. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016. Zelizer, Julian E. (2004). The American Congress: The Building of Democracy . Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-17906-2 . Further reading Ritchie, Donald A. (2022). The U.S. Congress: A Very Short Introduction . (History, representation, and legislative procedure) Smith, Steven S.; Roberts, Jason M.; Vander Wielen, Ryan (2007). The American Congress (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19704-5 . (Legislative procedure, informal practices, and other information) Hamilton, Lee H. (2004) How Congress Works and Why You Should Care , Indiana University Press. Lee, Frances and Bruce Oppenheimer. (1999). Sizing Up the Senate: The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation . University of Chicago Press: Chicago. (Equal representation in the Senate) Some information in this article has been provided by the Senate Historical Office . 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Copyright Commerce (Dormant) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Inquiries Trial Naturalization "Necessary and Proper" Power of enforcement Taxing/spending Privileges Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress list Appropriation bill Bill Budget process Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session list Lame-duck session Magic minute Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) Multiple referral House procedures Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line-item veto Pocket veto Senate-specific Advice and consent Blue slip (U.S. Senate) Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie-breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List (Joint) List (House) List (Senate) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History House history memoirs speaker elections Senate history election disputes memoirs Continental Congress Federal Hall (1789–1790) Congress Hall (1790–1800) Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) Biographical Directory Divided government Party divisions Media C-SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call Powers Article I Copyright Commerce (Dormant) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Inquiries Trial Naturalization "Necessary and Proper" Power of enforcement Taxing/spending Article I Copyright Commerce (Dormant) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Inquiries Trial Inquiries Trial Naturalization "Necessary and Proper" Power of enforcement Taxing/spending Privileges Salaries Franking Immunity Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress list Appropriation bill Bill Budget process Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session list Lame-duck session Magic minute Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) Multiple referral House procedures Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line-item veto Pocket veto Act of Congress list list Appropriation bill Bill Budget process Censure Closed sessions House Senate House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session list list Lame-duck session Magic minute Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) Multiple referral House procedures Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line-item veto Pocket veto Line-item veto Pocket veto Senate-specific Advice and consent Blue slip (U.S. Senate) Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie-breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Advice and consent Blue slip (U.S. Senate) Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie-breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List (Joint) List (House) List (Senate) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List (Joint) List (House) List (Senate) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History House history memoirs speaker elections Senate history election disputes memoirs Continental Congress Federal Hall (1789–1790) Congress Hall (1790–1800) Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) Biographical Directory Divided government Party divisions House history memoirs speaker elections Senate history election disputes memoirs Continental Congress Federal Hall (1789–1790) Congress Hall (1790–1800) Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) Biographical Directory Divided government Party divisions House history memoirs speaker elections memoirs speaker elections Senate history election disputes memoirs election disputes memoirs Continental Congress Federal Hall (1789–1790) Congress Hall (1790–1800) 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Ethics Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Law Revision Counsel Legislative Counsel Library Employees Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages Board Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper Secretary Chaplain Curator Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages Board Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages Board Board Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Library of Congress Congressional Research Service reports Copyright Office Register of Copyrights Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Congressional Research Service reports reports Copyright Office Register of Copyrights Register of Copyrights Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Gov. 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Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy Progress of Civilization Pediment First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door Revolutionary War Door Columbus Doors Washington at Princeton Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection Office buildings Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Other facilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Related Capitol Hill United States Capitol cornerstone laying Capitol Hill United States Capitol cornerstone laying Articles related to the United States Congress v t e United States congresses (and year convened) 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 (1887) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025) 120 (2027) v t e Lists of United States congressional delegations States Alabama H S Alaska H S Arizona H S Arkansas H S California H S Colorado H S Connecticut H S Delaware H S Florida H S Georgia H S Hawaii H S Idaho H S Illinois H S Indiana H S Iowa H S Kansas H S Kentucky H S Louisiana H S Maine H S Maryland H S Massachusetts H S Michigan H S Minnesota H S Mississippi H S Missouri H S Montana H S Nebraska H S Nevada H S New Hampshire H S New Jersey H S New Mexico H S New York H S North Carolina H S North Dakota H S Ohio H S Oklahoma H S Oregon H S Pennsylvania H S Rhode Island H S South Carolina H S South Dakota H S Tennessee H S Texas H S Utah H S Vermont H S Virginia H S Washington H S West Virginia H S Wisconsin H S Wyoming H S Others American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Proposed ( Cherokee ) Obsolete Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Lists of former representatives List of former senators v t e Lists of acts of the United States Congress By congress 74th 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th 115th 116th 117th 118th 119th By year 1789–1901 1901–2001 2001–present By topic African-Americans Education Energy Environment U.S. Forest Service Immigration Tariffs v t e Legislatures of the United States United States Congress United States House of Representatives United States Senate State legislatures Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Other legislatures District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands Legislative elections 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 List of U.S. state legislators Lists of past U.S. state legislatures .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} v t e United States History By period 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present By event Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Great Recession COVID-19 pandemic By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic Inventions Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation World Heritage Sites Politics Federal Executive President of the United States powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office Judicial Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps State , Federal District , and Territorial Executive Governor list Lieutenant governor list Secretary of state Attorney general Treasurer Auditor/Comptroller Agriculture commissioner Insurance commissioner Public utilities commission State police list Legislative List of legislatures List of legislators Judicial Supreme courts Chief justices District attorney list Law State constitutions Statutory codes Uniform act Comparison of governments Tribal Tribal sovereignty Native American recognition in the United States Federally recognized tribes Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes State-recognized tribes Indian reservation list Hawaiian home land Local County List of counties and county equivalents County executive Sheriff Clerk Cities Consolidated city-county Independent city Coterminous municipality Charter Mayor–council government Council–manager government City commission government Mayor City manager City council Minor divisions Township Town meeting Special district School district list Corruption Democratic backsliding Elections Electoral College Red states and blue states Foreign relations foreign policy Imperial presidency Ideologies Anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Scandals Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Companies Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Science and technology Tourism Trade by state Currency Exports Federal budget Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Transport Aviation Driving Public transportation Rail transportation Transportation policy Transportation safety Trucking industry Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Crime Cuisine Dance Demographics Economic issues affluence eviction homeownership household income income inequality middle class personal income poverty standard of living wealth working class Education attainment literacy Family Fashion Flag list Folklore Holidays Federal holidays Homelessness Housing Human rights Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Literature Media journalism internet newspapers radio television Music Names National anthem National symbols Columbia Mount Rushmore Statue of Liberty Uncle Sam People Philosophy Political ideologies Race Religion Sexuality Social class Society Sports history Theater Transportation Video games Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Homeownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Standard of living Health Aging Healthcare Abortion Birth control Prenatal care Hospice care Immigrant health care Rationing Health care finance Health insurance costs Health care prices Prescription drug prices Disability Health insurance Food safety Physician shortage Poverty and health Race and health Obesity Medical deserts Women's reproductive health Life expectancy Issues Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBTQ rights racism Native American African American Energy policy Environmental issues Environmental movement Climate change Gun politics Mass shootings Hunger Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal National security Terrorism Opioid epidemic Separation of church and state Xenophobia Outline Index Category Portal v t e National bicameral legislatures Federal Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Ethiopia India Malaysia Mexico Nepal Nigeria Pakistan Russia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Switzerland United States Unitary Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Chad Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eswatini France Gabon Grenada Haiti Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Morocco Myanmar Namibia Netherlands Oman Palau Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Slovenia South Africa Spain Tajikistan Thailand Togo Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Zimbabwe Dependent and other territories American Samoa Bermuda Isle of Man Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Non-UN states Somaliland Historical Venezuela (1811–1999) Confederate States (1862–1865) Czechoslovakia (1920–1939) (1969–1992) Estonia (1938–1940) Serbia (1901–1903) Soviet Union (1938–1991) Texas (1836–1845) Yugoslavia (1931–1939, 1945–1963, 1974–1992) FR Yugoslavia (1992–2003) Ottoman Empire (1876–1878, 1908–1920) Related Unicameralism Tricameralism Multicameralism List of legislatures by country National unicameral legislatures National lower houses National upper houses v t e National legislative bodies of the Americas Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador France Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands Greenland Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Pierre and Miquelon Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands v t e United States congresses (and year convened) v t e 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 (1887) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025) 120 (2027) 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 1 (1789) 2 (1791) 3 (1793) 4 (1795) 5 (1797) 6 (1799) 7 (1801) 8 (1803) 9 (1805) 10 (1807) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 11 (1809) 12 (1811) 13 (1813) 14 (1815) 15 (1817) 16 (1819) 17 (1821) 18 (1823) 19 (1825) 20 (1827) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 21 (1829) 22 (1831) 23 (1833) 24 (1835) 25 (1837) 26 (1839) 27 (1841) 28 (1843) 29 (1845) 30 (1847) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 31 (1849) 32 (1851) 33 (1853) 34 (1855) 35 (1857) 36 (1859) 37 (1861) 38 (1863) 39 (1865) 40 (1867) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 (1887) 41 (1869) 42 (1871) 43 (1873) 44 (1875) 45 (1877) 46 (1879) 47 (1881) 48 (1883) 49 (1885) 50 (1887) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 51 (1889) 52 (1891) 53 (1893) 54 (1895) 55 (1897) 56 (1899) 57 (1901) 58 (1903) 59 (1905) 60 (1907) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 61 (1909) 62 (1911) 63 (1913) 64 (1915) 65 (1917) 66 (1919) 67 (1921) 68 (1923) 69 (1925) 70 (1927) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 71 (1929) 72 (1931) 73 (1933) 74 (1935) 75 (1937) 76 (1939) 77 (1941) 78 (1943) 79 (1945) 80 (1947) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 81 (1949) 82 (1951) 83 (1953) 84 (1955) 85 (1957) 86 (1959) 87 (1961) 88 (1963) 89 (1965) 90 (1967) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 91 (1969) 92 (1971) 93 (1973) 94 (1975) 95 (1977) 96 (1979) 97 (1981) 98 (1983) 99 (1985) 100 (1987) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 101 (1989) 102 (1991) 103 (1993) 104 (1995) 105 (1997) 106 (1999) 107 (2001) 108 (2003) 109 (2005) 110 (2007) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025) 120 (2027) 111 (2009) 112 (2011) 113 (2013) 114 (2015) 115 (2017) 116 (2019) 117 (2021) 118 (2023) 119 (2025) 120 (2027) v t e Lists of United States congressional delegations v t e States Alabama H S Alaska H S Arizona H S Arkansas H S California H S Colorado H S Connecticut H S Delaware H S Florida H S Georgia H S Hawaii H S Idaho H S Illinois H S Indiana H S Iowa H S Kansas H S Kentucky H S Louisiana H S Maine H S Maryland H S Massachusetts H S Michigan H S Minnesota H S Mississippi H S Missouri H S Montana H S Nebraska H S Nevada H S New Hampshire H S New Jersey H S New Mexico H S New York H S North Carolina H S North Dakota H S Ohio H S Oklahoma H S Oregon H S Pennsylvania H S Rhode Island H S South Carolina H S South Dakota H S Tennessee H S Texas H S Utah H S Vermont H S Virginia H S Washington H S West Virginia H S Wisconsin H S Wyoming H S Alabama H S H S Alaska H S H S Arizona H S H S Arkansas H S H S California H S H S Colorado H S H S Connecticut H S H S Delaware H S H S Florida H S H S Georgia H S H S Hawaii H S H S Idaho H S H S Illinois H S H S Indiana H S H S Iowa H S H S Kansas H S H S Kentucky H S H S Louisiana H S H S Maine H S H S Maryland H S H S Massachusetts H S H S Michigan H S H S Minnesota H S H S Mississippi H S H S Missouri H S H S Montana H S H S Nebraska H S H S Nevada H S H S New Hampshire H S H S New Jersey H S H S New Mexico H S H S New York H S H S North Carolina H S H S North Dakota H S H S Ohio H S H S Oklahoma H S H S Oregon H S H S Pennsylvania H S H S Rhode Island H S H S South Carolina H S H S South Dakota H S H S Tennessee H S H S Texas H S H S Utah H S H S Vermont H S H S Virginia H S H S Washington H S H S West Virginia H S H S Wisconsin H S H S Wyoming H S H S Others American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Proposed ( Cherokee ) American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Proposed ( Cherokee ) Obsolete Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Dakota Territory Northwest Territory Orleans Territory Philippines Southwest Territory Lists of former representatives List of former senators Lists of former representatives List of former senators v t e Lists of acts of the United States Congress v t e By congress 74th 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th 115th 116th 117th 118th 119th 74th 103rd 104th 105th 106th 107th 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th 115th 116th 117th 118th 119th By year 1789–1901 1901–2001 2001–present 1789–1901 1901–2001 2001–present By topic African-Americans Education Energy Environment U.S. Forest Service Immigration Tariffs African-Americans Education Energy Environment U.S. Forest Service Immigration Tariffs v t e Legislatures of the United States v t e United States Congress United States House of Representatives United States Senate United States House of Representatives United States Senate State legislatures Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Other legislatures District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands Legislative elections 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 List of U.S. state legislators Lists of past U.S. state legislatures List of U.S. state legislators Lists of past U.S. state legislatures v t e United States v t e History By period 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present By event Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Great Recession COVID-19 pandemic By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic Inventions Military Postal Technological and industrial By period 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present 1776–1789 1789–1815 1815–1849 1849–1865 1865–1917 1917–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991 1991–2016 2016–present By event Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Great Recession COVID-19 pandemic Pre-colonial era Colonial era Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Stamp Act Congress Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution War Treaty of Paris War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation Perpetual Union Confederation period Perpetual Union Confederation period American frontier Constitution drafting and ratification Bill of Rights drafting and ratification Bill of Rights Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial evolution Mexican–American War Civil War Reconstruction era Indian Wars Native genocide Gilded Age Progressive Era Women's suffrage Civil rights movement 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Spanish–American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front home front American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement LGBTQ Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War (1991–2016) September 11 attacks War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War War in Afghanistan Iraq War Great Recession COVID-19 pandemic By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic Inventions Military Postal Technological and industrial Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic Inventions Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation World Heritage Sites Territory Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation World Heritage Sites Territory Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Contiguous United States counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky Sierra Nevada National Park Service National Parks National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red (South) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation World Heritage Sites Politics Federal Executive President of the United States powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office Judicial Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps State , Federal District , and Territorial Executive Governor list Lieutenant governor list Secretary of state Attorney general Treasurer Auditor/Comptroller Agriculture commissioner Insurance commissioner Public utilities commission State police list Legislative List of legislatures List of legislators Judicial Supreme courts Chief justices District attorney list Law State constitutions Statutory codes Uniform act Comparison of governments Tribal Tribal sovereignty Native American recognition in the United States Federally recognized tribes Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes State-recognized tribes Indian reservation list Hawaiian home land Local County List of counties and county equivalents County executive Sheriff Clerk Cities Consolidated city-county Independent city Coterminous municipality Charter Mayor–council government Council–manager government City commission government Mayor City manager City council Minor divisions Township Town meeting Special district School district list Corruption Democratic backsliding Elections Electoral College Red states and blue states Foreign relations foreign policy Imperial presidency Ideologies Anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Scandals Federal Executive President of the United States powers Executive Office Vice President Cabinet Executive departments Independent agencies Intelligence Community Director of National Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Reconnaissance Office Law enforcement ATF CBP Diplomatic Security DEA FBI ICE Marshals Secret Service TSA Inspector generals Civil service Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore President Capitol Police Library of Congress Congressional Budget Office Government Accountability Office Government Publishing Office Judicial Supreme Court Chief Justice Associate Justices list Courts of appeals list of judges District courts / Territorial courts list of courts list of judges Other tribunals U.S. attorney Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights United States Code Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps State , Federal District , and Territorial Executive Governor list Lieutenant governor list Secretary of state Attorney general Treasurer Auditor/Comptroller Agriculture commissioner Insurance commissioner Public utilities commission State police list Legislative List of legislatures List of legislators Judicial Supreme courts Chief justices District attorney list Law State constitutions Statutory codes Uniform act Comparison of governments Tribal Tribal sovereignty Native American recognition in the United States Federally recognized tribes Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes State-recognized tribes Indian reservation list Hawaiian home land Local County List of counties and county equivalents County executive Sheriff Clerk Cities Consolidated city-county Independent city 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History 2 Types Toggle Types subsection 2.1 Incandescent 2.2 Halogen 2.3 Fluorescent 2.4 LED 2.5 Carbon arc 2.6 Discharge 2.1 Incandescent 2.2 Halogen 2.3 Fluorescent 2.4 LED 2.5 Carbon arc 2.6 Discharge 3 Characteristics Toggle Characteristics subsection 3.1 Form factor 3.2 Comparison parameters 3.3 Life expectancy 3.1 Form factor 3.2 Comparison parameters 3.3 Life expectancy 4 Uses 5 Cultural symbolism 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Electric light العربية বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Bikol Central Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית کٲشُر Kriyòl gwiyannen Кыргызча Latina Lietuvių Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk پښتو Polski Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 吴语 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Page version status This is an accepted version of this page Incandescent light bulb , compact fluorescent lamp , and LED lamp Working principle Incandescence , fluorescence , electroluminescence Inventor Humphry Davy Invention year 1800s First produced 1880s Electronic symbol An electric light , lamp , or light bulb is an electrical device that produces light from electricity . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is the most common form of artificial lighting . Lamps usually have a base made of ceramic , metal, glass, or plastic that secures them in the socket of a light fixture . [ a ] The electrical connection to the socket may be made with a screw-thread base, two metal pins, two metal caps or a bayonet mount . The three main categories of electric lights are incandescent lamps, which produce light by a filament heated white-hot by electric current , gas-discharge lamps , which produce light by means of an electric arc through a gas, such as fluorescent lamps , and LED lamps , which produce light by a flow of electrons across a band gap in a semiconductor . The energy efficiency of electric lighting has significantly improved since the first demonstrations of arc lamps and incandescent light bulbs in the 19th century. Modern electric light sources come in a profusion of types and sizes adapted to many applications. Most modern electric lighting is powered by centrally generated electric power, but lighting may also be powered by mobile or standby electric generators or battery systems. Battery -powered light is often reserved for when and where stationary lights fail, often in the form of flashlights or electric lanterns , as well as in vehicles. History Before electric lighting became common in the early 20th century, people used candles , gas lights , oil lamps , and fires . [ 5 ] In 1799–1800, Alessandro Volta created the voltaic pile , the first electric battery. Current from these batteries could heat copper wire to incandescence. Vasily Vladimirovich Petrov developed the first persistent electric arc in 1802, and English chemist Humphry Davy gave a practical demonstration of an arc light in 1806. [ 6 ] It took more than a century of continuous and incremental improvement, including numerous designs, patents, and resulting intellectual property disputes, to get from these early experiments to commercially produced incandescent light bulbs in the 1920s. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] In 1840, Warren de la Rue enclosed a platinum coil in a vacuum tube and passed an electric current through it, thus creating one of the world's first electric light bulbs . [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] The design was based on the concept that the high melting point of platinum would allow it to operate at high temperatures and that the evacuated chamber would contain fewer gas molecules to react with the platinum, improving its longevity. Although it was an efficient design, the cost of the platinum made it impractical for commercial use. [ 12 ] William Greener , an English inventor, made significant contributions to early electric lighting with his lamp in 1846 (patent specification 11076), laying the groundwork for future innovations such as those by Thomas Edison. The late 1870s and 1880s were marked by intense competition and innovation, with inventors like Joseph Swan in the UK and Thomas Edison in the US independently developing functional incandescent lamps. Swan's bulbs, based on designs by William Staite, were successful, but the filaments were too thick. Edison worked to create bulbs with thinner filaments and better vacuum, producing a more commercially viable light bulb. [ 13 ] The rivalry between Swan and Edison eventually led to a merger, forming the Edison and Swan Electric Light Company which sold lamps with a new filament designed by Swan. By the early twentieth century these had completely replaced arc lamps . [ 5 ] [ 14 ] The turn of the century saw further improvements in bulb longevity and efficiency, notably with the introduction of the tungsten filament by William D. Coolidge , who applied for a patent in 1912. [ 15 ] This innovation became a standard for incandescent bulbs for many years. In 1910, Georges Claude introduced the first neon light, paving the way for neon signs which would become ubiquitous in advertising. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] In 1934, Arthur Compton , a famous physicist and GE consultant, reported to the GE lamp department on successful experiments with fluorescent lighting at General Electric Co., Ltd. in Great Britain (unrelated to General Electric in the United States). Stimulated by this report, and with all of the key elements available, a team led by George E. Inman built a prototype fluorescent lamp in 1934 at General Electric 's Nela Park (Ohio) engineering laboratory. This was not a trivial exercise; as noted by Arthur A. Bright, "A great deal of experimentation had to be done on lamp sizes and shapes, cathode construction, gas pressures of both argon and mercury vapor, colors of fluorescent powders, methods of attaching them to the inside of the tube, and other details of the lamp and its auxiliaries before the new device was ready for the public." [ 19 ] The first practical LED arrived in 1962. [ 20 ] These early LEDs were inefficient and could only display deep red colors, making them unsuitable for general lighting and restricting their usage to numeric displays and indicator lights. [ 21 ] The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994. [ 22 ] The existence of blue LEDs led to the development of the first 'white LED', which employed a phosphor coating to partially convert the emitted blue light to lower frequencies, creating white light. [ 23 ] By the start of the 21st century LED lamps suitable for general lighting were entering the market, [ 24 ] [ 25 ] and in 2009 Philips introduced the first lamps designed to replace standard 60 W " Edison screw fixture" light bulbs. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] A phase-out of incandescent light bulbs took place worldwide in the first few decades of the 21st century, driven by a combination of government regulation and consumer preference for higher energy efficiency and longer-lived bulbs. By 2019 electricity usage in the United States had decreased for at least five straight years, due in part to US consumers replacing incandescent light bulbs with LEDs. [ 31 ] Types Incandescent In its modern form, the incandescent light bulb consists of a coiled filament of tungsten sealed in a globular glass chamber, either a vacuum or full of an inert gas such as argon . When an electric current is connected, the tungsten is heated to 2,000 to 3,300 K (1,730 to 3,030 °C; 3,140 to 5,480 °F) and glows, emitting light that approximates a continuous spectrum . Incandescent bulbs are highly inefficient, in that just 2–5% of the energy consumed is emitted as visible, usable light . The remaining 95% is lost as heat . [ 32 ] In warmer climates, the emitted heat must then be removed, putting additional pressure on ventilation or air conditioning systems. [ 33 ] In colder weather, the heat byproduct has some value, and has been successfully harnessed for warming in devices such as heat lamps . Incandescent bulbs are nonetheless being phased out in favor of technologies like CFLs and LED bulbs in many countries due to their low energy efficiency. The European Commission estimated in 2012 that a complete ban on incandescent bulbs would contribute 5 to 10 billion euros to the economy and save 15 billion metric tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions . [ 34 ] Halogen Halogen lamps are usually much smaller than standard incandescent lamps, because for successful operation a bulb temperature over 200 °C is generally necessary. For this reason, most have a bulb of fused silica (quartz) or aluminosilicate glass. This is often sealed inside an additional layer of glass. The outer glass is a safety precaution, to reduce ultraviolet emission and to contain hot glass shards should the inner envelope explode during operation. [ 35 ] Oily residue from fingerprints may cause a hot quartz envelope to shatter due to excessive heat buildup at the contamination site. [ 36 ] The risk of burns or fire is also greater with bare bulbs, leading to their prohibition in some places, unless enclosed by the luminaire. Those designed for 12- or 24-volt operation have compact filaments, useful for good optical control. Also, they have higher efficacies (lumens per watt) and longer lives than non-halogen types. The light output remains almost constant throughout their life. Fluorescent Fluorescent lamps consist of a glass tube that contains mercury vapour or argon under low pressure. Electricity flowing through the tube causes the gases to give off ultraviolet energy. The inside of the tubes are coated with phosphors that give off visible light when struck by ultraviolet photons . [ 37 ] They have much higher efficiency than incandescent lamps. For the same amount of light generated, they typically use around one-quarter to one-third the power of an incandescent. The typical luminous efficacy of fluorescent lighting systems is 50–100 lumens per watt, several times the efficacy of incandescent bulbs with comparable light output. Fluorescent lamp fixtures are more costly than incandescent lamps, because they require a ballast to regulate the current through the lamp, but the lower energy cost typically offsets the higher initial cost. Compact fluorescent lamps are available in the same popular sizes as incandescent lamps and are used as an energy-saving alternative in homes. Because they contain mercury, many fluorescent lamps are classified as hazardous waste . The United States Environmental Protection Agency recommends that fluorescent lamps be segregated from general waste for recycling or safe disposal, and some jurisdictions require recycling of them. [ 38 ] LED The solid-state light-emitting diode (LED) has been popular as an indicator light in consumer electronics and professional audio gear since the 1970s. In the 2000s, efficacy and output have risen to the point where LEDs are now being used in lighting applications such as car headlights [ 39 ] and brake lights, [ 39 ] in flashlights [ 40 ] and bicycle lights, [ 41 ] as well as in decorative applications, such as holiday lighting. [ 42 ] Indicator LEDs are known for their extremely long life, up to 100,000 hours, but lighting LEDs are operated much less conservatively, and consequently have shorter lives. LED technology is useful for lighting designers , because of its low power consumption, low heat generation, instantaneous on/off control, and in the case of single color LEDs, continuity of color throughout the life of the diode and relatively low cost of manufacture. [ 42 ] LED lifetime depends strongly on the temperature of the diode. [ 43 ] Operating an LED lamp in conditions that increase the internal temperature can greatly shorten the lamp's life. Some lasers have been adapted as an alternative to LEDs to provide highly focused illumination. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] Carbon arc Carbon arc lamps consist of two carbon rod electrodes in open air, supplied by a current-limiting ballast . The electric arc is struck by touching the rod tips then separating them. The ensuing arc produces a white-hot plasma between the rod tips. These lamps have higher efficacy than filament lamps, but the carbon rods are short-lived and require constant adjustment in use, as the intense heat of the arc erodes them. [ 46 ] The lamps produce significant ultraviolet output, they require ventilation when used indoors, and due to their intensity they need protection from direct sight. Invented by Humphry Davy around 1805, the carbon arc was the first practical electric light. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] It was used commercially beginning in the 1870s for large building and street lighting until it was superseded in the early 20th century by the incandescent light. [ 47 ] Carbon arc lamps operate at high power and produce high intensity white light. They also are a point source of light. They remained in use in limited applications that required these properties, such as movie projectors , stage lighting , and searchlights , until after World War II. [ 46 ] Discharge A discharge lamp has a glass or silica envelope containing two metal electrodes separated by a gas. Gases used include, neon , argon , xenon , sodium , metal halides , and mercury . The core operating principle is much the same as the carbon arc lamp, but the term "arc lamp" normally refers to carbon arc lamps, with more modern types of gas discharge lamp normally called discharge lamps. With some discharge lamps, very high voltage is used to strike the arc. This requires an electrical circuit called an igniter, which is part of the electrical ballast circuitry. After the arc is struck, the internal resistance of the lamp drops to a low level, and the ballast limits the current to the operating current. Without a ballast, excess current would flow, causing rapid destruction of the lamp. Some lamp types contain a small amount of neon, which permits striking at normal running voltage with no external ignition circuitry. Low-pressure sodium lamps operate this way. The simplest ballasts are just an inductor, and are chosen where cost is the deciding factor, such as street lighting. More advanced electronic ballasts may be designed to maintain constant light output over the life of the lamp, may drive the lamp with a square wave to maintain completely flicker-free output, and shut down in the event of certain faults. The most efficient source of electric light is the low-pressure sodium lamp. It produces, for all practical purposes, a monochromatic orange-yellow light, which gives a similarly monochromatic perception of any illuminated scene. For this reason, it is generally reserved for outdoor public lighting applications. Low-pressure sodium lights are favoured for public lighting by astronomers, since the light pollution that they generate can be easily filtered, contrary to broadband or continuous spectra. Characteristics Form factor Many lamp units, or light bulbs, are specified in standardized shape codes and socket names. Incandescent bulbs and their retrofit replacements are often specified as " A19 /A60 E26 /E27", a common size for those kinds of light bulbs. In this example, the "A" parameters describe the bulb size and shape within the A-series light bulb while the "E" parameters describe the Edison screw base size and thread characteristics. [ 49 ] Comparison parameters Common comparison parameters include: [ 50 ] Luminous flux (in lumens ) Energy consumption (in watts ) Luminous efficacy (in lumens per watt) Color temperature (in kelvins ) Less common parameters include color rendering index (CRI). Life expectancy Life expectancy for many types of lamp is defined as the number of hours of operation at which 50% of them fail, that is the median life of the lamps. Production tolerances as low as 1% can create a variance of 25% in lamp life, so in general some lamps will fail well before the rated life expectancy, and some will last much longer. For LEDs, lamp life is defined as the operation time at which 50% of lamps have experienced a 70% decrease in light output. In the 1900s the Phoebus cartel formed in an attempt to reduce the life of electric light bulbs, an example of planned obsolescence . [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Some types of lamp are also sensitive to switching cycles. Rooms with frequent switching, such as bathrooms, can expect much shorter lamp life than what is printed on the box. Compact fluorescent lamps are particularly sensitive to switching cycles. [ 53 ] Uses The total amount of artificial light (especially from street lights ) is sufficient for cities to be easily visible at night from the air, and from space. External lighting grew at a rate of 3–6 percent for the later half of the 20th century and is the major source of light pollution [ 54 ] that burdens astronomers [ 55 ] and others with 80% of the world's population living in areas with night time light pollution. [ 56 ] Light pollution has been shown to have a negative effect on some wildlife. [ 54 ] [ 57 ] Electric lamps can be used as heat sources, for example in incubators , as infrared lamps in fast food restaurants and toys such as the Kenner Easy-Bake Oven . [ 58 ] Lamps can also be used for light therapy to deal with such issues as vitamin D deficiency , [ 59 ] skin conditions such as acne [ 60 ] [ 61 ] and dermatitis , [ 62 ] skin cancers , [ 63 ] and seasonal affective disorder . [ 64 ] [ 65 ] [ 66 ] Lamps which emit a specific frequency of blue light are also used to treat neonatal jaundice [ 67 ] with the treatment which was initially undertaken in hospitals being able to be conducted at home. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Electric lamps can also be used as a grow light to aid in plant growth [ 70 ] especially in indoor hydroponics and aquatic plants with recent research into the most effective types of light for plant growth. [ 71 ] Cultural symbolism In Western culture, a lightbulb — in particular, the appearance of an illuminated lightbulb above a person's head — signifies sudden inspiration. A stylized depiction of a light bulb features as the logo of the Turkish AK Party . [ 72 ] [ 73 ] See also Flameless candle LED tube Light tube (for daylighting ) List of light sources Notes ^ Some types of portable light fixture are also commonly referred to as lamps . [ 4 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Electric light" . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Fifth ed.). HarperCollins. 2022 . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . ^ IEC (2025). "Electric light source" . Electropedia: International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) Online . Geneva: International Electrotechnical Commission . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . IEC (2025). "Electric lamp" . Electropedia . ^ "Light bulb" . Merriam-Webster.com . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . ^ "Floor lamp" . ANSI/IES LS-1-22, Lighting Science: Nomenclature and Definitions for Illuminating Engineering . Illuminating Engineering Society. 2021 . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . "Table lamp" . ANSI/IES LS-1-22 . ^ a b Freebert, Ernest (2014). The Age of Edison: Electric Light and the Invention of Modern America . Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-312444-3 . ^ Guarnieri, Massimo (September 2015). "Switching the Light: From Chemical to Electrical [Historical]". IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine . 9 (3): 44– 47. doi : 10.1109/MIE.2015.2454038 . hdl : 11577/3164116 . ^ Blake-Coleman, Barrie Charles (1992). Copper Wire and Electrical Conductors – The Shaping of a Technology . Harwood Academic Publishers. p. 127. ISBN 3-7186-5200-5 . Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. ^ "The History of the Light Bulb" . Energy.gov . United States Department of Energy . Archived from the original on 20 August 2022 . Retrieved 19 August 2022 . ^ "Notes – Obituary" . The Telegraphic Journal and Electrical Review . 24 . The Electrical Review: 483. 26 April 1889. ^ Hannavy, John (2008). Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-century Photography . CRC Press . p. 1222. ISBN 978-0-415-97235-2 . ^ Kitsinelis, Spiros (1 November 2010). Light Sources: Technologies and Applications . Taylor & Francis US. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-4398-2079-7 . ^ Levy, Joel (1 March 2003). Really Useful: The Origins of Everyday Things . Firefly Books. p. 89 . ISBN 978-1-55297-622-7 . ^ "Who Really Invented the Light Bulb?" . ScienceFocus.com . June 2023. ^ Reisert, Sarah (2015). "Let There Be Light" . Distillations Magazine . 1 (3): 44– 45. Archived from the original on 22 March 2018 . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . ^ .mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)} US 1082933A , William. D. Coolidge, "Tungsten and method of making the same for use as filaments of incandescent electric lamps and for other purposes" ^ van Dulken, Stephen (2002). Inventing the 20th century: 100 inventions that shaped the world: from the airplane to the zipper . New York University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-8147-8812-7 . ^ The dates of the 1910 Paris Motor Show are incorporated into this poster for the show. ^ Testelin, Xavier. "Reportage – Il était une fois le néon No. 402" . Retrieved 6 December 2010 . Claude lit the peristyle of the Grand Palais in Paris with neon tubes; this webpage includes a contemporary photograph that gives an impression of the effect. The webpage is part of an extensive selection of images of neon lighting; see "Reportage – Il était une fois le néon" . ^ Bright, Arthur Aaron Jr. (1949). The Electric-Lamp Industry: Technological Change and Economic Development from 1800 to 1947 . Macmillan Co. pp. 388– 391. ^ Okon, Thomas M.; Biard, James R. (2015). "The First Practical LED" (PDF) . EdisonTechCenter.org . Edison Tech Center . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . ^ Andrews, David L. (2015). Photonics, Volume 3: Photonics Technology and Instrumentation . John Wiley & Sons . p. 2. ISBN 978-1-118-22554-7 . ^ Nakamura, S.; Mukai, T.; Senoh, M. (1994). "Candela-Class High-Brightness InGaN/AlGaN Double-Heterostructure Blue-Light-Emitting-Diodes". Applied Physics Letters . 64 (13): 1687. Bibcode : 1994ApPhL..64.1687N . doi : 10.1063/1.111832 . ^ Desruisseaux, Paul (16 June 2006). "2006 Millennium Technology Prize Awarded to UCSB's Shuji Nakamura" . The Current . Retrieved 11 April 2025 . ^ "A 21st century lighting standard" . Nikkei Asia . Retrieved 11 April 2025 . ^ Taub, Eric A. (28 July 2008). "Fans of L.E.D.'s Say This Bulb's Time Has Come" . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 April 2025 . ^ Taub, Eric A.; Vestel, Leora Broydo (25 September 2009). "Build a Better Bulb for a $10 Million Prize" . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 April 2025 . ^ "L Prize 60W Replacement Competition" . Energy.gov . United States Department of Energy . Retrieved 11 April 2025 . ^ "Philips LED 60W 806lm Retrofit with Remote Phosphor" . LampTech.co.uk . Retrieved 11 April 2025 . ^ "The 50 Best Inventions of 2009 - TIME" . Time . 12 November 2009 . Retrieved 11 April 2025 . ^ "Philips rolls out 12-watt EnduraLED: world's first 60-watt equivalent LED light bulb" . ZDNET . Retrieved 11 April 2025 . ^ McGinty, Jo Craven (11 October 2019). "Americans Are No Longer Gluttons for Electricity – Thank the LED Bulb" . The Wall Street Journal . For more than five years, Americans have been doing something decidedly un-American: We've been using less electricity. . . . [T]oday's electronics and appliances are more efficient. New homes are tighter and better insulated. And most important, light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, have replaced traditional incandescent light bulbs. ^ "High Efficiency Incandescent Lighting | MIT Technology Licensing Office" . tlo.mit.edu . Archived from the original on 19 August 2022 . Retrieved 19 August 2022 . ^ "6 Ways to Save Money on Your Air Conditioning Bill" . NOPEC . 30 July 2021. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022 . Retrieved 19 August 2022 . ^ "Frequently asked questions about the regulation on ecodesign requirements for non-directional household lamps" . European Commission . Archived from the original on 19 August 2022 . Retrieved 19 August 2022 . ^ "Tungsten Halogen – Double Jacket" . LampTech.co.uk . Retrieved 6 March 2023 . ^ "Should you not touch halogen capsule bulbs with your fingers?" . The Lighting Company . Retrieved 6 March 2023 . ^ Perkowitz, Sidney; Henry, A. Joseph (23 November 1998). Empire of Light:: A History of Discovery in Science and Art . Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 978-0-309-06556-6 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2021 . Retrieved 10 November 2020 . ^ United States Environmental Protection Agency, OSWER (23 July 2015). "Hazardous Waste" . US EPA . Archived from the original on 29 June 2015 . Retrieved 3 November 2018 . ^ a b Linkov, Jon (6 August 2019). "LED Headlights Can Be Brighter but Often Lack Clear Advantages" . Consumer Reports . Retrieved 6 March 2023 . ^ "How to Choose Flashlights" . REI Co-op . Retrieved 6 March 2023 . ^ "See and Be Seen with The 13 Best Bike Lights for Every Kind of Ride" . Bicycling . 19 July 2022 . Retrieved 6 March 2023 . ^ a b "LED Lighting" . Energy.gov . United States Department of Energy . Retrieved 6 March 2023 . ^ "The Truth about LED Lifespan and the Longevity of Your Display" . Samsung Business Insights . 23 May 2022 . Retrieved 6 March 2023 . ^ "Laser diodes add intensity to narrow-beam lighting" . 13 May 2019. ^ "Laser Lighting: White-light lasers challenge LEDs in directional lighting applications" . 22 February 2017. ^ a b "Arc Lamps – How They Work & History" . EdisonTechCenter.org . Edison Tech Center . Archived from the original on 17 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 January 2018 . ^ a b Whelan, M. (2013). "Arc Lamps" . Resources . Edison Tech Center. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . ^ Sussman, Herbert L. (2009). Victorian Technology: Invention, Innovation, and the Rise of the Machine . ABC-CLIO. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-275-99169-2 . ^ "Light Bulb Sizes, Shapes and Temperatures Charts – Bulb Reference Guide" . SuperiorLighting.com . Retrieved 7 October 2022 . ^ "Lighting Facts Labels – LED Lighting" . Bulbs.com . 1 January 2012 . Retrieved 10 April 2023 . ^ MacKinnon, J. B. (14 July 2016). "The L.E.D. Quandary: Why There's No Such Thing as "Built to Last" " . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on 14 November 2017 . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . ^ "The Great Lightbulb Conspiracy" . IEEE Spectrum . 24 September 2014 . Retrieved 7 October 2022 . ^ "When to Turn Off Your Lights" . Energy.gov . United States Department of Energy . Retrieved 6 March 2023 . ^ a b "Artificial lights are eating away at dark nights — and that's not a good thing" . Los Angeles Times . 22 November 2017 . Retrieved 7 October 2022 . ^ "Light Pollution" . sites.astro.caltech.edu . Retrieved 7 October 2022 . ^ Falchi, Fabio; Cinzano, Pierantonio; Duriscoe, Dan; Kyba, Christopher C. M.; Elvidge, Christopher D.; Baugh, Kimberly; Portnov, Boris A.; Rybnikova, Nataliya A.; Furgoni, Riccardo (10 June 2016). "The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness" . Science Advances . 2 (6) e1600377. arXiv : 1609.01041 . Bibcode : 2016SciA....2E0377F . doi : 10.1126/sciadv.1600377 . PMC 4928945 . PMID 27386582 . ^ Pain, Stephanie (23 March 2018). "There goes the night" . Knowable Magazine . doi : 10.1146/knowable-032218-043601 . ^ "Easy-Bake Oven" . The Strong National Museum of Play . Retrieved 7 October 2022 . ^ Lee, Ernest; Koo, John; Berger, Tim (May 2005). "UVB phototherapy and skin cancer risk: a review of the literature". International Journal of Dermatology . 44 (5): 355– 360. doi : 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02186.x . PMID 15869531 . ^ Pei, Susan; Inamadar, Arun C.; Adya, Keshavmurthy A.; Tsoukas, Maria M. (May 2015). "Light-based therapies in acne treatment" . Indian Dermatology Online Journal . 6 (3): 145– 157. doi : 10.4103/2229-5178.156379 . PMC 4439741 . PMID 26009707 . ^ Hamilton, F.L.; Car, J.; Lyons, C.; Car, M.; Layton, A.; Majeed, A. (June 2009). "Laser and other light therapies for the treatment of acne vulgaris: systematic review". British Journal of Dermatology . 160 (6): 1273– 1285. doi : 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09047.x . PMID 19239470 . ^ Patrizi, Annalisa; Raone, Beatrice; Ravaioli, Giulia Maria (5 October 2015). "Management of atopic dermatitis: safety and efficacy of phototherapy" . Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology . 8 : 511– 520. doi : 10.2147/CCID.S87987 . PMC 4599569 . PMID 26491366 . ^ Morton, C.A.; Brown, S.B.; Collins, S.; Ibbotson, S.; Jenkinson, H.; Kurwa, H.; Langmack, K.; Mckenna, K.; Moseley, H.; Pearse, A.D.; Stringer, M.; Taylor, D.K.; Wong, G.; Rhodes, L.E. (April 2002). "Guidelines for topical photodynamic therapy: report of a workshop of the British Photodermatology Group". British Journal of Dermatology . 146 (4): 552– 567. doi : 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04719.x . PMID 11966684 . ^ Thompson, C (September 1990). "Seasonal affective disorder and season-dependent abnormalities of melatonin suppression by light". The Lancet . 336 (8717): 703– 706. doi : 10.1016/0140-6736(90)92202-S . PMID 1975891 . ^ Danilenko, K.V.; Ivanova, I.A. (July 2015). "Dawn simulation vs. bright light in seasonal affective disorder: Treatment effects and subjective preference". Journal of Affective Disorders . 180 : 87– 89. doi : 10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.055 . PMID 25885065 . ^ Sanassi, Lorraine A. (February 2014). "Seasonal affective disorder: Is there light at the end of the tunnel?" . JAAPA . 27 (2): 18– 22. doi : 10.1097/01.JAA.0000442698.03223.f3 . PMID 24394440 . ^ Cremer, R.J.; Perryman, P.W.; Richards, D.H. (May 1958). "Influence of Light on the Hyperbilirubinæmia of Infants". The Lancet . 271 (7030): 1094– 1097. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(58)91849-X . PMID 13550936 . ^ Anderson, Candice Megan; Kandasamy, Yogavijayan; Kilcullen, Meegan (October 2022). "The efficacy of home phototherapy for physiological and non-physiological neonatal jaundice: A systematic review". Journal of Neonatal Nursing . 28 (5): 312– 326. doi : 10.1016/j.jnn.2021.08.010 . ^ Pettersson, M.; Eriksson, M.; Albinsson, E.; Ohlin, A. (1 May 2021). "Home phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia in term neonates—an unblinded multicentre randomized controlled trial" . European Journal of Pediatrics . 180 (5): 1603– 1610. doi : 10.1007/s00431-021-03932-4 . PMC 8032579 . PMID 33469713 . ^ "How to Choose the Proper Grow Light for Your Indoor Garden" . PrimalGrowGear.com . 27 August 2021. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022 . Retrieved 5 January 2022 . ^ Terashima, Ichiro; Fujita, Takashi; Inoue, Takeshi; Chow, Wah Soon; Oguchi, Riichi (April 2009). "Green Light Drives Leaf Photosynthesis More Efficiently than Red Light in Strong White Light: Revisiting the Enigmatic Question of Why Leaves are Green" . Plant and Cell Physiology . 50 (4): 684– 697. doi : 10.1093/pcp/pcp034 . PMID 19246458 . ^ Foundation, Thomson. "A protester holds a light bulb, the official symbol of Turkey's ruling AK Party (AKP), with a Nazi swastika sign painted on it during an anti-government protest at Taksim Square in Istanbul" . news.trust.org . Archived from the original on 3 November 2018 . Retrieved 3 November 2018 . ^ "15 years of Turkey's Justice and Development Party" . Retrieved 3 November 2018 . 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Bi-pin lamp base Edison screw Bi-pin lamp base Edison screw Luminous efficacy Task lighting Methods of generation Incandescent Regular Edison Halogen Nernst Luminescent Cathodoluminescent Electron-stimulated Chemiluminescent Electrochemiluminescence Electroluminescent field-induced polymer Fluorescent Fluorescent lamp ( compact ) Fluorescent induction Photoluminescent Laser headlamp Radioluminescence Solid-state LED lamp Combustion Acetylene/Carbide Argand Campfire Candle Carcel Diya Flare Gas Kerosene Petromax Lantern Fanous Paper Limelight Luchina Magnesium torch Oil Qulliq Rushlight Safety Tilley Torch Electric arc Carbon arc Klieg light Yablochkov candle Gas discharge Deuterium arc Neon Neon lamp Plasma Sulfur Xenon arc Xenon flash High-intensity discharge (HID) Mercury-vapor Metal-halide ceramic Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide (HMI) Hydrargyrum quartz iodide (HQI) Sodium vapor Incandescent Regular Edison Halogen Nernst Regular Edison Halogen Nernst Luminescent Cathodoluminescent Electron-stimulated Chemiluminescent Electrochemiluminescence Electroluminescent field-induced polymer Fluorescent Fluorescent lamp ( compact ) Fluorescent induction Photoluminescent Laser headlamp Radioluminescence Solid-state LED lamp Cathodoluminescent Electron-stimulated Electron-stimulated Chemiluminescent Electrochemiluminescence Electroluminescent field-induced polymer field-induced polymer Fluorescent Fluorescent lamp ( compact ) Fluorescent induction Fluorescent lamp ( compact ) Fluorescent induction Photoluminescent Laser headlamp Laser headlamp Radioluminescence Solid-state LED lamp LED lamp Combustion Acetylene/Carbide Argand Campfire Candle Carcel Diya Flare Gas Kerosene Petromax Lantern Fanous Paper Limelight Luchina Magnesium torch Oil Qulliq Rushlight Safety Tilley Torch Acetylene/Carbide Argand Campfire Candle Carcel Diya Flare Gas Kerosene Petromax Petromax Lantern Fanous Paper Fanous Paper Limelight Luchina Magnesium torch Oil Qulliq Qulliq Rushlight Safety Tilley Torch Electric arc Carbon arc Klieg light Yablochkov candle Carbon arc Klieg light Yablochkov candle Gas discharge Deuterium arc Neon Neon lamp Plasma Sulfur Xenon arc Xenon flash Deuterium arc Neon Neon lamp Neon lamp Plasma Sulfur Sulfur Xenon arc Xenon flash High-intensity discharge (HID) Mercury-vapor Metal-halide ceramic Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide (HMI) Hydrargyrum quartz iodide (HQI) Sodium vapor Mercury-vapor Metal-halide ceramic Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide (HMI) Hydrargyrum quartz iodide (HQI) ceramic Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide (HMI) Hydrargyrum quartz iodide (HQI) Sodium vapor Stationary Reflector Ellipsoidal reflector Multifaceted reflector Parabolic aluminized reflector (PAR) Aviation obstruction Balanced-arm lamp Chandelier Emergency light Gas lighting Gooseneck lamp Intelligent street lighting Light tube Marine aid to navigation light Nightlight Neon lighting Pendant light Recessed light Sconce Street light in the US Torchère Track lighting Troffer Reflector Ellipsoidal reflector Multifaceted reflector Parabolic aluminized reflector (PAR) Ellipsoidal reflector Multifaceted reflector Parabolic aluminized reflector (PAR) Aviation obstruction Balanced-arm lamp Chandelier Emergency light Gas lighting Gooseneck lamp Intelligent street lighting Light tube Marine aid to navigation light Nightlight Neon lighting Pendant light Recessed light Sconce Street light in the US in the US Torchère Track lighting Troffer Portable Bicycle lighting Flashlight Mechanically powered Tactical Glow stick Headlamp outdoor Lantern Laser pointer Navigation light Searchlight Solar lamp Bicycle lighting Flashlight Mechanically powered Tactical Mechanically powered Tactical Glow stick Headlamp outdoor outdoor Lantern Laser pointer Navigation light Searchlight Solar lamp Automotive Automotive light bulb types Daytime running lamp Headlamp hidden high-intensity discharge sealed beam Rear position lights Reversing lights Safety reflector retroreflector Stop lights Turn signals trafficators Automotive light bulb types Daytime running lamp Headlamp hidden high-intensity discharge sealed beam hidden high-intensity discharge sealed beam Rear position lights Reversing lights Safety reflector retroreflector retroreflector Stop lights Turn signals trafficators trafficators Display Decorative Display Decorative Aroma lamp Blacklight Bubble light Christmas lights Crackle tube DJ lighting Electroluminescent wire Lava lamp Marquee Plasma globe Strobe light Aroma lamp Blacklight Bubble light Christmas lights Crackle tube DJ lighting Electroluminescent wire Lava lamp Marquee Plasma globe Strobe light Theatrical Cinematic Theatrical Cinematic Floodlight Footlight Gobo Scoop Spotlight ellipsoidal reflector Stage lighting instrument Floodlight Footlight Gobo Scoop Spotlight ellipsoidal reflector ellipsoidal reflector Stage lighting instrument Industrial Scientific Industrial Scientific Germicidal Grow light Infrared lamp Stroboscope Tanning Germicidal Grow light 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life and initial career struggles 2 Career Toggle Career subsection 2.1 Early work (2003–2008) 2.2 Established actress (2009–2012) 2.3 Setback and resurgence (2013–2019) 2.4 Streaming films (2020–present) 2.1 Early work (2003–2008) 2.2 Established actress (2009–2012) 2.3 Setback and resurgence (2013–2019) 2.4 Streaming films (2020–present) 3 Personal life and off-screen work 4 Media image and artistry 5 Work and accolades 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Vidya Balan العربية অসমীয়া বাংলা भोजपुरी Català Deutsch डोटेली ཇོང་ཁ Español Euskara فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ کٲشُر मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Русский ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Українська اردو 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Vidya Balan Vidya in 2024 Born ( 1979-01-01 ) 1 January 1979 (age 47) Bombay , Maharashtra, India Alma mater University of Mumbai Occupation Actress Years active 1995–present Works Full list Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Siddharth Roy Kapur ( m. 2012) Awards Full list Honours Padma Shri (2014) Vidya Balan (pronounced [ʋɪd̪ːja baːlən] ; born 1 January 1979) is an Indian actress. Known for pioneering a change in the portrayal of women in Hindi cinema with her roles in female-led films, she is the recipient of several awards , including a National Film Award and seven Filmfare Awards . She was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 2014. She was invited by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to join the Actors Branch in 2021. [ 1 ] Vidya aspired to a career in film from a young age and had her first acting role in the 1995 sitcom Hum Paanch . While pursuing a master's degree in sociology from the University of Mumbai , she made several unsuccessful attempts to start a career in film, and featured in television commercials and music videos. She made her film debut by starring in the Bengali film Bhalo Theko (2003) and received praise for her first Hindi film, the drama Parineeta (2005). This was followed by several commercial successes including Lage Raho Munna Bhai (2006) and Bhool Bhulaiyaa (2007), but her subsequent roles were met with negative reviews. Vidya established herself by starring as headstrong women in five consecutive commercial successes, which also earned her critical and awards recognition. These were in the drama Paa (2009), the black comedy Ishqiya (2010), the thrillers No One Killed Jessica (2011) and Kahaani (2012), and the biopic The Dirty Picture (2011). The last of these won her the National Film Award for Best Actress . Following a downturn, Vidya made a career comeback by playing cheerful women balancing work and family life in Tumhari Sulu (2017) and Mission Mangal (2019). After starring in the Amazon Prime Video films Shakuntala Devi (2020), Sherni (2021), and Jalsa (2022), Vidya had her highest-grossing release in the comedy horror sequel Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 (2024). Vidya also promotes humanitarian causes and supports the empowerment of women. She is a member of the Indian Central Board of Film Certification and has hosted a radio show. Early in her career, she drew criticism for her fluctuating weight and dress sense, but was later credited in the media for her unconventionality. Vidya is married to the film producer Siddharth Roy Kapur . Early life and initial career struggles Vidya was born on 1 January 1979 in Bombay (present-day Mumbai) into a Tamil Brahmin family. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Her father, P. R. Balan, worked as the executive vice-president of Digicable, and her mother, Saraswathy, is a homemaker. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] According to Vidya, they speak a mix of Tamil and Malayalam at her home in Palakkad , Kerala . [ 8 ] Her elder sister, Priya Balan, works in advertising. [ 6 ] Actress Priyamani is her second cousin. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Vidya grew up in the suburban neighbourhood of Chembur and studied at St. Anthony Girls' High School. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] From a young age, Vidya aspired to a career in film and was inspired by the work of actresses Shabana Azmi and Madhuri Dixit . [ 13 ] [ 14 ] At the age of 16, she starred in the first season of Ekta Kapoor 's sitcom Hum Paanch as Radhika, a bespectacled teenager. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] After the series ended, Vidya refused director Anurag Basu 's offer to star in a television soap opera, as she wanted to concentrate on a film career. [ 17 ] Her parents were supportive of the decision but encouraged her to complete her education first. [ 13 ] She then studied at St. Xavier's College, Mumbai , to pursue a bachelor's degree in sociology and later earned a master's degree from the University of Mumbai . [ 18 ] [ 19 ] While pursuing her master's degree, Vidya was cast as the female lead in the Malayalam film Chakram , opposite Mohanlal and was subsequently signed on for 12 other Malayalam language films. [ 13 ] However, due to production difficulties, Chakram was shelved. [ 20 ] The postponement of a film starring Mohanlal was an unheard occurrence in Malayalam cinema and producers blamed Vidya for bringing "bad luck" to the project; labelled her as a "jinx"; and replaced her in the films that she had been contracted for. [ 13 ] She shifted focus to Tamil cinema . In 2001, she was cast as the female lead in N. Linguswamy 's Run (2002), opposite R. Madhavan . However, after completing the first shooting schedule , she was unceremoniously dropped and replaced by Meera Jasmine . [ 21 ] She was signed up under false pretences for a sex comedy , a genre she was uncomfortable with, and decided to leave the project. [ 13 ] She was also replaced by Meera Jasmine in Bala (2002). [ 22 ] Thereafter, she signed on for a third Tamil film, Manasellam (2003), but was replaced by Trisha as the director was dissatisfied with her work. [ 23 ] Kalari Vikraman , another Malayalam film that she completed work for in 2003, failed to get a theatrical release. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] After failing to start a film career, Vidya appeared in approximately 60 television commercials and in music videos for Euphoria and Shubha Mudgal ; a majority of these were directed by Pradeep Sarkar . [ 17 ] [ 26 ] Career Early work (2003–2008) Vidya's film debut came with the Bengali film Bhalo Theko (2003), a drama directed by Goutam Halder . He cast her in the central role of Aanandi, a young woman reminiscing about her past, for the combination of innocence and experience that he found in her. [ 27 ] Vidya was ecstatic about her involvement in Bengali cinema, later calling it a dream come true and highlighting its contribution to her subsequent progress. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] She was awarded an Anandalok Purashkar for Best Actress for her performance. [ 29 ] On Pradeep Sarkar's recommendation, Vidya auditioned for the lead role in his directorial venture—the Hindi film Parineeta (2005). The film's producer Vidhu Vinod Chopra initially preferred an established actress in the part, but agreed to cast Vidya after she underwent six months of extensive tests. [ 20 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Based on Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay 's 1914 Bengali novel of the same name , Parineeta tells the love story between Shekhar (played by Saif Ali Khan ), the son of the local zamindar , and Lalita (Vidya), the dignified daughter of the family's tenant. [ 32 ] Vidya's performance received praise from critics; [ 16 ] Derek Elley of Variety found her to be an "acting revelation", adding that her "devoted but dignified Lalita is the picture's heart and soul". [ 33 ] At the annual Filmfare Awards ceremony, she won Best Female Debut and received a nomination for Best Actress . [ 34 ] Continuing her collaboration with Chopra's company, Vidya starred opposite Sanjay Dutt in Rajkumar Hirani 's comedy film Lage Raho Munna Bhai (2006). [ 31 ] She played a radio jockey and the title character 's love interest, for which she met up with radio hosts and watched them at work. [ 35 ] While she acknowledged not having a substantial role in the film, she agreed to the project as part of a conscious effort to work in different genres to avoid being typecast in her Parineeta image. [ 35 ] With earnings of ₹ 1.19 billion (US$14 million), Lage Raho Munna Bhai emerged as one of the highest-grossing Hindi films to that point. [ 36 ] Vidya began 2007 by accepting the supporting role of a multiple sclerosis patient in Mani Ratnam 's drama Guru , starring Abhishek Bachchan and Aishwarya Rai , citing her desire to work with Ratnam. [ 37 ] Raja Sen of Rediff.com bemoaned that she was "somewhat wasted in a role that isn't as well-etched". [ 38 ] Her next two roles, in the ensemble films Salaam-e-Ishq and Eklavya: The Royal Guard , were similarly small, but she defended these choices as having been "part of my learning curve". [ 39 ] Both films performed poorly at the box office, [ 40 ] but the latter was selected as India's entry for the 80th Academy Awards . [ 41 ] Citing date issues, Vidya refused Pradeep Sarkar and Sudhir Mishra 's offers to star in their films Laaga Chunari Mein Daag and Khoya Khoya Chand , respectively; she has said that both filmmakers were upset with her decision. [ 42 ] In her next release of 2007, the comedy Heyy Babyy , she starred opposite Akshay Kumar in her first glamorous, westernised role. [ 39 ] Her look was poorly received, [ 43 ] with Namrata Joshi of Outlook writing, "Vidya is irritating, over-the-top, extremely affected and looks ghastly in figure-hugging frocks." [ 44 ] She next teamed with Kumar once again in Bhool Bhulaiyaa , a comedy horror film from Priyadarshan , which served as a remake of the Malayalam film Manichitrathazhu (1993). Played by Shobana in the original, Vidya was challenged by the role of a woman suffering from dissociative identity disorder ; in preparation, she stayed in isolation for three days and once collapsed on set. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Moreover, she was intimidated by the dancing that her role required and began learning kathak days before filming her scenes. [ 46 ] Despite disliking the film and Vidya's dancing, Khalid Mohamed found her "bankably likeable", and Taran Adarsh described her as "splendid". [ 47 ] [ 48 ] Both Heyy Babyy and Bhool Bhulaiyaa were among the highest-grossing Hindi films of the year. [ 40 ] [ 49 ] The latter earned her a second Best Actress nomination at Filmfare. [ 34 ] In 2008's Halla Bol , based on the life of activist Safdar Hashmi , Vidya played a supporting role opposite Ajay Devgn . [ 50 ] She next took on a glamorous role once again in the romantic comedy Kismat Konnection , co-starring Shahid Kapoor . She explained her choice of this part as a deliberate attempt to move away from her comfort zone, but she found it difficult to dance alongside Kapoor. [ 51 ] Elvis D'Silva of Rediff.com found Vidya to be "woefully miscast" and criticised her look and wardrobe, as did Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express , who dismissed her as "determinedly frumpy". [ 52 ] [ 53 ] Both films had poor box office returns. [ 54 ] Addressing her failure in portraying glamorous roles, Vidya has said that such parts did not suit her personality and blamed herself for "a complete lack of conviction on my part". [ 55 ] Established actress (2009–2012) Vidya's career prospects improved in 2009 when R. Balki cast her in his comedy-drama Paa . [ 56 ] [ 57 ] She played a single mother struggling with her son's (played by Amitabh Bachchan ) progeria . She was initially sceptical about playing the part, wondering if she could be maternal towards an actor of Bachchan's stature, who is over 30 years her senior. After insisting on a look test with Bachchan, she said that his effective transformation into a young boy had convinced her to accept the part. [ 58 ] Comparing her acting style to that of Dimple Kapadia , the critic Sukanya Verma wrote, "Balan is poignant yet restrained and projects an impressive figure of grace and integrity"; [ 59 ] Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India commended her for lending a "rare dignity to the image of the Bollywood mom". [ 60 ] Paa was a commercial success, [ 61 ] and won Vidya the Filmfare Award and Screen Award for Best Actress . [ 34 ] Vidya has said that the film's reception gave her "courage to stick to my conviction". [ 62 ] Vidya described her next role, in Abhishek Chaubey 's black comedy Ishqiya (2010), to be "an epitome of grey". [ 63 ] In a departure from her wholesome on-screen persona, she starred as a seductive, manipulative widow from a village in Uttar Pradesh . [ 62 ] The part required her to master the local dialect, which also involved the use of profanity. [ 64 ] [ 65 ] Anupama Chopra opined, "Vidya Balan's smoldering looks scorch the screen even as her eyes hint at tragedy. She proves that she is miles ahead of the cookie cutter Barbie dolls that clutter Bollywood and that sensuality has very little to do with showing skin." [ 66 ] Vidya's work won her the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress , a second consecutive Best Actress award at Screen, and a nomination for Best Actress at Filmfare. [ 67 ] The year 2011 was key in Vidya's career, as she had starring roles in two commercially successful female-led films. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 70 ] [ 71 ] In No One Killed Jessica , a thriller based on the murder of Jessica Lal , and co-starring Rani Mukerji , Vidya played the real-life character of Sabrina, who seeks justice for her sister's murder. Vidya was styled in men's dresses and loose-fitted clothing; several scenes were shot on location using hidden cameras, and she was pleased with the anonymity that her styling provided. [ 72 ] Moreover, she spoke positively of her rapport with Mukerji, noting the rarity of two leading ladies within the same Hindi film. [ 73 ] Sudhish Kamath of The Hindu took note of Vidya's ability to be "in sublime control over her emotions" [ 74 ] and Savera Someshwar of Rediff.com added that "her hesitant body language, her faith, her helplessness, her rage, her sorrow and her gratitude all come across beautifully". [ 75 ] Vidya earned another Filmfare nomination for Best Actress. [ 76 ] In the same year, she made a guest appearance in the Malayalam film Urumi and a retrospective of her films was held in Australia as part of the Bollywood and Beyond festival. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] The New York Times reported that with her role in The Dirty Picture (2011), a drama based on the controversial Indian actress Silk Smitha , Vidya had "redefine[d] the Hindi film heroine". [ 79 ] She was challenged by the overwhelming sexuality in the role, and spoke of the mental preparation she put into achieving a balance between the character's mix of innocence, vulnerability, and sex appeal. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] She gained 12 kilograms (26 lb) to look the part. [ 82 ] Khalid Mohamed observed of Vidya, "She's extraordinary: gutsy, consistently in character and unafraid of exposing her darker side. Here's the kind of complex performance which you haven't evidenced in years and years." [ 83 ] With worldwide earnings of ₹ 1.14 billion (US$13 million), The Dirty Picture emerged as Hindi cinema's highest-grossing female-led film to that point. [ 36 ] [ 71 ] Vidya won another Filmfare and Screen Award, in addition to the National Film Award for Best Actress . [ 67 ] [ 84 ] She next starred in the thriller Kahaani (2012), directed by Sujoy Ghosh . Set in Kolkata during the Durga Puja festivities, the film starred Vidya as a pregnant woman in search of her missing husband. Made on a shoestring budget, it was shot for over 64 days in the streets of Kolkata by means of guerrilla filmmaking . [ 85 ] [ 86 ] Vidya drew media attention for wearing a prosthetic belly while promoting the film. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] Pratim D. Gupta of The Telegraph wrote that Vidya "gets into the physicality of a pregnant woman with unfailing mastery". [ 89 ] Sanjukta Sharma of Mint summarised, "Balan’s existence, and indeed her flourishing, says something about the Hindi film industry finally breaking away from the 'heroine' mould." [ 90 ] As with The Dirty Picture , Kahaani too emerged among the biggest earning female-led Hindi films, grossing over ₹ 1.04 billion (US$12 million) worldwide. [ 71 ] [ 91 ] Vidya won a fourth consecutive Best Actress Award at Screen and a third Best Actress Award at Filmfare. [ 92 ] [ 93 ] Setback and resurgence (2013–2019) After serving as a jury member at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival , Vidya starred in the comic thriller Ghanchakkar (2013). [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Playing a boisterous Punjabi woman opposite Emraan Hashmi , she explained that unlike her previous few films, her part in it was secondary to the male star. [ 96 ] Sarit Ray of Hindustan Times dismissed her "shrill, garish-dressing, magazine-devouring Punjabi housewife" character as "caricature-ish". [ 97 ] Vidya then provided the voice of Draupadi for Mahabharat , an animation film based on the Indian epic of the same name . [ 98 ] She began 2014 with Shaadi Ke Side Effects , a romantic comedy about a married couple, in which she was pitted opposite Farhan Akhtar . Critics liked their chemistry, but were unimpressed with the film. [ 99 ] She was next drawn to the title role of an aspiring detective in the comedy-mystery film Bobby Jasoos , after connecting with the character's struggle to prove herself. [ 100 ] It required her to sport 12 elaborate disguises, and she trained with a language coach to adopt a Hyderabadi accent. [ 101 ] Rohit Khilnani of India Today was appreciative of Vidya's performance but disliked the film's script and execution. [ 102 ] All of these films were commercially unsuccessful, which led Vidya to admit that she felt "devastated" by their reception. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] The series of poorly received films continued with the romantic drama Hamari Adhuri Kahani (2015). [ 105 ] The writer Mahesh Bhatt , who based the film on his own mother, was keen to have Vidya play the lead role of a domestic abuse survivor. [ 106 ] Shubha Shetty-Saha of Mid-Day bemoaned that she had been "saddled with a boring, outdated, weepy character" and that "there was nothing much even she could do". [ 107 ] The following year, she took on the supporting part of a police officer in Te3n (2016), a thriller inspired by the 2013 South Korean film Montage , co-starring Amitabh Bachchan and Nawazuddin Siddiqui . She was drawn to playing a woman who commands respect and identified with her "silent aggression". [ 108 ] Rajeev Masand criticised the film's predictable denouement, but liked Vidya's ability to act through gestures. [ 109 ] She then portrayed the actress Geeta Bali in multiple songs for Ekk Albela , a Marathi -language biopic of Bhagwan Dada . [ 108 ] Journalists speculated if Kahaani 2: Durga Rani Singh (2016), a spiritual sequel to Kahaani , would help overcome her career decline. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] It was not as well-received as the first film, but Vidya received a Best Actress nomination at Filmfare for her portrayal of a child sexual abuse survivor. [ 112 ] In a mixed review of the film, Raja Sen of Rediff.com wrote that "with tremendous commitment to the part, [Vidya] gives us a stirring performance free of vanity or obviousness". [ 113 ] In Srijit Mukherji 's period drama Begum Jaan (2017), a remake of the filmmaker's own Bengali film Rajkahini (2015), Vidya played the title role of a procurer from the 1940s. [ 114 ] She worked with Mukherji to provide a backstory to her character and researched the era by reading The Other Side of Silence ; filming in the barren landscape of rural Jharkhand was physically daunting for her. [ 115 ] Anna M. M. Vetticad of Firstpost wrote that she "issues one-liners in a monotone, but is unable to dig deep and summon up a relatable human being". [ 116 ] Vidya next played Sulu, a spirited housewife who moonlights as a talk radio host of a relationship counselling show, in the comedy-drama Tumhari Sulu . She identified with her character's lively personality and was pleased to play a rare comic part. [ 117 ] She drew on her experience of playing a radio jockey in Lage Raho Munna Bhai and listened to late-night radio shows. [ 117 ] Writing for The Times of India , Neil Soans commended Vidya for "infusing Sulu with an abundance of infectious optimism without being aggravating", and Shubhra Gupta complimented the way she used "her distinctive voice and full-bellied laughter to invest Sulu with real warmth". [ 118 ] [ 119 ] NDTV listed her performance as the best by a Hindi film actress that year, and she won her fifth Screen Award and fourth Filmfare Award for Best Actress. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] It also proved to be Vidya's first commercial success since 2012; she called the film's reception a "major confidence booster". [ 122 ] [ 123 ] Vidya expanded into South Indian cinema in 2019, with roles in the two-part Telugu biopic, N.T.R: Kathanayakudu and N.T.R: Mahanayakudu , and the Tamil drama Nerkonda Paarvai . In the former two, about the actor-politician N. T. Rama Rao , she played Rao's first wife. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Both films failed commercially. [ 126 ] In Nerkonda Paarvai , a remake of the courtroom drama Pink (2016), she briefly played the wife of Ajith Kumar 's character. [ 127 ] Although not keen on remakes, she agreed to the project to bring attention to its theme of sexual consent . [ 128 ] Srinivasa Ramanujam of The Hindu dismissed the portions involving Vidya as inessential. [ 129 ] It emerged as one of the highest-grossing Tamil films of the year. [ 130 ] Vidya teamed with Akshay Kumar for the third time in Mission Mangal , about the Mars Orbiter Mission , which marked India's first interplanetary expedition. [ 131 ] She liked the idea of playing a seemingly ordinary homemaker who balances her family life with her work as a scientist, and she was also pleased to work with four other leading ladies. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] Joe Leydon of Variety found Vidya to be "drop-dead perfect from wire to wire", and she was awarded with another Best Actress nomination at Filmfare. [ 134 ] [ 135 ] With global earnings of ₹ 2.9 billion (US$34 million), Mission Mangal emerged as her biggest grosser to that point. [ 136 ] Streaming films (2020–present) The short film Natkhat (2020), about a mother teaching her young son about gender equality, marked Vidya's first production venture. It premiered on YouTube as part of the We Are One: A Global Film Festival . [ 137 ] She then portrayed mental calculator Shakuntala Devi in an eponymous biopic , which due to the COVID-19 pandemic could not release theatrically and instead streamed on Amazon Prime Video , marking her first of a string of collaborations with producer Vikram Malhotra of Abundantia Entertainment. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] The director Anu Menon cast Vidya as she believed that Devi's "gregarious and flamboyant" personality matched that of the actress; in preparation, Vidya listened to interviews of Devi's daughter and husband, and watched online videos of Devi. [ 140 ] Mike McCahill of The Guardian praised Vidya's "all-shotguns-blazing performance" and The Hindu 's Kenneth Rosario took note of her "ability to smoothly transition between age and appearances, but even she can't salvage a rather mawkish finale to the film". [ 141 ] [ 142 ] She received two more Filmfare nominations for her performance in it. [ 143 ] The following year, Vidya starred as an Indian Forest Service officer tracking a man-eating tigress in the environmental thriller Sherni (2021), produced again by Malhotra. In preparation, she met two forest officers and went on forest trails with them, and read Peter Wohlleben 's book The Hidden Life of Trees . [ 144 ] Sukanya Verma opined that Vidya's "refreshingly subdued portrayal" was a departure from the "self-aware feminist" roles that she had previously played. [ 145 ] She was awarded with another Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress for her performance. [ 146 ] Vidya next starred alongside Shefali Shah in the thriller Jalsa (2022), which marked her third consecutive film to release on Amazon Prime Video and her third consecutive collaboration with Malhotra. [ 147 ] She played a journalist involved in a hit-and-run, a morally ambiguous character that she was initially hesitant to play. [ 148 ] Monika Rawal Kukreja of Hindustan Times believed that the performances of Vidya and Shah had enhanced a mediocre picture. [ 149 ] Vidya led an ensemble cast in Anu Menon's murder mystery Neeyat (2023), which marked her first film to receive a theatrical release since Mission Mangal in 2019, and was again produced by Malhotra. [ 150 ] She has said that unlike the usual portrayal of detectives as flamboyant, including her own in Bobby Jasoos , her character in Neeyat was "quirky, socially awkward and unusual". [ 151 ] In an unfavourable review, Scroll.in 's Nandini Ramnath termed both the film and Vidya's performance "serviceable". [ 152 ] The film had minuscule box-office earnings. [ 153 ] The following year, Vidya and Pratik Gandhi played an unhappily married couple in the romantic comedy Do Aur Do Pyaar ; it marked her first film release since the pandemic to not be produced by Malhotra, and a reunion with Tumhari Sulu producer Atul Kasbekar. [ 154 ] An adaptation of the 2017 film The Lovers , it failed to find a wide audience theatrically despite positive reviews. [ 155 ] After rejecting Anees Bazmee 's offer to feature in the 2022 comedy horror sequel Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2 , Vidya agreed to star in the third instalment Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 (2024) particularly due to her desire to work alongside Madhuri Dixit. [ 156 ] Reviewers for The Hindu and Mint bemoaned how both Vidya and Dixit were underutilised in the film. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 marked a commercial resurgence for the actress, earning ₹ 4.17 billion (US$49 million) worldwide to rank as the second highest-grossing Hindi film of 2024 and Vidya's highest-grossing release. [ 136 ] [ 159 ] [ 160 ] Personal life and off-screen work The mass media has often speculated about a romantic relationship between Vidya and her co-actors, but she has strongly denied these reports. [ 161 ] [ 162 ] In 2009, Vidya was involved in a controversy when she mentioned a previous relationship in which "caustic remarks" were made at her due to her weight. She said, "If someone who matters to you takes you down, it can break you. That someone whose approval mattered to me started to constantly find faults with me. At that point of time, it was important to walk away from that relationship." [ 163 ] Though she refused to name the person, tabloid reports suggested that she was referring to Shahid Kapoor (her co-star in Kismat Konnection ). [ 164 ] Kapoor, however, denied the allegations. [ 165 ] During an interview in May 2012, Vidya announced that she was dating Siddharth Roy Kapur , the CEO of UTV Motion Pictures . [ 166 ] On 14 December 2012, the couple were married in a private ceremony in Bandra , Mumbai. [ 167 ] Vidya is trained in Carnatic music and briefly studied the dance forms of Bharatnatyam and Kathak . [ 168 ] Regarding her religious affiliations, Vidya said, "I am a person with a lot of faith and I have conversations [with God] all the time but I am not so religious in the conventional, organised sense". [ 13 ] She practices vegetarianism and was listed as "India's hottest vegetarian" in polls conducted by PETA in 2011 and 2012. [ 169 ] [ 170 ] Her weight fluctuations over the years have been the subject of substantial media coverage in India. [ 171 ] [ 172 ] [ 173 ] In March 2011, Vidya endorsed World Wildlife Fund 's Earth Hour campaign in India. [ 174 ] She campaigned for the cause of nutrition in India for Child In Need Institute (CINI), a non-profit organisation based in Kolkata. [ 175 ] In September 2012, Vidya visited a village in Mirzapur , Uttar Pradesh, where she participated in a campaign to promote children's education and the empowerment of women. [ 176 ] For her attempts to empower women, Vidya was awarded the Prabha Khaitan Puraskar 2012 by the Calcutta Chamber of Commerce; she was the youngest recipient of the award. [ 177 ] In 2012, she became the first brand ambassador of the country's sanitation programme, later renamed as the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan . [ 178 ] Since then, she has been part of a nationwide television and radio campaign aimed to increase construction and use of toilets. [ 179 ] In 2013, Vidya served as the grand marshal of the India Day parade held in New York City. [ 180 ] In the same year, she launched a technology-based learning platform for underprivileged children in the Thanapur village of Uttar Pradesh. [ 181 ] Also that year, Vidya featured as the host of No More Kamzor , a television special on women empowerment. [ 182 ] On the occasion of International Women's Day in 2015, Vidya wrote an opinion column in Hindustan Times on the issues faced by women in India. [ 183 ] In August 2017, Vidya was made a member of the Indian Central Board of Film Certification , to certify films for theatrical exhibition. [ 184 ] The following year, she became the goodwill ambassador of Arpan, an NGO that creates awareness on sexual abuse. [ 185 ] In 2019, she collaborated with BIG FM 92.7 to host a radio show named "Dhun Badal Ke Toh Dekho". [ 186 ] Media image and artistry Following the success of Parineeta and Lage Raho Munna Bhai , Vidya's film roles were subject to wide critical analysis. [ 187 ] Vir Sanghvi noted that the films Heyy Babyy and Kismat Konnection were "strange films [...] in which she tried to pretend to be what she is not — a Bollywood bimbette." [ 13 ] Vidya described that particular phase in her career as a "struggle to be someone else". [ 188 ] Due to the criticism that her film choices evoked, Vidya decided to choose roles that she "believed in" rather than choose by convention. [ 189 ] Members of the media have subsequently labelled her as "bold" and "daring" in her choices. [ 190 ] [ 191 ] Her starring roles in Heyy Babyy and Kismat Konnection also led to considerable attention in the media for her "questionable wardrobe". Several publications listed her as the "worst dressed actress" and her costume designers attributed her failure to carry off western clothes due to her weight and body structure. [ 192 ] [ 193 ] [ 194 ] She was later praised in the media for wearing saris at public events; designer Niharika Khan explained, "Vidya's beauty lies in her curves. She's comfortable in her voluptuousness, and therefore in a sari." [ 195 ] Vidya has since been identified as defying "an anglicised idea of sexuality" and embodying the idea of "raw Indian sexuality". [ 189 ] After portraying strong-willed protagonists in Paa , Ishqiya , No One Killed Jessica , The Dirty Picture and Kahaani , Vidya was credited in the media for pioneering a movement that breaks the stereotypical portrayal of heroines in Bollywood. [ 196 ] [ 197 ] The major commercial success of the latter two earned her the title of a "female hero" [ 68 ] [ 198 ] and Kalpana Nair of Firstpost noted that with these two films Vidya spearheaded a change in the roles that were offered to actresses over 30. [ 199 ] Critic Mayank Shekhar predicted, "Just a few smart male actors can completely change the face of a commercial, star-driven film industry. Looking at [...] Vidya Balan [...] it appears, that change could well originate from the leading lady instead." [ 200 ] In 2023, Rajeev Masand named her one of Hindi cinema's best actresses. [ 201 ] India Today featured Vidya in their 2012 listing of the nation's most powerful women and noted that "she has toppled the all dominating hero, reducing him to a supporting role in a male dominated film industry". [ 202 ] Vidya was featured by Forbes India in their annual Celebrity 100 list in 2012 and 2013. [ 203 ] She occupied the top slot in Rediff.com's annual listing of the year's best performances for two consecutive years (2010–11). [ 190 ] [ 204 ] She also featured in the list for the years 2005, 2006, 2009, 2012, and 2016. [ 205 ] In 2012, the magazine Verve featured her as one of India's "Young Power Women" and wrote, "In a reel world peopled by size zero -toned bodies and pretty-as-a-picture heroines, Vidya comes across as completely real and natural – a woman who has followed her own instincts and dared to live her destiny by being her own person and not morphing herself to fit into any conventional slot." [ 206 ] Two years later, the magazine listed her as a power icon. [ 207 ] In 2018, The Economic Times considered Vidya to be one of the most prominent celebrity brand ambassadors in India. [ 208 ] She was also inducted into the Bollywood Walk of Fame at Bandra Bandstand , where her hand print was preserved. [ 209 ] In 2014, Vidya was awarded the Padma Shri , the fourth highest civilian award in India, for her contributions to the entertainment industry. [ 210 ] The following year, she received an honorary Doctor of Arts degree from Rai University ; the university also named a scholarship program for underprivileged girls after her. [ 211 ] The chancellor of the university, Harbeen Arora said, "Among the league of iconic actors, Vidya is a pioneer in every way. Her films epitomise a distinct Indianness and a powerful womanhood". [ 212 ] Work and accolades Among Vidya's film awards are a National Film Award for Best Actress for The Dirty Picture (2011); [ 84 ] and seven Filmfare Awards: Best Female Debut for Parineeta (2005); Best Actress for Paa (2009), The Dirty Picture (2011), Kahaani (2012), and Tumhari Sulu (2017); and Best Actress (Critics) for Ishqiya (2010), and Sherni (2021). 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Further reading Baliga, Shashi (2 December 2011). "Vidya gets dirty... and how!" . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 8 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Roy, Priyanka (3 December 2011). "Bombaat!" . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 24 November 2016 . Retrieved 11 January 2012 . Janardhan, Arun (2 March 2012). "Why everybody loves Vidya" . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 2 October 2019 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Singh, Raghuvendra (23 April 2012). "The Artist" . Filmfare . Archived from the original on 2 October 2019 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . External links Vidya Balan at IMDb Biography Bollywood Film Awards for Vidya Balan .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Recipients of Padma Shri in Art 1950s Omkarnath Thakur (1955) Sthanam Narasimha Rao (1956) Sudhir Khastgir (1957) Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu (1957) Debaki Bose (1958) Shambhu Maharaj (1958) Nargis (1958) Satyajit Ray (1958) Devika Rani (1958) 1960s K. K. Hebbar (1961) Bismillah Khan (1961) Raghunath Krishna Phadke (1961) Ashok Kumar (1962) Mehboob Khan (1963) Melville de Mellow (1963) Vinayak Pandurang Karmarkar (1964) Adi Pherozeshah Marzban (1964) P. C. Sorcar (1964) Guru Kunchu Kurup (1965) V. Nagayya (1965) Ravishankar Raval (1965) Mrinalini Sarabhai (1965) Sivaji Ganesan (1966) M. F. Husain (1966) Sumitra Charat Ram (1966) P. Bhanumathi (1966) Daji Bhatawadekar (1967) Vasant Desai (1967) Siddheshwari Devi (1967) Mohammed Rafi (1967) Sashadhar Mukherjee (1967) Vinjamuri Venkata Lakshmi Narasimha Rao (1967) M. R. Acharekar (1968) Begum Akhtar (1968) Sharan Rani Backliwal (1968) Nikhil Banerjee (1968) Sunil Dutt (1968) Durga Khote (1968) Yamini Krishnamurthy (1968) Shankar–Jaikishan (1968) Ayodhya Prasad (1968) Akkineni Nageswara Rao (1968) N. T. Rama Rao (1968) Devi Lal Samar (1968) Vyjayanthimala (1968) Khwaja Ahmad Abbas (1969) David Abraham Cheulkar (1969) N. S. Bendre (1969) S. D. Burman (1969) B. Saroja Devi (1969) Indrani Rahman (1969) Balraj Sahni (1969) S. N. Swamy (artist) (1969) 1970s Sukumar Bose (1970) Prem Dhawan (1970) Ratna Fabri (1970) Gemini Ganesan (1970) Ritwik Ghatak (1970) Damayanti Joshi (1970) Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan (1970) Karl Jamshed Khandalavala (1970) Madhaviah Krishnan (1970) Rajendra Kumar (1970) Pankaj Mullick (1970) Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair (1970) Relangi (1970) Gummadi (1970) Vijay Raghav Rao (1970) V. Satyanarayana Sarma (1970) Maisnam Amubi Singh (1970) K. B. Sundarambal (1970) Avinash Vyas (1970) M. Balamuralikrishna (1971) Sankho Chaudhuri (1971) Manna Dey (1971) Tripti Mitra (1971) Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair (1971) Chenganoor Raman Pillai (1971) K. N. Dandayudhapani Pillai (1971) Shanta Rao (1971) Ravi (1971) Sahir Ludhianvi (1971) Siyaram Tiwari (musician) (1971) Chiranjeet Chakraborty (1972) Girija Devi (1972) Vasudeo S. Gaitonde (1972) Sunil Janah (1972) Lalgudi Jayaraman (1972) Bhimsen Joshi (1972) Mahendra Kapoor (1972) Ram Kumar (artist) (1972) Hrishikesh Mukherjee (1972) Vazhuvoor Ramaiah Pillai (1972) Samta Prasad (1972) M. K. Radha (1972) Raghu Rai (1972) Krishna Reddy (1972) Waheeda Rehman (1972) Juthika Roy (1972) Suchitra Sen (1972) Gubbi Veeranna (1972) Sitara Devi (1973) T. N. Krishnan (1973) Kishan Maharaj (1973) Ramanathapuram C. S. Murugabhoopathy (1973) Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair (1973) Uma Sharma (1973) S. G. Thakur Singh (1973) Kaifi Azmi (1974) Pushkar Bhan (1974) Mani Madhava Chakyar (1974) Bindhyabasini Devi (1974) Naina Devi (1974) Girish Karnad (1974) Shriram Lagoo (1974) Kelucharan Mohapatra (1974) Nutan (1974) M. D. Ramanathan (1974) Som Nath Sadhu (1974) Emani Sankara Sastry (1974) Kripal Singh Shekhawat (1974) Manik Varma (1974) M. S. Gopalakrishnan (1975) Jasraj (1975) Amjad Ali Khan (1975) Gopi Krishna (1975) Sanjukta Panigrahi (1975) Basavaraj Rajguru (1975) Kalyanam Raghuramayya (1975) M. S. Sathyu (1975) K. G. Subramanyan (1975) Gitchandra Tongbra (1975) K. J. Yesudas (1975) Shyam Benegal (1976) Raghunath Mohapatra (1976) Ram Narayan (1976) K. V. Narayanaswamy (1976) R. Nagendra Rao (1976) S. Somasundaram (1976) Parveen Sultana (1976) Dhanraj Bhagat (1977) Bhupen Hazarika (1977) Sheik Chinna Moulana (1977) Alla Rakha (1977) Jehangir Sabavala (1977) Ghulam Rasool Santosh (1977) 1980s B. V. Karanth (1981) Namagiripettai Krishnan (1981) Gambhir Singh Mura (1981) Dashrath Patel (1981) S. H. Raza (1981) Padma Subrahmanyam (1981) Allah Jilai Bai (1982) Ammannur Madhava Chakyar (1982) Jabbar Patel (1982) Virendra Prabhakar (1982) Gautam Vaghela (1982) Sirkazhi Govindarajan (1983) Gautam Vaghela (1982) Sirkazhi Govindarajan (1983) Sharafat Hussain Khan (1983) Nepal Mahata (1983) Handel Manuel (1983) Gulam Mohammed Sheikh (1983) Raghubir Singh (1983) Sobha Singh (1983) Habib Tanvir (1983) Ganga Devi (1984) Amitabh Bachchan (1984) Purushottam Das (1984) Adoor Gopalakrishnan (1984) Bhupen Khakhar (1984) Ben Kingsley (1984) Vinay Chandra Maudgalya (1984) Roshan Kumari (1984) Mavelikara Krishnankutty Nair (1984) N. Rajam (1984) Raja and Radha Reddy (1984) Nek Chand (1984) Ram Gopal Vijayvargiya (1984) Shanti Dave (1985) Asa Singh Mastana (1985) Laxman Pai (1985) Smita Patil (1985) Palghat R. Raghu (1985) Naseeruddin Shah (1985) Shankar Bapu Apegaonkar (1986) Kanika Banerjee (1986) Subrata Mitra (1986) Rajkumar Singhajit Singh (1986) Hisam-ud-din Usta (1986) K. Balachander (1987) Kumudini Lakhia (1987) Vijaya Mehta (1987) N. Ramani (1987) Aparna Sen (1987) Naresh Sohal (1987) Jitendra Abhisheki (1988) Shabana Azmi (1988) Teejan Bai (1988) Bikash Bhattacharjee (1988) Zakir Hussain (1988) Chindodi Leela (1988) Sudharani Raghupathy (1988) Sudarshan Sahoo (1988) Kudrat Singh (1988) Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman (1988) Jitendra Abhisheki (1988) Adyar K. Lakshman (1989) Haku Shah (1989) L. Subramaniam (1989) Ratan Thiyam (1989) Upendra Trivedi (1989) 1990s Mohan Agashe (1990) G. Aravindan (1990) Prabha Atre (1990) Asgari Bai (1990) Gulab Bai (1990) Balwantrai Bhatt (1990) Diwaliben Bhil (1990) Raj Bisaria (1990) S. M. Ganapathy (1990) Kamal Haasan (1990) Bishamber Khanna (1990) Krishen Khanna (1990) Allu Ramalingaiah (1990) Tarun Majumdar (1990) Madhavi Mudgal (1990) Om Puri (1990) Kanak Rele (1990) Leela Samson (1990) Maharajapuram Santhanam (1990) Kapila Vatsyayan (1990) Ranbir Singh Bisht (1991) Bharat Gopy (1991) Ghulam Mustafa Khan (1991) Hafeez Ahmed Khan (1991) Shanno Khurana (1991) Pratima Barua Pandey (1991) Manu Parekh (1991) Shivkumar Sharma (1991) Gurcharan Singh (painter) (1991) Sharda Sinha (1991) Alarmel Valli (1991) Jaya Bachchan (1992) Pankaj Charan Das (1992) Biren De (1992) Srirangam Gopalaratnam (1992) Sabri Khan (1992) Sunita Kohli (1992) Madurai N. Krishnan (1992) Manoj Kumar (1992) Meera Mukherjee (1992) Asha Parekh (1992) Nataraja Ramakrishna (1992) Bhagaban Sahu (1992) Anandji Virji Shah (1992) Kalyanji Virji Shah ( Kalyanji-Anandji ) (1992) Sundari K. Shridharani (1992) Tapan Sinha (1992) Muthiah Sthapati (1992) K. Viswanath (1992) Chitra Visweswaran (1992) Dipali Barthakur (1998) Mammootty (1998) Kunja Bihari Meher (1998) Krishnarao Sable (1998) Zohra Sehgal (1998) K. Ibomcha Sharma (1998) U. Srinivas (1998) Javed Akhtar (1999) Saryu Doshi (1999) Sulochana Latkar (1999) Sumati Mutatkar (1999) Shobha Deepak Singh (1999) Jagmohan Sursagar (1999) Ram V. Sutar (1999) 2000s Kanhai Chitrakar (2000) Shekhar Kapur (2000) Hema Malini (2000) Anjolie Ela Menon (2000) Shubha Mudgal (2000) Alyque Padamsee (2000) A. R. Rahman (2000) Ramanand Sagar (2000) S. P. Balasubrahmanyam (2001) Aamir Raza Husain (2001) Padmaja Phenany Joglekar (2001) Mohammed Tayab Khan (2001) Sunil Kothari (2001) Nerella Venu Madhav (2001) Mohanlal (2001) Shobha Naidu (2001) D. V. S. Raju (2001) Avadhanam Sita Raman (2001) Siramdasu Venkata Rama Rao (2001) Thota Tharani (2001) W. D. Amaradeva (2002) Raj Begum (2002) Vishwa Mohan Bhatt (2002) Pushpa Bhuyan (2002) Rajan Devadas (2002) Darshana Jhaveri (2002) Abdul Latif Khan (2002) Mani Krishnaswami (2002) Fazal Mohammad (2002) Manorama (2002) Govind Nihalani (2002) Mani Ratnam (2002) Kiran Segal (2002) Navaneetham Padmanabha Seshadri (2002) Saroja Vaidyanathan (2002) T. H. Vinayakram (2002) Jahnu Barua (2003) Danny Denzongpa (2003) Kshetrimayum Ongbi Thouranisabi Devi (2003) Rita Ganguly (2003) Ranjana Gauhar (2003) Sadashiv Vasantrao Gorakshkar (2003) Rakhee Gulzar (2003) Nemi Chandra Jain (2003) O. P. Jain (2003) Aamir Khan (2003) Shafaat Ahmed Khan (2003) T. M. Soundararajan (2003) Sukumari (2003) Satish Vyas (2003) Bharathiraja (2004) Maguni Charan Das (2004) Manoranjan Das (2004) D. K. Datar (2004) Kadri Gopalnath (2004) Hariharan (singer) (2004) Purshottam Das Jalota (2004) Krishn Kanhai (2004) Heisnam Kanhailal (2004) Anupam Kher (2004) Sikkil Sisters – Kunjumani & Neela (2004) Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair (2004) Sudha Ragunathan (2004) Haridwaramangalam A. K. Palanivel (2004) Veernala Jayarama Rao (2004) Bharati Shivaji (2004) Singh Bandhu (2004) Bhajan Sopori (2004) Neyyattinkara Vasudevan (2004) Muzaffar Ali (2005) Shameem Dev Azad (2005) M. Boyer (2005) K. S. Chithra (2005) Yumlembam Gambhini Devi (2005) Shah Rukh Khan (2005) Ghulam Sadiq Khan (2005) Kavita Krishnamurti (2005) Chaturbhuj Meher (2005) Kumkum Mohanty (2005) Punaram Nishad (2005) Kedar Nath Sahoo (2005) Sougaijam Thanil Singh (2005) Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan (2005) Komala Varadan (2005) Puranchand Wadali (2005) Ileana Citaristi (2006) Mehmood Dhaulpuri (2006) Shree Lal Joshi (2006) Surinder Kaur (2006) Rashid Khan (musician) (2006) Vasundhara Komkali (2006) Yashodhar Mathpal (2006) Madhup Mudgal (2006) Kavungal Chathunni Panicker (2006) Shyama Charan Pati (2006) Gayatri Sankaran (2006) Prasad Sawkar (2006) Aribam Syam Sharma (2006) Shobana (2006) Kanaka Srinivasan (2006) Pankaj Udhas (2006) Mohan Babu (2007) Geeta Chandran (2007) Astad Deboo (2007) Neelamani Devi (2007) Remo Fernandes (2007) P. Gopinathan (2007) Pushpa Hans (2007) Shanti Hiranand (2007) Ananda Shankar Jayant (2007) Govardhan Kumari (2007) Sonam Tshering Lepcha (2007) Balachandra Menon (2007) Shashikala (2007) Gajendra Narayan Singh (2007) Thingbaijam Babu Singh (2007) Pannuru Sripathy (2007) Valayapatti A. R. Subramaniam (2007) Waman Thakre (2007) P. R. Thilagam (2007) Tom Alter (2008) Moozhikkulam Kochukuttan Chakyar (2008) Jonnalagadda Gurappa Chetty (2008) Meenakshi Chitharanjan (2008) Madhuri Dixit Nene (2008) Kekoo Gandhy (2008) Helen Giri Syiem (2008) Jatin Goswami (2008) Hans Raj Hans (2008) Sabitri Heisnam (2008) Gokulotsavji Maharaj (2008) P. K. Narayanan Nambiar (2008) Gennadi Mikhailovich Pechinkov (2008) Gangadhar Pradhan (2008) M. Night Shyamalan (2008) Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram (2008) Jawahar Wattal (2008) Ameena Ahmad Ahuja (2009) Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (2009) Hemi Bawa (2009) Brahmanandam (2009) Devayani (dancer) (2009) Suresh Dutta (2009) Kalamandalam Gopi (2009) Niranjan Goswami (2009) Geeta Kapur (2009) Nirmal Singh Khalsa (2009) Hashmat Ullah Khan (2009) Helen (2009) S. Krishnaswamy (2009) Akshay Kumar (2009) Iravatham Mahadevan (2009) Hridaynath Mangeshkar (2009) Penaz Masani (2009) Shaoli Mitra (2009) Udit Narayan (2009) Govind Ram Nirmalkar (2009) Leela Omchery (2009) Pratapaditya Pal (2009) Aruna Sairam (2009) Mattannoor Sankarankutty (2009) Kumar Sanu (2009) Kiran Seth (2009) Gurumayum Gourakishor Sharma (2009) Skendrowell Syiemlieh (2009) Thilakan (2009) K. P. Udayabhanu (2009) Vivek (actor) (2009) 2010s Gul Bardhan (2010) Carmel Berkson (2010) Wasifuddin Dagar (2010) Haobam Ongbi Ngangbi Devi (2010) Nemai Ghosh (2010) Sumitra Guha (2010) Ulhas Kashalkar (2010) Saif Ali Khan (2010) Mukund Lath (2010) Ram Dayal Munda (2010) Arundathi Nag (2010) Raghunath Panigrahi (2010) Resul Pookutty (2010) Arjun Prajapati (2010) Rajkumar Achouba Singh (2010) Shobha Raju (2010) Mayadhar Raut (2010) Rekha (2010) Ajoy Chakrabarty (2011) Neelam Mansingh Chowdhry (2011) Makar Dhwaja Darogha (2011) Mahasundari Devi (2011) Gajam Govardhana (2011) Sunayana Hazarilal (2011) S. R. Janakiraman (2011) Jayaram (2011) Kajol (2011) Shaji N. Karun (2011) Girish Kasaravalli (2011) Irrfan Khan (2011) Tabu (2011) Kalamandalam Kshemavathy (2011) Peruvanam Kuttan Marar (2011) Jivya Soma Mashe (2011) Dadi Pudumjee (2011) M. K. Saroja (2011) Khangembam Mangi Singh (2011) Prahlad Tipanya (2011) Usha Uthup (2011) Satish Alekar (2012) Satish Alekar (2012) Vanraj Bhatia (2012) Nameirakpam Ibemni Devi (2012) Gopal Prasad Dubey (2012) Gundecha Brothers (2012) Chittani Ramachandra Hegde (2012) Anup Jalota (2012) Moti Lal Kemmu (2012) Shahid Parvez (2012) Mohanlal Chaturbhuj Kumhar (2012) Sakar Khan (2012) Joy Michael (2012) Minati Mishra (2012) Na Muthuswamy (2012) R. Nagarathnamma (2012) Kalamandalam Sivan Namboodiri (2012) Priyadarshan (2012) Priyadarshan (2012) Vijay Sharma (2012) Laila Tyabji (2012) Yamunabai Waikar (2012) S. Shakir Ali (2013) Gajam Anjaiah (2013) Bapu (2013) Pablo Bartholomew (2013) Purna Das Baul Samrat (2013) G. C. D. Bharti (2013) Apurba Kishore Bir (2013) Ghanakanta Bora (2013) B. Jayashree (2013) Hildamit Lepcha (2013) Madhu (actor) (2013) Sudha Malhotra (2013) Kailash Chandra Meher (2013) Brahmdeo Ram Pandit (2013) Nana Patekar (2013) Rekandar Nageswara Rao (2013) Ghulam Mohammad Saznawaz (2013) Jaymala Shiledar (2013) Ramesh Sippy (2013) Sridevi (2013) Suresh Talwalkar (2013) Mahrukh Tarapor (2013) Balwant Thakur (2013) Rajendra Tiku (2013) Mohammad Ali Baig (2014) Vidya Balan (2014) Musafir Ram Bhardwaj (2014) Sabitri Chatterjee (2014) Biman Bihari Das (2014) Sunil Das (2014) Elam Endira Devi (2014) Supriya Devi (2014) Vijay Ghate (2014) Nayana Apte Joshi (2014) Elam Endira Devi (2014) Supriya Devi (2014) Vijay Ghate (2014) Nayana Apte Joshi (2014) Rani Karnaa (2014) Bansi Kaul (2014) Moinuddin Khan (musician) (2014) Geeta Mahalik (2014) Paresh Maity (2014) Ram Mohan (2014) Sudarsan Pattnaik (2014) Paresh Rawal (2014) Kalamandalam Satyabhama (2014) Anuj Sharma (actor) (2014) Santosh Sivan (2014) Sooni Taraporevala (2014) Naresh Bedi (2015) Sanjay Leela Bhansali (2015) Rahul Jain (2015) Ravindra Jain (2015) Prasoon Joshi (2015) A. Kanyakumari (2015) Prafulla Kar (2015) Tripti Mukherjee (2015) Neil Nongkynrih (2015) Kota Srinivasa Rao (2015) Shekhar Sen (2015) Pran Kumar Sharma (2015) Mahesh Raj Soni (2015) Malini Awasthi (2016) Madhur Bhandarkar (2016) Tulsidas Borkar (2016) Mamta Chandrakar (2016) Priyanka Chopra (2016) Ajay Devgn (2016) Bhikhudan Gadhvi (2016) Laxma Goud (2016) Saeed Jaffrey (2016) Venkatesh Kumar (2016) Naresh Chander Lal (2016) Bhalchandra Dattatray Mondhe (2016) Nila Madhab Panda (2016) Michael Postel (2016) Pratibha Prahlad (2016) S. S. Rajamouli (2016) Gulabo Sapera (2016) Prakash Chand Surana (2016) Basanti Bisht (2017) Baua Devi (2017) Jitendra Haripal (2017) Kailash Kher (2017) Sadhu Meher (2017) Aruna Mohanty (2017) T. K. Murthy (2017) Mukund Nayak (2017) Anuradha Paudwal (2017) Parassala B. Ponnammal (2017) Bharathi Vishnuvardhan (2017) Purushottam Upadhyay (2017) Doddarangegowda (2018) Manoj Joshi (actor) (2018) Pran Kishore Kaul (2018) Vijay Kichlu (2018) Prabhakar Maharana (2018) Sisir Mishra (2018) Vijayalakshmi Navaneethakrishnan (2018) Gobardhan Panika (2018) R. Sathyanarayana (2018) Bhajju Shyam (2018) Ibrahim Sutar (2018) Rudrapatnam Brothers (2018) Baba Yogendra (2018) Anup Ranjan Pandey (2019) Manoj Bajpayee (2019) Pritam Bhartwan (2019) Jyoti Bhatt (2019) Swapan Chaudhuri (2019) Dinyar Contractor (2019) Thanga Darlong (2019) Prabhu Deva (2019) Godawari Dutta (2019) Joravarsinh Jadav (2019) Fayaz Ahmad Jan (2019) K. G. Jayan (2019) Waman Kendre (2019) Kader Khan (2019) Abdul Gafur Khatri (2019) Shankar Mahadevan (2019) Narthaki Nataraj (2019) Milena Salvini (2019) Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry (2019) Rajeev Taranath (2019) Hiralal Yadav (2019) Rajeshwar Acharya (2019) 2020s Shashadhar Acharya (2020) Indira P. P. Bora (2020) Bombay Sisters (2020) Vajira Chitrasena (2020) Puru Dadheech (2020) Madhu Mansuri Hasmukh (2020) Sarita Joshi (2020) Kangana Ranaut (2020) Ramzan Khan (2020) Manilal Nag (2020) Dalavai Chalapathi Rao (2020) Adnan Sami (2020) Suresh Wadkar (2020) V. K. Munusamy (2020) Yadla Gopalarao (2020) Dulari Devi (2021) Bombay Jayashri (2021) KC Sivasankaran (2021) Rewben Mashangva (2021) Sanjida Khatun (2021) Annavarapu Rama Swamy (2021) Nidumolu Sumathi (2021) Biren Kumar Basak (2021) Narayan Debnath (2021) Bhuri Bai (2021) Vinayak Khedekar (2021) Manjamma Jogathi (2021) Gosaveedu Shaik Hassan (Posthumous) (2022) Lalita Vakil (2022) H. R. Keshava Murthy (2022) Jamyang Tsering Namgyal (2022) Arjun Singh Dhurve (2022) Ram Sahay Panday (2022) Durga Bai Vyam (2022) Sulochana Chavan (2022) Sonu Nigam (2022) Lourembam Bino Devi (2022) Konsam Ibomcha Singh (2022) Shyamamani Devi (2022) Thavil Kongampattu A V Murugaiyan (2022) Chandraprakash Dwivedi (2022) Ram Dayal Sharma (2022) Khandu Wangchuk Bhutia (2022) S. Ballesh (2022) Sowcar Janaki (2022) R Muthukannammal (2022) A. K. C. Natarajan (2022) Darshanam Mogilaiah (2022) Sakini Ramachandraih (2022) Gaddam Padmaja Reddy (2022) Kamalini Asthana and Nalini Asthana (duo) (2022) Shivnath Mishra (2022) Sheesh Ram (2022) Ajita Srivastava (2022) Madhuri Barthwal (2022) Kaajee Singh (2022) Jodhaiya Bai Baiga (2023) Premjit Baria (2023) Usha Barle (2023) Hemant Chauhan (2023) Bhanubhai Chitara (2023) Hemoprova Chutia (2023) Subhadra Devi (2023) Hem Chandra Goswami (2023) Pritikana Goswami (2023) Ahmed and Mohammed Hussain (2023) Dilshad Hussain (2023) Mahipat Kavi (2023) M. M. Keeravani (2023) Parshuram Komaji Khune (2023) Maguni Charan Kuanr (2023) Domar Singh Kunvar (2023) Risingbor Kurkalang (2023) Rani Machaiah (2023) Ajay Kumar Mandavi (2023) Nadoja Pindipapanahalli Munivenkatappa (2023) Ramesh and Shanti Parmar (2023) Krishna Patel (2023) K Kalyanasundaram Pillai (2023) Kapil Dev Prasad (2023) Shah Rasheed Ahmed Quadri (2023) C. V. Raju (2023) Pareshbhai Rathwa (2023) Mangala Kanti Roy (2023) K.C. Runremsangi (2023) Ritwik Sanyal (2023) Kota Satchidananda Sastry (2023) Neihunuo Sorhie (2023) Moa Subong (2023) Raveena Tandon (2023) Coomi Nariman Wadia (2023) Ghulam Muhammad Zaz (2023) Khalil Ahamad (2024) Badrappan M (2024) Kaluram Bamaniya (2024) Rezwana Choudhury Bannya (2024) Naseem Bano (2024) Ramlal Bareth (2024) Gita Roy Barman (2024) Som Dutt Battu (2024) Takdira Begum (2024) Drona Bhuyan (2024) Ashok Kumar Biswas (2024) Smriti Rekha Chakma (2024) A Velu Ananda Chari (2024) Ghulam Nabi Dar (2024) Mahabir Singh Guddu (2024) Anupama Hoskere (2024) Jankilal (2024) Ratan Kahar (2024) Dasari Kondappa (2024) Jordan Lepcha (2024) Binod Maharana (2024) Uma Maheshwari D (2024) Ram Kumar Mallick (2024) Surendra Mohan Mishra (2024) Ali Mohammed & Ghani Mohammed (2024) Kiran Nadar (2024) Narayanan E P (2024) Bhagabat Padhan (2024) Sanatan Rudra Pal (2024) Binod Kumar Pasayat (2024) Silbi Passah (2024) Shanti Devi Paswan & Shivan Paswan (2024) Romalo Ram (2024) Nirmal Rishi (2024) Pran Sabharwal (2024) Gaddam Sammaiah (2024) Machihan Sasa (2024) Omprakash Sharma (2024) Godawari Singh (2024) Seshampatti T Sivalingam (2024) Urmila Srivastava (2024) Nepal Chandra Sutradhar (2024) Gopinath Swain (2024) Laxman Bhatt Tailang (2024) Jagdish Trivedi (2024) Balakrishnan Sadanam Puthiya Veetil (2024) Babu Ram Yadav (2024) Adwaita Gadanayak (2025) Achyut Ramchandra Palav (2025) Arijit Singh (2025) Ashok Saraf (2025) Ashwini Bhide-Deshpande (2025) Barry Godfray John (2025) Batool Begam (2025) Bharat Gupt (2025) Bheru Singh Chouhan (2025) Bhimavva Doddabalappa Shillekyathara (2025) Durga Charan Ranbir (2025) Farooq Ahmad Mir (2025) Gokul Chandra Das (2025) Guruvayur Dorai (2025) Harchandan Singh Bhatty (2025) Harjinder Singh Srinagar Wale (2025) Hassan Raghu (2025) Jaspinder Narula (2025) Joynacharan Bathari (2025) K. Omanakutty (2025) Madugula Nagaphani Sarma (2025) Mahavir Nayak (2025) Mamata Shankar (2025) Miriyala Apparao (2025) Naren Gurung (2025) Nirmala Devi (2025) P Datchanamoorthy (2025) Pandi Ram Mandavi (2025) Parmar Lavjibhai Nagjibhai (2025) Purisai Kannappa Sambandan (2025) Radhakrishnan Devasenapathy (2025) Ranendra Bhanu Majumdar (2025) Ratan Parimoo (2025) Rebakanta Mahanta (2025) Ricky Kej (2025) Shyam Bihari Agrawal (2025) Tejendra Majumdar (2025) Thiyam Suryamukhi Devi (2025) Vasudeo Kamath (2025) Velu Aasaan (2025) Venkappa Ambaji Sugatekar (2025) v t e National Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role 1967–1980 Nargis (1967) Sharada (1968) Madhabi Mukherjee (1969) Rehana Sultan (1970) Waheeda Rehman (1971) Sharada (1972) Nandini Bhaktavatsala (1973) Shabana Azmi (1974) Sharmila Tagore (1975) Lakshmi (1976) Smita Patil (1977) Sharada (1978) Shoba (1979) Smita Patil (1980) 1981–2000 Rekha (1981) Shabana Azmi (1982) Shabana Azmi (1983) Shabana Azmi (1984) Suhasini (1985) Monisha (1986) Archana (1987) Archana (1988) Sreelekha Mukherji (1989) Vijayashanti (1990) Moloya Goswami (1991) Dimple Kapadia (1992) Shobana (1993) Debashree Roy (1994) Seema Biswas (1995) Tabu (1996) Indrani Haldar and Rituparna Sengupta (1997) Shabana Azmi (1998) Kirron Kher (1999) Raveena Tandon (2000) 2001–2020 Shobana and Tabu (2001) Konkona Sen Sharma (2002) Meera Jasmine (2003) Tara (2004) Sarika (2005) Priyamani (2006) Umashree (2007) Priyanka Chopra (2008) Ananya Chatterjee (2009) Mitalee Jagtap Varadkar and Saranya Ponvannan (2010) Vidya Balan (2011) Usha Jadhav (2012) Geetanjali Thapa (2013) Kangana Ranaut (2014) Kangana Ranaut (2015) Surabhi Lakshmi (2016) Sridevi (2017) Keerthy Suresh (2018) Kangana Ranaut (2019) Aparna Balamurali (2020) 2021–present Alia Bhatt and Kriti Sanon (2021) Nithya Menen and Manasi Parekh (2022) Rani Mukerji (2023) v t e Filmfare Award for Best Actress 1954–1975 Meena Kumari (1954) Meena Kumari (1955) Kamini Kaushal (1956) Nutan (1957) Nargis (1958) Vyjayanthimala (1959) Nutan (1960) Bina Rai (1961) Vyjayanthimala (1962) Meena Kumari (1963) Nutan (1964) Vyjayanthimala (1965) Meena Kumari (1966) Waheeda Rehman (1967) Nutan (1968) Waheeda Rehman (1969) Sharmila Tagore (1970) Mumtaz (1971) Asha Parekh (1972) Hema Malini (1973) Dimple Kapadia & Jaya Bachchan (1974) Jaya Bachchan (1975) 1976–2000 Lakshmi (1976) Rakhee Gulzar (1977) Shabana Azmi (1978) Nutan (1979) Jaya Bachchan (1980) Rekha (1981) Smita Patil (1982) Padmini Kolhapure (1983) Shabana Azmi (1984) Shabana Azmi (1985) Dimple Kapadia (1986) Not awarded (1987) Not awarded (1988) Rekha (1989) Sridevi (1990) Madhuri Dixit (1991) Sridevi (1992) Madhuri Dixit (1993) Juhi Chawla (1994) Madhuri Dixit (1995) Kajol (1996) Karisma Kapoor (1997) Madhuri Dixit (1998) Kajol (1999) Aishwarya Rai (2000) 2001–present Karisma Kapoor (2001) Kajol (2002) Aishwarya Rai (2003) Preity Zinta (2004) Rani Mukerji (2005) Rani Mukerji (2006) Kajol (2007) Kareena Kapoor (2008) Priyanka Chopra (2009) Vidya Balan (2010) Kajol (2011) Vidya Balan (2012) Vidya Balan (2013) Deepika Padukone (2014) Kangana Ranaut (2015) Deepika Padukone (2016) Alia Bhatt (2017) Vidya Balan (2018) Alia Bhatt (2019) Alia Bhatt (2020) Taapsee Pannu (2021) Kriti Sanon (2022) Alia Bhatt (2023) Alia Bhatt (2024) Alia Bhatt (2025) v t e Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress Not awarded (1991) Not awarded (1992) Dimple Kapadia (1993) Not awarded (1994) Farida Jalal (1995) Manisha Koirala (1996) Manisha Koirala (1997) Tabu (1998) Shefali Shah (1999) Tabu (2000) Tabu (2001) Karisma Kapoor (2002) Manisha Koirala & Rani Mukerji (2003) Urmila Matondkar (2004) Kareena Kapoor (2005) Rani Mukerji (2006) Kareena Kapoor (2007) Tabu (2008) Shahana Goswami (2009) Mahi Gill (2010) Vidya Balan (2011) Priyanka Chopra (2012) Richa Chadha (2013) Shilpa Shukla (2014) Alia Bhatt (2015) Kangana Ranaut (2016) Sonam Kapoor (2017) Zaira Wasim (2018) Neena Gupta (2019) Bhumi Pednekar and Taapsee Pannu (2020) Tillotama Shome (2021) Vidya Balan (2022) Tabu & Bhumi Pednekar (2023) Rani Mukerji & Shefali Shah (2024) Pratibha Ranta (2025) v t e Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut 1989–2000 Juhi Chawla ( 1989 ) Bhagyashree ( 1990 ) Pooja Bhatt ( 1991 ) Raveena Tandon ( 1992 ) Divya Bharti ( 1993 ) Mamta Kulkarni ( 1994 ) Sonali Bendre & Tabu ( 1995 ) Twinkle Khanna ( 1996 ) Seema Biswas ( 1997 ) Mahima Chaudhry ( 1998 ) Preity Zinta ( 1999 ) Nandita Das ( 2000 ) 2001–2009 Kareena Kapoor ( 2001 ) Bipasha Basu ( 2002 ) Esha Deol ( 2003 ) Lara Dutta & Priyanka Chopra ( 2004 ) Ayesha Takia ( 2005 ) Vidya Balan ( 2006 ) Kangana Ranaut ( 2007 ) Deepika Padukone ( 2008 ) Asin ( 2009 ) 2010–present Not awarded ( 2010 ) Sonakshi Sinha ( 2011 ) Parineeti Chopra ( 2012 ) Ileana D'Cruz ( 2013 ) Vaani Kapoor ( 2014 ) Kriti Sanon ( 2015 ) Bhumi Pednekar ( 2016 ) Ritika Singh ( 2017 ) Not awarded ( 2018 ) Sara Ali Khan ( 2019 ) Ananya Panday ( 2020 ) Alaya F ( 2021 ) Sharvari ( 2022 ) Andrea Kevichüsa ( 2023 ) Alizeh Agnihotri ( 2024 ) Nitanshi Goel ( 2025 ) v t e IIFA Award for Best Actress Aishwarya Rai (2000) Karisma Kapoor (2001) Tabu (2002) Aishwarya Rai (2003) Preity Zinta (2004) Rani Mukerji (2005) Rani Mukerji (2006) Rani Mukerji (2007) Kareena Kapoor (2008) Priyanka Chopra (2009) Kareena Kapoor & Vidya Balan (2010) Anushka Sharma (2011) Vidya Balan (2012) Vidya Balan (2013) Deepika Padukone (2014) Kangana Ranaut (2015) Deepika Padukone (2016) Alia Bhatt (2017) Sridevi (2018) Alia Bhatt (2019) Alia Bhatt (2020) Kriti Sanon (2021–22) Alia Bhatt (2023) Rani Mukerji (2024) Nitanshi Goel (2025) v t e IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female Kareena Kapoor , Kim Sharma , Preeti Jhangiani & Shamita Shetty (2001) Bipasha Basu & Gracy Singh (2002) Esha Deol (2003) Amrita Rao (2004) Ayesha Takia (2005) Vidya Balan (2006) Kangana Ranaut (2007) Deepika Padukone (2008) Asin (2009) Jacqueline Fernandez & Mahi Gill (2010) Sonakshi Sinha (2011) Parineeti Chopra (2012) Yami Gautam (2013) Vaani Kapoor (2014) Kriti Sanon (2015) Bhumi Pednekar (2016) Disha Patani (2017) Sara Ali Khan (2019) Ananya Panday (2020) Sharvari (2022) Khushalii Kumar (2023) Alizeh Agnihotri (2024) Pratibha Ranta (2025) v t e Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role Urmila Matondkar (2004) Not awarded (2005) Rani Mukerji (2006) Not awarded (2007) Kareena Kapoor (2008) Priyanka Chopra (2009) Priyanka Chopra (2010) Anushka Sharma & Vidya Balan (2011) Vidya Balan (2012) Vidya Balan (2013) Deepika Padukone (2014) Priyanka Chopra (2015) Deepika Padukone (2016) v t e Screen Award for Best Actress Jury : Madhuri Dixit (1995) Madhuri Dixit (1996) Manisha Koirala (1997) Madhuri Dixit (1998) Kajol (1999) Aishwarya Rai (2000) Tabu (2001) Kajol (2002) Aishwarya Rai (2003) Urmila Matondkar (2004) Rani Mukerji (2005) Rani Mukerji (2006) Kareena Kapoor (2007) Kareena Kapoor (2008) Priyanka Chopra (2009) Vidya Balan (2010) Vidya Balan (2011) Vidya Balan (2012) Vidya Balan (2013) Deepika Padukone (2014) Priyanka Chopra (2015) Deepika Padukone (2016) Alia Bhatt (2017) Vidya Balan (2018) Alia Bhatt (2019) Alia Bhatt (2020) Popular : Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (2009) Kareena Kapoor (2010) Katrina Kaif (2011) Deepika Padukone (2012) Katrina Kaif (2013) Deepika Padukone (2014) Deepika Padukone (2015) Deepika Padukone (2016) Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (2017) Shraddha Kapoor (2018) Deepika Padukone (2019) Kangana Ranaut (2020) Critics : Ayesha Takia (2007) Tabu (2008) Kalki Koechlin (2016) Swara Bhaskar (2017) Konkona Sen Sharma (2018) Neena Gupta (2019) Taapsee Pannu & Bhumi Pednekar (2020) v t e Screen Award for Best Female Debut Sonali Bendre (1995) Not awarded (1996) Priya Gill (1997) Aishwarya Rai (1998) Preity Zinta (1999) Nethra Raghuraman (2000) Not awarded (2001) Gracy Singh (2002) Esha Deol (2003) Lara Dutta (2004) Gayatri Joshi (2005) Vidya Balan (2006) Kangana Ranaut (2007) Deepika Padukone (2008) Asin (2009) Mahie Gill (2010) Sonakshi Sinha (2011) Parineeti Chopra (2012) Ileana D'Cruz (2013) Aida El-Kashef (2014) Patralekha (2015) Bhumi Pednekar (2016) Disha Patani (2017) Zaira Wasim (2018) Radhika Madan (2019) Sara Ali Khan (2020) v t e Stardust Award for Best Actress Searchlight : Amrita Rao (2009) Preity Zinta (2010) Neetu Singh (2011) Shraddha Kapoor (2012) Farah Khan (2013) Kangana Ranaut (2014) Comedy/Romance : Katrina Kaif (2011) Anushka Sharma (2012) Anushka Sharma (2013) Sonam Kapoor (2014) Drama : Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (2011) Vidya Balan (2012) Priyanka Chopra & Sridevi (2013) Priyanka Chopra (2014) Thriller/Action : Vidya Balan (2011) Bipasha Basu (2012) Vidya Balan (2013) Rani Mukerji (2014) v t e Stardust Award for Actor of the Year – Female Preity Zinta (2004) Preity Zinta (2005) Rani Mukerji (2006) Aishwarya Rai (2007) Kareena Kapoor (2008) Priyanka Chopra (2009) Kareena Kapoor (2010) Kajol (2011) Vidya Balan (2012) Priyanka Chopra (2013) Deepika Padukone (2014) Deepika Padukone (2015) v t e Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female Viewer Madhuri Dixit (1998) Kajol (1999) Aishwarya Rai (2000) Tabu (2001) Tabu (2002) Aishwarya Rai (2003) Urmila Matondkar (2004) Rani Mukerji (2005) Rani Mukerji (2006) Kajol (2007) Kareena Kapoor (2008) No Award (2009) No Award (2010) Vidya Balan (2011) Vidya Balan (2012) Priyanka Chopra (2013) Deepika Padukone (2014) No Award (2015) Deepika Padukone (2016) Anushka Sharma (2017) Alia Bhatt (2018) Alia Bhatt (2019) Alia Bhatt (2020) Alia Bhatt (2023) Kiara Advani (2024) Shraddha Kapoor (2025) Jury Aishwarya Rai (2005) Shweta Prasad (2006) Ayesha Takia & Gul Panag (2007) Shefali Shah (2008) No Award (2009) No Award (2010) Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (2011) Vidya Balan (2012) Vidya Balan (2013) Sonakshi Sinha (2014) No Award (2015) Deepika Padukone (2016) Alia Bhatt (2017) Sridevi (2018) Deepika Padukone (2019) Taapsee Pannu (2020) Alia Bhatt (2023) Rani Mukerjee (2024) Kriti Sanon (2025) v t e Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut Mahima Chaudhry (1998) Preity Zinta (1999) Rinke Khanna (2000) Ameesha Patel (2001) Gracy Singh (2002) Malini Sharma (2003) Bhumika Chawla (2004) Gayatri Joshi (2005) Vidya Balan & Konkona Sen Sharma (2006) Kangana Ranaut (2007) Deepika Padukone (2008) No Award (2009) No Award (2010) Sonakshi Sinha (2011) Parineeti Chopra (2012) Ileana D'Cruz & Yami Gautam (2013) Vaani Kapoor (2014) No Award (2015) Harshaali Malhotra & Bhumi Pednekar (2016) Ritika Singh (2017) Nidhhi Agerwal (2018) Janhvi Kapoor (2019) Tara Sutaria & Ananya Panday (2020) No Award (2021) No Award (2022) Rashmika Mandanna (2023) Medha Shankr & Alizeh Agnihotri (2024) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Recipients of Padma Shri in Art v t e 1950s Omkarnath Thakur (1955) Sthanam Narasimha Rao (1956) Sudhir Khastgir (1957) Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu (1957) Debaki Bose (1958) Shambhu Maharaj (1958) Nargis (1958) Satyajit Ray (1958) Devika Rani (1958) Omkarnath Thakur (1955) Sthanam Narasimha Rao (1956) Sudhir Khastgir (1957) Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu (1957) Debaki Bose (1958) Shambhu Maharaj (1958) Nargis (1958) Satyajit Ray (1958) Devika Rani (1958) 1960s K. K. Hebbar (1961) Bismillah Khan (1961) Raghunath Krishna Phadke (1961) Ashok Kumar (1962) Mehboob Khan (1963) Melville de Mellow (1963) Vinayak Pandurang Karmarkar (1964) Adi Pherozeshah Marzban (1964) P. C. Sorcar (1964) Guru Kunchu Kurup (1965) V. Nagayya (1965) Ravishankar Raval (1965) Mrinalini Sarabhai (1965) Sivaji Ganesan (1966) M. F. Husain (1966) Sumitra Charat Ram (1966) P. Bhanumathi (1966) Daji Bhatawadekar (1967) Vasant Desai (1967) Siddheshwari Devi (1967) Mohammed Rafi (1967) Sashadhar Mukherjee (1967) Vinjamuri Venkata Lakshmi Narasimha Rao (1967) M. R. Acharekar (1968) Begum Akhtar (1968) Sharan Rani Backliwal (1968) Nikhil Banerjee (1968) Sunil Dutt (1968) Durga Khote (1968) Yamini Krishnamurthy (1968) Shankar–Jaikishan (1968) Ayodhya Prasad (1968) Akkineni Nageswara Rao (1968) N. T. Rama Rao (1968) Devi Lal Samar (1968) Vyjayanthimala (1968) Khwaja Ahmad Abbas (1969) David Abraham Cheulkar (1969) N. S. Bendre (1969) S. D. Burman (1969) B. Saroja Devi (1969) Indrani Rahman (1969) Balraj Sahni (1969) S. N. Swamy (artist) (1969) K. K. Hebbar (1961) Bismillah Khan (1961) Raghunath Krishna Phadke (1961) Ashok Kumar (1962) Mehboob Khan (1963) Melville de Mellow (1963) Vinayak Pandurang Karmarkar (1964) Adi Pherozeshah Marzban (1964) P. C. Sorcar (1964) Guru Kunchu Kurup (1965) V. Nagayya (1965) Ravishankar Raval (1965) Mrinalini Sarabhai (1965) Sivaji Ganesan (1966) M. F. Husain (1966) Sumitra Charat Ram (1966) P. Bhanumathi (1966) Daji Bhatawadekar (1967) Vasant Desai (1967) Siddheshwari Devi (1967) Mohammed Rafi (1967) Sashadhar Mukherjee (1967) Vinjamuri Venkata Lakshmi Narasimha Rao (1967) M. R. Acharekar (1968) Begum Akhtar (1968) Sharan Rani Backliwal (1968) Nikhil Banerjee (1968) Sunil Dutt (1968) Durga Khote (1968) Yamini Krishnamurthy (1968) Shankar–Jaikishan (1968) Ayodhya Prasad (1968) Akkineni Nageswara Rao (1968) N. T. Rama Rao (1968) Devi Lal Samar (1968) Vyjayanthimala (1968) Khwaja Ahmad Abbas (1969) David Abraham Cheulkar (1969) N. S. Bendre (1969) S. D. Burman (1969) B. Saroja Devi (1969) Indrani Rahman (1969) Balraj Sahni (1969) S. N. Swamy (artist) (1969) 1970s Sukumar Bose (1970) Prem Dhawan (1970) Ratna Fabri (1970) Gemini Ganesan (1970) Ritwik Ghatak (1970) Damayanti Joshi (1970) Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan (1970) Karl Jamshed Khandalavala (1970) Madhaviah Krishnan (1970) Rajendra Kumar (1970) Pankaj Mullick (1970) Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair (1970) Relangi (1970) Gummadi (1970) Vijay Raghav Rao (1970) V. Satyanarayana Sarma (1970) Maisnam Amubi Singh (1970) K. B. Sundarambal (1970) Avinash Vyas (1970) M. Balamuralikrishna (1971) Sankho Chaudhuri (1971) Manna Dey (1971) Tripti Mitra (1971) Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair (1971) Chenganoor Raman Pillai (1971) K. N. Dandayudhapani Pillai (1971) Shanta Rao (1971) Ravi (1971) Sahir Ludhianvi (1971) Siyaram Tiwari (musician) (1971) Chiranjeet Chakraborty (1972) Girija Devi (1972) Vasudeo S. Gaitonde (1972) Sunil Janah (1972) Lalgudi Jayaraman (1972) Bhimsen Joshi (1972) Mahendra Kapoor (1972) Ram Kumar (artist) (1972) Hrishikesh Mukherjee (1972) Vazhuvoor Ramaiah Pillai (1972) Samta Prasad (1972) M. K. Radha (1972) Raghu Rai (1972) Krishna Reddy (1972) Waheeda Rehman (1972) Juthika Roy (1972) Suchitra Sen (1972) Gubbi Veeranna (1972) Sitara Devi (1973) T. N. Krishnan (1973) Kishan Maharaj (1973) Ramanathapuram C. S. Murugabhoopathy (1973) Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair (1973) Uma Sharma (1973) S. G. Thakur Singh (1973) Kaifi Azmi (1974) Pushkar Bhan (1974) Mani Madhava Chakyar (1974) Bindhyabasini Devi (1974) Naina Devi (1974) Girish Karnad (1974) Shriram Lagoo (1974) Kelucharan Mohapatra (1974) Nutan (1974) M. D. Ramanathan (1974) Som Nath Sadhu (1974) Emani Sankara Sastry (1974) Kripal Singh Shekhawat (1974) Manik Varma (1974) M. S. Gopalakrishnan (1975) Jasraj (1975) Amjad Ali Khan (1975) Gopi Krishna (1975) Sanjukta Panigrahi (1975) Basavaraj Rajguru (1975) Kalyanam Raghuramayya (1975) M. S. Sathyu (1975) K. G. Subramanyan (1975) Gitchandra Tongbra (1975) K. J. Yesudas (1975) Shyam Benegal (1976) Raghunath Mohapatra (1976) Ram Narayan (1976) K. V. Narayanaswamy (1976) R. Nagendra Rao (1976) S. Somasundaram (1976) Parveen Sultana (1976) Dhanraj Bhagat (1977) Bhupen Hazarika (1977) Sheik Chinna Moulana (1977) Alla Rakha (1977) Jehangir Sabavala (1977) Ghulam Rasool Santosh (1977) Sukumar Bose (1970) Prem Dhawan (1970) Ratna Fabri (1970) Gemini Ganesan (1970) Ritwik Ghatak (1970) Damayanti Joshi (1970) Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan (1970) Karl Jamshed Khandalavala (1970) Madhaviah Krishnan (1970) Rajendra Kumar (1970) Pankaj Mullick (1970) Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair (1970) Relangi (1970) Gummadi (1970) Vijay Raghav Rao (1970) V. Satyanarayana Sarma (1970) Maisnam Amubi Singh (1970) K. B. Sundarambal (1970) Avinash Vyas (1970) M. Balamuralikrishna (1971) Sankho Chaudhuri (1971) Manna Dey (1971) Tripti Mitra (1971) Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair (1971) Chenganoor Raman Pillai (1971) K. N. Dandayudhapani Pillai (1971) Shanta Rao (1971) Ravi (1971) Sahir Ludhianvi (1971) Siyaram Tiwari (musician) (1971) Chiranjeet Chakraborty (1972) Girija Devi (1972) Vasudeo S. Gaitonde (1972) Sunil Janah (1972) Lalgudi Jayaraman (1972) Bhimsen Joshi (1972) Mahendra Kapoor (1972) Ram Kumar (artist) (1972) Hrishikesh Mukherjee (1972) Vazhuvoor Ramaiah Pillai (1972) Samta Prasad (1972) M. K. Radha (1972) Raghu Rai (1972) Krishna Reddy (1972) Waheeda Rehman (1972) Juthika Roy (1972) Suchitra Sen (1972) Gubbi Veeranna (1972) Sitara Devi (1973) T. N. Krishnan (1973) Kishan Maharaj (1973) Ramanathapuram C. S. Murugabhoopathy (1973) Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair (1973) Uma Sharma (1973) S. G. Thakur Singh (1973) Kaifi Azmi (1974) Pushkar Bhan (1974) Mani Madhava Chakyar (1974) Bindhyabasini Devi (1974) Naina Devi (1974) Girish Karnad (1974) Shriram Lagoo (1974) Kelucharan Mohapatra (1974) Nutan (1974) M. D. Ramanathan (1974) Som Nath Sadhu (1974) Emani Sankara Sastry (1974) Kripal Singh Shekhawat (1974) Manik Varma (1974) M. S. Gopalakrishnan (1975) Jasraj (1975) Amjad Ali Khan (1975) Gopi Krishna (1975) Sanjukta Panigrahi (1975) Basavaraj Rajguru (1975) Kalyanam Raghuramayya (1975) M. S. Sathyu (1975) K. G. Subramanyan (1975) Gitchandra Tongbra (1975) K. J. Yesudas (1975) Shyam Benegal (1976) Raghunath Mohapatra (1976) Ram Narayan (1976) K. V. Narayanaswamy (1976) R. Nagendra Rao (1976) S. Somasundaram (1976) Parveen Sultana (1976) Dhanraj Bhagat (1977) Bhupen Hazarika (1977) Sheik Chinna Moulana (1977) Alla Rakha (1977) Jehangir Sabavala (1977) Ghulam Rasool Santosh (1977) 1980s B. V. Karanth (1981) Namagiripettai Krishnan (1981) Gambhir Singh Mura (1981) Dashrath Patel (1981) S. H. Raza (1981) Padma Subrahmanyam (1981) Allah Jilai Bai (1982) Ammannur Madhava Chakyar (1982) Jabbar Patel (1982) Virendra Prabhakar (1982) Gautam Vaghela (1982) Sirkazhi Govindarajan (1983) Gautam Vaghela (1982) Sirkazhi Govindarajan (1983) Sharafat Hussain Khan (1983) Nepal Mahata (1983) Handel Manuel (1983) Gulam Mohammed Sheikh (1983) Raghubir Singh (1983) Sobha Singh (1983) Habib Tanvir (1983) Ganga Devi (1984) Amitabh Bachchan (1984) Purushottam Das (1984) Adoor Gopalakrishnan (1984) Bhupen Khakhar (1984) Ben Kingsley (1984) Vinay Chandra Maudgalya (1984) Roshan Kumari (1984) Mavelikara Krishnankutty Nair (1984) N. Rajam (1984) Raja and Radha Reddy (1984) Nek Chand (1984) Ram Gopal Vijayvargiya (1984) Shanti Dave (1985) Asa Singh Mastana (1985) Laxman Pai (1985) Smita Patil (1985) Palghat R. Raghu (1985) Naseeruddin Shah (1985) Shankar Bapu Apegaonkar (1986) Kanika Banerjee (1986) Subrata Mitra (1986) Rajkumar Singhajit Singh (1986) Hisam-ud-din Usta (1986) K. Balachander (1987) Kumudini Lakhia (1987) Vijaya Mehta (1987) N. Ramani (1987) Aparna Sen (1987) Naresh Sohal (1987) Jitendra Abhisheki (1988) Shabana Azmi (1988) Teejan Bai (1988) Bikash Bhattacharjee (1988) Zakir Hussain (1988) Chindodi Leela (1988) Sudharani Raghupathy (1988) Sudarshan Sahoo (1988) Kudrat Singh (1988) Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman (1988) Jitendra Abhisheki (1988) Adyar K. Lakshman (1989) Haku Shah (1989) L. Subramaniam (1989) Ratan Thiyam (1989) Upendra Trivedi (1989) B. V. Karanth (1981) Namagiripettai Krishnan (1981) Gambhir Singh Mura (1981) Dashrath Patel (1981) S. H. Raza (1981) Padma Subrahmanyam (1981) Allah Jilai Bai (1982) Ammannur Madhava Chakyar (1982) Jabbar Patel (1982) Virendra Prabhakar (1982) Gautam Vaghela (1982) Sirkazhi Govindarajan (1983) Gautam Vaghela (1982) Sirkazhi Govindarajan (1983) Sharafat Hussain Khan (1983) Nepal Mahata (1983) Handel Manuel (1983) Gulam Mohammed Sheikh (1983) Raghubir Singh (1983) Sobha Singh (1983) Habib Tanvir (1983) Ganga Devi (1984) Amitabh Bachchan (1984) Purushottam Das (1984) Adoor Gopalakrishnan (1984) Bhupen Khakhar (1984) Ben Kingsley (1984) Vinay Chandra Maudgalya (1984) Roshan Kumari (1984) Mavelikara Krishnankutty Nair (1984) N. Rajam (1984) Raja and Radha Reddy (1984) Nek Chand (1984) Ram Gopal Vijayvargiya (1984) Shanti Dave (1985) Asa Singh Mastana (1985) Laxman Pai (1985) Smita Patil (1985) Palghat R. Raghu (1985) Naseeruddin Shah (1985) Shankar Bapu Apegaonkar (1986) Kanika Banerjee (1986) Subrata Mitra (1986) Rajkumar Singhajit Singh (1986) Hisam-ud-din Usta (1986) K. Balachander (1987) Kumudini Lakhia (1987) Vijaya Mehta (1987) N. Ramani (1987) Aparna Sen (1987) Naresh Sohal (1987) Jitendra Abhisheki (1988) Shabana Azmi (1988) Teejan Bai (1988) Bikash Bhattacharjee (1988) Zakir Hussain (1988) Chindodi Leela (1988) Sudharani Raghupathy (1988) Sudarshan Sahoo (1988) Kudrat Singh (1988) Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman (1988) Jitendra Abhisheki (1988) Adyar K. Lakshman (1989) Haku Shah (1989) L. Subramaniam (1989) Ratan Thiyam (1989) Upendra Trivedi (1989) 1990s Mohan Agashe (1990) G. Aravindan (1990) Prabha Atre (1990) Asgari Bai (1990) Gulab Bai (1990) Balwantrai Bhatt (1990) Diwaliben Bhil (1990) Raj Bisaria (1990) S. M. Ganapathy (1990) Kamal Haasan (1990) Bishamber Khanna (1990) Krishen Khanna (1990) Allu Ramalingaiah (1990) Tarun Majumdar (1990) Madhavi Mudgal (1990) Om Puri (1990) Kanak Rele (1990) Leela Samson (1990) Maharajapuram Santhanam (1990) Kapila Vatsyayan (1990) Ranbir Singh Bisht (1991) Bharat Gopy (1991) Ghulam Mustafa Khan (1991) Hafeez Ahmed Khan (1991) Shanno Khurana (1991) Pratima Barua Pandey (1991) Manu Parekh (1991) Shivkumar Sharma (1991) Gurcharan Singh (painter) (1991) Sharda Sinha (1991) Alarmel Valli (1991) Jaya Bachchan (1992) Pankaj Charan Das (1992) Biren De (1992) Srirangam Gopalaratnam (1992) Sabri Khan (1992) Sunita Kohli (1992) Madurai N. Krishnan (1992) Manoj Kumar (1992) Meera Mukherjee (1992) Asha Parekh (1992) Nataraja Ramakrishna (1992) Bhagaban Sahu (1992) Anandji Virji Shah (1992) Kalyanji Virji Shah ( Kalyanji-Anandji ) (1992) Sundari K. Shridharani (1992) Tapan Sinha (1992) Muthiah Sthapati (1992) K. Viswanath (1992) Chitra Visweswaran (1992) Dipali Barthakur (1998) Mammootty (1998) Kunja Bihari Meher (1998) Krishnarao Sable (1998) Zohra Sehgal (1998) K. Ibomcha Sharma (1998) U. Srinivas (1998) Javed Akhtar (1999) Saryu Doshi (1999) Sulochana Latkar (1999) Sumati Mutatkar (1999) Shobha Deepak Singh (1999) Jagmohan Sursagar (1999) Ram V. Sutar (1999) Mohan Agashe (1990) G. Aravindan (1990) Prabha Atre (1990) Asgari Bai (1990) Gulab Bai (1990) Balwantrai Bhatt (1990) Diwaliben Bhil (1990) Raj Bisaria (1990) S. M. Ganapathy (1990) Kamal Haasan (1990) Bishamber Khanna (1990) Krishen Khanna (1990) Allu Ramalingaiah (1990) Tarun Majumdar (1990) Madhavi Mudgal (1990) Om Puri (1990) Kanak Rele (1990) Leela Samson (1990) Maharajapuram Santhanam (1990) Kapila Vatsyayan (1990) Ranbir Singh Bisht (1991) Bharat Gopy (1991) Ghulam Mustafa Khan (1991) Hafeez Ahmed Khan (1991) Shanno Khurana (1991) Pratima Barua Pandey (1991) Manu Parekh (1991) Shivkumar Sharma (1991) Gurcharan Singh (painter) (1991) Sharda Sinha (1991) Alarmel Valli (1991) Jaya Bachchan (1992) Pankaj Charan Das (1992) Biren De (1992) Srirangam Gopalaratnam (1992) Sabri Khan (1992) Sunita Kohli (1992) Madurai N. Krishnan (1992) Manoj Kumar (1992) Meera Mukherjee (1992) Asha Parekh (1992) Nataraja Ramakrishna (1992) Bhagaban Sahu (1992) Anandji Virji Shah (1992) Kalyanji Virji Shah ( Kalyanji-Anandji ) (1992) Sundari K. Shridharani (1992) Tapan Sinha (1992) Muthiah Sthapati (1992) K. Viswanath (1992) Chitra Visweswaran (1992) Dipali Barthakur (1998) Mammootty (1998) Kunja Bihari Meher (1998) Krishnarao Sable (1998) Zohra Sehgal (1998) K. Ibomcha Sharma (1998) U. Srinivas (1998) Javed Akhtar (1999) Saryu Doshi (1999) Sulochana Latkar (1999) Sumati Mutatkar (1999) Shobha Deepak Singh (1999) Jagmohan Sursagar (1999) Ram V. Sutar (1999) 2000s Kanhai Chitrakar (2000) Shekhar Kapur (2000) Hema Malini (2000) Anjolie Ela Menon (2000) Shubha Mudgal (2000) Alyque Padamsee (2000) A. R. Rahman (2000) Ramanand Sagar (2000) S. P. Balasubrahmanyam (2001) Aamir Raza Husain (2001) Padmaja Phenany Joglekar (2001) Mohammed Tayab Khan (2001) Sunil Kothari (2001) Nerella Venu Madhav (2001) Mohanlal (2001) Shobha Naidu (2001) D. V. S. Raju (2001) Avadhanam Sita Raman (2001) Siramdasu Venkata Rama Rao (2001) Thota Tharani (2001) W. D. 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Sivachidambaram (2008) Jawahar Wattal (2008) Ameena Ahmad Ahuja (2009) Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (2009) Hemi Bawa (2009) Brahmanandam (2009) Devayani (dancer) (2009) Suresh Dutta (2009) Kalamandalam Gopi (2009) Niranjan Goswami (2009) Geeta Kapur (2009) Nirmal Singh Khalsa (2009) Hashmat Ullah Khan (2009) Helen (2009) S. Krishnaswamy (2009) Akshay Kumar (2009) Iravatham Mahadevan (2009) Hridaynath Mangeshkar (2009) Penaz Masani (2009) Shaoli Mitra (2009) Udit Narayan (2009) Govind Ram Nirmalkar (2009) Leela Omchery (2009) Pratapaditya Pal (2009) Aruna Sairam (2009) Mattannoor Sankarankutty (2009) Kumar Sanu (2009) Kiran Seth (2009) Gurumayum Gourakishor Sharma (2009) Skendrowell Syiemlieh (2009) Thilakan (2009) K. P. Udayabhanu (2009) Vivek (actor) (2009) Kanhai Chitrakar (2000) Shekhar Kapur (2000) Hema Malini (2000) Anjolie Ela Menon (2000) Shubha Mudgal (2000) Alyque Padamsee (2000) A. R. Rahman (2000) Ramanand Sagar (2000) S. P. Balasubrahmanyam (2001) Aamir Raza Husain (2001) Padmaja Phenany Joglekar (2001) Mohammed Tayab Khan (2001) Sunil Kothari (2001) Nerella Venu Madhav (2001) Mohanlal (2001) Shobha Naidu (2001) D. V. S. Raju (2001) Avadhanam Sita Raman (2001) Siramdasu Venkata Rama Rao (2001) Thota Tharani (2001) W. D. Amaradeva (2002) Raj Begum (2002) Vishwa Mohan Bhatt (2002) Pushpa Bhuyan (2002) Rajan Devadas (2002) Darshana Jhaveri (2002) Abdul Latif Khan (2002) Mani Krishnaswami (2002) Fazal Mohammad (2002) Manorama (2002) Govind Nihalani (2002) Mani Ratnam (2002) Kiran Segal (2002) Navaneetham Padmanabha Seshadri (2002) Saroja Vaidyanathan (2002) T. H. Vinayakram (2002) Jahnu Barua (2003) Danny Denzongpa (2003) Kshetrimayum Ongbi Thouranisabi Devi (2003) Rita Ganguly (2003) Ranjana Gauhar (2003) Sadashiv Vasantrao Gorakshkar (2003) Rakhee Gulzar (2003) Nemi Chandra Jain (2003) O. P. Jain (2003) Aamir Khan (2003) Shafaat Ahmed Khan (2003) T. M. 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Chithra (2005) Yumlembam Gambhini Devi (2005) Shah Rukh Khan (2005) Ghulam Sadiq Khan (2005) Kavita Krishnamurti (2005) Chaturbhuj Meher (2005) Kumkum Mohanty (2005) Punaram Nishad (2005) Kedar Nath Sahoo (2005) Sougaijam Thanil Singh (2005) Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan (2005) Komala Varadan (2005) Puranchand Wadali (2005) Ileana Citaristi (2006) Mehmood Dhaulpuri (2006) Shree Lal Joshi (2006) Surinder Kaur (2006) Rashid Khan (musician) (2006) Vasundhara Komkali (2006) Yashodhar Mathpal (2006) Madhup Mudgal (2006) Kavungal Chathunni Panicker (2006) Shyama Charan Pati (2006) Gayatri Sankaran (2006) Prasad Sawkar (2006) Aribam Syam Sharma (2006) Shobana (2006) Kanaka Srinivasan (2006) Pankaj Udhas (2006) Mohan Babu (2007) Geeta Chandran (2007) Astad Deboo (2007) Neelamani Devi (2007) Remo Fernandes (2007) P. Gopinathan (2007) Pushpa Hans (2007) Shanti Hiranand (2007) Ananda Shankar Jayant (2007) Govardhan Kumari (2007) Sonam Tshering Lepcha (2007) Balachandra Menon (2007) Shashikala (2007) Gajendra Narayan Singh (2007) Thingbaijam Babu Singh (2007) Pannuru Sripathy (2007) Valayapatti A. R. Subramaniam (2007) Waman Thakre (2007) P. R. Thilagam (2007) Tom Alter (2008) Moozhikkulam Kochukuttan Chakyar (2008) Jonnalagadda Gurappa Chetty (2008) Meenakshi Chitharanjan (2008) Madhuri Dixit Nene (2008) Kekoo Gandhy (2008) Helen Giri Syiem (2008) Jatin Goswami (2008) Hans Raj Hans (2008) Sabitri Heisnam (2008) Gokulotsavji Maharaj (2008) P. K. Narayanan Nambiar (2008) Gennadi Mikhailovich Pechinkov (2008) Gangadhar Pradhan (2008) M. Night Shyamalan (2008) Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram (2008) Jawahar Wattal (2008) Ameena Ahmad Ahuja (2009) Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (2009) Hemi Bawa (2009) Brahmanandam (2009) Devayani (dancer) (2009) Suresh Dutta (2009) Kalamandalam Gopi (2009) Niranjan Goswami (2009) Geeta Kapur (2009) Nirmal Singh Khalsa (2009) Hashmat Ullah Khan (2009) Helen (2009) S. Krishnaswamy (2009) Akshay Kumar (2009) Iravatham Mahadevan (2009) Hridaynath Mangeshkar (2009) Penaz Masani (2009) Shaoli Mitra (2009) Udit Narayan (2009) Govind Ram Nirmalkar (2009) Leela Omchery (2009) Pratapaditya Pal (2009) Aruna Sairam (2009) Mattannoor Sankarankutty (2009) Kumar Sanu (2009) Kiran Seth (2009) Gurumayum Gourakishor Sharma (2009) Skendrowell Syiemlieh (2009) Thilakan (2009) K. P. Udayabhanu (2009) Vivek (actor) (2009) 2010s Gul Bardhan (2010) Carmel Berkson (2010) Wasifuddin Dagar (2010) Haobam Ongbi Ngangbi Devi (2010) Nemai Ghosh (2010) Sumitra Guha (2010) Ulhas Kashalkar (2010) Saif Ali Khan (2010) Mukund Lath (2010) Ram Dayal Munda (2010) Arundathi Nag (2010) Raghunath Panigrahi (2010) Resul Pookutty (2010) Arjun Prajapati (2010) Rajkumar Achouba Singh (2010) Shobha Raju (2010) Mayadhar Raut (2010) Rekha (2010) Ajoy Chakrabarty (2011) Neelam Mansingh Chowdhry (2011) Makar Dhwaja Darogha (2011) Mahasundari Devi (2011) Gajam Govardhana (2011) Sunayana Hazarilal (2011) S. R. Janakiraman (2011) Jayaram (2011) Kajol (2011) Shaji N. Karun (2011) Girish Kasaravalli (2011) Irrfan Khan (2011) Tabu (2011) Kalamandalam Kshemavathy (2011) Peruvanam Kuttan Marar (2011) Jivya Soma Mashe (2011) Dadi Pudumjee (2011) M. K. Saroja (2011) Khangembam Mangi Singh (2011) Prahlad Tipanya (2011) Usha Uthup (2011) Satish Alekar (2012) Satish Alekar (2012) Vanraj Bhatia (2012) Nameirakpam Ibemni Devi (2012) Gopal Prasad Dubey (2012) Gundecha Brothers (2012) Chittani Ramachandra Hegde (2012) Anup Jalota (2012) Moti Lal Kemmu (2012) Shahid Parvez (2012) Mohanlal Chaturbhuj Kumhar (2012) Sakar Khan (2012) Joy Michael (2012) Minati Mishra (2012) Na Muthuswamy (2012) R. Nagarathnamma (2012) Kalamandalam Sivan Namboodiri (2012) Priyadarshan (2012) Priyadarshan (2012) Vijay Sharma (2012) Laila Tyabji (2012) Yamunabai Waikar (2012) S. Shakir Ali (2013) Gajam Anjaiah (2013) Bapu (2013) Pablo Bartholomew (2013) Purna Das Baul Samrat (2013) G. C. D. Bharti (2013) Apurba Kishore Bir (2013) Ghanakanta Bora (2013) B. 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Kanyakumari (2015) Prafulla Kar (2015) Tripti Mukherjee (2015) Neil Nongkynrih (2015) Kota Srinivasa Rao (2015) Shekhar Sen (2015) Pran Kumar Sharma (2015) Mahesh Raj Soni (2015) Malini Awasthi (2016) Madhur Bhandarkar (2016) Tulsidas Borkar (2016) Mamta Chandrakar (2016) Priyanka Chopra (2016) Ajay Devgn (2016) Bhikhudan Gadhvi (2016) Laxma Goud (2016) Saeed Jaffrey (2016) Venkatesh Kumar (2016) Naresh Chander Lal (2016) Bhalchandra Dattatray Mondhe (2016) Nila Madhab Panda (2016) Michael Postel (2016) Pratibha Prahlad (2016) S. S. Rajamouli (2016) Gulabo Sapera (2016) Prakash Chand Surana (2016) Basanti Bisht (2017) Baua Devi (2017) Jitendra Haripal (2017) Kailash Kher (2017) Sadhu Meher (2017) Aruna Mohanty (2017) T. K. Murthy (2017) Mukund Nayak (2017) Anuradha Paudwal (2017) Parassala B. 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Kanyakumari (2015) Prafulla Kar (2015) Tripti Mukherjee (2015) Neil Nongkynrih (2015) Kota Srinivasa Rao (2015) Shekhar Sen (2015) Pran Kumar Sharma (2015) Mahesh Raj Soni (2015) Malini Awasthi (2016) Madhur Bhandarkar (2016) Tulsidas Borkar (2016) Mamta Chandrakar (2016) Priyanka Chopra (2016) Ajay Devgn (2016) Bhikhudan Gadhvi (2016) Laxma Goud (2016) Saeed Jaffrey (2016) Venkatesh Kumar (2016) Naresh Chander Lal (2016) Bhalchandra Dattatray Mondhe (2016) Nila Madhab Panda (2016) Michael Postel (2016) Pratibha Prahlad (2016) S. S. Rajamouli (2016) Gulabo Sapera (2016) Prakash Chand Surana (2016) Basanti Bisht (2017) Baua Devi (2017) Jitendra Haripal (2017) Kailash Kher (2017) Sadhu Meher (2017) Aruna Mohanty (2017) T. K. Murthy (2017) Mukund Nayak (2017) Anuradha Paudwal (2017) Parassala B. 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Keshava Murthy (2022) Jamyang Tsering Namgyal (2022) Arjun Singh Dhurve (2022) Ram Sahay Panday (2022) Durga Bai Vyam (2022) Sulochana Chavan (2022) Sonu Nigam (2022) Lourembam Bino Devi (2022) Konsam Ibomcha Singh (2022) Shyamamani Devi (2022) Thavil Kongampattu A V Murugaiyan (2022) Chandraprakash Dwivedi (2022) Ram Dayal Sharma (2022) Khandu Wangchuk Bhutia (2022) S. Ballesh (2022) Sowcar Janaki (2022) R Muthukannammal (2022) A. K. C. Natarajan (2022) Darshanam Mogilaiah (2022) Sakini Ramachandraih (2022) Gaddam Padmaja Reddy (2022) Kamalini Asthana and Nalini Asthana (duo) (2022) Shivnath Mishra (2022) Sheesh Ram (2022) Ajita Srivastava (2022) Madhuri Barthwal (2022) Kaajee Singh (2022) Jodhaiya Bai Baiga (2023) Premjit Baria (2023) Usha Barle (2023) Hemant Chauhan (2023) Bhanubhai Chitara (2023) Hemoprova Chutia (2023) Subhadra Devi (2023) Hem Chandra Goswami (2023) Pritikana Goswami (2023) Ahmed and Mohammed Hussain (2023) Dilshad Hussain (2023) Mahipat Kavi (2023) M. M. Keeravani (2023) Parshuram Komaji Khune (2023) Maguni Charan Kuanr (2023) Domar Singh Kunvar (2023) Risingbor Kurkalang (2023) Rani Machaiah (2023) Ajay Kumar Mandavi (2023) Nadoja Pindipapanahalli Munivenkatappa (2023) Ramesh and Shanti Parmar (2023) Krishna Patel (2023) K Kalyanasundaram Pillai (2023) Kapil Dev Prasad (2023) Shah Rasheed Ahmed Quadri (2023) C. V. Raju (2023) Pareshbhai Rathwa (2023) Mangala Kanti Roy (2023) K.C. Runremsangi (2023) Ritwik Sanyal (2023) Kota Satchidananda Sastry (2023) Neihunuo Sorhie (2023) Moa Subong (2023) Raveena Tandon (2023) Coomi Nariman Wadia (2023) Ghulam Muhammad Zaz (2023) Khalil Ahamad (2024) Badrappan M (2024) Kaluram Bamaniya (2024) Rezwana Choudhury Bannya (2024) Naseem Bano (2024) Ramlal Bareth (2024) Gita Roy Barman (2024) Som Dutt Battu (2024) Takdira Begum (2024) Drona Bhuyan (2024) Ashok Kumar Biswas (2024) Smriti Rekha Chakma (2024) A Velu Ananda Chari (2024) Ghulam Nabi Dar (2024) Mahabir Singh Guddu (2024) Anupama Hoskere (2024) Jankilal (2024) Ratan Kahar (2024) Dasari Kondappa (2024) Jordan Lepcha (2024) Binod Maharana (2024) Uma Maheshwari D (2024) Ram Kumar Mallick (2024) Surendra Mohan Mishra (2024) Ali Mohammed & Ghani Mohammed (2024) Kiran Nadar (2024) Narayanan E P (2024) Bhagabat Padhan (2024) Sanatan Rudra Pal (2024) Binod Kumar Pasayat (2024) Silbi Passah (2024) Shanti Devi Paswan & Shivan Paswan (2024) Romalo Ram (2024) Nirmal Rishi (2024) Pran Sabharwal (2024) Gaddam Sammaiah (2024) Machihan Sasa (2024) Omprakash Sharma (2024) Godawari Singh (2024) Seshampatti T Sivalingam (2024) Urmila Srivastava (2024) Nepal Chandra Sutradhar (2024) Gopinath Swain (2024) Laxman Bhatt Tailang (2024) Jagdish Trivedi (2024) Balakrishnan Sadanam Puthiya Veetil (2024) Babu Ram Yadav (2024) Adwaita Gadanayak (2025) Achyut Ramchandra Palav (2025) Arijit Singh (2025) Ashok Saraf (2025) Ashwini Bhide-Deshpande (2025) Barry Godfray John (2025) Batool Begam (2025) Bharat Gupt (2025) Bheru Singh Chouhan (2025) Bhimavva Doddabalappa Shillekyathara (2025) Durga Charan Ranbir (2025) Farooq Ahmad Mir (2025) Gokul Chandra Das (2025) Guruvayur Dorai (2025) Harchandan Singh Bhatty (2025) Harjinder Singh Srinagar Wale (2025) Hassan Raghu (2025) Jaspinder Narula (2025) Joynacharan Bathari (2025) K. Omanakutty (2025) Madugula Nagaphani Sarma (2025) Mahavir Nayak (2025) Mamata Shankar (2025) Miriyala Apparao (2025) Naren Gurung (2025) Nirmala Devi (2025) P Datchanamoorthy (2025) Pandi Ram Mandavi (2025) Parmar Lavjibhai Nagjibhai (2025) Purisai Kannappa Sambandan (2025) Radhakrishnan Devasenapathy (2025) Ranendra Bhanu Majumdar (2025) Ratan Parimoo (2025) Rebakanta Mahanta (2025) Ricky Kej (2025) Shyam Bihari Agrawal (2025) Tejendra Majumdar (2025) Thiyam Suryamukhi Devi (2025) Vasudeo Kamath (2025) Velu Aasaan (2025) Venkappa Ambaji Sugatekar (2025) Shashadhar Acharya (2020) Indira P. P. Bora (2020) Bombay Sisters (2020) Vajira Chitrasena (2020) Puru Dadheech (2020) Madhu Mansuri Hasmukh (2020) Sarita Joshi (2020) Kangana Ranaut (2020) Ramzan Khan (2020) Manilal Nag (2020) Dalavai Chalapathi Rao (2020) Adnan Sami (2020) Suresh Wadkar (2020) V. K. Munusamy (2020) Yadla Gopalarao (2020) Dulari Devi (2021) Bombay Jayashri (2021) KC Sivasankaran (2021) Rewben Mashangva (2021) Sanjida Khatun (2021) Annavarapu Rama Swamy (2021) Nidumolu Sumathi (2021) Biren Kumar Basak (2021) Narayan Debnath (2021) Bhuri Bai (2021) Vinayak Khedekar (2021) Manjamma Jogathi (2021) Gosaveedu Shaik Hassan (Posthumous) (2022) Lalita Vakil (2022) H. R. Keshava Murthy (2022) Jamyang Tsering Namgyal (2022) Arjun Singh Dhurve (2022) Ram Sahay Panday (2022) Durga Bai Vyam (2022) Sulochana Chavan (2022) Sonu Nigam (2022) Lourembam Bino Devi (2022) Konsam Ibomcha Singh (2022) Shyamamani Devi (2022) Thavil Kongampattu A V Murugaiyan (2022) Chandraprakash Dwivedi (2022) Ram Dayal Sharma (2022) Khandu Wangchuk Bhutia (2022) S. Ballesh (2022) Sowcar Janaki (2022) R Muthukannammal (2022) A. K. C. Natarajan (2022) Darshanam Mogilaiah (2022) Sakini Ramachandraih (2022) Gaddam Padmaja Reddy (2022) Kamalini Asthana and Nalini Asthana (duo) (2022) Shivnath Mishra (2022) Sheesh Ram (2022) Ajita Srivastava (2022) Madhuri Barthwal (2022) Kaajee Singh (2022) Jodhaiya Bai Baiga (2023) Premjit Baria (2023) Usha Barle (2023) Hemant Chauhan (2023) Bhanubhai Chitara (2023) Hemoprova Chutia (2023) Subhadra Devi (2023) Hem Chandra Goswami (2023) Pritikana Goswami (2023) Ahmed and Mohammed Hussain (2023) Dilshad Hussain (2023) Mahipat Kavi (2023) M. M. Keeravani (2023) Parshuram Komaji Khune (2023) Maguni Charan Kuanr (2023) Domar Singh Kunvar (2023) Risingbor Kurkalang (2023) Rani Machaiah (2023) Ajay Kumar Mandavi (2023) Nadoja Pindipapanahalli Munivenkatappa (2023) Ramesh and Shanti Parmar (2023) Krishna Patel (2023) K Kalyanasundaram Pillai (2023) Kapil Dev Prasad (2023) Shah Rasheed Ahmed Quadri (2023) C. V. Raju (2023) Pareshbhai Rathwa (2023) Mangala Kanti Roy (2023) K.C. Runremsangi (2023) Ritwik Sanyal (2023) Kota Satchidananda Sastry (2023) Neihunuo Sorhie (2023) Moa Subong (2023) Raveena Tandon (2023) Coomi Nariman Wadia (2023) Ghulam Muhammad Zaz (2023) Khalil Ahamad (2024) Badrappan M (2024) Kaluram Bamaniya (2024) Rezwana Choudhury Bannya (2024) Naseem Bano (2024) Ramlal Bareth (2024) Gita Roy Barman (2024) Som Dutt Battu (2024) Takdira Begum (2024) Drona Bhuyan (2024) Ashok Kumar Biswas (2024) Smriti Rekha Chakma (2024) A Velu Ananda Chari (2024) Ghulam Nabi Dar (2024) Mahabir Singh Guddu (2024) Anupama Hoskere (2024) Jankilal (2024) Ratan Kahar (2024) Dasari Kondappa (2024) Jordan Lepcha (2024) Binod Maharana (2024) Uma Maheshwari D (2024) Ram Kumar Mallick (2024) Surendra Mohan Mishra (2024) Ali Mohammed & Ghani Mohammed (2024) Kiran Nadar (2024) Narayanan E P (2024) Bhagabat Padhan (2024) Sanatan Rudra Pal (2024) Binod Kumar Pasayat (2024) Silbi Passah (2024) Shanti Devi Paswan & Shivan Paswan (2024) Romalo Ram (2024) Nirmal Rishi (2024) Pran Sabharwal (2024) Gaddam Sammaiah (2024) Machihan Sasa (2024) Omprakash Sharma (2024) Godawari Singh (2024) Seshampatti T Sivalingam (2024) Urmila Srivastava (2024) Nepal Chandra Sutradhar (2024) Gopinath Swain (2024) Laxman Bhatt Tailang (2024) Jagdish Trivedi (2024) Balakrishnan Sadanam Puthiya Veetil (2024) Babu Ram Yadav (2024) Adwaita Gadanayak (2025) Achyut Ramchandra Palav (2025) Arijit Singh (2025) Ashok Saraf (2025) Ashwini Bhide-Deshpande (2025) Barry Godfray John (2025) Batool Begam (2025) Bharat Gupt (2025) Bheru Singh Chouhan (2025) Bhimavva Doddabalappa Shillekyathara (2025) Durga Charan Ranbir (2025) Farooq Ahmad Mir (2025) Gokul Chandra Das (2025) Guruvayur Dorai (2025) Harchandan Singh Bhatty (2025) Harjinder Singh Srinagar Wale (2025) Hassan Raghu (2025) Jaspinder Narula (2025) Joynacharan Bathari (2025) K. Omanakutty (2025) Madugula Nagaphani Sarma (2025) Mahavir Nayak (2025) Mamata Shankar (2025) Miriyala Apparao (2025) Naren Gurung (2025) Nirmala Devi (2025) P Datchanamoorthy (2025) Pandi Ram Mandavi (2025) Parmar Lavjibhai Nagjibhai (2025) Purisai Kannappa Sambandan (2025) Radhakrishnan Devasenapathy (2025) Ranendra Bhanu Majumdar (2025) Ratan Parimoo (2025) Rebakanta Mahanta (2025) Ricky Kej (2025) Shyam Bihari Agrawal (2025) Tejendra Majumdar (2025) Thiyam Suryamukhi Devi (2025) Vasudeo Kamath (2025) Velu Aasaan (2025) Venkappa Ambaji Sugatekar (2025) v t e National Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role v t e 1967–1980 Nargis (1967) Sharada (1968) Madhabi Mukherjee (1969) Rehana Sultan (1970) Waheeda Rehman (1971) Sharada (1972) Nandini Bhaktavatsala (1973) Shabana Azmi (1974) Sharmila Tagore (1975) Lakshmi (1976) Smita Patil (1977) Sharada (1978) Shoba (1979) Smita Patil (1980) Nargis (1967) Sharada (1968) Madhabi Mukherjee (1969) Rehana Sultan (1970) Waheeda Rehman (1971) Sharada (1972) Nandini Bhaktavatsala (1973) Shabana Azmi (1974) Sharmila Tagore (1975) Lakshmi (1976) Smita Patil (1977) Sharada (1978) Shoba (1979) Smita Patil (1980) 1981–2000 Rekha (1981) Shabana Azmi (1982) Shabana Azmi (1983) Shabana Azmi (1984) Suhasini (1985) Monisha (1986) Archana (1987) Archana (1988) Sreelekha Mukherji (1989) Vijayashanti (1990) Moloya Goswami (1991) Dimple Kapadia (1992) Shobana (1993) Debashree Roy (1994) Seema Biswas (1995) Tabu (1996) Indrani Haldar and Rituparna Sengupta (1997) Shabana Azmi (1998) Kirron Kher (1999) Raveena Tandon (2000) Rekha (1981) Shabana Azmi (1982) Shabana Azmi (1983) Shabana Azmi (1984) Suhasini (1985) Monisha (1986) Archana (1987) Archana (1988) Sreelekha Mukherji (1989) Vijayashanti (1990) Moloya Goswami (1991) Dimple Kapadia (1992) Shobana (1993) Debashree Roy (1994) Seema Biswas (1995) Tabu (1996) Indrani Haldar and Rituparna Sengupta (1997) Shabana Azmi (1998) Kirron Kher (1999) Raveena Tandon (2000) 2001–2020 Shobana and Tabu (2001) Konkona Sen Sharma (2002) Meera Jasmine (2003) Tara (2004) Sarika (2005) Priyamani (2006) Umashree (2007) Priyanka Chopra (2008) Ananya Chatterjee (2009) Mitalee Jagtap Varadkar and Saranya Ponvannan (2010) Vidya Balan (2011) Usha Jadhav (2012) Geetanjali Thapa (2013) Kangana Ranaut (2014) Kangana Ranaut (2015) Surabhi Lakshmi (2016) Sridevi (2017) Keerthy Suresh (2018) Kangana Ranaut (2019) Aparna Balamurali (2020) Shobana and Tabu (2001) Konkona Sen Sharma (2002) Meera Jasmine (2003) Tara (2004) Sarika (2005) Priyamani (2006) Umashree (2007) Priyanka Chopra (2008) Ananya Chatterjee (2009) Mitalee Jagtap Varadkar and Saranya Ponvannan (2010) Vidya Balan (2011) Usha Jadhav (2012) Geetanjali Thapa (2013) Kangana Ranaut (2014) Kangana Ranaut (2015) Surabhi Lakshmi (2016) Sridevi (2017) Keerthy Suresh (2018) Kangana Ranaut (2019) Aparna Balamurali (2020) 2021–present Alia Bhatt and Kriti Sanon (2021) Nithya Menen and Manasi Parekh (2022) Rani Mukerji (2023) Alia Bhatt and Kriti Sanon (2021) Nithya Menen and Manasi Parekh (2022) Rani Mukerji (2023) v t e Filmfare Award for Best Actress v t e 1954–1975 Meena Kumari (1954) Meena Kumari (1955) Kamini Kaushal (1956) Nutan (1957) Nargis (1958) Vyjayanthimala (1959) Nutan (1960) Bina Rai (1961) Vyjayanthimala (1962) Meena Kumari (1963) Nutan (1964) Vyjayanthimala (1965) Meena Kumari (1966) Waheeda Rehman (1967) Nutan (1968) Waheeda Rehman (1969) Sharmila Tagore (1970) Mumtaz (1971) Asha Parekh (1972) Hema Malini (1973) Dimple Kapadia & Jaya Bachchan (1974) Jaya Bachchan (1975) Meena Kumari (1954) Meena Kumari (1955) Kamini Kaushal (1956) Nutan (1957) Nargis (1958) Vyjayanthimala (1959) Nutan (1960) Bina Rai (1961) Vyjayanthimala (1962) Meena Kumari (1963) Nutan (1964) Vyjayanthimala (1965) Meena Kumari (1966) Waheeda Rehman (1967) Nutan (1968) Waheeda Rehman (1969) Sharmila Tagore (1970) Mumtaz (1971) Asha Parekh (1972) Hema Malini (1973) Dimple Kapadia & Jaya Bachchan (1974) Jaya Bachchan (1975) 1976–2000 Lakshmi (1976) Rakhee Gulzar (1977) Shabana Azmi (1978) Nutan (1979) Jaya Bachchan (1980) Rekha (1981) Smita Patil (1982) Padmini Kolhapure (1983) Shabana Azmi (1984) Shabana Azmi (1985) Dimple Kapadia (1986) Not awarded (1987) Not awarded (1988) Rekha (1989) Sridevi (1990) Madhuri Dixit (1991) Sridevi (1992) Madhuri Dixit (1993) Juhi Chawla (1994) Madhuri Dixit (1995) Kajol (1996) Karisma Kapoor (1997) Madhuri Dixit (1998) Kajol (1999) Aishwarya Rai (2000) Lakshmi (1976) Rakhee Gulzar (1977) Shabana Azmi (1978) Nutan (1979) Jaya Bachchan (1980) Rekha (1981) Smita Patil (1982) Padmini Kolhapure (1983) Shabana Azmi (1984) Shabana Azmi (1985) Dimple Kapadia (1986) Not awarded (1987) Not awarded (1988) Rekha (1989) Sridevi (1990) Madhuri Dixit (1991) Sridevi (1992) Madhuri Dixit (1993) Juhi Chawla (1994) Madhuri Dixit (1995) Kajol (1996) Karisma Kapoor (1997) Madhuri Dixit (1998) Kajol (1999) Aishwarya Rai (2000) 2001–present Karisma Kapoor (2001) Kajol (2002) Aishwarya Rai (2003) Preity Zinta (2004) Rani Mukerji (2005) Rani Mukerji (2006) Kajol (2007) Kareena Kapoor (2008) Priyanka Chopra (2009) Vidya Balan (2010) Kajol (2011) Vidya Balan (2012) Vidya Balan (2013) Deepika Padukone (2014) Kangana Ranaut (2015) Deepika Padukone (2016) Alia Bhatt (2017) Vidya Balan (2018) Alia Bhatt (2019) Alia Bhatt (2020) Taapsee Pannu (2021) Kriti Sanon (2022) Alia Bhatt (2023) Alia Bhatt (2024) Alia Bhatt (2025) Karisma Kapoor (2001) Kajol (2002) Aishwarya Rai (2003) Preity Zinta (2004) Rani Mukerji (2005) Rani Mukerji (2006) Kajol (2007) Kareena Kapoor (2008) Priyanka Chopra (2009) Vidya Balan (2010) Kajol (2011) Vidya Balan (2012) Vidya Balan (2013) Deepika Padukone (2014) Kangana Ranaut (2015) Deepika Padukone (2016) Alia Bhatt (2017) Vidya Balan (2018) Alia Bhatt (2019) Alia Bhatt (2020) Taapsee Pannu (2021) Kriti Sanon (2022) Alia Bhatt (2023) Alia Bhatt (2024) Alia Bhatt (2025) v t e Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress v t e Not awarded (1991) Not awarded (1992) Dimple Kapadia (1993) Not awarded (1994) Farida Jalal (1995) Manisha Koirala (1996) Manisha Koirala (1997) Tabu (1998) Shefali Shah (1999) Tabu (2000) Tabu (2001) Karisma Kapoor (2002) Manisha Koirala & Rani Mukerji (2003) Urmila Matondkar (2004) Kareena Kapoor (2005) Rani Mukerji (2006) Kareena Kapoor (2007) Tabu (2008) Shahana Goswami (2009) Mahi Gill (2010) Vidya Balan (2011) Priyanka Chopra (2012) Richa Chadha (2013) Shilpa Shukla (2014) Alia Bhatt (2015) Kangana Ranaut (2016) Sonam Kapoor (2017) Zaira Wasim (2018) Neena Gupta (2019) Bhumi Pednekar and Taapsee Pannu (2020) Tillotama Shome (2021) Vidya Balan (2022) Tabu & Bhumi Pednekar (2023) Rani Mukerji & Shefali Shah (2024) Pratibha Ranta (2025) Not awarded (1991) Not awarded (1992) Dimple Kapadia (1993) Not awarded (1994) Farida Jalal (1995) Manisha Koirala (1996) Manisha Koirala (1997) Tabu (1998) Shefali Shah (1999) Tabu (2000) Tabu (2001) Karisma Kapoor (2002) Manisha Koirala & Rani Mukerji (2003) Urmila Matondkar (2004) Kareena Kapoor (2005) Rani Mukerji (2006) Kareena Kapoor (2007) Tabu (2008) Shahana Goswami (2009) Mahi Gill (2010) Vidya Balan (2011) Priyanka Chopra (2012) Richa Chadha (2013) Shilpa Shukla (2014) Alia Bhatt (2015) Kangana Ranaut (2016) Sonam Kapoor (2017) Zaira Wasim (2018) Neena Gupta (2019) Bhumi Pednekar and Taapsee Pannu (2020) Tillotama Shome (2021) Vidya Balan (2022) Tabu & Bhumi Pednekar (2023) Rani Mukerji & Shefali Shah (2024) Pratibha Ranta (2025) v t e Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut v t e 1989–2000 Juhi Chawla ( 1989 ) Bhagyashree ( 1990 ) Pooja Bhatt ( 1991 ) Raveena Tandon ( 1992 ) Divya Bharti ( 1993 ) Mamta Kulkarni ( 1994 ) Sonali Bendre & Tabu ( 1995 ) Twinkle Khanna ( 1996 ) Seema Biswas ( 1997 ) Mahima Chaudhry ( 1998 ) Preity Zinta ( 1999 ) Nandita Das ( 2000 ) Juhi Chawla ( 1989 ) Bhagyashree ( 1990 ) Pooja Bhatt ( 1991 ) Raveena Tandon ( 1992 ) Divya Bharti ( 1993 ) Mamta Kulkarni ( 1994 ) Sonali Bendre & Tabu ( 1995 ) Twinkle Khanna ( 1996 ) Seema Biswas ( 1997 ) Mahima Chaudhry ( 1998 ) Preity Zinta ( 1999 ) Nandita Das ( 2000 ) 2001–2009 Kareena Kapoor ( 2001 ) Bipasha Basu ( 2002 ) Esha Deol ( 2003 ) Lara Dutta & Priyanka Chopra ( 2004 ) Ayesha Takia ( 2005 ) Vidya Balan ( 2006 ) Kangana Ranaut ( 2007 ) Deepika Padukone ( 2008 ) Asin ( 2009 ) Kareena Kapoor ( 2001 ) Bipasha Basu ( 2002 ) Esha Deol ( 2003 ) Lara Dutta & Priyanka Chopra ( 2004 ) Ayesha Takia ( 2005 ) Vidya Balan ( 2006 ) Kangana Ranaut ( 2007 ) Deepika Padukone ( 2008 ) Asin ( 2009 ) 2010–present Not awarded ( 2010 ) Sonakshi Sinha ( 2011 ) Parineeti Chopra ( 2012 ) Ileana D'Cruz ( 2013 ) Vaani Kapoor ( 2014 ) Kriti Sanon ( 2015 ) Bhumi Pednekar ( 2016 ) Ritika Singh ( 2017 ) Not awarded ( 2018 ) Sara Ali Khan ( 2019 ) Ananya Panday ( 2020 ) Alaya F ( 2021 ) Sharvari ( 2022 ) Andrea Kevichüsa ( 2023 ) Alizeh Agnihotri ( 2024 ) Nitanshi Goel ( 2025 ) Not awarded ( 2010 ) Sonakshi Sinha ( 2011 ) Parineeti Chopra ( 2012 ) Ileana D'Cruz ( 2013 ) Vaani Kapoor ( 2014 ) Kriti Sanon ( 2015 ) Bhumi Pednekar ( 2016 ) Ritika Singh ( 2017 ) Not awarded ( 2018 ) Sara Ali Khan ( 2019 ) Ananya Panday ( 2020 ) Alaya F ( 2021 ) Sharvari ( 2022 ) Andrea Kevichüsa ( 2023 ) Alizeh Agnihotri ( 2024 ) Nitanshi Goel ( 2025 ) v t e IIFA Award for Best Actress v t e Aishwarya Rai (2000) Karisma Kapoor (2001) Tabu (2002) Aishwarya Rai (2003) Preity Zinta (2004) Rani Mukerji (2005) Rani Mukerji (2006) Rani Mukerji (2007) Kareena Kapoor (2008) Priyanka Chopra (2009) Kareena Kapoor & Vidya Balan (2010) Anushka Sharma (2011) Vidya Balan (2012) Vidya Balan (2013) Deepika Padukone (2014) Kangana Ranaut (2015) Deepika Padukone (2016) Alia Bhatt (2017) Sridevi (2018) Alia Bhatt (2019) Alia Bhatt (2020) Kriti Sanon (2021–22) Alia Bhatt (2023) Rani Mukerji (2024) Nitanshi Goel (2025) Aishwarya Rai (2000) Karisma Kapoor (2001) Tabu (2002) Aishwarya Rai (2003) Preity Zinta (2004) Rani Mukerji (2005) Rani Mukerji (2006) Rani Mukerji (2007) Kareena Kapoor (2008) Priyanka Chopra (2009) Kareena Kapoor & Vidya Balan (2010) Anushka Sharma (2011) Vidya Balan (2012) Vidya Balan (2013) Deepika Padukone (2014) Kangana Ranaut (2015) Deepika Padukone (2016) Alia Bhatt (2017) Sridevi (2018) Alia Bhatt (2019) Alia Bhatt (2020) Kriti Sanon (2021–22) Alia Bhatt (2023) Rani Mukerji (2024) Nitanshi Goel (2025) v t e IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female v t e Kareena Kapoor , Kim Sharma , Preeti Jhangiani & Shamita Shetty (2001) Bipasha Basu & Gracy Singh (2002) Esha Deol (2003) Amrita Rao (2004) Ayesha Takia (2005) Vidya Balan (2006) Kangana Ranaut (2007) Deepika Padukone (2008) Asin (2009) Jacqueline Fernandez & Mahi Gill (2010) Sonakshi Sinha (2011) Parineeti Chopra (2012) Yami Gautam (2013) Vaani Kapoor (2014) Kriti Sanon (2015) Bhumi Pednekar (2016) Disha Patani (2017) Sara Ali Khan (2019) Ananya Panday (2020) Sharvari (2022) Khushalii Kumar (2023) Alizeh Agnihotri (2024) Pratibha Ranta (2025) Kareena Kapoor , Kim Sharma , Preeti Jhangiani & Shamita Shetty (2001) Bipasha Basu & Gracy Singh (2002) Esha Deol (2003) Amrita Rao (2004) Ayesha Takia (2005) Vidya Balan (2006) Kangana Ranaut (2007) Deepika Padukone (2008) Asin (2009) Jacqueline Fernandez & Mahi Gill (2010) Sonakshi Sinha (2011) Parineeti Chopra (2012) Yami Gautam (2013) Vaani Kapoor (2014) Kriti Sanon (2015) Bhumi Pednekar (2016) Disha Patani (2017) Sara Ali Khan (2019) Ananya Panday (2020) Sharvari (2022) Khushalii Kumar (2023) Alizeh Agnihotri (2024) Pratibha Ranta (2025) v t e Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role v t e Urmila Matondkar (2004) Not awarded (2005) Rani Mukerji (2006) Not awarded (2007) Kareena Kapoor (2008) Priyanka Chopra (2009) Priyanka Chopra (2010) Anushka Sharma & Vidya Balan (2011) Vidya Balan (2012) Vidya Balan (2013) Deepika Padukone (2014) Priyanka Chopra (2015) Deepika Padukone (2016) Urmila Matondkar (2004) Not awarded (2005) Rani Mukerji (2006) Not awarded (2007) Kareena Kapoor (2008) Priyanka Chopra (2009) Priyanka Chopra (2010) Anushka Sharma & Vidya Balan (2011) Vidya Balan (2012) Vidya Balan (2013) Deepika Padukone (2014) Priyanka Chopra (2015) Deepika Padukone (2016) v t e Screen Award for Best Actress v t e Jury : Madhuri Dixit (1995) Madhuri Dixit (1996) Manisha Koirala (1997) Madhuri Dixit (1998) Kajol (1999) Aishwarya Rai (2000) Tabu (2001) Kajol (2002) Aishwarya Rai (2003) Urmila Matondkar (2004) Rani Mukerji (2005) Rani Mukerji (2006) Kareena Kapoor (2007) Kareena Kapoor (2008) Priyanka Chopra (2009) Vidya Balan (2010) Vidya Balan (2011) Vidya Balan (2012) Vidya Balan (2013) Deepika Padukone (2014) Priyanka Chopra (2015) Deepika Padukone (2016) Alia Bhatt (2017) Vidya Balan (2018) Alia Bhatt (2019) Alia Bhatt (2020) Madhuri Dixit (1995) Madhuri Dixit (1996) Manisha Koirala (1997) Madhuri Dixit (1998) Kajol (1999) Aishwarya Rai (2000) Tabu (2001) Kajol (2002) Aishwarya Rai (2003) Urmila Matondkar (2004) Rani Mukerji (2005) Rani Mukerji (2006) Kareena Kapoor (2007) Kareena Kapoor (2008) Priyanka Chopra (2009) Vidya Balan (2010) Vidya Balan (2011) Vidya Balan (2012) Vidya Balan (2013) Deepika Padukone (2014) Priyanka Chopra (2015) Deepika Padukone (2016) Alia Bhatt (2017) Vidya Balan (2018) Alia Bhatt (2019) Alia Bhatt (2020) Popular : Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (2009) Kareena Kapoor (2010) Katrina Kaif (2011) Deepika Padukone (2012) Katrina Kaif (2013) Deepika Padukone (2014) Deepika Padukone (2015) Deepika Padukone (2016) Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (2017) Shraddha Kapoor (2018) Deepika Padukone (2019) Kangana Ranaut (2020) Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (2009) Kareena Kapoor (2010) Katrina Kaif (2011) Deepika Padukone (2012) Katrina Kaif (2013) Deepika Padukone (2014) Deepika Padukone (2015) Deepika Padukone (2016) Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (2017) Shraddha Kapoor (2018) Deepika Padukone (2019) Kangana Ranaut (2020) Critics : Ayesha Takia (2007) Tabu (2008) Kalki Koechlin (2016) Swara Bhaskar (2017) Konkona Sen Sharma (2018) Neena Gupta (2019) Taapsee Pannu & Bhumi Pednekar (2020) Ayesha Takia (2007) Tabu (2008) Kalki Koechlin (2016) Swara Bhaskar (2017) Konkona Sen Sharma (2018) Neena Gupta (2019) Taapsee Pannu & Bhumi Pednekar (2020) v t e Screen Award for Best Female Debut v t e Sonali Bendre (1995) Not awarded (1996) Priya Gill (1997) Aishwarya Rai (1998) Preity Zinta (1999) Nethra Raghuraman (2000) Not awarded (2001) Gracy Singh (2002) Esha Deol (2003) Lara Dutta (2004) Gayatri Joshi (2005) Vidya Balan (2006) Kangana Ranaut (2007) Deepika Padukone (2008) Asin (2009) Mahie Gill (2010) Sonakshi Sinha (2011) Parineeti Chopra (2012) Ileana D'Cruz (2013) Aida El-Kashef (2014) Patralekha (2015) Bhumi Pednekar (2016) Disha Patani (2017) Zaira Wasim (2018) Radhika Madan (2019) Sara Ali Khan (2020) Sonali Bendre (1995) Not awarded (1996) Priya Gill (1997) Aishwarya Rai (1998) Preity Zinta (1999) Nethra Raghuraman (2000) Not awarded (2001) Gracy Singh (2002) Esha Deol (2003) Lara Dutta (2004) Gayatri Joshi (2005) Vidya Balan (2006) Kangana Ranaut (2007) Deepika Padukone (2008) Asin (2009) Mahie Gill (2010) Sonakshi Sinha (2011) Parineeti Chopra (2012) Ileana D'Cruz (2013) Aida El-Kashef (2014) Patralekha (2015) Bhumi Pednekar (2016) Disha Patani (2017) Zaira Wasim (2018) Radhika Madan (2019) Sara Ali Khan (2020) v t e Stardust Award for Best Actress v t e Searchlight : Amrita Rao (2009) Preity Zinta (2010) Neetu Singh (2011) Shraddha Kapoor (2012) Farah Khan (2013) Kangana Ranaut (2014) Amrita Rao (2009) Preity Zinta (2010) Neetu Singh (2011) Shraddha Kapoor (2012) Farah Khan (2013) Kangana Ranaut (2014) Comedy/Romance : Katrina Kaif (2011) Anushka Sharma (2012) Anushka Sharma (2013) Sonam Kapoor (2014) Katrina Kaif (2011) Anushka Sharma (2012) Anushka Sharma (2013) Sonam Kapoor (2014) Drama : Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (2011) Vidya Balan (2012) Priyanka Chopra & Sridevi (2013) Priyanka Chopra (2014) Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (2011) Vidya Balan (2012) Priyanka Chopra & Sridevi (2013) Priyanka Chopra (2014) Thriller/Action : Vidya Balan (2011) Bipasha Basu (2012) Vidya Balan (2013) Rani Mukerji (2014) Vidya Balan (2011) Bipasha Basu (2012) Vidya Balan (2013) Rani Mukerji (2014) v t e Stardust Award for Actor of the Year – Female v t e Preity Zinta (2004) Preity Zinta (2005) Rani Mukerji (2006) Aishwarya Rai (2007) Kareena Kapoor (2008) Priyanka Chopra (2009) Kareena Kapoor (2010) Kajol (2011) Vidya Balan (2012) Priyanka Chopra (2013) Deepika Padukone (2014) Deepika Padukone (2015) Preity Zinta (2004) Preity Zinta (2005) Rani Mukerji (2006) Aishwarya Rai (2007) Kareena Kapoor (2008) Priyanka Chopra (2009) Kareena Kapoor (2010) Kajol (2011) Vidya Balan (2012) Priyanka Chopra (2013) Deepika Padukone (2014) Deepika Padukone (2015) v t e Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female v t e Viewer Madhuri Dixit (1998) Kajol (1999) Aishwarya Rai (2000) Tabu (2001) Tabu (2002) Aishwarya Rai (2003) Urmila Matondkar (2004) Rani Mukerji (2005) Rani Mukerji (2006) Kajol (2007) Kareena Kapoor (2008) No Award (2009) No Award (2010) Vidya Balan (2011) Vidya Balan (2012) Priyanka Chopra (2013) Deepika Padukone (2014) No Award (2015) Deepika Padukone (2016) Anushka Sharma (2017) Alia Bhatt (2018) Alia Bhatt (2019) Alia Bhatt (2020) Alia Bhatt (2023) Kiara Advani (2024) Shraddha Kapoor (2025) Madhuri Dixit (1998) Kajol (1999) Aishwarya Rai (2000) Tabu (2001) Tabu (2002) Aishwarya Rai (2003) Urmila Matondkar (2004) Rani Mukerji (2005) Rani Mukerji (2006) Kajol (2007) Kareena Kapoor (2008) No Award (2009) No Award (2010) Vidya Balan (2011) Vidya Balan (2012) Priyanka Chopra (2013) Deepika Padukone (2014) No Award (2015) Deepika Padukone (2016) Anushka Sharma (2017) Alia Bhatt (2018) Alia Bhatt (2019) Alia Bhatt (2020) Alia Bhatt (2023) Kiara Advani (2024) Shraddha Kapoor (2025) Jury Aishwarya Rai (2005) Shweta Prasad (2006) Ayesha Takia & Gul Panag (2007) Shefali Shah (2008) No Award (2009) No Award (2010) Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (2011) Vidya Balan (2012) Vidya Balan (2013) Sonakshi Sinha (2014) No Award (2015) Deepika Padukone (2016) Alia Bhatt (2017) Sridevi (2018) Deepika Padukone (2019) Taapsee Pannu (2020) Alia Bhatt (2023) Rani Mukerjee (2024) Kriti Sanon (2025) Aishwarya Rai (2005) Shweta Prasad (2006) Ayesha Takia & Gul Panag (2007) Shefali Shah (2008) No Award (2009) No Award (2010) Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (2011) Vidya Balan (2012) Vidya Balan (2013) Sonakshi Sinha (2014) No Award (2015) Deepika Padukone (2016) Alia Bhatt (2017) Sridevi (2018) Deepika Padukone (2019) Taapsee Pannu (2020) Alia Bhatt (2023) Rani Mukerjee (2024) Kriti Sanon (2025) v t e Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut v t e Mahima Chaudhry (1998) Preity Zinta (1999) Rinke Khanna (2000) Ameesha Patel (2001) Gracy Singh (2002) Malini Sharma (2003) Bhumika Chawla (2004) Gayatri Joshi (2005) Vidya Balan & Konkona Sen Sharma (2006) Kangana Ranaut (2007) Deepika Padukone (2008) No Award (2009) No Award (2010) Sonakshi Sinha (2011) Parineeti Chopra (2012) Ileana D'Cruz & Yami Gautam (2013) Vaani Kapoor (2014) No Award (2015) Harshaali Malhotra & Bhumi Pednekar (2016) Ritika Singh (2017) Nidhhi Agerwal (2018) Janhvi Kapoor (2019) Tara Sutaria & Ananya Panday (2020) No Award (2021) No Award (2022) Rashmika Mandanna (2023) Medha Shankr & Alizeh Agnihotri (2024) Mahima Chaudhry (1998) Preity Zinta (1999) Rinke Khanna (2000) Ameesha Patel (2001) Gracy Singh (2002) Malini Sharma (2003) Bhumika Chawla (2004) Gayatri Joshi (2005) Vidya Balan & Konkona Sen Sharma (2006) Kangana Ranaut (2007) Deepika Padukone (2008) No Award (2009) No Award (2010) Sonakshi Sinha (2011) Parineeti Chopra (2012) Ileana D'Cruz & Yami Gautam (2013) Vaani Kapoor (2014) No Award (2015) Harshaali Malhotra & Bhumi Pednekar (2016) Ritika Singh (2017) Nidhhi Agerwal (2018) Janhvi Kapoor (2019) Tara Sutaria & Ananya Panday (2020) No Award (2021) No Award (2022) Rashmika Mandanna (2023) Medha Shankr & Alizeh Agnihotri (2024) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND WorldCat National United States Israel United States Israel Other IdRef Yale LUX IdRef Yale LUX 1979 births Living people 21st-century Indian actresses Actresses in Bengali cinema Actresses in Hindi cinema Female models from Mumbai Indian film actresses Indian television actresses Actresses in Malayalam cinema Actresses from Mumbai Best Actress National Film Award winners Actresses from Palakkad St. Xavier's College, Mumbai alumni University of Mumbai alumni Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts Filmfare Awards winners Screen Awards winners Zee Cine Awards winners International Indian Film Academy Awards winners Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Use Indian English from August 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from August 2025 Articles with hCards Pages with Hindustani IPA Commons category link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 25 November 2025, at 07:47 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Current total 2 Level 3 vital articles Toggle Level 3 vital articles subsection 2.1 People 2.1.1 Leaders and politicians 2.1.2 Explorers 2.1.3 Artists 2.1.4 Philosophers and social scientists 2.1.5 Writers 2.1.6 Musicians 2.1.7 Filmmakers 2.1.8 Scientists and inventors 2.1.9 Mathematicians 2.1.10 Religious figures 2.1.11 Businesspeople 2.2 History 2.2.1 History: General 2.2.2 History by region 2.2.3 History by subject 2.2.4 Prehistory 2.2.5 Ancient history 2.2.6 Post-classical history 2.2.7 Modern history 2.3 Geography 2.3.1 Geography: General 2.3.2 Continents and regions 2.3.2.1 Countries 2.3.3 Physical geography 2.3.3.1 Terrestrial features 2.3.3.2 Hydrological features 2.3.4 Human settlements 2.4 Arts 2.4.1 Arts: General 2.4.2 Artistic movements 2.4.3 Architecture 2.4.4 Literature 2.4.5 Music 2.4.6 Performing arts 2.4.7 Visual arts 2.5 Philosophy and religion 2.5.1 Philosophy 2.5.1.1 Philosophy: General 2.5.1.2 Philosophical branches and concepts 2.5.1.3 Philosophy by region and period 2.5.2 Mythology 2.5.3 Religion 2.5.4 Specific religions 2.5.4.1 Abrahamic religions 2.5.4.2 East Asian religions 2.5.4.3 Indian religions 2.5.4.4 Other religions 2.6 Everyday life 2.6.1 Everyday life: General 2.6.2 Family, kinship and friendship 2.6.3 Stages of life 2.6.4 Sexuality and gender 2.6.5 Food and drink 2.6.6 Recreation and entertainment 2.7 Society and social sciences 2.7.1 Society and social sciences: General 2.7.2 Politics and government 2.7.3 Conflict 2.7.4 Education 2.7.5 Business and economics 2.7.6 Social issues 2.7.7 Law 2.7.8 Psychology 2.7.9 Language 2.7.10 Media 2.8 Health, medicine and disease 2.8.1 Illness and injury 2.8.2 Health, fitness, and medicine 2.8.3 Drugs and medication 2.9 Science 2.9.1 Science: General 2.9.2 Astronomy 2.9.3 Physics 2.9.4 Biology 2.9.4.1 Specific organisms 2.9.4.2 Anatomy 2.9.4.2.1 Animal anatomy 2.9.4.2.2 Plant anatomy 2.9.4.3 Physiology 2.9.5 Chemistry 2.9.6 Earth science 2.10 Technology 2.10.1 Technology: General 2.10.2 Energy 2.10.3 Food and health 2.10.4 Weapons 2.10.5 Tools and machinery 2.10.6 Media and communication 2.10.7 Computing and information technology 2.10.8 Electronics 2.10.9 Space 2.10.10 Transportation 2.10.11 Navigation and timekeeping 2.10.12 Structures 2.10.13 Materials 2.10.14 Optical 2.11 Mathematics 2.11.1 Mathematics: General 2.11.2 Counting and numbers 2.11.3 Algebra 2.11.4 Analysis 2.11.5 Arithmetic 2.11.6 Geometry and topology 2.11.7 Probability and statistics 2.1 People 2.1.1 Leaders and politicians 2.1.2 Explorers 2.1.3 Artists 2.1.4 Philosophers and social scientists 2.1.5 Writers 2.1.6 Musicians 2.1.7 Filmmakers 2.1.8 Scientists and inventors 2.1.9 Mathematicians 2.1.10 Religious figures 2.1.11 Businesspeople 2.1.1 Leaders and politicians 2.1.2 Explorers 2.1.3 Artists 2.1.4 Philosophers and social scientists 2.1.5 Writers 2.1.6 Musicians 2.1.7 Filmmakers 2.1.8 Scientists and inventors 2.1.9 Mathematicians 2.1.10 Religious figures 2.1.11 Businesspeople 2.2 History 2.2.1 History: General 2.2.2 History by region 2.2.3 History by subject 2.2.4 Prehistory 2.2.5 Ancient history 2.2.6 Post-classical history 2.2.7 Modern history 2.2.1 History: General 2.2.2 History by region 2.2.3 History by subject 2.2.4 Prehistory 2.2.5 Ancient history 2.2.6 Post-classical history 2.2.7 Modern history 2.3 Geography 2.3.1 Geography: General 2.3.2 Continents and regions 2.3.2.1 Countries 2.3.3 Physical geography 2.3.3.1 Terrestrial features 2.3.3.2 Hydrological features 2.3.4 Human settlements 2.3.1 Geography: General 2.3.2 Continents and regions 2.3.2.1 Countries 2.3.2.1 Countries 2.3.3 Physical geography 2.3.3.1 Terrestrial features 2.3.3.2 Hydrological features 2.3.3.1 Terrestrial features 2.3.3.2 Hydrological features 2.3.4 Human settlements 2.4 Arts 2.4.1 Arts: General 2.4.2 Artistic movements 2.4.3 Architecture 2.4.4 Literature 2.4.5 Music 2.4.6 Performing arts 2.4.7 Visual arts 2.4.1 Arts: General 2.4.2 Artistic movements 2.4.3 Architecture 2.4.4 Literature 2.4.5 Music 2.4.6 Performing arts 2.4.7 Visual arts 2.5 Philosophy and religion 2.5.1 Philosophy 2.5.1.1 Philosophy: General 2.5.1.2 Philosophical branches and concepts 2.5.1.3 Philosophy by region and period 2.5.2 Mythology 2.5.3 Religion 2.5.4 Specific religions 2.5.4.1 Abrahamic religions 2.5.4.2 East Asian religions 2.5.4.3 Indian religions 2.5.4.4 Other religions 2.5.1 Philosophy 2.5.1.1 Philosophy: General 2.5.1.2 Philosophical branches and concepts 2.5.1.3 Philosophy by region and period 2.5.1.1 Philosophy: General 2.5.1.2 Philosophical branches and concepts 2.5.1.3 Philosophy by region and period 2.5.2 Mythology 2.5.3 Religion 2.5.4 Specific religions 2.5.4.1 Abrahamic religions 2.5.4.2 East Asian religions 2.5.4.3 Indian religions 2.5.4.4 Other religions 2.5.4.1 Abrahamic religions 2.5.4.2 East Asian religions 2.5.4.3 Indian religions 2.5.4.4 Other religions 2.6 Everyday life 2.6.1 Everyday life: General 2.6.2 Family, kinship and friendship 2.6.3 Stages of life 2.6.4 Sexuality and gender 2.6.5 Food and drink 2.6.6 Recreation and entertainment 2.6.1 Everyday life: General 2.6.2 Family, kinship and friendship 2.6.3 Stages of life 2.6.4 Sexuality and gender 2.6.5 Food and drink 2.6.6 Recreation and entertainment 2.7 Society and social sciences 2.7.1 Society and social sciences: General 2.7.2 Politics and government 2.7.3 Conflict 2.7.4 Education 2.7.5 Business and economics 2.7.6 Social issues 2.7.7 Law 2.7.8 Psychology 2.7.9 Language 2.7.10 Media 2.7.1 Society and social sciences: General 2.7.2 Politics and government 2.7.3 Conflict 2.7.4 Education 2.7.5 Business and economics 2.7.6 Social issues 2.7.7 Law 2.7.8 Psychology 2.7.9 Language 2.7.10 Media 2.8 Health, medicine and disease 2.8.1 Illness and injury 2.8.2 Health, fitness, and medicine 2.8.3 Drugs and medication 2.8.1 Illness and injury 2.8.2 Health, fitness, and medicine 2.8.3 Drugs and medication 2.9 Science 2.9.1 Science: General 2.9.2 Astronomy 2.9.3 Physics 2.9.4 Biology 2.9.4.1 Specific organisms 2.9.4.2 Anatomy 2.9.4.2.1 Animal anatomy 2.9.4.2.2 Plant anatomy 2.9.4.3 Physiology 2.9.5 Chemistry 2.9.6 Earth science 2.9.1 Science: General 2.9.2 Astronomy 2.9.3 Physics 2.9.4 Biology 2.9.4.1 Specific organisms 2.9.4.2 Anatomy 2.9.4.2.1 Animal anatomy 2.9.4.2.2 Plant anatomy 2.9.4.3 Physiology 2.9.4.1 Specific organisms 2.9.4.2 Anatomy 2.9.4.2.1 Animal anatomy 2.9.4.2.2 Plant anatomy 2.9.4.2.1 Animal anatomy 2.9.4.2.2 Plant anatomy 2.9.4.3 Physiology 2.9.5 Chemistry 2.9.6 Earth science 2.10 Technology 2.10.1 Technology: General 2.10.2 Energy 2.10.3 Food and health 2.10.4 Weapons 2.10.5 Tools and machinery 2.10.6 Media and communication 2.10.7 Computing and information technology 2.10.8 Electronics 2.10.9 Space 2.10.10 Transportation 2.10.11 Navigation and timekeeping 2.10.12 Structures 2.10.13 Materials 2.10.14 Optical 2.10.1 Technology: General 2.10.2 Energy 2.10.3 Food and health 2.10.4 Weapons 2.10.5 Tools and machinery 2.10.6 Media and communication 2.10.7 Computing and information technology 2.10.8 Electronics 2.10.9 Space 2.10.10 Transportation 2.10.11 Navigation and timekeeping 2.10.12 Structures 2.10.13 Materials 2.10.14 Optical 2.11 Mathematics 2.11.1 Mathematics: General 2.11.2 Counting and numbers 2.11.3 Algebra 2.11.4 Analysis 2.11.5 Arithmetic 2.11.6 Geometry and topology 2.11.7 Probability and statistics 2.11.1 Mathematics: General 2.11.2 Counting and numbers 2.11.3 Algebra 2.11.4 Analysis 2.11.5 Arithmetic 2.11.6 Geometry and topology 2.11.7 Probability and statistics Wikipedia : Vital articles/Level/3 Afrikaans अंगिका العربية تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Dagbanli ཇོང་ཁ Ελληνικά فارسی Français Italiano עברית Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî ဘာသာမန် Nederlands नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ සිංහල Taqbaylit ᏣᎳᎩ Tiếng Việt Wayuunaiki 中文 Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item WP:VITAL3 WP:VITAL3 WP:VA3 WP:VA3 The five nested vital article Levels are meant to give direction to the prioritization of improvements of English Wikipedia articles (e.g. which articles to bring to WP:GA and WP:FA status), to provide a measurement of quality of overall English Wikipedia (e.g. what proportion of the most important articles are at GA and FA status), and to serve as a centralized watchlist of English Wikipedia's most important articles. Unlike the list of articles every Wikipedia should have , they are tailored to the English Wikipedia and are actively maintained by the dedicated WikiProject Vital Articles . This page contains the 1,000 articles of the Level 3 list. Any addition to or removal from this list should ONLY BE MADE after a discussion on the Level 3 talk page . Level 1 (10 articles) < Level 2 (100 articles) < Level 3 (1,000 articles) < Level 4 (10,000 articles) < Level 5 (50,000 articles) Current total The following table summarizes the quality of the articles on this list. It is updated daily by Cewbot . Total 994 articles. Class #Articles FA 82 GA 137 A 1 B 474 C 301 FFA 79 DGA 95 FFLC 1 Level 3 vital articles This section contains 994 articles out of a quota of 1000. People This section contains 104 articles. Leaders and politicians This section contains 27 articles. Hammurabi Ramesses II Cyrus the Great Alexander the Great Ashoka Qin Shi Huang Julius Caesar Cleopatra Augustus Charlemagne Genghis Khan Mansa Musa Timur Joan of Arc Suleiman the Magnificent Akbar Elizabeth I Catherine the Great George Washington Napoleon Simón Bolívar Abraham Lincoln Mahatma Gandhi Joseph Stalin Adolf Hitler Mao Zedong Nelson Mandela Explorers This section contains 3 articles. Zheng He Christopher Columbus Ferdinand Magellan Artists This section contains 6 articles. Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Rembrandt Hokusai Vincent van Gogh Pablo Picasso Leaders and politicians This section contains 27 articles. Hammurabi Ramesses II Cyrus the Great Alexander the Great Ashoka Qin Shi Huang Julius Caesar Cleopatra Augustus Charlemagne Genghis Khan Mansa Musa Timur Joan of Arc Suleiman the Magnificent Akbar Elizabeth I Catherine the Great George Washington Napoleon Simón Bolívar Abraham Lincoln Mahatma Gandhi Joseph Stalin Adolf Hitler Mao Zedong Nelson Mandela Explorers This section contains 3 articles. Zheng He Christopher Columbus Ferdinand Magellan Artists This section contains 6 articles. Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Rembrandt Hokusai Vincent van Gogh Pablo Picasso Philosophers and social scientists This section contains 16 articles. Confucius Laozi Socrates Plato Aristotle Cicero Thomas Aquinas Ibn Khaldun Niccolò Machiavelli René Descartes John Locke Adam Smith Immanuel Kant Mary Wollstonecraft Karl Marx Sigmund Freud Writers This section contains 11 articles. Homer Virgil Li Bai Murasaki Shikibu Rumi Dante Alighieri Miguel de Cervantes William Shakespeare Voltaire Leo Tolstoy Rabindranath Tagore Musicians This section contains 6 articles. Johann Sebastian Bach Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Ludwig van Beethoven Louis Armstrong The Beatles Michael Jackson Filmmakers This section contains 2 articles. Charlie Chaplin Walt Disney Philosophers and social scientists This section contains 16 articles. Confucius Laozi Socrates Plato Aristotle Cicero Thomas Aquinas Ibn Khaldun Niccolò Machiavelli René Descartes John Locke Adam Smith Immanuel Kant Mary Wollstonecraft Karl Marx Sigmund Freud Writers This section contains 11 articles. Homer Virgil Li Bai Murasaki Shikibu Rumi Dante Alighieri Miguel de Cervantes William Shakespeare Voltaire Leo Tolstoy Rabindranath Tagore Musicians This section contains 6 articles. Johann Sebastian Bach Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Ludwig van Beethoven Louis Armstrong The Beatles Michael Jackson Filmmakers This section contains 2 articles. Charlie Chaplin Walt Disney Scientists and inventors This section contains 18 articles. Hippocrates Avicenna Shen Kuo Johannes Gutenberg Nicolaus Copernicus Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton Antoine Lavoisier Michael Faraday Charles Darwin Florence Nightingale Louis Pasteur James Clerk Maxwell Dmitri Mendeleev Thomas Edison Nikola Tesla Marie Curie Albert Einstein Mathematicians This section contains 8 articles. Euclid Archimedes Al-Khwarizmi Leonhard Euler Carl Friedrich Gauss Emmy Noether Kurt Gödel Alan Turing Religious figures This section contains 6 articles. The Buddha Jesus Muhammad Ali Adi Shankara Martin Luther Businesspeople This section contains 1 article. Henry Ford Scientists and inventors This section contains 18 articles. Hippocrates Avicenna Shen Kuo Johannes Gutenberg Nicolaus Copernicus Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton Antoine Lavoisier Michael Faraday Charles Darwin Florence Nightingale Louis Pasteur James Clerk Maxwell Dmitri Mendeleev Thomas Edison Nikola Tesla Marie Curie Albert Einstein Mathematicians This section contains 8 articles. Euclid Archimedes Al-Khwarizmi Leonhard Euler Carl Friedrich Gauss Emmy Noether Kurt Gödel Alan Turing Religious figures This section contains 6 articles. The Buddha Jesus Muhammad Ali Adi Shankara Martin Luther Businesspeople This section contains 1 article. Henry Ford History This section contains 79 articles. History: General This section contains 4 articles. History ( Level 2 ) Human history ( Level 1 ) Civilization ( Level 2 ) Archaeology History by region This section contains 6 articles. History of Africa History of Asia History of Europe History of North America History of Oceania History of South America History by subject This section contains 12 articles. History of science History of art History of agriculture History of architecture History of literature History of mathematics History of medicine History of music History of philosophy History of religion History of technology Military history Prehistory This section contains 3 articles. Prehistory ( Level 2 ) Stone Age Neolithic Revolution History: General This section contains 4 articles. History ( Level 2 ) Human history ( Level 1 ) Human history ( Level 1 ) Civilization ( Level 2 ) Archaeology History by region This section contains 6 articles. History of Africa History of Asia History of Europe History of North America History of Oceania History of South America History by subject This section contains 12 articles. History of science History of art History of agriculture History of architecture History of literature History of mathematics History of medicine History of music History of philosophy History of religion History of technology Military history Prehistory This section contains 3 articles. Prehistory ( Level 2 ) Stone Age Neolithic Revolution Stone Age Neolithic Revolution Neolithic Revolution Ancient history This section contains 18 articles. Ancient history ( Level 2 ) Bronze Age Ancient Egypt Indus Valley Civilisation Mesopotamia Sumer Phoenicia Iron Age Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Achaemenid Empire Gupta Empire Han dynasty Silk Road Pre-Columbian era Andean civilizations Mesoamerica Maya civilization Post-classical history This section contains 13 articles. Post-classical history ( Level 2 ) Aztecs Inca Empire Islamic Golden Age Middle Ages Black Death Byzantine Empire Crusades Holy Roman Empire Viking Age Mongol Empire Ottoman Empire Tang dynasty Ancient history This section contains 18 articles. Ancient history ( Level 2 ) Bronze Age Ancient Egypt Indus Valley Civilisation Mesopotamia Sumer Phoenicia Iron Age Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Achaemenid Empire Gupta Empire Han dynasty Silk Road Pre-Columbian era Andean civilizations Mesoamerica Maya civilization Bronze Age Ancient Egypt Indus Valley Civilisation Mesopotamia Sumer Phoenicia Ancient Egypt Indus Valley Civilisation Mesopotamia Sumer Sumer Phoenicia Iron Age Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Achaemenid Empire Gupta Empire Han dynasty Silk Road Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Achaemenid Empire Gupta Empire Han dynasty Silk Road Pre-Columbian era Andean civilizations Mesoamerica Maya civilization Andean civilizations Mesoamerica Maya civilization Maya civilization Post-classical history This section contains 13 articles. Post-classical history ( Level 2 ) Aztecs Inca Empire Islamic Golden Age Middle Ages Black Death Byzantine Empire Crusades Holy Roman Empire Viking Age Mongol Empire Ottoman Empire Tang dynasty Aztecs Inca Empire Islamic Golden Age Middle Ages Black Death Byzantine Empire Crusades Holy Roman Empire Viking Age Black Death Byzantine Empire Crusades Holy Roman Empire Viking Age Mongol Empire Ottoman Empire Tang dynasty Modern history This section contains 23 articles. Early modern period ( Level 2 ) Renaissance Age of Discovery Spanish Empire Reformation Mughal Empire Scientific Revolution Age of Enlightenment Modern era ( Level 2 ) British Empire American Revolution French Revolution Industrial Revolution Scramble for Africa World War I Soviet Union Great Depression World War II Contemporary history Decolonization Cold War Information Age Globalization Modern history This section contains 23 articles. Early modern period ( Level 2 ) Renaissance Age of Discovery Spanish Empire Reformation Mughal Empire Scientific Revolution Age of Enlightenment Renaissance Age of Discovery Spanish Empire Reformation Mughal Empire Scientific Revolution Age of Enlightenment Modern era ( Level 2 ) British Empire American Revolution French Revolution Industrial Revolution Scramble for Africa World War I Soviet Union Great Depression World War II Contemporary history Decolonization Cold War Information Age Globalization British Empire American Revolution French Revolution Industrial Revolution Scramble for Africa World War I Soviet Union Great Depression World War II Contemporary history Decolonization Cold War Information Age Globalization Geography This section contains 107 articles. Geography: General This section contains 1 article. Geography ( Level 2 ) Continents and regions This section contains 53 articles. Continent Africa ( Level 2 ) Antarctica Asia ( Level 2 ) Europe ( Level 2 ) North America ( Level 2 ) South America ( Level 2 ) Geographical regions Arctic Caribbean Central America East Asia Middle East Oceania ( Level 2 ) Southeast Asia Countries This section contains 39 articles. Country Africa Algeria Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Nigeria South Africa Tanzania Asia South Asia Bangladesh India Pakistan East Asia China Japan South Korea Southeast Asia Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Vietnam West Asia Iran Israel Saudi Arabia Turkey Geography: General This section contains 1 article. Geography ( Level 2 ) Continents and regions This section contains 53 articles. Continent Africa ( Level 2 ) Antarctica Asia ( Level 2 ) Europe ( Level 2 ) North America ( Level 2 ) South America ( Level 2 ) Africa ( Level 2 ) Antarctica Asia ( Level 2 ) Europe ( Level 2 ) North America ( Level 2 ) South America ( Level 2 ) Geographical regions Arctic Caribbean Central America East Asia Middle East Oceania ( Level 2 ) Southeast Asia Arctic Caribbean Central America East Asia Middle East Oceania ( Level 2 ) Southeast Asia Countries This section contains 39 articles. Country Africa Algeria Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Nigeria South Africa Tanzania Algeria Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Ethiopia Kenya Nigeria South Africa Tanzania Asia South Asia Bangladesh India Pakistan East Asia China Japan South Korea Southeast Asia Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Vietnam West Asia Iran Israel Saudi Arabia Turkey South Asia Bangladesh India Pakistan Bangladesh India Pakistan East Asia China Japan South Korea China Japan South Korea Southeast Asia Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Vietnam Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Vietnam West Asia Iran Israel Saudi Arabia Turkey Iran Israel Saudi Arabia Turkey Europe France Germany Italy Poland Russia Spain United Kingdom North America Canada Mexico United States Oceania Australia South America Argentina Brazil Colombia Physical geography This section contains 28 articles. Terrestrial features This section contains 12 articles. Land ( Level 2 ) Desert Sahara Forest Amazon rainforest Grassland Island Mountain Alps Andes Himalayas Rocky Mountains Hydrological features This section contains 16 articles. Sea ( Level 2 ) Ocean Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Sea Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Lake Caspian Sea Great Lakes River Amazon River Ganges Mississippi River Nile Yangtze Europe France Germany Italy Poland Russia Spain United Kingdom France Germany Italy Poland Russia Spain United Kingdom North America Canada Mexico United States Canada Mexico United States Oceania Australia Australia South America Argentina Brazil Colombia Argentina Brazil Colombia Physical geography This section contains 28 articles. Terrestrial features This section contains 12 articles. Land ( Level 2 ) Desert Sahara Forest Amazon rainforest Grassland Island Mountain Alps Andes Himalayas Rocky Mountains Desert Sahara Sahara Forest Amazon rainforest Amazon rainforest Grassland Island Mountain Alps Andes Himalayas Rocky Mountains Alps Andes Himalayas Rocky Mountains Hydrological features This section contains 16 articles. Sea ( Level 2 ) Ocean Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Sea Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Lake Caspian Sea Great Lakes Caspian Sea Great Lakes River Amazon River Ganges Mississippi River Nile Yangtze Amazon River Ganges Mississippi River Nile Yangtze Human settlements This section contains 25 articles. Human settlement ( Level 2 ) City Town Urbanization Village Africa Cairo Lagos Asia East Asia Beijing Hong Kong Tokyo Southeast Asia Bangkok Jakarta Singapore South Asia (India) Delhi Mumbai West Asia (Middle East) Istanbul Jerusalem Mecca Europe London Moscow Paris Rome North America Mexico City New York City South America São Paulo Human settlements This section contains 25 articles. Human settlement ( Level 2 ) City Town Urbanization Village City Town Urbanization Village Africa Cairo Lagos Cairo Lagos Asia East Asia Beijing Hong Kong Tokyo Southeast Asia Bangkok Jakarta Singapore South Asia (India) Delhi Mumbai West Asia (Middle East) Istanbul Jerusalem Mecca East Asia Beijing Hong Kong Tokyo Beijing Hong Kong Tokyo Southeast Asia Bangkok Jakarta Singapore Bangkok Jakarta Singapore South Asia (India) Delhi Mumbai Delhi Mumbai West Asia (Middle East) Istanbul Jerusalem Mecca Istanbul Jerusalem Mecca Europe London Moscow Paris Rome London Moscow Paris Rome North America Mexico City New York City Mexico City New York City South America São Paulo São Paulo Arts This section contains 39 articles. Arts: General This section contains 4 articles. The arts ( Level 1 ) Art Fashion Museum Artistic movements This section contains 4 articles. Abstract art Modernism Realism Romanticism Architecture This section contains 1 article. Architecture ( Level 2 ) Arts: General This section contains 4 articles. The arts ( Level 1 ) Art Fashion Museum Artistic movements This section contains 4 articles. Abstract art Modernism Realism Romanticism Architecture This section contains 1 article. Architecture ( Level 2 ) Literature This section contains 6 articles. Literature ( Level 2 ) Fiction Novel Short story Non-fiction Poetry Music This section contains 9 articles. Music ( Level 2 ) Musical instrument Rhythm Singing Musical genres Classical music Folk music Jazz Pop music Rock music Literature This section contains 6 articles. Literature ( Level 2 ) Fiction Novel Short story Novel Short story Non-fiction Poetry Music This section contains 9 articles. Music ( Level 2 ) Musical instrument Rhythm Singing Musical genres Classical music Folk music Jazz Pop music Rock music Classical music Folk music Jazz Pop music Rock music Performing arts This section contains 5 articles. Performing arts ( Level 2 ) Dance Opera Orchestra Theatre Visual arts This section contains 10 articles. Visual arts ( Level 2 ) Animation Comics Design Drawing Film Painting Photography Pottery Sculpture Performing arts This section contains 5 articles. Performing arts ( Level 2 ) Dance Opera Orchestra Theatre Dance Opera Orchestra Theatre Visual arts This section contains 10 articles. Visual arts ( Level 2 ) Animation Comics Design Drawing Film Painting Photography Pottery Sculpture Animation Comics Design Drawing Film Painting Photography Pottery Sculpture Philosophy and religion This section contains 56 articles. Philosophy This section contains 16 articles. Philosophy: General This section contains 1 article. Philosophy ( Level 1 ) Philosophical branches and concepts This section contains 12 articles. Aesthetics Epistemology Knowledge ( Level 2 ) Belief Reason Truth Ethics ( Level 2 ) Good and evil Logic ( Level 2 ) Metaphysics Free will Ontology Philosophy by region and period This section contains 3 articles. Eastern philosophy Confucianism Western philosophy Philosophy This section contains 16 articles. Philosophy: General This section contains 1 article. Philosophy ( Level 1 ) Philosophical branches and concepts This section contains 12 articles. Aesthetics Epistemology Knowledge ( Level 2 ) Belief Reason Truth Knowledge ( Level 2 ) Belief Reason Truth Ethics ( Level 2 ) Good and evil Good and evil Logic ( Level 2 ) Metaphysics Free will Ontology Free will Ontology Philosophy by region and period This section contains 3 articles. Eastern philosophy Confucianism Confucianism Western philosophy Mythology This section contains 2 articles. Myth Greek mythology Religion This section contains 13 articles. Religion ( Level 2 ) Afterlife Deity ( Level 2 ) God Meditation New religious movement Prayer Ritual Shamanism Soul Spirituality Secularism Atheism Mythology This section contains 2 articles. Myth Greek mythology Greek mythology Religion This section contains 13 articles. Religion ( Level 2 ) Afterlife Deity ( Level 2 ) God Meditation New religious movement Prayer Ritual Shamanism Soul Spirituality Afterlife Deity ( Level 2 ) God God Meditation New religious movement Prayer Ritual Shamanism Soul Spirituality Secularism Atheism Atheism Specific religions This section contains 25 articles. Abrahamic religions This section contains 13 articles. Abraham Bible Christianity Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Protestantism Islam Shia Islam Sunni Islam Quran Judaism Talmud Moses East Asian religions This section contains 3 articles. Chinese folk religion Shinto Taoism Indian religions This section contains 8 articles. Buddhism Mahayana Theravada Hinduism Vedas Bhagavad Gita Jainism Sikhism Other religions This section contains 1 article. African traditional religions Specific religions This section contains 25 articles. Abrahamic religions This section contains 13 articles. Abraham Bible Christianity Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Protestantism Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Protestantism Islam Shia Islam Sunni Islam Quran Shia Islam Sunni Islam Quran Judaism Talmud Talmud Moses East Asian religions This section contains 3 articles. Chinese folk religion Shinto Taoism Indian religions This section contains 8 articles. Buddhism Mahayana Theravada Mahayana Theravada Hinduism Vedas Bhagavad Gita Vedas Bhagavad Gita Jainism Sikhism Other religions This section contains 1 article. African traditional religions Everyday life This section contains 60 articles. Everyday life: General This section contains 5 articles. Clothing ( Level 2 ) Shoe Home ( Level 2 ) Furniture Jewellery Family, kinship and friendship This section contains 4 articles. Family ( Level 2 ) Marriage Parenting Friendship Stages of life This section contains 4 articles. Adult Adolescence Child Infant Sexuality and gender This section contains 6 articles. Human sexuality ( Level 2 ) Sexual intercourse Sexual orientation Gender Man Woman Everyday life: General This section contains 5 articles. Clothing ( Level 2 ) Shoe Shoe Home ( Level 2 ) Furniture Jewellery Family, kinship and friendship This section contains 4 articles. Family ( Level 2 ) Marriage Parenting Marriage Parenting Friendship Stages of life This section contains 4 articles. Adult Adolescence Child Infant Infant Sexuality and gender This section contains 6 articles. Human sexuality ( Level 2 ) Sexual intercourse Sexual orientation Sexual intercourse Sexual orientation Gender Man Woman Man Woman Food and drink This section contains 25 articles. Cooking Food ( Level 2 ) Bread Cereal Wheat Maize Rice Cheese Chocolate Eating Fruit Meat Salt Spice Sugar Vegetable Bean Potato Drink Alcoholic beverage Coffee Drinking Drinking water Milk Tea Food and drink This section contains 25 articles. Cooking Food ( Level 2 ) Bread Cereal Wheat Maize Rice Cheese Chocolate Eating Fruit Meat Salt Spice Sugar Vegetable Bean Potato Bread Cereal Wheat Maize Rice Wheat Maize Rice Cheese Chocolate Eating Fruit Meat Salt Spice Sugar Vegetable Bean Potato Bean Potato Drink Alcoholic beverage Coffee Drinking Drinking water Milk Tea Alcoholic beverage Coffee Drinking Drinking water Milk Tea Recreation and entertainment This section contains 16 articles. Entertainment ( Level 2 ) Play (activity) Game ( Level 2 ) Board game Card game Gambling Video game Sport Association football Sport of athletics Running Walking Toy Martial arts Swimming Tourism Recreation and entertainment This section contains 16 articles. Entertainment ( Level 2 ) Play (activity) Game ( Level 2 ) Board game Card game Gambling Video game Sport Association football Sport of athletics Running Walking Toy Game ( Level 2 ) Board game Card game Gambling Video game Sport Association football Sport of athletics Running Walking Board game Card game Gambling Video game Sport Association football Sport of athletics Running Walking Association football Sport of athletics Running Walking Toy Martial arts Swimming Tourism Society and social sciences This section contains 149 articles. Society and social sciences: General This section contains 15 articles. Culture ( Level 2 ) Folklore ( Level 2 ) Festival Oral tradition Popular culture Society ( Level 1 ) Community Power (social and political) Social class Communication ( Level 2 ) Information Social science Anthropology Sociology Ethnicity ( Level 2 ) Politics and government This section contains 26 articles. Politics ( Level 2 ) Political party Political science Colonialism Imperialism Government ( Level 2 ) Democracy Dictatorship Monarchy Ideology Anarchism Capitalism Communism Conservatism Fascism Liberalism Nationalism Socialism Nation State ( Level 2 ) Diplomacy Military International organizations European Union International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement NATO United Nations Conflict This section contains 4 articles. War ( Level 2 ) Genocide Peace Terrorism Education This section contains 4 articles. Education ( Level 2 ) School Library University Society and social sciences: General This section contains 15 articles. Culture ( Level 2 ) Folklore ( Level 2 ) Festival Oral tradition Popular culture Folklore ( Level 2 ) Festival Oral tradition Popular culture Society ( Level 1 ) Community Power (social and political) Social class Community Power (social and political) Social class Communication ( Level 2 ) Information Social science Anthropology Sociology Anthropology Sociology Ethnicity ( Level 2 ) Politics and government This section contains 26 articles. Politics ( Level 2 ) Political party Political science Colonialism Imperialism Political party Political science Colonialism Imperialism Government ( Level 2 ) Democracy Dictatorship Monarchy Democracy Dictatorship Monarchy Ideology Anarchism Capitalism Communism Conservatism Fascism Liberalism Nationalism Socialism Anarchism Capitalism Communism Conservatism Fascism Liberalism Nationalism Socialism Nation State ( Level 2 ) Diplomacy Military Diplomacy Military International organizations European Union International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement NATO United Nations European Union International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement NATO United Nations Conflict This section contains 4 articles. War ( Level 2 ) Genocide Peace Terrorism Education This section contains 4 articles. Education ( Level 2 ) School Library University School Library University Business and economics This section contains 23 articles. Business ( Level 2 ) Corporation Management Marketing Retail Trade union Economics ( Level 2 ) Trade ( Level 2 ) Supply and demand Finance Bank Money Insurance Service (economics) Tax Work (human activity) Economy Agriculture ( Level 2 ) Manufacturing ( Level 2 ) Construction Fishing Hunting Mining Social issues This section contains 17 articles. Disability Discrimination Racism Sexism Famine Feminism Human migration Human rights Liberty Privacy Slavery Social equality Indigenous peoples Pollution Poverty Violence Welfare spending Law This section contains 7 articles. Law ( Level 2 ) Crime Constitution Justice Police Property Homicide Business and economics This section contains 23 articles. Business ( Level 2 ) Corporation Management Marketing Retail Trade union Corporation Management Marketing Retail Trade union Economics ( Level 2 ) Trade ( Level 2 ) Supply and demand Finance Bank Money Insurance Service (economics) Tax Work (human activity) Trade ( Level 2 ) Supply and demand Supply and demand Finance Bank Money Bank Money Insurance Service (economics) Tax Work (human activity) Economy Agriculture ( Level 2 ) Manufacturing ( Level 2 ) Construction Fishing Hunting Mining Agriculture ( Level 2 ) Manufacturing ( Level 2 ) Construction Fishing Hunting Mining Social issues This section contains 17 articles. Disability Discrimination Racism Sexism Racism Sexism Famine Feminism Human migration Human rights Liberty Privacy Slavery Social equality Liberty Privacy Slavery Social equality Indigenous peoples Pollution Poverty Violence Welfare spending Law This section contains 7 articles. Law ( Level 2 ) Crime Constitution Justice Police Property Homicide Crime Constitution Justice Police Property Homicide Psychology This section contains 17 articles. Psychology ( Level 2 ) Emotion ( Level 2 ) Anger Fear Happiness Humour Love Sadness Mind ( Level 2 ) Consciousness Dream Memory Thought Human behavior Intelligence Learning Personality Language This section contains 32 articles. Language ( Level 2 ) Indo-European languages Bengali English French German Greek Hindustani Latin Portuguese Russian Spanish Other languages Arabic Chinese Japanese Malay Swahili Linguistics Grammar Word Literacy Personal name Speech Writing ( Level 2 ) Alphabet Arabic script Brahmic scripts Cyrillic script Greek alphabet Latin script Arabic numerals Chinese characters Media This section contains 4 articles. Mass media ( Level 2 ) Broadcasting News Publishing Psychology This section contains 17 articles. Psychology ( Level 2 ) Emotion ( Level 2 ) Anger Fear Happiness Humour Love Sadness Anger Fear Happiness Humour Humour Love Sadness Mind ( Level 2 ) Consciousness Dream Memory Thought Consciousness Dream Memory Thought Human behavior Intelligence Learning Personality Language This section contains 32 articles. Language ( Level 2 ) Indo-European languages Bengali English French German Greek Hindustani Latin Portuguese Russian Spanish Other languages Arabic Chinese Japanese Malay Swahili Indo-European languages Bengali English French German Greek Hindustani Latin Portuguese Russian Spanish Bengali English French German Greek Hindustani Latin Portuguese Russian Spanish Other languages Arabic Chinese Japanese Malay Swahili Arabic Chinese Japanese Malay Swahili Linguistics Grammar Word Grammar Word Literacy Personal name Speech Writing ( Level 2 ) Alphabet Arabic script Brahmic scripts Cyrillic script Greek alphabet Latin script Arabic numerals Chinese characters Alphabet Arabic script Brahmic scripts Cyrillic script Greek alphabet Latin script Arabic script Brahmic scripts Cyrillic script Greek alphabet Latin script Arabic numerals Chinese characters Media This section contains 4 articles. Mass media ( Level 2 ) Broadcasting News Publishing Broadcasting News Publishing Health, medicine and disease This section contains 42 articles. Illness and injury This section contains 19 articles. Disease ( Level 2 ) Allergy Asthma Cancer Cardiovascular disease Stroke Diabetes Gastroenteritis Infection Common cold Influenza Malaria Pneumonia Sexually transmitted infection HIV/AIDS Smallpox Tuberculosis Mental disorder Injury Illness and injury This section contains 19 articles. Disease ( Level 2 ) Allergy Asthma Cancer Cardiovascular disease Stroke Diabetes Gastroenteritis Infection Common cold Influenza Malaria Pneumonia Sexually transmitted infection HIV/AIDS Smallpox Tuberculosis Mental disorder Allergy Asthma Cancer Cardiovascular disease Stroke Stroke Diabetes Gastroenteritis Infection Common cold Influenza Malaria Pneumonia Sexually transmitted infection HIV/AIDS Smallpox Tuberculosis Common cold Influenza Malaria Pneumonia Sexually transmitted infection HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS Smallpox Tuberculosis Mental disorder Injury Health, fitness, and medicine This section contains 14 articles. Medicine ( Level 2 ) Dentistry Hospital Nursing Surgery Abortion Ageing Exercise Health Mental health Hygiene Sanitation Nutrition Obesity Health, fitness, and medicine This section contains 14 articles. Medicine ( Level 2 ) Dentistry Hospital Nursing Surgery Dentistry Hospital Nursing Surgery Abortion Ageing Exercise Health Mental health Mental health Hygiene Sanitation Sanitation Nutrition Obesity Drugs and medication This section contains 9 articles. Drug Medication Anesthesia Antibiotic Birth control Vaccine Addiction Alcoholism Smoking Drugs and medication This section contains 9 articles. Drug Medication Anesthesia Antibiotic Birth control Vaccine Addiction Alcoholism Smoking Medication Anesthesia Antibiotic Birth control Vaccine Anesthesia Antibiotic Birth control Vaccine Addiction Alcoholism Smoking Alcoholism Smoking Science This section contains 220 articles. Science: General This section contains 6 articles. Science ( Level 1 ) Scientific method Measurement International System of Units Nature Research Astronomy This section contains 25 articles. Astronomy ( Level 2 ) Universe ( Level 2 ) Solar System ( Level 2 ) Sun ( Level 2 ) Mercury Venus Earth ( Level 1 ) Moon ( Level 2 ) Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Asteroid Big Bang Black hole Comet Galaxy Milky Way Natural satellite Outer space Physical cosmology Planet Star Supernova Physics This section contains 45 articles. Physics ( Level 2 ) Energy ( Level 2 ) Time ( Level 2 ) Day Year Classical mechanics Force Mass Momentum Motion Newton's laws of motion Electricity ( Level 2 ) Fundamental interactions Electromagnetism Gravity Strong interaction Weak interaction Magnetism Matter ( Level 2 ) State of matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma (physics) Atom Particle physics Standard Model Subatomic particle Electron Neutron Photon Proton Quantum mechanics Radioactive decay Space Vacuum Thermodynamics Temperature Theory of relativity Speed of light Wave Electromagnetic radiation Light Color Optics Sound Science: General This section contains 6 articles. Science ( Level 1 ) Scientific method Scientific method Measurement International System of Units International System of Units Nature Research Astronomy This section contains 25 articles. Astronomy ( Level 2 ) Universe ( Level 2 ) Solar System ( Level 2 ) Sun ( Level 2 ) Mercury Venus Earth ( Level 1 ) Moon ( Level 2 ) Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Sun ( Level 2 ) Mercury Venus Earth ( Level 1 ) Moon ( Level 2 ) Moon ( Level 2 ) Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Asteroid Big Bang Black hole Comet Galaxy Milky Way Milky Way Natural satellite Outer space Physical cosmology Planet Star Supernova Physics This section contains 45 articles. Physics ( Level 2 ) Energy ( Level 2 ) Time ( Level 2 ) Day Year Day Year Classical mechanics Force Mass Momentum Motion Newton's laws of motion Force Mass Momentum Motion Newton's laws of motion Electricity ( Level 2 ) Fundamental interactions Electromagnetism Gravity Strong interaction Weak interaction Electromagnetism Gravity Strong interaction Weak interaction Magnetism Matter ( Level 2 ) State of matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma (physics) Atom State of matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma (physics) Solid Liquid Gas Plasma (physics) Atom Particle physics Standard Model Subatomic particle Electron Neutron Photon Proton Standard Model Subatomic particle Electron Neutron Photon Proton Electron Neutron Photon Proton Quantum mechanics Radioactive decay Space Vacuum Vacuum Thermodynamics Temperature Temperature Theory of relativity Speed of light Speed of light Wave Electromagnetic radiation Light Color Optics Sound Electromagnetic radiation Light Color Optics Light Color Optics Color Optics Sound Biology This section contains 83 articles. Biology ( Level 2 ) Molecular biology Life ( Level 1 ) Cell ( Level 2 ) Death ( Level 2 ) Suicide Abiogenesis Ecology ( Level 2 ) Biodiversity Ecosystem Extinction Evolution ( Level 2 ) Human evolution Natural selection History of life Organism Genetics Gene Heredity Paleontology Taxonomy Species Specific organisms This section contains 32 articles. Archaea Bacteria Eukaryote Animal ( Level 2 ) Zoology Arthropod Crustacean Insect Mollusca Vertebrate Amphibian Bird Chicken Fish Mammal Cat Cattle Dog Horse Pig Primate Human ( Level 1 ) Rodent Sheep Reptile Dinosaur Plant ( Level 2 ) Algae Botany Tree Fungus Virus Anatomy This section contains 19 articles. Animal anatomy This section contains 17 articles. Anatomy Human body Circulatory system Blood Heart Lung Immune system Liver Nervous system Brain Ear Eye Sense Skeletal muscle Skeleton Bone Skin Plant anatomy This section contains 2 articles. Flower Seed Physiology This section contains 10 articles. Physiology Breathing Digestion Metabolism Photosynthesis Reproduction Egg Sex Pregnancy Sleep Biology This section contains 83 articles. Biology ( Level 2 ) Molecular biology Molecular biology Life ( Level 1 ) Cell ( Level 2 ) Death ( Level 2 ) Suicide Abiogenesis Cell ( Level 2 ) Death ( Level 2 ) Suicide Suicide Abiogenesis Ecology ( Level 2 ) Biodiversity Ecosystem Extinction Biodiversity Ecosystem Extinction Evolution ( Level 2 ) Human evolution Natural selection History of life Human evolution Natural selection History of life Organism Genetics Gene Heredity Gene Heredity Paleontology Taxonomy Species Species Specific organisms This section contains 32 articles. Archaea Bacteria Eukaryote Animal ( Level 2 ) Zoology Arthropod Crustacean Insect Mollusca Vertebrate Amphibian Bird Chicken Fish Mammal Cat Cattle Dog Horse Pig Primate Human ( Level 1 ) Rodent Sheep Reptile Dinosaur Plant ( Level 2 ) Algae Botany Tree Fungus Animal ( Level 2 ) Zoology Arthropod Crustacean Insect Mollusca Vertebrate Amphibian Bird Chicken Fish Mammal Cat Cattle Dog Horse Pig Primate Human ( Level 1 ) Rodent Sheep Reptile Dinosaur Zoology Arthropod Crustacean Insect Crustacean Insect Mollusca Vertebrate Amphibian Bird Chicken Fish Mammal Cat Cattle Dog Horse Pig Primate Human ( Level 1 ) Rodent Sheep Reptile Dinosaur Amphibian Bird Chicken Chicken Fish Mammal Cat Cattle Dog Horse Pig Primate Human ( Level 1 ) Rodent Sheep Cat Cattle Dog Horse Pig Primate Human ( Level 1 ) Human ( Level 1 ) Rodent Sheep Reptile Dinosaur Dinosaur Plant ( Level 2 ) Algae Botany Tree Algae Botany Tree Fungus Virus Anatomy This section contains 19 articles. Animal anatomy This section contains 17 articles. Anatomy Human body Circulatory system Blood Heart Lung Blood Heart Lung Immune system Liver Nervous system Brain Ear Eye Sense Brain Ear Eye Sense Skeletal muscle Skeleton Bone Bone Skin Plant anatomy This section contains 2 articles. Flower Seed Physiology This section contains 10 articles. Physiology Breathing Digestion Metabolism Photosynthesis Reproduction Egg Sex Pregnancy Egg Sex Pregnancy Sleep Chemistry This section contains 36 articles. Chemistry ( Level 2 ) Biochemistry Carbohydrate DNA Hormone Lipid Protein RNA Inorganic chemistry Organic chemistry Physical chemistry Chemical element ( Level 2 ) Periodic table Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Silicon Iron Copper Silver Gold Chemical compound Water ( Level 2 ) Carbon dioxide Chemical bond Molecule Chemical reaction Acid–base reaction Catalysis Redox Fire ( Level 2 ) Metal Alloy Bronze Steel Earth science This section contains 25 articles. Earth science Atmosphere of Earth ( Level 2 ) History of Earth Internal structure of Earth Natural disaster Season Climate ( Level 2 ) Climate change Weather Cloud Flood Lightning Rain Snow Storm Tropical cyclone Wind Geology ( Level 2 ) Earthquake Erosion Mineral Plate tectonics Rock Soil Volcano Chemistry This section contains 36 articles. Chemistry ( Level 2 ) Biochemistry Carbohydrate DNA Hormone Lipid Protein RNA Inorganic chemistry Organic chemistry Physical chemistry Biochemistry Carbohydrate DNA Hormone Lipid Protein RNA Carbohydrate DNA Hormone Lipid Protein RNA Inorganic chemistry Organic chemistry Physical chemistry Chemical element ( Level 2 ) Periodic table Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Silicon Iron Copper Silver Gold Periodic table Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Silicon Iron Copper Silver Gold Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Silicon Iron Copper Silver Gold Chemical compound Water ( Level 2 ) Carbon dioxide Chemical bond Molecule Water ( Level 2 ) Carbon dioxide Chemical bond Molecule Chemical reaction Acid–base reaction Catalysis Redox Fire ( Level 2 ) Acid–base reaction Catalysis Redox Fire ( Level 2 ) Fire ( Level 2 ) Metal Alloy Bronze Steel Alloy Bronze Steel Bronze Steel Earth science This section contains 25 articles. Earth science Atmosphere of Earth ( Level 2 ) History of Earth Internal structure of Earth Natural disaster Season Atmosphere of Earth ( Level 2 ) History of Earth Internal structure of Earth Natural disaster Season Climate ( Level 2 ) Climate change Climate change Weather Cloud Flood Lightning Rain Snow Storm Tropical cyclone Wind Cloud Flood Lightning Rain Snow Storm Tropical cyclone Wind Geology ( Level 2 ) Earthquake Erosion Mineral Plate tectonics Rock Soil Volcano Earthquake Erosion Mineral Plate tectonics Rock Soil Volcano Technology This section contains 96 articles. Technology: General This section contains 5 articles. Technology ( Level 1 ) Engineering ( Level 2 ) Civil engineering Mechanical engineering Waste Energy This section contains 12 articles. Electric battery Explosive Gunpowder Fossil fuel Coal Natural gas Petroleum Nuclear power Renewable energy Hydropower Solar energy Wind power Food and health This section contains 9 articles. Animal husbandry Domestication Biotechnology Fertilizer Food preservation Garden Medical imaging Oven Refrigeration Weapons This section contains 4 articles. Weapon Armour Firearm Knife Technology: General This section contains 5 articles. Technology ( Level 1 ) Engineering ( Level 2 ) Civil engineering Mechanical engineering Civil engineering Mechanical engineering Waste Energy This section contains 12 articles. Electric battery Explosive Gunpowder Gunpowder Fossil fuel Coal Natural gas Petroleum Coal Natural gas Petroleum Nuclear power Renewable energy Hydropower Solar energy Wind power Hydropower Solar energy Wind power Food and health This section contains 9 articles. Animal husbandry Domestication Domestication Biotechnology Fertilizer Food preservation Garden Medical imaging Oven Refrigeration Weapons This section contains 4 articles. Weapon Armour Firearm Knife Armour Firearm Knife Tools and machinery This section contains 10 articles. Tool ( Level 2 ) Machine Simple machine Lever Wheel Engine Electric motor Internal combustion engine Steam engine Robotics Media and communication This section contains 9 articles. Printing Book Mail Telecommunications Internet Radio Telephone Mobile phone Television Computing and information technology This section contains 4 articles. Computer science Computer ( Level 2 ) Artificial intelligence Cryptography Electronics This section contains 4 articles. Electronics Electric light Integrated circuit Semiconductor Space This section contains 4 articles. Rocket Satellite Space exploration Spaceflight Tools and machinery This section contains 10 articles. Tool ( Level 2 ) Machine Simple machine Lever Wheel Simple machine Lever Wheel Lever Wheel Engine Electric motor Internal combustion engine Steam engine Electric motor Internal combustion engine Steam engine Robotics Media and communication This section contains 9 articles. Printing Book Book Mail Telecommunications Internet Radio Telephone Mobile phone Television Internet Radio Telephone Mobile phone Mobile phone Television Computing and information technology This section contains 4 articles. Computer science Computer ( Level 2 ) Artificial intelligence Computer ( Level 2 ) Artificial intelligence Cryptography Electronics This section contains 4 articles. Electronics Electric light Integrated circuit Semiconductor Space This section contains 4 articles. Rocket Satellite Space exploration Spaceflight Transportation This section contains 10 articles. Transport ( Level 2 ) Vehicle Aircraft Bicycle Car Ship Train Bridge Canal Road Navigation and timekeeping This section contains 6 articles. Navigation Compass Map Radar Calendar Clock Structures This section contains 4 articles. Fortification Infrastructure Building Dam Materials This section contains 10 articles. Concrete Glass Masonry Metallurgy Natural rubber Paper Plastic Textile Cotton Wood Optical This section contains 5 articles. Camera Laser Lens Microscope Telescope Transportation This section contains 10 articles. Transport ( Level 2 ) Vehicle Aircraft Bicycle Car Ship Train Bridge Canal Road Vehicle Aircraft Bicycle Car Ship Train Aircraft Bicycle Car Ship Train Bridge Canal Road Navigation and timekeeping This section contains 6 articles. Navigation Compass Map Radar Compass Map Radar Calendar Clock Structures This section contains 4 articles. Fortification Infrastructure Building Dam Building Dam Materials This section contains 10 articles. Concrete Glass Masonry Metallurgy Natural rubber Paper Plastic Textile Cotton Cotton Wood Optical This section contains 5 articles. Camera Laser Lens Microscope Telescope Mathematics This section contains 42 articles. Mathematics: General This section contains 5 articles. Mathematics ( Level 1 ) Algorithm Mathematical proof Set Function Counting and numbers This section contains 11 articles. Number ( Level 2 ) Real number e π Fraction Integer 0 Natural number Prime number Complex number Number theory Mathematics: General This section contains 5 articles. Mathematics ( Level 1 ) Algorithm Mathematical proof Set Function Algorithm Mathematical proof Set Function Counting and numbers This section contains 11 articles. Number ( Level 2 ) Real number e π Fraction Integer 0 Natural number Prime number Complex number Number theory Real number e π Fraction Integer 0 Natural number Prime number e π Fraction Integer 0 Natural number Prime number 0 Natural number Prime number Complex number Number theory Algebra This section contains 5 articles. Algebra ( Level 2 ) Equation Variable Abstract algebra Linear algebra Analysis This section contains 5 articles. Mathematical analysis Calculus Infinity Limit Series Arithmetic This section contains 3 articles. Arithmetic ( Level 2 ) Exponentiation Logarithm Algebra This section contains 5 articles. Algebra ( Level 2 ) Equation Variable Equation Variable Abstract algebra Linear algebra Analysis This section contains 5 articles. Mathematical analysis Calculus Infinity Limit Series Calculus Infinity Limit Series Arithmetic This section contains 3 articles. Arithmetic ( Level 2 ) Exponentiation Logarithm Exponentiation Logarithm Geometry and topology This section contains 11 articles. Geometry ( Level 2 ) Angle Trigonometry Area Circle Line Polygon Triangle Three-dimensional space Volume Topology Probability and statistics This section contains 2 articles. Probability Statistics ( Level 2 ) Geometry and topology This section contains 11 articles. Geometry ( Level 2 ) Angle Trigonometry Area Circle Line Polygon Triangle Three-dimensional space Volume Angle Trigonometry Trigonometry Area Circle Circle Line Polygon Triangle Triangle Three-dimensional space Volume Topology Probability and statistics This section contains 2 articles. Probability Statistics ( Level 2 ) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Vital article lists v t e Top 1,000 (Levels 1 to 3) Level 1 (10) Level 2 (100) Level 3 (1,000) Timeline Level 1 (10) Level 2 (100) Level 3 (1,000) Timeline Top 10,000 (Level 4) People History Geography Arts Philosophy and religion Everyday life Society and social sciences Biological and health sciences Physical sciences Technology Mathematics People History Geography Arts Philosophy and religion Everyday life Society and social sciences Biological and health sciences Physical sciences Technology Mathematics Top 50,000 (Level 5) People Writers/journalists Artists/musicians/composers Entertainers/directors/producers/screenwriters Philosophers/historians/social scientists Religious figures Politicians/leaders Military leaders/revolutionaries/activists Scientists/inventors/mathematicians Sports figures Miscellaneous Geography Physical geography Countries and subdivisions Cities Humanities Arts (audiovisual) Arts (narrative) History Philosophy and religion Society Social studies Politics and economics Culture Everyday life Sports, games and recreation Biological Biology, biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology Animals Plants, fungi, and other organisms Health, medicine, and disease Sciences Basics and measurement Astronomy Chemistry Earth science Physics Technology Mathematics People Writers/journalists Artists/musicians/composers Entertainers/directors/producers/screenwriters Philosophers/historians/social scientists Religious figures Politicians/leaders Military leaders/revolutionaries/activists Scientists/inventors/mathematicians Sports figures Miscellaneous Writers/journalists Artists/musicians/composers Entertainers/directors/producers/screenwriters Philosophers/historians/social scientists Religious figures Politicians/leaders Military leaders/revolutionaries/activists Scientists/inventors/mathematicians Sports figures Miscellaneous Geography Physical geography Countries and subdivisions Cities Physical geography Countries and subdivisions Cities Humanities Arts (audiovisual) Arts (narrative) History Philosophy and religion Arts (audiovisual) Arts (narrative) History Philosophy and religion Society Social studies Politics and economics Culture Everyday life Sports, games and recreation Social studies Politics and economics Culture Everyday life Sports, games and recreation Biological Biology, biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology Animals Plants, fungi, and other organisms Health, medicine, and disease Biology, biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology Animals Plants, fungi, and other organisms Health, medicine, and disease Sciences Basics and measurement Astronomy Chemistry Earth science Physics Technology Mathematics Basics and measurement Astronomy Chemistry Earth science Physics Technology Mathematics User-suggested SethAllen623's vital articles 20 200 2,000 20,000 100,000 SethAllen623's vital articles 20 200 2,000 20,000 100,000 20 200 2,000 20,000 100,000 Published lists Macropædia 2007 Other article lists Most referenced articles Articles every Wikipedia should have Top-rated importance articles Most referenced articles Articles every Wikipedia should have Top-rated importance articles See Documentation of this template for more lists. 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El primero pagina Portal del comunidad Maga reciente cambio Random pagina Ayuda Maga pagina especial Dona Hace un account Man log in Dona Hace un account Man log in Segunda Guerra Mundial Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Ænglisc العربية الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Bikol Central Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български भोजपुरी Bislama ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ বাংলা བོད་ཡིག Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Буряад Català 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano کوردی Corsu Qırımtatarca Čeština Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Võro Føroyskt Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ ગુજરાતી Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Ilokano Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard ລາວ Lietuvių Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол मराठी Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ مازِرونی Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål ߒߞߏ Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu Picard Deitsch Pälzisch Polski Piemontèis پنجابی پښتو Português Runa Simi Rumantsch Română Tarandíne Русский Русиньскый संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Toki pona Türkçe Татарча / tatarça Тыва дыл ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 Pagina Discusion Lee Hace edit Hace edit con el source Mira con el historia Lee Hace edit Hace edit con el source Mira con el historia Maga ta'n link aqui Maga relacionao cambio Man upload un file maga enlace permanente Informacion del pagina Cita con este pagina Saca con el corto URL Man download con el QR code Crear un libro Man download como PDF El version que puede hace print Wikimedia Commons Item de Wikidata En el 3 de deptiembre del 1939 , las mega tropas alemanas invade ya el Polonia sin previa declaración de guerra pa y tras acusar a Polonia de ataques previos a su población de origen aleman, na una guerra relámpago ( Blitzkrieg ), que duró pa apenas maga tres semanas. Entre tanto, Gran Bretaña y Francia exigen a Alemania la retirada pronto de sus maga tropas. Adolf Hitler , a la sazón presidente del Estado Alemán, no responde a esta exigencia. El 3 de septiembre , ambos maga paises declara ya la guerra a Alemania. El 17 de septiembre , la Unión Soviética ataca la parte oriental de Polonia, tras anexionarse Estonia , Letonia y Lituania , atendiendo a su alianza firmada con Alemania con fecha 23 de agosto de 1939 . El conflicto pwede haber finalizado na 1940 cun el ofensiva alemana sobre Francia, que da ya como resultado la ocupacion de gran parte del país (las maga imagenes de las maga tropas nazis desfilando por las maga calles de París dio el vuelta al mundo) y el creacion de un estado no beligerante frances cun capital na Vichy , lo que hecho que Gran Bretaña queda sola frente a un enemigo cada vez mas poderoso y aparentemente imparable. Sin embargo, el guerra tiene multiples ramificaciones e infinidad de giros inesperados a traves del globo. Al entrar na el conflicto Italia el 10 de junio de 1940 , el guerra se expande por todo el Mediterraneo y el Norte de Africa. Contra todo pronóstico, Gran Bretaña resiste el envite de las tropas del eje, en particular derrotando a el Luftwaffe na el conocida Batalla de Inglaterra y a el armada Italiana frente a las costas de Calabria. El 22 de junio de 1941 Alemania lanza una ofensiva sobre la Unión Soviética, rompie pa el pacto de no agresión de 1939 entre estas dos maga potencias. El 7 de diciembre del mismo año el Japon entra na el guerra atacando a los maga Estados Unidos. Con la entrada de estas dos potencias na el conflicto, la guerra se convierte na algo mundial, actuando todas las potencias del mundo directa o indirectamente. Si bene las maga poderes del Eje ( Alemania , Japón e Italia ) llevaron durante 1941 y casi todo 1942 el iniciativa na los maga campos de batalla, a finales de 1942 y 1943 el balanza de el victoria comienza a cambiar de signo, na especial con el desastre nazi na el Batalla de Stalingrado y na el Batalla de Kursk, el descalabro de el armada japonesa na el Pacifico y el golpe de estado italiano y su posterior cambio de bando. Na el 6 de junio de 1944 produce el conocido Desembarco de Normandía, abriendo un segundo frente na Europa y obligando a Hitler a dividir sus maga fuerzas na dos maga bandos frente a maga enemigos cun recursos humanos y mecanicos aparentemente infinitos. El 16 de diciembre de 1944 se produce el ultimo golpe de el Alemania nazi con el ofensiva de las Ardenas. Esta ofensiva ya ta un intento de Hitler de infligir una dura derrota a los maga aliados ( Gran Bretaña , las maga tropas francesas de Charles de Gaulle y Estados Unidos ) para intentar firmar un tratado de paz con estas maga potencias y poder dedicarse íntegramente al frente oriental donde los maga sovieticos avanza ya imparables. Tras el fracaso de esta ofensiva, el derrota final alemana, acosada desde el Este por el ejército rojo y desde el Oeste y el Sur por las maga tropas aliadas, sólo es cuestión de tiempo. Finalmente, el 30 de abril de 1945 Hitler, con el ejercito rojo ya dentro de Berlín, decide acabar con su vida de un disparo en el sien. Finalmente, sin su Führer, Alemania firma su rendicion incondicional el 8 de mayo de 1945 . Maske na la guerra na Europa ya terminado, continuaba na el Pacifico. Japon ya ta ya derrotada pero continua pa ya luchando hasta el muerte segun su codigo de honor y sacrificio. Na plena planificacion de el invasion del Japon, el lanzamiento de bombas atomicas na Hiroshima y Nagasaki precipita ya los maga acontecimientos y finalmente Japón presenta ya su rendición incondicional el 2 de septiembre de 1945 . Guerra Historia Del a las 12:03 del 1 Enero 2021 el ultimo edit de este pagina. Available el texto bajo na Licencia de Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike ; puede este tiene maga condicion adicional. Mira na [1] para na maga detalle. Policia de Privacidad Acerca de Wikipedia Maga disclaimer Codigo de Conducto Maga developer Maga estadistica Statement de cookies Version para na cellphone
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Category : Wikipedia Manual of Style (images) বাংলা فارسی සිංහල Slovenščina Tiếng Việt Category Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This category is hidden on its member pages —unless the corresponding user preference (Appearance → Show hidden categories) is set. These categories can be used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse " (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone's earliest convenience. These categories also serve to aggregate members of several lists or sub-categories into a larger, more efficient list ( discriminated by classifications ). Pages in category "Wikipedia Manual of Style (images)" The following 3 pages are in this category, out of 3 total. This list may not reflect recent changes . Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images I Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons M Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions Wikipedia Manual of Style Wikipedia images Hidden categories Noindexed pages Tracking categories This page was last edited on 11 October 2024, at 18:51 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Nambawan Pej Haus blong toktok Niu jenis Random page Help Spesel pej Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Wikipedia : Gud atikel Аԥсшәа Alemannisch العربية অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Boarisch Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български भोजपुरी ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ বাংলা Brezhoneg Bosanski Català 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano کوردی Čeština Dansk Deutsch Zazaki Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Nordfriisk Frysk Galego עברית हिन्दी Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Magyar Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Қазақша ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Kurdî Ladino Лакку Лезги Lietuvių Latviešu Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ مازِرونی Nāhuatl नेपाली Nederlands Norsk bokmål Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski پښتو Português Română Русский Саха тыла سنڌي Taclḥit සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย Tagalog Toki pona Türkçe Татарча / tatarça Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tiếng Việt 吴语 Yorùbá 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 Projek pej Tingting Rid Edit source Lukluk histri Rid Edit source Lukluk histri What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Meta-Wiki Wikidata item Gud atikel i gut pej blong Bislama Wikipedia. Vanuatu Gud atikel i gut pej blong Bislama Wikipedia. Vanuatu This page was last edited on 4 Epril 2013, at 13:01. Page was rendered with Parsoid . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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couldn’t save my husband’: the Minnesota families ripped apart by ICE ICE ‘I couldn’t save my husband’: the Minnesota families ripped apart by ICE Texas Death of man at ICE camp could be investigated as homicide after examiner’s report Texas Death of man at ICE camp could be investigated as homicide after examiner’s report Media CBS News report on ICE officer’s injuries drew ‘huge internal concern’ Media CBS News report on ICE officer’s injuries drew ‘huge internal concern’ Immigration crackdown ACLU sues Trump administration over ‘racial profiling and unlawful arrests’ in Minnesota ICE surge Immigration crackdown ACLU sues Trump administration over ‘racial profiling and unlawful arrests’ in Minnesota ICE surge Europe live Trump’s Greenland threats do ‘real damage’ to alliances and benefit Putin, warns senior US senator 28m ago Iceland Anger in Iceland over incoming US ambassador’s ‘52nd state’ joke Greenland Greenland’s defence is ‘common concern’ for Nato, Danish PM says as European troops fly in Europe live Trump’s Greenland threats do ‘real damage’ to alliances and benefit Putin, warns senior US senator Iceland Anger in Iceland over incoming US ambassador’s ‘52nd state’ joke Iceland Anger in Iceland over incoming US ambassador’s ‘52nd state’ joke Greenland Greenland’s defence is ‘common concern’ for Nato, Danish PM says as European troops fly in Greenland Greenland’s defence is ‘common concern’ for Nato, Danish PM says as European troops fly in Venezuela María Corina Machado presents Trump with her Nobel peace prize medal 9h ago Venezuela US military seizes Venezuela oil tanker under Trump sanctions Venezuela María Corina Machado presents Trump with her Nobel peace prize medal Venezuela US military seizes Venezuela oil tanker under Trump sanctions Venezuela US military seizes Venezuela oil tanker under Trump sanctions Iran Khamenei regime will not be able to keep control of Iran, says dissenting film-maker 3h ago Iran crisis Gulf states and Turkey warned Trump strikes on Iran could lead to major conflict Iran Khamenei regime will not be able to keep control of Iran, says dissenting film-maker Iran crisis Gulf states and Turkey warned Trump strikes on Iran could lead to major conflict Iran crisis Gulf states and Turkey warned Trump strikes on Iran could lead to major conflict Canada Canada PM hails strategic partnership with China to adapt to ‘new global realities’ 2h ago Canada Canada PM hails strategic partnership with China to adapt to ‘new global realities’ US healthcare ‘Absolutely no detail’: experts alarmed as Trump unveils healthcare plan Food Tortilla, broccoli, ‘a piece of chicken’: US agriculture secretary mocked for ‘money-saving’ meal US healthcare ‘Absolutely no detail’: experts alarmed as Trump unveils healthcare plan Food Tortilla, broccoli, ‘a piece of chicken’: US agriculture secretary mocked for ‘money-saving’ meal Food Tortilla, broccoli, ‘a piece of chicken’: US agriculture secretary mocked for ‘money-saving’ meal Grok AI X still allowing users to post sexualised images generated by Grok AI tool 5h ago Technology Elon Musk’s xAI datacenter generating extra electricity illegally, regulator rules Ashley St Clair Mother of one of Elon Musk’s sons sues over Grok-generated explicit images Grok AI X still allowing users to post sexualised images generated by Grok AI tool Technology Elon Musk’s xAI datacenter generating extra electricity illegally, regulator rules Technology Elon Musk’s xAI datacenter generating extra electricity illegally, regulator rules Ashley St Clair Mother of one of Elon Musk’s sons sues over Grok-generated explicit images Ashley St Clair Mother of one of Elon Musk’s sons sues over Grok-generated explicit images Nigeria Death of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s son prompts calls for overhaul of Nigeria’s healthcare sector 7h ago Nigeria Death of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s son prompts calls for overhaul of Nigeria’s healthcare sector US Kyrsten Sinema sued by former bodyguard’s ex-wife over ‘alienation of affection’ 10h ago US Kyrsten Sinema sued by former bodyguard’s ex-wife over ‘alienation of affection’ Trump presidency Hide Trump news at a glance The medal may be in Trump’s hands, but peace prize is not his, Nobel officials say 10h ago New York Judge allows offshore windfarm halted by Trump to resume construction Karoline Leavitt Trump press secretary launches tirade against reporter who asked about ICE Trump administration Trump ally and ICE deputy director resigns to run for Congress in Ohio Trump presidency Trump news at a glance The medal may be in Trump’s hands, but peace prize is not his, Nobel officials say 10h ago Trump news at a glance The medal may be in Trump’s hands, but peace prize is not his, Nobel officials say New York Judge allows offshore windfarm halted by Trump to resume construction New York Judge allows offshore windfarm halted by Trump to resume construction Karoline Leavitt Trump press secretary launches tirade against reporter who asked about ICE Karoline Leavitt Trump press secretary launches tirade against reporter who asked about ICE Trump administration Trump ally and ICE deputy director resigns to run for Congress in Ohio Trump administration Trump ally and ICE deputy director resigns to run for Congress in Ohio Special report Hide Cancer Kids with brain cancer were already in a life and death struggle. Then came Trump The US president vowed to ‘end childhood cancer’. But his administration is dismantling the search for a cure and sending families scrambling for treatment Special report Cancer Kids with brain cancer were already in a life and death struggle. Then came Trump The US president vowed to ‘end childhood cancer’. But his administration is dismantling the search for a cure and sending families scrambling for treatment Cancer Kids with brain cancer were already in a life and death struggle. Then came Trump In focus Hide Video explainer Reza Pahlavi: is the last shah's son a viable opposition leader for Iran? As the heir of a violent authoritarian regime, Pahlavi's potential return is viewed suspiciously by some, but for others he is the only alternative Video Today in Focus Is ICE out of control? Podcast 32:55 Portugal Ferraris for all and wine on tap: satirical candidate shakes up Portugal’s presidential election 32m ago In focus Video explainer Reza Pahlavi: is the last shah's son a viable opposition leader for Iran? As the heir of a violent authoritarian regime, Pahlavi's potential return is viewed suspiciously by some, but for others he is the only alternative Video Video explainer Reza Pahlavi: is the last shah's son a viable opposition leader for Iran? Today in Focus Is ICE out of control? Podcast 32:55 Today in Focus Is ICE out of control? Portugal Ferraris for all and wine on tap: satirical candidate shakes up Portugal’s presidential election 32m ago Portugal Ferraris for all and wine on tap: satirical candidate shakes up Portugal’s presidential election Features Hide Film The crying game: what Hamnet’s grief-porn debate says about women, cinema – and enormous hawks 4h ago Punk ‘We wouldn’t still be playing if we’d got stinking rich’: the Damned celebrate 50 years of punk, goth and holy grail hunting 7h ago Features Film The crying game: what Hamnet’s grief-porn debate says about women, cinema – and enormous hawks 4h ago Film The crying game: what Hamnet’s grief-porn debate says about women, cinema – and enormous hawks Punk ‘We wouldn’t still be playing if we’d got stinking rich’: the Damned celebrate 50 years of punk, goth and holy grail hunting 7h ago Punk ‘We wouldn’t still be playing if we’d got stinking rich’: the Damned celebrate 50 years of punk, goth and holy grail hunting More features Hide BTS BTS named their new album Arirang. What is so striking about their choice? 7h ago Experience Experience: I live as a crane 7h ago … … comments Fashion ‘Chore jackets for your feet’: why a pair of gardening clogs is taking over city streets Newsletter The alternatives ‘If you’re flushing the toilet with grey water, people should know’: how China turned rain into an asset 7h ago The pub that changed me The pub that changed me: ‘We’d walk home with kebab sauce dribbling down our chins’ 1h ago The pub that changed me ‘It was close. It served Guinness. And it had (just about) functioning toilets’ Games ‘It’s a loving mockery, because it’s also who I am’: the making of gaming’s most pathetic character 2h ago A male great blue heron passes nesting material to his mate in Delray Beach, Florida Japanese monkeys bathe in a hot spring in Hokkaido, northern Japan An elephant keeps a watchful eye on young ones in Amboseli national park, Kenya A capybara pup wakes up from a nap at Rodrigo de Freitas lagoon in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Wild deer stroll at Tōdai-ji temple in Nara, Japan A squirrel searches for food during a light snowfall in Ankara, Turkey Environment Week in wildlife: monkey spa day, a frisky kākāpō and a camouflaged owl This week’s best wildlife photographs from around the world Gallery 18 More features BTS BTS named their new album Arirang. What is so striking about their choice? 7h ago BTS BTS named their new album Arirang. What is so striking about their choice? Experience Experience: I live as a crane 7h ago … … comments Experience Experience: I live as a crane Fashion ‘Chore jackets for your feet’: why a pair of gardening clogs is taking over city streets Newsletter Fashion ‘Chore jackets for your feet’: why a pair of gardening clogs is taking over city streets The alternatives ‘If you’re flushing the toilet with grey water, people should know’: how China turned rain into an asset 7h ago The alternatives ‘If you’re flushing the toilet with grey water, people should know’: how China turned rain into an asset The pub that changed me The pub that changed me: ‘We’d walk home with kebab sauce dribbling down our chins’ 1h ago The pub that changed me ‘It was close. It served Guinness. And it had (just about) functioning toilets’ The pub that changed me The pub that changed me: ‘We’d walk home with kebab sauce dribbling down our chins’ The pub that changed me ‘It was close. It served Guinness. And it had (just about) functioning toilets’ The pub that changed me ‘It was close. It served Guinness. And it had (just about) functioning toilets’ Games ‘It’s a loving mockery, because it’s also who I am’: the making of gaming’s most pathetic character 2h ago Games ‘It’s a loving mockery, because it’s also who I am’: the making of gaming’s most pathetic character A male great blue heron passes nesting material to his mate in Delray Beach, Florida Japanese monkeys bathe in a hot spring in Hokkaido, northern Japan An elephant keeps a watchful eye on young ones in Amboseli national park, Kenya A capybara pup wakes up from a nap at Rodrigo de Freitas lagoon in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Wild deer stroll at Tōdai-ji temple in Nara, Japan A squirrel searches for food during a light snowfall in Ankara, Turkey Environment Week in wildlife: monkey spa day, a frisky kākāpō and a camouflaged owl This week’s best wildlife photographs from around the world Gallery 18 A male great blue heron passes nesting material to his mate in Delray Beach, Florida Japanese monkeys bathe in a hot spring in Hokkaido, northern Japan An elephant keeps a watchful eye on young ones in Amboseli national park, Kenya A capybara pup wakes up from a nap at Rodrigo de Freitas lagoon in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Wild deer stroll at Tōdai-ji temple in Nara, Japan A squirrel searches for food during a light snowfall in Ankara, Turkey Environment Week in wildlife: monkey spa day, a frisky kākāpō and a camouflaged owl Opinion Hide Has a Nazi theorist’s vision of a world divided into ‘great spaces’ found a new advocate in Trump? Brendan Simms Carl Schmitt wanted empires that dominated the small countries in their orbits. But the US president’s chaotic actions are not that strategic, says Brendan Simms, director of the Centre for Geopolitics at Cambridge University 7h ago Say what you will about Donald Trump, but unlike Keir Starmer he knows his own power – and how to use it Aditya Chakrabortty The right is unafraid to show its might on the world stage – meanwhile the PM is tinkering with potholes, says Guardian columnist Aditya Chakrabortty 6h ago Opinion Has a Nazi theorist’s vision of a world divided into ‘great spaces’ found a new advocate in Trump? Brendan Simms Carl Schmitt wanted empires that dominated the small countries in their orbits. But the US president’s chaotic actions are not that strategic, says Brendan Simms, director of the Centre for Geopolitics at Cambridge University 7h ago Has a Nazi theorist’s vision of a world divided into ‘great spaces’ found a new advocate in Trump? Say what you will about Donald Trump, but unlike Keir Starmer he knows his own power – and how to use it Aditya Chakrabortty The right is unafraid to show its might on the world stage – meanwhile the PM is tinkering with potholes, says Guardian columnist Aditya Chakrabortty 6h ago Say what you will about Donald Trump, but unlike Keir Starmer he knows his own power – and how to use it More opinion Hide Digested week: despite the Golden Globes being a joke, the audience keep turning up Emma Brockes 22m ago Are our bodies full of microplastics or not? There’s a way to resolve this debate, and scientists must hurry Debora MacKenzie 1h ago … … comments I never thought I’d see an asylum hotel on fire, or worry about my staff’s safety. The past five years changed that Enver Solomon 2h ago The FBI’s raid of journalist’s home was the product of decades of backsliding Seth Stern and Chip Gibbons More opinion Digested week: despite the Golden Globes being a joke, the audience keep turning up Emma Brockes 22m ago Digested week: despite the Golden Globes being a joke, the audience keep turning up Are our bodies full of microplastics or not? There’s a way to resolve this debate, and scientists must hurry Debora MacKenzie 1h ago … … comments Are our bodies full of microplastics or not? There’s a way to resolve this debate, and scientists must hurry I never thought I’d see an asylum hotel on fire, or worry about my staff’s safety. The past five years changed that Enver Solomon 2h ago I never thought I’d see an asylum hotel on fire, or worry about my staff’s safety. The past five years changed that The FBI’s raid of journalist’s home was the product of decades of backsliding Seth Stern and Chip Gibbons The FBI’s raid of journalist’s home was the product of decades of backsliding Editorials Hide The Guardian view Trump’s world: from Venezuela to Iran to Greenland, the madness is the method Editorials The Guardian view Trump’s world: from Venezuela to Iran to Greenland, the madness is the method The Guardian view Trump’s world: from Venezuela to Iran to Greenland, the madness is the method Sports Hide Premier League Ten things to look out for this weekend Chelsea need to avoid long-throw blues, plus: a vacant spot for Liverpool and West Ham’s survival hope … … comments David Hytner Arsenal’s power statement shows this time they have the muscle for the battle West Ham Plan to sell Paquetá and take him back on loan hits Flamengo resistance Wolves In a dreary season at Molineux, teenager Mané offers hope for the future David Hytner Arsenal’s power statement shows this time they have the muscle for the battle West Ham Plan to sell Paquetá and take him back on loan hits Flamengo resistance Wolves In a dreary season at Molineux, teenager Mané offers hope for the future Los Angeles Dodgers Tucker set for $240m deal with World Series champions as rich get richer 7h ago F1 Max Verstappen admits new F1 season is step into unknown amid rule changes 1h ago Soccer Iran? Trump? How can the game stand strong in a fractured world? NFL Each playoff team’s fatal flaw: the Bills’ run defense to the Sam Darnold problem … … comments Soccer with Jonathan Wilson: The latest on the global game Sports Premier League Ten things to look out for this weekend Chelsea need to avoid long-throw blues, plus: a vacant spot for Liverpool and West Ham’s survival hope … … comments David Hytner Arsenal’s power statement shows this time they have the muscle for the battle West Ham Plan to sell Paquetá and take him back on loan hits Flamengo resistance Wolves In a dreary season at Molineux, teenager Mané offers hope for the future David Hytner Arsenal’s power statement shows this time they have the muscle for the battle West Ham Plan to sell Paquetá and take him back on loan hits Flamengo resistance Wolves In a dreary season at Molineux, teenager Mané offers hope for the future Premier League Ten things to look out for this weekend David Hytner Arsenal’s power statement shows this time they have the muscle for the battle David Hytner Arsenal’s power statement shows this time they have the muscle for the battle West Ham Plan to sell Paquetá and take him back on loan hits Flamengo resistance West Ham Plan to sell Paquetá and take him back on loan hits Flamengo resistance Wolves In a dreary season at Molineux, teenager Mané offers hope for the future Wolves In a dreary season at Molineux, teenager Mané offers hope for the future David Hytner Arsenal’s power statement shows this time they have the muscle for the battle David Hytner Arsenal’s power statement shows this time they have the muscle for the battle West Ham Plan to sell Paquetá and take him back on loan hits Flamengo resistance West Ham Plan to sell Paquetá and take him back on loan hits Flamengo resistance Wolves In a dreary season at Molineux, teenager Mané offers hope for the future Wolves In a dreary season at Molineux, teenager Mané offers hope for the future Los Angeles Dodgers Tucker set for $240m deal with World Series champions as rich get richer 7h ago Los Angeles Dodgers Tucker set for $240m deal with World Series champions as rich get richer F1 Max Verstappen admits new F1 season is step into unknown amid rule changes 1h ago F1 Max Verstappen admits new F1 season is step into unknown amid rule changes Soccer Iran? Trump? How can the game stand strong in a fractured world? Soccer Iran? Trump? How can the game stand strong in a fractured world? NFL Each playoff team’s fatal flaw: the Bills’ run defense to the Sam Darnold problem … … comments NFL Each playoff team’s fatal flaw: the Bills’ run defense to the Sam Darnold problem Soccer with Jonathan Wilson: The latest on the global game More sports Hide Tennis ‘It’s a long and difficult dream’: João Fonseca on practice, patience and matching Sinner and Alcaraz US sports say parity is essential for success. The Premier League proves that’s untrue Leander Schaerlaeckens Cycling Tour de France reveals plans for six UK stages with historic 2027 Grands Départs NCAA College basketball players among 26 charged in ‘international criminal’ betting scheme More sports Tennis ‘It’s a long and difficult dream’: João Fonseca on practice, patience and matching Sinner and Alcaraz Tennis ‘It’s a long and difficult dream’: João Fonseca on practice, patience and matching Sinner and Alcaraz US sports say parity is essential for success. The Premier League proves that’s untrue Leander Schaerlaeckens US sports say parity is essential for success. The Premier League proves that’s untrue Cycling Tour de France reveals plans for six UK stages with historic 2027 Grands Départs Cycling Tour de France reveals plans for six UK stages with historic 2027 Grands Départs NCAA College basketball players among 26 charged in ‘international criminal’ betting scheme NCAA College basketball players among 26 charged in ‘international criminal’ betting scheme More top stories Hide Exclusive Trump-linked figures lead talks on $200m European pipeline contract Exclusive: Jesse Binnall and Joe Flynn, who campaigned to overturn 2020 election, seek to win Bosnia deal for little-known US firm 6h ago Yoon Suk Yeol South Korea sentences ex-president to five years in first martial law verdict 2h ago Uganda Early results show Museveni leading Uganda election amid reports of violence 1h ago UK politics live Tory leader says you ‘can’t believe a word that comes out of his mouth’ after rival's defection 23s ago … … comments Reform UK ‘Enough already’: Jenrick’s defection gets mixed reception from Reform members UK politics ‘Not so clever after all’: how Robert Jenrick was ejected before he defected Hungary Rightwing leaders endorse Viktor Orbán in Hungarian election campaign video 7h ago Spain Julio Iglesias denies sexual abuse claims of two former female employees 4h ago Global health Cloth wraps treated with ‘dirt cheap’ insecticide cut malaria cases in babies 7h ago More top stories Exclusive Trump-linked figures lead talks on $200m European pipeline contract Exclusive: Jesse Binnall and Joe Flynn, who campaigned to overturn 2020 election, seek to win Bosnia deal for little-known US firm 6h ago Exclusive Trump-linked figures lead talks on $200m European pipeline contract Yoon Suk Yeol South Korea sentences ex-president to five years in first martial law verdict 2h ago Yoon Suk Yeol South Korea sentences ex-president to five years in first martial law verdict Uganda Early results show Museveni leading Uganda election amid reports of violence 1h ago Uganda Early results show Museveni leading Uganda election amid reports of violence UK politics live Tory leader says you ‘can’t believe a word that comes out of his mouth’ after rival's defection 23s ago … … comments Reform UK ‘Enough already’: Jenrick’s defection gets mixed reception from Reform members UK politics ‘Not so clever after all’: how Robert Jenrick was ejected before he defected UK politics live Tory leader says you ‘can’t believe a word that comes out of his mouth’ after rival's defection Reform UK ‘Enough already’: Jenrick’s defection gets mixed reception from Reform members Reform UK ‘Enough already’: Jenrick’s defection gets mixed reception from Reform members UK politics ‘Not so clever after all’: how Robert Jenrick was ejected before he defected UK politics ‘Not so clever after all’: how Robert Jenrick was ejected before he defected Hungary Rightwing leaders endorse Viktor Orbán in Hungarian election campaign video 7h ago Hungary Rightwing leaders endorse Viktor Orbán in Hungarian election campaign video Spain Julio Iglesias denies sexual abuse claims of two former female employees 4h ago Spain Julio Iglesias denies sexual abuse claims of two former female employees Global health Cloth wraps treated with ‘dirt cheap’ insecticide cut malaria cases in babies 7h ago Global health Cloth wraps treated with ‘dirt cheap’ insecticide cut malaria cases in babies Climate crisis & environment Hide Weather tracker Extreme rainfall inundates South Africa and Mozambique 2h ago Australia wildfires Visual guide to the scale of devastation 10h ago Down to Earth Trump’s anti-climate agenda won’t just hurt the planet, but American incomes too Newsletter Environment Pesticides may drastically shorten fish lifespans, study finds Climate crisis & environment Weather tracker Extreme rainfall inundates South Africa and Mozambique 2h ago Weather tracker Extreme rainfall inundates South Africa and Mozambique Australia wildfires Visual guide to the scale of devastation 10h ago Australia wildfires Visual guide to the scale of devastation Down to Earth Trump’s anti-climate agenda won’t just hurt the planet, but American incomes too Newsletter Down to Earth Trump’s anti-climate agenda won’t just hurt the planet, but American incomes too Environment Pesticides may drastically shorten fish lifespans, study finds Environment Pesticides may drastically shorten fish lifespans, study finds US news Hide Trump tariffs US says it reached deal with Taiwan to lower tariffs and boost investments Minnesota Trump threatens to use Insurrection Act in Minnesota in response to ICE protests Mahmoud Khalil US appeals court reverses decision that freed Mahmoud Khalil from ICE detention Trump administration Renaming US defense department the Department of War could cost $125m US news Trump tariffs US says it reached deal with Taiwan to lower tariffs and boost investments Trump tariffs US says it reached deal with Taiwan to lower tariffs and boost investments Minnesota Trump threatens to use Insurrection Act in Minnesota in response to ICE protests Minnesota Trump threatens to use Insurrection Act in Minnesota in response to ICE protests Mahmoud Khalil US appeals court reverses decision that freed Mahmoud Khalil from ICE detention Mahmoud Khalil US appeals court reverses decision that freed Mahmoud Khalil from ICE detention Trump administration Renaming US defense department the Department of War could cost $125m Trump administration Renaming US defense department the Department of War could cost $125m World news Hide UK news £16,000 private jet to extradite HSTikkyTokky ‘not necessary’, judge tells Surrey police 11m ago TikTok TikTok to strengthen age-verification technology across EU 3h ago Australia Albanese says Australia's youth social media ban is working, but it is too early to say if it has been successful 2h ago Oil BP accused of ‘insidious’ influence on UK education through museum links 6h ago World news UK news £16,000 private jet to extradite HSTikkyTokky ‘not necessary’, judge tells Surrey police 11m ago UK news £16,000 private jet to extradite HSTikkyTokky ‘not necessary’, judge tells Surrey police TikTok TikTok to strengthen age-verification technology across EU 3h ago TikTok TikTok to strengthen age-verification technology across EU Australia Albanese says Australia's youth social media ban is working, but it is too early to say if it has been successful 2h ago Australia Albanese says Australia's youth social media ban is working, but it is too early to say if it has been successful Oil BP accused of ‘insidious’ influence on UK education through museum links 6h ago Oil BP accused of ‘insidious’ influence on UK education through museum links .cover-drop-thrasher-13rensg-Component{text-decoration-line:none;text-decoration-color:#1A1A1A;}.cover-drop-thrasher-13rensg-Component:hover{text-decoration-line:none;}.cover-drop-thrasher-13rensg-Component:hover 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The six-day war of words that laid waste to the 2026 Adelaide writers’ festival 6h ago Culture Television ‘I have rewatched the show more than 60 times’: your favourite comfort TV 2h ago Television ‘I have rewatched the show more than 60 times’: your favourite comfort TV Culture Call this social cohesion? The six-day war of words that laid waste to the 2026 Adelaide writers’ festival 6h ago Culture Call this social cohesion? The six-day war of words that laid waste to the 2026 Adelaide writers’ festival What to watch Hide Film The Rip review – Ben Affleck and Matt Damon tear through flashy Netflix bro thriller Television & radio Steal to The Beauty: the seven best shows to stream this week 5h ago Late-night TV roundup Seth Meyers on ICE: ‘An army of out-of-shape uncles’ TV From Anya Taylor-Joy to Jodie Comer: who will star in The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo’s TV remake? … … comments What to watch Film The Rip review – Ben Affleck and Matt Damon tear through flashy Netflix bro thriller Film The Rip review – Ben Affleck and Matt Damon tear through flashy Netflix bro thriller Television & radio Steal to The Beauty: the seven best shows to stream this week 5h ago Television & radio Steal to The Beauty: the seven best shows to stream this week Late-night TV roundup Seth Meyers on ICE: ‘An army of out-of-shape uncles’ Late-night TV roundup Seth Meyers on ICE: ‘An army of out-of-shape uncles’ TV From Anya Taylor-Joy to Jodie Comer: who will star in The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo’s TV remake? … … comments TV From Anya Taylor-Joy to Jodie Comer: who will star in The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo’s TV remake? What to listen to Hide Add to playlist The dark fog of Los Angeles saxophonist Aaron Shaw and the week’s best new tracks 2m ago Review A$AP Rocky: Don’t Be Dumb review – a charismatic, playful return, but it’s no slam dunk 2h ago Experimental album of the month Julianna Barwick and Mary Lattimore: Tragic Magic review – tragedy and hope in a dreamlike haze 3h ago Review Sleaford Mods: The Demise of Planet X review – vulnerability and versatility widen potty-mouthed appeal 4h ago What to listen to Add to playlist The dark fog of Los Angeles saxophonist Aaron Shaw and the week’s best new tracks 2m ago Add to playlist The dark fog of Los Angeles saxophonist Aaron Shaw and the week’s best new tracks Review A$AP Rocky: Don’t Be Dumb review – a charismatic, playful return, but it’s no slam dunk 2h ago Review A$AP Rocky: Don’t Be Dumb review – a charismatic, playful return, but it’s no slam dunk Experimental album of the month Julianna Barwick and Mary Lattimore: Tragic Magic review – tragedy and hope in a dreamlike haze 3h ago Experimental album of the month Julianna Barwick and Mary Lattimore: Tragic Magic review – tragedy and hope in a dreamlike haze Review Sleaford Mods: The Demise of Planet X review – vulnerability and versatility widen potty-mouthed appeal 4h ago Review Sleaford Mods: The Demise of Planet X review – vulnerability and versatility widen potty-mouthed appeal What to read Hide Review rounduo The best recent crime and thrillers 2m ago Fiction Chosen Family by Madeleine Gray review – friends, lovers or something in between? 5h ago Audiobooks H Is for Hawk by Helen Macdonald audiobook review – a soaring journey through grief Books ‘How do you really tell the truth about this moment?’: George Saunders on ghosts, mortality and Trump’s America What to read Review rounduo The best recent crime and thrillers 2m ago Review rounduo The best recent crime and thrillers Fiction Chosen Family by Madeleine Gray review – friends, lovers or something in between? 5h ago Fiction Chosen Family by Madeleine Gray review – friends, lovers or something in between? Audiobooks H Is for Hawk by Helen Macdonald audiobook review – a soaring journey through grief Audiobooks H Is for Hawk by Helen Macdonald audiobook review – a soaring journey through grief Books ‘How do you really tell the truth about this moment?’: George Saunders on ghosts, mortality and Trump’s America Books ‘How do you really tell the truth about this moment?’: George Saunders on ghosts, mortality and Trump’s America What to play Hide Review Commodore 64 Ultimate review – it’s like 1982 all over again! Pushing Buttons What’s behind the phenomenon of ‘gamer brain’ Newsletter Games Four months and 40 hours later: my epic battle with 2025’s most difficult video game … … comments Games The 15 best games to play on the Nintendo Switch in 2026 What to play Review Commodore 64 Ultimate review – it’s like 1982 all over again! Review Commodore 64 Ultimate review – it’s like 1982 all over again! Pushing Buttons What’s behind the phenomenon of ‘gamer brain’ Newsletter Pushing Buttons What’s behind the phenomenon of ‘gamer brain’ Games Four months and 40 hours later: my epic battle with 2025’s most difficult video game … … comments Games Four months and 40 hours later: my epic battle with 2025’s most difficult video game Games The 15 best games to play on the Nintendo Switch in 2026 Games The 15 best games to play on the Nintendo Switch in 2026 More culture Hide Festivals Vevcani carnival – in pictures Gallery 20 Ranked From Dylan to disco, Beyoncé to Bob Marley: the 30 best live albums ever … … comments Classical music Diary of a degenerate: mapping the music and the madness of Carlo Gesualdo … … comments Alan Rickman ‘Soon after my baby’s birth came a bottle of champagne’: readers remember Alan Rickman More culture Festivals Vevcani carnival – in pictures Gallery 20 Festivals Vevcani carnival – in pictures Ranked From Dylan to disco, Beyoncé to Bob Marley: the 30 best live albums ever … … comments Ranked From Dylan to disco, Beyoncé to Bob Marley: the 30 best live albums ever Classical music Diary of a degenerate: mapping the music and the madness of Carlo Gesualdo … … comments Classical music Diary of a degenerate: mapping the music and the madness of Carlo Gesualdo Alan Rickman ‘Soon after my baby’s birth came a bottle of champagne’: readers remember Alan Rickman Alan Rickman ‘Soon after my baby’s birth came a bottle of champagne’: readers remember Alan Rickman Lifestyle Hide You be the judge Should my daughter pay the fine we incurred dropping her at the airport? … … comments Readers' travel tips ‘Golden sands meld into the clear turquoise sea’: readers’ favourite beaches in Europe 5h ago … … comments Lifestyle You be the judge Should my daughter pay the fine we incurred dropping her at the airport? … … comments You be the judge Should my daughter pay the fine we incurred dropping her at the airport? Readers' travel tips ‘Golden sands meld into the clear turquoise sea’: readers’ favourite beaches in Europe 5h ago … … comments Readers' travel tips ‘Golden sands meld into the clear turquoise sea’: readers’ favourite beaches in Europe Well actually Hide The sweet spot Benjamina Ebuehi’s recipe for Viennese fingers 6h ago … … comments AI AI as a life coach: experts share what works, what doesn’t and what to look out for The polycrisis era We are living in a time of polycrisis. If you feel trapped – you’re not alone Health Tired of the wellness industrial complex? Six rules to ditch – and what to do instead Well actually The sweet spot Benjamina Ebuehi’s recipe for Viennese fingers 6h ago … … comments The sweet spot Benjamina Ebuehi’s recipe for Viennese fingers AI AI as a life coach: experts share what works, what doesn’t and what to look out for AI AI as a life coach: experts share what works, what doesn’t and what to look out for The polycrisis era We are living in a time of polycrisis. If you feel trapped – you’re not alone The polycrisis era We are living in a time of polycrisis. If you feel trapped – you’re not alone Health Tired of the wellness industrial complex? Six rules to ditch – and what to do instead Health Tired of the wellness industrial complex? Six rules to ditch – and what to do instead The Filter Hide Clothing Heated socks and puffy booties: what people in the coldest cities on Earth are wearing How to read more Here are 12 book-ish things to help clear your to-read list Review Seattle UItrasonics C-200 knife review: a powered knife even a pro chef can love Gadgets The five new gadgets I tried and loved at CES 2026 (that you can buy right now) The Filter Clothing Heated socks and puffy booties: what people in the coldest cities on Earth are wearing Clothing Heated socks and puffy booties: what people in the coldest cities on Earth are wearing How to read more Here are 12 book-ish things to help clear your to-read list How to read more Here are 12 book-ish things to help clear your to-read list Review Seattle UItrasonics C-200 knife review: a powered knife even a pro chef can love Review Seattle UItrasonics C-200 knife review: a powered knife even a pro chef can love Gadgets The five new gadgets I tried and loved at CES 2026 (that you can buy right now) Gadgets The five new gadgets I tried and loved at CES 2026 (that you can buy right now) Relationships Hide A new start after 60 I adopted a Guide Dog mum – and found true love, community and confidence This is how we do it ‘The dark room is a judgment-free place’ Kindness of strangers Alone in the crowd at Glastonbury, a stranger hugged me tight while I cried about my dead dad … … comments The moment I knew Huddled under a spooky bridge by the Canal de l’Ourcq, we were like two little penguins … … comments Relationships A new start after 60 I adopted a Guide Dog mum – and found true love, community and confidence A new start after 60 I adopted a Guide Dog mum – and found true love, community and confidence This is how we do it ‘The dark room is a judgment-free place’ This is how we do it ‘The dark room is a judgment-free place’ Kindness of strangers Alone in the crowd at Glastonbury, a stranger hugged me tight while I cried about my dead dad … … comments Kindness of strangers Alone in the crowd at Glastonbury, a stranger hugged me tight while I cried about my dead dad The moment I knew Huddled under a spooky bridge by the Canal de l’Ourcq, we were like two little penguins … … comments The moment I knew Huddled under a spooky bridge by the Canal de l’Ourcq, we were like two little penguins Health & fitness Hide The way you move Don’t ‘over-engage your core muscles’ and other tips for looking after your pelvic floor … … comments Secrets of the body What does sugar do to your body – and how can you avoid a slump? Health Is it true that … stretching before exercise prevents injury? Neuroscience The friendship secret: why socialising could help you live longer Health & fitness The way you move Don’t ‘over-engage your core muscles’ and other tips for looking after your pelvic floor … … comments The way you move Don’t ‘over-engage your core muscles’ and other tips for looking after your pelvic floor Secrets of the body What does sugar do to your body – and how can you avoid a slump? Secrets of the body What does sugar do to your body – and how can you avoid a slump? Health Is it true that … stretching before exercise prevents injury? Health Is it true that … stretching before exercise prevents injury? Neuroscience The friendship secret: why socialising could help you live longer Neuroscience The friendship secret: why socialising could help you live longer Fashion & beauty Hide Bandhgala jacket Is it the end of the line for one of India’s most distinctive garments? Fashion Mix and mismatch: if it doesn’t go with anything, it goes with everything … … comments Fashion Sali Hughes on beauty: if you don’t like strong scents, layering could be the answer Fashion From boho chic to dressy: the alpha female celebrities reviving flares Fashion & beauty Bandhgala jacket Is it the end of the line for one of India’s most distinctive garments? Bandhgala jacket Is it the end of the line for one of India’s most distinctive garments? Fashion Mix and mismatch: if it doesn’t go with anything, it goes with everything … … comments Fashion Mix and mismatch: if it doesn’t go with anything, it goes with everything Fashion Sali Hughes on beauty: if you don’t like strong scents, layering could be the answer Fashion Sali Hughes on beauty: if you don’t like strong scents, layering could be the answer Fashion From boho chic to dressy: the alpha female celebrities reviving flares Fashion From boho chic to dressy: the alpha female celebrities reviving flares More lifestyle Hide Interiors How we converted a boxy ‘dump’ into our spacious, light-filled dream home 32m ago Gardening advice Now is the perfect time to sort out your garden seeds, the Monty Don way 1h ago … … comments The Stephen Collins cartoon The stress management app that doesn’t even pretend things are OK! 2h ago The pub that changed me ‘We would flirt and mingle with the wild children of the wealthy’ … … comments More lifestyle Interiors How we converted a boxy ‘dump’ into our spacious, light-filled dream home 32m ago Interiors How we converted a boxy ‘dump’ into our spacious, light-filled dream home Gardening advice Now is the perfect time to sort out your garden seeds, the Monty Don way 1h ago … … comments Gardening advice Now is the perfect time to sort out your garden seeds, the Monty Don way The Stephen Collins cartoon The stress management app that doesn’t even pretend things are OK! 2h ago The Stephen Collins cartoon The stress management app that doesn’t even pretend things are OK! The pub that changed me ‘We would flirt and mingle with the wild children of the wealthy’ … … comments The pub that changed me ‘We would flirt and mingle with the wild children of the wealthy’ Documentary Hide Documentary Threshold: the choir who sing to the dying Dying is a process and in a person’s final hours and days, Nickie and her Threshold Choir are there to accompany people on their way and bring comfort. Through specially composed songs, akin to lullabies, the choir cultivates an environment of love and safety around those on their deathbed. Video Documentary Documentary Threshold: the choir who sing to the dying Dying is a process and in a person’s final hours and days, Nickie and her Threshold Choir are there to accompany people on their way and bring comfort. Through specially composed songs, akin to lullabies, the choir cultivates an environment of love and safety around those on their deathbed. Video Documentary Threshold: the choir who sing to the dying You may have missed Hide Analysis Has Joe Rogan fully soured on Trump’s presidency? Greenland in maps Greenland: new shipping routes, hidden minerals – and a frontline between the US and Russia? Economics The crisis whisperer: how Adam Tooze makes sense of our bewildering age You may have missed Analysis Has Joe Rogan fully soured on Trump’s presidency? Analysis Has Joe Rogan fully soured on Trump’s presidency? Greenland in maps Greenland: new shipping routes, hidden minerals – and a frontline between the US and Russia? Greenland in maps Greenland: new shipping routes, hidden minerals – and a frontline between the US and Russia? Economics The crisis whisperer: how Adam Tooze makes sense of our bewildering age Economics The crisis whisperer: how Adam Tooze makes sense of our bewildering age Take part Hide Healthcare People in the US: how has the end of Affordable Care Act subsidies affected you? Pets Tell us: how were you affected by grief over a pet? Grok AI Young people, parents and teachers: share your views about Grok AI People living in the US What do you think about Donald Trump’s threat to take control of Greenland? Take part Healthcare People in the US: how has the end of Affordable Care Act subsidies affected you? Healthcare People in the US: how has the end of Affordable Care Act subsidies affected you? Pets Tell us: how were you affected by grief over a pet? Pets Tell us: how were you affected by grief over a pet? Grok AI Young people, parents and teachers: share your views about Grok AI Grok AI Young people, parents and teachers: share your views about Grok AI People living in the US What do you think about Donald Trump’s threat to take control of Greenland? People living in the US What do you think about Donald Trump’s threat to take control of Greenland? Newsletters Hide The Filter US Sign up to the Filter US: our newsletter guide to buying fewer, better products Newsletter Food Sign up for the Detox Your Kitchen newsletter on avoiding potentially harmful chemicals in your food Newsletter Wellness Sign up for Well Actually: a free weekly newsletter about health and wellness Newsletter News Sign up for The Long Wave newsletter: our weekly Black life and culture email Newsletter Newsletters The Filter US Sign up to the Filter US: our newsletter guide to buying fewer, better products Newsletter The Filter US Sign up to the Filter US: our newsletter guide to buying fewer, better products Food Sign up for the Detox Your Kitchen newsletter on avoiding potentially harmful chemicals in your food Newsletter Food Sign up for the Detox Your Kitchen newsletter on avoiding potentially harmful chemicals in your food Wellness Sign up for Well Actually: a free weekly newsletter about health and wellness Newsletter Wellness Sign up for Well Actually: a free weekly newsletter about health and wellness News Sign up for The Long Wave newsletter: our weekly Black life and culture email Newsletter News Sign up for The Long Wave newsletter: our weekly Black life and culture email In pictures Hide Photos of the day Returning astronauts and burning dolls The Guardian’s picture editors select photographs from around the world Gallery 17 In pictures Photos of the day Returning astronauts and burning dolls The Guardian’s picture editors select photographs from around the world Gallery 17 Photos of the day Returning astronauts and burning dolls Most popular Hide Most viewed What readers are clicking on CBS News report on ICE officer’s injuries drew ‘huge internal concern’ ‘The world needs to know what’s happening’: families of protesters killed in Iran tell of heartbreak Kyrsten Sinema sued by former bodyguard’s ex-wife over ‘alienation of affection’ Iran protests appear to slow under weight of brutal crackdown ‘A nasty little song, really rather evil’: how Every Breath You Take tore Sting and the Police apart Danish PM says US ‘ambition to take over Greenland’ is intact after Washington meeting – as it happened Live Trump’s Greenland threats do ‘real damage’ to alliances and benefit Putin, warns senior US senator - Europe live The crying game: what Hamnet’s grief-porn debate says about women, cinema – and enormous hawks María Corina Machado presents Trump with her Nobel peace prize medal ‘I have rewatched the show more than 60 times’: your favourite comfort TV Deeply read What readers are spending time with ( Learn more ) Kyrsten Sinema sued by former bodyguard’s ex-wife over ‘alienation of affection’ Trump press secretary launches tirade against reporter who asked about ICE From Dylan to disco, Beyoncé to Bob Marley: the 30 best live albums ever – ranked! 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Death of man at ICE camp could be investigated as homicide after examiner’s report Spanish police break up gang that used swimmers to hide cocaine on ships Most popular Most viewed What readers are clicking on CBS News report on ICE officer’s injuries drew ‘huge internal concern’ ‘The world needs to know what’s happening’: families of protesters killed in Iran tell of heartbreak Kyrsten Sinema sued by former bodyguard’s ex-wife over ‘alienation of affection’ Iran protests appear to slow under weight of brutal crackdown ‘A nasty little song, really rather evil’: how Every Breath You Take tore Sting and the Police apart Danish PM says US ‘ambition to take over Greenland’ is intact after Washington meeting – as it happened Live Trump’s Greenland threats do ‘real damage’ to alliances and benefit Putin, warns senior US senator - Europe live The crying game: what Hamnet’s grief-porn debate says about women, cinema – and enormous hawks María Corina Machado presents Trump with her Nobel peace prize medal ‘I have rewatched the show more than 60 times’: your favourite comfort TV Most viewed CBS News report on ICE officer’s injuries drew ‘huge internal concern’ CBS News report on ICE officer’s injuries drew ‘huge internal concern’ ‘The world needs to know what’s happening’: families of protesters killed in Iran tell of heartbreak ‘The world needs to know what’s happening’: families of protesters killed in Iran tell of heartbreak Kyrsten Sinema sued by former bodyguard’s ex-wife over ‘alienation of affection’ Kyrsten Sinema sued by former bodyguard’s ex-wife over ‘alienation of affection’ Iran protests appear to slow under weight of brutal crackdown Iran protests appear to slow under weight of brutal crackdown ‘A nasty little song, really rather evil’: how Every Breath You Take tore Sting and the Police apart ‘A nasty little song, really rather evil’: how Every Breath You Take tore Sting and the Police apart Danish PM says US ‘ambition to take over Greenland’ is intact after Washington meeting – as it happened Danish PM says US ‘ambition to take over Greenland’ is intact after Washington meeting – as it happened Live Trump’s Greenland threats do ‘real damage’ to alliances and benefit Putin, warns senior US senator - Europe live Live Trump’s Greenland threats do ‘real damage’ to alliances and benefit Putin, warns senior US senator - Europe live The crying game: what Hamnet’s grief-porn debate says about women, cinema – and enormous hawks The crying game: what Hamnet’s grief-porn debate says about women, cinema – and enormous hawks María Corina Machado presents Trump with her Nobel peace prize medal María Corina Machado presents Trump with her Nobel peace prize medal ‘I have rewatched the show more than 60 times’: your favourite comfort TV ‘I have rewatched the show more than 60 times’: your favourite comfort TV Deeply read What readers are spending time with ( Learn more ) Kyrsten Sinema sued by former bodyguard’s ex-wife over ‘alienation of affection’ Trump press secretary launches tirade against reporter who asked about ICE From Dylan to disco, Beyoncé to Bob Marley: the 30 best live albums ever – ranked! Tortilla, broccoli, ‘a piece of chicken’: US agriculture secretary mocked for ‘money-saving’ meal CBS News report on ICE officer’s injuries drew ‘huge internal concern’ How a billionaire with interests in Greenland encouraged Trump to acquire the territory Heated socks and puffy booties: what people in the coldest cities on Earth are wearing BTS named their new album Arirang. What is so striking about their choice? Death of man at ICE camp could be investigated as homicide after examiner’s report Spanish police break up gang that used swimmers to hide cocaine on ships Deeply read Kyrsten Sinema sued by former bodyguard’s ex-wife over ‘alienation of affection’ Kyrsten Sinema sued by former bodyguard’s ex-wife over ‘alienation of affection’ Trump press secretary launches tirade against reporter who asked about ICE Trump press secretary launches tirade against reporter who asked about ICE From Dylan to disco, Beyoncé to Bob Marley: the 30 best live albums ever – ranked! From Dylan to disco, Beyoncé to Bob Marley: the 30 best live albums ever – ranked! Tortilla, broccoli, ‘a piece of chicken’: US agriculture secretary mocked for ‘money-saving’ meal Tortilla, broccoli, ‘a piece of chicken’: US agriculture secretary mocked for ‘money-saving’ meal CBS News report on ICE officer’s injuries drew ‘huge internal concern’ CBS News report on ICE officer’s injuries drew ‘huge internal concern’ How a billionaire with interests in Greenland encouraged Trump to acquire the territory How a billionaire with interests in Greenland encouraged Trump to acquire the territory Heated socks and puffy booties: what people in the coldest cities on Earth are wearing Heated socks and puffy booties: what people in the coldest cities on Earth are wearing BTS named their new album Arirang. What is so striking about their choice? BTS named their new album Arirang. What is so striking about their choice? Death of man at ICE camp could be investigated as homicide after examiner’s report Death of man at ICE camp could be investigated as homicide after examiner’s report Spanish police break up gang that used swimmers to hide cocaine on ships Spanish police break up gang that used swimmers to hide cocaine on ships Explore more on these topics Donald Trump US politics Trump administration Europe ICE (US Immigration and Customs Enforcement) Donald Trump US politics Trump administration Europe ICE (US Immigration and Customs Enforcement) US news US politics World Climate crisis Middle East Ukraine US immigration Soccer Business Environment Tech Science Newsletters Wellness News Opinion Sport Culture Lifestyle About us Help Complaints & corrections Contact us Tip us off SecureDrop Privacy policy Cookie policy Tax strategy Terms & conditions All topics All writers Newsletters Digital newspaper archive Bluesky Facebook Instagram LinkedIn Threads TikTok YouTube Advertise with us Guardian Labs Search jobs Work with us Accessibility settings
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Start and end dates 2 Background Toggle Background subsection 2.1 Aftermath of World War I 2.2 Germany and Italy 2.3 European treaties 2.4 Asia 2.1 Aftermath of World War I 2.2 Germany and Italy 2.3 European treaties 2.4 Asia 3 Pre-war events Toggle Pre-war events subsection 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) 3.2 Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) 3.3 Japanese invasion of China (1937) 3.4 Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 3.5 European occupations and agreements 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) 3.2 Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) 3.3 Japanese invasion of China (1937) 3.4 Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 3.5 European occupations and agreements 4 Course of the war Toggle Course of the war subsection 4.1 War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940) 4.2 Western Europe (1940–1941) 4.3 Mediterranean (1940–1941) 4.4 Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941) 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific (1941) 4.6 Axis advance stalls (1942–1943) 4.7 Pacific (1942–1943) 4.8 Eastern Front (1942–1943) 4.9 Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943) 4.10 Allies gain momentum (1943–1944) 4.11 Allies Offensives (1944) 4.12 Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945) 4.1 War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940) 4.2 Western Europe (1940–1941) 4.3 Mediterranean (1940–1941) 4.4 Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941) 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific (1941) 4.6 Axis advance stalls (1942–1943) 4.7 Pacific (1942–1943) 4.8 Eastern Front (1942–1943) 4.9 Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943) 4.10 Allies gain momentum (1943–1944) 4.11 Allies Offensives (1944) 4.12 Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945) 5 Aftermath 6 Impact Toggle Impact subsection 6.1 Casualties and war crimes 6.2 Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour 6.3 Occupation 6.4 Home fronts and production 6.5 Advances in technology and its application 6.1 Casualties and war crimes 6.2 Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour 6.3 Occupation 6.4 Home fronts and production 6.5 Advances in technology and its application 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Toggle References subsection 9.1 Sources 9.1 Sources 10 Further reading 11 External links World War II Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski डोटेली Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladin Ladino Лакку ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Tyap Тыва дыл Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Batak Mandailing Jaku Iban Yerwa Kanuri Tolışi Toki pona Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikidata item This article contains one or more duplicated citations . 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( January 2026 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) (refs: 141, 198) World War II .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front , 1943 British Matilda II tanks during the North African campaign , 1941 US atomic bombing of Nagasaki in Japan, 1945 Soviet troops at the Battle of Stalingrad , 1943 Soviet soldier raising a flag over the Reichstag after the Battle of Berlin , 1945 US warships in Lingayen Gulf in the Philippines , 1945 German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front , 1943 British Matilda II tanks during the North African campaign , 1941 US atomic bombing of Nagasaki in Japan, 1945 Soviet troops at the Battle of Stalingrad , 1943 Soviet soldier raising a flag over the Reichstag after the Battle of Berlin , 1945 US warships in Lingayen Gulf in the Philippines , 1945 Date 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 [ a ] (6 years, 1 day) Location Global Result .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Allied victory Date 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 [ a ] (6 years, 1 day) Location Global Result .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Allied victory Allied victory Participants Allies Axis Commanders and leaders Main Allied leaders : Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai-shek Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai-shek Main Axis leaders : Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini Casualties and losses 60 million to over 75 million deaths (military and civilian) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Theatres of World War II v t e Europe Poland Soviet invasion Phoney War Saar Offensive Finland Winter War Karelia Lapland Weserübung Denmark Norway Western Front Luxembourg Netherlands Belgium France Alps 1944–1945 Britain Eastern Front Barbarossa Leningrad Crimea Rzhev Case Blue Stalingrad Kursk Dnieper–Carpaths Bagration Romania Hungary Vistula–Oder Berlin Liberation of France Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Bulge Western Germany Asia-Pacific China Marco Polo Bridge Shanghai Taiyuan Nanjing Xuzhou and Taierzhuang Wuhan Winter Offensive Hundred Regiments Offensive Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Ichi-Go 1945 Hunan Burma 1941–1942 1942–1943 1944 1944–1945 South-East Asia Indochina Franco-Thai War Thailand Hong Kong Malaya and Singapore South West Pacific Philippines 1941–1942 1944–1945 Dutch East Indies Borneo 1945 Coral Sea Solomon Islands Guadalcanal New Georgia Bougainville New Guinea Kokoda Track Salamaua–Lae Markham, Ramu and Finisterre Huon Peninsula New Britain Admiralty Islands Western New Guinea Pacific Ocean Midway Gilberts and Marshalls Mariana and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Soviet-Japanese War(Mainland) Manchuria and Northern Korea pre-war border conflicts Japan Volcano and Ryukyu South Sakhalin Kurils Mediterranean and Middle East Balkans Greco-Italian War Greece Crete Albania Yugoslavia Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Dodecanese East Africa Guerrilla war Middle East Iraq Syria–Lebanon Iran North Africa Libya-Egypt Morocco-Algeria Tunisia Italy Sicily Mainland Italy Winter Line Gothic Line Spring Offensive Other campaigns Air warfare Strategic bombing Americas Aleuts Antarctica Atlantic Australia Arctic French West Africa Indian Ocean 1940–1945 Madagascar Coups Uruguay Norway Baltic Nations Yugoslavia Romania 1941 Iraq Italy Argentina Germany Croatia Romania 1944 Bulgaria Hungary French Indochina Japan Matsue Slovak National Uprising Resistance movements Albanian resistance Baltic states Belgian Resistance Czechoslovak Resistance Danish resistance Dutch resistance Ethiopian resistance French Resistance Greek resistance Italian Resistance Malayan resistance Norwegian resistance Filipino resistance Polish resistance Romanian resistance Slovak partisans Soviet partisans Free Thai Movement Yugoslav Partisans Poland Soviet invasion Soviet invasion Phoney War Saar Offensive Saar Offensive Finland Winter War Karelia Lapland Winter War Karelia Lapland Weserübung Denmark Norway Denmark Norway Western Front Luxembourg Netherlands Belgium France Luxembourg Netherlands Belgium France Alps 1944–1945 1944–1945 Britain Eastern Front Barbarossa Leningrad Crimea Rzhev Case Blue Stalingrad Kursk Dnieper–Carpaths Bagration Romania Hungary Vistula–Oder Berlin Barbarossa Leningrad Crimea Rzhev Case Blue Stalingrad Kursk Dnieper–Carpaths Bagration Romania Hungary Vistula–Oder Berlin Liberation of France Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Bulge Western Germany Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Bulge Western Germany China Marco Polo Bridge Shanghai Taiyuan Nanjing Xuzhou and Taierzhuang Wuhan Winter Offensive Hundred Regiments Offensive Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Ichi-Go 1945 Hunan Marco Polo Bridge Shanghai Taiyuan Nanjing Xuzhou and Taierzhuang Wuhan Winter Offensive Hundred Regiments Offensive Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Ichi-Go 1945 Hunan Burma 1941–1942 1942–1943 1944 1944–1945 1941–1942 1942–1943 1944 1944–1945 South-East Asia Indochina Franco-Thai War Thailand Hong Kong Malaya and Singapore Indochina Franco-Thai War Thailand Hong Kong Malaya and Singapore South West Pacific Philippines 1941–1942 1944–1945 1944–1945 Dutch East Indies Borneo 1945 Borneo 1945 Coral Sea Solomon Islands Guadalcanal New Georgia Bougainville Guadalcanal New Georgia Bougainville New Guinea Kokoda Track Salamaua–Lae Markham, Ramu and Finisterre Huon Peninsula New Britain Admiralty Islands Western New Guinea Kokoda Track Salamaua–Lae Markham, Ramu and Finisterre Huon Peninsula New Britain Admiralty Islands Western New Guinea Pacific Ocean Midway Gilberts and Marshalls Mariana and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Midway Gilberts and Marshalls Mariana and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu Soviet-Japanese War(Mainland) Manchuria and Northern Korea pre-war border conflicts Manchuria and Northern Korea pre-war border conflicts Japan Volcano and Ryukyu South Sakhalin Kurils Volcano and Ryukyu South Sakhalin Kurils Balkans Greco-Italian War Greece Crete Albania Yugoslavia Greco-Italian War Greece Crete Crete Albania Yugoslavia Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Dodecanese Adriatic Malta Dodecanese East Africa Guerrilla war Guerrilla war Middle East Iraq Syria–Lebanon Iran Iraq Syria–Lebanon Iran North Africa Libya-Egypt Morocco-Algeria Tunisia Libya-Egypt Morocco-Algeria Tunisia Italy Sicily Mainland Italy Winter Line Gothic Line Spring Offensive Sicily Mainland Italy Winter Line Gothic Line Spring Offensive Air warfare Strategic bombing Strategic bombing Americas Aleuts Aleuts Antarctica Atlantic Australia Arctic French West Africa Indian Ocean 1940–1945 Madagascar Madagascar Uruguay Norway Baltic Nations Yugoslavia Romania 1941 Iraq Italy Argentina Germany Croatia Romania 1944 Bulgaria Hungary French Indochina Japan Matsue Slovak National Uprising Albanian resistance Baltic states Belgian Resistance Czechoslovak Resistance Danish resistance Dutch resistance Ethiopian resistance French Resistance Greek resistance Italian Resistance Malayan resistance Norwegian resistance Filipino resistance Polish resistance Romanian resistance Slovak partisans Soviet partisans Free Thai Movement Yugoslav Partisans World War II Navigation Campaigns Countries Equipment Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Category Bibliography Campaigns Countries Equipment Campaigns Countries Equipment Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Timeline Outline Lists Historiography Category Bibliography Category Bibliography v t e v t e World War II [ b ] or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two coalitions : the Allies and the Axis powers . Nearly all of the world's countries participated, with many nations mobilising their resources in pursuit of total war . Tanks and aircraft played major roles , enabling the strategic bombing of cities and delivery of the first and only nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II is the deadliest conflict in history, causing the death of over 60 million people. Millions died in genocides , including the Holocaust , and by massacres, starvation, and disease. After the Allied victory, Germany , Austria , Japan , and Korea were occupied, and German and Japanese leaders were put on trial for war crimes . The causes of World War II included unresolved tensions in the aftermath of World War I , the rise of fascism in Europe and militarism in Japan . Key events preceding the war included Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the Spanish Civil War , the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, and Germany's annexations of Austria and the Sudetenland . World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when Nazi Germany , under Adolf Hitler , invaded Poland , after which the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany. Poland was also invaded by the Soviet Union in mid-September, and was partitioned between Germany and the Soviet Union under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact . In 1940, the Soviet Union annexed the Baltic states and parts of Finland and Romania , while Germany conquered Norway , Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands . After the fall of France in June 1940, the war continued mainly between Germany, now assisted by Fascist Italy , and the British Empire / British Commonwealth , with fighting in the Balkans , Mediterranean, and Middle East , East Africa , the aerial Battle of Britain and the Blitz , and the naval Battle of the Atlantic . By mid-1941 Yugoslavia and Greece had also been defeated by Axis countries. In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union , opening the Eastern Front and initially making large territorial gains along with Axis allies. In December 1941, Japan attacked American and British territories in Asia and the Pacific , including Pearl Harbor in Hawaii , leading the United States to enter the war against the Axis. Japan conquered much of coastal China and Southeast Asia , but its advances in the Pacific were halted in June 1942 at the Battle of Midway . In early 1943, Axis forces were defeated in North Africa and at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union. An Allied invasion of Italy in July resulted in the fall of its fascist regime , and Allied offensives in the Pacific and the Soviet Union forced the Axis to retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies invaded France at Normandy , and the Soviet Union advanced into Central Europe. During the same period, Japan suffered major setbacks, including the crippling of its navy by the United States, the loss of key Western Pacific islands, and defeats in South-Central China and Burma . The war in Europe concluded with the liberation of German-occupied territories and the invasion of Germany by the Allies which culminated in the fall of Berlin to Soviet troops, and Germany's unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 . On 6 and 9 August, the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Faced with an imminent Allied invasion , the prospect of further atomic bombings, and a Soviet declaration of war and invasion of Manchuria , Japan announced its unconditional surrender on 15 August, and signed a surrender document on 2 September 1945 . World War II transformed the political, economic, and social structures of the world, and established the foundation of international relations for the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st century. The United Nations was created to foster international cooperation and prevent future conflicts, with the victorious great powers—China, France, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the US—becoming the permanent members of its security council . The Soviet Union and the US emerged as rival superpowers , setting the stage for the half-century Cold War . In the wake of Europe's devastation, the influence of its great powers waned, triggering the decolonisation of Africa and of Asia . Many countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery and expansion . Start and end dates Timelines of World War II Chronological Prelude Events ( in Asia in Europe ) Aftermath Events ( in Asia in Europe ) Aftermath 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Aftermath 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Aftermath By topic Causes ( Diplomacy ) Declarations of war Battles Operations Causes ( Diplomacy ) Causes ( Diplomacy ) Declarations of war Battles Operations Battles Operations By theatre Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front Surrender of the Axis armies Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front Surrender of the Axis armies v t e v t e Most historians agree that World War II began with the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and the United Kingdom and France 's declaration of war on Germany two days later. Dates for the beginning of the Pacific War include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, [ 3 ] [ 4 ] or the earlier Japanese invasion of Manchuria , on 18 September 1931. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Other proposed starting dates for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. [ 7 ] The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939. [ 8 ] Others view the Spanish Civil War as the start or prelude to World War II. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The exact date of the war's end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 15 August 1945 ( V-J Day ), rather than with the formal surrender of Japan on 2 September 1945, which officially ended the war in Asia . A peace treaty between Japan and the Allies was signed in 1951. [ 11 ] A 1990 treaty regarding Germany's future allowed the reunification of East and West Germany to take place. [ 12 ] No formal peace treaty between Japan and the Soviet Union was ever signed, [ 13 ] although the state of war between the two countries was terminated by the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 , which also restored full diplomatic relations between them. [ 14 ] Background Aftermath of World War I World War I had radically altered the political European map with the defeat of the Central Powers —including Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire —and the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia , which led to the founding of the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, the victorious Allies of World War I , such as France, Belgium, Italy, Romania, and Greece, gained territory, and new nation-states were created out of the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian , Ottoman , and Russian Empires . [ 15 ] [ failed verification ] To prevent a future world war, the League of Nations was established in 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference . The organisation's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through collective security, military, and naval disarmament , as well as settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration. [ 16 ] Despite strong pacifist sentiment after World War I , [ 17 ] irredentist and revanchist nationalism had emerged in several European states. These sentiments were especially pronounced in Germany due to the significant territorial, colonial, and financial losses imposed by the Treaty of Versailles . Under the treaty, Germany lost around 13 percent of its home territory and all its overseas possessions , while German annexation of other states was prohibited, reparations were imposed, and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country's armed forces . [ 18 ] Germany and Italy The German Empire was dissolved in the German revolution of 1918–1919 , and a democratic government, later known as the Weimar Republic , was created. The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the political right and left. Italy, as an Entente ally, had made some post-war territorial gains; however, Italian nationalists were angered that the promises made by the United Kingdom and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement. From 1922 to 1925, the fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy with a nationalist, totalitarian , and class collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy , repressed socialist, left-wing, and liberal forces, and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power, promising the creation of a "New Roman Empire". [ 19 ] Adolf Hitler , after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government in 1923, eventually became the chancellor of Germany in 1933 when President Paul von Hindenburg and the Reichstag appointed him. Following Hindenburg's death in 1934, Hitler proclaimed himself Führer of Germany and abolished democracy, espousing a radical, racially motivated revision of the world order , and soon began a massive rearmament campaign . [ 20 ] France, seeking to secure its alliance with Italy, allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia , which Italy desired as a colonial possession. The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the Territory of the Saar Basin was legally reunited with Germany, and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles, accelerated his rearmament programme, and introduced conscription. [ 21 ] European treaties The United Kingdom, France and Italy formed the Stresa Front in April 1935 in order to contain Germany, a key step towards military globalisation ; however, that June, the United Kingdom made an independent naval agreement with Germany, easing prior restrictions. The Soviet Union, concerned by Germany's goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe , drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France. Before taking effect, though, the Franco-Soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations, which rendered it essentially toothless. [ 22 ] The United States, concerned with events in Europe and Asia, passed the Neutrality Act in August of the same year. [ 23 ] Hitler defied the Versailles and Locarno Treaties by remilitarising the Rhineland in March 1936, encountering little opposition due to the policy of appeasement . [ 24 ] In October 1936, Germany and Italy formed the Rome–Berlin Axis . A month later, Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact , which Italy joined the following year. [ 25 ] Asia The Kuomintang party in China launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s, but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese Communist Party (CCP) allies [ 26 ] and new regional warlords . In 1931, an increasingly militaristic Empire of Japan , which had long sought influence in China [ 27 ] as the first step of what its government saw as the country's right to rule Asia , staged the Mukden incident as a pretext to invade Manchuria and establish the puppet state of Manchukuo . [ 28 ] China appealed to the League of Nations to stop the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being condemned for its incursion into Manchuria. The two nations then fought several battles, in Shanghai , Rehe , and Hebei , until the Tanggu Truce was signed in 1933. Thereafter, Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in Manchuria , and Chahar and Suiyuan . [ 29 ] After the 1936 Xi'an Incident , the Kuomintang and CCP forces agreed on a ceasefire to present a united front to oppose Japan. [ 30 ] Pre-war events Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935) The Second Italo-Ethiopian War was a colonial war that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936. The war began with the invasion of the Ethiopian Empire (also known as Abyssinia ) by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ), which was launched from Italian Somaliland and Eritrea . [ 31 ] The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and its annexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Africa ( Africa Orientale Italiana ); in addition it exposed the weakness of the League of Nations as a force to preserve peace. Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations, but the League did little when the former clearly violated Article X of the League's Covenant . [ 32 ] The United Kingdom and France supported imposing sanctions on Italy for the invasion, but the sanctions were not fully enforced and failed to end the Italian invasion. [ 33 ] Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany's goal of absorbing Austria . [ 34 ] Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) When civil war broke out in Spain, Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the Nationalist rebels , led by General Francisco Franco . Italy supported the Nationalists to a greater extent than the Nazis: Mussolini sent more than 70,000 ground troops, 6,000 aviation personnel, and 720 aircraft to Spain. [ 35 ] The Soviet Union supported the existing government of the Spanish Republic . More than 30,000 foreign volunteers, known as the International Brigades , also fought against the Nationalists. Both Germany and the Soviet Union used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics. The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939; Franco, now dictator, remained officially neutral during World War II but generally favoured the Axis . [ 36 ] His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of volunteers to fight on the Eastern Front . [ 37 ] Japanese invasion of China (1937) In July 1937, Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of Peking after instigating the Marco Polo Bridge incident , which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China following years of tension and low-level conflicts . [ 38 ] The Soviets quickly signed a non-aggression pact with China to lend materiel support, effectively ending China's prior cooperation with Germany . [ 39 ] From September to November, the Japanese attacked Taiyuan , engaged the Kuomintang Army around Xinkou , [ 40 ] fought Communist forces in Pingxingguan [ 41 ] [ 42 ] , and wrestled control over China's northern railway network. [ 43 ] Nationalist Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best army to defend Shanghai , but after three months of heavy fighting, Shanghai fell. The Japanese continued to push Chinese forces back, capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] In March 1938, Nationalist Chinese forces won their first major victory at Taierzhuang , but ultimately lost control of the city of Xuzhou in May. [ 47 ] In June 1938, Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by flooding the Yellow River ; buying time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at Wuhan at heavy cost to the local civilian population, but the city was taken by October after heavy fighting along the Yangtze River. [ 48 ] Japanese military victories did not destroy Chinese resistance; instead, the Chinese government relocated inland to Chongqing and continued the war. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] Aiming to break Chinese morale, Japanese aircraft began striking cities in the Sichuan basin in a bombing campaign, killing tens of thousands of civilians. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Soviet–Japanese border conflicts In the mid-to-late 1930s, Japanese forces in Manchukuo had sporadic border clashes with the Soviet Union and Mongolia . The Japanese doctrine of Hokushin-ron , which emphasised Japan's expansion northward, was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time. This policy would prove difficult to maintain in light of the Japanese defeat at Khalkin Gol in 1939, the ongoing Second Sino-Japanese War [ 53 ] and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the Soviets. Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a Neutrality Pact in April 1941, and Japan adopted the doctrine of Nanshin-ron , promoted by the Navy, which took its focus southward and eventually led to war with the United States and the Western Allies. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] European occupations and agreements In Europe, Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive. In March 1938, Germany annexed Austria , again provoking little response from other European powers. [ 56 ] Encouraged, Hitler began pressing German claims on the Sudetenland , an area of Czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic German population. Soon the United Kingdom and France followed the appeasement policy of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and conceded this territory to Germany in the Munich Agreement , which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government, in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands. [ 57 ] Soon afterwards, Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to cede additional territory to Hungary, and Poland annexed the Trans-Olza region of Czechoslovakia. [ 58 ] Although all of Germany's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement, privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation. In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish "war-mongers" and in January 1939 secretly ordered a major build-up of the German navy to challenge British naval supremacy. In March 1939, Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia and subsequently split it into the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and a pro-German client state , the Slovak Republic . [ 59 ] Hitler also delivered an ultimatum to Lithuania on 20 March 1939, forcing the concession of the Klaipėda Region , formerly the German Memelland . [ 60 ] Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the Free City of Danzig , the United Kingdom and France guaranteed their support for Polish independence ; when Italy conquered Albania in April 1939, the same guarantee was extended to the Kingdoms of Romania and Greece . [ 61 ] Shortly after the Franco - British pledge to Poland, Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the Pact of Steel . [ 62 ] Hitler accused the United Kingdom and Poland of trying to "encircle" Germany and renounced the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German–Polish declaration of non-aggression . [ 63 ] The situation became a crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border. On 23 August the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Germany, [ 64 ] after tripartite negotiations for a military alliance between France, the United Kingdom, and Soviet Union had stalled. [ 65 ] This pact had a secret protocol that defined German and Soviet "spheres of influence" (western Poland and Lithuania for Germany; eastern Poland , Finland, Estonia , Latvia and Bessarabia for the Soviet Union), and raised the question of continuing Polish independence. [ 66 ] The pact neutralised the possibility of Soviet opposition to a campaign against Poland and assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two-front war, as it had in World War I . Immediately afterwards, Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August, but upon hearing that the United Kingdom had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality, he decided to delay it. [ 67 ] In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war, Germany made demands on Poland, which served as a pretext to worsen relations. [ 68 ] On 29 August, Hitler demanded that a Polish plenipotentiary immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of Danzig , and to allow a plebiscite in the Polish Corridor in which the German minority would vote on secession. [ 68 ] The Poles refused to comply with the German demands, and on the night of 30–31 August in a confrontational meeting with the British ambassador Nevile Henderson , Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected. [ 69 ] Course of the war War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940) On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland after having staged several false flag border incidents as a pretext to initiate the invasion. [ 71 ] The first German attack of the war came against the Polish defences at Westerplatte . [ 72 ] The United Kingdom responded with an ultimatum for Germany to cease military operations, and on 3 September, after the ultimatum was ignored, Britain and France declared war on Germany. [ c ] During the Phoney War period, the alliance provided no direct military support to Poland, outside of a cautious French probe into the Saarland . [ 73 ] The Western Allies also began a naval blockade of Germany , which aimed to damage the country's economy and war effort. [ 74 ] Germany responded by ordering U-boat warfare against Allied merchant and warships, which would later escalate into the Battle of the Atlantic . [ 75 ] On 8 September, German troops reached the suburbs of Warsaw . The Polish counter-offensive to the west halted the German advance for several days, but it was outflanked and encircled by the Wehrmacht . Remnants of the Polish army broke through to besieged Warsaw . On 17 September 1939, two days after signing a cease-fire with Japan , the Soviet Union invaded Poland [ 76 ] under the supposed pretext that the Polish state had ceased to exist. [ 77 ] On 27 September, the Warsaw garrison surrendered to the Germans, and the last large operational unit of the Polish Army surrendered on 6 October . Despite the military defeat, Poland never surrendered; instead, it formed the Polish government-in-exile and a clandestine state apparatus remained in occupied Poland. [ 78 ] A significant part of Polish military personnel evacuated to Romania and Latvia; many of them later fought against the Axis in other theatres of the war. [ 79 ] Germany annexed western Poland and occupied central Poland ; the Soviet Union annexed eastern Poland . Small shares of Polish territory were transferred to Lithuania and Slovakia . On 6 October, Hitler made a public peace overture to the United Kingdom and France but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union. The proposal was rejected [ 69 ] and Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France, [ 80 ] which was postponed until the spring of 1940 due to bad weather. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] [ 83 ] After the outbreak of war in Poland, Stalin threatened Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania with military invasion, forcing the three Baltic countries to sign pacts allowing the creation of Soviet military bases in these countries; in October 1939, significant Soviet military contingents were moved there. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] [ 86 ] Finland refused to sign a similar pact and rejected ceding part of its territory to the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union invaded Finland in November 1939, [ 87 ] and was subsequently expelled from the League of Nations for this crime of aggression. [ 88 ] Despite overwhelming numerical superiority, Soviet military success during the Winter War was modest, and the Finno–Soviet war ended in March 1940 with some Finnish concessions of territory . [ 89 ] In June 1940, the Soviet Union occupied the entire territories of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, [ 85 ] as well as the Romanian regions of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertsa region . In August 1940, Hitler imposed the Second Vienna Award on Romania which led to the transfer of Northern Transylvania to Hungary. [ 90 ] In September 1940, Bulgaria demanded Southern Dobruja from Romania with German and Italian support, leading to the Treaty of Craiova . [ 91 ] The loss of one-third of Romania's 1939 territory caused a coup against King Carol II , turning Romania into a fascist dictatorship under Marshal Ion Antonescu , with a course set towards the Axis in the hopes of a German guarantee. [ 92 ] Meanwhile, German–Soviet political relations and economic co-operation [ 93 ] [ 94 ] gradually stalled, [ 95 ] [ 96 ] and both states began preparations for war. [ 97 ] Western Europe (1940–1941) In April 1940, Germany invaded Denmark and Norway to protect shipments of iron ore from Sweden , which the Allies were attempting to cut off . [ 98 ] Denmark capitulated after six hours , and despite Allied support , Norway was conquered within two months. [ 99 ] British discontent over the Norwegian campaign led to the resignation of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain , who was replaced by Winston Churchill on 10 May 1940. [ 100 ] On the same day, Germany launched an offensive against France . To circumvent the strong Maginot Line fortifications on the Franco-German border, Germany directed its attack at the neutral nations of Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg . [ 101 ] The Germans carried out a flanking manoeuvre through the Ardennes region, [ 102 ] which was mistakenly perceived by the Allies as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] By successfully implementing new Blitzkrieg tactics, the Wehrmacht rapidly advanced to the Channel and cut off the Allied forces in Belgium, trapping the bulk of the Allied armies in a cauldron on the Franco-Belgian border near Lille. The United Kingdom was able to evacuate a significant number of Allied troops from the continent by early June, although they had to abandon almost all their equipment. [ 105 ] On 10 June, Italy invaded France , declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom. [ 106 ] The Germans turned south against the weakened French army, and Paris fell to them on 14 June. Eight days later France signed an armistice with Germany ; it was divided into German and Italian occupation zones , [ 107 ] and an unoccupied rump state under the Vichy Regime , which, though officially neutral, was generally aligned with Germany. France kept its fleet, which the United Kingdom attacked on 3 July in an attempt to prevent its seizure by Germany. [ 108 ] The air Battle of Britain [ 109 ] began in early July with Luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours . [ 110 ] The German campaign for air superiority started in August but its failure to defeat RAF Fighter Command forced the indefinite postponement of the proposed German invasion of Britain . The German strategic bombing offensive intensified with night attacks on London and other cities in the Blitz , but largely ended in May 1941 [ 111 ] after failing to significantly disrupt the British war effort. [ 110 ] Using newly captured French ports, the German Navy enjoyed success against an over-extended Royal Navy , using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic . [ 112 ] The British Home Fleet scored a significant victory on 27 May 1941 by sinking the German battleship Bismarck . [ 113 ] In November 1939, the United States was assisting China and the Western Allies, and had amended the Neutrality Act to allow " cash and carry " purchases by the Allies. [ 114 ] In 1940, following the German capture of Paris, the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased . In September the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases . [ 115 ] Still, a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention in the conflict well into 1941. [ 116 ] In December 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out any negotiations as useless, calling for the United States to become an " arsenal of democracy " and promoting Lend-Lease programmes of military and humanitarian aid to support the British war effort; Lend-Lease was later extended to the other Allies, including the Soviet Union after it was invaded by Germany. [ 117 ] The United States started strategic planning to prepare for a full-scale offensive against Germany. [ 118 ] At the end of September 1940, the Tripartite Pact formally united Japan, Italy, and Germany as the Axis powers . The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country—with the exception of the Soviet Union—that attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three. [ 119 ] The Axis expanded in November 1940 when Hungary , Slovakia , and Romania joined. [ 120 ] Romania and Hungary later made major contributions to the Axis war against the Soviet Union, in Romania's case partially to recapture territory ceded to the Soviet Union . [ 121 ] Mediterranean (1940–1941) In early June 1940, the Italian Regia Aeronautica attacked and besieged Malta , a British possession. From late summer to early autumn, Italy conquered British Somaliland and made an incursion into British-held Egypt . In October, Italy attacked Greece , but the attack was repulsed with heavy Italian casualties; the campaign ended within months with minor territorial changes. [ 122 ] To assist Italy and prevent Britain from gaining a foothold, Germany prepared to invade the Balkans, which would threaten Romanian oil fields and strike against British dominance of the Mediterranean. [ 123 ] In December 1940, British Empire forces began counter-offensives against Italian forces in Egypt and Italian East Africa . [ 124 ] The offensives were successful; by early February 1941, Italy had lost control of eastern Libya, and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner. The Italian Navy also suffered significant defeats, with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission after a carrier attack at Taranto , and neutralising several more warships at the Battle of Cape Matapan . [ 125 ] Italian defeats prompted Germany to deploy an expeditionary force to North Africa; at the end of March 1941, Rommel 's Afrika Korps launched an offensive which drove back Commonwealth forces. [ 126 ] In less than a month, Axis forces advanced to western Egypt and besieged the port of Tobruk . [ 127 ] By late March 1941, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact ; however, the Yugoslav government was overthrown two days later by pro-British nationalists. Germany and Italy responded with simultaneous invasions of both Yugoslavia and Greece , commencing on 6 April 1941 with a massive bombing of Belgrade ; both nations were forced to surrender within the month. [ 128 ] The airborne invasion of the Greek island of Crete at the end of May completed the German conquest of the Balkans. [ 129 ] Partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia , which continued until the end of the war. [ 130 ] In the Middle East in May, Commonwealth forces quashed an uprising in Iraq which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy-controlled Syria . [ 131 ] Between June and July, British-led forces invaded and occupied the French possessions of Syria and Lebanon , assisted by the Free French . [ 132 ] Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941) With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union made preparations for war. With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany, and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource-rich European possessions in Southeast Asia , the two powers signed the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941. [ 133 ] By contrast, the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union, massing forces on the Soviet border. [ 134 ] Hitler believed that the United Kingdom's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany. [ 135 ] On 31 July 1940, Hitler decided that the Soviet Union should be eliminated and aimed for the conquest of Ukraine , the Baltic states and Byelorussia . [ 136 ] However, other senior German officials like Ribbentrop saw an opportunity to create a Euro-Asian bloc against the British Empire by inviting the Soviet Union into the Tripartite Pact. [ 137 ] In November 1940, negotiations took place to determine if the Soviet Union would join the pact. The Soviets showed some interest but asked for concessions from Finland, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable. On 18 December 1940, Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union. [ 138 ] On 22 June 1941, Germany, supported by Italy and Romania, invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa , with Germany accusing the Soviets of plotting against them ; they were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary. [ 139 ] The primary targets of this surprise offensive [ 140 ] were the Baltic region , Moscow and Ukraine, with the ultimate goal of ending the 1941 campaign near the Arkhangelsk–Astrakhan line —from the Caspian to the White Seas . Hitler's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power, exterminate communism , generate Lebensraum ("living space") [ 141 ] by dispossessing the native population , [ 142 ] and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany's remaining rivals. [ 143 ] Although the Red Army was preparing for strategic counter-offensives before the war, [ 144 ] Operation Barbarossa forced the Soviet supreme command to adopt strategic defence . During the summer, the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory, inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel, mainly in massive encirclements around Minsk , Smolensk , and Uman .. Nazi policy entailed that Wehrmacht subject Soviet POWs to murderous treatment, executing all Jewish and Communist POWs immediately per the Commissar Order , and subjecting the remainder to forced marches to open-air concentration camps, where they were to be deliberately starved to death . By the end of the winter of 1941, 2.8 million Soviet POWs had died in German captivity. Some 3.3 million Soviet POWs would die in German captivity by the war's end in total, a nearly 60% mortality rate. [ 145 ] By mid-August, however, the German Army High Command decided to suspend the offensive of a considerably depleted Army Group Centre , and to divert the 2nd Panzer Group to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad. [ 146 ] The Kiev offensive was overwhelmingly successful, resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies, and made possible further advance into Crimea and industrially-developed eastern Ukraine (the First Battle of Kharkov ). [ 147 ] The diversion of three-quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the Eastern Front [ 148 ] prompted the United Kingdom to reconsider its grand strategy . [ 149 ] In July, the UK and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance against Germany [ 150 ] and in August, the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the Atlantic Charter , which outlined British and American goals for the post-war world. [ 151 ] In late August the British and Soviets invaded neutral Iran to secure the Persian Corridor , Iran's oil fields , and preempt any Axis advances through Iran toward the Baku oil fields or India. [ 152 ] By October, Axis powers had achieved operational objectives in Ukraine and the Baltic region, with only the sieges of Leningrad [ 153 ] and Sevastopol continuing. [ 154 ] A major offensive against Moscow was renewed; after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather, the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow, where the exhausted troops [ 155 ] were forced to suspend the offensive. [ 156 ] Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces, but their campaign had failed to achieve its main objectives: two key cities remained in Soviet hands, the Soviet capability to resist was not broken, and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential. The blitzkrieg phase of the war in Europe had ended. [ 157 ] By early December, freshly mobilised reserves [ 158 ] allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops. [ 159 ] This, as well as intelligence data which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese Kwantung Army , [ 160 ] allowed the Soviets to begin a massive counter-offensive that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops 100–250 kilometres (62–155 mi) west. [ 161 ] War breaks out in the Pacific (1941) Following the Japanese false flag Mukden incident in 1931, the Japanese shelling of the American gunboat USS Panay in 1937, and the 1937–1938 Nanjing Massacre , Japanese-American relations deteriorated . In 1939, the United States notified Japan that it would not be extending its trade treaty and American public opinion opposing Japanese expansionism led to a series of economic sanctions—the Export Control Acts —which banned US exports of chemicals, minerals and military parts to Japan, and increased economic pressure on the Japanese regime. [ 117 ] [ 162 ] [ 163 ] During 1939 Japan launched its first attack against Changsha , but was repulsed by late September. [ 164 ] Despite several offensives by both sides, by 1940 the war between China and Japan was at a stalemate. To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes, and to better position Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers, Japan invaded and occupied northern Indochina in September 1940. [ 165 ] Chinese nationalist forces launched a large-scale counter-offensive in early 1940. In August, Chinese communists launched an offensive in Central China ; [ 166 ] in retaliation, Japanese armies in North China implemented the Three Alls Policy , a massive scorched earth initiative to depopulate regions deemed hostile to Japanese occupation.. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] Continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces culminated in armed clashes in January 1941 , effectively ending their co-operation. [ 169 ] In March, the Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the nationalist Chinese 19th army but was repulsed during the Battle of Shanggao . [ 170 ] In September, Japan attempted to take the city of Changsha again and clashed with Chinese nationalist forces. [ 171 ] German successes in Europe prompted Japan to increase pressure on European governments in Southeast Asia . The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan with oil supplies from the Dutch East Indies , but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941. [ 172 ] In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina, threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East. The United States, the United Kingdom, and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo . [ 173 ] [ 174 ] At the same time, Japan was planning an invasion of the Soviet Far East , intending to take advantage of the German invasion in the west, but abandoned the operation after the sanctions. [ 175 ] Since early 1941, the United States and Japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in China. Japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the Americans as inadequate. [ 176 ] At the same time the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories, in the event of a Japanese attack against any of them. [ 177 ] Roosevelt reinforced the Philippines (an American protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946) and warned Japan that the United States would react to Japanese attacks against any "neighboring countries". [ 177 ] Frustrated at the lack of progress and pressured by American–British–Dutch sanctions, especially in oil, Japan prepared for war. Emperor Hirohito , after initial hesitation about Japan's chances of victory, [ 178 ] began to favour Japan's entry into the war. [ 179 ] As a result, Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe resigned. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] Hirohito refused the recommendation to appoint Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni in his place, choosing War Minister Hideki Tojo instead. [ 182 ] On 3 November, Nagano explained in detail the plan of the attack on Pearl Harbor to the Emperor. [ 183 ] On 5 November, Hirohito approved in imperial conference the operations plan for the war. [ 184 ] On 20 November, the new government presented an interim proposal as its final offer. It called for the end of American aid to China and for lifting the embargo on the supply of oil and other resources to Japan. In exchange, Japan promised not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia and to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina. [ 176 ] The American counter-proposal of 26 November required that Japan evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with all Pacific powers. [ 185 ] That meant Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in China, or seizing the natural resources it needed in the Dutch East Indies by force; [ 186 ] [ 187 ] the Japanese military did not consider the former an option, and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war. [ 188 ] Japan planned to seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific. The Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war. [ 189 ] To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter, it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset. [ 190 ] On 7 December 1941 (8 December in Asian time zones), Japan attacked British and American holdings with near-simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific . [ 191 ] These included an attack on the American fleets at Pearl Harbor and the Philippines , as well as invasions of Guam , Wake Island , Malaya , [ 191 ] Thailand , and Hong Kong . [ 192 ] These attacks led the United States , United Kingdom , China, Australia, and several other states to formally declare war on Japan, whereas the Soviet Union, being heavily involved in large-scale hostilities with European Axis countries, maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan. [ 193 ] Germany, followed by the other Axis states, declared war on the United States [ 194 ] in solidarity with Japan, citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt. [ 139 ] [ 195 ] Axis advance stalls (1942–1943) On 1 January 1942, the Allied Big Four [ 196 ] —the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States—and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations , thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter [ 197 ] and agreeing not to sign a separate peace with the Axis powers. [ 198 ] During 1942, Allied officials debated on the appropriate grand strategy to pursue. All agreed that defeating Germany was the primary objective. The Americans favoured a straightforward, large-scale attack on Germany through France. The Soviets demanded a second front. The British argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out German strength, leading to increasing demoralisation, and bolstering resistance forces ; Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign. An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour, without using large-scale armies. [ 199 ] Eventually, the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa. [ 200 ] At the Casablanca Conference in early 1943, the Allies reiterated the statements issued in the 1942 Declaration and demanded the unconditional surrender of their enemies. The British and Americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the Mediterranean by invading Sicily to fully secure the Mediterranean supply routes. [ 201 ] Although the British argued for further operations in the Balkans to bring Turkey into the war, in May 1943, the Americans extracted a British commitment to limit Allied operations in the Mediterranean to an invasion of the Italian mainland, and to invade France in 1944. [ 202 ] Pacific (1942–1943) By the end of April 1942, Japan and its ally Thailand had almost conquered Burma , Malaya , the Dutch East Indies , Singapore , and Rabaul , inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners. Japanese advances were accompanied by numerous atrocities, including the Sook Ching Massacre in Singapore. [ 203 ] Despite stubborn resistance by Filipino and US forces , the Philippine Commonwealth was eventually captured in May 1942, forcing its government into exile. Following the capture of Bataan, Japanese armies forced some 75,000 Filipino and American prisoners on a 42km death march , resulting in thousands of deaths. [ 204 ] On 16 April, in Burma, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division. [ 205 ] Japanese forces achieved naval victories in the South China Sea , Java Sea , and Indian Ocean , [ 206 ] and bombed the Allied naval base at Darwin , Australia. In January 1942, the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese victory at Changsha . [ 207 ] These easy victories over the unprepared US and European opponents left Japan overconfident, and overextended. [ 208 ] In early May 1942, Japan initiated operations to capture Port Moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia. The planned invasion was thwarted when an Allied task force, centred on two American fleet carriers, fought Japanese naval forces to a draw in the Battle of the Coral Sea . [ 209 ] Japan's next plan, motivated by the earlier Doolittle Raid , was to seize Midway Atoll and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated; as a diversion, Japan would also send forces to occupy the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. [ 210 ] In mid-May, Japan started the Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign in China, with the goal of inflicting retribution on the Chinese who aided the surviving American airmen in the Doolittle Raid by destroying Chinese air bases and fighting against the Chinese 23rd and 32nd Army Groups. [ 211 ] [ 212 ] In early June, Japan put its operations into action, but the Americans had broken Japanese naval codes in late May and were fully aware of the plans and order of battle, and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy . [ 213 ] With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle, Japan attempted to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua . [ 214 ] The Americans planned a counterattack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands , primarily Guadalcanal , as a first step towards capturing Rabaul , the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia. [ 215 ] Both plans started in July, but by mid-September, the Battle for Guadalcanal took priority for the Japanese, and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the northern part of the island , where they faced Australian and United States troops in the Battle of Buna–Gona . [ 216 ] Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal, with Japanese forces suffering massive losses in the attrition, especially amongst their elite pilots. [ 217 ] By the start of 1943, the Japanese were defeated on the island and withdrew their troops . [ 218 ] In Burma, Commonwealth forces mounted two operations. The first was a disastrous offensive into the Arakan region in late 1942 that forced a retreat back to India by May 1943. [ 219 ] The second was the insertion of irregular forces behind Japanese frontlines in February which, by the end of April, had achieved mixed results. [ 220 ] Eastern Front (1942–1943) Despite considerable losses, in early 1942 Germany and its allies stopped a major Soviet offensive in central and southern Russia , keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year. [ 221 ] In May, the Germans defeated Soviet offensives in the Kerch Peninsula and at Kharkov . [ 222 ] The fortress city of Sevastopol, which the Red Army had held out against Axis siege for nearly 250 days, was finally seized with the use of massive artillery bombardments and poison gas. [ 223 ] In June 1942 launched their main summer offensive against southern Russia, to seize the oil fields of the Caucasus and occupy the Kuban steppe , while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front. The Germans split Army Group South into two groups: Army Group A advanced to the lower Don River and struck south-east to the Caucasus, while Army Group B headed towards the Volga River . The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga. [ 224 ] By mid-November, the Germans had nearly taken Stalingrad in bitter street fighting . The Soviets began their second winter counter-offensive, starting with an encirclement of the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad , [ 225 ] and an assault on the Rzhev salient near Moscow , though the latter failed. [ 226 ] By early February 1943, the German army had taken tremendous losses; German troops at Stalingrad had been defeated, [ 227 ] and the front-line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive. In mid-February, after the Soviet push had tapered off, the Germans launched another attack on Kharkov , creating a salient in their front line around the Soviet city of Kursk . [ 228 ] Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943) Exploiting poor American naval command decisions, the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast . [ 229 ] By November 1941, Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive in North Africa, Operation Crusader , and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made. [ 230 ] The Germans also launched a North African offensive in January, pushing the British back to positions at the Gazala line by early February, [ 231 ] followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives. [ 232 ] Concerns that the Japanese might use bases in Vichy-held Madagascar caused the British to invade the island in early May 1942. [ 233 ] An Axis offensive in Libya forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were stopped at El Alamein . [ 234 ] On the Continent, raids of Allied commandos on strategic targets, culminating in the failed Dieppe Raid , [ 235 ] demonstrated the Western Allies' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation, equipment, and operational security. [ 236 ] In August 1942, the Allies succeeded in repelling a second attack against El Alamein [ 237 ] and, at a high cost, managed to deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged Malta . [ 238 ] A few months later, the Allies commenced an attack of their own in Egypt, dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya. [ 239 ] This attack was followed up shortly after by Anglo-American landings in French North Africa , which resulted in the region joining the Allies. [ 240 ] Hitler responded to the French colony's defection by ordering the occupation of Vichy France ; [ 240 ] although Vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice, they managed to scuttle their fleet to prevent its capture by German forces. [ 240 ] [ 241 ] Axis forces in Africa withdrew into Tunisia , which was conquered by the Allies in May 1943. [ 240 ] [ 242 ] In June 1943, the British and Americans began a strategic bombing campaign against Germany with a goal to disrupt the war economy, reduce morale, and " de-house " the civilian population. [ 243 ] The firebombing of Hamburg was among the first attacks in this campaign, inflicting significant casualties and considerable losses on infrastructure of this important industrial centre. [ 244 ] Allies gain momentum (1943–1944) After the Guadalcanal campaign, the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific. In May 1943, Canadian and US forces were sent to eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians . [ 245 ] Soon after, the United States, with support from Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Islander forces, began major ground, sea and air operations to isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands , and breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands . [ 246 ] By the end of March 1944, the Allies had completed both of these objectives and had also neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk in the Caroline Islands . In April, the Allies launched an operation to retake Western New Guinea . [ 247 ] In the Soviet Union, both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in central Russia . On 5 July 1943, Germany attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge . Within a week, German forces had exhausted themselves against the Soviets' well-constructed defences, [ 248 ] and for the first time in the war, Hitler cancelled an operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success. [ 249 ] This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies' invasion of Sicily launched on 9 July, which, combined with previous Italian failures, resulted in the ousting and arrest of Mussolini later that month. [ 250 ] On 12 July 1943, the Soviets launched their own counter-offensives , thereby nearly completely dispelling any chance of German victory or even stalemate in the east. The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority, [ 251 ] giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] The Germans tried to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified Panther–Wotan line , but the Soviets broke through it at Smolensk and the Lower Dnieper Offensive . [ 254 ] On 3 September 1943, the Western Allies invaded the Italian mainland , following Italy's armistice with the Allies and the ensuing German occupation of Italy. [ 255 ] Germany, with the help of the fascists, responded to the armistice by disarming Italian forces that were in many places without superior orders, seizing military control of Italian areas, [ 256 ] and creating a series of defensive lines. [ 257 ] German special forces then rescued Mussolini , who then soon established a new client state in German-occupied Italy named the Italian Social Republic , [ 258 ] causing an Italian civil war . The Western Allies fought through several lines until reaching the main German defensive line in mid-November. [ 259 ] German operations in the Atlantic also suffered. By May 1943, as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective , the resulting sizeable German submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the German Atlantic naval campaign. [ 260 ] In November 1943, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met with Chiang Kai-shek in Cairo and then with Joseph Stalin in Tehran . [ 261 ] The former conference determined the post-war return of Japanese territory [ 262 ] and the military planning for the Burma campaign , [ 263 ] while the latter included agreement that the Western Allies would invade Europe in 1944 and that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months of Germany's defeat. [ 264 ] From November 1943, during the seven-week Battle of Changde , the Chinese awaited Allied relief as they forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition. [ 265 ] [ 266 ] [ 267 ] In January 1944, the Allies launched a series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino and tried to outflank it with landings at Anzio . [ 268 ] On 27 January 1944, Soviet troops launched a major offensive that expelled German forces from the Leningrad region , thereby ending the most lethal siege in history . [ 269 ] The following Soviet offensive was halted on the pre-war Estonian border by the German Army Group North aided by Estonians hoping to re-establish national independence . This delay slowed subsequent Soviet operations in the Baltic Sea region. [ 270 ] By late May 1944, the Soviets had liberated Crimea , largely expelled Axis forces from Ukraine , and made incursions into Romania , which were repulsed by the Axis troops. [ 271 ] The Allied offensives in Italy had succeeded and, at the cost of allowing several German divisions to retreat, Rome was captured on 4 June. [ 272 ] The Allies had mixed success in mainland Asia. In March 1944, the Japanese launched the first of two invasions, an operation against Allied positions in Assam, India , [ 273 ] and soon besieged Commonwealth positions at Imphal and Kohima . [ 274 ] In May 1944, British and Indian forces mounted a counter-offensive that drove Japanese troops back to Burma by July, [ 274 ] and Chinese forces that had invaded northern Burma in late 1943 besieged Japanese troops in Myitkyina . [ 275 ] The second Japanese invasion of China aimed to destroy China's main fighting forces, secure railways between Japanese-held territory and capture Allied airfields. [ 276 ] By June, the Japanese had conquered the province of Henan and begun a new attack on Changsha . [ 277 ] Allies Offensives (1944) On 6 June 1944 (commonly known as D-Day ), after three years of Soviet pressure, [ 278 ] the Western Allies invaded northern France . After reassigning several Allied divisions from Italy, they also attacked southern France . [ 279 ] These landings were successful and led to the defeat of the German Army units in France . Paris was liberated on 25 August by the local resistance assisted by the Free French Forces , both led by General Charles de Gaulle , [ 280 ] and the Western Allies continued to push back German forces in western Europe during the latter part of the year. An attempt to advance into northern Germany spearheaded by a major airborne operation in the Netherlands failed. [ 281 ] After that, the Western Allies slowly pushed into Germany, but failed to cross the Roer river . In Italy, the Allied advance slowed due to the last major German defensive line . [ 282 ] On 22 June, the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus that nearly destroyed the German Army Group Centre . [ 283 ] Soon after that, another Soviet strategic offensive forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland. The Soviet Red Army however halted in the Praga district on the other side of the Vistula as the Germans quelled the Warsaw Uprising initiated by the Home Army (the main faction of the Polish resistance , loyal to the non-communist government-in exile), killing over 150,000 Poles. [ 284 ] [ 285 ] The national uprising in Slovakia was also quelled by the Germans. [ 286 ] The Soviet Red Army 's strategic offensive in eastern Romania cut off and destroyed the considerable German troops there and triggered a successful coup d'état in Romania and in Bulgaria , followed by those countries' shift to the Allied side. [ 287 ] In September 1944, Soviet troops advanced into Yugoslavia and forced the rapid withdrawal of German Army Groups E and F in Greece , Albania , and Yugoslavia to rescue them from being cut off. [ 288 ] By this point, the communist-led Partisans under Marshal Josip Broz Tito , who had led an increasingly successful guerrilla campaign against the occupation since 1941, controlled much of the territory of Yugoslavia and engaged in delaying efforts against German forces further south. In northern Serbia , the Soviet Red Army , with limited support from Bulgarian forces, assisted the Partisans in a joint liberation of the capital city of Belgrade on 20 October. A few days later, the Soviets launched a massive assault against German-occupied Hungary that lasted until the fall of Budapest in February 1945. [ 289 ] Unlike rapid Soviet victories in the Balkans, bitter Finnish resistance to the Soviet offensive in the Karelian Isthmus denied the Soviets occupation of Finland and led to a Soviet-Finnish armistice on relatively mild conditions, [ 290 ] although Finland was obligated to fight their German former allies . [ 291 ] By the start of July 1944, Commonwealth forces in Southeast Asia had repelled the Japanese sieges in Assam , pushing the Japanese back to the Chindwin River [ 292 ] while the Chinese captured Myitkyina. In September 1944, Chinese forces captured Mount Song and reopened the Burma Road . [ 293 ] In China, the Japanese had more successes, having finally captured Changsha in mid-June and the city of Hengyang by early August. [ 294 ] Soon after, they invaded the province of Guangxi , winning major engagements against Chinese forces at Guilin and Liuzhou by the end of November [ 295 ] and successfully linking up their forces in China and Indochina by mid-December. [ 296 ] In the Pacific, US forces continued to push back the Japanese perimeter. In mid-June 1944, they began their offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the Battle of the Philippine Sea . These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister, Hideki Tojo , and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands. In late October, American forces invaded the Filipino island of Leyte ; soon after, Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the Battle of Leyte Gulf , one of the largest naval battles in history. [ 297 ] Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945) On 16 December 1944, Germany made a last attempt to split the Allies on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes and along the French-German border , hoping to encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and prompt a political settlement after capturing their primary supply port at Antwerp . By 16 January 1945, this offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled. [ 298 ] In Italy, the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line. In mid-January 1945, the Red Army attacked in Poland, pushing from the Vistula to the Oder river in Germany, and overran East Prussia . [ 299 ] On 4 February Soviet, British, and US leaders met for the Yalta Conference . They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany, and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan. [ 300 ] In February, the Soviets entered Silesia and Pomerania , while the Western Allies entered western Germany and closed to the Rhine river. By March, the Western Allies crossed the Rhine north and south of the Ruhr , encircling the German Army Group B . [ 301 ] In early March, in an attempt to protect its last oil reserves in Hungary and retake Budapest, Germany launched its last major offensive against Soviet troops near Lake Balaton . Within two weeks, the offensive had been repulsed, the Soviets advanced to Vienna , and captured the city. In early April, Soviet troops captured Königsberg , while the Western Allies finally pushed forward in Italy and swept across western Germany capturing Hamburg and Nuremberg . American and Soviet forces met at the Elbe river on 25 April, leaving unoccupied pockets in southern Germany and around Berlin. Soviet troops stormed and captured Berlin in late April. [ 302 ] In Italy, German forces surrendered on 29 April, while the Italian Social Republic capitulated two days later. On 30 April, the Reichstag was captured, signalling the military defeat of Nazi Germany. [ 303 ] Major changes in leadership occurred on both sides during this period. On 12 April, President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by his vice president, Harry S. Truman . [ 304 ] Benito Mussolini was killed by Italian partisans on 28 April. [ 305 ] On 30 April, Hitler committed suicide in his headquarters , and was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz (as President of the Reich ) and Joseph Goebbels (as Chancellor of the Reich ). Goebbels also committed suicide on the following day and was replaced by Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk , in what would later be known as the Flensburg Government . Total and unconditional surrender in Europe was signed on 7 and 8 May , to be effective by the end of 8 May . [ 306 ] German Army Group Centre resisted in Prague until 11 May. [ 307 ] On 23 May all remaining members of the German government were arrested by Allied forces in Flensburg . On 5 June all German political and military institutions were placed under Allied control through the Berlin Declaration . [ 308 ] In the Pacific theatre, American forces accompanied by the forces of the Philippine Commonwealth advanced in the Philippines , clearing Leyte by the end of April 1945. They landed on Luzon in January 1945 and recaptured Manila in March, during which Japanese forces killed 100,000 Filipino civilians in the city. Fighting continued on Luzon, Mindanao , and other islands of the Philippines until the end of the war . [ 309 ] Meanwhile, the United States Army Air Forces launched a massive firebombing campaign of strategic cities in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale. A devastating bombing raid on Tokyo of 9–10 March was the deadliest conventional bombing raid in history. [ 310 ] In May 1945, Australian troops landed in Borneo , overrunning the oilfields there. British, American, and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern Burma in March, and the British pushed on to reach Rangoon by 3 May. [ 311 ] Chinese forces started a counterattack in the Battle of West Hunan that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945. American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan, taking Iwo Jima by March, and Okinawa by the end of June. [ 312 ] At the same time, a naval blockade by submarines was strangling Japan's economy and drastically reducing its ability to supply overseas forces. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] On 11 July, Allied leaders met in Potsdam, Germany . They confirmed earlier agreements about Germany, [ 315 ] and the American, British and Chinese governments reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of Japan, specifically stating that " the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction ". [ 316 ] During this conference, the United Kingdom held its general election , and Clement Attlee replaced Churchill as Prime Minister. [ 317 ] The call for unconditional surrender was rejected by the Japanese government, which believed it would be capable of negotiating for more favourable surrender terms. [ 318 ] In early August, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Between the two bombings, the Soviets, pursuant to the Yalta agreement, declared war on Japan , invaded Japanese-held Manchuria and quickly defeated the Kwantung Army , which was the largest Japanese fighting force. [ 319 ] These two events persuaded previously adamant Imperial Army leaders to accept surrender terms. [ 320 ] The Red Army also captured the southern part of Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands . On the night of 9–10 August 1945, Emperor Hirohito announced his decision to accept the terms demanded by the Allies in the Potsdam Declaration . [ 321 ] On 15 August, the Emperor communicated this decision to the Japanese people through a speech broadcast on the radio ( Gyokuon-hōsō , literally "broadcast in the Emperor's voice"). [ 322 ] On 15 August 1945, Japan surrendered , with the surrender documents finally signed at Tokyo Bay on the deck of the American battleship USS Missouri on 2 September 1945, ending the war. [ 323 ] Aftermath The Allies established occupation administrations in Austria and Germany , both initially divided between western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, respectively. However, their paths soon diverged. In Germany, the western and eastern occupation zones officially ended in 1949, with the respective zones becoming separate countries, West Germany and East Germany . [ 324 ] In Austria, however, occupation continued until 1955, when a joint settlement between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union permitted the reunification of Austria as a democratic state officially non-aligned with any political bloc (although in practice having better relations with the Western Allies). A denazification program in Germany led to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals in the Nuremberg trials and the removal of ex-Nazis from power, although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society. [ 325 ] Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war (1937) territory. Among the eastern territories, Silesia , Neumark and most of Pomerania were taken over by Poland, [ 326 ] and East Prussia was divided between Poland and the Soviet Union, followed by the expulsion to Germany of the nine million Germans from these provinces, [ 327 ] [ 328 ] as well as three million Germans from the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. By the 1950s, one-fifth of West Germans were refugees from the east. The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the Curzon Line , [ 329 ] from which two million Poles were expelled . [ 328 ] [ 330 ] North-east Romania, [ 331 ] [ 332 ] parts of eastern Finland, [ 333 ] and the Baltic states were annexed into the Soviet Union . [ 334 ] [ 335 ] Italy lost its monarchy , colonial empire , and some European territories . [ 336 ] In an effort to maintain world peace , [ 337 ] the Allies formed the United Nations , [ 338 ] which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, [ 339 ] and adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 as a common standard for all member nations . [ 340 ] The great powers that were the victors of the war—France, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the United States—became the permanent members of the UN's Security Council . [ 341 ] The five permanent members remain so to the present, although there have been two seat changes, between the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China in 1971, and between the Soviet Union and its successor state , the Russian Federation , following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over. [ 342 ] Besides Germany, the rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet spheres of influence . [ 343 ] Most eastern and central European countries fell into the Soviet sphere , which led to the establishment of Communist-led regimes, with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities. As a result, East Germany , [ 344 ] Poland , Hungary , Romania , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , and Albania [ 345 ] became Soviet satellite states . Communist Yugoslavia conducted a fully independent policy , causing tension with the Soviet Union . [ 346 ] A communist uprising in Greece was put down with Anglo-American support and the country remained aligned with the West. [ 347 ] Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances, the United States-led NATO and the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact . [ 348 ] The long period of political tensions and military competition between them—the Cold War —would be accompanied by an unprecedented arms race and number of proxy wars throughout the world. [ 349 ] In Asia, the United States led the occupation of Japan and administered Japan's former islands in the Western Pacific, while the Soviets annexed South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands . [ 350 ] Korea , formerly under Japanese colonial rule , was divided and occupied by the Soviet Union in the North and the United States in the South between 1945 and 1948. Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948, each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea, which led ultimately to the Korean War . [ 351 ] In China, nationalist and communist forces resumed the civil war in June 1946. Communist forces prevailed and established the People's Republic of China on the mainland, while nationalist forces retreated to Taiwan in 1949. [ 352 ] In the Middle East, the Arab rejection of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and the creation of Israel marked the escalation of the Arab–Israeli conflict . While European powers attempted to retain some or all of their colonial empires , their losses of prestige and resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful, leading to decolonisation . [ 353 ] [ 354 ] The global economy suffered heavily from the war, although participating nations were affected differently. The United States emerged much richer than any other nation, leading to a baby boom , and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much greater than that of any of the other powers, and it dominated the world economy. [ 355 ] The Allied occupational authorities pursued a policy of industrial disarmament in Western Germany from 1945 to 1948. [ 356 ] Due to international trade interdependencies, this policy led to an economic stagnation in Europe and delayed European recovery from the war for several years. [ 357 ] [ 358 ] At the Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944, the Allied nations drew up an economic framework for the post-war world. The agreement created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), which later became part of the World Bank Group . The Bretton Woods system lasted until 1973. [ 359 ] Recovery began with the mid-1948 currency reform in West Germany , and was sped up by the liberalisation of European economic policy that the US Marshall Plan economic aid (1948–1951) both directly and indirectly caused. [ 360 ] [ 361 ] The post-1948 West German recovery has been called the German economic miracle . [ 362 ] Italy also experienced an economic boom [ 363 ] and the French economy rebounded . [ 364 ] By contrast, the United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin, [ 365 ] and although receiving a quarter of the total Marshall Plan assistance, more than any other European country, [ 366 ] it continued in relative economic decline for decades. [ 367 ] The Soviet Union, despite enormous human and material losses, also experienced rapid increases in production in the immediate post-war era, [ 368 ] having seized and transferred most of Germany's industrial plants and exacted war reparations from its satellite states. [ d ] [ 369 ] Japan recovered much later. [ 370 ] China returned to its pre-war industrial production by 1952. [ 371 ] Impact Casualties and war crimes An estimated 60 million to more than 75 million people died in the war including at least 20 million who died from deprivation, famine and disease. [ 372 ] [ 373 ] [ 374 ] [ 375 ] The majority of these deaths were on the Eastern Front and the Chinese Theatre . [ 376 ] The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people [ 377 ] including 8.7 million military and 19 million civilian deaths. [ 378 ] A quarter of the Soviet population were wounded or killed. [ 379 ] Germany sustained 5.3 million military losses, mostly on the Eastern Front and during the final battles in Germany. [ 380 ] An estimated 11 [ 381 ] to 17 million [ 382 ] civilians died as a direct or as an indirect result of Hitler's racist policies , including mass killing of around 6 million Jews , along with Roma , homosexuals , at least 1.9 million ethnic Poles [ 383 ] [ 384 ] and millions of other Slavs (including Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians), and other ethnic and minority groups . [ 385 ] [ 382 ] Between 1941 and 1945, more than 1,200,000 Yugoslavians died. [ 386 ] 200,000 were ethnic Serbs , along with Roma and Jews, were persecuted and killed by the Axis-aligned Croatian Ustaše in Yugoslavia . [ 387 ] Concurrently, Muslims and Croats were persecuted and killed by Serb nationalist Chetniks , [ 388 ] with an estimated 50,000–68,000 victims (of which 41,000 were civilians). [ 389 ] Also, more than 100,000 Poles were massacred by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the Volhynia massacres , between 1943 and 1945. [ 390 ] At the same time, about 10,000–15,000 Ukrainians were killed by the Polish Home Army and other units in reprisal attacks. [ 391 ] The number of deaths resulting from the war in Asia and the Pacific is contested. Estimates of Chinese deaths range from 8 million to over 20 million. [ e ] Arne Westad estimates 14 million Chinese died directly from war, of which 2 million were soldiers and the rest civilians. [ 394 ] Rana Mitter considers Westad's figures conservative. [ 398 ] An estimated 500,000 died as a result of Nationalist forces flooding the Yellow River . [ 399 ] In the Nanking Massacre , between 100,000 and 200,000 Chinese civilians and POWs were killed by Japanese forces, while another 20,000 were raped. [ 44 ] Another 2.7 million Chinese civilians were killed by Japanese forces during the Three Alls policy . [ 400 ] Japanese forces killed between 5 million and 10 million civilians in Southeast Asia. [ 401 ] [ 402 ] At least a million civilians died in Indochina , while as many as 4 million died in the Dutch East Indies, 3 million of which died on Java from famine. Between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Filipino civilians died during the Japanese occupation and American liberation. [ 403 ] [ 404 ] Estimates of the number of people killed by Japanese forces in all theatres are as high as 30 million. [ 405 ] Axis forces employed biological and chemical weapons . The Imperial Japanese Army used a variety of such weapons during its invasion and occupation of China ( see Unit 731 ) [ 406 ] [ 407 ] and in early conflicts against the Soviets . [ 408 ] Both the Germans and the Japanese tested such weapons against civilians, [ 409 ] and sometimes on prisoners of war . [ 410 ] The Soviet Union was responsible for the Katyn massacre of 22,000 Polish officers, [ 411 ] and the imprisonment or execution of hundreds of thousands of political prisoners by the NKVD secret police, along with mass civilian deportations to Siberia , in the Baltic states and eastern Poland annexed by the Red Army. [ 412 ] Soviet soldiers committed mass rapes in occupied territories, especially in Germany . [ 413 ] [ 414 ] The exact number of German women and girls raped by Soviet troops during the war and occupation is uncertain, but historians estimate their numbers are likely in the hundreds of thousands, and possibly as many as two million, [ 415 ] while figures for women raped by German soldiers in the Soviet Union go as far as ten million. [ 416 ] [ 417 ] The mass bombing of cities in Europe and Asia has often been called a war crime, although no positive or specific customary international humanitarian law with respect to aerial warfare existed before or during World War II. [ 418 ] The USAAF bombed a total of 67 Japanese cities , killing 393,000 civilians, including the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and destroying 65% of built-up areas. [ 419 ] Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour Nazi Germany , under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler, was responsible for killing about 6 million Jews in what is now known as the Holocaust . They also killed an additional 4 million others who were deemed " unworthy of life " (including the disabled and mentally ill , Soviet prisoners of war , Romani , homosexuals , Freemasons , and Jehovah's Witnesses ) as part of a program of deliberate extermination, in effect becoming a " genocidal state". [ 420 ] Soviet POWs were kept in especially unbearable conditions , and 3.6 million Soviet POWs out of 5.7 million died in Nazi camps during the war. [ 421 ] [ 422 ] In addition to concentration camps , death camps were created in Nazi Germany to exterminate people on an industrial scale. Nazi Germany extensively used forced labourers ; about 12 million Europeans from German-occupied countries were abducted and used as a slave work force in German industry, agriculture and war economy. [ 423 ] The Soviet Gulag became a de facto system of deadly camps during 1942–1943, when wartime privation and hunger caused numerous deaths of inmates, [ 425 ] including foreign citizens of Poland and other countries occupied in 1939–1940 by the Soviet Union, as well as Axis POWs . [ 426 ] By the end of the war, most Soviet POWs liberated from Nazi camps and many repatriated civilians were detained in special filtration camps where they were subjected to NKVD evaluation, and 226,127 were sent to the Gulag as real or perceived Nazi collaborators. [ 427 ] Japanese prisoner-of-war camps , many of which were used as labour camps, also had high death rates. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27 percent (for American POWs, 37 percent), [ 428 ] seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians. [ 429 ] While 37,583 prisoners from the UK, 28,500 from the Netherlands, and 14,473 from the United States were released after the surrender of Japan , the number of Chinese released was only 56. [ 430 ] At least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the East Asia Development Board , or Kōain , for work in mines and war industries. After 1942, the number reached 10 million. [ 431 ] In Java , between 4 and 10 million rōmusha (Japanese: "manual labourers"), were forced to work by the Japanese military. About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese-held areas in Southeast Asia, and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java. [ 432 ] Occupation In Europe, occupation came under two forms. In Western, Northern, and Central Europe (France, Norway, Denmark, the Low Countries, and the annexed portions of Czechoslovakia ) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion reichsmarks (27.8 billion US dollars) by the end of the war; this figure does not include the plunder of industrial products, military equipment, raw materials and other goods. [ 433 ] Thus, the income from occupied nations was over 40 percent of the income Germany collected from taxation, a figure which increased to nearly 40 percent of total German income as the war went on. [ 434 ] In the East, the intended gains of Lebensraum were never attained as fluctuating front-lines and Soviet scorched earth policies denied resources to the German invaders. [ 435 ] Unlike in the West, the Nazi racial policy encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the " inferior people " of Slavic descent; most German advances were thus followed by mass atrocities and war crimes . [ 436 ] The Nazis killed an estimated 2.8 million ethnic Poles in addition to Polish-Jewish victims of the Holocaust . [ 437 ] Although by 1942 resistance groups formed in most occupied territories, [ 438 ] the assessments of the effectiveness of Soviet partisans [ 439 ] and French Resistance [ 440 ] suggests that they did not significantly hamper German operations until late 1943. In Asia, Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , essentially a Japanese hegemony which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples. [ 441 ] Although Japanese forces were sometimes welcomed as liberators from European domination, Japanese war crimes frequently turned local public opinion against them. [ 442 ] During Japan's initial conquest, it captured 4,000,000 barrels (640,000 m 3 ) of oil (~550,000 tonnes) left behind by retreating Allied forces; and by 1943, was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50 million barrels (7,900,000 m 3 ) of oil (~6.8 million tonnes), 76 percent of its 1940 output rate. [ 442 ] Home fronts and production In the 1930s, Britain and the United States together controlled almost 75% of world mineral output—essential for projecting military power. [ 443 ] In Europe, before the outbreak of the war, the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics. In 1938, the Western Allies (United Kingdom, France, Poland and the British Dominions) had a 30 percent larger population and a 30 percent higher gross domestic product than the European Axis powers (Germany and Italy); including colonies, the Allies had more than a 5:1 advantage in population and a nearly 2:1 advantage in GDP. [ 444 ] In Asia at the same time, China had roughly six times the population of Japan but only an 89 percent higher GDP; this reduces to three times the population and only a 38 percent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included. [ 444 ] The United States produced about two-thirds of all munitions used by the Allies in World War II, including warships, transports, warplanes, artillery, tanks, trucks, and ammunition. [ 445 ] Although the Allies' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and Japan, they became the decisive factor by 1942, after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies and the war evolved into one of attrition . [ 446 ] While the Allies' ability to out-produce the Axis was partly due to more access to natural resources, other factors, such as Germany and Japan's reluctance to employ women in the labour force , [ 447 ] Allied strategic bombing , [ 448 ] and Germany's late shift to a war economy [ 449 ] contributed significantly. Additionally, neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war, and had not equipped themselves to do so. [ 450 ] To improve their production, Germany and Japan used millions of slave labourers ; [ 451 ] Germany enslaved about 12 million people, mostly from Eastern Europe, [ 423 ] while Japan used more than 18 million people in Far East Asia. [ 431 ] [ 432 ] Advances in technology and its application Aircraft were used for reconnaissance , as fighters , bombers , and ground-support , and each role developed considerably. Innovations included airlift (the capability to quickly move limited high-priority supplies, equipment, and personnel); [ 452 ] and strategic bombing (the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy's ability to wage war). [ 453 ] Anti-aircraft weaponry also advanced, including defences such as radar and surface-to-air artillery, in particular the introduction of the proximity fuze . The use of the jet aircraft was pioneered and led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide. [ 454 ] Advances were made in nearly every aspect of naval warfare , most notably with aircraft carriers and submarines . Although aeronautical warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war, actions at Taranto , Pearl Harbor , and the Coral Sea established the carrier as the dominant capital ship (in place of the battleship). [ 455 ] [ 456 ] [ 457 ] In the Atlantic, escort carriers became a vital part of Allied convoys, increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the Mid-Atlantic gap . [ 458 ] Carriers were also more economical than battleships due to the relatively low cost of aircraft [ 459 ] and because they are not required to be as heavily armoured. [ 460 ] Submarines, which had proved to be an effective weapon during the First World War , [ 461 ] were expected by all combatants to be important in the second. The British focused development on anti-submarine weaponry and tactics, such as sonar and convoys, while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability, with designs such as the Type VII submarine and wolfpack tactics. [ 462 ] Gradually, improving Allied technologies such as the Leigh Light , Hedgehog , Squid , and homing torpedoes proved effective against German submarines. [ 463 ] Land warfare changed from the static frontlines of trench warfare of World War I, which had relied on improved artillery that outmatched the speed of both infantry and cavalry , to increased mobility and combined arms . The tank , which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the First World War, had evolved into the primary weapon. [ 464 ] In the late 1930s, tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during World War I, [ 465 ] and advances continued throughout the war with increases in speed, armour and firepower. [ 466 ] [ 467 ] At the start of the war, most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications. [ 468 ] This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour, and German doctrine of avoiding tank-versus-tank combat. This, along with Germany's use of combined arms, were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France. [ 464 ] Many means of destroying tanks , including indirect artillery , anti-tank guns (both towed and self-propelled ), mines , short-ranged infantry antitank weapons, and other tanks were used. [ 468 ] Even with large-scale mechanisation, infantry remained the backbone of all forces, [ 469 ] and throughout the war, most infantry were equipped similarly to World War I. [ 470 ] The portable machine gun spread, a notable example being the German MG 34 , and various submachine guns which were suited to close combat in urban and jungle settings. [ 470 ] The assault rifle , a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun, became the standard post-war infantry weapon for most armed forces. [ 471 ] Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large codebooks for cryptography by designing ciphering machines, the most well-known being the German Enigma machine . [ 472 ] Development of SIGINT ( sig nals int elligence) and cryptanalysis enabled the countering process of decryption. Notable examples were the Allied decryption of Japanese naval codes [ 473 ] and British Ultra , a pioneering method for decoding Enigma that benefited from information given to the United Kingdom by the Polish Cipher Bureau , which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war. [ 474 ] Another component of military intelligence was deception , which the Allies used to great effect in operations such as Mincemeat and Bodyguard . [ 473 ] [ 475 ] Other technological and engineering feats achieved during, or as a result of, the war include the world's first programmable computers ( Z3 , Colossus , and ENIAC ), guided missiles and modern rockets , the Manhattan Project 's development of nuclear weapons , operations research , the development of artificial harbours , and oil pipelines under the English Channel . [ 476 ] [ 477 ] Although penicillin was discovered before the war, the development ] of industrial production technology as well as the mass production and use began during the war. [ 478 ] See also Greatest Generation – Cohort born from 1901 to 1927 Opposition to World War II World War III – Hypothetical future global conflict Notes ^ While various other dates have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended, this is the period most frequently cited. ^ Often abbreviated as WWII or WW2 ^ The UK declared war on Germany at 11 am. France followed 6 hours later at 5 pm. ^ Reparations were exacted from East Germany , Hungary , Romania , and Bulgaria using Soviet-dominated joint enterprises. The Soviet Union also instituted trading arrangements deliberately designed to favour the country. Moscow controlled the Communist parties that ruled the satellite states, and they followed orders from the Kremlin. Historian Mark Kramer concludes: "The net outflow of resources from eastern Europe to the Soviet Union was approximately $15 billion to $20 billion in the first decade after World War II, an amount roughly equal to the total aid provided by the United States to western Europe under the Marshall Plan ." ^ Multiple sources: [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] [ 395 ] [ 396 ] [ 397 ] References ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 6. ^ Wells, Anne Sharp (2014) Historical Dictionary of World War II: The War against Germany and Italy . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 7. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Ferris, John; Mawdsley, Evan (2015). 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Wiest, Andrew; Barbier, M. K. (2002). Strategy and Tactics: Infantry Warfare . St Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing Company . ISBN 978-0-7603-1401-2 . Williams, Andrew (2006). Liberalism and War: The Victors and the Vanquished . Abingdon & New York: Routledge . ISBN 978-0-415-35980-1 . Wilt, Alan F. (1981). "Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941". Military Affairs . 45 (4): 187– 191. doi : 10.2307/1987464 . JSTOR 1987464 . Wohlstetter, Roberta (1962). Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision . Palo Alto, California: Stanford University Press . Wolf, Holger C. (1993). "The Lucky Miracle: Germany 1945–1951". In Rudiger Dornbusch; Wilhelm Nölling; Richard Layard (eds.). Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today . Cambridge: MIT Press . pp. 29– 56. ISBN 978-0-262-04136-2 . Wood, James B. (2007). Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War: Was Defeat Inevitable? . Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978-0-7425-5339-2 . Yoder, Amos (1997). 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Past & Present (258): 246– 281. doi : 10.1093/pastj/gtab042 . ISSN 0031-2746 . also see online review Archived 4 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine Gerlach, Christian (2024). Conditions of Violence . Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-1115-6873-7 . External links Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel information from Wikivoyage West Point Maps of the European War . Archived 23 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine . West Point Maps of the Asian-Pacific War . Archived 23 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine . Atlas of the World Battle Fronts (July 1943 – August 1945) v t e World War II v t e Outline Battles Operations Leaders Allied Axis Commanders Casualties Conferences Outline Battles Operations Operations Leaders Allied Axis Commanders Allied Axis Commanders Casualties Conferences General Topics Air warfare of World War II In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Theaters Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline Americas Aftermath Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Topics Air warfare of World War II In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Air warfare of World War II In Europe In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Music in World War II Weather events during World War II Theaters Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline Americas Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline timeline Americas Aftermath Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes Soviet war crimes Atrocities against prisoners of war Atrocities against prisoners of war British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Nanjing Massacre Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Germany / Japan / Poland / Manchuria Rape during the liberation of France / Serbia Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Manila Marocchinate Participants Allies Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Neutral Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia POWs Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union Allies Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Algeria Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria ( from September 1944 ) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) Finland ( from September 1944 ) France Free France Greece India ( Indian Army ) Italy ( from September 1943 ) Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania ( from August 1944 ) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire British Empire United States Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) State of Burma Republic of China (Wang Jingwei) Independent State of Croatia Finland (until September 1944) German Reich Hungary Azad Hind Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Italian Social Republic Empire of Japan Manchukuo Mengjiang Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovak Republic Thailand Vichy France Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Guangzhouwan French Indochina French Madagascar Syria–Lebanon French North Africa French West Africa Collaboration Neutral Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen Afghanistan Andorra Bhutan Ireland Liechtenstein Monaco Portugal San Marino Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tibet Turkey Vatican City Yemen Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Korean Liberation Army Korean Volunteer Army Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Quốc dân Đảng Viet Minh Yugoslavia POWs Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Soviet Union Azerbaijan Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union Soviet Union German atrocities against Polish POWs Soviet prisoners Finland atrocities by Germans Finland atrocities by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union Timeline Prelude Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania 1939 Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive 1940 Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass 1941 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan campaign Battle of Borneo Japanese invasion of Burma Third Battle of Changsha Greek famine of 1941–1944 1942 Fall of Singapore Battle of the Java Sea St Nazaire Raid Battle of Christmas Island Battle of the Coral Sea Battle of Madagascar Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Dutch Harbor Battle of Midway Aleutian Islands campaign Kiska Attu Blue First Battle of El Alamein Battle of Stalingrad Kokoda Track campaign Rzhev Jubilee Second Battle of El Alamein Guadalcanal campaign Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943 1943 Black May Tunisian campaign Battle of West Hubei Battle of Attu Bombing of Gorky Battle of Kursk Allied invasion of Sicily Smolensk Solomon Islands campaign Cottage Battle of the Dnieper Allied invasion of Italy Armistice of Cassibile Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Second Battle of Kiev Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign Tarawa Makin Bengal famine of 1943 1944 Tempest Monte Cassino / Anzio Korsun–Cherkassy Narva U-Go Imphal Ichi-Go Kohima Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Second Battle of Guam Tannenberg Line Warsaw Uprising Eastern Romania Liberation of Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Belgrade offensive Battle of San Marino Lapland Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 Philippines (1944–1945) Leyte Syrmian Front Hungary Budapest Burma (1944–1945) Ardennes Bodenplatte Dutch famine of 1944–1945 1945 Vistula–Oder Battle of Manila Battle of Iwo Jima Indochina Vienna offensive Project Hula Western invasion of Germany Bratislava–Brno offensive Battle of Okinawa Second Guangxi campaign West Hunan Italy (Spring 1945) Battle of Berlin Prague offensive Surrender of Germany document Borneo Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Manchuria Atomic bombings Debate South Sakhalin Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan Potsdam Declaration document End of World War II in Asia Prelude Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania Africa Second Italo-Ethiopian War Second Italo-Ethiopian War Asia Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Second Sino-Japanese War Battles of Khalkhin Gol Europe Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania Remilitarisation of the Rhineland Anschluss Munich Agreement Occupation of Czechoslovakia Operation Himmler Italian invasion of Albania 1939 Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive Invasion of Poland Battle of the Atlantic Phoney War First Battle of Changsha Battle of South Guangxi Winter War 1939–1940 Winter Offensive 1940 Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass Norwegian campaign German invasion of Denmark Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang German invasion of Luxembourg German invasion of the Netherlands German invasion of Belgium Battle of France Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain Battle of the Mediterranean North Africa West Africa British Somaliland Hundred Regiments Offensive Baltic states Eastern Romania Japanese invasion of French Indochina Italian invasion of Greece Compass 1941 Battle of South Henan Battle of Shanggao Invasion of Yugoslavia German invasion of Greece Battle of Crete Anglo-Iraqi War Battle of South Shanxi Syria–Lebanon campaign East African campaign Invasion of the Soviet Union Summer War Finland ( Silver Fox ) Lithuania Battle of Kiev Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran Second Battle of Changsha Siege of Leningrad Battle of Moscow Bombing of Gorky Siege of Sevastopol Attack on Pearl Harbor Niʻihau incident Japanese invasion of Thailand Fall of Hong Kong Fall of the Philippines Battle of Guam Battle of Wake Island Malayan 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 2,275 results for author: Gao, Y Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 3 4 5 … arXiv:2601.10527 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL cs.CV cs.LG A Safety Report on GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5 Authors: Xingjun Ma , Yixu Wang , Hengyuan Xu , Yutao Wu , Yifan Ding , Yunhan Zhao , Zilong Wang , Jiabin Hua , Ming Wen , Jianan Liu , Ranjie Duan , Yifeng Gao , Yingshui Tan , Yunhao Chen , Hui Xue , Xin Wang , Wei Cheng , Jingjing Chen , Zuxuan Wu , Bo Li , Yu-Gang Jiang Abstract : The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this… ▽ More The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this report, we present an integrated safety evaluation of 7 frontier models: GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5. We evaluate each model across language, vision-language, and image generation settings using a unified protocol that integrates benchmark evaluation, adversarial evaluation, multilingual evaluation, and compliance evaluation. Aggregating our evaluations into safety leaderboards and model safety profiles across multiple evaluation modes reveals a sharply heterogeneous safety landscape. While GPT-5.2 demonstrates consistently strong and balanced safety performance across evaluations, other models exhibit pronounced trade-offs among benchmark safety, adversarial alignment, multilingual generalization, and regulatory compliance. Both language and vision-language modalities show significant vulnerability under adversarial evaluation, with all models degrading substantially despite strong results on standard benchmarks. Text-to-image models achieve relatively stronger alignment in regulated visual risk categories, yet remain brittle under adversarial or semantically ambiguous prompts. Overall, these results show that safety in frontier models is inherently multidimensional--shaped by modality, language, and evaluation scheme, underscoring the need for standardized safety evaluations to accurately assess real-world risk and guide responsible model development and deployment. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 42 pages, 24 figures arXiv:2601.10527 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Safety Report on GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5 Authors: Xingjun Ma , Yixu Wang , Hengyuan Xu , Yutao Wu , Yifan Ding , Yunhan Zhao , Zilong Wang , Jiabin Hua , Ming Wen , Jianan Liu , Ranjie Duan , Yifeng Gao , Yingshui Tan , Yunhao Chen , Hui Xue , Xin Wang , Wei Cheng , Jingjing Chen , Zuxuan Wu , Bo Li , Yu-Gang Jiang Abstract : The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this… ▽ More The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has produced substantial gains in reasoning, perception, and generative capability across language and vision. However, whether these advances yield commensurate improvements in safety remains unclear, in part due to fragmented evaluation practices limited to single modalities or threat models. In this report, we present an integrated safety evaluation of 7 frontier models: GPT-5.2, Gemini 3 Pro, Qwen3-VL, Doubao 1.8, Grok 4.1 Fast, Nano Banana Pro, and Seedream 4.5. We evaluate each model across language, vision-language, and image generation settings using a unified protocol that integrates benchmark evaluation, adversarial evaluation, multilingual evaluation, and compliance evaluation. Aggregating our evaluations into safety leaderboards and model safety profiles across multiple evaluation modes reveals a sharply heterogeneous safety landscape. While GPT-5.2 demonstrates consistently strong and balanced safety performance across evaluations, other models exhibit pronounced trade-offs among benchmark safety, adversarial alignment, multilingual generalization, and regulatory compliance. Both language and vision-language modalities show significant vulnerability under adversarial evaluation, with all models degrading substantially despite strong results on standard benchmarks. Text-to-image models achieve relatively stronger alignment in regulated visual risk categories, yet remain brittle under adversarial or semantically ambiguous prompts. Overall, these results show that safety in frontier models is inherently multidimensional--shaped by modality, language, and evaluation scheme, underscoring the need for standardized safety evaluations to accurately assess real-world risk and guide responsible model development and deployment. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 42 pages, 24 figures arXiv:2601.10504 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL DR-Arena: an Automated Evaluation Framework for Deep Research Agents Authors: Yiwen Gao , Ruochen Zhao , Yang Deng , Wenxuan Zhang Abstract : As Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly operate as Deep Research (DR) Agents capable of autonomous investigation and information synthesis, reliable evaluation of their task performance has become a critical bottleneck. Current benchmarks predominantly rely on static datasets, which suffer from several limitations: limited task generality, temporal misalignment, and data contamination. To add… ▽ More As Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly operate as Deep Research (DR) Agents capable of autonomous investigation and information synthesis, reliable evaluation of their task performance has become a critical bottleneck. Current benchmarks predominantly rely on static datasets, which suffer from several limitations: limited task generality, temporal misalignment, and data contamination. To address these, we introduce DR-Arena, a fully automated evaluation framework that pushes DR agents to their capability limits through dynamic investigation. DR-Arena constructs real-time Information Trees from fresh web trends to ensure the evaluation rubric is synchronized with the live world state, and employs an automated Examiner to generate structured tasks testing two orthogonal capabilities: Deep reasoning and Wide coverage. DR-Arena further adopts Adaptive Evolvement Loop, a state-machine controller that dynamically escalates task complexity based on real-time performance, demanding deeper deduction or wider aggregation until a decisive capability boundary emerges. Experiments with six advanced DR agents demonstrate that DR-Arena achieves a Spearman correlation of 0.94 with the LMSYS Search Arena leaderboard. This represents the state-of-the-art alignment with human preferences without any manual efforts, validating DR-Arena as a reliable alternative for costly human adjudication. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 22 pages, 8 figures arXiv:2601.10504 [ pdf , ps , other ] DR-Arena: an Automated Evaluation Framework for Deep Research Agents Authors: Yiwen Gao , Ruochen Zhao , Yang Deng , Wenxuan Zhang Abstract : As Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly operate as Deep Research (DR) Agents capable of autonomous investigation and information synthesis, reliable evaluation of their task performance has become a critical bottleneck. Current benchmarks predominantly rely on static datasets, which suffer from several limitations: limited task generality, temporal misalignment, and data contamination. To add… ▽ More As Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly operate as Deep Research (DR) Agents capable of autonomous investigation and information synthesis, reliable evaluation of their task performance has become a critical bottleneck. Current benchmarks predominantly rely on static datasets, which suffer from several limitations: limited task generality, temporal misalignment, and data contamination. To address these, we introduce DR-Arena, a fully automated evaluation framework that pushes DR agents to their capability limits through dynamic investigation. DR-Arena constructs real-time Information Trees from fresh web trends to ensure the evaluation rubric is synchronized with the live world state, and employs an automated Examiner to generate structured tasks testing two orthogonal capabilities: Deep reasoning and Wide coverage. DR-Arena further adopts Adaptive Evolvement Loop, a state-machine controller that dynamically escalates task complexity based on real-time performance, demanding deeper deduction or wider aggregation until a decisive capability boundary emerges. Experiments with six advanced DR agents demonstrate that DR-Arena achieves a Spearman correlation of 0.94 with the LMSYS Search Arena leaderboard. This represents the state-of-the-art alignment with human preferences without any manual efforts, validating DR-Arena as a reliable alternative for costly human adjudication. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 22 pages, 8 figures arXiv:2601.09530 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IR SpatCode: Rotary-based Unified Encoding Framework for Efficient Spatiotemporal Vector Retrieval Authors: Bingde Hu , Enhao Pan , Wanjing Zhou , Yang Gao , Zunlei Feng , Hao Zhong Abstract : Spatiotemporal vector retrieval has emerged as a critical paradigm in modern information retrieval, enabling efficient access to massive, heterogeneous data that evolve over both time and space. However, existing spatiotemporal retrieval methods are often extensions of conventional vector search systems that rely on external filters or specialized indices to incorporate temporal and spatial constr… ▽ More Spatiotemporal vector retrieval has emerged as a critical paradigm in modern information retrieval, enabling efficient access to massive, heterogeneous data that evolve over both time and space. However, existing spatiotemporal retrieval methods are often extensions of conventional vector search systems that rely on external filters or specialized indices to incorporate temporal and spatial constraints, leading to inefficiency, architectural complexity, and limited flexibility in handling heterogeneous modalities. To overcome these challenges, we present a unified spatiotemporal vector retrieval framework that integrates temporal, spatial, and semantic cues within a coherent similarity space while maintaining scalability and adaptability to continuous data streams. Specifically, we propose (1) a Rotary-based Unified Encoding Method that embeds time and location into rotational position vectors for consistent spatiotemporal representation; (2) a Circular Incremental Update Mechanism that supports efficient sliding-window updates without global re-encoding or index reconstruction; and (3) a Weighted Interest-based Retrieval Algorithm that adaptively balances modality weights for context-aware and personalized retrieval. Extensive experiments across multiple real-world datasets demonstrate that our framework substantially outperforms state-of-the-art baselines in both retrieval accuracy and efficiency, while maintaining robustness under dynamic data evolution. These results highlight the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed approach for scalable spatiotemporal information retrieval in intelligent systems. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09530 [ pdf , ps , other ] SpatCode: Rotary-based Unified Encoding Framework for Efficient Spatiotemporal Vector Retrieval Authors: Bingde Hu , Enhao Pan , Wanjing Zhou , Yang Gao , Zunlei Feng , Hao Zhong Abstract : Spatiotemporal vector retrieval has emerged as a critical paradigm in modern information retrieval, enabling efficient access to massive, heterogeneous data that evolve over both time and space. However, existing spatiotemporal retrieval methods are often extensions of conventional vector search systems that rely on external filters or specialized indices to incorporate temporal and spatial constr… ▽ More Spatiotemporal vector retrieval has emerged as a critical paradigm in modern information retrieval, enabling efficient access to massive, heterogeneous data that evolve over both time and space. However, existing spatiotemporal retrieval methods are often extensions of conventional vector search systems that rely on external filters or specialized indices to incorporate temporal and spatial constraints, leading to inefficiency, architectural complexity, and limited flexibility in handling heterogeneous modalities. To overcome these challenges, we present a unified spatiotemporal vector retrieval framework that integrates temporal, spatial, and semantic cues within a coherent similarity space while maintaining scalability and adaptability to continuous data streams. Specifically, we propose (1) a Rotary-based Unified Encoding Method that embeds time and location into rotational position vectors for consistent spatiotemporal representation; (2) a Circular Incremental Update Mechanism that supports efficient sliding-window updates without global re-encoding or index reconstruction; and (3) a Weighted Interest-based Retrieval Algorithm that adaptively balances modality weights for context-aware and personalized retrieval. Extensive experiments across multiple real-world datasets demonstrate that our framework substantially outperforms state-of-the-art baselines in both retrieval accuracy and efficiency, while maintaining robustness under dynamic data evolution. These results highlight the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed approach for scalable spatiotemporal information retrieval in intelligent systems. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09478 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IR cs.AI Bridging Semantic Understanding and Popularity Bias with LLMs Authors: Renqiang Luo , Dong Zhang , Yupeng Gao , Wen Shi , Mingliang Hou , Jiaying Liu , Zhe Wang , Shuo Yu Abstract : Semantic understanding of popularity bias is a crucial yet underexplored challenge in recommender systems, where popular items are often favored at the expense of niche content. Most existing debiasing methods treat the semantic understanding of popularity bias as a matter of diversity enhancement or long-tail coverage, neglecting the deeper semantic layer that embodies the causal origins of the b… ▽ More Semantic understanding of popularity bias is a crucial yet underexplored challenge in recommender systems, where popular items are often favored at the expense of niche content. Most existing debiasing methods treat the semantic understanding of popularity bias as a matter of diversity enhancement or long-tail coverage, neglecting the deeper semantic layer that embodies the causal origins of the bias itself. Consequently, such shallow interpretations limit both their debiasing effectiveness and recommendation accuracy. In this paper, we propose FairLRM, a novel framework that bridges the gap in the semantic understanding of popularity bias with Recommendation via Large Language Model (RecLLM). FairLRM decomposes popularity bias into item-side and user-side components, using structured instruction-based prompts to enhance the model's comprehension of both global item distributions and individual user preferences. Unlike traditional methods that rely on surface-level features such as "diversity" or "debiasing", FairLRM improves the model's ability to semantically interpret and address the underlying bias. Through empirical evaluation, we show that FairLRM significantly enhances both fairness and recommendation accuracy, providing a more semantically aware and trustworthy approach to enhance the semantic understanding of popularity bias. The implementation is available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 10 pages, 4 figs, WWW 2026 accepted arXiv:2601.09478 [ pdf , ps , other ] Bridging Semantic Understanding and Popularity Bias with LLMs Authors: Renqiang Luo , Dong Zhang , Yupeng Gao , Wen Shi , Mingliang Hou , Jiaying Liu , Zhe Wang , Shuo Yu Abstract : Semantic understanding of popularity bias is a crucial yet underexplored challenge in recommender systems, where popular items are often favored at the expense of niche content. Most existing debiasing methods treat the semantic understanding of popularity bias as a matter of diversity enhancement or long-tail coverage, neglecting the deeper semantic layer that embodies the causal origins of the b… ▽ More Semantic understanding of popularity bias is a crucial yet underexplored challenge in recommender systems, where popular items are often favored at the expense of niche content. Most existing debiasing methods treat the semantic understanding of popularity bias as a matter of diversity enhancement or long-tail coverage, neglecting the deeper semantic layer that embodies the causal origins of the bias itself. Consequently, such shallow interpretations limit both their debiasing effectiveness and recommendation accuracy. In this paper, we propose FairLRM, a novel framework that bridges the gap in the semantic understanding of popularity bias with Recommendation via Large Language Model (RecLLM). FairLRM decomposes popularity bias into item-side and user-side components, using structured instruction-based prompts to enhance the model's comprehension of both global item distributions and individual user preferences. Unlike traditional methods that rely on surface-level features such as "diversity" or "debiasing", FairLRM improves the model's ability to semantically interpret and address the underlying bias. Through empirical evaluation, we show that FairLRM significantly enhances both fairness and recommendation accuracy, providing a more semantically aware and trustworthy approach to enhance the semantic understanding of popularity bias. The implementation is available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 10 pages, 4 figs, WWW 2026 accepted arXiv:2601.09440 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SE DepRadar: Agentic Coordination for Context Aware Defect Impact Analysis in Deep Learning Libraries Authors: Yi Gao , Xing Hu , Tongtong Xu , Jiali Zhao , Xiaohu Yang , Xin Xia Abstract : Deep learning libraries like Transformers and Megatron are now widely adopted in modern AI programs. However, when these libraries introduce defects, ranging from silent computation errors to subtle performance regressions, it is often challenging for downstream users to assess whether their own programs are affected. Such impact analysis requires not only understanding the defect semantics but al… ▽ More Deep learning libraries like Transformers and Megatron are now widely adopted in modern AI programs. However, when these libraries introduce defects, ranging from silent computation errors to subtle performance regressions, it is often challenging for downstream users to assess whether their own programs are affected. Such impact analysis requires not only understanding the defect semantics but also checking whether the client code satisfies complex triggering conditions involving configuration flags, runtime environments, and indirect API usage. We present DepRadar, an agent coordination framework for fine grained defect and impact analysis in DL library updates. DepRadar coordinates four specialized agents across three steps: 1. the PR Miner and Code Diff Analyzer extract structured defect semantics from commits or pull requests, 2. the Orchestrator Agent synthesizes these signals into a unified defect pattern with trigger conditions, and 3. the Impact Analyzer checks downstream programs to determine whether the defect can be triggered. To improve accuracy and explainability, DepRadar integrates static analysis with DL-specific domain rules for defect reasoning and client side tracing. We evaluate DepRadar on 157 PRs and 70 commits across two representative DL libraries. It achieves 90% precision in defect identification and generates high quality structured fields (average field score 1.6). On 122 client programs, DepRadar identifies affected cases with 90% recall and 80% precision, substantially outperforming other baselines. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Published in 48th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 2026) arXiv:2601.09440 [ pdf , ps , other ] DepRadar: Agentic Coordination for Context Aware Defect Impact Analysis in Deep Learning Libraries Authors: Yi Gao , Xing Hu , Tongtong Xu , Jiali Zhao , Xiaohu Yang , Xin Xia Abstract : Deep learning libraries like Transformers and Megatron are now widely adopted in modern AI programs. However, when these libraries introduce defects, ranging from silent computation errors to subtle performance regressions, it is often challenging for downstream users to assess whether their own programs are affected. Such impact analysis requires not only understanding the defect semantics but al… ▽ More Deep learning libraries like Transformers and Megatron are now widely adopted in modern AI programs. However, when these libraries introduce defects, ranging from silent computation errors to subtle performance regressions, it is often challenging for downstream users to assess whether their own programs are affected. Such impact analysis requires not only understanding the defect semantics but also checking whether the client code satisfies complex triggering conditions involving configuration flags, runtime environments, and indirect API usage. We present DepRadar, an agent coordination framework for fine grained defect and impact analysis in DL library updates. DepRadar coordinates four specialized agents across three steps: 1. the PR Miner and Code Diff Analyzer extract structured defect semantics from commits or pull requests, 2. the Orchestrator Agent synthesizes these signals into a unified defect pattern with trigger conditions, and 3. the Impact Analyzer checks downstream programs to determine whether the defect can be triggered. To improve accuracy and explainability, DepRadar integrates static analysis with DL-specific domain rules for defect reasoning and client side tracing. We evaluate DepRadar on 157 PRs and 70 commits across two representative DL libraries. It achieves 90% precision in defect identification and generates high quality structured fields (average field score 1.6). On 122 client programs, DepRadar identifies affected cases with 90% recall and 80% precision, substantially outperforming other baselines. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Published in 48th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 2026) arXiv:2601.08375 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Source-Free Domain Adaptation for Geospatial Point Cloud Semantic Segmentation Authors: Yuan Gao , Di Cao , Xiaohuan Xi , Sheng Nie , Shaobo Xia , Cheng Wang Abstract : Semantic segmentation of 3D geospatial point clouds is pivotal for remote sensing applications. However, variations in geographic patterns across regions and data acquisition strategies induce significant domain shifts, severely degrading the performance of deployed models. Existing domain adaptation methods typically rely on access to source-domain data. However, this requirement is rarely met du… ▽ More Semantic segmentation of 3D geospatial point clouds is pivotal for remote sensing applications. However, variations in geographic patterns across regions and data acquisition strategies induce significant domain shifts, severely degrading the performance of deployed models. Existing domain adaptation methods typically rely on access to source-domain data. However, this requirement is rarely met due to data privacy concerns, regulatory policies, and data transmission limitations. This motivates the largely underexplored setting of source-free unsupervised domain adaptation (SFUDA), where only a pretrained model and unlabeled target-domain data are available. In this paper, we propose LoGo (Local-Global Dual-Consensus), a novel SFUDA framework specifically designed for geospatial point clouds. At the local level, we introduce a class-balanced prototype estimation module that abandons conventional global threshold filtering in favor of an intra-class independent anchor mining strategy. This ensures that robust feature prototypes can be generated even for sample-scarce tail classes, effectively mitigating the feature collapse caused by long-tailed distributions. At the global level, we introduce an optimal transport-based global distribution alignment module that formulates pseudo-label assignment as a global optimization problem. By enforcing global distribution constraints, this module effectively corrects the over-dominance of head classes inherent in local greedy assignments, preventing model predictions from being severely biased towards majority classes. Finally, we propose a dual-consistency pseudo-label filtering mechanism. This strategy retains only high-confidence pseudo-labels where local multi-augmented ensemble predictions align with global optimal transport assignments for self-training. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.08375 [ pdf , ps , other ] Source-Free Domain Adaptation for Geospatial Point Cloud Semantic Segmentation Authors: Yuan Gao , Di Cao , Xiaohuan Xi , Sheng Nie , Shaobo Xia , Cheng Wang Abstract : Semantic segmentation of 3D geospatial point clouds is pivotal for remote sensing applications. However, variations in geographic patterns across regions and data acquisition strategies induce significant domain shifts, severely degrading the performance of deployed models. Existing domain adaptation methods typically rely on access to source-domain data. However, this requirement is rarely met du… ▽ More Semantic segmentation of 3D geospatial point clouds is pivotal for remote sensing applications. However, variations in geographic patterns across regions and data acquisition strategies induce significant domain shifts, severely degrading the performance of deployed models. Existing domain adaptation methods typically rely on access to source-domain data. However, this requirement is rarely met due to data privacy concerns, regulatory policies, and data transmission limitations. This motivates the largely underexplored setting of source-free unsupervised domain adaptation (SFUDA), where only a pretrained model and unlabeled target-domain data are available. In this paper, we propose LoGo (Local-Global Dual-Consensus), a novel SFUDA framework specifically designed for geospatial point clouds. At the local level, we introduce a class-balanced prototype estimation module that abandons conventional global threshold filtering in favor of an intra-class independent anchor mining strategy. This ensures that robust feature prototypes can be generated even for sample-scarce tail classes, effectively mitigating the feature collapse caused by long-tailed distributions. At the global level, we introduce an optimal transport-based global distribution alignment module that formulates pseudo-label assignment as a global optimization problem. By enforcing global distribution constraints, this module effectively corrects the over-dominance of head classes inherent in local greedy assignments, preventing model predictions from being severely biased towards majority classes. Finally, we propose a dual-consistency pseudo-label filtering mechanism. This strategy retains only high-confidence pseudo-labels where local multi-augmented ensemble predictions align with global optimal transport assignments for self-training. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07676 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT New $X$-Secure $T$-Private Information Retrieval Schemes via Rational Curves and Hermitian Curves Authors: Yuan Gao , Weijun Fang , Jingke Xu , Jiejing Wen Abstract : $X$-secure and $T$-private information retrieval (XSTPIR) is a variant of private information retrieval where data security is guaranteed against collusion among up to $X$ servers and the user's retrieval privacy is guaranteed against collusion among up to $T… ▽ More $X$-secure and $T$-private information retrieval (XSTPIR) is a variant of private information retrieval where data security is guaranteed against collusion among up to $X$ servers and the user's retrieval privacy is guaranteed against collusion among up to $T$ servers. Recently, researchers have constructed XSTPIR schemes through the theory of algebraic geometry codes and algebraic curves, with the aim of obtaining XSTPIR schemes that have higher maximum PIR rates for fixed field size and $X,T$ (the number of servers $N$ is not restricted). The mainstream approach is to employ curves of higher genus that have more rational points, evolving from rational curves to elliptic curves to hyperelliptic curves and, most recently, to Hermitian curves. In this paper, we propose a different perspective: with the shared goal of constructing XSTPIR schemes with higher maximum PIR rates, we move beyond the mainstream approach of seeking curves with higher genus and more rational points. Instead, we aim to achieve this goal by enhancing the utilization efficiency of rational points on curves that have already been considered in previous work. By introducing a family of bases for the polynomial space $\text{span}_{\mathbb{F}_q}\{1,x,\dots,x^{k-1}\}$ as an alternative to the Lagrange interpolation basis, we develop two new families of XSTPIR schemes based on rational curves and Hermitian curves, respectively. Parameter comparisons demonstrate that our schemes achieve superior performance. Specifically, our Hermitian-curve-based XSTPIR scheme provides the largest known maximum PIR rates when the field size $q^2\geq 14^2$ and $X+T\geq 4q$. Moreover, for any field size $q^2\geq 28^2$ and $X+T\geq 4$, our two XSTPIR schemes collectively provide the largest known maximum PIR rates. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 18 pages, 1 figure arXiv:2601.07676 [ pdf , ps , other ] New $X$-Secure $T$-Private Information Retrieval Schemes via Rational Curves and Hermitian Curves Authors: Yuan Gao , Weijun Fang , Jingke Xu , Jiejing Wen Abstract : $X$-secure and $T$-private information retrieval (XSTPIR) is a variant of private information retrieval where data security is guaranteed against collusion among up to $X$ servers and the user's retrieval privacy is guaranteed against collusion among up to $T… ▽ More $X$-secure and $T$-private information retrieval (XSTPIR) is a variant of private information retrieval where data security is guaranteed against collusion among up to $X$ servers and the user's retrieval privacy is guaranteed against collusion among up to $T$ servers. Recently, researchers have constructed XSTPIR schemes through the theory of algebraic geometry codes and algebraic curves, with the aim of obtaining XSTPIR schemes that have higher maximum PIR rates for fixed field size and $X,T$ (the number of servers $N$ is not restricted). The mainstream approach is to employ curves of higher genus that have more rational points, evolving from rational curves to elliptic curves to hyperelliptic curves and, most recently, to Hermitian curves. In this paper, we propose a different perspective: with the shared goal of constructing XSTPIR schemes with higher maximum PIR rates, we move beyond the mainstream approach of seeking curves with higher genus and more rational points. Instead, we aim to achieve this goal by enhancing the utilization efficiency of rational points on curves that have already been considered in previous work. By introducing a family of bases for the polynomial space $\text{span}_{\mathbb{F}_q}\{1,x,\dots,x^{k-1}\}$ as an alternative to the Lagrange interpolation basis, we develop two new families of XSTPIR schemes based on rational curves and Hermitian curves, respectively. Parameter comparisons demonstrate that our schemes achieve superior performance. Specifically, our Hermitian-curve-based XSTPIR scheme provides the largest known maximum PIR rates when the field size $q^2\geq 14^2$ and $X+T\geq 4q$. Moreover, for any field size $q^2\geq 28^2$ and $X+T\geq 4$, our two XSTPIR schemes collectively provide the largest known maximum PIR rates. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 18 pages, 1 figure arXiv:2601.06525 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Toward Generalizable Deblurring: Leveraging Massive Blur Priors with Linear Attention for Real-World Scenarios Authors: Yuanting Gao , Shuo Cao , Xiaohui Li , Yuandong Pu , Yihao Liu , Kai Zhang Abstract : Image deblurring has advanced rapidly with deep learning, yet most methods exhibit poor generalization beyond their training datasets, with performance dropping significantly in real-world scenarios. Our analysis shows this limitation stems from two factors: datasets face an inherent trade-off between realism and coverage of diverse blur patterns, and algorithmic designs remain restrictive, as pix… ▽ More Image deblurring has advanced rapidly with deep learning, yet most methods exhibit poor generalization beyond their training datasets, with performance dropping significantly in real-world scenarios. Our analysis shows this limitation stems from two factors: datasets face an inherent trade-off between realism and coverage of diverse blur patterns, and algorithmic designs remain restrictive, as pixel-wise losses drive models toward local detail recovery while overlooking structural and semantic consistency, whereas diffusion-based approaches, though perceptually strong, still fail to generalize when trained on narrow datasets with simplistic strategies. Through systematic investigation, we identify blur pattern diversity as the decisive factor for robust generalization and propose Blur Pattern Pretraining (BPP), which acquires blur priors from simulation datasets and transfers them through joint fine-tuning on real data. We further introduce Motion and Semantic Guidance (MoSeG) to strengthen blur priors under severe degradation, and integrate it into GLOWDeblur, a Generalizable reaL-wOrld lightWeight Deblur model that combines convolution-based pre-reconstruction & domain alignment module with a lightweight diffusion backbone. Extensive experiments on six widely-used benchmarks and two real-world datasets validate our approach, confirming the importance of blur priors for robust generalization and demonstrating that the lightweight design of GLOWDeblur ensures practicality in real-world applications. The project page is available at △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 19 pages, 14 figures, 6 tables arXiv:2601.06525 [ pdf , ps , other ] Toward Generalizable Deblurring: Leveraging Massive Blur Priors with Linear Attention for Real-World Scenarios Authors: Yuanting Gao , Shuo Cao , Xiaohui Li , Yuandong Pu , Yihao Liu , Kai Zhang Abstract : Image deblurring has advanced rapidly with deep learning, yet most methods exhibit poor generalization beyond their training datasets, with performance dropping significantly in real-world scenarios. Our analysis shows this limitation stems from two factors: datasets face an inherent trade-off between realism and coverage of diverse blur patterns, and algorithmic designs remain restrictive, as pix… ▽ More Image deblurring has advanced rapidly with deep learning, yet most methods exhibit poor generalization beyond their training datasets, with performance dropping significantly in real-world scenarios. Our analysis shows this limitation stems from two factors: datasets face an inherent trade-off between realism and coverage of diverse blur patterns, and algorithmic designs remain restrictive, as pixel-wise losses drive models toward local detail recovery while overlooking structural and semantic consistency, whereas diffusion-based approaches, though perceptually strong, still fail to generalize when trained on narrow datasets with simplistic strategies. Through systematic investigation, we identify blur pattern diversity as the decisive factor for robust generalization and propose Blur Pattern Pretraining (BPP), which acquires blur priors from simulation datasets and transfers them through joint fine-tuning on real data. We further introduce Motion and Semantic Guidance (MoSeG) to strengthen blur priors under severe degradation, and integrate it into GLOWDeblur, a Generalizable reaL-wOrld lightWeight Deblur model that combines convolution-based pre-reconstruction & domain alignment module with a lightweight diffusion backbone. Extensive experiments on six widely-used benchmarks and two real-world datasets validate our approach, confirming the importance of blur priors for robust generalization and demonstrating that the lightweight design of GLOWDeblur ensures practicality in real-world applications. The project page is available at △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 19 pages, 14 figures, 6 tables arXiv:2601.05930 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.LG cs.MA Can We Predict Before Executing Machine Learning Agents? Authors: Jingsheng Zheng , Jintian Zhang , Yujie Luo , Yuren Mao , Yunjun Gao , Lun Du , Huajun Chen , Ningyu Zhang Abstract : Autonomous machine learning agents have revolutionized scientific discovery, yet they remain constrained by a Generate-Execute-Feedback paradigm. Previous approaches suffer from a severe Execution Bottleneck, as hypothesis evaluation relies strictly on expensive physical execution. To bypass these physical constraints, we internalize execution priors to substitute costly runtime checks with instan… ▽ More Autonomous machine learning agents have revolutionized scientific discovery, yet they remain constrained by a Generate-Execute-Feedback paradigm. Previous approaches suffer from a severe Execution Bottleneck, as hypothesis evaluation relies strictly on expensive physical execution. To bypass these physical constraints, we internalize execution priors to substitute costly runtime checks with instantaneous predictive reasoning, drawing inspiration from World Models. In this work, we formalize the task of Data-centric Solution Preference and construct a comprehensive corpus of 18,438 pairwise comparisons. We demonstrate that LLMs exhibit significant predictive capabilities when primed with a Verified Data Analysis Report, achieving 61.5% accuracy and robust confidence calibration. Finally, we instantiate this framework in FOREAGENT, an agent that employs a Predict-then-Verify loop, achieving a 6x acceleration in convergence while surpassing execution-based baselines by +6%. Our code and dataset will be publicly available soon at △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Work in progress arXiv:2601.05930 [ pdf , ps , other ] Can We Predict Before Executing Machine Learning Agents? Authors: Jingsheng Zheng , Jintian Zhang , Yujie Luo , Yuren Mao , Yunjun Gao , Lun Du , Huajun Chen , Ningyu Zhang Abstract : Autonomous machine learning agents have revolutionized scientific discovery, yet they remain constrained by a Generate-Execute-Feedback paradigm. Previous approaches suffer from a severe Execution Bottleneck, as hypothesis evaluation relies strictly on expensive physical execution. To bypass these physical constraints, we internalize execution priors to substitute costly runtime checks with instan… ▽ More Autonomous machine learning agents have revolutionized scientific discovery, yet they remain constrained by a Generate-Execute-Feedback paradigm. Previous approaches suffer from a severe Execution Bottleneck, as hypothesis evaluation relies strictly on expensive physical execution. To bypass these physical constraints, we internalize execution priors to substitute costly runtime checks with instantaneous predictive reasoning, drawing inspiration from World Models. In this work, we formalize the task of Data-centric Solution Preference and construct a comprehensive corpus of 18,438 pairwise comparisons. We demonstrate that LLMs exhibit significant predictive capabilities when primed with a Verified Data Analysis Report, achieving 61.5% accuracy and robust confidence calibration. Finally, we instantiate this framework in FOREAGENT, an agent that employs a Predict-then-Verify loop, achieving a 6x acceleration in convergence while surpassing execution-based baselines by +6%. Our code and dataset will be publicly available soon at △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Work in progress arXiv:2601.05579 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DB cs.AI cs.CL cs.SE RISE: Rule-Driven SQL Dialect Translation via Query Reduction Authors: Xudong Xie , Yuwei Zhang , Wensheng Dou , Yu Gao , Ziyu Cui , Jiansen Song , Rui Yang , Jun Wei Abstract : Translating SQL dialects across different relational database management systems (RDBMSs) is crucial for migrating RDBMS-based applications to the cloud. Traditional SQL dialect translation tools rely on manually-crafted rules, necessitating significant manual effort to support new RDBMSs and dialects. Although large language models (LLMs) can assist in translating SQL dialects, they often struggl… ▽ More Translating SQL dialects across different relational database management systems (RDBMSs) is crucial for migrating RDBMS-based applications to the cloud. Traditional SQL dialect translation tools rely on manually-crafted rules, necessitating significant manual effort to support new RDBMSs and dialects. Although large language models (LLMs) can assist in translating SQL dialects, they often struggle with lengthy and complex SQL queries. In this paper, we propose RISE, a novel LLM-based SQL dialect translation approach that can accurately handle lengthy and complex SQL queries. Given a complex source query $Q_c$ that contains a SQL dialect $d$, we first employ a dialect-aware query reduction technique to derive a simplified query $Q_{s}$ by removing $d$-irrelevant SQL elements from $Q_c$. Subsequently, we utilize LLMs to translate $Q_{s}$ into $Q_{s^{'}}$, and automatically extract the translation rule $r_d$ for dialect $d$ based on the relationship between $Q_{s}$ and $Q_{s^{'}}$. By applying $r_d$ to $Q_c$, we can effectively translate the dialect $d$ within $Q_c$, thereby bypassing the complexity of the source query $Q_c$. We evaluate RISE on two real-world benchmarks, i.e., TPC-DS and SQLProcBench, comparing its performance against both the traditional rule-based tools and the LLM-based approaches with respect to translation accuracy. RISE achieves accuracies of 97.98% on TPC-DS and 100% on SQLProcBench, outperforming the baselines by an average improvement of 24.62% and 238.41%, respectively. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by ICSE 2026 arXiv:2601.05579 [ pdf , ps , other ] RISE: Rule-Driven SQL Dialect Translation via Query Reduction Authors: Xudong Xie , Yuwei Zhang , Wensheng Dou , Yu Gao , Ziyu Cui , Jiansen Song , Rui Yang , Jun Wei Abstract : Translating SQL dialects across different relational database management systems (RDBMSs) is crucial for migrating RDBMS-based applications to the cloud. Traditional SQL dialect translation tools rely on manually-crafted rules, necessitating significant manual effort to support new RDBMSs and dialects. Although large language models (LLMs) can assist in translating SQL dialects, they often struggl… ▽ More Translating SQL dialects across different relational database management systems (RDBMSs) is crucial for migrating RDBMS-based applications to the cloud. Traditional SQL dialect translation tools rely on manually-crafted rules, necessitating significant manual effort to support new RDBMSs and dialects. Although large language models (LLMs) can assist in translating SQL dialects, they often struggle with lengthy and complex SQL queries. In this paper, we propose RISE, a novel LLM-based SQL dialect translation approach that can accurately handle lengthy and complex SQL queries. Given a complex source query $Q_c$ that contains a SQL dialect $d$, we first employ a dialect-aware query reduction technique to derive a simplified query $Q_{s}$ by removing $d$-irrelevant SQL elements from $Q_c$. Subsequently, we utilize LLMs to translate $Q_{s}$ into $Q_{s^{'}}$, and automatically extract the translation rule $r_d$ for dialect $d$ based on the relationship between $Q_{s}$ and $Q_{s^{'}}$. By applying $r_d$ to $Q_c$, we can effectively translate the dialect $d$ within $Q_c$, thereby bypassing the complexity of the source query $Q_c$. We evaluate RISE on two real-world benchmarks, i.e., TPC-DS and SQLProcBench, comparing its performance against both the traditional rule-based tools and the LLM-based approaches with respect to translation accuracy. RISE achieves accuracies of 97.98% on TPC-DS and 100% on SQLProcBench, outperforming the baselines by an average improvement of 24.62% and 238.41%, respectively. △ Less Submitted 9 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted by ICSE 2026 arXiv:2601.05014 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO The RoboSense Challenge: Sense Anything, Navigate Anywhere, Adapt Across Platforms Authors: Lingdong Kong , Shaoyuan Xie , Zeying Gong , Ye Li , Meng Chu , Ao Liang , Yuhao Dong , Tianshuai Hu , Ronghe Qiu , Rong Li , Hanjiang Hu , Dongyue Lu , Wei Yin , Wenhao Ding , Linfeng Li , Hang Song , Wenwei Zhang , Yuexin Ma , Junwei Liang , Zhedong Zheng , Lai Xing Ng , Benoit R. Cottereau , Wei Tsang Ooi , Ziwei Liu , Zhanpeng Zhang , et al. (114 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2… ▽ More Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2025 Challenge is designed to advance robustness and adaptability in robot perception across diverse sensing scenarios. It unifies five complementary research tracks spanning language-grounded decision making, socially compliant navigation, sensor configuration generalization, cross-view and cross-modal correspondence, and cross-platform 3D perception. Together, these tasks form a comprehensive benchmark for evaluating real-world sensing reliability under domain shifts, sensor failures, and platform discrepancies. RoboSense 2025 provides standardized datasets, baseline models, and unified evaluation protocols, enabling large-scale and reproducible comparison of robust perception methods. The challenge attracted 143 teams from 85 institutions across 16 countries, reflecting broad community engagement. By consolidating insights from 23 winning solutions, this report highlights emerging methodological trends, shared design principles, and open challenges across all tracks, marking a step toward building robots that can sense reliably, act robustly, and adapt across platforms in real-world environments. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Official IROS 2025 RoboSense Challenge Report; 51 pages, 37 figures, 5 tables; Competition Website at arXiv:2601.05014 [ pdf , ps , other ] The RoboSense Challenge: Sense Anything, Navigate Anywhere, Adapt Across Platforms Authors: Lingdong Kong , Shaoyuan Xie , Zeying Gong , Ye Li , Meng Chu , Ao Liang , Yuhao Dong , Tianshuai Hu , Ronghe Qiu , Rong Li , Hanjiang Hu , Dongyue Lu , Wei Yin , Wenhao Ding , Linfeng Li , Hang Song , Wenwei Zhang , Yuexin Ma , Junwei Liang , Zhedong Zheng , Lai Xing Ng , Benoit R. Cottereau , Wei Tsang Ooi , Ziwei Liu , Zhanpeng Zhang , et al. (114 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2… ▽ More Autonomous systems are increasingly deployed in open and dynamic environments -- from city streets to aerial and indoor spaces -- where perception models must remain reliable under sensor noise, environmental variation, and platform shifts. However, even state-of-the-art methods often degrade under unseen conditions, highlighting the need for robust and generalizable robot sensing. The RoboSense 2025 Challenge is designed to advance robustness and adaptability in robot perception across diverse sensing scenarios. It unifies five complementary research tracks spanning language-grounded decision making, socially compliant navigation, sensor configuration generalization, cross-view and cross-modal correspondence, and cross-platform 3D perception. Together, these tasks form a comprehensive benchmark for evaluating real-world sensing reliability under domain shifts, sensor failures, and platform discrepancies. RoboSense 2025 provides standardized datasets, baseline models, and unified evaluation protocols, enabling large-scale and reproducible comparison of robust perception methods. The challenge attracted 143 teams from 85 institutions across 16 countries, reflecting broad community engagement. By consolidating insights from 23 winning solutions, this report highlights emerging methodological trends, shared design principles, and open challenges across all tracks, marking a step toward building robots that can sense reliably, act robustly, and adapt across platforms in real-world environments. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Official IROS 2025 RoboSense Challenge Report; 51 pages, 37 figures, 5 tables; Competition Website at arXiv:2601.04805 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Thinking-Based Non-Thinking: Solving the Reward Hacking Problem in Training Hybrid Reasoning Models via Reinforcement Learning Authors: Siyuan Gan , Jiaheng Liu , Boyan Wang , Tianpei Yang , Runqing Miao , Yuyao Zhang , Fanyu Meng , Junlan Feng , Linjian Meng , Jing Huo , Yang Gao Abstract : Large reasoning models (LRMs) have attracted much attention due to their exceptional performance. However, their performance mainly stems from thinking, a long Chain of Thought (CoT), which significantly increase computational overhead. To address this overthinking problem, existing work focuses on using reinforcement learning (RL) to train hybrid reasoning models that automatically decide whether… ▽ More Large reasoning models (LRMs) have attracted much attention due to their exceptional performance. However, their performance mainly stems from thinking, a long Chain of Thought (CoT), which significantly increase computational overhead. To address this overthinking problem, existing work focuses on using reinforcement learning (RL) to train hybrid reasoning models that automatically decide whether to engage in thinking or not based on the complexity of the query. Unfortunately, using RL will suffer the the reward hacking problem, e.g., the model engages in thinking but is judged as not doing so, resulting in incorrect rewards. To mitigate this problem, existing works either employ supervised fine-tuning (SFT), which incurs high computational costs, or enforce uniform token limits on non-thinking responses, which yields limited mitigation of the problem. In this paper, we propose Thinking-Based Non-Thinking (TNT). It does not employ SFT, and sets different maximum token usage for responses not using thinking across various queries by leveraging information from the solution component of the responses using thinking. Experiments on five mathematical benchmarks demonstrate that TNT reduces token usage by around 50% compared to DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B/7B and DeepScaleR-1.5B, while significantly improving accuracy. In fact, TNT achieves the optimal trade-off between accuracy and efficiency among all tested methods. Additionally, the probability of reward hacking problem in TNT's responses, which are classified as not using thinking, remains below 10% across all tested datasets. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04805 [ pdf , ps , other ] Thinking-Based Non-Thinking: Solving the Reward Hacking Problem in Training Hybrid Reasoning Models via Reinforcement Learning Authors: Siyuan Gan , Jiaheng Liu , Boyan Wang , Tianpei Yang , Runqing Miao , Yuyao Zhang , Fanyu Meng , Junlan Feng , Linjian Meng , Jing Huo , Yang Gao Abstract : Large reasoning models (LRMs) have attracted much attention due to their exceptional performance. However, their performance mainly stems from thinking, a long Chain of Thought (CoT), which significantly increase computational overhead. To address this overthinking problem, existing work focuses on using reinforcement learning (RL) to train hybrid reasoning models that automatically decide whether… ▽ More Large reasoning models (LRMs) have attracted much attention due to their exceptional performance. However, their performance mainly stems from thinking, a long Chain of Thought (CoT), which significantly increase computational overhead. To address this overthinking problem, existing work focuses on using reinforcement learning (RL) to train hybrid reasoning models that automatically decide whether to engage in thinking or not based on the complexity of the query. Unfortunately, using RL will suffer the the reward hacking problem, e.g., the model engages in thinking but is judged as not doing so, resulting in incorrect rewards. To mitigate this problem, existing works either employ supervised fine-tuning (SFT), which incurs high computational costs, or enforce uniform token limits on non-thinking responses, which yields limited mitigation of the problem. In this paper, we propose Thinking-Based Non-Thinking (TNT). It does not employ SFT, and sets different maximum token usage for responses not using thinking across various queries by leveraging information from the solution component of the responses using thinking. Experiments on five mathematical benchmarks demonstrate that TNT reduces token usage by around 50% compared to DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Qwen-1.5B/7B and DeepScaleR-1.5B, while significantly improving accuracy. In fact, TNT achieves the optimal trade-off between accuracy and efficiency among all tested methods. Additionally, the probability of reward hacking problem in TNT's responses, which are classified as not using thinking, remains below 10% across all tested datasets. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04500 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI GUITester: Enabling GUI Agents for Exploratory Defect Discovery Authors: Yifei Gao , Jiang Wu , Xiaoyi Chen , Yifan Yang , Zhe Cui , Tianyi Ma , Jiaming Zhang , Jitao Sang Abstract : Exploratory GUI testing is essential for software quality but suffers from high manual costs. While Multi-modal Large Language Model (MLLM) agents excel in navigation, they fail to autonomously discover defects due to two core challenges: \textit{Goal-Oriented Masking}, where agents prioritize task completion over reporting anomalies, and \textit{Execution-Bias Attribution}, where system defects a… ▽ More Exploratory GUI testing is essential for software quality but suffers from high manual costs. While Multi-modal Large Language Model (MLLM) agents excel in navigation, they fail to autonomously discover defects due to two core challenges: \textit{Goal-Oriented Masking}, where agents prioritize task completion over reporting anomalies, and \textit{Execution-Bias Attribution}, where system defects are misidentified as agent errors. To address these, we first introduce \textbf{GUITestBench}, the first interactive benchmark for this task, featuring 143 tasks across 26 defects. We then propose \textbf{GUITester}, a multi-agent framework that decouples navigation from verification via two modules: (i) a \textit{Planning-Execution Module (PEM)} that proactively probes for defects via embedded testing intents, and (ii) a \textit{Hierarchical Reflection Module (HRM)} that resolves attribution ambiguity through interaction history analysis. GUITester achieves an F1-score of 48.90\% (Pass@3) on GUITestBench, outperforming state-of-the-art baselines (33.35\%). Our work demonstrates the feasibility of autonomous exploratory testing and provides a robust foundation for future GUI quality assurance~\footnote{Our code is now available in~\href{ △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04500 [ pdf , ps , other ] GUITester: Enabling GUI Agents for Exploratory Defect Discovery Authors: Yifei Gao , Jiang Wu , Xiaoyi Chen , Yifan Yang , Zhe Cui , Tianyi Ma , Jiaming Zhang , Jitao Sang Abstract : Exploratory GUI testing is essential for software quality but suffers from high manual costs. While Multi-modal Large Language Model (MLLM) agents excel in navigation, they fail to autonomously discover defects due to two core challenges: \textit{Goal-Oriented Masking}, where agents prioritize task completion over reporting anomalies, and \textit{Execution-Bias Attribution}, where system defects a… ▽ More Exploratory GUI testing is essential for software quality but suffers from high manual costs. While Multi-modal Large Language Model (MLLM) agents excel in navigation, they fail to autonomously discover defects due to two core challenges: \textit{Goal-Oriented Masking}, where agents prioritize task completion over reporting anomalies, and \textit{Execution-Bias Attribution}, where system defects are misidentified as agent errors. To address these, we first introduce \textbf{GUITestBench}, the first interactive benchmark for this task, featuring 143 tasks across 26 defects. We then propose \textbf{GUITester}, a multi-agent framework that decouples navigation from verification via two modules: (i) a \textit{Planning-Execution Module (PEM)} that proactively probes for defects via embedded testing intents, and (ii) a \textit{Hierarchical Reflection Module (HRM)} that resolves attribution ambiguity through interaction history analysis. GUITester achieves an F1-score of 48.90\% (Pass@3) on GUITestBench, outperforming state-of-the-art baselines (33.35\%). Our work demonstrates the feasibility of autonomous exploratory testing and provides a robust foundation for future GUI quality assurance~\footnote{Our code is now available in~\href{ △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04390 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI SciFig: Towards Automating Scientific Figure Generation Authors: Siyuan Huang , Yutong Gao , Juyang Bai , Yifan Zhou , Zi Yin , Xinxin Liu , Rama Chellappa , Chun Pong Lau , Sayan Nag , Cheng Peng , Shraman Pramanick Abstract : Creating high-quality figures and visualizations for scientific papers is a time-consuming task that requires both deep domain knowledge and professional design skills. Despite over 2.5 million scientific papers published annually, the figure generation process remains largely manual. We introduce $\textbf{SciFig}$, an end-to-end AI agent system that generates publication-ready pipeline figures di… ▽ More Creating high-quality figures and visualizations for scientific papers is a time-consuming task that requires both deep domain knowledge and professional design skills. Despite over 2.5 million scientific papers published annually, the figure generation process remains largely manual. We introduce $\textbf{SciFig}$, an end-to-end AI agent system that generates publication-ready pipeline figures directly from research paper texts. SciFig uses a hierarchical layout generation strategy, which parses research descriptions to identify component relationships, groups related elements into functional modules, and generates inter-module connections to establish visual organization. Furthermore, an iterative chain-of-thought (CoT) feedback mechanism progressively improves layouts through multiple rounds of visual analysis and reasoning. We introduce a rubric-based evaluation framework that analyzes 2,219 real scientific figures to extract evaluation rubrics and automatically generates comprehensive evaluation criteria. SciFig demonstrates remarkable performance: achieving 70.1$\%$ overall quality on dataset-level evaluation and 66.2$\%$ on paper-specific evaluation, and consistently high scores across metrics such as visual clarity, structural organization, and scientific accuracy. SciFig figure generation pipeline and our evaluation benchmark will be open-sourced. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04390 [ pdf , ps , other ] SciFig: Towards Automating Scientific Figure Generation Authors: Siyuan Huang , Yutong Gao , Juyang Bai , Yifan Zhou , Zi Yin , Xinxin Liu , Rama Chellappa , Chun Pong Lau , Sayan Nag , Cheng Peng , Shraman Pramanick Abstract : Creating high-quality figures and visualizations for scientific papers is a time-consuming task that requires both deep domain knowledge and professional design skills. Despite over 2.5 million scientific papers published annually, the figure generation process remains largely manual. We introduce $\textbf{SciFig}$, an end-to-end AI agent system that generates publication-ready pipeline figures di… ▽ More Creating high-quality figures and visualizations for scientific papers is a time-consuming task that requires both deep domain knowledge and professional design skills. Despite over 2.5 million scientific papers published annually, the figure generation process remains largely manual. We introduce $\textbf{SciFig}$, an end-to-end AI agent system that generates publication-ready pipeline figures directly from research paper texts. SciFig uses a hierarchical layout generation strategy, which parses research descriptions to identify component relationships, groups related elements into functional modules, and generates inter-module connections to establish visual organization. Furthermore, an iterative chain-of-thought (CoT) feedback mechanism progressively improves layouts through multiple rounds of visual analysis and reasoning. We introduce a rubric-based evaluation framework that analyzes 2,219 real scientific figures to extract evaluation rubrics and automatically generates comprehensive evaluation criteria. SciFig demonstrates remarkable performance: achieving 70.1$\%$ overall quality on dataset-level evaluation and 66.2$\%$ on paper-specific evaluation, and consistently high scores across metrics such as visual clarity, structural organization, and scientific accuracy. SciFig figure generation pipeline and our evaluation benchmark will be open-sourced. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03969 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL Anti-Length Shift: Dynamic Outlier Truncation for Training Efficient Reasoning Models Authors: Wei Wu , Liyi Chen , Congxi Xiao , Tianfu Wang , Qimeng Wang , Chengqiang Lu , Yan Gao , Yi Wu , Yao Hu , Hui Xiong Abstract : Large reasoning models enhanced by reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards have achieved significant performance gains by extending their chain-of-thought. However, this paradigm incurs substantial deployment costs as models often exhibit excessive verbosity on simple queries. Existing efficient reasoning methods relying on explicit length penalties often introduce optimization conflicts an… ▽ More Large reasoning models enhanced by reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards have achieved significant performance gains by extending their chain-of-thought. However, this paradigm incurs substantial deployment costs as models often exhibit excessive verbosity on simple queries. Existing efficient reasoning methods relying on explicit length penalties often introduce optimization conflicts and leave the generative mechanisms driving overthinking largely unexamined. In this paper, we identify a phenomenon termed length shift where models increasingly generate unnecessary reasoning on trivial inputs during training. To address this, we introduce Dynamic Outlier Truncation (DOT), a training-time intervention that selectively suppresses redundant tokens. This method targets only the extreme tail of response lengths within fully correct rollout groups while preserving long-horizon reasoning capabilities for complex problems. To complement this intervention and ensure stable convergence, we further incorporate auxiliary KL regularization and predictive dynamic sampling. Experimental results across multiple model scales demonstrate that our approach significantly pushes the efficiency-performance Pareto frontier outward. Notably, on the AIME-24, our method reduces inference token usage by 78% while simultaneously increasing accuracy compared to the initial policy and surpassing state-of-the-art efficient reasoning methods. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03969 [ pdf , ps , other ] Anti-Length Shift: Dynamic Outlier Truncation for Training Efficient Reasoning Models Authors: Wei Wu , Liyi Chen , Congxi Xiao , Tianfu Wang , Qimeng Wang , Chengqiang Lu , Yan Gao , Yi Wu , Yao Hu , Hui Xiong Abstract : Large reasoning models enhanced by reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards have achieved significant performance gains by extending their chain-of-thought. However, this paradigm incurs substantial deployment costs as models often exhibit excessive verbosity on simple queries. Existing efficient reasoning methods relying on explicit length penalties often introduce optimization conflicts an… ▽ More Large reasoning models enhanced by reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards have achieved significant performance gains by extending their chain-of-thought. However, this paradigm incurs substantial deployment costs as models often exhibit excessive verbosity on simple queries. Existing efficient reasoning methods relying on explicit length penalties often introduce optimization conflicts and leave the generative mechanisms driving overthinking largely unexamined. In this paper, we identify a phenomenon termed length shift where models increasingly generate unnecessary reasoning on trivial inputs during training. To address this, we introduce Dynamic Outlier Truncation (DOT), a training-time intervention that selectively suppresses redundant tokens. This method targets only the extreme tail of response lengths within fully correct rollout groups while preserving long-horizon reasoning capabilities for complex problems. To complement this intervention and ensure stable convergence, we further incorporate auxiliary KL regularization and predictive dynamic sampling. Experimental results across multiple model scales demonstrate that our approach significantly pushes the efficiency-performance Pareto frontier outward. Notably, on the AIME-24, our method reduces inference token usage by 78% while simultaneously increasing accuracy compared to the initial policy and surpassing state-of-the-art efficient reasoning methods. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03649 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL SyncThink: A Training-Free Strategy to Align Inference Termination with Reasoning Saturation Authors: Gengyang Li , Wang Cai , Yifeng Gao , Yunfang Wu Abstract : Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting improves reasoning but often produces long and redundant traces that substantially increase inference cost. We present SyncThink, a training-free and plug-and-play decoding method that reduces CoT overhead without modifying model weights. We find that answer tokens attend weakly to early reasoning and instead focus on the special token "/think", indicating an infor… ▽ More Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting improves reasoning but often produces long and redundant traces that substantially increase inference cost. We present SyncThink, a training-free and plug-and-play decoding method that reduces CoT overhead without modifying model weights. We find that answer tokens attend weakly to early reasoning and instead focus on the special token "/think", indicating an information bottleneck. Building on this observation, SyncThink monitors the model's own reasoning-transition signal and terminates reasoning. Experiments on GSM8K, MMLU, GPQA, and BBH across three DeepSeek-R1 distilled models show that SyncThink achieves 62.00 percent average Top-1 accuracy using 656 generated tokens and 28.68 s latency, compared to 61.22 percent, 2141 tokens, and 92.01 s for full CoT decoding. On long-horizon tasks such as GPQA, SyncThink can further yield up to +8.1 absolute accuracy by preventing over-thinking. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 14 pages, 8 figures arXiv:2601.03649 [ pdf , ps , other ] SyncThink: A Training-Free Strategy to Align Inference Termination with Reasoning Saturation Authors: Gengyang Li , Wang Cai , Yifeng Gao , Yunfang Wu Abstract : Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting improves reasoning but often produces long and redundant traces that substantially increase inference cost. We present SyncThink, a training-free and plug-and-play decoding method that reduces CoT overhead without modifying model weights. We find that answer tokens attend weakly to early reasoning and instead focus on the special token "/think", indicating an infor… ▽ More Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting improves reasoning but often produces long and redundant traces that substantially increase inference cost. We present SyncThink, a training-free and plug-and-play decoding method that reduces CoT overhead without modifying model weights. We find that answer tokens attend weakly to early reasoning and instead focus on the special token "/think", indicating an information bottleneck. Building on this observation, SyncThink monitors the model's own reasoning-transition signal and terminates reasoning. Experiments on GSM8K, MMLU, GPQA, and BBH across three DeepSeek-R1 distilled models show that SyncThink achieves 62.00 percent average Top-1 accuracy using 656 generated tokens and 28.68 s latency, compared to 61.22 percent, 2141 tokens, and 92.01 s for full CoT decoding. On long-horizon tasks such as GPQA, SyncThink can further yield up to +8.1 absolute accuracy by preventing over-thinking. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 14 pages, 8 figures arXiv:2601.03604 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Interleaved Tool-Call Reasoning for Protein Function Understanding Authors: Chuanliu Fan , Zicheng Ma , Huanran Meng , Aijia Zhang , Wenjie Du , Jun Zhang , Yi Qin Gao , Ziqiang Cao , Guohong Fu Abstract : Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have highlighted the effectiveness of chain-of-thought reasoning in symbolic domains such as mathematics and programming. However, our study shows that directly transferring such text-based reasoning paradigms to protein function understanding is ineffective: reinforcement learning mainly amplifies superficial keyword patterns while failing to introd… ▽ More Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have highlighted the effectiveness of chain-of-thought reasoning in symbolic domains such as mathematics and programming. However, our study shows that directly transferring such text-based reasoning paradigms to protein function understanding is ineffective: reinforcement learning mainly amplifies superficial keyword patterns while failing to introduce new biological knowledge, resulting in limited generalization. We argue that protein function prediction is a knowledge-intensive scientific task that fundamentally relies on external biological priors and computational tools rather than purely internal reasoning. To address this gap, we propose PFUA, a tool-augmented protein reasoning agent that unifies problem decomposition, tool invocation, and grounded answer generation. Instead of relying on long unconstrained reasoning traces, PFUA integrates domain-specific tools to produce verifiable intermediate evidence. Experiments on four benchmarks demonstrate that PFUA consistently outperforms text-only reasoning models with an average performance improvement of 103%. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03604 [ pdf , ps , other ] Interleaved Tool-Call Reasoning for Protein Function Understanding Authors: Chuanliu Fan , Zicheng Ma , Huanran Meng , Aijia Zhang , Wenjie Du , Jun Zhang , Yi Qin Gao , Ziqiang Cao , Guohong Fu Abstract : Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have highlighted the effectiveness of chain-of-thought reasoning in symbolic domains such as mathematics and programming. However, our study shows that directly transferring such text-based reasoning paradigms to protein function understanding is ineffective: reinforcement learning mainly amplifies superficial keyword patterns while failing to introd… ▽ More Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have highlighted the effectiveness of chain-of-thought reasoning in symbolic domains such as mathematics and programming. However, our study shows that directly transferring such text-based reasoning paradigms to protein function understanding is ineffective: reinforcement learning mainly amplifies superficial keyword patterns while failing to introduce new biological knowledge, resulting in limited generalization. We argue that protein function prediction is a knowledge-intensive scientific task that fundamentally relies on external biological priors and computational tools rather than purely internal reasoning. To address this gap, we propose PFUA, a tool-augmented protein reasoning agent that unifies problem decomposition, tool invocation, and grounded answer generation. Instead of relying on long unconstrained reasoning traces, PFUA integrates domain-specific tools to produce verifiable intermediate evidence. Experiments on four benchmarks demonstrate that PFUA consistently outperforms text-only reasoning models with an average performance improvement of 103%. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02924 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI DCG ReID: Disentangling Collaboration and Guidance Fusion Representations for Multi-modal Vehicle Re-Identification Authors: Aihua Zheng , Ya Gao , Shihao Li , Chenglong Li , Jin Tang Abstract : Multi-modal vehicle Re-Identification (ReID) aims to leverage complementary information from RGB, Near Infrared (NIR), and Thermal Infrared (TIR) modalities to retrieve the same vehicle. The challenges of multi-modal vehicle ReID arise from the uncertainty of modality quality distribution induced by inherent discrepancies across modalities, resulting in distinct conflicting fusion requirements for… ▽ More Multi-modal vehicle Re-Identification (ReID) aims to leverage complementary information from RGB, Near Infrared (NIR), and Thermal Infrared (TIR) modalities to retrieve the same vehicle. The challenges of multi-modal vehicle ReID arise from the uncertainty of modality quality distribution induced by inherent discrepancies across modalities, resulting in distinct conflicting fusion requirements for data with balanced and unbalanced quality distributions. Existing methods handle all multi-modal data within a single fusion model, overlooking the different needs of the two data types and making it difficult to decouple the conflict between intra-class consistency and inter-modal heterogeneity. To this end, we propose Disentangle Collaboration and Guidance Fusion Representations for Multi-modal Vehicle ReID (DCG-ReID). Specifically, to disentangle heterogeneous quality-distributed modal data without mutual interference, we first design the Dynamic Confidence-based Disentangling Weighting (DCDW) mechanism: dynamically reweighting three-modal contributions via interaction-derived modal confidence to build a disentangled fusion framework. Building on DCDW, we develop two scenario-specific fusion strategies: (1) for balanced quality distributions, Collaboration Fusion Module (CFM) mines pairwise consensus features to capture shared discriminative information and boost intra-class consistency; (2) for unbalanced distributions, Guidance Fusion Module (GFM) implements differential amplification of modal discriminative disparities to reinforce dominant modality advantages, guide auxiliary modalities to mine complementary discriminative info, and mitigate inter-modal divergence to boost multi-modal joint decision performance. Extensive experiments on three multi-modal ReID benchmarks (WMVeID863, MSVR310, RGBNT100) validate the effectiveness of our method. Code will be released upon acceptance. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02924 [ pdf , ps , other ] DCG ReID: Disentangling Collaboration and Guidance Fusion Representations for Multi-modal Vehicle Re-Identification Authors: Aihua Zheng , Ya Gao , Shihao Li , Chenglong Li , Jin Tang Abstract : Multi-modal vehicle Re-Identification (ReID) aims to leverage complementary information from RGB, Near Infrared (NIR), and Thermal Infrared (TIR) modalities to retrieve the same vehicle. The challenges of multi-modal vehicle ReID arise from the uncertainty of modality quality distribution induced by inherent discrepancies across modalities, resulting in distinct conflicting fusion requirements for… ▽ More Multi-modal vehicle Re-Identification (ReID) aims to leverage complementary information from RGB, Near Infrared (NIR), and Thermal Infrared (TIR) modalities to retrieve the same vehicle. The challenges of multi-modal vehicle ReID arise from the uncertainty of modality quality distribution induced by inherent discrepancies across modalities, resulting in distinct conflicting fusion requirements for data with balanced and unbalanced quality distributions. Existing methods handle all multi-modal data within a single fusion model, overlooking the different needs of the two data types and making it difficult to decouple the conflict between intra-class consistency and inter-modal heterogeneity. To this end, we propose Disentangle Collaboration and Guidance Fusion Representations for Multi-modal Vehicle ReID (DCG-ReID). Specifically, to disentangle heterogeneous quality-distributed modal data without mutual interference, we first design the Dynamic Confidence-based Disentangling Weighting (DCDW) mechanism: dynamically reweighting three-modal contributions via interaction-derived modal confidence to build a disentangled fusion framework. Building on DCDW, we develop two scenario-specific fusion strategies: (1) for balanced quality distributions, Collaboration Fusion Module (CFM) mines pairwise consensus features to capture shared discriminative information and boost intra-class consistency; (2) for unbalanced distributions, Guidance Fusion Module (GFM) implements differential amplification of modal discriminative disparities to reinforce dominant modality advantages, guide auxiliary modalities to mine complementary discriminative info, and mitigate inter-modal divergence to boost multi-modal joint decision performance. Extensive experiments on three multi-modal ReID benchmarks (WMVeID863, MSVR310, RGBNT100) validate the effectiveness of our method. Code will be released upon acceptance. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02780 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI MiMo-V2-Flash Technical Report Authors: Xiaomi LLM-Core Team , : , Bangjun Xiao , Bingquan Xia , Bo Yang , Bofei Gao , Bowen Shen , Chen Zhang , Chenhong He , Chiheng Lou , Fuli Luo , Gang Wang , Gang Xie , Hailin Zhang , Hanglong Lv , Hanyu Li , Heyu Chen , Hongshen Xu , Houbin Zhang , Huaqiu Liu , Jiangshan Duo , Jianyu Wei , Jiebao Xiao , Jinhao Dong , Jun Shi , et al. (102 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present MiMo-V2-Flash, a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model with 309B total parameters and 15B active parameters, designed for fast, strong reasoning and agentic capabilities. MiMo-V2-Flash adopts a hybrid attention architecture that interleaves Sliding Window Attention (SWA) with global attention, with a 128-token sliding window under a 5:1 hybrid ratio. The model is pre-trained on 27 trillion tok… ▽ More We present MiMo-V2-Flash, a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model with 309B total parameters and 15B active parameters, designed for fast, strong reasoning and agentic capabilities. MiMo-V2-Flash adopts a hybrid attention architecture that interleaves Sliding Window Attention (SWA) with global attention, with a 128-token sliding window under a 5:1 hybrid ratio. The model is pre-trained on 27 trillion tokens with Multi-Token Prediction (MTP), employing a native 32k context length and subsequently extended to 256k. To efficiently scale post-training compute, MiMo-V2-Flash introduces a novel Multi-Teacher On-Policy Distillation (MOPD) paradigm. In this framework, domain-specialized teachers (e.g., trained via large-scale reinforcement learning) provide dense and token-level reward, enabling the student model to perfectly master teacher expertise. MiMo-V2-Flash rivals top-tier open-weight models such as DeepSeek-V3.2 and Kimi-K2, despite using only 1/2 and 1/3 of their total parameters, respectively. During inference, by repurposing MTP as a draft model for speculative decoding, MiMo-V2-Flash achieves up to 3.6 acceptance length and 2.6x decoding speedup with three MTP layers. We open-source both the model weights and the three-layer MTP weights to foster open research and community collaboration. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 31 pages, technical report arXiv:2601.02780 [ pdf , ps , other ] MiMo-V2-Flash Technical Report Authors: Xiaomi LLM-Core Team , : , Bangjun Xiao , Bingquan Xia , Bo Yang , Bofei Gao , Bowen Shen , Chen Zhang , Chenhong He , Chiheng Lou , Fuli Luo , Gang Wang , Gang Xie , Hailin Zhang , Hanglong Lv , Hanyu Li , Heyu Chen , Hongshen Xu , Houbin Zhang , Huaqiu Liu , Jiangshan Duo , Jianyu Wei , Jiebao Xiao , Jinhao Dong , Jun Shi , et al. (102 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present MiMo-V2-Flash, a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model with 309B total parameters and 15B active parameters, designed for fast, strong reasoning and agentic capabilities. MiMo-V2-Flash adopts a hybrid attention architecture that interleaves Sliding Window Attention (SWA) with global attention, with a 128-token sliding window under a 5:1 hybrid ratio. The model is pre-trained on 27 trillion tok… ▽ More We present MiMo-V2-Flash, a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model with 309B total parameters and 15B active parameters, designed for fast, strong reasoning and agentic capabilities. MiMo-V2-Flash adopts a hybrid attention architecture that interleaves Sliding Window Attention (SWA) with global attention, with a 128-token sliding window under a 5:1 hybrid ratio. The model is pre-trained on 27 trillion tokens with Multi-Token Prediction (MTP), employing a native 32k context length and subsequently extended to 256k. To efficiently scale post-training compute, MiMo-V2-Flash introduces a novel Multi-Teacher On-Policy Distillation (MOPD) paradigm. In this framework, domain-specialized teachers (e.g., trained via large-scale reinforcement learning) provide dense and token-level reward, enabling the student model to perfectly master teacher expertise. MiMo-V2-Flash rivals top-tier open-weight models such as DeepSeek-V3.2 and Kimi-K2, despite using only 1/2 and 1/3 of their total parameters, respectively. During inference, by repurposing MTP as a draft model for speculative decoding, MiMo-V2-Flash achieves up to 3.6 acceptance length and 2.6x decoding speedup with three MTP layers. We open-source both the model weights and the three-layer MTP weights to foster open research and community collaboration. △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; v1 submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 31 pages, technical report arXiv:2601.02204 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI NextFlow: Unified Sequential Modeling Activates Multimodal Understanding and Generation Authors: Huichao Zhang , Liao Qu , Yiheng Liu , Hang Chen , Yangyang Song , Yongsheng Dong , Shikun Sun , Xian Li , Xu Wang , Yi Jiang , Hu Ye , Bo Chen , Yiming Gao , Peng Liu , Akide Liu , Zhipeng Yang , Qili Deng , Linjie Xing , Jiyang Liu , Zhao Wang , Yang Zhou , Mingcong Liu , Yi Zhang , Qian He , Xiwei Hu , et al. (11 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present NextFlow, a unified decoder-only autoregressive transformer trained on 6 trillion interleaved text-image discrete tokens. By leveraging a unified vision representation within a unified autoregressive architecture, NextFlow natively activates multimodal understanding and generation capabilities, unlocking abilities of image editing, interleaved content and video generation. Motivated by… ▽ More We present NextFlow, a unified decoder-only autoregressive transformer trained on 6 trillion interleaved text-image discrete tokens. By leveraging a unified vision representation within a unified autoregressive architecture, NextFlow natively activates multimodal understanding and generation capabilities, unlocking abilities of image editing, interleaved content and video generation. Motivated by the distinct nature of modalities - where text is strictly sequential and images are inherently hierarchical - we retain next-token prediction for text but adopt next-scale prediction for visual generation. This departs from traditional raster-scan methods, enabling the generation of 1024x1024 images in just 5 seconds - orders of magnitude faster than comparable AR models. We address the instabilities of multi-scale generation through a robust training recipe. Furthermore, we introduce a prefix-tuning strategy for reinforcement learning. Experiments demonstrate that NextFlow achieves state-of-the-art performance among unified models and rivals specialized diffusion baselines in visual quality. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project page: arXiv:2601.02204 [ pdf , ps , other ] NextFlow: Unified Sequential Modeling Activates Multimodal Understanding and Generation Authors: Huichao Zhang , Liao Qu , Yiheng Liu , Hang Chen , Yangyang Song , Yongsheng Dong , Shikun Sun , Xian Li , Xu Wang , Yi Jiang , Hu Ye , Bo Chen , Yiming Gao , Peng Liu , Akide Liu , Zhipeng Yang , Qili Deng , Linjie Xing , Jiyang Liu , Zhao Wang , Yang Zhou , Mingcong Liu , Yi Zhang , Qian He , Xiwei Hu , et al. (11 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present NextFlow, a unified decoder-only autoregressive transformer trained on 6 trillion interleaved text-image discrete tokens. By leveraging a unified vision representation within a unified autoregressive architecture, NextFlow natively activates multimodal understanding and generation capabilities, unlocking abilities of image editing, interleaved content and video generation. Motivated by… ▽ More We present NextFlow, a unified decoder-only autoregressive transformer trained on 6 trillion interleaved text-image discrete tokens. By leveraging a unified vision representation within a unified autoregressive architecture, NextFlow natively activates multimodal understanding and generation capabilities, unlocking abilities of image editing, interleaved content and video generation. Motivated by the distinct nature of modalities - where text is strictly sequential and images are inherently hierarchical - we retain next-token prediction for text but adopt next-scale prediction for visual generation. This departs from traditional raster-scan methods, enabling the generation of 1024x1024 images in just 5 seconds - orders of magnitude faster than comparable AR models. We address the instabilities of multi-scale generation through a robust training recipe. Furthermore, we introduce a prefix-tuning strategy for reinforcement learning. Experiments demonstrate that NextFlow achieves state-of-the-art performance among unified models and rivals specialized diffusion baselines in visual quality. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Project page: arXiv:2601.01465 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG Leveraging Flatness to Improve Information-Theoretic Generalization Bounds for SGD Authors: Ze Peng , Jian Zhang , Yisen Wang , Lei Qi , Yinghuan Shi , Yang Gao Abstract : Information-theoretic (IT) generalization bounds have been used to study the generalization of learning algorithms. These bounds are intrinsically data- and algorithm-dependent so that one can exploit the properties of data and algorithm to derive tighter bounds. However, we observe that although the flatness bias is crucial for SGD's generalization, these bounds fail to capture the improved gener… ▽ More Information-theoretic (IT) generalization bounds have been used to study the generalization of learning algorithms. These bounds are intrinsically data- and algorithm-dependent so that one can exploit the properties of data and algorithm to derive tighter bounds. However, we observe that although the flatness bias is crucial for SGD's generalization, these bounds fail to capture the improved generalization under better flatness and are also numerically loose. This is caused by the inadequate leverage of SGD's flatness bias in existing IT bounds. This paper derives a more flatness-leveraging IT bound for the flatness-favoring SGD. The bound indicates the learned models generalize better if the large-variance directions of the final weight covariance have small local curvatures in the loss landscape. Experiments on deep neural networks show our bound not only correctly reflects the better generalization when flatness is improved, but is also numerically much tighter. This is achieved by a flexible technique called "omniscient trajectory". When applied to Gradient Descent's minimax excess risk on convex-Lipschitz-Bounded problems, it improves representative IT bounds' $Ω(1)$ rates to $O(1/\sqrt{n})$. It also implies a by-pass of memorization-generalization trade-offs. △ Less Submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Published as a conference paper at ICLR 2025 Journal ref: The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2025 arXiv:2601.01465 [ pdf , ps , other ] Leveraging Flatness to Improve Information-Theoretic Generalization Bounds for SGD Authors: Ze Peng , Jian Zhang , Yisen Wang , Lei Qi , Yinghuan Shi , Yang Gao Abstract : Information-theoretic (IT) generalization bounds have been used to study the generalization of learning algorithms. These bounds are intrinsically data- and algorithm-dependent so that one can exploit the properties of data and algorithm to derive tighter bounds. However, we observe that although the flatness bias is crucial for SGD's generalization, these bounds fail to capture the improved gener… ▽ More Information-theoretic (IT) generalization bounds have been used to study the generalization of learning algorithms. These bounds are intrinsically data- and algorithm-dependent so that one can exploit the properties of data and algorithm to derive tighter bounds. However, we observe that although the flatness bias is crucial for SGD's generalization, these bounds fail to capture the improved generalization under better flatness and are also numerically loose. This is caused by the inadequate leverage of SGD's flatness bias in existing IT bounds. This paper derives a more flatness-leveraging IT bound for the flatness-favoring SGD. The bound indicates the learned models generalize better if the large-variance directions of the final weight covariance have small local curvatures in the loss landscape. Experiments on deep neural networks show our bound not only correctly reflects the better generalization when flatness is improved, but is also numerically much tighter. This is achieved by a flexible technique called "omniscient trajectory". When applied to Gradient Descent's minimax excess risk on convex-Lipschitz-Bounded problems, it improves representative IT bounds' $Ω(1)$ rates to $O(1/\sqrt{n})$. It also implies a by-pass of memorization-generalization trade-offs. △ Less Submitted 4 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Published as a conference paper at ICLR 2025 Journal ref: The Thirteenth International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2025 arXiv:2601.01109 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR NADD: Amplifying Noise for Effective Diffusion-based Adversarial Purification Authors: David D. Nguyen , The-Anh Ta , Yansong Gao , Alsharif Abuadbba Abstract : The strategy of combining diffusion-based generative models with classifiers continues to demonstrate state-of-the-art performance on adversarial robustness benchmarks. Known as adversarial purification, this exploits a diffusion model's capability of identifying high density regions in data distributions to purify adversarial perturbations from inputs. However, existing diffusion-based purifi… ▽ More The strategy of combining diffusion-based generative models with classifiers continues to demonstrate state-of-the-art performance on adversarial robustness benchmarks. Known as adversarial purification, this exploits a diffusion model's capability of identifying high density regions in data distributions to purify adversarial perturbations from inputs. However, existing diffusion-based purification defenses are impractically slow and limited in robustness due to the low levels of noise used in the diffusion process. This low noise design aims to preserve the semantic features of the original input, thereby minimizing utility loss for benign inputs. Our findings indicate that systematic amplification of noise throughout the diffusion process improves the robustness of adversarial purification. However, this approach presents a key challenge, as noise levels cannot be arbitrarily increased without risking distortion of the input. To address this key problem, we introduce high levels of noise during the forward process and propose the ring proximity correction to gradually eliminate adversarial perturbations whilst closely preserving the original data sample. As a second contribution, we propose a new stochastic sampling method which introduces additional noise during the reverse diffusion process to dilute adversarial perturbations. Without relying on gradient obfuscation, these contributions result in a new robustness accuracy record of 44.23% on ImageNet using AutoAttack ($\ell_{\infty}=4/255$), an improvement of +2.07% over the previous best work. Furthermore, our method reduces inference time to 1.08 seconds per sample on ImageNet, a $47\times$ improvement over the existing state-of-the-art approach, making it far more practical for real-world defensive scenarios. △ Less Submitted 3 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 18 arXiv:2601.01109 [ pdf , ps , other ] NADD: Amplifying Noise for Effective Diffusion-based Adversarial Purification Authors: David D. Nguyen , The-Anh Ta , Yansong Gao , Alsharif Abuadbba Abstract : The strategy of combining diffusion-based generative models with classifiers continues to demonstrate state-of-the-art performance on adversarial robustness benchmarks. Known as adversarial purification, this exploits a diffusion model's capability of identifying high density regions in data distributions to purify adversarial perturbations from inputs. However, existing diffusion-based purifi… ▽ More The strategy of combining diffusion-based generative models with classifiers continues to demonstrate state-of-the-art performance on adversarial robustness benchmarks. Known as adversarial purification, this exploits a diffusion model's capability of identifying high density regions in data distributions to purify adversarial perturbations from inputs. However, existing diffusion-based purification defenses are impractically slow and limited in robustness due to the low levels of noise used in the diffusion process. This low noise design aims to preserve the semantic features of the original input, thereby minimizing utility loss for benign inputs. Our findings indicate that systematic amplification of noise throughout the diffusion process improves the robustness of adversarial purification. However, this approach presents a key challenge, as noise levels cannot be arbitrarily increased without risking distortion of the input. To address this key problem, we introduce high levels of noise during the forward process and propose the ring proximity correction to gradually eliminate adversarial perturbations whilst closely preserving the original data sample. As a second contribution, we propose a new stochastic sampling method which introduces additional noise during the reverse diffusion process to dilute adversarial perturbations. Without relying on gradient obfuscation, these contributions result in a new robustness accuracy record of 44.23% on ImageNet using AutoAttack ($\ell_{\infty}=4/255$), an improvement of +2.07% over the previous best work. Furthermore, our method reduces inference time to 1.08 seconds per sample on ImageNet, a $47\times$ improvement over the existing state-of-the-art approach, making it far more practical for real-world defensive scenarios. △ Less Submitted 3 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 18 arXiv:2512.24803 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.NI eess.SP Sidelink Positioning: Standardization Advancements, Challenges and Opportunities Authors: Yuan Gao , Guangjin Pan , Zhiyong Zhong , Zhengyu Jin , Yichen Hu , Yifei Jin , Shugong Xu Abstract : With the integration of cellular networks in vertical industries that demand precise location information, such as vehicle-to-everything (V2X), public safety, and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), positioning has become an imperative component for future wireless networks. By exploiting a wider spectrum, multiple antennas and flexible architectures, cellular positioning achieves ever-increasin… ▽ More With the integration of cellular networks in vertical industries that demand precise location information, such as vehicle-to-everything (V2X), public safety, and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), positioning has become an imperative component for future wireless networks. By exploiting a wider spectrum, multiple antennas and flexible architectures, cellular positioning achieves ever-increasing positioning accuracy. Still, it faces fundamental performance degradation when the distance between user equipment (UE) and the base station (BS) is large or in non-line-of-sight (NLoS) scenarios. To this end, the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) Rel-18 proposes to standardize sidelink (SL) positioning, which provides unique opportunities to extend the positioning coverage via direct positioning signaling between UEs. Despite the standardization advancements, the capability of SL positioning is controversial, especially how much spectrum is required to achieve the positioning accuracy defined in 3GPP. To this end, this article summarizes the latest standardization advancements of 3GPP on SL positioning comprehensively, covering a) network architecture; b) positioning types; and c) performance requirements. The capability of SL positioning using various positioning methods under different imperfect factors is evaluated and discussed in-depth. Finally, according to the evolution of SL in 3GPP Rel-19, we discuss the possible research directions and challenges of SL positioning. △ Less Submitted 31 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.24803 [ pdf , ps , other ] Sidelink Positioning: Standardization Advancements, Challenges and Opportunities Authors: Yuan Gao , Guangjin Pan , Zhiyong Zhong , Zhengyu Jin , Yichen Hu , Yifei Jin , Shugong Xu Abstract : With the integration of cellular networks in vertical industries that demand precise location information, such as vehicle-to-everything (V2X), public safety, and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), positioning has become an imperative component for future wireless networks. By exploiting a wider spectrum, multiple antennas and flexible architectures, cellular positioning achieves ever-increasin… ▽ More With the integration of cellular networks in vertical industries that demand precise location information, such as vehicle-to-everything (V2X), public safety, and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), positioning has become an imperative component for future wireless networks. By exploiting a wider spectrum, multiple antennas and flexible architectures, cellular positioning achieves ever-increasing positioning accuracy. Still, it faces fundamental performance degradation when the distance between user equipment (UE) and the base station (BS) is large or in non-line-of-sight (NLoS) scenarios. To this end, the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) Rel-18 proposes to standardize sidelink (SL) positioning, which provides unique opportunities to extend the positioning coverage via direct positioning signaling between UEs. Despite the standardization advancements, the capability of SL positioning is controversial, especially how much spectrum is required to achieve the positioning accuracy defined in 3GPP. To this end, this article summarizes the latest standardization advancements of 3GPP on SL positioning comprehensively, covering a) network architecture; b) positioning types; and c) performance requirements. The capability of SL positioning using various positioning methods under different imperfect factors is evaluated and discussed in-depth. Finally, according to the evolution of SL in 3GPP Rel-19, we discuss the possible research directions and challenges of SL positioning. △ Less Submitted 31 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.24022 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI FUSE-RSVLM: Feature Fusion Vision-Language Model for Remote Sensing Authors: Yunkai Dang , Donghao Wang , Jiacheng Yang , Yifan Jiang , Meiyi Zhu , Yuekun Yang , Cong Wang , Qi Fan , Wenbin Li , Yang Gao Abstract : Large vision-language models (VLMs) exhibit strong performance across various tasks. However, these VLMs encounter significant challenges when applied to the remote sensing domain due to the inherent differences between remote sensing images and natural images. Existing remote sensing VLMs often fail to extract fine-grained visual features and suffer from visual forgetting during deep language pro… ▽ More Large vision-language models (VLMs) exhibit strong performance across various tasks. However, these VLMs encounter significant challenges when applied to the remote sensing domain due to the inherent differences between remote sensing images and natural images. Existing remote sensing VLMs often fail to extract fine-grained visual features and suffer from visual forgetting during deep language processing. To address this, we introduce MF-RSVLM, a Multi-Feature Fusion Remote Sensing Vision--Language Model that effectively extracts and fuses visual features for RS understanding. MF-RSVLM learns multi-scale visual representations and combines global context with local details, improving the capture of small and complex structures in RS scenes. A recurrent visual feature injection scheme ensures the language model remains grounded in visual evidence and reduces visual forgetting during generation. Extensive experiments on diverse RS benchmarks show that MF-RSVLM achieves state-of-the-art or highly competitive performance across remote sensing classification, image captioning, and VQA tasks. Our code is publicly available at △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.24022 [ pdf , ps , other ] FUSE-RSVLM: Feature Fusion Vision-Language Model for Remote Sensing Authors: Yunkai Dang , Donghao Wang , Jiacheng Yang , Yifan Jiang , Meiyi Zhu , Yuekun Yang , Cong Wang , Qi Fan , Wenbin Li , Yang Gao Abstract : Large vision-language models (VLMs) exhibit strong performance across various tasks. However, these VLMs encounter significant challenges when applied to the remote sensing domain due to the inherent differences between remote sensing images and natural images. Existing remote sensing VLMs often fail to extract fine-grained visual features and suffer from visual forgetting during deep language pro… ▽ More Large vision-language models (VLMs) exhibit strong performance across various tasks. However, these VLMs encounter significant challenges when applied to the remote sensing domain due to the inherent differences between remote sensing images and natural images. Existing remote sensing VLMs often fail to extract fine-grained visual features and suffer from visual forgetting during deep language processing. To address this, we introduce MF-RSVLM, a Multi-Feature Fusion Remote Sensing Vision--Language Model that effectively extracts and fuses visual features for RS understanding. MF-RSVLM learns multi-scale visual representations and combines global context with local details, improving the capture of small and complex structures in RS scenes. A recurrent visual feature injection scheme ensures the language model remains grounded in visual evidence and reduces visual forgetting during generation. Extensive experiments on diverse RS benchmarks show that MF-RSVLM achieves state-of-the-art or highly competitive performance across remote sensing classification, image captioning, and VQA tasks. Our code is publicly available at △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23995 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.LG RepetitionCurse: Measuring and Understanding Router Imbalance in Mixture-of-Experts LLMs under DoS Stress Authors: Ruixuan Huang , Qingyue Wang , Hantao Huang , Yudong Gao , Dong Chen , Shuai Wang , Wei Wang Abstract : Mixture-of-Experts architectures have become the standard for scaling large language models due to their superior parameter efficiency. To accommodate the growing number of experts in practice, modern inference systems commonly adopt expert parallelism to distribute experts across devices. However, the absence of explicit load balancing constraints during inference allows adversarial inputs to tri… ▽ More Mixture-of-Experts architectures have become the standard for scaling large language models due to their superior parameter efficiency. To accommodate the growing number of experts in practice, modern inference systems commonly adopt expert parallelism to distribute experts across devices. However, the absence of explicit load balancing constraints during inference allows adversarial inputs to trigger severe routing concentration. We demonstrate that out-of-distribution prompts can manipulate the routing strategy such that all tokens are consistently routed to the same set of top-$k$ experts, which creates computational bottlenecks on certain devices while forcing others to idle. This converts an efficiency mechanism into a denial-of-service attack vector, leading to violations of service-level agreements for time to first token. We propose RepetitionCurse, a low-cost black-box strategy to exploit this vulnerability. By identifying a universal flaw in MoE router behavior, RepetitionCurse constructs adversarial prompts using simple repetitive token patterns in a model-agnostic manner. On widely deployed MoE models like Mixtral-8x7B, our method increases end-to-end inference latency by 3.063x, degrading service availability significantly. △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23995 [ pdf , ps , other ] RepetitionCurse: Measuring and Understanding Router Imbalance in Mixture-of-Experts LLMs under DoS Stress Authors: Ruixuan Huang , Qingyue Wang , Hantao Huang , Yudong Gao , Dong Chen , Shuai Wang , Wei Wang Abstract : Mixture-of-Experts architectures have become the standard for scaling large language models due to their superior parameter efficiency. To accommodate the growing number of experts in practice, modern inference systems commonly adopt expert parallelism to distribute experts across devices. However, the absence of explicit load balancing constraints during inference allows adversarial inputs to tri… ▽ More Mixture-of-Experts architectures have become the standard for scaling large language models due to their superior parameter efficiency. To accommodate the growing number of experts in practice, modern inference systems commonly adopt expert parallelism to distribute experts across devices. However, the absence of explicit load balancing constraints during inference allows adversarial inputs to trigger severe routing concentration. We demonstrate that out-of-distribution prompts can manipulate the routing strategy such that all tokens are consistently routed to the same set of top-$k$ experts, which creates computational bottlenecks on certain devices while forcing others to idle. This converts an efficiency mechanism into a denial-of-service attack vector, leading to violations of service-level agreements for time to first token. We propose RepetitionCurse, a low-cost black-box strategy to exploit this vulnerability. By identifying a universal flaw in MoE router behavior, RepetitionCurse constructs adversarial prompts using simple repetitive token patterns in a model-agnostic manner. On widely deployed MoE models like Mixtral-8x7B, our method increases end-to-end inference latency by 3.063x, degrading service availability significantly. △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23808 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.SD eess.AS MiMo-Audio: Audio Language Models are Few-Shot Learners Authors: Xiaomi LLM-Core Team , : , Dong Zhang , Gang Wang , Jinlong Xue , Kai Fang , Liang Zhao , Rui Ma , Shuhuai Ren , Shuo Liu , Tao Guo , Weiji Zhuang , Xin Zhang , Xingchen Song , Yihan Yan , Yongzhe He , Cici , Bowen Shen , Chengxuan Zhu , Chong Ma , Chun Chen , Heyu Chen , Jiawei Li , Lei Li , Menghang Zhu , et al. (76 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Existing audio language models typically rely on task-specific fine-tuning to accomplish particular audio tasks. In contrast, humans are able to generalize to new audio tasks with only a few examples or simple instructions. GPT-3 has shown that scaling next-token prediction pretraining enables strong generalization capabilities in text, and we believe this paradigm is equally applicable to the aud… ▽ More Existing audio language models typically rely on task-specific fine-tuning to accomplish particular audio tasks. In contrast, humans are able to generalize to new audio tasks with only a few examples or simple instructions. GPT-3 has shown that scaling next-token prediction pretraining enables strong generalization capabilities in text, and we believe this paradigm is equally applicable to the audio domain. By scaling MiMo-Audio's pretraining data to over one hundred million of hours, we observe the emergence of few-shot learning capabilities across a diverse set of audio tasks. We develop a systematic evaluation of these capabilities and find that MiMo-Audio-7B-Base achieves SOTA performance on both speech intelligence and audio understanding benchmarks among open-source models. Beyond standard metrics, MiMo-Audio-7B-Base generalizes to tasks absent from its training data, such as voice conversion, style transfer, and speech editing. MiMo-Audio-7B-Base also demonstrates powerful speech continuation capabilities, capable of generating highly realistic talk shows, recitations, livestreaming and debates. At the post-training stage, we curate a diverse instruction-tuning corpus and introduce thinking mechanisms into both audio understanding and generation. MiMo-Audio-7B-Instruct achieves open-source SOTA on audio understanding benchmarks (MMSU, MMAU, MMAR, MMAU-Pro), spoken dialogue benchmarks (Big Bench Audio, MultiChallenge Audio) and instruct-TTS evaluations, approaching or surpassing closed-source models. Model checkpoints and full evaluation suite are available at △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23808 [ pdf , ps , other ] MiMo-Audio: Audio Language Models are Few-Shot Learners Authors: Xiaomi LLM-Core Team , : , Dong Zhang , Gang Wang , Jinlong Xue , Kai Fang , Liang Zhao , Rui Ma , Shuhuai Ren , Shuo Liu , Tao Guo , Weiji Zhuang , Xin Zhang , Xingchen Song , Yihan Yan , Yongzhe He , Cici , Bowen Shen , Chengxuan Zhu , Chong Ma , Chun Chen , Heyu Chen , Jiawei Li , Lei Li , Menghang Zhu , et al. (76 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Existing audio language models typically rely on task-specific fine-tuning to accomplish particular audio tasks. In contrast, humans are able to generalize to new audio tasks with only a few examples or simple instructions. GPT-3 has shown that scaling next-token prediction pretraining enables strong generalization capabilities in text, and we believe this paradigm is equally applicable to the aud… ▽ More Existing audio language models typically rely on task-specific fine-tuning to accomplish particular audio tasks. In contrast, humans are able to generalize to new audio tasks with only a few examples or simple instructions. GPT-3 has shown that scaling next-token prediction pretraining enables strong generalization capabilities in text, and we believe this paradigm is equally applicable to the audio domain. By scaling MiMo-Audio's pretraining data to over one hundred million of hours, we observe the emergence of few-shot learning capabilities across a diverse set of audio tasks. We develop a systematic evaluation of these capabilities and find that MiMo-Audio-7B-Base achieves SOTA performance on both speech intelligence and audio understanding benchmarks among open-source models. Beyond standard metrics, MiMo-Audio-7B-Base generalizes to tasks absent from its training data, such as voice conversion, style transfer, and speech editing. MiMo-Audio-7B-Base also demonstrates powerful speech continuation capabilities, capable of generating highly realistic talk shows, recitations, livestreaming and debates. At the post-training stage, we curate a diverse instruction-tuning corpus and introduce thinking mechanisms into both audio understanding and generation. MiMo-Audio-7B-Instruct achieves open-source SOTA on audio understanding benchmarks (MMSU, MMAU, MMAR, MMAU-Pro), spoken dialogue benchmarks (Big Bench Audio, MultiChallenge Audio) and instruct-TTS evaluations, approaching or surpassing closed-source models. Model checkpoints and full evaluation suite are available at △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23422 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Entropy-Guided Token Dropout: Training Autoregressive Language Models with Limited Domain Data Authors: Jiapeng Wang , Yiwen Hu , Yanzipeng Gao , Haoyu Wang , Shuo Wang , Hongyu Lu , Jiaxin Mao , Wayne Xin Zhao , Junyi Li , Xiao Zhang Abstract : As access to high-quality, domain-specific data grows increasingly scarce, multi-epoch training has become a practical strategy for adapting large language models (LLMs). However, autoregressive models often suffer from performance degradation under repeated data exposure, where overfitting leads to a marked decline in model capability. Through empirical analysis, we trace this degradation to an i… ▽ More As access to high-quality, domain-specific data grows increasingly scarce, multi-epoch training has become a practical strategy for adapting large language models (LLMs). However, autoregressive models often suffer from performance degradation under repeated data exposure, where overfitting leads to a marked decline in model capability. Through empirical analysis, we trace this degradation to an imbalance in learning dynamics: predictable, low-entropy tokens are learned quickly and come to dominate optimization, while the model's ability to generalize on high-entropy tokens deteriorates with continued training. To address this, we introduce EntroDrop, an entropy-guided token dropout method that functions as structured data regularization. EntroDrop selectively masks low-entropy tokens during training and employs a curriculum schedule to adjust regularization strength in alignment with training progress. Experiments across model scales from 0.6B to 8B parameters show that EntroDrop consistently outperforms standard regularization baselines and maintains robust performance throughout extended multi-epoch training. These findings underscore the importance of aligning regularization with token-level learning dynamics when training on limited data. Our approach offers a promising pathway toward more effective adaptation of LLMs in data-constrained domains. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.23422 [ pdf , ps , other ] Entropy-Guided Token Dropout: Training Autoregressive Language Models with Limited Domain Data Authors: Jiapeng Wang , Yiwen Hu , Yanzipeng Gao , Haoyu Wang , Shuo Wang , Hongyu Lu , Jiaxin Mao , Wayne Xin Zhao , Junyi Li , Xiao Zhang Abstract : As access to high-quality, domain-specific data grows increasingly scarce, multi-epoch training has become a practical strategy for adapting large language models (LLMs). However, autoregressive models often suffer from performance degradation under repeated data exposure, where overfitting leads to a marked decline in model capability. Through empirical analysis, we trace this degradation to an i… ▽ More As access to high-quality, domain-specific data grows increasingly scarce, multi-epoch training has become a practical strategy for adapting large language models (LLMs). However, autoregressive models often suffer from performance degradation under repeated data exposure, where overfitting leads to a marked decline in model capability. Through empirical analysis, we trace this degradation to an imbalance in learning dynamics: predictable, low-entropy tokens are learned quickly and come to dominate optimization, while the model's ability to generalize on high-entropy tokens deteriorates with continued training. To address this, we introduce EntroDrop, an entropy-guided token dropout method that functions as structured data regularization. EntroDrop selectively masks low-entropy tokens during training and employs a curriculum schedule to adjust regularization strength in alignment with training progress. Experiments across model scales from 0.6B to 8B parameters show that EntroDrop consistently outperforms standard regularization baselines and maintains robust performance throughout extended multi-epoch training. These findings underscore the importance of aligning regularization with token-level learning dynamics when training on limited data. Our approach offers a promising pathway toward more effective adaptation of LLMs in data-constrained domains. △ Less Submitted 29 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.22845 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SE cs.HC Towards the analysis of team members well-being Authors: Zan Xu , Sari Nurfauziyyah , Anastasia Romanova , Kaamesh G S , Yiqun Gao , Maria Spichkova Abstract : Many recent research studies have focused on the well-being of software development team members, as this aspect may be critical not only for productivity and performance at work but also for the physical health and personal life of employees. Many studies agree that an important factor of team member well-being is whether team members feel appreciated and acknowledged for their contributions. Thi… ▽ More Many recent research studies have focused on the well-being of software development team members, as this aspect may be critical not only for productivity and performance at work but also for the physical health and personal life of employees. Many studies agree that an important factor of team member well-being is whether team members feel appreciated and acknowledged for their contributions. This paper presents the results of a project on the team well-being analysis as well as the prototype developed within the project. △ Less Submitted 28 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.22845 [ pdf , ps , other ] Towards the analysis of team members well-being Authors: Zan Xu , Sari Nurfauziyyah , Anastasia Romanova , Kaamesh G S , Yiqun Gao , Maria Spichkova Abstract : Many recent research studies have focused on the well-being of software development team members, as this aspect may be critical not only for productivity and performance at work but also for the physical health and personal life of employees. Many studies agree that an important factor of team member well-being is whether team members feel appreciated and acknowledged for their contributions. Thi… ▽ More Many recent research studies have focused on the well-being of software development team members, as this aspect may be critical not only for productivity and performance at work but also for the physical health and personal life of employees. Many studies agree that an important factor of team member well-being is whether team members feel appreciated and acknowledged for their contributions. This paper presents the results of a project on the team well-being analysis as well as the prototype developed within the project. △ Less Submitted 28 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.22626 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Envision: Embodied Visual Planning via Goal-Imagery Video Diffusion Authors: Yuming Gu , Yizhi Wang , Yining Hong , Yipeng Gao , Hao Jiang , Angtian Wang , Bo Liu , Nathaniel S. Dennler , Zhengfei Kuang , Hao Li , Gordon Wetzstein , Chongyang Ma Abstract : Embodied visual planning aims to enable manipulation tasks by imagining how a scene evolves toward a desired goal and using the imagined trajectories to guide actions. Video diffusion models, through their image-to-video generation capability, provide a promising foundation for such visual imagination. However, existing approaches are largely forward predictive, generating trajectories conditioned… ▽ More Embodied visual planning aims to enable manipulation tasks by imagining how a scene evolves toward a desired goal and using the imagined trajectories to guide actions. Video diffusion models, through their image-to-video generation capability, provide a promising foundation for such visual imagination. However, existing approaches are largely forward predictive, generating trajectories conditioned on the initial observation without explicit goal modeling, thus often leading to spatial drift and goal misalignment. To address these challenges, we propose Envision, a diffusion-based framework that performs visual planning for embodied agents. By explicitly constraining the generation with a goal image, our method enforces physical plausibility and goal consistency throughout the generated trajectory. Specifically, Envision operates in two stages. First, a Goal Imagery Model identifies task-relevant regions, performs region-aware cross attention between the scene and the instruction, and synthesizes a coherent goal image that captures the desired outcome. Then, an Env-Goal Video Model, built upon a first-and-last-frame-conditioned video diffusion model (FL2V), interpolates between the initial observation and the goal image, producing smooth and physically plausible video trajectories that connect the start and goal states. Experiments on object manipulation and image editing benchmarks demonstrate that Envision achieves superior goal alignment, spatial consistency, and object preservation compared to baselines. The resulting visual plans can directly support downstream robotic planning and control, providing reliable guidance for embodied agents. △ Less Submitted 27 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Page: arXiv:2512.22626 [ pdf , ps , other ] Envision: Embodied Visual Planning via Goal-Imagery Video Diffusion Authors: Yuming Gu , Yizhi Wang , Yining Hong , Yipeng Gao , Hao Jiang , Angtian Wang , Bo Liu , Nathaniel S. Dennler , Zhengfei Kuang , Hao Li , Gordon Wetzstein , Chongyang Ma Abstract : Embodied visual planning aims to enable manipulation tasks by imagining how a scene evolves toward a desired goal and using the imagined trajectories to guide actions. Video diffusion models, through their image-to-video generation capability, provide a promising foundation for such visual imagination. However, existing approaches are largely forward predictive, generating trajectories conditioned… ▽ More Embodied visual planning aims to enable manipulation tasks by imagining how a scene evolves toward a desired goal and using the imagined trajectories to guide actions. Video diffusion models, through their image-to-video generation capability, provide a promising foundation for such visual imagination. However, existing approaches are largely forward predictive, generating trajectories conditioned on the initial observation without explicit goal modeling, thus often leading to spatial drift and goal misalignment. To address these challenges, we propose Envision, a diffusion-based framework that performs visual planning for embodied agents. By explicitly constraining the generation with a goal image, our method enforces physical plausibility and goal consistency throughout the generated trajectory. Specifically, Envision operates in two stages. First, a Goal Imagery Model identifies task-relevant regions, performs region-aware cross attention between the scene and the instruction, and synthesizes a coherent goal image that captures the desired outcome. Then, an Env-Goal Video Model, built upon a first-and-last-frame-conditioned video diffusion model (FL2V), interpolates between the initial observation and the goal image, producing smooth and physically plausible video trajectories that connect the start and goal states. Experiments on object manipulation and image editing benchmarks demonstrate that Envision achieves superior goal alignment, spatial consistency, and object preservation compared to baselines. The resulting visual plans can directly support downstream robotic planning and control, providing reliable guidance for embodied agents. △ Less Submitted 27 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Page: arXiv:2512.22579 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.NI SANet: A Semantic-aware Agentic AI Networking Framework for Cross-layer Optimization in 6G Authors: Yong Xiao , Xubo Li , Haoran Zhou , Yingyu Li , Yayu Gao , Guangming Shi , Ping Zhang , Marwan Krunz Abstract : Agentic AI networking (AgentNet) is a novel AI-native networking paradigm in which a large number of specialized AI agents collaborate to perform autonomous decision-making, dynamic environmental adaptation, and complex missions. It has the potential to facilitate real-time network management and optimization functions, including self-configuration, self-optimization, and self-adaptation across di… ▽ More Agentic AI networking (AgentNet) is a novel AI-native networking paradigm in which a large number of specialized AI agents collaborate to perform autonomous decision-making, dynamic environmental adaptation, and complex missions. It has the potential to facilitate real-time network management and optimization functions, including self-configuration, self-optimization, and self-adaptation across diverse and complex environments. This paper proposes SANet, a novel semantic-aware AgentNet architecture for wireless networks that can infer the semantic goal of the user and automatically assign agents associated with different layers of the network to fulfill the inferred goal. Motivated by the fact that AgentNet is a decentralized framework in which collaborating agents may generally have different and even conflicting objectives, we formulate the decentralized optimization of SANet as a multi-agent multi-objective problem, and focus on finding the Pareto-optimal solution for agents with distinct and potentially conflicting objectives. We propose three novel metrics for evaluating SANet. Furthermore, we develop a model partition and sharing (MoPS) framework in which large models, e.g., deep learning models, of different agents can be partitioned into shared and agent-specific parts that are jointly constructed and deployed according to agents' local computational resources. Two decentralized optimization algorithms are proposed. We derive theoretical bounds and prove that there exists a three-way tradeoff among optimization, generalization, and conflicting errors. We develop an open-source RAN and core network-based hardware prototype that implements agents to interact with three different layers of the network. Experimental results show that the proposed framework achieved performance gains of up to 14.61% while requiring only 44.37% of FLOPs required by state-of-the-art algorithms. △ Less Submitted 27 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Submitted to IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing arXiv:2512.22579 [ pdf , ps , other ] SANet: A Semantic-aware Agentic AI Networking Framework for Cross-layer Optimization in 6G Authors: Yong Xiao , Xubo Li , Haoran Zhou , Yingyu Li , Yayu Gao , Guangming Shi , Ping Zhang , Marwan Krunz Abstract : Agentic AI networking (AgentNet) is a novel AI-native networking paradigm in which a large number of specialized AI agents collaborate to perform autonomous decision-making, dynamic environmental adaptation, and complex missions. It has the potential to facilitate real-time network management and optimization functions, including self-configuration, self-optimization, and self-adaptation across di… ▽ More Agentic AI networking (AgentNet) is a novel AI-native networking paradigm in which a large number of specialized AI agents collaborate to perform autonomous decision-making, dynamic environmental adaptation, and complex missions. It has the potential to facilitate real-time network management and optimization functions, including self-configuration, self-optimization, and self-adaptation across diverse and complex environments. This paper proposes SANet, a novel semantic-aware AgentNet architecture for wireless networks that can infer the semantic goal of the user and automatically assign agents associated with different layers of the network to fulfill the inferred goal. Motivated by the fact that AgentNet is a decentralized framework in which collaborating agents may generally have different and even conflicting objectives, we formulate the decentralized optimization of SANet as a multi-agent multi-objective problem, and focus on finding the Pareto-optimal solution for agents with distinct and potentially conflicting objectives. We propose three novel metrics for evaluating SANet. Furthermore, we develop a model partition and sharing (MoPS) framework in which large models, e.g., deep learning models, of different agents can be partitioned into shared and agent-specific parts that are jointly constructed and deployed according to agents' local computational resources. Two decentralized optimization algorithms are proposed. We derive theoretical bounds and prove that there exists a three-way tradeoff among optimization, generalization, and conflicting errors. We develop an open-source RAN and core network-based hardware prototype that implements agents to interact with three different layers of the network. Experimental results show that the proposed framework achieved performance gains of up to 14.61% while requiring only 44.37% of FLOPs required by state-of-the-art algorithms. △ Less Submitted 27 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Submitted to IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing arXiv:2512.22029 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI LibContinual: A Comprehensive Library towards Realistic Continual Learning Authors: Wenbin Li , Shangge Liu , Borui Kang , Yiyang Chen , KaXuan Lew , Yang Chen , Yinghuan Shi , Lei Wang , Yang Gao , Jiebo Luo Abstract : A fundamental challenge in Continual Learning (CL) is catastrophic forgetting, where adapting to new tasks degrades the performance on previous ones. While the field has evolved with diverse methods, this rapid surge in diverse methodologies has culminated in a fragmented research landscape. The lack of a unified framework, including inconsistent implementations, conflicting dependencies, and vary… ▽ More A fundamental challenge in Continual Learning (CL) is catastrophic forgetting, where adapting to new tasks degrades the performance on previous ones. While the field has evolved with diverse methods, this rapid surge in diverse methodologies has culminated in a fragmented research landscape. The lack of a unified framework, including inconsistent implementations, conflicting dependencies, and varying evaluation protocols, makes fair comparison and reproducible research increasingly difficult. To address this challenge, we propose LibContinual, a comprehensive and reproducible library designed to serve as a foundational platform for realistic CL. Built upon a high-cohesion, low-coupling modular architecture, LibContinual integrates 19 representative algorithms across five major methodological categories, providing a standardized execution environment. Meanwhile, leveraging this unified framework, we systematically identify and investigate three implicit assumptions prevalent in mainstream evaluation: (1) offline data accessibility, (2) unregulated memory resources, and (3) intra-task semantic homogeneity. We argue that these assumptions often overestimate the real-world applicability of CL methods. Through our comprehensive analysis using strict online CL settings, a novel unified memory budget protocol, and a proposed category-randomized setting, we reveal significant performance drops in many representative CL methods when subjected to these real-world constraints. Our study underscores the necessity of resource-aware and semantically robust CL strategies, and offers LibContinual as a foundational toolkit for future research in realistic continual learning. The source code is available from \href{ △ Less Submitted 26 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.22029 [ pdf , ps , other ] LibContinual: A Comprehensive Library towards Realistic Continual Learning Authors: Wenbin Li , Shangge Liu , Borui Kang , Yiyang Chen , KaXuan Lew , Yang Chen , Yinghuan Shi , Lei Wang , Yang Gao , Jiebo Luo Abstract : A fundamental challenge in Continual Learning (CL) is catastrophic forgetting, where adapting to new tasks degrades the performance on previous ones. While the field has evolved with diverse methods, this rapid surge in diverse methodologies has culminated in a fragmented research landscape. The lack of a unified framework, including inconsistent implementations, conflicting dependencies, and vary… ▽ More A fundamental challenge in Continual Learning (CL) is catastrophic forgetting, where adapting to new tasks degrades the performance on previous ones. While the field has evolved with diverse methods, this rapid surge in diverse methodologies has culminated in a fragmented research landscape. The lack of a unified framework, including inconsistent implementations, conflicting dependencies, and varying evaluation protocols, makes fair comparison and reproducible research increasingly difficult. To address this challenge, we propose LibContinual, a comprehensive and reproducible library designed to serve as a foundational platform for realistic CL. Built upon a high-cohesion, low-coupling modular architecture, LibContinual integrates 19 representative algorithms across five major methodological categories, providing a standardized execution environment. Meanwhile, leveraging this unified framework, we systematically identify and investigate three implicit assumptions prevalent in mainstream evaluation: (1) offline data accessibility, (2) unregulated memory resources, and (3) intra-task semantic homogeneity. We argue that these assumptions often overestimate the real-world applicability of CL methods. Through our comprehensive analysis using strict online CL settings, a novel unified memory budget protocol, and a proposed category-randomized setting, we reveal significant performance drops in many representative CL methods when subjected to these real-world constraints. Our study underscores the necessity of resource-aware and semantically robust CL strategies, and offers LibContinual as a foundational toolkit for future research in realistic continual learning. The source code is available from \href{ △ Less Submitted 26 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.21944 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.LG cs.MM Data relativistic uncertainty framework for low-illumination anime scenery image enhancement Authors: Yiquan Gao , John See Abstract : By contrast with the prevailing works of low-light enhancement in natural images and videos, this study copes with the low-illumination quality degradation in anime scenery images to bridge the domain gap. For such an underexplored enhancement task, we first curate images from various sources and construct an unpaired anime scenery dataset with diverse environments and illumination conditions to a… ▽ More By contrast with the prevailing works of low-light enhancement in natural images and videos, this study copes with the low-illumination quality degradation in anime scenery images to bridge the domain gap. For such an underexplored enhancement task, we first curate images from various sources and construct an unpaired anime scenery dataset with diverse environments and illumination conditions to address the data scarcity. To exploit the power of uncertainty information inherent with the diverse illumination conditions, we propose a Data Relativistic Uncertainty (DRU) framework, motivated by the idea from Relativistic GAN. By analogy with the wave-particle duality of light, our framework interpretably defines and quantifies the illumination uncertainty of dark/bright samples, which is leveraged to dynamically adjust the objective functions to recalibrate the model learning under data uncertainty. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of DRU framework by training several versions of EnlightenGANs, yielding superior perceptual and aesthetic qualities beyond the state-of-the-art methods that are incapable of learning from data uncertainty perspective. We hope our framework can expose a novel paradigm of data-centric learning for potential visual and language domains. Code is available. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; v1 submitted 26 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Add data arXiv:2512.21944 [ pdf , ps , other ] Data relativistic uncertainty framework for low-illumination anime scenery image enhancement Authors: Yiquan Gao , John See Abstract : By contrast with the prevailing works of low-light enhancement in natural images and videos, this study copes with the low-illumination quality degradation in anime scenery images to bridge the domain gap. For such an underexplored enhancement task, we first curate images from various sources and construct an unpaired anime scenery dataset with diverse environments and illumination conditions to a… ▽ More By contrast with the prevailing works of low-light enhancement in natural images and videos, this study copes with the low-illumination quality degradation in anime scenery images to bridge the domain gap. For such an underexplored enhancement task, we first curate images from various sources and construct an unpaired anime scenery dataset with diverse environments and illumination conditions to address the data scarcity. To exploit the power of uncertainty information inherent with the diverse illumination conditions, we propose a Data Relativistic Uncertainty (DRU) framework, motivated by the idea from Relativistic GAN. By analogy with the wave-particle duality of light, our framework interpretably defines and quantifies the illumination uncertainty of dark/bright samples, which is leveraged to dynamically adjust the objective functions to recalibrate the model learning under data uncertainty. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of DRU framework by training several versions of EnlightenGANs, yielding superior perceptual and aesthetic qualities beyond the state-of-the-art methods that are incapable of learning from data uncertainty perspective. We hope our framework can expose a novel paradigm of data-centric learning for potential visual and language domains. Code is available. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; v1 submitted 26 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Add data arXiv:2512.21675 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV UniPercept: Towards Unified Perceptual-Level Image Understanding across Aesthetics, Quality, Structure, and Texture Authors: Shuo Cao , Jiayang Li , Xiaohui Li , Yuandong Pu , Kaiwen Zhu , Yuanting Gao , Siqi Luo , Yi Xin , Qi Qin , Yu Zhou , Xiangyu Chen , Wenlong Zhang , Bin Fu , Yu Qiao , Yihao Liu Abstract : Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in visual understanding tasks such as visual grounding, segmentation, and captioning. However, their ability to perceive perceptual-level image features remains limited. In this work, we present UniPercept-Bench, a unified framework for perceptual-level image understanding across three key domains: Aesthetics, Quality, Stru… ▽ More Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in visual understanding tasks such as visual grounding, segmentation, and captioning. However, their ability to perceive perceptual-level image features remains limited. In this work, we present UniPercept-Bench, a unified framework for perceptual-level image understanding across three key domains: Aesthetics, Quality, Structure and Texture. We establish a hierarchical definition system and construct large-scale datasets to evaluate perceptual-level image understanding. Based on this foundation, we develop a strong baseline UniPercept trained via Domain-Adaptive Pre-Training and Task-Aligned RL, enabling robust generalization across both Visual Rating (VR) and Visual Question Answering (VQA) tasks. UniPercept outperforms existing MLLMs on perceptual-level image understanding and can serve as a plug-and-play reward model for text-to-image generation. This work defines Perceptual-Level Image Understanding in the era of MLLMs and, through the introduction of a comprehensive benchmark together with a strong baseline, provides a solid foundation for advancing perceptual-level multimodal image understanding. △ Less Submitted 25 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 27 pages, 14 figures, 17 tables arXiv:2512.21675 [ pdf , ps , other ] UniPercept: Towards Unified Perceptual-Level Image Understanding across Aesthetics, Quality, Structure, and Texture Authors: Shuo Cao , Jiayang Li , Xiaohui Li , Yuandong Pu , Kaiwen Zhu , Yuanting Gao , Siqi Luo , Yi Xin , Qi Qin , Yu Zhou , Xiangyu Chen , Wenlong Zhang , Bin Fu , Yu Qiao , Yihao Liu Abstract : Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in visual understanding tasks such as visual grounding, segmentation, and captioning. However, their ability to perceive perceptual-level image features remains limited. In this work, we present UniPercept-Bench, a unified framework for perceptual-level image understanding across three key domains: Aesthetics, Quality, Stru… ▽ More Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in visual understanding tasks such as visual grounding, segmentation, and captioning. However, their ability to perceive perceptual-level image features remains limited. In this work, we present UniPercept-Bench, a unified framework for perceptual-level image understanding across three key domains: Aesthetics, Quality, Structure and Texture. We establish a hierarchical definition system and construct large-scale datasets to evaluate perceptual-level image understanding. Based on this foundation, we develop a strong baseline UniPercept trained via Domain-Adaptive Pre-Training and Task-Aligned RL, enabling robust generalization across both Visual Rating (VR) and Visual Question Answering (VQA) tasks. UniPercept outperforms existing MLLMs on perceptual-level image understanding and can serve as a plug-and-play reward model for text-to-image generation. This work defines Perceptual-Level Image Understanding in the era of MLLMs and, through the introduction of a comprehensive benchmark together with a strong baseline, provides a solid foundation for advancing perceptual-level multimodal image understanding. △ Less Submitted 25 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 27 pages, 14 figures, 17 tables arXiv:2512.20856 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.LG NVIDIA Nemotron 3: Efficient and Open Intelligence Authors: NVIDIA , : , Aaron Blakeman , Aaron Grattafiori , Aarti Basant , Abhibha Gupta , Abhinav Khattar , Adi Renduchintala , Aditya Vavre , Akanksha Shukla , Akhiad Bercovich , Aleksander Ficek , Aleksandr Shaposhnikov , Alex Kondratenko , Alexander Bukharin , Alexandre Milesi , Ali Taghibakhshi , Alisa Liu , Amelia Barton , Ameya Sunil Mahabaleshwarkar , Amir Klein , Amit Zuker , Amnon Geifman , Amy Shen , Anahita Bhiwandiwalla , et al. (334 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We introduce the Nemotron 3 family of models - Nano, Super, and Ultra. These models deliver strong agentic, reasoning, and conversational capabilities. The Nemotron 3 family uses a Mixture-of-Experts hybrid Mamba-Transformer architecture to provide best-in-class throughput and context lengths of up to 1M tokens. Super and Ultra models are trained with NVFP4 and incorporate LatentMoE, a novel appro… ▽ More We introduce the Nemotron 3 family of models - Nano, Super, and Ultra. These models deliver strong agentic, reasoning, and conversational capabilities. The Nemotron 3 family uses a Mixture-of-Experts hybrid Mamba-Transformer architecture to provide best-in-class throughput and context lengths of up to 1M tokens. Super and Ultra models are trained with NVFP4 and incorporate LatentMoE, a novel approach that improves model quality. The two larger models also include MTP layers for faster text generation. All Nemotron 3 models are post-trained using multi-environment reinforcement learning enabling reasoning, multi-step tool use, and support granular reasoning budget control. Nano, the smallest model, outperforms comparable models in accuracy while remaining extremely cost-efficient for inference. Super is optimized for collaborative agents and high-volume workloads such as IT ticket automation. Ultra, the largest model, provides state-of-the-art accuracy and reasoning performance. Nano is released together with its technical report and this white paper, while Super and Ultra will follow in the coming months. We will openly release the model weights, pre- and post-training software, recipes, and all data for which we hold redistribution rights. △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.20856 [ pdf , ps , other ] NVIDIA Nemotron 3: Efficient and Open Intelligence Authors: NVIDIA , : , Aaron Blakeman , Aaron Grattafiori , Aarti Basant , Abhibha Gupta , Abhinav Khattar , Adi Renduchintala , Aditya Vavre , Akanksha Shukla , Akhiad Bercovich , Aleksander Ficek , Aleksandr Shaposhnikov , Alex Kondratenko , Alexander Bukharin , Alexandre Milesi , Ali Taghibakhshi , Alisa Liu , Amelia Barton , Ameya Sunil Mahabaleshwarkar , Amir Klein , Amit Zuker , Amnon Geifman , Amy Shen , Anahita Bhiwandiwalla , et al. (334 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We introduce the Nemotron 3 family of models - Nano, Super, and Ultra. These models deliver strong agentic, reasoning, and conversational capabilities. The Nemotron 3 family uses a Mixture-of-Experts hybrid Mamba-Transformer architecture to provide best-in-class throughput and context lengths of up to 1M tokens. Super and Ultra models are trained with NVFP4 and incorporate LatentMoE, a novel appro… ▽ More We introduce the Nemotron 3 family of models - Nano, Super, and Ultra. These models deliver strong agentic, reasoning, and conversational capabilities. The Nemotron 3 family uses a Mixture-of-Experts hybrid Mamba-Transformer architecture to provide best-in-class throughput and context lengths of up to 1M tokens. Super and Ultra models are trained with NVFP4 and incorporate LatentMoE, a novel approach that improves model quality. The two larger models also include MTP layers for faster text generation. All Nemotron 3 models are post-trained using multi-environment reinforcement learning enabling reasoning, multi-step tool use, and support granular reasoning budget control. Nano, the smallest model, outperforms comparable models in accuracy while remaining extremely cost-efficient for inference. Super is optimized for collaborative agents and high-volume workloads such as IT ticket automation. Ultra, the largest model, provides state-of-the-art accuracy and reasoning performance. Nano is released together with its technical report and this white paper, while Super and Ultra will follow in the coming months. We will openly release the model weights, pre- and post-training software, recipes, and all data for which we hold redistribution rights. △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.20848 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.LG Nemotron 3 Nano: Open, Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Hybrid Mamba-Transformer Model for Agentic Reasoning Authors: NVIDIA , : , Aaron Blakeman , Aaron Grattafiori , Aarti Basant , Abhibha Gupta , Abhinav Khattar , Adi Renduchintala , Aditya Vavre , Akanksha Shukla , Akhiad Bercovich , Aleksander Ficek , Aleksandr Shaposhnikov , Alex Kondratenko , Alexander Bukharin , Alexandre Milesi , Ali Taghibakhshi , Alisa Liu , Amelia Barton , Ameya Sunil Mahabaleshwarkar , Amir Klein , Amit Zuker , Amnon Geifman , Amy Shen , Anahita Bhiwandiwalla , et al. (289 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present Nemotron 3 Nano 30B-A3B, a Mixture-of-Experts hybrid Mamba-Transformer language model. Nemotron 3 Nano was pretrained on 25 trillion text tokens, including more than 3 trillion new unique tokens over Nemotron 2, followed by supervised fine tuning and large-scale RL on diverse environments. Nemotron 3 Nano achieves better accuracy than our previous generation Nemotron 2 Nano while activa… ▽ More We present Nemotron 3 Nano 30B-A3B, a Mixture-of-Experts hybrid Mamba-Transformer language model. Nemotron 3 Nano was pretrained on 25 trillion text tokens, including more than 3 trillion new unique tokens over Nemotron 2, followed by supervised fine tuning and large-scale RL on diverse environments. Nemotron 3 Nano achieves better accuracy than our previous generation Nemotron 2 Nano while activating less than half of the parameters per forward pass. It achieves up to 3.3x higher inference throughput than similarly-sized open models like GPT-OSS-20B and Qwen3-30B-A3B-Thinking-2507, while also being more accurate on popular benchmarks. Nemotron 3 Nano demonstrates enhanced agentic, reasoning, and chat abilities and supports context lengths up to 1M tokens. We release both our pretrained Nemotron 3 Nano 30B-A3B Base and post-trained Nemotron 3 Nano 30B-A3B checkpoints on Hugging Face. △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.20848 [ pdf , ps , other ] Nemotron 3 Nano: Open, Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Hybrid Mamba-Transformer Model for Agentic Reasoning Authors: NVIDIA , : , Aaron Blakeman , Aaron Grattafiori , Aarti Basant , Abhibha Gupta , Abhinav Khattar , Adi Renduchintala , Aditya Vavre , Akanksha Shukla , Akhiad Bercovich , Aleksander Ficek , Aleksandr Shaposhnikov , Alex Kondratenko , Alexander Bukharin , Alexandre Milesi , Ali Taghibakhshi , Alisa Liu , Amelia Barton , Ameya Sunil Mahabaleshwarkar , Amir Klein , Amit Zuker , Amnon Geifman , Amy Shen , Anahita Bhiwandiwalla , et al. (289 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We present Nemotron 3 Nano 30B-A3B, a Mixture-of-Experts hybrid Mamba-Transformer language model. Nemotron 3 Nano was pretrained on 25 trillion text tokens, including more than 3 trillion new unique tokens over Nemotron 2, followed by supervised fine tuning and large-scale RL on diverse environments. Nemotron 3 Nano achieves better accuracy than our previous generation Nemotron 2 Nano while activa… ▽ More We present Nemotron 3 Nano 30B-A3B, a Mixture-of-Experts hybrid Mamba-Transformer language model. Nemotron 3 Nano was pretrained on 25 trillion text tokens, including more than 3 trillion new unique tokens over Nemotron 2, followed by supervised fine tuning and large-scale RL on diverse environments. Nemotron 3 Nano achieves better accuracy than our previous generation Nemotron 2 Nano while activating less than half of the parameters per forward pass. It achieves up to 3.3x higher inference throughput than similarly-sized open models like GPT-OSS-20B and Qwen3-30B-A3B-Thinking-2507, while also being more accurate on popular benchmarks. Nemotron 3 Nano demonstrates enhanced agentic, reasoning, and chat abilities and supports context lengths up to 1M tokens. We release both our pretrained Nemotron 3 Nano 30B-A3B Base and post-trained Nemotron 3 Nano 30B-A3B checkpoints on Hugging Face. △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.20479 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV doi 10.1145/3757377.3763923 UTDesign: A Unified Framework for Stylized Text Editing and Generation in Graphic Design Images Authors: Yiming Zhao , Yuanpeng Gao , Yuxuan Luo , Jiwei Duan , Shisong Lin , Longfei Xiong , Zhouhui Lian Abstract : AI-assisted graphic design has emerged as a powerful tool for automating the creation and editing of design elements such as posters, banners, and advertisements. While diffusion-based text-to-image models have demonstrated strong capabilities in visual content generation, their text rendering performance, particularly for small-scale typography and non-Latin scripts, remains limited. In this pape… ▽ More AI-assisted graphic design has emerged as a powerful tool for automating the creation and editing of design elements such as posters, banners, and advertisements. While diffusion-based text-to-image models have demonstrated strong capabilities in visual content generation, their text rendering performance, particularly for small-scale typography and non-Latin scripts, remains limited. In this paper, we propose UTDesign, a unified framework for high-precision stylized text editing and conditional text generation in design images, supporting both English and Chinese scripts. Our framework introduces a novel DiT-based text style transfer model trained from scratch on a synthetic dataset, capable of generating transparent RGBA text foregrounds that preserve the style of reference glyphs. We further extend this model into a conditional text generation framework by training a multi-modal condition encoder on a curated dataset with detailed text annotations, enabling accurate, style-consistent text synthesis conditioned on background images, prompts, and layout specifications. Finally, we integrate our approach into a fully automated text-to-design (T2D) pipeline by incorporating pre-trained text-to-image (T2I) models and an MLLM-based layout planner. Extensive experiments demonstrate that UTDesign achieves state-of-the-art performance among open-source methods in terms of stylistic consistency and text accuracy, and also exhibits unique advantages compared to proprietary commercial approaches. Code and data for this paper are available at △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 22 pages, 25 figures, SIGGRAPH Asia 2025, Conference Paper arXiv:2512.20479 [ pdf , ps , other ] UTDesign: A Unified Framework for Stylized Text Editing and Generation in Graphic Design Images Authors: Yiming Zhao , Yuanpeng Gao , Yuxuan Luo , Jiwei Duan , Shisong Lin , Longfei Xiong , Zhouhui Lian Abstract : AI-assisted graphic design has emerged as a powerful tool for automating the creation and editing of design elements such as posters, banners, and advertisements. While diffusion-based text-to-image models have demonstrated strong capabilities in visual content generation, their text rendering performance, particularly for small-scale typography and non-Latin scripts, remains limited. In this pape… ▽ More AI-assisted graphic design has emerged as a powerful tool for automating the creation and editing of design elements such as posters, banners, and advertisements. While diffusion-based text-to-image models have demonstrated strong capabilities in visual content generation, their text rendering performance, particularly for small-scale typography and non-Latin scripts, remains limited. In this paper, we propose UTDesign, a unified framework for high-precision stylized text editing and conditional text generation in design images, supporting both English and Chinese scripts. Our framework introduces a novel DiT-based text style transfer model trained from scratch on a synthetic dataset, capable of generating transparent RGBA text foregrounds that preserve the style of reference glyphs. We further extend this model into a conditional text generation framework by training a multi-modal condition encoder on a curated dataset with detailed text annotations, enabling accurate, style-consistent text synthesis conditioned on background images, prompts, and layout specifications. Finally, we integrate our approach into a fully automated text-to-design (T2D) pipeline by incorporating pre-trained text-to-image (T2I) models and an MLLM-based layout planner. Extensive experiments demonstrate that UTDesign achieves state-of-the-art performance among open-source methods in terms of stylistic consistency and text accuracy, and also exhibits unique advantages compared to proprietary commercial approaches. Code and data for this paper are available at △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 22 pages, 25 figures, SIGGRAPH Asia 2025, Conference Paper arXiv:2512.20469 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Bohrium + SciMaster: Building the Infrastructure and Ecosystem for Agentic Science at Scale Authors: Linfeng Zhang , Siheng Chen , Yuzhu Cai , Jingyi Chai , Junhan Chang , Kun Chen , Zhi X. Chen , Zhaohan Ding , Yuwen Du , Yuanpeng Gao , Yuan Gao , Jing Gao , Zhifeng Gao , Qiangqiang Gu , Yanhui Hong , Yuan Huang , Xi Fang , Xiaohong Ji , Guolin Ke , Zixing Lei , Xinyu Li , Yongge Li , Ruoxue Liao , Hang Lin , Xiaolu Lin , et al. (25 additional authors not shown) Abstract : AI agents are emerging as a practical way to run multi-step scientific workflows that interleave reasoning with tool use and verification, pointing to a shift from isolated AI-assisted steps toward \emph{agentic science at scale}. This shift is increasingly feasible, as scientific tools and models can be invoked through stable interfaces and verified with recorded execution traces, and increasingl… ▽ More AI agents are emerging as a practical way to run multi-step scientific workflows that interleave reasoning with tool use and verification, pointing to a shift from isolated AI-assisted steps toward \emph{agentic science at scale}. This shift is increasingly feasible, as scientific tools and models can be invoked through stable interfaces and verified with recorded execution traces, and increasingly necessary, as AI accelerates scientific output and stresses the peer-review and publication pipeline, raising the bar for traceability and credible evaluation. However, scaling agentic science remains difficult: workflows are hard to observe and reproduce; many tools and laboratory systems are not agent-ready; execution is hard to trace and govern; and prototype AI Scientist systems are often bespoke, limiting reuse and systematic improvement from real workflow signals. We argue that scaling agentic science requires an infrastructure-and-ecosystem approach, instantiated in Bohrium+SciMaster. Bohrium acts as a managed, traceable hub for AI4S assets -- akin to a HuggingFace of AI for Science -- that turns diverse scientific data, software, compute, and laboratory systems into agent-ready capabilities. SciMaster orchestrates these capabilities into long-horizon scientific workflows, on which scientific agents can be composed and executed. Between infrastructure and orchestration, a \emph{scientific intelligence substrate} organizes reusable models, knowledge, and components into executable building blocks for workflow reasoning and action, enabling composition, auditability, and improvement through use. We demonstrate this stack with eleven representative master agents in real workflows, achieving orders-of-magnitude reductions in end-to-end scientific cycle time and generating execution-grounded signals from real workloads at multi-million scale. △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.20469 [ pdf , ps , other ] Bohrium + SciMaster: Building the Infrastructure and Ecosystem for Agentic Science at Scale Authors: Linfeng Zhang , Siheng Chen , Yuzhu Cai , Jingyi Chai , Junhan Chang , Kun Chen , Zhi X. Chen , Zhaohan Ding , Yuwen Du , Yuanpeng Gao , Yuan Gao , Jing Gao , Zhifeng Gao , Qiangqiang Gu , Yanhui Hong , Yuan Huang , Xi Fang , Xiaohong Ji , Guolin Ke , Zixing Lei , Xinyu Li , Yongge Li , Ruoxue Liao , Hang Lin , Xiaolu Lin , et al. (25 additional authors not shown) Abstract : AI agents are emerging as a practical way to run multi-step scientific workflows that interleave reasoning with tool use and verification, pointing to a shift from isolated AI-assisted steps toward \emph{agentic science at scale}. This shift is increasingly feasible, as scientific tools and models can be invoked through stable interfaces and verified with recorded execution traces, and increasingl… ▽ More AI agents are emerging as a practical way to run multi-step scientific workflows that interleave reasoning with tool use and verification, pointing to a shift from isolated AI-assisted steps toward \emph{agentic science at scale}. This shift is increasingly feasible, as scientific tools and models can be invoked through stable interfaces and verified with recorded execution traces, and increasingly necessary, as AI accelerates scientific output and stresses the peer-review and publication pipeline, raising the bar for traceability and credible evaluation. However, scaling agentic science remains difficult: workflows are hard to observe and reproduce; many tools and laboratory systems are not agent-ready; execution is hard to trace and govern; and prototype AI Scientist systems are often bespoke, limiting reuse and systematic improvement from real workflow signals. We argue that scaling agentic science requires an infrastructure-and-ecosystem approach, instantiated in Bohrium+SciMaster. Bohrium acts as a managed, traceable hub for AI4S assets -- akin to a HuggingFace of AI for Science -- that turns diverse scientific data, software, compute, and laboratory systems into agent-ready capabilities. SciMaster orchestrates these capabilities into long-horizon scientific workflows, on which scientific agents can be composed and executed. Between infrastructure and orchestration, a \emph{scientific intelligence substrate} organizes reusable models, knowledge, and components into executable building blocks for workflow reasoning and action, enabling composition, auditability, and improvement through use. We demonstrate this stack with eleven representative master agents in real workflows, achieving orders-of-magnitude reductions in end-to-end scientific cycle time and generating execution-grounded signals from real workloads at multi-million scale. △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.20028 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI DecoKAN: Interpretable Decomposition for Forecasting Cryptocurrency Market Dynamics Authors: Yuan Gao , Zhenguo Dong , Xuelong Wang , Zhiqiang Wang , Yong Zhang , Shaofan Wang Abstract : Accurate and interpretable forecasting of multivariate time series is crucial for understanding the complex dynamics of cryptocurrency markets in digital asset systems. Advanced deep learning methodologies, particularly Transformer-based and MLP-based architectures, have achieved competitive predictive performance in cryptocurrency forecasting tasks. However, cryptocurrency data is inherently comp… ▽ More Accurate and interpretable forecasting of multivariate time series is crucial for understanding the complex dynamics of cryptocurrency markets in digital asset systems. Advanced deep learning methodologies, particularly Transformer-based and MLP-based architectures, have achieved competitive predictive performance in cryptocurrency forecasting tasks. However, cryptocurrency data is inherently composed of long-term socio-economic trends and local high-frequency speculative oscillations. Existing deep learning-based 'black-box' models fail to effectively decouple these composite dynamics or provide the interpretability needed for trustworthy financial decision-making. To overcome these limitations, we propose DecoKAN, an interpretable forecasting framework that integrates multi-level Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) for decoupling and hierarchical signal decomposition with Kolmogorov-Arnold Network (KAN) mixers for transparent and interpretable nonlinear modeling. The DWT component decomposes complex cryptocurrency time series into distinct frequency components, enabling frequency-specific analysis, while KAN mixers provide intrinsically interpretable spline-based mappings within each decomposed subseries. Furthermore, interpretability is enhanced through a symbolic analysis pipeline involving sparsification, pruning, and symbolization, which produces concise analytical expressions offering symbolic representations of the learned patterns. Extensive experiments demonstrate that DecoKAN achieves the lowest average Mean Squared Error on all tested real-world cryptocurrency datasets (BTC, ETH, XMR), consistently outperforming a comprehensive suite of competitive state-of-the-art baselines. These results validate DecoKAN's potential to bridge the gap between predictive accuracy and model transparency, advancing trustworthy decision support within complex cryptocurrency markets. △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.20028 [ pdf , ps , other ] DecoKAN: Interpretable Decomposition for Forecasting Cryptocurrency Market Dynamics Authors: Yuan Gao , Zhenguo Dong , Xuelong Wang , Zhiqiang Wang , Yong Zhang , Shaofan Wang Abstract : Accurate and interpretable forecasting of multivariate time series is crucial for understanding the complex dynamics of cryptocurrency markets in digital asset systems. Advanced deep learning methodologies, particularly Transformer-based and MLP-based architectures, have achieved competitive predictive performance in cryptocurrency forecasting tasks. However, cryptocurrency data is inherently comp… ▽ More Accurate and interpretable forecasting of multivariate time series is crucial for understanding the complex dynamics of cryptocurrency markets in digital asset systems. Advanced deep learning methodologies, particularly Transformer-based and MLP-based architectures, have achieved competitive predictive performance in cryptocurrency forecasting tasks. However, cryptocurrency data is inherently composed of long-term socio-economic trends and local high-frequency speculative oscillations. Existing deep learning-based 'black-box' models fail to effectively decouple these composite dynamics or provide the interpretability needed for trustworthy financial decision-making. To overcome these limitations, we propose DecoKAN, an interpretable forecasting framework that integrates multi-level Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) for decoupling and hierarchical signal decomposition with Kolmogorov-Arnold Network (KAN) mixers for transparent and interpretable nonlinear modeling. The DWT component decomposes complex cryptocurrency time series into distinct frequency components, enabling frequency-specific analysis, while KAN mixers provide intrinsically interpretable spline-based mappings within each decomposed subseries. Furthermore, interpretability is enhanced through a symbolic analysis pipeline involving sparsification, pruning, and symbolization, which produces concise analytical expressions offering symbolic representations of the learned patterns. Extensive experiments demonstrate that DecoKAN achieves the lowest average Mean Squared Error on all tested real-world cryptocurrency datasets (BTC, ETH, XMR), consistently outperforming a comprehensive suite of competitive state-of-the-art baselines. These results validate DecoKAN's potential to bridge the gap between predictive accuracy and model transparency, advancing trustworthy decision support within complex cryptocurrency markets. △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.19415 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV doi 10.1016/j.media.2025.103924 Non-Contrast CT Esophageal Varices Grading through Clinical Prior-Enhanced Multi-Organ Analysis Authors: Xiaoming Zhang , Chunli Li , Jiacheng Hao , Yuan Gao , Danyang Tu , Jianyi Qiao , Xiaoli Yin , Le Lu , Ling Zhang , Ke Yan , Yang Hou , Yu Shi Abstract : Esophageal varices (EV) represent a critical complication of portal hypertension, affecting approximately 60% of cirrhosis patients with a significant bleeding risk of ~30%. While traditionally diagnosed through invasive endoscopy, non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) presents a potential non-invasive alternative that has yet to be fully utilized in clinical practice. We present Multi-Organ-COh… ▽ More Esophageal varices (EV) represent a critical complication of portal hypertension, affecting approximately 60% of cirrhosis patients with a significant bleeding risk of ~30%. While traditionally diagnosed through invasive endoscopy, non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) presents a potential non-invasive alternative that has yet to be fully utilized in clinical practice. We present Multi-Organ-COhesion Network++ (MOON++), a novel multimodal framework that enhances EV assessment through comprehensive analysis of NCCT scans. Inspired by clinical evidence correlating organ volumetric relationships with liver disease severity, MOON++ synthesizes imaging characteristics of the esophagus, liver, and spleen through multimodal learning. We evaluated our approach using 1,631 patients, those with endoscopically confirmed EV were classified into four severity grades. Validation in 239 patient cases and independent testing in 289 cases demonstrate superior performance compared to conventional single organ methods, achieving an AUC of 0.894 versus 0.803 for the severe grade EV classification (G3 versus <G3) and 0.921 versus 0.793 for the differentiation of moderate to severe grades (>=G2 versus <G2). We conducted a reader study involving experienced radiologists to further validate the performance of MOON++. To our knowledge, MOON++ represents the first comprehensive multi-organ NCCT analysis framework incorporating clinical knowledge priors for EV assessment, potentially offering a promising non-invasive diagnostic alternative. △ Less Submitted 26 December, 2025; v1 submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Medical Image Analysis MSC Class: 41A05; 41A10; 65D05; 65D17 arXiv:2512.19415 [ pdf , ps , other ] Non-Contrast CT Esophageal Varices Grading through Clinical Prior-Enhanced Multi-Organ Analysis Authors: Xiaoming Zhang , Chunli Li , Jiacheng Hao , Yuan Gao , Danyang Tu , Jianyi Qiao , Xiaoli Yin , Le Lu , Ling Zhang , Ke Yan , Yang Hou , Yu Shi Abstract : Esophageal varices (EV) represent a critical complication of portal hypertension, affecting approximately 60% of cirrhosis patients with a significant bleeding risk of ~30%. While traditionally diagnosed through invasive endoscopy, non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) presents a potential non-invasive alternative that has yet to be fully utilized in clinical practice. We present Multi-Organ-COh… ▽ More Esophageal varices (EV) represent a critical complication of portal hypertension, affecting approximately 60% of cirrhosis patients with a significant bleeding risk of ~30%. While traditionally diagnosed through invasive endoscopy, non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) presents a potential non-invasive alternative that has yet to be fully utilized in clinical practice. We present Multi-Organ-COhesion Network++ (MOON++), a novel multimodal framework that enhances EV assessment through comprehensive analysis of NCCT scans. Inspired by clinical evidence correlating organ volumetric relationships with liver disease severity, MOON++ synthesizes imaging characteristics of the esophagus, liver, and spleen through multimodal learning. We evaluated our approach using 1,631 patients, those with endoscopically confirmed EV were classified into four severity grades. Validation in 239 patient cases and independent testing in 289 cases demonstrate superior performance compared to conventional single organ methods, achieving an AUC of 0.894 versus 0.803 for the severe grade EV classification (G3 versus <G3) and 0.921 versus 0.793 for the differentiation of moderate to severe grades (>=G2 versus <G2). We conducted a reader study involving experienced radiologists to further validate the performance of MOON++. To our knowledge, MOON++ represents the first comprehensive multi-organ NCCT analysis framework incorporating clinical knowledge priors for EV assessment, potentially offering a promising non-invasive diagnostic alternative. △ Less Submitted 26 December, 2025; v1 submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Medical Image Analysis MSC Class: 41A05; 41A10; 65D05; 65D17 arXiv:2512.19320 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI cs.CL cs.CV MAGIC: Achieving Superior Model Merging via Magnitude Calibration Authors: Yayuan Li , Jian Zhang , Jintao Guo , Zihan Cheng , Lei Qi , Yinghuan Shi , Yang Gao Abstract : The proliferation of pre-trained models has given rise to a wide array of specialised, fine-tuned models. Model merging aims to merge the distinct capabilities of these specialised models into a unified model, requiring minimal or even no additional training. A core objective of model merging is to ensure the merged model retains the behavioural characteristics of the specialised models, typically… ▽ More The proliferation of pre-trained models has given rise to a wide array of specialised, fine-tuned models. Model merging aims to merge the distinct capabilities of these specialised models into a unified model, requiring minimal or even no additional training. A core objective of model merging is to ensure the merged model retains the behavioural characteristics of the specialised models, typically achieved through feature alignment. We identify that features consist of two critical components: direction and magnitude. Prior research has predominantly focused on directional alignment, while the influence of magnitude remains largely neglected, despite its pronounced vulnerability to perturbations introduced by common merging operations (e.g., parameter fusion and sparsification). Such perturbations to magnitude inevitably lead to feature deviations in the merged model from the specialised models, resulting in subsequent performance degradation. To address this, we propose MAGnItude Calibration (MAGIC), a plug-and-play framework that rectifies layer-wise magnitudes in feature and weight spaces, with three variants. Specifically, our Feature Space Calibration (FSC) realigns the merged model's features using a small set of unlabelled data, while Weight Space Calibration (WSC) extends this calibration to the weight space without requiring additional data. Combining these yields Dual Space Calibration (DSC). Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that MAGIC consistently boosts performance across diverse Computer Vision tasks (+4.3% on eight datasets) and NLP tasks (+8.0% on Llama) without additional training. Our code is available at: △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.19320 [ pdf , ps , other ] MAGIC: Achieving Superior Model Merging via Magnitude Calibration Authors: Yayuan Li , Jian Zhang , Jintao Guo , Zihan Cheng , Lei Qi , Yinghuan Shi , Yang Gao Abstract : The proliferation of pre-trained models has given rise to a wide array of specialised, fine-tuned models. Model merging aims to merge the distinct capabilities of these specialised models into a unified model, requiring minimal or even no additional training. A core objective of model merging is to ensure the merged model retains the behavioural characteristics of the specialised models, typically… ▽ More The proliferation of pre-trained models has given rise to a wide array of specialised, fine-tuned models. Model merging aims to merge the distinct capabilities of these specialised models into a unified model, requiring minimal or even no additional training. A core objective of model merging is to ensure the merged model retains the behavioural characteristics of the specialised models, typically achieved through feature alignment. We identify that features consist of two critical components: direction and magnitude. Prior research has predominantly focused on directional alignment, while the influence of magnitude remains largely neglected, despite its pronounced vulnerability to perturbations introduced by common merging operations (e.g., parameter fusion and sparsification). Such perturbations to magnitude inevitably lead to feature deviations in the merged model from the specialised models, resulting in subsequent performance degradation. To address this, we propose MAGnItude Calibration (MAGIC), a plug-and-play framework that rectifies layer-wise magnitudes in feature and weight spaces, with three variants. Specifically, our Feature Space Calibration (FSC) realigns the merged model's features using a small set of unlabelled data, while Weight Space Calibration (WSC) extends this calibration to the weight space without requiring additional data. Combining these yields Dual Space Calibration (DSC). Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that MAGIC consistently boosts performance across diverse Computer Vision tasks (+4.3% on eight datasets) and NLP tasks (+8.0% on Llama) without additional training. Our code is available at: △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.19269 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO cs.LG Translating Flow to Policy via Hindsight Online Imitation Authors: Yitian Zheng , Zhangchen Ye , Weijun Dong , Shengjie Wang , Yuyang Liu , Chongjie Zhang , Chuan Wen , Yang Gao Abstract : Recent advances in hierarchical robot systems leverage a high-level planner to propose task plans and a low-level policy to generate robot actions. This design allows training the planner on action-free or even non-robot data sources (e.g., videos), providing transferable high-level guidance. Nevertheless, grounding these high-level plans into executable actions remains challenging, especially wit… ▽ More Recent advances in hierarchical robot systems leverage a high-level planner to propose task plans and a low-level policy to generate robot actions. This design allows training the planner on action-free or even non-robot data sources (e.g., videos), providing transferable high-level guidance. Nevertheless, grounding these high-level plans into executable actions remains challenging, especially with the limited availability of high-quality robot data. To this end, we propose to improve the low-level policy through online interactions. Specifically, our approach collects online rollouts, retrospectively annotates the corresponding high-level goals from achieved outcomes, and aggregates these hindsight-relabeled experiences to update a goal-conditioned imitation policy. Our method, Hindsight Flow-conditioned Online Imitation (HinFlow), instantiates this idea with 2D point flows as the high-level planner. Across diverse manipulation tasks in both simulation and physical world, our method achieves more than $2\times$ performance improvement over the base policy, significantly outperforming the existing methods. Moreover, our framework enables policy acquisition from planners trained on cross-embodiment video data, demonstrating its potential for scalable and transferable robot learning. △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.19269 [ pdf , ps , other ] Translating Flow to Policy via Hindsight Online Imitation Authors: Yitian Zheng , Zhangchen Ye , Weijun Dong , Shengjie Wang , Yuyang Liu , Chongjie Zhang , Chuan Wen , Yang Gao Abstract : Recent advances in hierarchical robot systems leverage a high-level planner to propose task plans and a low-level policy to generate robot actions. This design allows training the planner on action-free or even non-robot data sources (e.g., videos), providing transferable high-level guidance. Nevertheless, grounding these high-level plans into executable actions remains challenging, especially wit… ▽ More Recent advances in hierarchical robot systems leverage a high-level planner to propose task plans and a low-level policy to generate robot actions. This design allows training the planner on action-free or even non-robot data sources (e.g., videos), providing transferable high-level guidance. Nevertheless, grounding these high-level plans into executable actions remains challenging, especially with the limited availability of high-quality robot data. To this end, we propose to improve the low-level policy through online interactions. Specifically, our approach collects online rollouts, retrospectively annotates the corresponding high-level goals from achieved outcomes, and aggregates these hindsight-relabeled experiences to update a goal-conditioned imitation policy. Our method, Hindsight Flow-conditioned Online Imitation (HinFlow), instantiates this idea with 2D point flows as the high-level planner. Across diverse manipulation tasks in both simulation and physical world, our method achieves more than $2\times$ performance improvement over the base policy, significantly outperforming the existing methods. Moreover, our framework enables policy acquisition from planners trained on cross-embodiment video data, demonstrating its potential for scalable and transferable robot learning. △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.19133 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO cs.CV WorldRFT: Latent World Model Planning with Reinforcement Fine-Tuning for Autonomous Driving Authors: Pengxuan Yang , Ben Lu , Zhongpu Xia , Chao Han , Yinfeng Gao , Teng Zhang , Kun Zhan , XianPeng Lang , Yupeng Zheng , Qichao Zhang Abstract : Latent World Models enhance scene representation through temporal self-supervised learning, presenting a perception annotation-free paradigm for end-to-end autonomous driving. However, the reconstruction-oriented representation learning tangles perception with planning tasks, leading to suboptimal optimization for planning. To address this challenge, we propose WorldRFT, a planning-oriented latent… ▽ More Latent World Models enhance scene representation through temporal self-supervised learning, presenting a perception annotation-free paradigm for end-to-end autonomous driving. However, the reconstruction-oriented representation learning tangles perception with planning tasks, leading to suboptimal optimization for planning. To address this challenge, we propose WorldRFT, a planning-oriented latent world model framework that aligns scene representation learning with planning via a hierarchical planning decomposition and local-aware interactive refinement mechanism, augmented by reinforcement learning fine-tuning (RFT) to enhance safety-critical policy performance. Specifically, WorldRFT integrates a vision-geometry foundation model to improve 3D spatial awareness, employs hierarchical planning task decomposition to guide representation optimization, and utilizes local-aware iterative refinement to derive a planning-oriented driving policy. Furthermore, we introduce Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), which applies trajectory Gaussianization and collision-aware rewards to fine-tune the driving policy, yielding systematic improvements in safety. WorldRFT achieves state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance on both open-loop nuScenes and closed-loop NavSim benchmarks. On nuScenes, it reduces collision rates by 83% (0.30% -> 0.05%). On NavSim, using camera-only sensors input, it attains competitive performance with the LiDAR-based SOTA method DiffusionDrive (87.8 vs. 88.1 PDMS). △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: AAAI 2026, first version arXiv:2512.19133 [ pdf , ps , other ] WorldRFT: Latent World Model Planning with Reinforcement Fine-Tuning for Autonomous Driving Authors: Pengxuan Yang , Ben Lu , Zhongpu Xia , Chao Han , Yinfeng Gao , Teng Zhang , Kun Zhan , XianPeng Lang , Yupeng Zheng , Qichao Zhang Abstract : Latent World Models enhance scene representation through temporal self-supervised learning, presenting a perception annotation-free paradigm for end-to-end autonomous driving. However, the reconstruction-oriented representation learning tangles perception with planning tasks, leading to suboptimal optimization for planning. To address this challenge, we propose WorldRFT, a planning-oriented latent… ▽ More Latent World Models enhance scene representation through temporal self-supervised learning, presenting a perception annotation-free paradigm for end-to-end autonomous driving. However, the reconstruction-oriented representation learning tangles perception with planning tasks, leading to suboptimal optimization for planning. To address this challenge, we propose WorldRFT, a planning-oriented latent world model framework that aligns scene representation learning with planning via a hierarchical planning decomposition and local-aware interactive refinement mechanism, augmented by reinforcement learning fine-tuning (RFT) to enhance safety-critical policy performance. Specifically, WorldRFT integrates a vision-geometry foundation model to improve 3D spatial awareness, employs hierarchical planning task decomposition to guide representation optimization, and utilizes local-aware iterative refinement to derive a planning-oriented driving policy. Furthermore, we introduce Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), which applies trajectory Gaussianization and collision-aware rewards to fine-tune the driving policy, yielding systematic improvements in safety. WorldRFT achieves state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance on both open-loop nuScenes and closed-loop NavSim benchmarks. On nuScenes, it reduces collision rates by 83% (0.30% -> 0.05%). On NavSim, using camera-only sensors input, it attains competitive performance with the LiDAR-based SOTA method DiffusionDrive (87.8 vs. 88.1 PDMS). △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: AAAI 2026, first version arXiv:2512.19076 [ pdf , ps , other ] math.NT cs.DS On Factoring and Power Divisor Problems via Rank-3 Lattices and the Second Vector Authors: Yiming Gao , Yansong Feng , Honggang Hu , Yanbin Pan Abstract : We propose a deterministic algorithm based on Coppersmith's method that employs a rank-3 lattice to address factoring-related problems. An interesting aspect of our approach is that we utilize the second vector in the LLL-reduced basis to avoid trivial collisions in the Baby-step Giant-step method, rather than the shortest vector as is commonly used in the literature. Our results are as follows:… ▽ More We propose a deterministic algorithm based on Coppersmith's method that employs a rank-3 lattice to address factoring-related problems. An interesting aspect of our approach is that we utilize the second vector in the LLL-reduced basis to avoid trivial collisions in the Baby-step Giant-step method, rather than the shortest vector as is commonly used in the literature. Our results are as follows: 1. Compared to the result by Harvey and Hittmeir (Math. Comp. 91 (2022), 1367 - 1379), who achieved a complexity of O( N^(1/5) log^(16/5) N / (log log N)^(3/5)) for factoring a semiprime N = pq, we demonstrate that in the balanced p and q case, the complexity can be improved to O( N^(1/5) log^(13/5) N / (log log N)^(3/5) ). 2. For factoring sums and differences of powers, that is, numbers of the form N = a^n plus or minus b^n, we improve Hittmeir's result (Math. Comp. 86 (2017), 2947 - 2954) from O( N^(1/4) log^(3/2) N ) to O( N^(1/5) log^(13/5) N ). 3. For the problem of finding r-power divisors, that is, finding all integers p such that p^r divides N, Harvey and Hittmeir (Proceedings of ANTS XV, Research in Number Theory 8 (2022), no. 4, Paper No. 94) recently directly applied Coppersmith's method and achieved a complexity of O( N^(1/(4r)) log^(10+epsilon) N / r^3 ). By using faster LLL-type algorithms and sieving on small primes, we improve their result to O( N^(1/(4r)) log^(7+3 epsilon) N / ((log log N minus log(4r)) r^(2+epsilon)) ). The worst-case running time for their algorithm occurs when N = p^r q with q on the order of N^(1/2). By focusing on this case and employing our rank-3 lattice approach, we achieve a complexity of O( r^(1/4) N^(1/(4r)) log^(5/2) N ). In conclusion, we offer a new perspective on these problems, which we hope will provide further insights. △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.19076 [ pdf , ps , other ] On Factoring and Power Divisor Problems via Rank-3 Lattices and the Second Vector Authors: Yiming Gao , Yansong Feng , Honggang Hu , Yanbin Pan Abstract : We propose a deterministic algorithm based on Coppersmith's method that employs a rank-3 lattice to address factoring-related problems. An interesting aspect of our approach is that we utilize the second vector in the LLL-reduced basis to avoid trivial collisions in the Baby-step Giant-step method, rather than the shortest vector as is commonly used in the literature. Our results are as follows:… ▽ More We propose a deterministic algorithm based on Coppersmith's method that employs a rank-3 lattice to address factoring-related problems. An interesting aspect of our approach is that we utilize the second vector in the LLL-reduced basis to avoid trivial collisions in the Baby-step Giant-step method, rather than the shortest vector as is commonly used in the literature. Our results are as follows: 1. Compared to the result by Harvey and Hittmeir (Math. Comp. 91 (2022), 1367 - 1379), who achieved a complexity of O( N^(1/5) log^(16/5) N / (log log N)^(3/5)) for factoring a semiprime N = pq, we demonstrate that in the balanced p and q case, the complexity can be improved to O( N^(1/5) log^(13/5) N / (log log N)^(3/5) ). 2. For factoring sums and differences of powers, that is, numbers of the form N = a^n plus or minus b^n, we improve Hittmeir's result (Math. Comp. 86 (2017), 2947 - 2954) from O( N^(1/4) log^(3/2) N ) to O( N^(1/5) log^(13/5) N ). 3. For the problem of finding r-power divisors, that is, finding all integers p such that p^r divides N, Harvey and Hittmeir (Proceedings of ANTS XV, Research in Number Theory 8 (2022), no. 4, Paper No. 94) recently directly applied Coppersmith's method and achieved a complexity of O( N^(1/(4r)) log^(10+epsilon) N / r^3 ). By using faster LLL-type algorithms and sieving on small primes, we improve their result to O( N^(1/(4r)) log^(7+3 epsilon) N / ((log log N minus log(4r)) r^(2+epsilon)) ). The worst-case running time for their algorithm occurs when N = p^r q with q on the order of N^(1/2). By focusing on this case and employing our rank-3 lattice approach, we achieve a complexity of O( r^(1/4) N^(1/(4r)) log^(5/2) N ). In conclusion, we offer a new perspective on these problems, which we hope will provide further insights. △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.18933 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.RO Point What You Mean: Visually Grounded Instruction Policy Authors: Hang Yu , Juntu Zhao , Yufeng Liu , Kaiyu Li , Cheng Ma , Di Zhang , Yingdong Hu , Guang Chen , Junyuan Xie , Junliang Guo , Junqiao Zhao , Yang Gao Abstract : Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models align vision and language with embodied control, but their object referring ability remains limited when relying solely on text prompt, especially in cluttered or out-of-distribution (OOD) scenes. In this study, we introduce the Point-VLA, a plug-and-play policy that augments language instructions with explicit visual cues (e.g., bounding boxes) to resolve refer… ▽ More Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models align vision and language with embodied control, but their object referring ability remains limited when relying solely on text prompt, especially in cluttered or out-of-distribution (OOD) scenes. In this study, we introduce the Point-VLA, a plug-and-play policy that augments language instructions with explicit visual cues (e.g., bounding boxes) to resolve referential ambiguity and enable precise object-level grounding. To efficiently scale visually grounded datasets, we further develop an automatic data annotation pipeline requiring minimal human effort. We evaluate Point-VLA on diverse real-world referring tasks and observe consistently stronger performance than text-only instruction VLAs, particularly in cluttered or unseen-object scenarios, with robust generalization. These results demonstrate that Point-VLA effectively resolves object referring ambiguity through pixel-level visual grounding, achieving more generalizable embodied control. △ Less Submitted 21 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.18933 [ pdf , ps , other ] Point What You Mean: Visually Grounded Instruction Policy Authors: Hang Yu , Juntu Zhao , Yufeng Liu , Kaiyu Li , Cheng Ma , Di Zhang , Yingdong Hu , Guang Chen , Junyuan Xie , Junliang Guo , Junqiao Zhao , Yang Gao Abstract : Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models align vision and language with embodied control, but their object referring ability remains limited when relying solely on text prompt, especially in cluttered or out-of-distribution (OOD) scenes. In this study, we introduce the Point-VLA, a plug-and-play policy that augments language instructions with explicit visual cues (e.g., bounding boxes) to resolve refer… ▽ More Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models align vision and language with embodied control, but their object referring ability remains limited when relying solely on text prompt, especially in cluttered or out-of-distribution (OOD) scenes. In this study, we introduce the Point-VLA, a plug-and-play policy that augments language instructions with explicit visual cues (e.g., bounding boxes) to resolve referential ambiguity and enable precise object-level grounding. To efficiently scale visually grounded datasets, we further develop an automatic data annotation pipeline requiring minimal human effort. We evaluate Point-VLA on diverse real-world referring tasks and observe consistently stronger performance than text-only instruction VLAs, particularly in cluttered or unseen-object scenarios, with robust generalization. These results demonstrate that Point-VLA effectively resolves object referring ambiguity through pixel-level visual grounding, achieving more generalizable embodied control. △ Less Submitted 21 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.18176 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Atlas is Your Perfect Context: One-Shot Customization for Generalizable Foundational Medical Image Segmentation Authors: Ziyu Zhang , Yi Yu , Simeng Zhu , Ahmed Aly , Yunhe Gao , Ning Gu , Yuan Xue Abstract : Accurate medical image segmentation is essential for clinical diagnosis and treatment planning. While recent interactive foundation models (e.g., nnInteractive) enhance generalization through large-scale multimodal pretraining, they still depend on precise prompts and often perform below expectations in contexts that are underrepresented in their training data. We present AtlasSegFM, an atlas-guid… ▽ More Accurate medical image segmentation is essential for clinical diagnosis and treatment planning. While recent interactive foundation models (e.g., nnInteractive) enhance generalization through large-scale multimodal pretraining, they still depend on precise prompts and often perform below expectations in contexts that are underrepresented in their training data. We present AtlasSegFM, an atlas-guided framework that customizes available foundation models to clinical contexts with a single annotated example. The core innovations are: 1) a pipeline that provides context-aware prompts for foundation models via registration between a context atlas and query images, and 2) a test-time adapter to fuse predictions from both atlas registration and the foundation model. Extensive experiments across public and in-house datasets spanning multiple modalities and organs demonstrate that AtlasSegFM consistently improves segmentation, particularly for small, delicate structures. AtlasSegFM provides a lightweight, deployable solution one-shot customization of foundation models in real-world clinical workflows. The code will be made publicly available. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.18176 [ pdf , ps , other ] Atlas is Your Perfect Context: One-Shot Customization for Generalizable Foundational Medical Image Segmentation Authors: Ziyu Zhang , Yi Yu , Simeng Zhu , Ahmed Aly , Yunhe Gao , Ning Gu , Yuan Xue Abstract : Accurate medical image segmentation is essential for clinical diagnosis and treatment planning. While recent interactive foundation models (e.g., nnInteractive) enhance generalization through large-scale multimodal pretraining, they still depend on precise prompts and often perform below expectations in contexts that are underrepresented in their training data. We present AtlasSegFM, an atlas-guid… ▽ More Accurate medical image segmentation is essential for clinical diagnosis and treatment planning. While recent interactive foundation models (e.g., nnInteractive) enhance generalization through large-scale multimodal pretraining, they still depend on precise prompts and often perform below expectations in contexts that are underrepresented in their training data. We present AtlasSegFM, an atlas-guided framework that customizes available foundation models to clinical contexts with a single annotated example. The core innovations are: 1) a pipeline that provides context-aware prompts for foundation models via registration between a context atlas and query images, and 2) a test-time adapter to fuse predictions from both atlas registration and the foundation model. Extensive experiments across public and in-house datasets spanning multiple modalities and organs demonstrate that AtlasSegFM consistently improves segmentation, particularly for small, delicate structures. AtlasSegFM provides a lightweight, deployable solution one-shot customization of foundation models in real-world clinical workflows. The code will be made publicly available. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.17545 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI doi 10.1145/3731715.3733288 ClothHMR: 3D Mesh Recovery of Humans in Diverse Clothing from Single Image Authors: Yunqi Gao , Leyuan Liu , Yuhan Li , Changxin Gao , Yuanyuan Liu , Jingying Chen Abstract : With 3D data rapidly emerging as an important form of multimedia information, 3D human mesh recovery technology has also advanced accordingly. However, current methods mainly focus on handling humans wearing tight clothing and perform poorly when estimating body shapes and poses under diverse clothing, especially loose garments. To this end, we make two key insights: (1) tailoring clothing to fit… ▽ More With 3D data rapidly emerging as an important form of multimedia information, 3D human mesh recovery technology has also advanced accordingly. However, current methods mainly focus on handling humans wearing tight clothing and perform poorly when estimating body shapes and poses under diverse clothing, especially loose garments. To this end, we make two key insights: (1) tailoring clothing to fit the human body can mitigate the adverse impact of clothing on 3D human mesh recovery, and (2) utilizing human visual information from large foundational models can enhance the generalization ability of the estimation. Based on these insights, we propose ClothHMR, to accurately recover 3D meshes of humans in diverse clothing. ClothHMR primarily consists of two modules: clothing tailoring (CT) and FHVM-based mesh recovering (MR). The CT module employs body semantic estimation and body edge prediction to tailor the clothing, ensuring it fits the body silhouette. The MR module optimizes the initial parameters of the 3D human mesh by continuously aligning the intermediate representations of the 3D mesh with those inferred from the foundational human visual model (FHVM). ClothHMR can accurately recover 3D meshes of humans wearing diverse clothing, precisely estimating their body shapes and poses. Experimental results demonstrate that ClothHMR significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods across benchmark datasets and in-the-wild images. Additionally, a web application for online fashion and shopping powered by ClothHMR is developed, illustrating that ClothHMR can effectively serve real-world usage scenarios. The code and model for ClothHMR are available at: \url{ △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 15 pages,16 figures arXiv:2512.17545 [ pdf , ps , other ] ClothHMR: 3D Mesh Recovery of Humans in Diverse Clothing from Single Image Authors: Yunqi Gao , Leyuan Liu , Yuhan Li , Changxin Gao , Yuanyuan Liu , Jingying Chen Abstract : With 3D data rapidly emerging as an important form of multimedia information, 3D human mesh recovery technology has also advanced accordingly. However, current methods mainly focus on handling humans wearing tight clothing and perform poorly when estimating body shapes and poses under diverse clothing, especially loose garments. To this end, we make two key insights: (1) tailoring clothing to fit… ▽ More With 3D data rapidly emerging as an important form of multimedia information, 3D human mesh recovery technology has also advanced accordingly. However, current methods mainly focus on handling humans wearing tight clothing and perform poorly when estimating body shapes and poses under diverse clothing, especially loose garments. To this end, we make two key insights: (1) tailoring clothing to fit the human body can mitigate the adverse impact of clothing on 3D human mesh recovery, and (2) utilizing human visual information from large foundational models can enhance the generalization ability of the estimation. Based on these insights, we propose ClothHMR, to accurately recover 3D meshes of humans in diverse clothing. ClothHMR primarily consists of two modules: clothing tailoring (CT) and FHVM-based mesh recovering (MR). The CT module employs body semantic estimation and body edge prediction to tailor the clothing, ensuring it fits the body silhouette. The MR module optimizes the initial parameters of the 3D human mesh by continuously aligning the intermediate representations of the 3D mesh with those inferred from the foundational human visual model (FHVM). ClothHMR can accurately recover 3D meshes of humans wearing diverse clothing, precisely estimating their body shapes and poses. Experimental results demonstrate that ClothHMR significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods across benchmark datasets and in-the-wild images. Additionally, a web application for online fashion and shopping powered by ClothHMR is developed, illustrating that ClothHMR can effectively serve real-world usage scenarios. The code and model for ClothHMR are available at: \url{ △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 15 pages,16 figures arXiv:2512.17370 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO cs.AI TakeAD: Preference-based Post-optimization for End-to-end Autonomous Driving with Expert Takeover Data Authors: Deqing Liu , Yinfeng Gao , Deheng Qian , Qichao Zhang , Xiaoqing Ye , Junyu Han , Yupeng Zheng , Xueyi Liu , Zhongpu Xia , Dawei Ding , Yifeng Pan , Dongbin Zhao Abstract : Existing end-to-end autonomous driving methods typically rely on imitation learning (IL) but face a key challenge: the misalignment between open-loop training and closed-loop deployment. This misalignment often triggers driver-initiated takeovers and system disengagements during closed-loop execution. How to leverage those expert takeover data from disengagement scenarios and effectively expand th… ▽ More Existing end-to-end autonomous driving methods typically rely on imitation learning (IL) but face a key challenge: the misalignment between open-loop training and closed-loop deployment. This misalignment often triggers driver-initiated takeovers and system disengagements during closed-loop execution. How to leverage those expert takeover data from disengagement scenarios and effectively expand the IL policy's capability presents a valuable yet unexplored challenge. In this paper, we propose TakeAD, a novel preference-based post-optimization framework that fine-tunes the pre-trained IL policy with this disengagement data to enhance the closed-loop driving performance. First, we design an efficient expert takeover data collection pipeline inspired by human takeover mechanisms in real-world autonomous driving systems. Then, this post optimization framework integrates iterative Dataset Aggregation (DAgger) for imitation learning with Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) for preference alignment. The DAgger stage equips the policy with fundamental capabilities to handle disengagement states through direct imitation of expert interventions. Subsequently, the DPO stage refines the policy's behavior to better align with expert preferences in disengagement scenarios. Through multiple iterations, the policy progressively learns recovery strategies for disengagement states, thereby mitigating the open-loop gap. Experiments on the closed-loop Bench2Drive benchmark demonstrate our method's effectiveness compared with pure IL methods, with comprehensive ablations confirming the contribution of each component. △ Less Submitted 21 December, 2025; v1 submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: This work has been accepted by IEEE RA-L. Manuscript submitted: July, 8, 2025; Accepted: November, 24, 2025 arXiv:2512.17370 [ pdf , ps , other ] TakeAD: Preference-based Post-optimization for End-to-end Autonomous Driving with Expert Takeover Data Authors: Deqing Liu , Yinfeng Gao , Deheng Qian , Qichao Zhang , Xiaoqing Ye , Junyu Han , Yupeng Zheng , Xueyi Liu , Zhongpu Xia , Dawei Ding , Yifeng Pan , Dongbin Zhao Abstract : Existing end-to-end autonomous driving methods typically rely on imitation learning (IL) but face a key challenge: the misalignment between open-loop training and closed-loop deployment. This misalignment often triggers driver-initiated takeovers and system disengagements during closed-loop execution. How to leverage those expert takeover data from disengagement scenarios and effectively expand th… ▽ More Existing end-to-end autonomous driving methods typically rely on imitation learning (IL) but face a key challenge: the misalignment between open-loop training and closed-loop deployment. This misalignment often triggers driver-initiated takeovers and system disengagements during closed-loop execution. How to leverage those expert takeover data from disengagement scenarios and effectively expand the IL policy's capability presents a valuable yet unexplored challenge. In this paper, we propose TakeAD, a novel preference-based post-optimization framework that fine-tunes the pre-trained IL policy with this disengagement data to enhance the closed-loop driving performance. First, we design an efficient expert takeover data collection pipeline inspired by human takeover mechanisms in real-world autonomous driving systems. Then, this post optimization framework integrates iterative Dataset Aggregation (DAgger) for imitation learning with Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) for preference alignment. The DAgger stage equips the policy with fundamental capabilities to handle disengagement states through direct imitation of expert interventions. Subsequently, the DPO stage refines the policy's behavior to better align with expert preferences in disengagement scenarios. Through multiple iterations, the policy progressively learns recovery strategies for disengagement states, thereby mitigating the open-loop gap. Experiments on the closed-loop Bench2Drive benchmark demonstrate our method's effectiveness compared with pure IL methods, with comprehensive ablations confirming the contribution of each component. △ Less Submitted 21 December, 2025; v1 submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: This work has been accepted by IEEE RA-L. Manuscript submitted: July, 8, 2025; Accepted: November, 24, 2025 arXiv:2512.17344 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Governance-Aware Hybrid Fine-Tuning for Multilingual Large Language Models Authors: Haomin Qi , Chengbo Huang , Zihan Dai , Yunkai Gao Abstract : We present a governance-aware hybrid fine-tuning framework for multilingual, low-resource adaptation of large language models. The core algorithm combines gradient-aligned low-rank updates with structured orthogonal transformations through layer-wise mixing and introduces unitary constraints in selected sub-layers to stabilize deep optimization. In tandem with lightweight, label-free data governan… ▽ More We present a governance-aware hybrid fine-tuning framework for multilingual, low-resource adaptation of large language models. The core algorithm combines gradient-aligned low-rank updates with structured orthogonal transformations through layer-wise mixing and introduces unitary constraints in selected sub-layers to stabilize deep optimization. In tandem with lightweight, label-free data governance steps, including language identification, near-duplicate removal, and quality filtering, the framework targets accuracy, calibration, and cross-language parity under tight compute budgets. Across XNLI and FLORES, the hybrid approach delivers consistent gains over strong PEFT baselines while maintaining directional balance and improving probability calibration, as shown in Tables II and III. It is more resilient to lightweight orthographic variants, as shown in Table IV, and benefits additively from simple governance steps, as shown in Table V. Training footprint measurements indicate modest overhead and a favorable cost-quality frontier, as shown in Table VI and Figure 2. Together, these results show that hybrid and unitary PEFT provide a stable and accessible path to resource-efficient multilingual adaptation when paired with practical data governance. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 11 pages, 4 figures, 6 tables. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2507.18076 Journal ref: 2025 IEEE International Conference on Big Data arXiv:2512.17344 [ pdf , ps , other ] Governance-Aware Hybrid Fine-Tuning for Multilingual Large Language Models Authors: Haomin Qi , Chengbo Huang , Zihan Dai , Yunkai Gao Abstract : We present a governance-aware hybrid fine-tuning framework for multilingual, low-resource adaptation of large language models. The core algorithm combines gradient-aligned low-rank updates with structured orthogonal transformations through layer-wise mixing and introduces unitary constraints in selected sub-layers to stabilize deep optimization. In tandem with lightweight, label-free data governan… ▽ More We present a governance-aware hybrid fine-tuning framework for multilingual, low-resource adaptation of large language models. The core algorithm combines gradient-aligned low-rank updates with structured orthogonal transformations through layer-wise mixing and introduces unitary constraints in selected sub-layers to stabilize deep optimization. In tandem with lightweight, label-free data governance steps, including language identification, near-duplicate removal, and quality filtering, the framework targets accuracy, calibration, and cross-language parity under tight compute budgets. Across XNLI and FLORES, the hybrid approach delivers consistent gains over strong PEFT baselines while maintaining directional balance and improving probability calibration, as shown in Tables II and III. It is more resilient to lightweight orthographic variants, as shown in Table IV, and benefits additively from simple governance steps, as shown in Table V. Training footprint measurements indicate modest overhead and a favorable cost-quality frontier, as shown in Table VI and Figure 2. Together, these results show that hybrid and unitary PEFT provide a stable and accessible path to resource-efficient multilingual adaptation when paired with practical data governance. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 11 pages, 4 figures, 6 tables. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2507.18076 Journal ref: 2025 IEEE International Conference on Big Data arXiv:2512.17331 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV SynergyWarpNet: Attention-Guided Cooperative Warping for Neural Portrait Animation Authors: Shihang Li , Zhiqiang Gong , Minming Ye , Yue Gao , Wen Yao Abstract : Recent advances in neural portrait animation have demonstrated remarked potential for applications in virtual avatars, telepresence, and digital content creation. However, traditional explicit warping approaches often struggle with accurate motion transfer or recovering missing regions, while recent attention-based warping methods, though effective, frequently suffer from high complexity and weak… ▽ More Recent advances in neural portrait animation have demonstrated remarked potential for applications in virtual avatars, telepresence, and digital content creation. However, traditional explicit warping approaches often struggle with accurate motion transfer or recovering missing regions, while recent attention-based warping methods, though effective, frequently suffer from high complexity and weak geometric grounding. To address these issues, we propose SynergyWarpNet, an attention-guided cooperative warping framework designed for high-fidelity talking head synthesis. Given a source portrait, a driving image, and a set of reference images, our model progressively refines the animation in three stages. First, an explicit warping module performs coarse spatial alignment between the source and driving image using 3D dense optical flow. Next, a reference-augmented correction module leverages cross-attention across 3D keypoints and texture features from multiple reference images to semantically complete occluded or distorted regions. Finally, a confidence-guided fusion module integrates the warped outputs with spatially-adaptive fusing, using a learned confidence map to balance structural alignment and visual consistency. Comprehensive evaluations on benchmark datasets demonstrate state-of-the-art performance. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Submitted to ICASSP 2026 arXiv:2512.17331 [ pdf , ps , other ] SynergyWarpNet: Attention-Guided Cooperative Warping for Neural Portrait Animation Authors: Shihang Li , Zhiqiang Gong , Minming Ye , Yue Gao , Wen Yao Abstract : Recent advances in neural portrait animation have demonstrated remarked potential for applications in virtual avatars, telepresence, and digital content creation. However, traditional explicit warping approaches often struggle with accurate motion transfer or recovering missing regions, while recent attention-based warping methods, though effective, frequently suffer from high complexity and weak… ▽ More Recent advances in neural portrait animation have demonstrated remarked potential for applications in virtual avatars, telepresence, and digital content creation. However, traditional explicit warping approaches often struggle with accurate motion transfer or recovering missing regions, while recent attention-based warping methods, though effective, frequently suffer from high complexity and weak geometric grounding. To address these issues, we propose SynergyWarpNet, an attention-guided cooperative warping framework designed for high-fidelity talking head synthesis. Given a source portrait, a driving image, and a set of reference images, our model progressively refines the animation in three stages. First, an explicit warping module performs coarse spatial alignment between the source and driving image using 3D dense optical flow. Next, a reference-augmented correction module leverages cross-attention across 3D keypoints and texture features from multiple reference images to semantically complete occluded or distorted regions. Finally, a confidence-guided fusion module integrates the warped outputs with spatially-adaptive fusing, using a learned confidence map to balance structural alignment and visual consistency. Comprehensive evaluations on benchmark datasets demonstrate state-of-the-art performance. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Submitted to ICASSP 2026 arXiv:2512.17319 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI cs.MM A Benchmark for Ultra-High-Resolution Remote Sensing MLLMs Authors: Yunkai Dang , Meiyi Zhu , Donghao Wang , Yizhuo Zhang , Jiacheng Yang , Qi Fan , Yuekun Yang , Wenbin Li , Feng Miao , Yang Gao Abstract : Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) demonstrate strong perception and reasoning performance on existing remote sensing (RS) benchmarks. However, most prior benchmarks rely on low-resolution imagery, and some high-resolution benchmarks suffer from flawed reasoning-task designs. We show that text-only LLMs can perform competitively with multimodal vision-language models on RS reasoning tasks wi… ▽ More Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) demonstrate strong perception and reasoning performance on existing remote sensing (RS) benchmarks. However, most prior benchmarks rely on low-resolution imagery, and some high-resolution benchmarks suffer from flawed reasoning-task designs. We show that text-only LLMs can perform competitively with multimodal vision-language models on RS reasoning tasks without access to images, revealing a critical mismatch between current benchmarks and the intended evaluation of visual understanding. To enable faithful assessment, we introduce RSHR-Bench, a super-high-resolution benchmark for RS visual understanding and reasoning. RSHR-Bench contains 5,329 full-scene images with a long side of at least 4,000 pixels, with up to about 3 x 10^8 pixels per image, sourced from widely used RS corpora and UAV collections. We design four task families: multiple-choice VQA, open-ended VQA, image captioning, and single-image evaluation. These tasks cover nine perception categories and four reasoning types, supporting multi-turn and multi-image dialog. To reduce reliance on language priors, we apply adversarial filtering with strong LLMs followed by rigorous human verification. Overall, we construct 3,864 VQA tasks, 3,913 image captioning tasks, and 500 fully human-written or verified single-image evaluation VQA pairs. Evaluations across open-source, closed-source, and RS-specific VLMs reveal persistent performance gaps in super-high-resolution scenarios. Code: △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.17319 [ pdf , ps , other ] A Benchmark for Ultra-High-Resolution Remote Sensing MLLMs Authors: Yunkai Dang , Meiyi Zhu , Donghao Wang , Yizhuo Zhang , Jiacheng Yang , Qi Fan , Yuekun Yang , Wenbin Li , Feng Miao , Yang Gao Abstract : Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) demonstrate strong perception and reasoning performance on existing remote sensing (RS) benchmarks. However, most prior benchmarks rely on low-resolution imagery, and some high-resolution benchmarks suffer from flawed reasoning-task designs. We show that text-only LLMs can perform competitively with multimodal vision-language models on RS reasoning tasks wi… ▽ More Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) demonstrate strong perception and reasoning performance on existing remote sensing (RS) benchmarks. However, most prior benchmarks rely on low-resolution imagery, and some high-resolution benchmarks suffer from flawed reasoning-task designs. We show that text-only LLMs can perform competitively with multimodal vision-language models on RS reasoning tasks without access to images, revealing a critical mismatch between current benchmarks and the intended evaluation of visual understanding. To enable faithful assessment, we introduce RSHR-Bench, a super-high-resolution benchmark for RS visual understanding and reasoning. RSHR-Bench contains 5,329 full-scene images with a long side of at least 4,000 pixels, with up to about 3 x 10^8 pixels per image, sourced from widely used RS corpora and UAV collections. We design four task families: multiple-choice VQA, open-ended VQA, image captioning, and single-image evaluation. These tasks cover nine perception categories and four reasoning types, supporting multi-turn and multi-image dialog. To reduce reliance on language priors, we apply adversarial filtering with strong LLMs followed by rigorous human verification. Overall, we construct 3,864 VQA tasks, 3,913 image captioning tasks, and 500 fully human-written or verified single-image evaluation VQA pairs. Evaluations across open-source, closed-source, and RS-specific VLMs reveal persistent performance gaps in super-high-resolution scenarios. Code: △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. 1 2 3 4 5 … About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Browsing and editing 2 Searching 3 Google tools Toggle Google tools subsection 3.1 Google Slides 3.2 Google Docs 3.1 Google Slides 3.2 Google Docs 4 Verification 5 Page histories Toggle Page histories subsection 5.1 General 5.2 Finding the responsible user 5.1 General 5.2 Finding the responsible user 6 User edit counts and analysis Toggle User edit counts and analysis subsection 6.1 Edit counters 6.2 User interaction analysis 6.3 Visualization 6.1 Edit counters 6.2 User interaction analysis 6.3 Visualization 7 Importing (converting) content to Wikipedia (MediaWiki) format Toggle Importing (converting) content to Wikipedia (MediaWiki) format subsection 7.1 Google Docs Spreadsheet 7.2 Microsoft Office 7.2.1 Word 7.2.1.1 2007 and later 7.2.1.2 Prior versions 7.2.2 Excel 7.3 OpenOffice/LibreOffice 7.4 HTML 7.5 Python 7.6 LaTeX 7.7 CSV 7.8 Many formats 7.1 Google Docs Spreadsheet 7.2 Microsoft Office 7.2.1 Word 7.2.1.1 2007 and later 7.2.1.2 Prior versions 7.2.2 Excel 7.2.1 Word 7.2.1.1 2007 and later 7.2.1.2 Prior versions 7.2.1.1 2007 and later 7.2.1.2 Prior versions 7.2.2 Excel 7.3 OpenOffice/LibreOffice 7.4 HTML 7.5 Python 7.6 LaTeX 7.7 CSV 7.8 Many formats 8 Export: Conversion to other formats 9 Geotagging-related tools 10 Gadget developers 11 Contrast checking tools 12 Other 13 See also 14 References Wikipedia : Tools العربية বাংলা Čeština الدارجة Deutsch Español فارسی Français Furlan 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikisource Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Wikipedia programming Bots Extensions Gadgets User scripts List Ranking Requests Guide Other scripts Newsletter Tools Wikipedia programming Bots Extensions Gadgets User scripts List Ranking Requests Guide Other scripts Newsletter List Ranking Requests Guide Other scripts Newsletter Tools This is an information page . 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It may reflect differing levels of consensus and vetting . .mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0;float:initial} Shortcuts .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} WP:TOOL WP:TOOL WP:TOOLS WP:TOOLS WP:TOOL WP:TOOL WP:TOOLS WP:TOOLS This page in a nutshell: Listed below are various tools intended to simplify and increase efficiency of editing, and provide additional functionality to Wikipedians. Editor tools Editing aids Copyvio detector Alt text Peer review Dab solver Disambig links Redirect check Copyvio detector Alt text Peer review Dab solver Disambig links Redirect check Citation tools Citer Biomedical cite Citation bot Dup detector MakeRef Refill WayBack Web2Cit Citer Biomedical cite Citation bot Dup detector MakeRef Refill WayBack Web2Cit Things to review Copyvios New pages New files Recent changes IP edits Discussions Copyvios New pages New files Recent changes IP edits Discussions Customisation .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e Browsing and editing Editing tools , tools intended to provide enhanced editing functionality. Contains edit page tools, edit bots, spellcheckers, wikisyntax conversion utilities, etc. Browser tools , tools categorized by browser type Citation tools , tools for citing and referencing Anti-vandalism tools , tools for patrolling and cleaning up Wikipedia Alternative browsing , alternatives to accessing Wikipedia through your web browser (mobile devices, desktop integration, alternate portals, etc.) User scripts , a collection of JavaScript routines that add functionality to Wikipedia pages (e.g., regex search and replace, changing article formatting, and simplifying common tasks) WatchlistBot is a bot that delivers realtime alerts via instant message ( XMPP ) when watched articles are edited or when watched users or IP networks edit. Help:Customizing toolbars offers the ability to add personal links to the sidebar, providing quick and easy access to favourite articles and tools within Wikipedia. Finding duplicated references: a tool that will find references with the same URL on a page, with some false positives and missed items, is the URL Extractor For Web Pages and Text . It is not a Wikipedia tool, and there may be other tools available for the purpose. Instructions on its use for Wikipedia are in WP:DUPREF . Such references can often usefully be merged, using <ref name= xxx/> for all except one. Searching GlobalWPSearch , search across projects and show missing interlanguage links. macOS Dashboard Widget (deprecated) whichsub finds transcluded templates of a given page which contain a given string. Find Link Tool Find links on Wikipedia. Tool created by Edward Betts. Wikimedia Global Search , perform Elasticsearch -based searches across the wikitext of all Wikimedia Foundation (WMF) wikis via WMCS Toolforge and Cloud Elastic services. Due to potential for abuse of expensive long-running queries (e.g., DoS attack ), SUL login is required. Insource search is a handy tool that lets you find specific terms or regex patterns across all Wikimedia wikis. It generates a list of pages containing those terms, making it super useful for tasks like AWB/JWB and other search-related activities. Google tools Citer for Google Books URL, DOI, ISBN, PMID, PMCID, OCLC converts bare url into {{ cite book }} format. See also Help:Citation tools § Tools . Mirrors of Wikimedia content can be filtered from Google search result pages in Firefox using the CustomizeGoogle extension. [ 1 ] See meta:Mirror filter for instructions and a filter list. Google Slides meta:User:Tbayer (WMF)/Converting Google Slides to wikitext (tutorial) Google Docs meta:User:Tbayer (WMF)/Converting Google Docs to wikitext (tutorial + Python script) Verification verify Flags text that is potentially incorrect or uncited by comparing the information in the article to the text of its citations. Page histories General User:Ixfd64/revision sizes , R program for visualizing revision sizes over time Wikipedia:Wiki2VCS , script that loads histories onto one's computer, so that they can be quickly diffed and searched XTools Page History Page statistics and visualization, provides sortable and exportable list of all contributors with number of edits and amount of added text. Provides also results of syntax and grammar checks and latest assessment history. Finding the responsible user WikiBlame , searches for given text in versions of article whoCOLOR , browser script for Grease/Tampermonkey, highlights original authors directly in the article, gets data from a publicly accessible API XTools Blame , find edits that added the given wikitext Who Wrote That? , browser extension for Chrome and Firefox, shows editor information for text as a user moves mouse over article text. User edit counts and analysis User contribution search , finds all the edits by a user to a single page Edit summary search , find all the edits by a user such that their edit summary contains the specified string Wikipedia Page History Statistics Page history statistics by User:aka , builds an edit history overview page XTools Pages Created – lists all pages created by a user (including deleted ones) afdstats Analyse AfD !votes against the result Articles for Creation Review History . This tool shows a list of a user's WP:AfC reviews. User-level gender statistics for Wikipedia : gender statistics about the list of created articles. Look at your list of created articles through Wikidata. Look at your list of created articles with the Xtools Page Prose API Map your list of created articles through Wikidata. Wiki streaks , look up a user's edit streak: how many consecutive days they've made an edit Edit counters XTools Edit Counter A powerful and full-featured editor analysis tool. Administrator Statistics for the English Wikipedia (updated daily) User contributions ( Luxo ), find contributions on enwiki and other Wikimedia sites XTools AdminStats Shows statistics of admin actions, broken down into individual actions, arbitrary period selectable User interaction analysis Editor Interaction Analyzer compares the edits of two to three specified editors to see which articles overlap, sorted by minimum time between edits by both users. Only works on the English Wikipedia. Speed: slow. Intersect Contribs , compares the edits of two to eight editors at any WMF wiki to see which articles overlap. Speed: fast. Intertwined contributions , merges the contributions of two editors at any WMF wiki into a single list. Speed: fast. Interaction Timeline a chronological history of two users' across pages where they both made edits. Visualization Wiki Replay , see m:Grants:IEG/Replay Edits and wm2014:Submissions/Replay Edits for more details. de:Benutzer:Atlasowa/edit history visualization Importing (converting) content to Wikipedia (MediaWiki) format Google Docs Spreadsheet MediaWiki Table Utility or this updated version This class constructs a MediaWiki-format table from an Excel/GoogleDoc copy&paste. It provides a variety of methods to modify the style. It defaults to a Wikipedia styling with first column header. [ 2 ] Microsoft Office Word 2007 and later Microsoft Office Word Add‑in For MediaWiki . For Microsoft Word 2007 or 2010 . (Not Supported from Version Word 2013) Prior versions For other Macros, see mw:Word macros , Visual Basic macros to use within Microsoft Word to prepare content to be pasted into a Wikipedia page. wikEd , a full-featured in-browser text editor for Wikipedia edit pages that can convert text and tables pasted from Microsoft Word with a button click Excel excel2wiki : Copy & Paste Excel-to-Wiki Converter tab2wiki : Converts tables (tab-delimited, e.g. copied from Excel) to Wikitext tables de:Wikipedia:Technik/Text/Basic/EXCEL-Tabellenumwandlung/en : Convert EXCEL-Table with most formatting like background- and fontcolor, fontstyle (bold/italic), columnheight, -width, etc. to Wiki-tableformat de:Benutzer:Duesentrieb/csv2wp (en) or CSV Converter: Converts many types of spreadsheet tables, including CSV, tab-separated, etc., to MediaWiki or HTML csv2other : a free open source tool, in .net, to convert CSV and EXCEL files to wiki table format OpenOffice/LibreOffice LibreOffice Writer is free. It can open almost any file format. It can export to Mediawiki: File menu > export > save as type > MediaWiki. It will save the file as a .txt file which can be opened with any text editor. Copy the wiki code from the text file. You can save any web page as an HTML file, and then open it in LibreOffice Writer. Edit as needed. Remove the parts you don't want. Keep only tables for example. Then export to MediaWiki. Tables can be further edited in LibreOffice Calc . See: Commons:Convert tables and charts to wiki code or image files . And: Help:Table and the section on spreadsheets and the Visual Editor. HTML Html2Wiki is an extension for MediaWiki that imports HTML Python Table2wiki.py part of the Pywikipedia bot framework, web port LaTeX User:Jmath666/latex2wiki , LaTeX to Wikicode translation tool CSV CSVLoader is an AutoWikiBrowser plug-in that allows creating and updating articles using CSV data files . Many formats Pandoc is a universal document converter Export: Conversion to other formats Help:Export , Special:Export – XML Special:Book – PDF mw:Alternative parsers – various, including HTML and XML wikitable2csv – CSV mw:Extension:TextExtracts – HTML or plain text; without links meta:User:Tbayer (WMF)/Converting wiki pages to plaintext emails – text MediaWiki to LaTeX – PDF, EPub, Odt or LaTeX Wiki Embed Plugin – WordPress Geotagging-related tools GeoLocator , Wikipedia compatible geotagging metadata generator and coordinate editor Gadget developers Tools for gadget devs: Wikiblame – use for searching when some function or option was introduced. Wiki-to-Git – download JS/CSS history to Git which you can then use for gadget development as well as use git blame and other standard development tools. Wikiploy – use to deploy gadgets to Wikipedia, Meta and other MediaWiki sites. Global Search – use to check global usage of gadgets, functions etc. Browser tools: Firefox DevTools User Docs – JS debugger, CSS editor etc... Chrome DevTools . Firefox DevTools User Docs – JS debugger, CSS editor etc... Chrome DevTools . Contrast checking tools Tools are available to help check whether the color contrast is sufficient, see Help:COLORTOOLS . Other Syndication , RSS feeds, etc. Researching Wikipedia: Tools for data analysis Not English , tools that have not yet been translated completely into English. Some need their descriptions translated from German, others are not available in English. Help translate if you can! Note: Checkinks is buggy use with caution. Consider using instead Internet Archive Bot which can be found in the History tab of any page: "Fix dead links" – login does not require a password. Note: Checkinks is buggy use with caution. Consider using instead Internet Archive Bot which can be found in the History tab of any page: "Fix dead links" – login does not require a password. WikiBiff , To alert users when they have new messages waiting on their talk pages Desktop Watchlist , Enhanced watchlist for Windows Category Watchlist , Watching additions and removals to categories CategoryWatchlistBot , Watch category and/or template additions/removals, supports partial name matches and subcategories PetScan ( manual ), searches categories recursively. Will find subcategories that overlap with other categories, templates, etc. User:SuggestBot for suggested articles you might like to edit RAMP editor : can generate enhanced authority records for creators of archival collections XEcho Shows your global cross-wiki notifications from 800+ wikis at a glance quarry: , a place to run queries on databases of Wikimedia projects MTC! , A tool that makes it easy to transfer files to Commons en masse . Wiki Editor Plugin for Notepad++ 32-bit (x86) – a free source code editor. MediaWiker Plugin for Sublime Text . MediaWiki syntax highlighting and editing capabilities. MediaWiki Tables Generator (online) Wikipedia:Get my IP address See also Wikipedia:Database download (for code useful for dealing with offline dumps) Wikipedia:Scripts Wikipedia:Tools/Optimum tool set (Firefox optimization) Wikipedia:Cleaning up vandalism/Tools Wikipedia:Link rot § Tools Wikipedia:WikiProject User scripts/Scripts § Installing (How to install user scripts) Help:Text editor support {{ Editor tools }} meta:Help:User style Toolforge meta:Toolserver/Projects meta:Open Source Toolset meta:User:Duesentrieb/Tools Commons:Convert tables and charts to wiki code or image files References ^ CustomizeGoogle ^ Enhanced Spreadsheet to WikiMedia table Converter proposed v t e Wikipedia directories and indexes v t e Administration pages Protocols Policies Guidelines Manual of Style Assistance Help directory Menu FAQs Interactive help Reader's index Tips Styletips Tools The community Portal Discussions Noticeboards Essays Editor's index Departments Maintenance WikiProjects MediaWiki Wikitext HTML Templates Locutions Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary Shortcuts Protocols Policies Guidelines Manual of Style Policies Guidelines Manual of Style Assistance Help directory Menu FAQs Interactive help Reader's index Tips Styletips Tools Help directory Menu Menu FAQs Interactive help Reader's index Tips Styletips Styletips Tools The community Portal Discussions Noticeboards Essays Editor's index Departments Maintenance WikiProjects Portal Discussions Noticeboards Noticeboards Essays Editor's index Departments Maintenance Maintenance WikiProjects MediaWiki Wikitext HTML Templates Wikitext HTML Templates HTML Templates Locutions Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary Shortcuts Abbreviations Edit summaries Glossary Shortcuts Encyclopedia proper Types Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Featured , good Featured articles Good articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Good topics Topics Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Math Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology LOC, bios, times Academic disciplines Anniversaries Today Sovereign states and dependent territories Deaths this year Timelines Decades, centuries, and millennia Indexes A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Spoken articles Searching Types Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Featured , good Featured articles Good articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Good topics Featured articles Good articles Good articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics Good topics Good topics Topics Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Math Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Math Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology LOC, bios, times Academic disciplines Anniversaries Today Sovereign states and dependent territories Deaths this year Timelines Decades, centuries, and millennia Academic disciplines Anniversaries Today Today Sovereign states and dependent territories Deaths this year Deaths this year Timelines Decades, centuries, and millennia Decades, centuries, and millennia Indexes A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Spoken articles A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Spoken articles Searching v t e Wikipedia editor navigation ( Search ) v t e v t e Wikipedia key policies and guidelines (?) Five pillars Ignore all rules Content (?) P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Conduct (?) P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Deletion (?) P Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion Enforcement (?) P Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection Editing (?) P Editing policy G Article size Summary style Be bold Disambiguation Hatnotes Broad-concept article Understandability Style Manual of Style Contents Accessibility Dates and numbers Images Layout Lead section Linking Lists Classification Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Template namespace Project content (?) G Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages WMF (?) P Universal Code of Conduct Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy List of all policies and guidelines P : List of policies G : List of guidelines Summaries of values and principles FAQ v t e Manual of Style Overview Contents Tips Content Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject area Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Formatting Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Layout Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists By topic area Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Lyrics and poetry Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Music Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments See also: WikiProject style advice History Blazons Military history See also: WikiProject style advice Legal and cultural Legal Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Specific naming conventions Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: WikiProject style advice Religion and education Islam Latter Day Saints See also: WikiProject style advice Science and technology Mathematics Medicine Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Sports Cue sports Snooker See also: WikiProject style advice Related guidelines Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Search Category v t e Wikipedia accounts and governance Unregistered users Why create an account? Create an account Request an account Unregistered editors are human too IP addresses are not people IP hopper Temporary accounts Registered users New account Logging in Reset passwords Username policy Changing username Usernames for administrator attention Unified login or SUL Alternate account Account security Password strength requirements User account security Personal security practices Two-factor authentication 2FA for AWB Committed identity On privacy, confidentiality and discretion Compromised accounts How to not get outed Blocks, bans, sanctions, global actions Blocking policy FAQ Admin's guide Tools Autoblock Appealing a block Guide to appealing blocks UTRS Unblock Ticket Request System Unblock Wizard Blocking IP addresses Range blocks IPv6 Open proxies Banning policy ArbCom appeals Sanctions Personal sanctions General sanctions Contentious topics and Log Essay Indef ≠ infinite Long-term abuse Standard offer Global actions Related to accounts Sockpuppetry Single-purpose account Sleeper account Spam-only account Vandalism-only account Wikibreak Enforcer Retiring Courtesy vanishing Clean start Quiet return Account deletion User groups and global user groups Requests for permissions Admin instructions Admin guide Account creator PERM (Auto) confirmed PERM Autopatrolled PERM AutoWikiBrowser PERM Bot Request Edit filter helper Request Event coordinator PERM Extended confirmed PERM File mover PERM IP block exempt Request Mass message sender PERM New page reviewer PERM Page mover PERM Pending changes reviewer PERM Rollback PERM Template editor PERM Temporary account IP viewer PERM Global rights policy Volunteer Response Team Advanced user groups Administrator RfA Bureaucrat RfB CheckUser and Oversight Request Edit filter manager Request Interface administrator Request Founder Importer Researcher Committees and related Arbitration Committee Bot approvals group Functionaries Clerks SPI clerks ArbCom clerks Governance Administration FAQ Formal organization Editorial oversight and control Quality control Wikimedia Foundation Board Founder's seat Meta-Wiki Proposals WikiProjects Elections Policies and guidelines Petitions Noticeboards Consensus Dispute resolution Reforms v t e Wikipedia community For a listing of current collaborations, tasks, and news, see the Community portal . For a listing of ongoing discussions and current requests, see the Dashboard . General community topics Administration News The Signpost Goings-on In the media Meetups Mailing lists Wikipedians Statistics The Wikipedia Library Centralized discussion Village pump Idea lab Policy Proposals Technical Miscellaneous WMF Holidays Bots Contents and grading Requested articles Most-wanted articles Images needing articles Articles needing images Articles for creation WP:AFC/R WP:AFC/C Creating articles Help Vital articles Articles for improvement Peer review Good article nominations Featured article candidates Lists Pictures Topics Article translation Pages Main Page Errors WikiProjects and collaborations Directory Culture and the arts Geographical History and society Science, technology and engineering Wikipedia assistance and tasks Patrols Recent changes Counter-Vandalism Unit Accessibility Organizations category Awards and feedback Reward board Contests A nice cup of tea and a sit down Charitableness WikiLove Compliment before criticism Kindness Campaign Thanks! Maintenance tasks Task Center Open tasks Backlog Category Admin category Edit requests Category Database reports Category tracker Dusty articles Special pages New pages Recent changes Controversial issues Administrators and noticeboards Administrators' noticeboard Incidents Edit warring Vandalism Admin dashboard Admin requests Closure Page protection User permissions Sockpuppets Open proxies Revision deletion Oversight Request Usernames Changing Title blacklist OTRS Bureaucrats' Requests for adminship and bureaucratship Arbitration Committee Requests Enforcement Content dispute resolution Requests for comment Third opinion Dispute resolution noticeboard Biographies of living persons Conflict of interest External links Fringe theories Neutral point of view No original research Reliable sources Other noticeboards and assistance Regional notice boards Requests for help Category Asking questions Teahouse Help desk Reference desk Adopt-a-user Copyright assistance Copyright investigations Text problems Media questions Resource requests Mergers History mergers Moves Page importation Spam Blacklist Whitelist Bots Education General sanctions Editor sanctions Long-term abuse Deletion discussions Guide Admin Today Articles Templates Files Categories Redirects Miscellany Speedy Proposed BLP Review Undeletion Arguments to avoid Arguments to make Article Rescue Elections and voting Requests for comment ( meta ) Wikimedia Foundation elections WP Democracy Milestones Directories, indexes, and summaries Departments Edit summary legend Editor's index Essays FAQs Glossary Abbreviations Help Manual of Style Simplified Rules Five pillars Policies Guidelines Shortcuts Templates Citation templates Tips Today Tools Wiki markup Media Category Templates v t e Wikipedia essays (?) Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? 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P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs P Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles Verifiability No original research Neutral point of view What Wikipedia is not Biographies of living persons Copyright ( Copyright violations ) Image use Article titles G Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs Notability Autobiography Citing sources Reliable sources Medicine Medicine Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources Plagiarism Do not create hoaxes Fringe theories Patent nonsense External links Writing articles with large language models LLMs LLMs Conduct (?) P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures P Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure Civility Consensus Harassment Vandalism Ignore all rules No personal attacks Ownership of content Edit warring Dispute resolution Sockpuppetry No legal threats Child protection Paid-contribution disclosure G Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Assume good faith Conflict of interest Disruptive editing Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point Etiquette Gaming the system Please do not bite the newcomers Courtesy vanishing Responding to threats of harm Talk page guidelines Signatures Signatures Deletion (?) 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policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard v t e Wikipedia help pages v t e Visit the Teahouse or the Help desk for an interactive Q & A forum. 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–5 of 5 results for author: Lisle, C Show abstracts Hide abstracts arXiv:2601.10154 [ pdf ] cs.AI cs.CV cs.ET cs.LG cs.SE MHub.ai: A Simple, Standardized, and Reproducible Platform for AI Models in Medical Imaging Authors: Leonard Nürnberg , Dennis Bontempi , Suraj Pai , Curtis Lisle , Steve Pieper , Ron Kikinis , Sil van de Leemput , Rahul Soni , Gowtham Murugesan , Cosmin Ciausu , Miriam Groeneveld , Felix J. Dorfner , Jue Jiang , Aneesh Rangnekar , Harini Veeraraghavan , Joeran S. Bosma , Keno Bressem , Raymond Mak , Andrey Fedorov , Hugo JWL Aerts Abstract : Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform medical imaging by automating image analysis and accelerating clinical research. However, research and clinical use are limited by the wide variety of AI implementations and architectures, inconsistent documentation, and reproducibility issues. Here, we introduce MHub.ai, an open-source, container-based platform that standardizes access t… ▽ More Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform medical imaging by automating image analysis and accelerating clinical research. However, research and clinical use are limited by the wide variety of AI implementations and architectures, inconsistent documentation, and reproducibility issues. Here, we introduce MHub.ai, an open-source, container-based platform that standardizes access to AI models with minimal configuration, promoting accessibility and reproducibility in medical imaging. MHub.ai packages models from peer-reviewed publications into standardized containers that support direct processing of DICOM and other formats, provide a unified application interface, and embed structured metadata. Each model is accompanied by publicly available reference data that can be used to confirm model operation. MHub.ai includes an initial set of state-of-the-art segmentation, prediction, and feature extraction models for different modalities. The modular framework enables adaptation of any model and supports community contributions. We demonstrate the utility of the platform in a clinical use case through comparative evaluation of lung segmentation models. To further strengthen transparency and reproducibility, we publicly release the generated segmentations and evaluation metrics and provide interactive dashboards that allow readers to inspect individual cases and reproduce or extend our analysis. By simplifying model use, MHub.ai enables side-by-side benchmarking with identical execution commands and standardized outputs, and lowers the barrier to clinical translation. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 41 pages, 15 figures, 6 tables arXiv:2601.10154 [ pdf ] MHub.ai: A Simple, Standardized, and Reproducible Platform for AI Models in Medical Imaging Authors: Leonard Nürnberg , Dennis Bontempi , Suraj Pai , Curtis Lisle , Steve Pieper , Ron Kikinis , Sil van de Leemput , Rahul Soni , Gowtham Murugesan , Cosmin Ciausu , Miriam Groeneveld , Felix J. Dorfner , Jue Jiang , Aneesh Rangnekar , Harini Veeraraghavan , Joeran S. Bosma , Keno Bressem , Raymond Mak , Andrey Fedorov , Hugo JWL Aerts Abstract : Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform medical imaging by automating image analysis and accelerating clinical research. However, research and clinical use are limited by the wide variety of AI implementations and architectures, inconsistent documentation, and reproducibility issues. Here, we introduce MHub.ai, an open-source, container-based platform that standardizes access t… ▽ More Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform medical imaging by automating image analysis and accelerating clinical research. However, research and clinical use are limited by the wide variety of AI implementations and architectures, inconsistent documentation, and reproducibility issues. Here, we introduce MHub.ai, an open-source, container-based platform that standardizes access to AI models with minimal configuration, promoting accessibility and reproducibility in medical imaging. MHub.ai packages models from peer-reviewed publications into standardized containers that support direct processing of DICOM and other formats, provide a unified application interface, and embed structured metadata. Each model is accompanied by publicly available reference data that can be used to confirm model operation. MHub.ai includes an initial set of state-of-the-art segmentation, prediction, and feature extraction models for different modalities. The modular framework enables adaptation of any model and supports community contributions. We demonstrate the utility of the platform in a clinical use case through comparative evaluation of lung segmentation models. To further strengthen transparency and reproducibility, we publicly release the generated segmentations and evaluation metrics and provide interactive dashboards that allow readers to inspect individual cases and reproduce or extend our analysis. By simplifying model use, MHub.ai enables side-by-side benchmarking with identical execution commands and standardized outputs, and lowers the barrier to clinical translation. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 41 pages, 15 figures, 6 tables arXiv:2504.12215 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI Uncertainty-Guided Coarse-to-Fine Tumor Segmentation with Anatomy-Aware Post-Processing Authors: Ilkin Sevgi Isler , David Mohaisen , Curtis Lisle , Damla Turgut , Ulas Bagci Abstract : Reliable tumor segmentation in thoracic computed tomography (CT) remains challenging due to boundary ambiguity, class imbalance, and anatomical variability. We propose an uncertainty-guided, coarse-to-fine segmentation framework that combines full-volume tumor localization with refined region-of-interest (ROI) segmentation, enhanced by anatomically aware post-processing. The first-stage model gene… ▽ More Reliable tumor segmentation in thoracic computed tomography (CT) remains challenging due to boundary ambiguity, class imbalance, and anatomical variability. We propose an uncertainty-guided, coarse-to-fine segmentation framework that combines full-volume tumor localization with refined region-of-interest (ROI) segmentation, enhanced by anatomically aware post-processing. The first-stage model generates a coarse prediction, followed by anatomically informed filtering based on lung overlap, proximity to lung surfaces, and component size. The resulting ROIs are segmented by a second-stage model trained with uncertainty-aware loss functions to improve accuracy and boundary calibration in ambiguous regions. Experiments on private and public datasets demonstrate improvements in Dice and Hausdorff scores, with fewer false positives and enhanced spatial interpretability. These results highlight the value of combining uncertainty modeling and anatomical priors in cascaded segmentation pipelines for robust and clinically meaningful tumor delineation. On the Orlando dataset, our framework improved Swin UNETR Dice from 0.4690 to 0.6447. Reduction in spurious components was strongly correlated with segmentation gains, underscoring the value of anatomically informed post-processing. △ Less Submitted 2 July, 2025; v1 submitted 16 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. Comments: 6 pages, 2 figures, to appear in IEEE ADSCA 2025 arXiv:2504.12215 [ pdf , ps , other ] Uncertainty-Guided Coarse-to-Fine Tumor Segmentation with Anatomy-Aware Post-Processing Authors: Ilkin Sevgi Isler , David Mohaisen , Curtis Lisle , Damla Turgut , Ulas Bagci Abstract : Reliable tumor segmentation in thoracic computed tomography (CT) remains challenging due to boundary ambiguity, class imbalance, and anatomical variability. We propose an uncertainty-guided, coarse-to-fine segmentation framework that combines full-volume tumor localization with refined region-of-interest (ROI) segmentation, enhanced by anatomically aware post-processing. The first-stage model gene… ▽ More Reliable tumor segmentation in thoracic computed tomography (CT) remains challenging due to boundary ambiguity, class imbalance, and anatomical variability. We propose an uncertainty-guided, coarse-to-fine segmentation framework that combines full-volume tumor localization with refined region-of-interest (ROI) segmentation, enhanced by anatomically aware post-processing. The first-stage model generates a coarse prediction, followed by anatomically informed filtering based on lung overlap, proximity to lung surfaces, and component size. The resulting ROIs are segmented by a second-stage model trained with uncertainty-aware loss functions to improve accuracy and boundary calibration in ambiguous regions. Experiments on private and public datasets demonstrate improvements in Dice and Hausdorff scores, with fewer false positives and enhanced spatial interpretability. These results highlight the value of combining uncertainty modeling and anatomical priors in cascaded segmentation pipelines for robust and clinically meaningful tumor delineation. On the Orlando dataset, our framework improved Swin UNETR Dice from 0.4690 to 0.6447. Reduction in spurious components was strongly correlated with segmentation gains, underscoring the value of anatomically informed post-processing. △ Less Submitted 2 July, 2025; v1 submitted 16 April, 2025; originally announced April 2025. Comments: 6 pages, 2 figures, to appear in IEEE ADSCA 2025 arXiv:2502.09744 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG cs.CR Fine-Tuning Foundation Models with Federated Learning for Privacy Preserving Medical Time Series Forecasting Authors: Mahad Ali , Curtis Lisle , Patrick W. Moore , Tammer Barkouki , Brian J. Kirkwood , Laura J. Brattain Abstract : Federated Learning (FL) provides a decentralized machine learning approach, where multiple devices or servers collaboratively train a model without sharing their raw data, thus enabling data privacy. This approach has gained significant interest in academia and industry due to its privacy-preserving properties, which are particularly valuable in the medical domain where data availability is often… ▽ More Federated Learning (FL) provides a decentralized machine learning approach, where multiple devices or servers collaboratively train a model without sharing their raw data, thus enabling data privacy. This approach has gained significant interest in academia and industry due to its privacy-preserving properties, which are particularly valuable in the medical domain where data availability is often protected under strict regulations. A relatively unexplored area is the use of FL to fine-tune Foundation Models (FMs) for time series forecasting, potentially enhancing model efficacy by overcoming data limitation while maintaining privacy. In this paper, we fine-tuned time series FMs with Electrocardiogram (ECG) and Impedance Cardiography (ICG) data using different FL techniques. We then examined various scenarios and discussed the challenges FL faces under different data heterogeneity configurations. Our empirical results demonstrated that while FL can be effective for fine-tuning FMs on time series forecasting tasks, its benefits depend on the data distribution across clients. We highlighted the trade-offs in applying FL to FM fine-tuning. △ Less Submitted 13 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. Comments: submitted to IEEE EMBC 2025; 7 pages, 4 figures arXiv:2502.09744 [ pdf , other ] Fine-Tuning Foundation Models with Federated Learning for Privacy Preserving Medical Time Series Forecasting Authors: Mahad Ali , Curtis Lisle , Patrick W. Moore , Tammer Barkouki , Brian J. Kirkwood , Laura J. Brattain Abstract : Federated Learning (FL) provides a decentralized machine learning approach, where multiple devices or servers collaboratively train a model without sharing their raw data, thus enabling data privacy. This approach has gained significant interest in academia and industry due to its privacy-preserving properties, which are particularly valuable in the medical domain where data availability is often… ▽ More Federated Learning (FL) provides a decentralized machine learning approach, where multiple devices or servers collaboratively train a model without sharing their raw data, thus enabling data privacy. This approach has gained significant interest in academia and industry due to its privacy-preserving properties, which are particularly valuable in the medical domain where data availability is often protected under strict regulations. A relatively unexplored area is the use of FL to fine-tune Foundation Models (FMs) for time series forecasting, potentially enhancing model efficacy by overcoming data limitation while maintaining privacy. In this paper, we fine-tuned time series FMs with Electrocardiogram (ECG) and Impedance Cardiography (ICG) data using different FL techniques. We then examined various scenarios and discussed the challenges FL faces under different data heterogeneity configurations. Our empirical results demonstrated that while FL can be effective for fine-tuning FMs on time series forecasting tasks, its benefits depend on the data distribution across clients. We highlighted the trade-offs in applying FL to FM fine-tuning. △ Less Submitted 13 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. Comments: submitted to IEEE EMBC 2025; 7 pages, 4 figures arXiv:2305.02491 [ pdf , other ] eess.IV cs.CV Self-Supervised Learning for Organs At Risk and Tumor Segmentation with Uncertainty Quantification Authors: Ilkin Isler , Debesh Jha , Curtis Lisle , Justin Rineer , Patrick Kelly , Bulent Aydogan , Mohamed Abazeed , Damla Turgut , Ulas Bagci Abstract : In this study, our goal is to show the impact of self-supervised pre-training of transformers for organ at risk (OAR) and tumor segmentation as compared to costly fully-supervised learning. The proposed algorithm is called Monte Carlo Transformer based U-Net (MC-Swin-U). Unlike many other available models, our approach presents uncertainty quantification with Monte Carlo dropout strategy while gen… ▽ More In this study, our goal is to show the impact of self-supervised pre-training of transformers for organ at risk (OAR) and tumor segmentation as compared to costly fully-supervised learning. The proposed algorithm is called Monte Carlo Transformer based U-Net (MC-Swin-U). Unlike many other available models, our approach presents uncertainty quantification with Monte Carlo dropout strategy while generating its voxel-wise prediction. We test and validate the proposed model on both public and one private datasets and evaluate the gross tumor volume (GTV) as well as nearby risky organs' boundaries. We show that self-supervised pre-training approach improves the segmentation scores significantly while providing additional benefits for avoiding large-scale annotation costs. △ Less Submitted 3 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023. arXiv:2305.02491 [ pdf , other ] Self-Supervised Learning for Organs At Risk and Tumor Segmentation with Uncertainty Quantification Authors: Ilkin Isler , Debesh Jha , Curtis Lisle , Justin Rineer , Patrick Kelly , Bulent Aydogan , Mohamed Abazeed , Damla Turgut , Ulas Bagci Abstract : In this study, our goal is to show the impact of self-supervised pre-training of transformers for organ at risk (OAR) and tumor segmentation as compared to costly fully-supervised learning. The proposed algorithm is called Monte Carlo Transformer based U-Net (MC-Swin-U). Unlike many other available models, our approach presents uncertainty quantification with Monte Carlo dropout strategy while gen… ▽ More In this study, our goal is to show the impact of self-supervised pre-training of transformers for organ at risk (OAR) and tumor segmentation as compared to costly fully-supervised learning. The proposed algorithm is called Monte Carlo Transformer based U-Net (MC-Swin-U). Unlike many other available models, our approach presents uncertainty quantification with Monte Carlo dropout strategy while generating its voxel-wise prediction. We test and validate the proposed model on both public and one private datasets and evaluate the gross tumor volume (GTV) as well as nearby risky organs' boundaries. We show that self-supervised pre-training approach improves the segmentation scores significantly while providing additional benefits for avoiding large-scale annotation costs. △ Less Submitted 3 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023. arXiv:2202.01866 [ pdf , other ] eess.IV cs.CV Enhancing Organ at Risk Segmentation with Improved Deep Neural Networks Authors: Ilkin Isler , Curtis Lisle , Justin Rineer , Patrick Kelly , Damla Turgut , Jacob Ricci , Ulas Bagci Abstract : Organ at risk (OAR) segmentation is a crucial step for treatment planning and outcome determination in radiotherapy treatments of cancer patients. Several deep learning based segmentation algorithms have been developed in recent years, however, U-Net remains the de facto algorithm designed specifically for biomedical image segmentation and has spawned many variants with known weaknesses. In this s… ▽ More Organ at risk (OAR) segmentation is a crucial step for treatment planning and outcome determination in radiotherapy treatments of cancer patients. Several deep learning based segmentation algorithms have been developed in recent years, however, U-Net remains the de facto algorithm designed specifically for biomedical image segmentation and has spawned many variants with known weaknesses. In this study, our goal is to present simple architectural changes in U-Net to improve its accuracy and generalization properties. Unlike many other available studies evaluating their algorithms on single center data, we thoroughly evaluate several variations of U-Net as well as our proposed enhanced architecture on multiple data sets for an extensive and reliable study of the OAR segmentation problem. Our enhanced segmentation model includes (a)architectural changes in the loss function, (b)optimization framework, and (c)convolution type. Testing on three publicly available multi-object segmentation data sets, we achieved an average of 80% dice score compared to the baseline U-Net performance of 63%. △ Less Submitted 3 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022. Comments: 7 pages, 3 figures, 6 tables, The paper is published in SPIE Medical Imaging 2022 arXiv:2202.01866 [ pdf , other ] Enhancing Organ at Risk Segmentation with Improved Deep Neural Networks Authors: Ilkin Isler , Curtis Lisle , Justin Rineer , Patrick Kelly , Damla Turgut , Jacob Ricci , Ulas Bagci Abstract : Organ at risk (OAR) segmentation is a crucial step for treatment planning and outcome determination in radiotherapy treatments of cancer patients. Several deep learning based segmentation algorithms have been developed in recent years, however, U-Net remains the de facto algorithm designed specifically for biomedical image segmentation and has spawned many variants with known weaknesses. In this s… ▽ More Organ at risk (OAR) segmentation is a crucial step for treatment planning and outcome determination in radiotherapy treatments of cancer patients. Several deep learning based segmentation algorithms have been developed in recent years, however, U-Net remains the de facto algorithm designed specifically for biomedical image segmentation and has spawned many variants with known weaknesses. In this study, our goal is to present simple architectural changes in U-Net to improve its accuracy and generalization properties. Unlike many other available studies evaluating their algorithms on single center data, we thoroughly evaluate several variations of U-Net as well as our proposed enhanced architecture on multiple data sets for an extensive and reliable study of the OAR segmentation problem. Our enhanced segmentation model includes (a)architectural changes in the loss function, (b)optimization framework, and (c)convolution type. Testing on three publicly available multi-object segmentation data sets, we achieved an average of 80% dice score compared to the baseline U-Net performance of 63%. △ Less Submitted 3 February, 2022; originally announced February 2022. Comments: 7 pages, 3 figures, 6 tables, The paper is published in SPIE Medical Imaging 2022 About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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